THE NAUTILUS THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 72 JULY, 1958 to APRIL, 1959 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HORACE BURRINGTON BAKER Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CHARLES B. WURTZ Consulting Biologists, 610 Commercial Trust Building R. TUCKER ABBOTT H. A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, Pennsylvanl\ PONY PRINTING, UPPER DARBY, PA. CONTENTS Names of new genera, species, etc. in italics Acmea funiculata, A. mitra & A. fenestrata cribraria, range 127 Adams, C. B., shell measurements 105, 106 Alaska, marines 78 Americana 105 American Malacological Union 66, 144 Aplysia californica, shell variation 73 Arctic 78 Arion ater 104 Arizona 51 Atlantic, eastern 55 western 1, 11, 29, 49, 68, 99, 105, 109, 117, 140 Australia 20, 35 Australorbis vs. Planorbina 107 Australorbis glabratus, teratogeny 3 Baker, F. C, type shells, Chicago Acad. Sci. 30 Bales, Mary E. (obituary) 35 Barbados 19 Beatty, George D. (obituary) 103 Brazil 19 Burch, Paul Randolph (obituary) 100 California, inland 35 marines 73, 127 Campeloma decisum, life history 22 Canada 90, 98 Cepaea hortensis, sinistral 35 Chile 104 China 68 Color and nutrition in Polinices 1 Columella endentula 35 Crocidopoma (s.s.) zayasi Alcalde & Jacobson 112 Dates of Nautilus 34 Diaphora bicolor 19 Drepanotrema paropseides, anatomy 37 75463 iv NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Eupleura caudata 49 Feeding habits of Odostomia 11, 140 Ferrissia, habitat changes 144 Florida, inland 53 marines 69, 99, 117 Fulgoraria kaneko, type 69 Georgia 68 Guatemala 5, 115 Guiana 19 Gulick land shells 95 Hahea floridana (+ Stenacme f.) 68 Haiti Ill Haliotis coccinea 57 Hawaii 95 Helix pomatia in Michigan 16 Hemphillia malonei, anatomy 42 Hypselostoma insularum, radula 68 Illinois 144 Indiana 60, 61 Indica 105 Indo-Pacific 62, 75, 105, 116 Japan 68 Kentucky 61 Liomesus stimpsoni, radula 99 Littorina arctica 82 Maine 10 Marisa cornuarietis 53 Marsh, Phil Lewis (obituary) 64 Maryland 122 Massachusetts 10, 35 Melongena corona, movement 117 Mexico 5 Michigan 16, 64 131 Microconus, subgenus Pulchriconus 8 Microconus {Pulchriconus) pilsbryi Fred G. Thompson, anatomy 8 Microconus [s.s.) riifus Fred G. Thompson 7 Mitromorpha atramentosa, radula 75 Musculus vernicosus 81 April, 1959 nautilus v Mytilus edulis 79 Nautilus, back issues 146 dates of 34 finances 70 Neosimnia quaylei, range 127 Netherlands Malacological Society 103 New Jersey 53 New York 85, 98 Nicaragua 5 North Carolina 22, 68 North Dakota 104 Nutrition & callus color in Polinices 1 Odostomia bisuturalis Sc O. impressa, feeding 11, 140 Ohio 61 Oklahoma 51, 145 Oocorys tosaensis Habe & Azuma 116 Oregon 42 Pacific, eastern 73, 105, 127 western 62, 68, 69, 116 Panama 5 Pecten irradians, infestation by polychaete 109 Pennsylvania 58 Peru 37, 104 Physa compacta 68 Planorbina 106 Polinices duplicatus, color & nutrition 1 Polydora ciliata in Pecten irradians 109 Pseudosubulina, Spiraxis splendens 115 Publications received 36, 72, 106, 146 Piilcliriconiis Fred G. Thompson, subg. of Microconus 8 Quickella vagans 68 Quickella vermeta 60 Retinella 36 Ryukyu Islands 68 Sanguinolaria nuttalii, range 127 Self-fertilization in sphaeriids 131 Snails under stones 85 South Carolina 52 Sphaerium nitidum vs. S. tenue 10 Vi NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Sphaerium partumeium, reproduction 131 Sphaerium patella vs. S. primeanum 11 Spiraxis (Pseudosubulina) splendens F. G. Thompson 115 Stenacme (Stenacmidae) -Habea 68 Stones & land snails 85 Streptaxis deplanchei & S. glaber 19 Succinea avara, ecology 145 Succinea indiana 61 Tennessee 61 Teratogeny in Australorbis 3 Theskelomensor creon Alan Solem 20, 35 Trinidad 19 Type shells of F. C. Baker in Chicago Acad. Sci. 30 Unionidae from St. Lawrence River 98 Urosalpinx cinerea 49 Vasum capitellum, radula & operculum 29 Venezuela 19 Virginia 100 Virgin Islands 19 Washington 42 West Indies, inland 19, 1 1 1 marines 29 West Virginia 61 INDEX TO AUTHORS Abbott, R. Tucker (Baker, Wurtz &) 35 Alcalde, Oscar & Morris K. Jacobson Ill Allen, J. Frances 11, 49, 100 Altena, C. O. van Regteren 103 Azuma, Masao (Habe &) 116 Baker, Bernadine B 144, 146 Baker, H. Burrington 34, 35, 70, 106 Baker, Wurtz and Abbott 35 Branson, Branley A 145 Caldwell, David K 117 Chamberlain, Norman A 22 Clarke, Arthur H., Jr 98 Clench, William J 19, 68, 69, 95, 105 Deslandes, Newton (Paraense &) 37 Dexter, Ralph W 35, 144 Dundee, Dee Saunders, and Harold A 51 Dundee, Dee S. (van der Schalie &) 16 Eyerdam, Walter J 104 Franzen, Dorothea S 30 Grimm, Wayne 122 Habe, Tadashige 68 Habe k Masao Azuma 116 Hanks, James E. (Turner &) 109 Hanna, G. Dallas, and Leo George Hertlein 78 Heilman, Robert A., & Gordon K. MacMillan 58 Herrington, H. B 10 Hertlein, Leo George (Hanna &) 78 Hubricht, Leslie 60 Hunt, Burton P 53 Jacobson, Morris K. (Alcalde 8c) Ill Kosloff, Eugene N., & JoAnn Vance 42 MacMillan, Gordon K. (Heilman Sc) 58 Michelson, E. H., & Ann H. Schork 3 Morrison, J. P. E 105 Muchmore, William B 85 vii viii NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Orr, Virginia 75 Oyama, Katura (Robertson Sc) 68 Paraense, W. Lobato, & Newton Deslandes 37 Post, Richard L 104 Robertson, Robert, & Katura Oyama 68 Schalie, Henry van der 64 Schalie, Henry van der, Sc Dee S. Dundee 16 Schork, Ann H. (Michelson Sc) 3 Smith, Allyn G 35 Smith, Mrs. Harry M 103 Solem, Alan 20, 62 Stohler, R 127 Talmadge, Robert R 55 Teskey, Margaret C 66 Thomas, Grace J 131 Thompson, Fred G 5, 115 Turner, Harry J., Jr 1 Turner & James E. Hanks 109 Vance, JoAnn (Kosloff &) 42 Warmke, Germaine L. 29 Wayne, William J 90 Weber, Jay A 99 Wells, Harry W 140 Winkler, Lindsay R. 73 Wurtz, Charles B. (Baker & Abbott) 35 THE NAUTILUS Vol. 72 JULY, 1958 No. 1 THE EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON THE COLOR OF THE CALLUS OF POLINICES DUPLICATUS Bv HARRY J. TURNER, JR.l Color patterns of the shells of mollusks are occasionally in- cluded in descriptions of a species. However the use of color patterns as a diagnostic specific character must be considered with caution because of the variability that may occur within a given species. As an example, the beach clam, Donax variabilis, displays a wide variety of colors and patterns. Similarly the car- nivorous gastropod, Purpura (z= Thais) lapillus, may be plain or banded depending on the diet (Moore, 1935) . Specimens sub- sisting on a diet of Mytilus tend to have broad dark bands while those feeding on Balanus display either plain colors or only faint markings. A shift from a Mytilus to a Balanus diet alters the deposition of the darker pigments so that banding of the new shell is either faint or absent. The predaceous moon snail, Polinices duplicatus, is distin- guished from other members of the genus by the presence of a prominent callus that partially obscures the umbilicus. Say (1858) in his original description of the species reported the callus to be dark brown and this character has been repeated in various manuals of conchology (Minor, 1950, Abbott, 1955) . Recently the author discovered a population of P. duplicatus at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in which a very high percentage of the specimens possessed calluses that were pearly white with faint pink margins at the lines of contact with the main bodies of the shells. A collection of 315 specimens taken from this locality contained 256 individuals with white calluses, fairly evenly divided between the two sexes. The live weights of the individual specimens of the collection ranged from one to 27 grams and the 59 snails with the brown callus were scattered at random throughout the range. In a similar collection taken from Barnstable Harbor, iContribudon Number 938 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Massachusetts, 388 out of 479 specimens had the typical brown callus. The question arose as to whether the variation in color was due to some environmental influence or to a genetic differ- ence. Serious consideration was given to placing the kind with the white callus in a separate subgenus. The environments of the two localities were similar in many respects. Both were flats of fine compact sand near the low tide mark and there was little difference in temperature and salinity. The flat at Duxbury, however, was heavily populated with a recent set of soft clams, Mya arenaria, which the snails were con- suming in large numbers while the Barnstable flat contained no Mya at all. The only significant food supply in the latter locality was a dense population of the tiny duck clam Gemma gemma which appeared to be utilized only by the smallest snails although an occasional specimen could be found feeding on a mud snail Nassa or a razor clam, Ensis. The marked difference in the food supply in the two localities suggested that the color variation of the callus of P. duplicatus might be due to nutrition rather than a genetic difference. To test this possibility, five snails, each with a dark brown callus and weighing approximately one gram, were placed in a box of sand supplied with a continuous stream of salt water from the laboratory seawater system. One hundred soft clams, Mya aren- aria, were added for food. As a control, five additional snails, each with a brown callus, were placed in a similar box of sand but no food was added. The experiment was run for 35 days. The snails in the first box drilled and consumed 83 clams and gained a little over two grams in weight on the average. In every case the callus had turned pearly white with only the faintest tinge of pink at the margin. Each snail had secreted enough shell to advance the leading edge of the lower whorl slightly more than 180 degrees. The snails that had not been supplied with clams neither ad- vanced the leading edges of their shells nor gained weight and the calluses remained dark brown. It is clear that the large number of specimens of P. duplicatus with white calluses in the Duxbury population resulted from the abundant supply of M. arenaria as food. Similarly the pre- ponderance of snails with brown calluses at Barnstable was due July, 1958 NAUTILUS 3 to a scarcity of suitable food. Apparently also, the typical con- dition as described applies to specimens which are poorly nourished. References Abbott, R. T. 1954. American sea shells, p. 186, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York. Minor, R. W. 1950. Field book of seashore life. p. 624, Van Rees Press, New York. Moore, H. B. 1936. The biology of Purpura Lapillus. I. Shell variation in relation to environment. Jour. Mar. Bio. Ass'n. U. K., V. 21, N. 1, pp. 61-89. Say, Thomas. 1858. The complete writings of Thomas Say on the conchology of the United States. Edited by W. G. Binney, pp. 85-86. TERATOGENY IN AUSTRALORBIS GLABRATUS^ By E. H. MICHELSON and ANN R. SCHORK Dept. of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health Reports of monstrosities in snails refer primarily to malformed shells and to morphological anomalities produced experimentally in embryos (Raven and Beenakkers, 1955) . The present observa- tion is unusual in that it concerns teratism resulting from abnor- mal cleavage of the snail ovum. To our knowledge, it is the first such observation reported with reference to "normally reared" laboratory snails. The anomaly with which we are concerned is the development of three conjoined snails from an individual e^g (fig. 1) . Four- teen additional eggs were found in the same mass, all of which developed into normal snails. The egg mass was obtained from a three-gallon rectangular aquarium which contained 25 adult Australorhis glabratus. Marble chips formed the substrate and approximately 60 grams of watercress, which was used as food, floated free in the water. The temperature of the water was thermostatically controlled at 25i+:2°C. On microscopic examination of the abnormal egg, the three individuals within appeared to radiate from a common center. Each individual had an apparently normal foot and head region 1 This investigation was supported (in part) by a research grant (E-513-C) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Insti- tutes of Health, Public Health Service. NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) 0.7 mm. Figure 1: Camera lucida drawing of Australorbis glahratus egg coniaining three conjoined snails. Two of the snails are viewed dorsally while the ventral surface of the foot of the third snail appears as a stippled region between them. The solid black region indicates the position of the heart. with tentacles, eyes and a mouth. At a higher magnification (60x) a radula could be observed in the mouth region of each snail. However, a single heart, consisting of an auricle and ven- tricle, served the three bodies. The pre-hatch ventricular heart- beat was 85.7 beats per minute which was slower than that ob- served in normal pre-hatched snails. On the third day of obser- vation the "monster" hatched, and at this time a ventricular heartbeat of 75.0 beats per minute was recorded. Three days later the heartbeat had slowed to 46.1 beats per minute which was maintained until death occurred four days later. During the seven days the animal survived post-hatch, it was exceedingly active and continually crawled about its aquarium. When crawling, one individual would rest on the substratum carrying the other indi- July, 1958 NAUTILUS 5 viduals above and gave the effect of a walking "Y." Carmine par- ticles ingested by the various heads indicated that each animal had an independent alimentary canal. The rarity of the preceding condition can be appreciated in that it was the only such abnormality we have observed in a microscopic examination of approximately 150,000 eggs during the past three years. Literature Cited Raven, Chr. P. and Beenakkers, A. M., 1955. On the nature of head malformations obtained by centrifuging the eggs of Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., i: 286-303. THE LAND SNAIL GENUS MICROCONUS By FRED G. THOMPSON The genus Microconus Strebel k Pfeffer may be defined as fol- lows: Stylommatophorous Pulmonata of the subfamily Thysano- phorinae. Shell small, helicoid, 2 to 3.5 mm. wide. Lip simple, not reflected. Umbilicus moderate, at most only partly obscured by reflected columella. Peristome varying from horn yellow to umber. Growth wrinkles numerous, fine and irregular, crossed by finer spiral striae which bead them (the spirals can only be seen with proper lighting under magnification x60) . Suture deeply impressed. Genitalia with spermatheca lying above aorta; with a vestigial flagellum retained within wall of vas epiphallus; prostatic end of vas enlarged, with thick muscular wall; ovotestis bilobed; talon with a long stalk; carrefour exposed. Jaw solid, witJh 5 to 7 broad ribs. Radular marginals relatively broad and with entocones. Digestive system as usual in Thysano- phorinae. Salivary glands quite small, flattened, subcircular, touching above oesophagus and joined by isthmus below so as to form a complete, elongate or circular collar. Lung (pi. 2, fig. A) a little more than twice as long as broad, and 2 or 3 times length of kidney. Heart relatively large. Prin- cipal lung vein without evident tributaries. Kidney triangular, longer than broad. Sigmurethrous ureter complete. Tentacles black. Sole elongate, with parallel sides and rounded ends, crossed by about 20 dark folds and lighter sides. Tail with medio-dorsal groove. In the Thysanophorinae, four genera are known anatomically: Mcleania, Microconus, Microphysula and Thysanophora (Baker, 1940) . The structure of the penis, the vas epiphallus, and the shell relate Microconus more closely to Thysanophora than to NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) , ■ M. M. humerosus rufus I -V s^ 7 • M. M termitorum w 1 1 h e 1 m 1 ^ T^ \ ^ ^ Map 1, Distribution of Microconus (N.B. Triangle is for M. pilsbryi.) the other genera. However, Microconus differs from Thysano- phora in 4 distinct ways: (1) the spermathecal sac lies above the aorta; (2) a vestigial flagellum is present; (3) the radular marginals have entocones (only ectocones in Thysanophora) ; and (4) the shell lacks protractive (more oblique) periostracal riblets (present in Thysanophora) but has fine, spiral striae. Distribution: Microconus has been recorded from middle America, from the Canal Zone to central Veracruz, Mexico. All the 4 known species have been found in only limited regions (Map 1). Dissections of M. pilsbryi were made under a dissecting micro- scope. The animals had been partially relaxed in the field with sodium nembutal; after fixation in formalin, they were preserved in 70% alcohol. Prior to dissection, the shells were dissolved in a 1% solution of HCl. The animals were then stained with borax-carmine. All drawings were made with aid of a camera lucida. Ridgeway was used for a color guide. This work was done with the sponsorship and guidance of Dr. Henry van der Schalie. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry kindly loaned me the only specimen of M. willielmi in the Philadelphia Academy col- lections. Paul F. Basch made available to me his material of M. rufus. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 7 The 4 species known to belong to Microconus are: M. wil- helmi (Pfeiffer) , M. rufus, M. pilsbryi, and M. termitarum Pils- bry. Only M. wilhelmi and M. pilsbryi are known anatomically, but seem to represent two subgenera, one of which is described as new. Microconus Strebel & Pfeffer, type Helix wilhelmi Pfeiffer. The typical subgenus is distinguished by its small spermatheca, its penial retractor attached to the diaphragm, and its vas de- ferens free from the side of the penis. The jaw has five ribs. The adult shell has a higher spire, but a larger umbilicus, which is 1/3 to 14 the shell diameter. Microconus wilhelmi (Pfeiffer) . Helix wilhelmi Pfr., 1866, pp. 79-80. M. wilhelmi Strebel k Pfeffer, 1880, pp. 29-30, pi. 4, fig. 7. Pilsbry, 1926, p. 80, fig. 12b. H. B. Baker, 1927, pp. 236-238, pi. 18, figs. 31-40 (anatomy). Type locality: Mirador, Veracruz, Mexico. Also known from Necaxa, Veracruz. Microconus rufus, new species. PI. 1, figs. A, B Thysanophora conspurcatella (Morelet) Goodrich & van der Schalie, 1937, p. 26. Holotype: shell umbilicate, umbilicus about 14 shell diam- eter. Shell turbiniform, nearly as high as wide, with obtuse apex and 4% w^horls. Suture deeply impressed. Whorls strongly con- vex, shouldered; the last not descending. Embryonic whorls M/^y smooth, protruding, horn yellow; remaining whorls horn yellow, with minute, but distinct, unequal, unevenly spaced, micro- scopic growth-wrinkles, which are cut by weakly incised, spiral lines. Aperture irregularly ovate, incised by penult whorl; col- umellar margin slightly reflected, but not obscuring umbilicus; peristome thin, glassy, and transparent. Height 2.8; diameter 3.5: width of umbilicus 1.0 mm. Dept. Peten, Guatemala. Holotype: University Mich. Museum of Zoology (UMMZ.) 64416; knoll along Santa Ana Road, 2 km. south of Puebla Nueva (Henry van der Schalie! Feb. 15, 1935). Paratypes: UMMZ. 193099; same data; UMMZ. 193285-193314 (124 examples) from vicinity of Tikal (Paul F. Basch! Feb. 4 to May 16, 1956). Also examined: UMMZ. 64417, west shore of Lake Petenxil; UMMZ. 64418, limestone knoll east of road to Santa Ana, about \i/^ miles south of Flores; UMMZ. 64419, limestone outcrop 1 mile northwest of Paso Caballo; UMMZ. 64420, limestone knoll, 5 miles north of Paso Caballo; UMMZ. 8 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) 64421, north shore of Lake Yaluk, about 6 miles east of Paso Caballo; UMMZ. 64422, limestone outcrop, 6 miles south of Laguna Perdicla. M. nifus was abundant in jungle regions subjected to periodic rainy (usually June to August) and dry seasons. Since the collec- tions vvcTe made during the dry season preceding the rains, only dead shells were found in samples of leaf mold and in debris along rivers. Young individuals are relatively more depressed and have thinner shells, which makes the spiral striae more easily observed. M. rufus differs from M. wilhelmi, the other species of the typical subgenus, because the whorls of the former are more strongly convex, proportionately slightly larger and not so strongly shouldered, and have finer and closer growth-wrinkles. Also the embryonic whorls of M. rujus do not protrude so much, the body whorl lies further under the penultimate one; and the umbilicus is smaller. PuLCHRicoNus, new subgenus. Type M. pilsbryi, n. sp. This subgenus is characterized by a large spermatheca, and the absence of a penial retractor; the epiphallic end of the vas deferens is attached to the side of the penis by narrow bands of muscle fibers. The adult shell is ovate-globose, and the jaw has 7, broad ribs. MiCROCONUS PILSBRYI, new species. PI. 1, figs. C, D; pi. 2, figs. A-D Holotype: (pi. 1, figs. C and D) shell imibilicate, umbilicus about 14 shell diameter; shell slightly wider than high, with obtuse apex and 41/9 whorls. Embryonic whorls 1 1/9, horn yellow, and showing under magnification (x60) a reticulate pattern of fine granules, which reflect a slight iridescence. Remaining whorls clay color, dull, but with tendency to become burnt imiber in color near suture and umbilicus; strongly convex and strongly shouldered; and minutely, but distinctly roughened by unequal, close, microscopic growth-wrinkles, cut by weakly incised, spiral lines. Suture deeply impressed. Last whorl descending towards aperture, which is broadly oval, somewhat incised by preceding whorl, and with columellar margin slightly reflected over um- bilicus; peristome thin, but distinctly expanded, glassy and transparent. Height 2.2; diameter 2.5; width of umbilicus 0.6 mm. Holotype: UMMZ. 193100; 41/9 km. south of Matagalpa, Dept. Matagalpa, Nicaragua, 8,500 feet altitude (Thompson! July 16, 1956). Paratypes: UMMZ. 193101 (101 specimens); same data. NAUTILUS 72 (1) PLATE 1 D l-iGS. A and B. Micxx oinis rufu.s Thompson, holotvpe shell. Figs. C and D, M. pil.shrxi llioinpson. holotvpe shell. XAl' 1 ILl.S 71 (1) PLATE -Pneutnostorr. e Monfie Collar vestigial FIcoellu ;,„,1 icmalc- Kcnital svslcm. Fi(.. D. cnlargol ,.c.us. cp.i.luilh.s. .-hI vas sln)\vin<; iiilciiial sinutuits. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 9 M. pilsbryi was found abundantly in coffee groves, well shaded by a thick canopy of large trees, under the bark of rot- ting logs. Moisture was plentiful; in the mountain rain forest, the daily rainfall during 10 months of the year provided an abundance, and moderate amounts occurred in the other 2 months. Young shells are more depressed than the adults, and the spiral striae are more apparent, because of the thinness of the shells. M. pilsbryi has a larger umbilicus and more strongly shouldered whorls than M. termitarum, which also is included tentatively in the subgenus Pulchriconus. Genitalia (pi. 2, figs. C and D) : Ovotestis bilobed; each lobe with 5-7 claviform lobules; hermaphroditic duct straight and enlarged basally. Carrefour small, exposed; talon very small, ovoid, compressed and with very long stalk. Albumen gland elon- gate and compressed. Prostate with about 20 equal convolutions, which are not distinct because partially imbedded in uterus. Spermatheca subpentagonal, imbedded at base of pericardial side of albumen gland, with duct relatively long, columellar in posi- tion, and enlarged at base. Cloaca short and stout; opening just below and behind right ommatophore. Free vas deferens very large, especially near prostate, with thick muscular wall; passes between penis and vagina, encircles base of former, and continues up penial side to epiphallus; held in place by a muscular band that encircles it and middle of penis, Vas "epiphallus" developed in terminal loop and held to penial apex by another muscular band, which encircles both and is connected to the vas band by a slender ribbon of muscle fibers;^ epiphallic lumen smaller than that of vas for i/^ the length of the 1st (vas) limb chamber, be- yond which it continues as a duct that gives rise to an included blind pouch, 2 expanded in 2nd (penial) limb into a bulbous chamber, and narrowed again to enter penis through a terminally bifurcate, vergic papilla, in a bulbous sheath within penial lumen. Penis short and very stout, cylindric. Radula (pi. 2, fig. B) very similar to that of M. wilhelmi, but mesocone of first lateral more lanceolate. Entocone developing on 7th lateral and persisting through marginals, as Baker (1927) found. MiCROCONUs (Pulchriconus?) termitarum Pilsbry. M. termitarum Pilsbry, 1926, pp. 80-81, fig. 12a. Type and only 1 These bands and ribbon may represent modifications of the penial re- tractor, but the latter is considered non-existent in M. Pilsbryi since they could not function as such. 2 Apparently equivalent to "vestigial flagellum" (Baker, 1927) in M. wilhelmi. 10 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) known locality: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama (ANSP. 140824). Literature Cited Baker, H. Burrington. 1927. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 19, pp. 223-246, pis. 15-20, figs. 1-55. . 1940. Naut., vol. 54 (2), pp. 54-62, pis. 4-5, figs. 1-20. Goodrich, Calvin and Henry van der Schalie. 1937. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 34, pp. 1-50, pi. 1, map 1. Pfeiffer, Ludwig. 1866. Malacoz. Blatter, vol. 13, pp. 76-91. Pilsbry, Henry A. 1926. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 18, pp. 57-126, text-figs. 1-40, pis. 9-11. Strebel, Hermann und Georg Pfeffer. 1880. Mex. Land- imd Siissw.-Conchyl.-IV. Hamburg, pp. 1-112, pis. 1-15. SPHAERIUM NITIDUM AND S. PATELLA By H. B. HERRINGTON Sphaerium NITIDUM Clessin vs. 5. tenue Prime. Apparently, according to the judgment of Dr. Horace B. Baker, "Cyclas tenuis Prime, 1852, is the only valid publication and later ones do not affect its problem." Others agreed with this in principle. Because Prime's small creek specimens of C. tenuis from New Bedford, Mass., of 1852, which may have had some slight resem- blance to Sphaerium occidentale Prime, 1860, appear to have been given by him to the Boston Society of Natural History, and cannot be located now, C tenuis, 1852, is completely unidenti- fiable. In 1853, Prime added to this locality and placed specimens from the Androscoggin River, Maine, under the same name; again in 1865 he used Sphaerium tenue (Prime) for these Andro- scoggin shells. In 1865, he dropped New Bedford from his "Hab." Since he lists S. tenue (Prime) as "5" under S. occidentale Prime, 1860, when he catalogued his specimens before giving his collection to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., in 1895, the shell in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 19474, which also came from the Androscoggin River, and which is labeled Sphaerium tenue Prime, 1865, not 1852, must be considered a misidentification. This specimen is a local form of S. nitidum Clessin, 1876, which would not occur at New Bed- ford, Mass. For these reasons, Sphaerium nitidum Clessin, 1876, July, 1958 NAUTILUS 11 must be used instead of S. tenue (Prime), 1865. Sphaerium patella (Gould) vs. 5. primeanum Clessin. An examination of specimens of 5. primeanum Clessin, 1878, from several museums and of 3 sets of S. patella (Gould), 1850, from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has revealed that the shells of S. patella are immature, somewhat weathered specimens of what was later described, by Clessin, as S. primeanum,. Al- though the patella shells do lack the usual bluish nacre of primeanum, this is the result of immaturity, weathering or a different kind of habitat, or a combination of two or more of these factors. The color of the nacre of S. primeanum varies greatly. I find that the darker the periostracum and the more encrusted with foreign matter, the darker is the shade of the nacre. Some speci- mens that are not encrusted and have a lighter shade of perio- stracum also have only a pale blue nacre. [I also have found this to be the case with S. fabale (Prime) . And, I have seen 5. striati- num (Lamarck) with a deep blue nacre.] I have one shell with the pale patella mere, received from W. J. Eyerdam, which has the usual primeanum size. FEEDING HABITS OF TWO SPECIES OF ODOSTOMIA By J. FRANCES ALLEN Department of Zoology, University of Maryland Fretter and Graham (1949) when describing the structure of the Pyramidellidae state that they are ectoparasites, each species feeding on a particular host, usually a tubiculous worm or a lamellibranch mollusk, obtaining attachment to the body by means of an oral sucker, piercing the body wall with the buccal stylet, and sucking blood and perhaps tissue debris by means of the buccal pump. Six species of this family are listed with their respective hosts, one having two hosts. The same authors state, "They will be found to feed on no other animal." Marshall (1900) notes the presence of Turbonilla rufescens on the leath- ery tube of a sessile annelid and Odostomia albella with littorinas. Gardiner (1934) mentions the occurrence of O. perezi with Phascalion strombi. Cole (1951) describes the effects of O. euli- moides on oysters (Ostrea edulis) and Cole and Hancock (1955) 12 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) are of the opinion that the Pyramidellidae may be less host spe- cific than has been suggested previously, and discuss the feeding of Odostomia scalaris on Mytiliis edidis and, for the first time, report Chrysallida obtiisa on oysters. O. seminiida has been ob- served by Robertson (1957) to feed on Crepidida fornicata. Loosanoff (1956) states that O. bisuturalis is found in large num- bers on small oysters {Crassostrea virginica) in New England waters and Hopkins (1956) points out that O. impressa attaches itself to large oysters. Allen (1954) reported finding O. bisutur- alis in the Little Annemessex River of Chesapeake Bay thus ex- tending its distributional record south of Delaware Bay (Ab- bott, 1954) . Their presence in an area well removed from oyster bars and other hard bottom indicates that this species is not specific for oysters and the occurrence of O. impressa under similar conditions indicates the same could be true for it. Berry (1954), says that the morphology and ecology of the North Atlantic species indicates that the Pyramidellidae are obligatory ecto-parasites possessing strong opisthobranch ten- dencies and that the close host-parasite specificity indicated with other mollusks, annelids, coelenterates "affords the first reason- able explanation of the existence of so many often closely re- lated sympatric species and opens a wide untilled field to the student of parasitism. ..." The author wishes to express her appreciation to the General Research Board of the University of Maryland for the grant which made this study possible and to Mr. Joseph A. Marshall and Mr. Kent S. Price for their assistance. Methods: Odostomia impressa, apparently the most abundant pyramidellid in the area, and O. bisuturalis, as a second form, were selected for the investigation to determine whether or not cither species is host specific. Oysters; wigeon grass, Riippia maritima; mud and general bottom materials were collected by means of an oyster dredge from the Maryland waters of Chesa- peake Bay, including Pocomoke and Tangier Sounds, the Little and Big Annemessex Rivers, and the Manokin River. The oysters and the empty shells were examined macroscopically and micro- scopically both on the outside and the inside, and the grass, mud, and debris were washed through U. S. Standard sieves and the July, 1958 NAUTILUS 13 two species, when found, were isolated. Each species was given the opportunity of feeding on various potential hosts, including oysters; Crepidula convexa; Bittium varium, Pfr. and several other gastropods; polychaete worms, and the tunicate, Molgula. Observations were also noted on the length of feeding time. Some of the oysters were stained with neutral red which was found to be satisfactory for our purpose and which has been successfully used on oyster larvae (Loosanoff and Davis, 1947) . The oysters were submerged into plastic vessels containing aer- ated bay water to which the solution of dye was added. After several days, the oysters were rinsed by several changes of water to prevent any color being in the water. The left valve was re- moved from each oyster and a number of O. impressa placed on the oyster and at the margin of the valve, in the vicinity of the mantle. To assure that any color taken up by the pyrams must come as a result of feeding and not from any undetectable color in the water, specimens were placed in a vial covered with a 3" U. S. Standard sieve No. 200 so that the water could circulate freely about them. The set-up was left undisturbed for 24 hours. The snails were then removed from the vial and from the oysters and examined with a binocular microscope. Observations and Discussion: Both O. impressa and O. bi- suturalis were observed in small characteristic pockets along the margin of the shell, and also were distributed in general on the outside of the shell. They were often found at the mouth of the tubes of the tubiculous worms which adhere to the shell. The laminated condition of the shell as described by Cole and Han- cock (1955) was observed here. After removing one valve, groups of the snails up to 12 in number were found concentrated in the vicinity of the mantle, in one group, with a total of 17 asso- ciated with a single oyster. Cole and Hancock (1955) report finding up to seven specimens of O. eulimoides in one dying oyster. No damage to the adductor muscle was found as described by Cole (1951) and Cole and Hancock (1955). However, the ridged condition of the shell as described by these same authors did occur. O. impressa attached itself to Bittium varium with great vigor. The prey gave the characterictic 'jerk' as described by Fretter 14 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) and Graham (1949) when describing the feeding technique of Odostomia on worms. When other organisms were placed in the same container, Bittium was usually selected as the chosen food. If disturbed so the O. impressa ceased feeding it would start over again when the disturbance was removed. It was possible to hold Bittium with forceps and move it about while impressa was feeding witliout causing it to withdraw the proboscis. O. scalaris has been observed to protrude its proboscis into the siphonal canal of Mytilus edulis and remain in that position for several days (Cole and Hancock, 1955) . Robertson (1957) notes that O. seminuda would attach to the mantle of C. fornicata for several seconds at a time. O. impressa fed on the oyster for long periods and on Bittium for more than two hours. It is not diffi- cult to see the action of the buccal pump and the actual feeding when observations are made with a binocular microscope. O. impressa, in addition to the oyster and Bittium fed readily on Crepidula convexa; Triphora nigrocincta; the oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea; a polychaete worm; at the incurrent siphon of the tunicate, Molgula; and on another species of pyram, prob- ably O. gibbosa. It was noted that this species would not feed on T. nigrocincta if any one of the other forms mentioned was available. When the snails were removed from the stained oysters, they had become pink in color. Since the pyrams are white except for the black eyes and the shells more or less transparent, the pink color was readily observed. When they protruded from the shells, the animals themselves were definitely pink. Since the specimens which had been placed in the vial, as a control, showed no pink color, obviously the neutral red had been taken up with the body fluids of the oyster during feeding. Although O. bisuturalis occurred on the oyster shell and along the margin of the shell, this species was not observed to feed on the oyster meat nor on any other potential prey mentioned. They were abundant on the shells and in the washings from the grass. When placed adjacent to B. xiarium they never made any attempt to pierce the animal but they would crawl onto the shell. When this was noted bisuturalis was placed with specimens of Bittium which were dark green from the plant material on their shells. After moving onto the Bittium shell the pyram July, 1958 NAUTILUS 15 would protrude its proboscis and the body would move continu- ally in a circular pattern. While being closely watched, it was observed that the algae was cleaned from the shell leaving a small round spot. Occasionally, when the pyram moved in a forward direction, a clear white area would appear. Additional observations are necessary to clearly define the feeding habits of O. hisuturalis. Summary This investigation has shown that Odostomia impressa is not host specific for oysters and the feeding habits of Odostomia bisuturalis are not clearly defined. The evidence reported here and that which has been contributed by workers in the field and cited indicates that the Pyramidellidae do not appear to be a family of host specific ectoparasites. Literature Cited Abbott, R. T. 1954. American seashells. Van Nostrand, New York. Allen, J. Frances. 1954. Notes on the gastropods collected in the vicinity of Crisfield, Maryland. Naut. 67 (3) : 92-94. Berry, S. Stillman. 1954. Importance of the large pyramidellid elements in the west American fauna. Amer. Malacol. Union Ann. Rept.: 22. Cole, H. A. 1951. An Odostomia attacking oysters. Nature, Lond. 7^5:953-954. Cole, H. A. and D. A. Hancock. 1955. Odostomia as a pest of oysters and mussels. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 34 {\) :25-31. Fretter, V. and A. Graham. 1949. The structure and mode of life of the Pyramidellidae parasitic opisthobranchs. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. i<9(2):493-532. Hopkins, Sewell H. 1956. Odostomia impressa parasitizing south- ern oysters. Science 134 (3223) : 628-629. Gardiner, A. P. 1934. The littoral zone. Jour. Conch. 26>: 65-76. Loosanoff, V. L. 1956. Two obscure oyster enemies in New England waters. Science. 123 (3208) :11 19-1 120. Loosanoff, V. L. and H. C. Davis. 1947. Staining of oyster larvae as a method for studies of their movements and distribution. Science. 106 (2763) :598. Marshall, J. T. 1900. Additions to 'British Conchology'. Jour. Conch. :9: 284-296. Robertson, Robert. 1957. Gastropod host of an Odostomia. Naut. 70 (3) :96-97. 16 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) HELIX POMATIA COLONY AT JACKSON, MICHIGAN Bv HKNRV \ AX DER SCHALIE and DEE S. DUNDEE On September 13, 1957, Helix pomatia was again collected in the region of Union Street in Jackson, Michigan. This colony was originally reported 20 years ago by A, F. Archer (Nautilus, 51: 61-65, 1937) . The snails were then common in the garden of an Italian family by the name of Maddalena, where, five years previously, they had been introduced as a food. The neighbors complained about the introduction and claimed that the snails were damaging their gardens. However, Archer stated that he thought the animals were harmless. At that time Meisenheimer (1912: 119) had published the following statement (as trans- lated into English) : "The existence of many plants might well be at stake if they are not protected against being eaten by the snails through the above mentioned media (hairs, acrid juices, etc.) . Particularly endangered are those plants which contain sweet tasting materials to which the snails are particularly dis- posed, and certainly cultivated plants of this kind might well be placed under the special care of humans." More recently, Fromming (1954: 283, table 6) indicated that H. pomatia eats a wide variety of vegetables. In a summary way, he (1954: 360-61) stated: 'Trom the information given above it follows without any doubt that these snails must be considered most dangerous in cultivated regions since a simple estimation shows what great damage a couple of thousand of these animals can inflict in a short time." A number of changes have occurred in this colony in the 20 years since Archer's account was written. The block into which they were originally placed has become much more urban; houses with lawns surrounding them now fill the entire block. The back yards are now far more open and there is less cover for the snails than formerly. At the time of the first report, some of us tacitly assumed that the snails would probably not cross the macadam pavements of the streets and might thus remain confined to the block where they were originally placed. Unfor- tunately, this assumption has proven quite erroneous because these snails now occupy several blocks east and west of their original site and they were reliably reported to have gone a long July, 1958 NAUTILUS 17 distance to the south. That the colony had spread and was main- taining itself was evident from the fact that on many occasions William G. Fargo gathered specimens which he supplied to us for class work. A neighbor informed us that the snails had be- come established in the Fargo garden. During our recent collecting trip H. pomatia were obtained along the back border of one yard at 1015 Third Street where a good cover of grass and vines ran along the fence margin. Some adults and many young were taken. Dee Dundee collected a good series of snails of all ages in this same region three years ago. In a neighboring yard to the north (1009 Third Street), the Rev. Emil A. Runkel kindly took us to the small garden in his back yard where we learned that the snails were very destructive to his produce. He explained that unless he used pellets of a mol- luscocide called "Bug-Geta", he could not have a garden. The metaldehyde (produced and distributed by a firm in California) proved to be a reasonably good eradicator, but we did find a few snails in that garden. Rev. Runkel stated that he had seen snails moving over his lawn and into his garden from an adjoining yard during and after rains. Damage was inflicted by the snails on tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage and strawberries. Radishes were eaten avidly and proved impossible to grow at all. On the other hand, carrots were reported unharmed. Another neighbor found that flowers in her garden were often damaged. The people in the community agreed that uncultivated yards evidently pro- vided the kind of ground cover in which the colony could thrive and maintain itself. The history of this colony in Jackson clearly indicates that more rigid control is necessary to avoid such introductions. Pos- sibly concerted effort may yet enable the eradication of this colony. It is gradually spreading and these animals may in time be a source of serious damage to truck and vegetable crops. The history of Helix aspersa O. F. Miiller in California is an example of what should be avoided in Michigan. Often those who intro- duce the animals are unaware of the seriousness of the problems they may inflict on a community. Several years ago a physician, who was intrigued by the prospects of having such large and handsome snails on his farm, called by telephone to inquire whether he should introduce them there. The information given 18 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) him probably discouraged him from carrying out that idea, but one wonders how many similar plans may have succeeded with- out anyone to dissuade the introducer. Problems of eradication are difficult and often costly in the time consumed and materials needed. One always hopes to find some biological method of control. Unfortunately, the number of predators listed for Helix pomatia are few. Fromming (1954: 364) listed starlings, ravens, magpies; frogs, toads; moles; in un- usual situations, leeches; and the slug, Arion empiricorum Fer. is reported to have a predilection for the young H. pomatia. Wild and Lawson (1937: 355) in their study of enemies of the land and freshwater mollusks in the British Isles mention the shrew, bank vole, common vole, reed warbler, wheatear, Kentish plover, common snipe, jack snipe, herring gull, land rail, water- rail and a beetle, Silpha. These several enemies are animals com- mon to the European continent. The predators that are most effective in the Jackson area are, as yet, undetermined. As to sources of information dealing with molluscocidal control, W. H. White and A. C. Davis (1942:8) in a bulletin entitled "Land slugs and snails and their control" have a section devoted to poison baits in which they suggest that arsenicals and metalde- hyde are effective. The summary of an earlier paper by A. L. Lovett and A. B. Black (1920) stated that: "Bordeaux mixture, either liquid or dry, is an excellent repellent. Calcium arsenate prepared as a bait is readily devoured and is highly toxic to slugs. A combination of a repellent and a poison bait constitutes the most effective control procedure." References Archer, A. F. 1937. Helix pomatia Linne in Jackson, Michigan. Nautilus, 57: 61-63. Fromming, Ewald. 1954. Biologic der mitteleuropaischen Land- gastropoden. Duncker R: Humblot, Berlin, pp. 1-404. Lovett, A. L. and A. B. Black. 1920. The gray garden slug. Ore- gon Agr. College Exp. Station, Bull. 170: 1-43. Meisenheimer, Johannes. 1912. Die Weinbergschnecke, Helix pomatia L. Werner Klinkhardt, Leipzig, pp. 1-140. White, W. H. and A. C. Davis. 1942. Land slugs and snails and their control. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmer's Bull. 1895: 1-8. Wild, S. V. and A. K. Lawson. 1937. Enemies of the land and freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles. J. of Conch., 20: 351-361. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 19 NEW RECORDS OF WEST INDIAN STREPTAXIDAE By WILLIAM J. CLENCH Two species of streptaxids, S. glaher Pfeiffer and S. deplanchei Drouet have been collected recently in St. Thomas and St. Martin. Mr. G. A. Seaman collected S. glaher Pfeiffer on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, and S. deplanchei Drouet on the Island of St. Martin in the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles. Both of these species were introduced into these islands probably on plants or otlier imported material from northern South America in rather recent times. Of the two species, S. glaher is the more abundant and prob- ably reached as far north as Barbados in pre-Columbian times. S deplanchei is a rare species, to judge by our collections, and has not been reported heretofore in the West Indies. Diaphora hicolor Hutton, an emigrant from Asia, has been recorded from several localities in the West Indies. It was intro- duced, possibly, first into Trinidad from India and has since spread to many islands in the West Indies. I append such locali- ties as I believe may be new for the record. Streptaxis (Streptartemon) glaber Pfeiffer. Streptaxis glahra Pfeiffer 1849 [1850], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 126 (Demerara [British Guiana]) ; Pfeiffer 1850. Conchylien- Cabinet (2), 1, pt. 12, sec. 2, p. 21, pi. 124, fig. 4-7 (Demerara). Specimens examined: Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Kartabo, British Guiana. Machango, Distr. Bolivar, State of Zulia, Vene- zuela. Itacoatiara; Caruoeiro, Rio Negro; Manaos and Santa Maria, Lower Rio Negro, all Amazonas, all Brasil. Usine, Ste. Madeline, San Fernando, Trinidad. Blowers, Barbados. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. Streptaxis (Streptartemon) deplanchei Drouet. Streptaxis deplanchei Drouet 1859, Mem. Soc. Acad. Aube, 23, p. 352, pi. 1, fig. 6-9 (He la Mere, 3 miles off Cayenne I., French Guiana) . Specimens examined: St. Martin, Lesser Antilles. Cayenne [French Guiana]. Ceara Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Diaphora bicolor (Hutton) . Pupa hicolor Hutton, J. 1834, Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 3, p. 93 (Mirzapur, India) . 20 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Specimens examined: Cdrdenas, Matanzas, Cuba. El Purio, Calabazar de Sagua, Las Villas, Cuba. Isle of Pines. Bethlehem; Rust-op-Twist and Concordia, St. Croix, Virgin Ids. Puerto Sosua, Santo Domingo, Hispaniola. NEW LAND SNAIL FROM QUEENSLAND Bv ALAN SOLEM Chicago Natural History Museum In the process of examining Pacific Ocean land snails at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, several specimens labeled with manuscript names of John Brazier were discovered. Some have been subsequently described by other people, but I have been unable to locate any reference to the shell labeled "Endodonta creon Brazier" which is described below. This species sheds important light on the affinities of the genus Theskelomensor, and description of the single available specimen as a distinct species seems worthwhile. TheskelomExXsor creon, new species. PI. 3, figs. 1-3 A species of Theskelomensor with a moderately wide umbili- cus, loosely coiled whorls, and the periphery with a cord-like keel. Shell small, thin, depressed-trochoidal, periphery of body whorl with a thread-like keel. Whorls by^, slightly rounded, sutures little impressed. Spire only slightly elevated, base of shell inflated. Apical whorls 1 1/2, smooth. Remaining whorls with sculpture of close-set, wavy, spiral lines partially interrupted by weak, slightly retractive growth striae. Aperture subtriangular, lip thin and not reflected. Parietal callus thin, white. Umbilicus open deep, contained 3.35 times in the diameter. Epidermal color translucent horn, underlying calcareous layer white. Diam- eter 6.7 mm., height 2.6 mm. Holotype, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 136666 from 20 miles northwest of Cardwell, Queensland, Australia. Comparisons: The only Australian species related to this novelty is Theskelomensor lizardensis (Pfeiffer) . The sculpture, shape, coloration, type of whorl increment, and apertures are similar, but the two species are easily separated (see figs. 1-6) . T. lizardensis (figs. 4-6) has a supraperipheral keel, more whorls, and a wider umbilicus than does T. creon. Outside of Australia, the most similar shells are found in Philippine Island — New Guinea Jnozonites — Pareuplecta — July, 1958 NAUTILUS 21 Zagmena complex. The Philippine species /. bicarinata Semper, /. biangulata Pfeiffer, /. boholensis PfeifFer, and /. reyesi Hidalgo have the 2-keeled sculpture and shape of T. lizardensis. Other Philippine species (such as P. subterranea Quadras and Moel- lendorfF) and the New Guinea "Zagmena" (such as pratti Gude and haematina MoellendorflP) have the single keel of T. creon. All the above species differ from Theskelomensor in having the umbilicus barely perforate and the radial sculpture more promi- nent than the spiral sculpture. In the Ceylonese Euplecta, how- ever, there occurs the same deep umbilicus and prominent spiral sculpture found in Theskelomensor . The taxonomic position of Helix lizardensis Pfeiffer has long been uncertain, and Iredale's proposal of Theskelomensor only served to emphasize its uncertain position. The thread-like keel, smooth apical whorl and kind of microsculpture remove it from the Endodontidae, just as the thread-like double keels make it improbable that T. lizardensis belongs to the Trochomorphinae. The discovery of a second Australian species with only a single keel ties the shell into the helicarionid "Euplecta" series. The anatomy of these species is imperfectly known, and placement in one of the subfamilies of the Helicarionidae (=: Ariophantidae) is not yet possible. The exact relationships of Inozonites, Eu- plecta, Pareuplecta, Theskelomensor, and Zagmena remain to be determined. Euplecta and Theskelomensor seem to be "good" genera, but the Philippine-New Guinea species placed in Pareu- plecta, Inozonites, and Zagmena show no conchological differ- ences which seem indicative of generic separation. Zoogeographical comments: Southeast Asia and Indonesia represent a center of evolution from which successive waves of organisms have populated the other parts of the Indo-Pacific area. Relict distributions around the fringes of Indonesia are well known in many groups of animals and would be expected to occur in land snails. Unfortunately studies of the land snails in the past fifty years have tended to be faunistic surveys rather than systematic monographs. As a result cases of relict distribu- tions are buried under an avalanche of generic and family names proposed for species of one area without regard for any extra- limital relatives. Much more important than faunistic surveys, are systematic reviews of genera and families which will enable 22 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) us to determine the basic distribution patterns and study the possible origins of the faunas of individual areas. Theskelomensor, if proved to be a helicarionid related to the Euplecta series, becomes an Asian element in the fauna of Queensland. As an endodontid, it becomes another endemic Australian taxon. Since the structure of T. creon provides some evidence that Theskelomensor belongs definitely to the Heli- carionidae, it has been thought worthwhile to describe the species, even though only one shell is available. Only through such small additions to our knowledge will an eventual picture of Pacific land snail distribution emerge. LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF CAMPELOMA DECISUM By NORMAN A. CHAMBERLAINi Only a few studies pertaining to the life history of the genus Campeloma (family Viviparidae, order Prosobranchiata) have been published. The genus is restricted to lakes and streams of eastern North America (Baker, '28) including some lakes and streams of piedmont North Carolina (Walter, '54) . For these reasons the snail Campeloma decisum was chosen for a study of some aspects of its life history. The first account of the morphology of the reproductive sys- tem in Campeloma (Call, 1888) was confined to the gross ana- tomy of male and female C. siibsolidum. A more complete study of the morphology of the female reproductive tract in C. rufum was made by Mattox ('38) . Crabb ('29) published an observa- tion of young C. decisum being released in the laboratory. Young snails in the uterus (i.e., gestatory sac) of C. rufum were described by Mattox ('85) as being enclosed in an egg membrane with no connection to the adult uterine wall. Parthenogenesis was demonstrated in C. rufum by Mattox ('37) in a study based on histological examination. An abortive second maturation division was shown which left the ovum with the somatic number of chromosomes: — 12. Pollister and Pollister ('40) reported the results of a number of studies they had made on somatic chromosome numbers in ten species of the family Viviparidae. They found in four species of Campeloma and in iHonors research in zoology at the University of North Carolina under direction of Dr. C. E. Jenncr. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 23 six other species a variation of 24 to 28 chromosomes in somatic cells. They reasoned that if Mattox's count (12) was correct, then there were two possibilities: either C. rufum is a partheno- genetic haploid animal and the ten other viviparids studied are diploid; or C. rufum is a parthenogenetic diploid animal and the ten other viviparids studied are tetraploid. They concluded that the latter is the more likely. Medcof ('40) published a study on aspects of the life history of Cnmpeloma (cf. C. decisum) in Ontario. This study was limited to aspects of the life history of C. de- cisum including population analysis, growth, feeding, reproduc- tion, and parasitism. Materials and MetJiods: Snails were collected from Univer- sity Lake, 3.5 miles S.W. of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The snails (pi. 3, fig. 7) were named as Campeloma decisum (Say) by Dr. William Clench of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, and a collection was placed in that museum (MCZ. No. 212378) . All collections were taken from an area covering about 50 yards along the east shore and extending out about 10 yards into the lake. The material was collected with a hand dredge consisting of a wire basket with mesh 1.5 by 2.0 mm., on a 1.6 meter handle. The samples were obtained by dredging through the top few centimeters of substrate in about 1 meter of water. Since the bottom could not be seen at this depth, and all snails caught in the dredge were included in the samples, rea- sonably random samples probably were obtained. Since the smallest free-living snails collected measured 2.0 mm. in their smallest dimensions, free-living snails of all size classes were re- tained by the dredge. Young snails were cultured in isolation in 4.5-inch fingerbowls containing natural substrate. The histological preparations were fixed in Bouin's fixative, stained with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin, and counterstained with eosin. Population Analysis and Growth Rate: Collections made at all seasons were analyzed to determine growth rates. Length fre- quency graphs, indicating growth of the year classes through a one-year period, are shown. From March 17, 1956, to March 13, 1957, the mean length of the 1956 year class increased from 2.99 24 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Collection of: March 17. 1956 May 30, 1956 August 13, 1956 October 4, 1956 November 5, 1956 December 8. 1956 H March 13, 1957 Length (ram.) Length Frequency Graphs of Collections July, 1958 NAUTILUS 25 zt 0.18 mm. to 8.8 db 1.4 mm. (standard errors) . The March 17, 1956, collection seemed to show a 1955 year class which was traceable through the December 8, 1956, collection. During this time, the mean length of the 1955 year class increased from 10.1 zb 0.92 mm. to 15.4 ± 0.70 mm. After December, 1956, the 1955 year class was not distinct as a class in the population. At all times of the year there was a mode which fluctuated between 17 and 20 mm. This mode undoubtedly included the third year class and probably additional year classes as well. The largest snail collected in this study measured 27.3 mm. in length. Two cultures of young snails taken from adults by dissection were maintained in the laboratory. These showed approximately the same growth rates as those found in nature. Measurements of their growth are shown in Table 1. The two individuals sur- viving in April, 1957, were dissected and found to have very small ovaries as are normal for this size class. Table 1 Growth Rates of Young in the Laboratory Collection Jan. Mar. June Sept. Jan. Apr. Jan. 31, 1956 35(3.0) 9(5.0) 8(5.5) 6(/.0) 2(11.2) 2(14.8) Mar. 17, 1956 — 10(3.5) 8(6.0) 3(8.2) 0 0 The first figure indicates number of living young. 1 he figure in parentheses indicates the average length of that group. These results are in contrast with those reported by Medcof for a population of C. decisum in Ontario. Feeding: No mention is made of the food of Campeloma in the literature. Medcof and Mattox, who have published on as- pects of the life history in this genus, state that in their studies the food of the snails was not determined (personal communi- cation) . The feeding action has never been described, and in the present study no obvious feeding activity was observed. Starved snails placed on a thin film of mud under water did not feed at all. Allison ('42) described a method of trapping C. rufum in a slow stream by baiting a small area with chicken droppings. He concluded from the resulting aggregation of snails around the bait that the snails were feeding on it. In the present study, C. decisum in the laboratory avoided chicken droppings placed both above and below the surface of the substrate. In collections from nature, snails dissected within three hours of time of collection usually had mud in the first portion of the 26 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) intestine, but after 3 hours mud could only be found in the rectum (as feces) . After 5 hours, the gut was entirely clear. Snails observed at the edge of the lake were almost always half-buried in the substrate, a clayey silt with some sand and decaying organic debris. Young have been maintained in the laboratory for 15 months with nothing but this substrate for food (see above) . These observations seem to indicate that C. decisum feeds by ingesting bottom materials containing de- caying organic matter. Reproduction: Sexes are distinguished in living Campeloma by the appearance of the tentacles. In males the right tentacle is modified as a sheath for the intromittent organ and appears shorter and much blunter than the left. In females the tentacles are identical, both being long, thin, and pointed. On dissection females have a clearly defined uterus lying medial to the intes- tine and opening into the mantle cavity (Baker, '28) . Presence of males in populations of Campeloma has been studied by several authors. No males were found in over 1500 individuals of C. rufum from a stream in Illinois by Van Cleave and Altringer ('37) . In a histological examination of 700 indi- viduals of this species from the same locality, Mattox ('37) showed clear evidence of parthenogenesis. A sex ratio of 1:99, males to females, was found by Baker ('28) in C. decisum from Wisconsin. Medcof ('40) found no males in 450 C. decisum from Ontario. In this study, no males were found in over 800 individuals of C. decisum, as judged by appearance of the tentacles and pres- ence of a uterus. Two individuals from each collection Avere studied histologically after the method of Mattox ('37) . Only the early stages of meiosis (to anaphase of first meiotic division) were found. Two rather clear metaphase stages in oogonial division were found. Each of these showed 24 to 26 chromosomes. The absence of males found in this and other studies seems to point toward parthenogenesis at least in some populations of this species. The problem of comparing results of studies on species of the genus Campeloma is greatly complicated by a con- fusion in the taxonomy of the group (Medcof, '40) . The ovaries studied were found to be most active in division July, 1958 NAUTILUS 27 during the period from July to October. Mattox ('37) found most activity in October. Medcof ('40) found the parturition period in C. decisum from Ontario to occur from March to September. In the present study, parturition was found to occur from mid-March until the end of June. The greatest release of young occurs in late March and early April. Size of intra-uterine young apparently is not the sole stimulus for parturition, since from October to March the average maximum size of intrauterine is greater than the minimum size of young released in nature (Table 2) . The instigation of the release does not seem to be related to the water temperature at the time of release. Table 2 Average maximum length (mm.) of intra-uterine young and lake temperature (10 day average, °C.) for winter 1956-1957 collections Collection Average length Temperature^ Oct. 4, 1956 2.3 21.0 Nov. 5 1956 3.1 19.5 Dec. 8, 1956 3.4 15.5 Jan. 12, 1957 3.5 11.7 Mar. 13, 1957^ 3.6 15.0 The smallest gravid snail found was 15.0 mm. in length (col- lection of August 8, 1956) . Two others of this size class were also gravid. The 15 mm. size class in August is included in the 1954 year class, so age at sexual maturity is probably 2 years. At no time was a gravid snail found which belonged to a size class under two years old. Parasitism: Some collections included snails infected with a metacercaria in the uterus (Table 3) . This trematode was identi- fied as Leucochloridomorpha constantiae (Mueller) by Dr. W. W. Cort. Allison ('43) described the life cycle of the trematode as occurring in the black duck (Anas riibripes) as an adult and passing the larval stages in C. rujum. The black duck is found commonly on University Lake in winter. Metacercariae were found only in the uteri of snails bearing young, a fact not pre- viously reported. 2Temperatures are given as averages of five days before and four days after each collection. All temperature data were obtained from the Chapel Hill Water Works. SThis collection marks the beginning of parturition. Free-living young were not present on March 11, 1957. 28 NAUTILUS Table 3 Vol. 72 (1) Collection Mar. 17, 1956 Percent of samples parasitized No. of snails 100 % parasitized 15.0 May 30, 1956 Aug. 13, 1956 Oct. 4, 1956 60 65 61 0.0 0.0 19.6 Nov. 5, 1956 62 8.1 Dec. 8, 1956 50 14.0 Mar. 13, 1957 89 4.5 Summary 1. Population samples of Campeloma decisum (Say) taken over a period of eighteen months from University Lake, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, have been subjected to field and labora- tory analysis. 2. The year class released in March has a mode of shell length at 3 mm. By the following October the mode is at 8 mm., and by March of the next year it is at 10 mm. 3. Immature snails were maintained in the laboratory for sixteen months with only natural substrate (clayey silt with some sand and decaying organic debris) for food. 4. No males were found in over 800 individuals examined. 5. Parturition occurs from mid-March to the end of June, being heaviest in late March and early April. 6. Average maximum size of intra-uterine young is greater than minimum size released in nature for five months prior to release of young. 7. The smallest gravid individuals found were 15 mm. in shell length, indicating two years as age of sexual maturity. 8. Infection of some snails by metacerceriae of Leucochlori- domorpha constnntiae was found. Bibliography Allison, L. N. 1942. Science 95 (2457) : 131-132. . 1942. Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. 62 (2) : 127-168. Baker, F. C. 1928. The fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part I, Gastropoda. Wise. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70 (I). Call, R. E. 1888. Amer. Nat. 22: 491-497. Crabb, E. D. 1929. Naut. 42 (4) : 125-129. Mattox, N. T. 1935. Amer. Midi. Nat. 16 (2) : 144-153. . 1936. Anat. Rec. 67: 11-^2. . 1937. Zeit. Zellf. u. mikros. Anat. 27: 455-467. NAUTILUS (1) PLATE 3 5 Figs. 1-3. TlieskeloDieiisor creoii Solem. holotvpe, Uni\ei"sit\ ot Mich. Mu- seum of Zoology 13()(3(36. 20 miles X^\'. of C.aichvell, Queensland, Australia. Fk;s. 4-6. T. lizardcnsis (Pfeiffer) . Chicago Nat. Hist. Museum 46356. I Island, North (Queensland. Scale equals 5 mm. i/ard Ik;. 7. CampeJoma decisum, X2i/2. from drawing bv Roger Davis. NAUl ILUS 72 (1 PLATE 4 Vasinti inutiratuin (Born): I, shell (3i/, indies long). .'?. Kuliila (cential and right lateral) X 7.5. 5, opercnhnn (at left is outer, at right, inner side) X I. /'. ((if>itrlluni (Linne) : 'J. siieil (2i/2 inches lonj;) . I. radula (lenlial and left lateral) X 7.5. 6, operculum (outer side at left, inner at right) X 1. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 29 1938. Jour. Morph. 62 (2) : 243-257. Medcof, J. C. 1940. Canad. Jour. Res. 18 (D5) : 165-172. Pollister, A. W. and P. F. Pollister. 1940. Anat. Rec. 18 (4) : 128. Van Cleave, H. J. and D. A. Altringer. 1937. Amer. Nat. 77 (733): 167-184. Walter, W. M. 1954. Mollusks of the upper Neuse River, North Carolina. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. RADULA AND OPERCULUM OF VASUM CAPITELLUM Bv GERMAINE L. WARMKE Institute of Marine Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Vasum capitellum (Linne) previously has been reported from Puerto Rico, (Abbott, 1950), but to our knowledge, its radula and operculum have not been described. This beautiful species is rarely found on the beaches. Follow- ing a strong hurricane in November 1956, K. O. and A. Phares found over 25 dead specimens of this species at Cabo Rojo Light House, at the southwestern tip of Puerto Rico. Most of the shells were in very good condition; many still had the periostracum, and the operculum was present in two of the specimens. The radula could be extracted from the decaying animal in one of the specimens. Most of the shells still retained a bright orange glaze on the parietal wall and in the aperture. The presence of this color may be a local characteristic or it may be due to the fact that the specimens were fresh. The presence of the color in Vasum capitellum was not mentioned in Linne's 1758 original description, nor in the "Johnsonia" monograph of Vasum (Ab- bott, 1950) . The following notes were made from the specimens found at Cabo Rojo Light House, Puerto Rico. The shell (Plate 4, figs. 1, 2) of Vasum capitellum (Linn^) can easily be separated from the more common Vasum muri- catum (Born) by its size (capitellum 2 to 3 inches, muricatum 2i/^ to 5 inches) , by its elongated and fusiform shape, and by the number of plicae on the columella (3 in capitellum, 5 in muri- catum) . Color, when present on the columella and inner lip, is orange in capitellum and purple in muricatum. The epidermis in capitellum is light brown as compared to dark brown in muricatum. The radula (Plate 4, figs. 3, 4) is a long narrow ribbon, ap- 30 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) proximately 10 mm. long in V. capitellum and 14 mm. long in V. muricatum. It is rachiglossate, each row of teeth possessing a tricuspid central tooth and bicuspid laterals. The central tooth of capitellum (Plate 4, fig. 4) is 126 microns wide by 93 microns high and the central tooth of muricatum (Plate 4, fig. 3) is 266 microns wide by 213 high. The operculum (Plate 4, figs. 5, 6) fills most of the aperture in both species. It is horny, hard, unguiculate, curved, narrow at one end, and rounded at the other. The muscle scar covers 1/3 to 3/4 the area of the inner side in both species. In capitellum it is marked with few widely spaced growth lines. The muscle scar of muricatum is marked with numerous closely set growth lines. Although the shell of Vasum capitellum is quite different from that of muricatum; the radula and operculum seem quite similar, except in size. The author wishes to thank K. O. and A. Phares for their generosity in lending their specimens for study. Laura Roark is responsible for the drawing. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott was kind enough to review the manuscript critically. Literature Cited Abbott, R. Tucker. 1950. The genera Xancus and Vasum in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, Vol. 2, No. 28, pp. 201-218. Linne, 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th edition, p. 750. TYPES OF MOLLUSKS DESCRIBED BY F. C. BAKER PART III, CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES^ Bv DOROTHEA S. FRANZEN Illinois Wesleyan University For a period of approximately twenty years, 1894-1915, Frank C. Baker served the Chicago Academy of Sciences as its curator. Many of the types of the species and subspecies of mollusks which he described during that period of time are deposited in the museum of the Academy. Because there has been no listing of the holotypes and paratypes of that collection, I have prepared the following list. In some instances F. C. Baker designated a type series instead of a holotypc and paratypes. From each of such series I have selected a lectotype. Each lectotype is identi- fied by the catalogue number as given in the text of this paper 1 Expenses incurred in travel necessary to prepare this list have been cov- ered by Grant-in-Aid of the Illinois State Academy of Science. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 31 and also by its dimensions. The measurements made by F. C. Baker are quoted whenever such are available. Others given are those as made by the author of this paper. The procedure fol- lowed in the preparation of this list is the same as of Parts I and II of this series. Galba hulimoides cassi Baker, 1911, Chicago Ac. Sci. Sp. Pub. No. 3: 221-222, pi. 28, figs. 9-11. Lectotype: 23948a. L., 8.5 mm.; W., 5.25 mm.; L. of ap., 5.0 mm.; W. of ap., 3.0 mm. (Baker, 1911, p. 221) . Syntypes: 23948. (6 shells) . Type locality: Rose Canyon, near Pacific Grove, San Diego Co., Calif. (C. L. Cass!) . Galha doddsi Baker, 1911, Chicago Ac. Sci. Sp. Pub. No. 3: 203- 204, pi. 27, figs. 5-8. Lectotype: 23937a. L., 9.0 mm.; W., 4.5 mm.; L. of ap., 4.25 mm.; W. of ap., 2.5 mm. (Baker, 1911, p. 203) . Syntypes: 23937. (3 shells) . Type locality: Hot Sulphur Springs, Colo. (G. S. Dodds!) . Galba neopalustris Baker, 1911, Chicago Ac. Sci. Sp. Pub. No. 3: 376-377, pi. 39, fig. 28. Type: 24547. Type locality: Orange, Orange Co., Va. (Bryant Walker!) Galha palustris alpenensis Baker, 1911, Chicago Ac. Sci. Sp. Pub. No. 3: 315-316, pi. 33, figs. 26-33. Types: 23486. Missing from the collection. Type locality: Thunder Bay Island near Alpena, Alpena Co., Mich. (W. A. Nason!) . Galba palustris blatchleyi Baker, 1911, Chicago Ac. Sci. Sp. Pub. No. 3: 321-322, pi. 33, figs. 34-36. Lectotype: 23626a. L., 20.0 mm.; W., 8.0 mm.; L. of ap. 8.5 mm.; W. of ap., 4.0 mm. (Baker, 1911, p. 321) . Syntypes: 23626. (4 shells) . Type locality: Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co., Ind. (L. E. Daniels!) . Limnaea ferrissi Baker, 1902, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 3 (2) : 277, pi. 31, fig. 26. Type: 3458. Type locality: Rock Run, Joliet, 111. (J. H. Ferriss!) . Limnaea reflexa crystalensis Baker, 1904, Naut. 18 (1): 11. Lectotype: 23634a. L., 28.0 mm.; W., 10.0 mm.; L. of ap., 12.0 mm.; W. of ap. 6.0 mm. (Baker, 1904, p. 11) Syntypes: 23634. (8 shells) . Type locality: Crystal Lake, McHenry Co., 111. (Dr. N. H. Lyon!) . Limnaea reflexa iowaensis Baker, 1904, Naut. 18 (1) : 10. Type: 23520. 32 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Type locality: Muscatine, Iowa. (Received from Bryant Walker) . Limnaea refiexa jolietensis, Baker, 1901, Naut. 15 (2) : 17-18. Lectotype: 23606a. L., 24.0 mm.; W., 8.0 mm.; L. of ap., 9.5 mm.; W. of ap., 5.25 mm. (Baker, 1901, p. 17) . Syntypes: 23606. (3 shells) . Type locality: Rock Run, Joliet, 111. (J. H. Ferriss!) . Limnaea woodruffi Baker, 1901, Bull. Chicago Ac. Sci. 2 (4) : 229-230, text fig. p. 229. Lectotype: 3425a. L., 11.0 mm.; W., 8.0 mm.; L. of ap., 8.0 mm.; W. of ap., 5.00 mm. (Baker, 1901, p. 229) Syntypes: 3425 (3 shells) . Type locality: Lake Michigan, Oak St., Chicago, 111. (F. M. Woodruff!) . Lymnaea dalli Baker, 1907, Naut. 20 (11): 125-126. Lectotype: 23125a. L., 4.5 mm.; W., 2.5 mm.; L. of ap., 2.0 mm.; W. of ap., 1.1 mm. (Baker, 1907, p. 125) . Syntypes: 23125. (5 shells) . Type locality: Marsh, west side Lake James, Steuben Co., Ind. Lymnaea danielsi Baker, 1906, Naut. 20 (5) : 55-56. Lectotype: 23622a. L., 27.5 mm.; W., 11.5 mm.; L. of ap., 12.5 mm.; W. of ap. 6 mm. Type locality: Lake Maxinkuckee, Ind. (L. E. Daniels!) . Syn- type: 23622. (1 shell) . Lymnaea emarginata wisconsinensis Baker, 1910, Naut. 24 (5) : 58-60. Lectotype: 24504a. L., 27.0 mm.; W., 19.0 mm.; L. of ap., 18.0 mm.; W. of ap., 14.0 mm. Syntypes: 24504. (18 shells). Type locality: East shore Tomahawk Lake, Oneida Co., Wise. Lymnaea hendersoni Baker, 1909, Naut. 22 (12): 140-141. Lectotype: 24537a. L., 6.0 mm.; W., 4.5 mm.; L. of ap. 3.9 mm.; W. of ap. 3.6 mm. Syntypes: 24537. (5 shells) . (No. 24534 as desig- nated in type description is an error) . Type locality: West of Fort Collins, Laramie Co., Colo. Lymnaea hinkleyi Baker, 1906, Naut. 19 (12): 142-143. Lectotype: 23720a. L., 15.25 mm.; W., 9.25 mm.; L. of ap., 10.5 mm.; W. of ap., 3.5 mm. (Baker, 1906, p. 142) . Syntypes: 23720. (4 shells) . Type locality: North Fork Snake River, east Idaho. (A. A. Hinkley!) . Lymnaea jacksonensis Baker, 1907, Naut. 21 (5) : 52-54. Lectotype: 23806a. L., 19.0 mm.; W., 10.0 mm.; L. of ap., 10.1 mm.; W. of ap., 5.0 mm. (Baker, 1907, p. 53). Syntypes: 23806. (3 shells) . Type locality: Jackson Lake, drained by the south fork of the Snake River, Wyo. (H. O. Hinkley and A. A. Hinkley!) . July, 1958 NAUTILUS 35 Lymnaea leai Baker, 1907, Naut. 20 (11): 126-127. Type: 23653. Missing from the collection. Type locality: Near San Francisco, Calif, (W. A. Nason!) . Lymnaea nasoni Baker, 1906. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 16: 12, pi. 1, figs. 1-4. Lectotype: 23788a. L., 10.0 mm.; W., 6.75 mm.; L. of ap., 7.0 mm.; W. of ap., 5.0 mm. (Baker, 1911, p. 397) Syntypes: 23788. (2 shells) . Type locality: Thunder Bay Island, near Alpena, Alpena Co., Mich. (W. A, Nason!) . Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, 1909, Naut. 23 (2) : 19-21. Types: 24539. Missing from the collection. Type locality: Marl beds, Nashotah, Waukesha w Co., Wise. (F. M. Woodruff!) . Lymnaea owascoensis Baker, 1905, Naut. 18 (12) : 141. Lectotype: 23137a. L., 8,5 mm.; W., 3.5 mm.; L. of ap., 3.5 mm.; W. of ap., 2.0 mm. (Baker, 1905, p. 141). Syntypes: 23137. (2 shells) . Type locality: Owasco Lake, N. Y, (Dr. Howard N. Lyon!) . Lymnaea pseudopinguis Baker, 1907, Naut. 21 (5) : 54-55. Lectotype: 23800a. L., 14.0 mm.; W., 8.0 mm.; L. of ap., 8.0 mm.; W. of ap., 4.3 mm. (Baker, 1911, p. 395) . Syntypes: 23800. (4 shells) , Type locality: Crystal Brook, Long Island, N. Y. Lymnaea randolphi Baker, 1904, Naut. 18 (6) : 63. Type: 23089. Paratypes: 23090. (Designated by Baker as co- types) . Type locality: Marsh Lake, near Dyea Valley, Yukon Territory, Alaska. (P. B. Randolph!) . Lymnaea stagnalis var. higleyi Baker, 1905, Naut. 18 (12) :142. Type: 23050. Type locality: Michipecoten Bay, north shore, Lake Superior. (Presented by J. H. Ferriss!) . Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker, 1910, Naut. 23 (9): 112-113 and (10): 125-126. Lectotype: 24554a. L., 42.0 mm.; W., 22.0 mm.; L. of ap., 26.0 mm.; W. of ap., 13.0 mm. (Baker, 1910, p. 112) . Syntypes: 24554. (4 shells) . Type locality: Tomahawk Lake, Oneida Co., Wise. Lymnaea sterkii Baker, 1905, Naut. 19 (5) : 51-52. Lectotype: 23156. L., 7.75 mm.; W., 3.5 mm.; L. of ap., 3.5 mm..; W. of ap., 1.75 mm. (Baker, 1905, p. 51). Syntypes: 23155. (4 shells) . Type locality: Twelve miles west of Cleveland, Ohio. (Dr. Victor Sterki!) . Murex bituherculatus Baker, 1891, Proc. Rochester Ac. Sci. 1: 133-134. 34 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Type: 20702. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type") . Type locality: Australia. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Murex haustellum Linne var. longicaudus Baker, 1892, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia for 1891:56. Type: 20701. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type") . Type locality: Red Sea. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Ocinebra jenksii Baker, 1899, Naut. 3 (7) : 80-81. Type: 20696. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type") . Type locality: Not known. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Ocinebra rubra Baker, 1891, Proc. Rochester Ac. Sci. 7:134-135,. pi. 11, figs. 6, 7. Type: 20697. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type"). Type locality: Not known. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Ocinebra wardiana Baker, 1891, Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sci. 1: 134, pi. 11, fig. 5. Type: 20698. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type") . Type locality: Australia. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Planorbis bicarinatus portagensis Baker, 1908, Naut. 22 (4-5) : 45. Type: Missing from the collection. Type locality: Portage Lake, on Fish River, Aroostook Co., Maine. (O. O. Nylander!) . Purpurea problematica Baker, 1891, Proc. Rochester Ac. Sci. 7: 135-136, pi. 11, figs. 2, 3. Lectotype: 20704a. L., 30.0 mm.; W., 17.0 mm.; L. of ap., 20.0 mm.; W. of ap., 8.0 mm. Syntype: 20704. Type locality: Seta coast, Japan. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Ricinula (Sistrum) rugosoplicata Baker, 1892, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1891: 58-59. Type: 20703. (One shell in the collection; it is labelled "Type") . Type locality: Turtle Bay, Lower California. (Presented by Geo. H. Laflin) . Sphaerium lilycashense Baker, 1898, Naut. 12 (6) : 65-66. Lectotype: 18105a. L., 14.0 mm.; H., 11.0 mm.; B., 8.5 mm. Syntypes: 10106, 18105. (14 shells) . Type locality: Lilycash Creek, Joliet, 111. (J. H. Handwerk!) . NOTES AND NEWS Dates of Nautilus. — Vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pi. 1, was mailed Aug. 16, 1957. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 2-4, Nov. 4, 1957. No. 3, pp. July, 1958 NAUTILUS 35 73-116, pis. 5-9, Mar. 4, 1958. No. 4, pp. 117-152, i-viii, pis. 10-12, April 24, 1958.— H. B. B. Mary E. (Jones) Bales. — All malacologists will hear with sor- row of the death of Mrs. Blenn R. Bales, after a short illness, on November 14, 1957, in Circleville, Ohio. She was born Aug. 7, 1881, in the same town, and was married to Dr. Bales (1876-1946, Naut. 60:101) on June 6, 1900. They are survived by their daugh- ter, Mrs. B. R. Deming, and son, Blenn D., to whom our deepest sympathies are tendered.— H. B. B., C. B. W. and R. T. A. A Sinistral shell of Cepaea hortensis. — During seven sum- mers of collecting the land snail Cepaea hortensis at Cape Ann, Massachusetts, I have handled many hundreds of specimens. I have also examined several dozen shells in private collections which had been obtained from the same locality. Only once did I ever see a left-handed specimen. This was collected on August 12, 1957, on Barberry Shore of East Gloucester. In the same col- lection there were 309 other specimens. Of these, 194 were all yellow (bandless) , 101 had five bands (1-2-3-4-5) , 11 were banded but with no. 2 band missing (1-0-3-4-5) , and three were banded but with no. 3 band missing (1-2-0-4-5) . The sinistral specimen had five bands and measured 13 mm. high by 20 mm. wide. It has been given to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard University. — Ralph W. Dexter, Department of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Columella edentula in California. — While collecting small insects in the vicinity of Mendocino, Mendocino Co., California, Jaques R. Heifer obtained some small land snails which he sub- mitted for identification. One lot of these contained over 90 specimens of Columella edentula (Draparnaud) — a new record of this species for the State. Associated with the Columella, which were of all ages, were a few specimens of Vertigo rowelli (New- comb) . According to Mr. Heifer, the snails were collected by beating salmonberry bushes (Rhus spectabilis); they were not found among other species of bushes, such as thimbleberry, that are prevalent in the area. — Allyn G. Smith, Calif. Acad. Sci. Theskelomensor. — Although smoothish arionoid or limacoid shells present few tangible features, this "genus" (Cf. Solem, this no.) might belong in the Helicarioninae, which do occur in 36 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (1) Australia, and to which Inozonites and Pnreuplecta apparently belong. But it might be a local endodont, as Brazier guessed. Are its apical whorls any smoother than those of Helicodiscus singleyanus? In any case, the only characteristic of "T." creon or lizardensis which seems vaguely reminiscent of the ariophantine Euplecta of India is the superficial outline of their shells, and an attempt to add "an Asian element" on such flimsy evidence would be a wild flight of wistful fancy. — H. B. B. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Die Baenderschnecken. Schluss: die Baenderschnecken Euro- pas. By F. A. & Maria Schilder. Pp. 93-206, 7 figs. Sc 47 maps. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 30.30 marks. 1957. — This concludes the Schilders' detailed studies on Cepaea (Cf. Naut. 67:140) and extends them to all Europe. They decide that the 4 species differentiated anatomically and physiologically, but with less usable shell characters, since the end of the Tertiary, and under- went parallel mutation. The dispersal was largely passive and ad- ventitious. Some of the color forms became widely distributed, but others, which may have originated only once, have remained relatively local, regardless of ecologic factors. The cases of sporadic distribution are explained by replacement in interven- ing areas. But might they not be interpreted as the simple chance of small numbers, which might be expected in either adven- titious dispersal or rare mutations? — H. B. B. A historical review of the mollusks of Linnaeus. 5. The genus Murex of the class Gastropoda. By Dodge, Henry. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 113 (2) : 73-224. 1957— This exhaustive study of the over 60 species included by Linne in Murex, contains repetitions of the original diagnoses, discussions of nomenclatural history, and citations of published figures. The bibliography cites over 300 references — H. B. B. Taxionomische Revision palaearktischer Zonitinae, I. By Lothar Forcart. Arch. f. Mollusk. 86:101-136, 19 text-figs. 1957.— For students of U. S. zonitids, the principal contribution of this excellent study is that it clearly proves, for the first time, that Retinella is more like Mesomphix, Glyphynlinia and Vitrinizon- ites than like Nesovitrea, of which Perpolita, type species Helix electrina Gould,i is at best a poorly marked section. Whether the July, 1958 NAUTILUS iii relative degrees of development of a zonitid vas-epiphallus (not a true penial one) be usable for generic separation is still open to question. In any case, to claim that Nesovitrea (s.s.) lacks a vas- epiphallus while its subgenus Aegopinella has one, is a distinc- tion of degree rather than of palpable difference. On the whole, Retinella s.s. seems more like Mesomphix (the prior name) with its similarly large shell, than like the Glyphy- alinia series. It differs markedly from the subgenus Glyphyalus, in which the spermathecal sac is imbedded in the albumen gland above the aorta ("long type") , and also from the subgenus Glyphyalinia, which has peculiarly serrate marginals and a papil- late apical chamber in its penis. Shortly after my first (1928) fumbling attempts to classify the Nearctic zonitids, Hugh Watson (in letters) objected that the principal break in the Zonitinae was between: (1) Those with the atrial opening in the visceral stalk, with the right eye retrac- tor free from the genitalia, and with no penial nerve from cere- bral ganglia (Nesovitreinae Cooke) . (2) Those with the atrial opening near the right ommatophore and with the latter's retrac- tor in the penioviducal angle (typical Zonitinae) . Obsessed with other ideas, I was too slow to agree with him, but now do so thankfully. For the same reason, Thiele in his "Handbuch" probably was sensible when he used Paraegopis as a subgenus of Zonites. However, Forcart's remark (p. 114) about the right eye retractor ("Seine Lage bei den nearktischen Arten wurde nicht bescrieben.") only shows that he did not read my keys carefully (Cf. 1928, op. cit., pp. 14 & 15; also 1931, Proc. ANSP. 83:86) . The typical Zonitinae (e. g., Oxychilus) apparently are not native to North America, but the nesovitreine division includes my "Retin- ellae" (Nesovitrea) , Mesomphices and Glyphyaliniae, and also the highly differentiated genera Paravitrea and Pilsbryna (mis- spelled by Forcart, p. 106) . The other principal objection to Dr. Forcart's key would be his emphasis on the penial appendix or caecum ("flagellum" best retained for the epiphallic one) . In both the Glyphyalinia series and in Mesomphix, its development or absence exhibits almost every degree of intergradation, even in obviously similar species. iRealizing the dubious identity of the European and U. S. species and that the simpHfied shell characters of the zonitines were mainly of little utility, I plainly stated (1928, Proc. ANSP. 80:15:) "type Helix hammonis Strom, but from Cheboygan County, Michigan (my material) ." IV NAUTILUS WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: Now being offered for sale. To receive free lists, send name and address to: George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, N. Y. 32, N. Y. For sale by Mail Auction: The extensive general shell collection of my late husband. Sea and land shells with data. Mrs. H. David Vernon, 905 Leonello Ave., Los Altos, Calif. INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS Volumes 35-60 The index to the Nautilus for volumes 35 through 60 is now available for distribution. Copies may be procured from the University of Michigan Press, 311 Maynard Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The book is made up in the sanne format as the First Index, is cloth bound and divided into two sections, an author index and an index to genera and species. Pages: 322, frontispiece Price: $7.50 Wanted: Pectens (world-wide) . Exchange or purchase. Can offer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Clarcmont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. For Exchange: Fine specimen shells, world wide. Nick Katsaras, 479-B South Washington .A.ve., Bergenfield. N. J. How TO collect shells: Published by the American Malacological Union. $1.00. Write: Margaret C. Teskev, Sect.. P. O. Box 238. Marinette, Wis. THE NAUTILUS Vol. 72 OCTOBER, 1958 No. 2 DREPANOTREMA PAROPSEIDES (PLANORBIDAE) By W. LOBATO PARAENSE and NEWTON DESLANDESi Institute Oswaldo Cruz and Institute Nacional de Endemias Rurais, Brazil The present species was originally described in Planorbis by Orbigny (1835, 1837), who found it in the marshes formed by the river Rimac, in the outskirts of Callao, Peru. In November, 1956, the senior author collected a sample of it in that same place, where it occurs with D. kermatoides, as recorded by Or- bigny (1837). The following study was performed on a sample of 37 shells and on the internal organs of 15 dissected specimens. Serial his- tological sections from two whole specimens were also observed. Ten shells and three dissected specimens were deposited in the collection of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (no. 7652). DESCRIPTION: The shell (pi. 5, fig. 1) is thin, amber in color and translucent in those specimens not incrusted with en- vironmental material, and very finely obliquely striated. The largest specimens were 6 mm. in diameter and between 1 and 1.25 mm. in width, and had 6 whorls. Both sides are very shal- lowly concave, the right side a little more than the left one; as the concavity increases on one side, the other side shows a cor- responding tendency to planeness. The intersection of the two sides forms a blunt carination along or very near the extreme left of the periphery. The whorls increase slowly, are separated by a distinct suture and are plainly visible on both sides. Each whorl overlaps laterally its predecessor, to a less extent on the left than on the right side, so that, on the outer whorl, the dis- tance between the suture and the periphery is greater on the right than on the left side. The lateral curvature of the whorls is more pronounced on the right than on the left. The aperture is narrow, oblique and heart-shaped. Its left wall tends to be 1 This work was aided by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas of Brazil, which defrayed the expenses of a trip by the senior author to the type local- ity of D. paropseides and also provided additional facilities for the study of the material collected there. 37 38 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) plane, whereas the right wall is convex, and depressed in most specimens. The animal in locomotion carries the shell at the left, nearly parallel to the substrate. The exposed soft parts are light gray. The pigment is diffusely distributed, except on the head and the antennae, where it is particularly concentrated, and on the mantle, where there is an unpigmented spot just behind the mantle collar (fig. 2) . The right ventral portion of the mantle collar projects forwards, covering a small extent of the beginning of the outer whorl. A simple pseudobranch projects downwards, as a very small cone, from the region of the anal opening. A low rectal ridge extends from the pseudobranch into the pulmonary cavity, dimming out along the nidamental gland. The renal tube is very long and narrow, and shows no sign of renal ridge. The ureter opens out by a subterminal meatus. As in the other species of Drepanotrema^ (except D. nordestense) previously studied by us, there is no dorsolateral ridge. The genital organs are represented in figs. 3 to 6. The ovotestis consists of a comparatively small number of short, unbranched, sac-like diverticula which increase in size from the caudal toward the cephalic end of the organ. The di- verticula are arranged in a double series and empty into the collecting canal, which is ventrally situated. The ovisperm duct has a proximal segment which opens subterminally into the caudal end of the seminal vesicle. The latter is a moderately sinuous smooth-walled swelling of the ovisperm duct; it continues into the distal segment of the ovisperm duct, which is from the same length to thrice as long as the proximal segment, and emp- ties into the carrefour. The sperm duct is about twice as long as the ovisperm duct (including the not uncoiled seminal vesicle) . Its distal end is hidden by the outpocketings from the female duct which are mentioned below. Then it continues into the prostate duct, which receives a single row of unbranched, finger-like or, less frequently, egg-shaped or pear-shaped prostate diverticula, the number of which varied from 27 to 41 in the examined material. In most instances, the distal portion of the finger-like diverticula loops back over the proximal portion. The vas deferens follows the 2 D. anatinum, D. melleum, D. depressissimum, D. cimex, D. Jiordestense and D. kermatoides (see Paraense and Deslandes, 1956a, b, 1957, 1958a, b, c) . October, 1958 nautilus 39 prostate duct and ends on the caudal extremity of the vergic sac, beside the attachments of the two retractor muscles and of the flagella. The vergic sac is comparatively long and contains a verge about as long. The verge (fig. 5) is unarmed and has an axial sperm canal with a terminal outlet. Histologically, the verge resembles that of the other species (except /). nordestense) pre- viously studied by us, with the only difference that the internal (longitudinal) muscular layer is reduced to a small number of very slender fibers. Of the retractor muscles, one extends back- wards to merge into the columella muscle, whereas the other extends forwards, inserting in the connective tissue around the base of the preputium (fig, 4) . In many specimens, the vergic sac is bent by the action of the last mentioned muscle. Some specimens show two clearly visible flagella, but in some others only one seems to be present. The flagella are very short, some- times rudimentary. The preputium is about as long as the vergic sac and distinctly wider. The two organs are separated internally by a muscular diaphragm. The preputial wall has two slim mus- cular pilasters. The oviduct is from twice to four times as long as the nida- mental gland; its cephalic end swells into a pouch similar to that already described in D. melleiim, D. depressissimum, D. cimex and D. kermatoides, the walls of which show several small sac-like and finger-like outpocketings. The uterus is different from that of the other species, forming an elbow-like passage between the nidamental gland and the vagina. Its wall has a reinforced muscular coat, and its inner surface is lined with a villous epithelium (fig. 6) . The vagina is tubular and compara- tively long. A striking peculiarity of this species is that it has no spermatheca. The jaw is similar to that of the other species of Drepanotrema, consisting of many small plates arranged in a single horseshoe- shaped piece. The radulae of six specimens showed the following characteristics: formula 17-1-17 to 29-1-29, with 133 to 196 hori- zontal rows; central tooth bicuspid, with a small denticle high on the lateral side of each cusp; 3 to 7 laterals, sometimes with a small denticle high on the entocone and/or the ectocone; 4 to 6 intermediates; 7 to 16 marginals. The radula teeth are shown in fig. 7. 40 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) Comparison with related species: The shell of D. paropseides is so different from those of D. anatinum and D. nordestense (for comparison, see Paraense and Deslandes, 1956a, 1958b), that separation of these species on the basis of the shell characters presents no difficulty. The slicll of the present species resembles those of D. melleum, D. depressissimxim, D. cimcx and D. kermatoides, but it differs in some characteristics. It is smaller than the others, except melleum. The greatest dimensions so far recorded for the five species are the following, in decreasing order (diameter X height) : kerma- toides, 13 X 1-75 mm.; depressissimiim, 9.5 X 1 mm.; cimex, 8.5 X 1.5 mm.; paropseides, 6 X 1-25 mm.; melleum, b.b X 1-5 mm. The ratio, diameter divided by height, may also be arranged as follows: depressissimum, 9.50; kermatoides, 7.43; cimex, 5.66; paropseides, 4.80; melleum, 3.66; this means that paropseides is intermediate, in relative height, between the higher melleum and the lower cimex. The peripheral carination is very sharp in de- pressissimum, less marked in cimex and kermatoides, and scarcely perceptible as a blunt subangulation in melleum; in paropseides, it is intermediate between the more rounded melleum and the more angular cimex and kermatoides. The shell of paropseides is closely similar to those of melleum, cimex and kermatoides. The existence of intergrades sometimes renders difficult their distinction by the shell characters. As regards the genital organs, the following characters of paropseides, as compared with those of the closely related species melleum, cimex, kermatoides and depressissijnum, will be useful to separate it from the latter. The seminal vesicle is sinuous, as in melleum, kermatoides and depressissimum, not uncoiled as in cimex. The sperm duct (or the oviduct) is about twice as long as the ovisperm duct, whereas it is about one and a half times as long as the latter in melleum, kermatoides and depressissimum, and about the same length in cimex. The prostatic diverticula are long and their distal portion usually loops back over the proximal portion, as is the rule in depressissimum and sometimes occurs in melleuin and kermatoides; they are short and ovoid in cimex. The two flagella are very short, as in kermatoides (as in the latter, sometimes only one seems to be present) ; in melleum and depressissimum there are always two long flagella, and in October, 1958 nautilus 41 cimex there is only a very short one. And finally, as the most characteristic features of paropseides, the projecting cap-shaped uterus and the absence of a spermatheca should be mentioned. Acknowledgments: We are indebted to Dr. Aristides Herrer, from the Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Salud Publica of Peru, for his helpful assistance to the senior author during the work in Callao. Summary The planorbid species, Drepanotrema paropseides (Orbigny, 1835), is defined anatomically. Its diagnostic characters are the following: Shell up to about 6 mm. in diameter and 1 mm. in width, periphery subcarinate. Absence of renal and dorsolateral ridge. Ovotestis diverticula simple, sac-like, arranged in a double series. Seminal vesicle moderately sinuous. Prostate diverticula un- branched, predominantly long and finger-like, less frequently egg- shaped or pear-shaped, and arranged in a single row. Two very short flagella (sometimes only one seems to be present) on the caudal end of the vergic sac. Vergic sac about as long as the preputium. Pouch of the oviduct with sac-like and finger-like out-pocketings. Uterus clearly distinguishable as a cap-shaped projection between the nidamental gland and the vagina. Ab- sence of spermatheca. References Orbigny, A., 1835. Mag. de ZooL, CL 5, No. 62: 26-28. . 1837. Voyage dans VAmerique meridionale, Vol. 5, 3e Partie: Mollusques. P. Bertrand, Paris. Paraense, W. L. and Deslandes, N. 1956a. The Brazilian species of Drepanotrema. I. Rev. Brasil. Biol, 16 (4) : 491-499. . 1956b. II. Rev. Brasil Biol, 16 (4) : 527-534. . 1957. III. Rev. Brasil Biol, 17 (3) : 339-344. . 1958a. IV. Rev. Brasil Biol, in press. . 1958b. V. Rev. Brasil Biol, in press. . 1958c. VI. Rev. Brasil Biol, in press. Explanation of Plate 5 Genital organs (figs. 3-6) : ca, carrefour, fl, flagellum. ng, nida- mental gland, od, od', proximal and distal segments of ovisperm duct, ot, ovotestis. ov, oviduct, po, pouch of oviduct, pp, pre- putial sac. pr, prostate, rm, retractor muscle, sd, sperm duct, sv, seminal vesicle, ut, uterus, va, vagina, vd, vas deferens, vs, ver- gic sac. Radula (fig. 7) : C, central. I, intermediate lateral. L, lateral. M, marginal. 42 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF HEMPHILLIA MALONEI Bv EUGENE N. KOZLOFF and JOANN VANCE Lewis and Clark. College, Portland. Oregon The arionid slug Hemphillia malonei was described by Pilsbry (1917) from a single specimen collected by J. G. Malone near Tawney's Hotel, on the Salmon River (in Clackamas County) about 12 miles west of Mount Hood, Oregon. The elevation was given as 1,600 feet. The preserved specimen on which Pils- bry's description was based was not in good condition for dis- section, and Pilsbry himself stated (1948) that H. malonei should remain a doubtful species, probably identical with H, camelus Pilsbry and Vanatta (1897) , although the latter has not definitely been recorded outside of Idaho. W. O. Gregg, in a personal communication to Pilsbry in 1946, stated that he found a slug on the Mount Hood Loop Highway (in Hood River County, a few miles northeast of Mount Hood) which appeared to be H. malonei. A brief description of the external features of this slug, as given by Gregg, is quoted by Pilsbry (1948), but up to the present time no additional infor- mation on this specimen has been published. Pilsbry also quoted a description, given by P. B. Randolph, of a slug found in 1899 at Eagle Gorge, King County, Washington, which Randolph thought to be similar to H. camelus. Possibly, a Hemphillia from this locality could be identical with H. malonei. Hanham (1929) referred to H. malonei some specimens of a black slug collected on Mount Brenton, Vancouver Island, at an elevation of about 3,500 to 4,000 feet. Until material from this region can be studied more thoroughly, it appears unwise to assign the specimens re- ported by Hanham to H. malonei. In July, 1952, seven specimens of a Hemphillia were collected under rotting logs near the public picnic ground on Larch Moun- tain, Multnomah County, Oregon, at an elevation of approxi- mately 3,900 feet. Since then, thirteen additional examples have been taken at the same locality. Eight specimens have also been found at various times in the last few years in the canyon of Eagle Creek (near Bonneville Dam) , at an elevation of only about 200 feet, close to the point where the canyon is intersected by tlie boundary between Multnomah County and Hood River County. The type locality, the two localities from which our NAUTILUS 72 (2) PLATE 5 Drepanolrema paropseides. 1, shell. 2, cephalic end of animal. 3, genital organs. 4, penial complex. 5, vergic sac excised to show verge. 6, longitudinal section from nidamental gland through uterus to vagina. 7, radular teeth. NAUTILUS T2. (2) PLATE 6 Hcnil}/iilli(i i/ialonci: ■.\^, ;ill)iiiiu'ii aland, hw , \hh\\ wall, ild.i;. opi'iiiiio ol duct of digestive gland. di\, diveriitnlinn. c-|), rpiphallus. ox. oxidnci. pr. "prostate" (ohscminu spcnii dud), sp. spei inatlicca. s\n\. sperm dntt (Tree jK)rtion). St. siinudatoi. \. \cif;c. \ao. \aoina. \ao (ev) . vagina, everted. October, 1958 nautilus 43 material was collected, and the locality mentioned by Gregg all lie within about 30 miles of one another. Because the slugs from Larch Mountain and Eagle Creek ap- peared to be conspecific with H. malonei, they have been studied with a view to determining the relationship between H. malonei and H. camelus. We have concluded that H. malonei should be regarded as a valid species quite distinct from H. camelus. External features. The general appearance of the slugs from Larch Mountain and Eagle Creek (pi. 6, figs. 1, 2) is essentially like that of H. camelus. The figures and descriptions of H. camelus given by Pilsbry (1948) and Pilsbry and Vanatta (1898) suggest that H. malonei and H. camelus could not be separated on the basis of form and pigmentation. The largest specimens studied measured approximately 60 mm. in length when extended and in movement. The length of the head was about 10 mm., the length of the mantle about 23 mm., and the length of the tail about 27 mm. The eye-bearing tentacles were about 6 mm. long. The width of the mantle was about 8 mm. and the width of the tail about 6 mm. As in all species of HemphilUa, the mantle is elevated into a conspicuous visceral hump. The posterior half of the tail is somewhat keeled above. The tail is capable of remarkably rapid wagging and coiling movements. The dorsal surface of the head is generally light brown, becom- ing grayer toward the ventral surface and posteriorly toward the mantle. The sides of the foot below the mantle are grayish, with scattered small masses of dark pigment. The mantle is gray, with a tinge of brown, and streaked and spotted with black pigment. In some specimens the streaks and spots are larger and more dis- tinct than in others. As a rule, the black pigmentation on the mantle is more abundant on the sides than on the dorsal surface. The dorsal part of the tail is light brown. This light brown streak is bordered on the sides by a more heavily pigmented zone, which appears dark brown in color. The vertical grooves on the margin of the foot are accentuated by flecks of pigment. At the end of the tail, below the caudal pore, the margin is wider. Ordinarily, living specimens do not show a downward projection ("caudal horn") of the end of the tail above the caudal pore. Some of the specimens we studied, however, showed such a pro- 44 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) jection, but it was never as conspicuous as the one described for H. glandiilosa Bland and Binney. The sole is very light and with- out black pigmentation. The pneumostome is situated a short distance posterior to the middle of the mantle. In the largest specimens, dimensions of which are given above, the exposed area of the shell measured approximately 7 mm. by 3.5 mm. Removed from the mantle, the shells of these individuals measured approximately 15 mm. by 8 mm. Between the exposed area of the shell and the posterior end of the mantle, there is a longitudinal slit, the edges of which are continuous with the edges of the mantle bordering the area through which the shell is exposed. The shell (fig. 3) consists of a flexible, hyaline yellowish-brown plate, beneath which there is a delicate membrane. In larger individuals, there is usually a thin calcareous deposit between this membrane and the external plate. The external plate is weakly marked by concentric lines of growth. Anatomy of genitalia and digestive tract: The large ovotestis (fig. 12) is situated at or near the posterior end of the visceral mass, and is embedded in the digestive gland. It is darkened by blackish-brown pigment. In fully mature specimens, the herma- phroditic duct is greatly convoluted. Near the point where it enters the albumen gland (fig. 11) , the duct becomes very slender, then dilates abruptly into a structure which may possibly be comparable to the so-called fertilization chamber described for Helix and certain other pulmonates. This structure is not evi- dent in younger individuals, and sinuations of the hermaphro- ditic duct may be absent or noted only in that portion of the duct which is closest to the albumen gland. The albumen gland of H. malonei is rather well-developed, even in specimens which arc not completely mature (fig. 6) . In younger examples, the spermatheca is not much thicker than the upper portion of its duct, but in fully mature individuals the spermatheca is comparatively large and globose (figs. 4, 5). The duct is often sharply kinked close to the spermatheca itself, and becomes gradually wider as it passes toward the vagina. In each of three completely mature specimens available to us (collected on Larch Mountain, October, 1954), the spermatheca contained spermatophores. Four spermatophores were found in October, 1958 nautilus 45 each of two of these slugs, and three in the other. About one-half the length of the spermatophore of H. malonei (fig. 10) is com- posed of a relatively stout portion. The other half is mostly very slender, but becomes thickened close to its free end. From this thickened portion to the tip, and also in the middle section of the more slender part, the surface of the spermatophore is con- spicuously sculptured. The color is yellowish. Evidently spermato- phores have not previously been reported for any species of Hemphillia. The place at which the spermatophores of H. mal- onei are elaborated has not been established. The vagina is always rather short, but its form in our material is variable. The differences, at least in mature and nearly mature individuals, probably depend to a large extent upon the state of contraction which the thick-walled and more muscular ele- ments of the reproductive system near the genital pore are in at the time of preservation. In some individuals which have been killed in a relatively relaxed condition by drowning, the genital pore is greatly dilated, and the genital atrium and much-folded lining of the vagina are partially everted. This was the case in the fully mature specimen whose genitalia are shown in fig, 4. Pressure on the everted vagina pushed it back into a more or less cup-shaped condition (fig. 5) . However, in the other two fully mature specimens, which also showed a dilated genital pore when they were preserved, the vagina had the appearance of being a gradually widening continuation of the duct of the sper- matheca, below the point where this duct was entered by the decidedly less prominent oviduct. The configuration in speci- mens which are almost mature (fig. 6) is similar to this, even when the genital pore is not particularly dilated. At the point where the sperm duct emerges as a separate struc- ture, it is considerably thinner than the free portion of the ovi- duct. As it approaches the penis it may show some thickenings, but at the base of the penis the sperm duct is typically very slen- der (figs. 5, 6) . The duct thickens again as it passes alongside the penis to become the epiphallus, and in mature specimens it forms one or more loops as it is folded on the wall of the penis. The retractor muscle of the penis is attached partially to the upper end of the penis and partially to the epiphallus at the point where the latter enters the penis. This is essentially in 46 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) agreement with the statement in the original description of H. malonei (Pilsbry, 1917) to the efTect that the penial retractor is inserted at the origin of the cpiphallus. In H. camehis, according to Pilsbry (1948), the retractor is inserted upon the epiphallus a short distance from the place where the latter joins the penis. This disagrees with a statement (supported by an illustration) published by Pilsbry and Vanatla (1898) to the effect that the retractor muscle of H. camehis is inserted at the "root" of the epiphallus (i.e., the point of its junction with the penis) . When opened, the penis shows a stout verge (fig. 9) which is about twice as long as broad. In mature examples, the surface of this structure is greatly folded, but is less so in younger speci- mens. The sperm duct within the epiphallus opens into the penis to one side of the base of the attachment of the verge. This is evident in serial sections of the upper portion of the penis, as well as in cleared whole mounts of the verge and adjoining por- tions of the epiphallus and penis (fig. 7) . According to Pilsbry (1948) the verge in H. camehis is perforated close to one edge by the sperm duct, which opens laterally near the end of the verge. The penis of mature specimens of H. malonei is characterized by an extensively developed stimulator, which consists basically of two portions, both arising from the thickened lining of the upper part of the penis and extending to the point where the penis opens into the genital atrium (fig. 8) . In preserved speci- mens, the distal end of one or both of these portions may be found protruding through the dilated genital pore (figs. 4, 5) . The tissue of the stimulator is considerably folded. One of the portions of the stimulator is a relatively short, ribbon-like elab- oration adherent to the wall of the penis. The other portion is more extensive; its two ribbon-like sections are separated by a conspicuous but poorly-defined corrugated mound, the folds of which pass insensibly into those of the wall of the penis. The wall of the lower part of the penis is relatively thin, and its lining is quite smooth except in the region of the opening into the genital atrium. The thickened lining of the upper part of the penis, which encloses the verge and from which the elabora- tions constituting the stimulator arise, is in its lower portion free from the wall of the penis (figs. 8, 9). This thickened lining, as well as the processes of the stimulator, may be scarcely devel- October, 1958 nautilus 47 oped in specimens which are not completely mature. The general form of the alimentary canal (figs. 13, 14) is sim- ilar to that of H. camelus, as figured by Pilsbry (1948) and Pils- bry and Vanatta (1898) . However, in H. malonei there is a rather conspicuous diverticulum of the intestine just posterior to the point of entrance of the ducts from the digestive gland. This diverticulum has been found in all specimens which we have dissected. In larger specimens, the jaw (fig. 17) is composed of about 18 or 20 flat ribs of varying width. Most of the ribs are distinctly separated from one another by more transparent intervals. In the wider portions of the radula, the number of teeth in each transverse row has been found to reach 111 (55 on either side of the median tooth) . The maximum number of transverse rows has been observed to be about 90. The median teeth (fig. 16, m) are tricuspid. The laterals near the median teeth lack the ento- cone; farther laterally the ectocone disappears as the mesocone becomes more than twice as long as it is in the median teeth, and this then progressively diminishes in size in the teeth nearer the margins of the radula. Discussion. Although the general appearance of the slugs from Larch Mountain and Eagle Creek is very similar to that described for H. camelus, the anatomy of the genitalia and digestive tract in our specimens suggests that they represent a species distinct from H. camelus. The fact that the sperm duct opens into the penis at one side of the base of the attachment of the verge ap- pears to be a significant difference. The insertion of the retrac- tor muscle of the penis jointly upon the penis and the epiphallus is characteristic of our specimens, but apparently not of H. came- lus. In the work of Pilsbry (1948), the vagina of H. camelus is said to be moderately long, about equal to the spermathecal duct, but the figure does not show this clearly. As also should be noted, the figure of the genitalia of H. camelus published earlier by Pilsbry and Vanatta (1898) shows a relatively short vagina. The presence of a small diverticulum in the intestine, posterior to the entrance of the ducts from the digestive gland, has not been reported in the published descriptions of any species of Hemphillia. It cannot, of course, be stated with certainty that 48 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) such a diverticulum is found only in H. malonei, for it may have been overlooked by workers who have studied other species of the genus. In view of the differences in the anatomy of the reproductive system and apparently also the alimentary tract of H. cameliis and the slugs referable to H. malonei, it appears logical to regard H. malonei as a valid species closely related to H. camelus. The ranges of the two species, as they are understood at present, are widely separated, as H. camelus is not known definitely to occur outside of Idaho and H. malonei has been recorded only in the Cascade Mountains in northern Oregon. Summary Specimens of a Hemphillia collected on Larch Mountain, Mult- nomah County, and in the canyon of Eagle Creek near the boundary of Multnomah County and Hood River County, Ore- gon, appear to be conspecific with H. malonei Pilsbry. Although H. malonei has been considered doubtfully distinct from H. camelus Pilsbry and Vanatta, the anatomy of the reproductive system and digestive tract of the slugs from Larch Mountain and Eagle Creek differs in certain respects from that of H. camelus. H. malonei should be regarded as a distinct species very closely related to H. camelus. Literature Cited Hanham, A. W. 1926. Naut. 39, pp. 143-144. Pilsbry, H. A. 1917. Naut. 30, pp. 117-119. . 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico) . Monogr. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, part 2. Pilsbry, H. A., and E. G. Vanatta 1897. Naut. 11, p. 44. . 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1898, pp. 219-261. Explanation of Plate 6 All figures are of Hempliillia malonei. Figure 1, living animal, from right side. 2, dorsal view. 3, shell. 4, genitalia of mature specimen, dorsal view; vagina everted; stimulator protruding through genital pore. 5, genitalia of same individual, ventral view; organs separated for clarity; vagina pushed back into in- verted position. 6, genitalia of nearly mature individual. 7, dia- gram of upper portion of penis of immature individual, showing sperm duct entering to one side of verge. 8, penis from genitalia shown in figs. 4 and 5, opened to show stimulator and thickened lining of upper portion of penis. 9, upper portion of penis opened to show verge. 10, spermatophore. 11, hermaphroditic duct enter- ing albumen gland. 12, ovotestis and hermaphroditic duct. 13, October, 1958 nautilus 49 crop and intestine, dorsal view. 14, buccal capsule, esophagus, and anterior portion of crop, dorsal view; slightly extended; the esophagus curves ventrally as it passes posteriorly to the con- striction between the esophagus and crop. 15, portion of crop and intestine, ventral view, showing diverticulum. 16, teeth of radula. 17, jaw. UROSALPINX CINEREA AND EUPLEURA CAUDATA IN CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND By J. FRAxNCES ALLEN Div. Biol. Medic. Sci., National Science Foundation Abbott (1954) states that the Atlantic oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) , and the thick-lipped drill, Eupleiira caudata (Say) , occur from Nova Scotia to Florida, and from south of Cape Cod to the south half of Florida, respectively. Say (1822) reported Urosalpinx from the eastern shore of Maryland and Ingersoll (1881) found this same species in the lower waters of Chesapeake Bay. Winslow (1882) reports in the conclusion an increase in the rough whelk, Urosalpinx cinerea, but does not give the spe- cific localities. Engle (1953), when discussing salinity as a limiting factor in the distribution of this species, mentions finding them at Great Rock in Tangier Sound. Information regarding the occurrence of Eupleura caudata in Maryland waters of Chesa- peake Bay is limited. However, the general distribution of the two species is included in Carriker's review of Urosalpinx and Eupleura (1955) . The same work suggests that soft mud may result in spotty distribution of the drills. The author has observed that both species are able to maintain themselves in large num- bers in habitats well removed from oyster beds or other hard surfaces. In such cases they were associated with the wigeon grass, Ruppia maritima, and the substratum was soft. Drill cases of both species were found and specimens ranged considerably in size from very young to more than 21 mm. in length. Beginning in 1951, living specimens of drills have been col- lected by the author at thirty-two places in Chesapeake Bay, in- cluding localities in Pocomoke Sound, Tangier Sound, Little Annemessex River, Big Annemessex River, and Manokin River. Since samplings for other organisms were being made at the time, they were collected with any one of several devices; oyster tongs. 50 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) clam rake, clam dredge, oyster dredge, crab scrape, or haul seine, and thus do not represent a quantitative study. Because of the emphasis currently being placed upon the eco- nomic importance of drills and the extensive investigations being carried out to determine adequate control methods, it seems appropriate that additional localities where they are known to occur, should be a matter of record. The findings are tabulated; the symbol X indicating their presence. The 1957 collections were made while receiving support from the General Research Board of the University of Maryland. Location Date U. cinerea E. caudata Pocomoke Sound Marumsco Bar 9/ 9/51 X Trevise's Rock 11/ 3/51 X Oyster Shell Point 7/13/54 X Ape Hole 7/13/54 X X Broad Creek 7/13/54 X Big Island Bar 7/22/54 X X Manhoe Knoll 7/22/54 X X Ware Point Bar 7/22/54 X X Pocomoke Canal 4/15/55 X X Terrapin Lead 8/24/55 X East of Ape Hole 7/18/57 X X Off R N 4 buoy 7/18/57 X X Christy's Oyster Bar 7/18/57 X X Little Annemessex River Off Stack, James Island 8/ 3/55 X G Fl 13 buoy 8/ 9/55 X X Off Shell Plant, Crisfield 8/ 9/55 X X Mouth of River 8/ 9/55 X Wk Fl buoy, Broad Creek Canal 8/ 9/55 X Front of McCready Memorial 7/ 3/56 Hospital, Crisfield X R Fl 3 buoy 7/18/57 X Entrance Small Boat Harbor, 8/14/57 Crisfield X X Big Annemessex River ones Creek 8/25/56 X B C 3 buoy 7/11/57 X X Manokin River B C 9 REF buoy 9/ 3/55 X X R S 6 buoy 7/11/57 X X R S 8 buoy 7/11/57 X X Tangier Sound James Island Light 7/13/55 X Off Great Point 7/15/57 X X BW Bell buoy 6/10/55 X Between R N REF 4 and James 7/31/57 X X Island Light 7/31/57 X West of Great Point 8/27/57 X X October, 1958 nautilus 51 Literature Cited Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. Van Nostrand, New York. Carriker, M. R. 1955. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rept.: Fisheries No. 148. 150 pp. Engle, J. B. 1953. Rept. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., 26 pp. (Lim- ited distri.) Ingersoll, E. 1881. Sec. X, Monogr. B, Dept. Int., 10th Census U, S., Washington, D. C. Say, T. 1822. Jr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 221-248. Winslow, Francis, 1882. Appendix No. 11— Rept. 1881, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 87 pp. EXTENSIONS OF KNOWN RANGES OF 4 MOLLUSKS By dee SAUNDERS DUNDEE and HAROLD A. DUNDEE, University of Michigan While collecting in various areas of the U. S. during the past few years, we have found new localities for two introduced species and range extensions for two native species of mollusks. The specimens, which are reported below, are being deposited in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Corbicula fliiminea (Miiller) . Hundreds of specimens of this mollusk were first found in sand piles along an irrigation canal in back of the Desert Plant Botanical Garden (Papago Park) in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, in June, 1956. Only a few live specimens were taken then (apparently the sand had been dredged from the canal recently) , but later Mr. Jack Damman of Arizona State College was kind enough to secure additional living specimens for us. Finding Corbicula fluminea here is not surprising even though the canal is about 150 miles from the nearest reported locality. Fitch (1953) discussed its occurrence in canals in Riverside and Imperial Counties, California, and mentioned that the canals are infected all the way back to the Colorado River. As is easy to imagine, these clams might have arrived in Phoenix from the Colorado River via the Gila River as larvae (this is an upstream journey but such was probably made with the aid of man) and eventually into the irrigation system at Phoenix. The other reported localities at which C. fluminea occurs in the United States are in central California (Gregg, 1947) and in 52 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) Washington (Burch, 1944). Since this little clam was first ob- served in this country in 1938, it obviously has spread very rapidly and is becoming a pest in areas where irrigation is required. Doubtless it is more widespread than is realized at present. Avion circnmscriptus Johnston. Several specimens of this slug were taken on January 28, 1952, 6.7 miles east of Boswell, Choc- taw County, Oklahoma, on a slope along the railroad right-of-way paralleling U. S. Highway 70 near Muddy Boggy River. The slugs were found in association with Mesodon inflectus, Bulimulus deal- batus, Polygyra dorfeuilliana, and Mesodon thyroidus in a lime- stone area where oak, briar, and elm are the predominant vege- tation. Previously known range (Pilsbry, 1948) for this introduced species was British Columbia, Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and Ontario in Canada; Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl- vania, District of Columbia, Michigan, Wisconsin, California, and Indiana (Webb, 1940) in the United States. Euglandina rosea (Ferussac) . A single shell was found in a sandy, wooded area 3 miles southeast of Georgetown, Georgetown County, South Carolina, on August 30, 1950. Collecting was done after dark and no others could be located. Time did not permit thorough investigation the following day. The nearest locality is approximately 100 miles southwest on the Beaufort-Hampton County line in Yemassee, South Carolina. Sonorella coltoniana Pilsbry (?) . Numerous specimens, two of which were living, were taken just west of Rimmy Jims by U. S. Highway 66, Coconino County, Arizona, on Jime 12, 1956. These most closely resemble S. coltoniana as described from Oak Creek Canyon (Pilsbry, 1939, p. 337) , but they are sufficiently different to warrant the above question mark. All these specimens are characterized by having a double band of pigment on the body whorl. The specimens were found in crevices in rock outcrops along a dry wash in the desert and were difficult to extricate. This is an interesting record in that it is about 50 miles east of the nearest recorded Sonorella in the northern part of Arizona and in a non-mountainous area. Other specimens of interest from the standpoint of means of distribution were Milax ga gates (Draparnaud) . These were not collected but were found in a head of lettuce which was pur- October, 1958 nautilus 53 chased in Clifton, New Jersey. In all likelihood, the lettuce had been shipped from one of the California counties in which this slug occurs. References Burch, Beatrice and John Q. 1944. Min. Conch. Club. S. Calif., #38: 18. Fitch, John E. 1953. Min. Conch. Club S. Calif., #130: 9. Gregg, W. O. 1947. Min. Conch. Club S. Calif., #69: 3, 4. Pilsbry, H. A. 1939-1948. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico) . 2 vols. (4 pts.) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Mono- graph 3. Webb, G. R. 1940. Naut. 54 (2) : 69. INTRODUCTION OF MARISA INTO FLORIDA By burton p. HUNT Department of Zoology, University of Miami On February 1, 1957, three specimens of a very large fresh- water snail were collected in the Coral Gables canal at the west- ward boundary of the city limits of Coral Gables, Florida. The snail was later identified as the South American Marisa cornua- rietis (L.) {Ceratodes diwd Ampullar ins oi 3.ViX.hors) by Dr. Henry van der Schalie, malacologist at the University of Michigan. During subsequent months, it became apparent that the initial discovery occurred at the downstream margin of the expanding range of a flourishing snail population which was well established farther upstream. By July, hundreds of snails of all ages were present at the discovery site, and by the end of the summer speci- mens were found a mile or so farther downstream. At the present time (February, 1958) the snail is abundantly distributed and thriving along about 5 miles of the canal from the semi-brackish zone in the middle of the city westward to the margin of the Everglades. Even at winter water temperatures (56°-72° F.) the population was increasing, for field sampling in late December and January revealed a large number of egg masses and many newly-hatched and juvenile specimens at several points along the canal. These were particularly abundant at the upstream limit of the snail's range, where rooted aquatic vegetation was still thick. The native range of the species, as given by Baker (1930), is northern South America and southern Central America. In recent years it has been introduced by unknown means into Cuba (Pen- alver, 1950) and Puerto Rico (Harry and Cumbie, 1956; Oliver- 54 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) Gonzalez et al., 1956). As far as the writer has been able to deter- mine by extensive correspondence, this is the only known colony of Marisa cornuarietis established in natural waters in the United States. The method of introduction is not known. However, it almost certainly resulted from the dumping of unwanted Marisa which had been used in aquaria. By interviewing nine retailers and two wholesalers of plants and animals used in aquaria, I learned that Marisa was introduced into the aquarium trade in the Miami area more than 20 years ago under the trade name "Colombian snail." When its plant-eating proclivities became well known, it lost favor and was finally relegated to the category of undesirable aquarium organisms. The last appearance of the snail in trade channels in Miami was about 1955. The snail is reported to be a voracious herbivore and in aquaria feeds avidly on Cabomha, Elodea, dwarf saggitaria, water cress, carrot, cabbage, lettuce, celery and tomato (Chernin et al., 1956; Michelson and Augustine, 1957) . My own observations indicate it feeds on Naias, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, Cabomba, fila- mentous algae and other local aquatic plants. Almost certainly it also feeds on periphyton encrusting the rocks in the canal, since snails are still present by the thousands in a section of canal from which rooted aquatic vegetation has been absent since August, 1957. Data obtained in natural streams in Puerto Rico and through laboratory rearing and experimentation suggest that under cer- tain conditions Marisa can, because of its size and food habits, control populations of other snails (Australorbis glabratus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi) by competition for food and by destruc- tion of egg masses and young (Chernin et al, 1956; Harry and Cumbie, 1956; Oliver-Gonzalez et al., 1956; Michelson and Augus- tine, 1957). My own preliminary experiments indicate that Marisa is an exceptionally hardy snail and tolerates environmental conditions usually considered adverse. Specimens have been kept for months in unaerated aquaria where the dissolved oxygen regularly dropped to less than 0.5 ppm. and dissolved carbon dioxide va- ried from 8 to 19 ppm. They also withstand the effects of starva- tion very well. Experiments are imdcrway to determine the tolerance limits of the snail to these and other conditions such October, 1958 nautilus 55 as temperature and salinity. How long Marisa has been established in the canal is not known, but probably less than five years. The great abundance of snails and the size composition of the population indicate clearly that the habitat is very satisfactory and the population is expanding. The canal in which the snail is established connects with others in the great inter-connecting network of drainage canals located in the Everglades south of Lake Okeechobee. Seemingly the spe- cies will continue to spread and can be expected to occupy even- tually all the canals in South Florida. The large size of the individual snails (the average Florida adult measures about 1.5 inches in greatest diameter, and many individuals have a maximum diameter of 2.25 inches) and the large number of individuals clearly indicate that a Marisa popu- lation may have a deleterious effect on the aquatic vegetation in the canals and may radically upset the existing ecological balance in the waterways of South Florida. Literature Cited Baker, H. B. 1930. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. University of Michigan, No. 210: 1-94. Chernin, E., E. H. Michelson, and D. L. Augustine. 1956. Am. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 5 (2) : 297-307. Harry, H. W. and B. G. Cumbie. 1956. Am. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 5 (5) : 921-928. Michelson, E. H. and D. L. Augustine. 1957. Jour, of Parasit., 43(2): 135. Oliver-Gonzalez, J., M. P. Bauman and A. S. Benenson. 1956. Am. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 5 (2) : 290-296. Penalver, L. M. 1950. Arch. Venezol. Patol. Trop. Y Parasitol. Med., 2; 297-308. THE CANARY ISLAND HALIOTID By ROBERT R. TALMADGE Recently, a series of haliotids was received from Sr. J. F. Guerra Pestano, who had collected the specimens on August 7, 1957, at Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands. The specimens arrived in alcohol, with the animals intact within their shells. Prior to this shipment, specimens had been examined from these islands, but in such cases the soft parts were not included. The small lots gave no indication of the basic population. Considerable varia- 56 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) tion had been noted in the shells; in some cases separate specific names had been indicated on the data with the specimens. Thus, this sending of an unselected and unsorted lot of both shell and animal furnished an opportunity for a more critical study. The results noted in this comparison are rather interesting and are presented here. The series consisted of 26 specimens that ranged in shell length from 15 to 54 millimeters. Information indicated that all had been collected at a single locality and on the same date, thus pre- senting us with a specific population group. Comparisons were made with other Canary Island material as well as specimens from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Coast of both Europe and Africa. All the shells of this series fall into the group that is associated as the subgenus Sanhaliotis Iredale, 1929, an elongate haliotid, with a somewhat elevated, nearly terminal spire, sculptured with cord-like striae. Considerable variation was found in the shape, cording, and number of open siphonal orifices, so the animals were removed and the sex determined as far as possible, and measurements were made of the shells. Adult shells appeared to be more depressed, due to the con- tinued growth of the right lip. This made the shell broader than a juvenile, and when erosion wore down the striae, the shell altered in appearance. In juvenile specimens the cavity of the spire was nearly concealed, but in adults this cavity was exposed. This was the only indication noted in which age stages could be coordinated with distinct variations. Three distinct kinds of cording were noted. Fourteen, the ma- jority of the specimens, had coarse scale-like cording, separated by more rounded thread-like striae. These interspacing striae numbered one to three per major cord, and like the larger sculp- turing were also scaled. Under a strong glass, these scales gave the appearance of tile. Ten specimens had a more or less uniform small thread-like series of striae covering the entire dorsal sinface. Two specimens had the coarse cords of the majority, but the interspacing areas were free of the finer cords, just smooth shell. The number of open orifices ranged from 41/0 to 7 1/0, with the majority of the specimens falling into the 5 and 6 group. The specimens with over 6 open pores had small, circular orifices, while in specimens with 5 or less the orifices were large and oval. October, 1958 nautilus 57 This combination of age, cording, and orifices created quite a number of variations in this series. Coloration of the shell varied. Some specimens were nearly concolor, dark red-brown. Others were highly splotched, flamed, and/or maculated with white, pale green, cream, and pink. How- ever, the average shell was the rich red-brown with a few of the lighter maculations, seldom covering over 10 percent, of the dorsal surface. For all practical purposes, the animal parts were identical, except in 3 specimens. These, two concolor tan and one nearly pure black, were the only noticeable differences in the series. These as noted were only in coloration of the animal parts. Neither sex nor age were noted as a factor in either this colora- tion, or in shell variations. The animal has the usual fleshy epipodium encircling the muscular foot. The epipodium is the usual double rim, concave between the upper and lower edges, with the rims palmate and processed. The concave area is a mass of papillae on papillae of various sizes. The sole is cream, the pedal a rich brown, and the epipodium blotched in equal-sized squares. The sex was determined by use of the color of the gonad, and in specimens over 25 mm. in shell length, it could be recognized readily. Under that size, the color of the gonad could not be so used. The series consisted of 8 males, 10 females, and 8 juveniles. Microscopic examination indicated that neither July nor August was the breeding month of this lot. A comparison month by month would soon indicate the breeding season. Since a number of names have been applied to this species, the writer endeavored to trace all to their original source. By use of descriptions and figures as well as comparisons with definite ma- terial, the writer now feels that this is the species to which Reeve gave the locality of Cape Verde Islands in error. Therefore the writer submits the following name. Haliotis (Sanhaliotis) coccinea Reeve Conchologica Iconica, Vol. Ill, species 22, PI. VII, fig. 22, 1846. The description and figure as given by Reeve fits the average specimen from this and other lots. The highly colored specimens fall into what Reeve called H. zealandica (a specimen has been compared with the original lot from the Hugh Cumming Collec- 58 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) tion in the British Museum) . Some malacologists have used the name H. tuherculata Linne, and old worn material comes close to that species, but the soft parts fail to match. The use of the name striata, both of Reeve and of Linne is more difficult to trace. Again, striata Reeve is similar to H. tuherculata but the figure represents another of the highly colored small West African races of tuherculata which Reeve also referred to as H. rosacea. The description of striata Linne is difficult to fit into any of the known high-corded elongated haliotids. It may fit any of the Asiatic species, and Linne referred to this species as from Asiatic oceans. Therefore the writer feels that the name H. coccinea is the most appropriate for this species. Summary: H. (Sanhaliotis) coccinea Reeve is a highly variable species in shell features, yet remains static in animal or soft parts. Probably, due to this variation in shell, a number of names have been applied to this species, which inhabits the Canary Islands of the far eastern Atlantic. A comparison of both shell and animals indicates that these variations are chiefly individual characters, with age creating some variations. Addenda: Since the above was written, two additional lots ar- rived from the Canary Islands. Both of these series followed the same pattern as the one referred to in this study. There was one extremely interesting color phase, not noted before. One speci- men matched in all details the description and figure of the H. janus Reeve. Closer examination revealed that a number of the specimens had traces of this coloration. MOLLUSKS OF LEBANON CO., PENNSYLVANIA Bv ROBERT A. HEILMAN and GORDON K. MacMILLAN Lebanon County, according to some people is situated in south- central Pennsylvania. Others say it is one of the counties located in the southeastern part of the state. We prefer to ascribe it to southeastern Pennsylvania. The county is chiefly a fertile valley lying within the Great Valley. It is bounded on the north by the Blue Mountain. On the south it is bounded by the South Mountain. The soils of the county are of Paleozoic age. The forests and woodlots are chiefly deciduous with no pri- meval stands remaining. Drainage is provided by the Swatara and October, 1958 NAUTILUS 59 the Tulpehocken Creeks. The Swatara Creek empties into the Susquehanna River, while the Tulpehocken's waters flow into the SchuylkilL Many streams of minor importance connect with these creeks. No natural lakes exist, although there are several artifi- cial lakes. The mollusks of Lebanon County were partially reported by C. B. Wurtz (1940) . In 1948 the senior author presented an ex- panded list, followed by a supplementary list in 1949. Continued collecting has led to the opinion that a revised list is now war- ranted. In compiling the present record, the authors have had the help of Dr. Henry van der Schalie and The Rev. H. B. Herring- ton. The list follows: Triodopsis tridentata T. tridentata juxtidens T. fallax T. albolabris T. albolabris dentatus^ Mesodon thyroidus Stenotrema hirsutum S. hirsutum barbatum^ S. fraternum S. leai^ Haplotrema concavum Ventridens demissus^ V. ligera V. ligera stonei^ V. suppressus V. suppressus virginicus Zonitoides nitidus Z. arboreus Hawaiia minuscula Retinella carolinensis Retinella electrina R. indentata R. indentata paucilirata R. rhoadsi Oxychilus cellarius Euconulus fulvus Striatura ferrea Deroceras laeve D. reticulatum Limax maximus Anguispira alternata Discus patulus D. patulus carinatus D. cronkhitei D. c. catskillensis Helicodiscus parallelus Arion hortensis Succinea avara Succinea ovalis Cionella lubrica Pupoides albilabris Gastrocopta armifera G. armifera clappi^ G. contracta G. pentodon G. tappaniana Vertigo ovata V. pygmaea V. gouldii V. tridentata V. ventricosa^ Vallonia costata V. pulchella V. excentrica Strobilops labyrinthica^ S. aenea^ S. affinis^ Carychium exiguum (Say)^ Philomycus carolinianus flexuolaris Pallifera dorsalis Pseudosuccinea columella Stagnicola emarginata^ S. palustris S. caperata Fossaria obrussa 60 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) F. obrussa peninsulae C. integrum^ Fossaria exigua Valvata tricarinata^ F. modicella Amnicola limosa F. modicella rustica Ceriphasia virginica F. parva (Lea) Anculosa carinata Helisoma anceps Elliptic complanatus Helisoma trivolvis^ Anodonta cataracta Gyiaiilus hirsutus Alasmidonta undulata G. parvus A. marginata susquehannae G. circumstriatus Strophitus rugosus Menetus exacutus^ Lasmigona subviridis^ M. dilatatus Sphaerium sulcatum Planorbula jenksii^ S. striatinum Physa heterostropha Musculium transversum^ P. gyrina M. partumeium P. integral M. securis Ferrissia rivularis Pisidium dubium^ Viviparus japonicus P. compressum Campeloma decisum P. casertanum Two species previously reported have been deleted from this list. They ciYG A plexn hypnorum (L.) a.nd Arnnicola limosa porata (Say) . Aplexa does not occur within Lebanon County, nor in surrounding counties. Its inclusion in an earlier list was an error. A. limosa porata, if this be a valid subspecies, does not exist in Lebanon County. Specimens previously identified as such are nothing more than obese forms of A. limosa. Because hundreds of field trips had been made over a period of more than ten years, data on collecting stations has been delib- erately omitted since they are too extensive for inclusion. QUICKELLA VERMETA AND SUCCINEA INDIANA By LESLIE HUBRICHT QuiCKELLA VERMETA (Say) In 1824, Thomas Say described Succinea vermeta (New Har- mony Disseminator, 2:230) from the vicinity of New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana, as follows: "Succinea vermeta. — Shell suboval, yellowish, very thin and fragile, somewhat diaphanous, with nearly three very oblique volutions; whorls very much roinided, wrinkled; suture very pro- foundly impressed; spire rather prominent and acute; aperture ovate, the superior termination rounded. "Inhabits margins of ponds near New Harmony. 1 Rare; found in only one locality, or only one example found. 2 Extirpated. October, 1958 nautilus 61 "This species is remarkable for the very deep indentation of its suture, giving to the whorls of the spire the appearance of being almost separated from resting on each other; and by this character it may be readily distinguished from the other species of this country. It was found by Dr. Troost." The author found this species at a number of places in the vicinity of New Harmony. Upon dissection it proved to belong to the genus Qiiickella, having a penis similar to that of Qiiick- ella vagans (Pilsbry) . Succinea vermeta generally has been considered to be a syno- nym of Succinea avara Say. The type of S. avara in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is an immature shell and is not identifiable. The type locality is presumed to be Minnesota. There is only one lot of shells labeled S. avara from that State in the A.N.S.P. and these appear to be different from the New Har- mony shells. Until more is known about the small succineids of Minnesota the identity of S. avara cannot be determined. Until the identity of S. avara is established, the author proposes that the name Qiiickella vermeta (Say) be applied to the species as typified by the snails found in the vicinity of New Harmony, Indiana. Qiiickella vermeta is apparently widely distributed in the mid- west, the author having collected it in Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Succinea Indiana Pilsbry, On May 3, 1958, the author collected Succinea indiana Pilsbry at the type locality near New Harmony, Indiana. Upon dissec- tion of the animal it was found to be unrelated to 5. aurea Lea, in the synonymy of which it was later placed by Pilsbry. Land Moll. N. A. 2:815, 817, figs. 441-i. The penis is similar to that of Succinea campestris Say, the mantle is dark gray without the spots characteristic of S. concordialis Gould. Succinea indiana must, therefore, be considered a distinct species belonging to section Calcisuccinea Pilsbry. The type locality for Succinea indiana is the grassy slope of a hill on the farm of Charles Frieg, a little south of, and across the road from the Labyrinth. The loess exposure above, is the type locality for Pomatiopsis scalaris F. C. Baker, and since the exposure is a natural one it is probably also the type locality for Hendersonia occulta (Say) . 62 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) MARINES FROM MANUS, ADMIRALTY ISLANDS By ALAN SOLEM Chicago Natural History Museum The only papers dealing specifically with the marine mollusks of the Admiralty Islands are those of Ingram and Kenyon (1945) and McLean and Hebert (1946). A few additional records can be found in Leschke (1912), C. R. Boettger (1916), and the Challenger reports. While studying more extensive collections from the Solomons and New Hebrides, I identified a small collection made by Dr. Harold W. Harry at ALinus Island in October 1944. Of the 92 species, only 31 had been listed by McLean and Hebert (1946) . Most of the species are common and widely distributed, but a few significant new records are incorporated. Because the fauna is so poorly known, it has been thought worthwhile to record the entire collection. Species not listed by McLean and Hebert (1946) are preceded by an asterisk (*) . For the more unusual species, an authority for identification is cited. The specimens are deposited in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, with a few duplicates in the Chicago Natural History Museum. *Anadara scapha Meuschen. Barhatia bicolorata Dillwyn (:= fusca Bruguiere) . *B. ovata Gmelin (= nivea Chemnitz) . Hip- popus hippopus Linne. Fragum fragum Linne. T r achy car dium flaviim Linne. *Gafrarium pectinatiim Linne. * Venus (Peri- glypta) puerpera Linne. Mesodesma (Atactodea) striatuyn La- marck. *Donax (Latona) cuneahis Linne. *Cyclotellina rernies Linne. Tellina staurella Lamarck. *Corbula modesta Hinds (Reeve, Corbula, pi. II, fig. 14a-b) . Hemitoma tricarinata Born. Clnysostoma paradoxiun Born. *Euchelus (Euchelus) atratus Gmelin. *Thalotia (Thalotia) elongata Wood (Man. Conch., 11: pi. 45, fig. 56) . Trociius (Tro- chus) maculatus Linne, form venrucosiis Gmelin (Kiener, Tro- chus, pi. 109, fig. 4). *Liotia (Liotia) peronii Kiener. *Turbo (Marmarostoma) argyrostomus Linn^. *T. (Af.) cliiysostomuf Linne. T. (Turbo) petholahis petholatus Linne. Angaria delphinus delphinxis Linne (^ laciniata Lamarck) . *Phasianella histrio Reeve (Man. Conch., 10: pi. 87, figs. 34. 35). *Nerita (Theliostyla) albicilla Linne. *N. (T.) patula Recluz. N. (Ritena) plicata Linn^. N. (Amphinerita) polita Linn^. Littorinopsis undulatiis Gray. * Modulus tectus Gmelin. *Cer- ithium columna Sowerby. *C. consisum Hombron and Jacquinot October, 1958 nautilus 63 {= morus Lamarck). *C. echinatum Lamarck. Liocerithium piperitum Sowerby. Rhinoclaviis jasciatus Brugiere. R. sinense Gmelin (= obelis- cus Bruguiere) . *Amalthea australis Quoy and Gaimard (= con- ica Schumacher?) . Canarium (Oostrombus) gibberulum Linne. *C. {Canarium) labiatum Roding (= ustulatus plicatus Lam- arck)^ (see Dodge, 1946: figs. 3, 7) . C. (Eiiprotomus) lentiginosum Linne. C. (Conomurex) luhiianum Linne. C. (Canarium) mu- tabilis Swainson (=r floridanum Lamarck) (see Dodsre, 1946; fi^s. 4, 8). Terebellum terebellum Linne (= subulatum Lamarck) . *Ze- bina (Morchiella) gigantea Deshayes (H. and A. Adams, Gen. Recent Shells, IH: pi. 35, fig. 1) . *Z. (M.) spirata Sowerby (Man. Conch., 9: pi. 59, fig. 31). *A^. (iV.) areolata Recluz. *N. (N.) marochiensis lurida Philippi. *Polinices ftemingianus Recluz. P. mammilla Linne. P. mela- nostoma Gmelin. *Staphylaea staphylaea Linne. Colubraria strepta Grossman {■= distorta Schubert and Wagner). *C. niti- dula Sowerby (Man. Gonch., 3: pi. 14, fig. 130). *Cymatium gutturnium Roding, *Gyrineum natator Roding (= tuberculatum Broderip) . Lampusia cJilorostoma Lamarck. *Semicassis (Casmarea) vibex Linne. *Chicoreus (Chicoreus) micropJiyllus Lamarck. *Maculotriton serriale Leborde and Deshayes (= bracteatus Hinds) . Nassa sertum Brugiere (= francolinus Brugiere) . *Pin- axia coronata Adams (H. and A. Adams, Gen. Recent Shells, IH: pi. 14, fig. 1) . * Cor alii ophila cantrainei Montrouzier. *C. defor- mis Lamarck. *Columbella (Euplica) turturina Lamarck. *C. (Columbella) varians Sowerby. C. (C.) versicolor Sowerby. *Cantharus fumosus Dillwyn. *C. gracilis Reeve (Reeve, Buc- cinum, figs. 96, 97) . *C. undosus Linne. *Engina mendicaria Linne. *Alectrion (Alectrion) acuticosta Montrouzier (Jour, de Gonchyl., 12: pi. 10, fig. 8) . *A. (Zeuxis) lentiginosus Adams (Reeve, Nassa, pi. Ill, fig. 15) . *A. (Z.) sertula Adams (Man. Gonch., 4: pi. 10, fig. 16). *Arcularia globosa Quoy and Gaimard (Reeve, Nassa, pi. X, fig. 62) . *A. granifera Kiener (Man. Gonch., 4: pi. 8, figs. 39-41) . *Hebra muricata Quoy and Gaimard (Reeve, Nassa, pi. XI, fig. 73) . *H. subspinosa Lamarck (Kiener, Buccinum, pi. 26, fig. 103). *Hima paupera Gould (Man. Gonch., 4: pi. 15, fig. 246). *Nassaria coronata Brugiere. *N. crassa Koch. *Niothia albes- cens Dunker. *Pusia discolorea Reeve (Man. Gonch., 4: pi. 55, fig. 580) . *Scabricula (Chrysame) adusta Lamarck. Vasum tur- binellum Linne. *Clavatula unizonalis Lamarck. *Crassispira bijubata Reeve. Turris babylonia Linne. *r. cingulifera Lamarck. *T. picturata Weinkauff. *Conus arenatus Bruguiere. *C. ceylonensis sponsalis 64 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) Gmelin. C. coronatus Gmelin (= miliaris Brugiere) . References Boettger, Caesar R. 1916. Abhl. Senckenb. Naturf. GeselL, 36 (3) : 287-308, pis. 21-23. Dodge, Henry. 1946. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1314: 8 pp., 8 figs. Ingram, W. M. & K. W. Kenyon. 1945. Nautilus, 58 (4) : 129-134. Leschke, M. 1912. Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, 29 (2) : 89-172, Ipl. McLean, R. W. and C. H. Hebert. 1946. Nautilus, 60 (2) : 54-57. PHIL LEWIS MARSH 1891-1957 The death ol Dr. Marsh (plate 7) on October 12, 1957, was a serious loss to American malacology and the many fields to which he contributed. Phil was born in Tombstone, Arizona, on Feb- ruary 4, 1891. His father was E. O. Marsh, a teacher, a Greek scholar, and a collector of good books, which fascinated Phil and furthered his interest in literature. These had much to do with his strong convictions that the professional man should have a well rounded education, not only for development of skill, but also for personal satisfaction. Books about great philosophers helped Phil formulate a sound concept of life, which did not place science and religion in conflict. In the years ahead, he was to help perplexed students and scientists to formulate their own beliefs. Upon graduation from the University of Michigan (A.B.) in 1911, Phil entered the Medical School. But he enlisted on De- cember 14, 1917, in World War I. As a member of the Medical Corps, he served until July 13, 1919, on the Alsace front. Chateau Thierry and Fismus offensive, and in Jurigny, Mt. Fancon, Barrtheville and Haramont actions. After his return to Michigan, he was granted his M.D. in 1919 and M.A. in 1923. Following his internship, he was appointed to the staff of the Medical School, and served in Internal Medicine, as instructor from 1921 and assistant professor from 1924 to 1926. During these years, he was associated with Dr. L. R. Newburgh in many research projects, and together they developed the high fat diet for treatment of diabetes mellitus, before the discovery of insulin. Since he knew this diabetes was hereditary, he grappled with the problem of increasing the life of young diabetics until they might October, 1958 nautilus 65 produce children, some of whom would also be diabetics — an unsolved problem to date. Later he practiced internal medicine in Detroit for 10 years, and was a part-time consultant for the Chrysler Motor Company. He was made a member of Sigma Xi in 1922, a charter member of the Detroit Academy of Sciences in 1929, and joined the American Malacological Union in Ann Arbor in 1937. His interest in collecting shells undoubtedly was fostered by the years he spent on Muskinosa, an isle which belonged to his family, off of Drummond Island. After 1935, when he collected marine shells in California, Phil's interest in mollusks, his knowl- edge of systematics and his zeal for collecting developed with characteristic rapidity. In 1936, the collections of the late Bryant Walker moved to Ann Arbor. Calvin Goodrich, then Curator of Mollusks, solicited Phil's assistance, to work with our small group in cataloguing the 100,000 lots in the Walker collections. In 1938, he was appointed Honorary Associate Curator of Mollusks, a position which he held for almost 20 years. One of his major interests was the distribution of land mollusks in Michigan. His studies led to a publication on the Stenotrema monodon group (Naut. 5^:113-116, 1941), in which he carefully delimited the ranges of the two species and one form as they occur in this state. But he keenly appreciated that the patterns revealed by the detailed maps of all the Michigan species were inaccurate, because only the regions around active centers were represented reasonably well in collections. Consequently, Phil worked intensively to fill in the gaps in the neglected areas. Plans are under way to publish his data posthumously. Early in 1940, Phil joined Alan Archer on a collecting trip into southeastern states. After a few days in Florida with the late Dr. Bales, the McGintys and the Kotos, they explored the southern Piedmont eastward to near Augusta, Georgia. In August, 1941, Phil accompanied Goodrich on a collecting trip into the Rocky Mountains, and proved that Zoogenetes harpa (Say) did occur there. (Naut. 55:97-98, 1942) . Phil's hobbies included travel, gardening, fishing, writing lim- ericks, concocting puzzles, cooking and just visiting with people. 1 Mrs. Marsh kindly supplied interesting and pertinent information for this article. 66 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) When he married Ola Gladys Hylton,^ a doctor in Public Health, who also had been associated with the University of Michigan, they combined their mutual interests. From their home in Ann Arbor, they collected extensively in Washtenaw County, and helped greatly to make it the most thoroughly collected in the Great Lakes region. — Henry van der Schalie. AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION 24th ANNUAL MEETING, SEPT. 2-6, 1958 After an absence of 21 years, the A. M. U. returned to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for a four-day meeting, September 2 to 6, 1958. The 65 registered guests en- joyed the hospitality of the university, which provided bedrooms, excellent meals, meeting room and a comfortable lounge, all in the spacious and modern South Quadrangle Dormitory. Added features provided by Dr. Henry van der Schalie and his helpful staff were a visit to the University Museum and a bus tour of the campus. Dr. Aurele LaRocque, President of the Union, presided over the lecture sessions, during which the following papers were read: "Small beginnings" by Adlai B. Wheel, Sr. "Distribution and color patterns of Cepaea hortensis at Cape Ann, Massachusetts" by Ralph W. Dexter. "Results of the Puritan-American-Museum Expedition to western Mexico" by William K. Emerson. "Pre- liminary report on abyssal Atlantic mollusks from the Theta and Vema expeditions" by Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. "Cypraea jnus needs attention" by Crawford N. Gate. "A monograph that needs to be published" (read for) Morris K. Jacobson. "Julia Ellen Rogers" by Crawford W. Gate. "Pleistocene molluscan faunas of the Hum- boldt site, Ross County, Ohio" (read for) Martin B. Reynolds. "Pleistocene molluscan faunas of the Newell Lake deposit, Logan County, Ohio" by James A. Zimmerman. "Methods of studying Pleistocene non-marine Mollusca" by Aurele LaRocque. "Chro- mosomes of basommatophoric pulmonates" by John B. Burch. "Evolution of predator-prey relationships in snail-killing sciomy- zid larvae (Diptera) " by C. O. Berg, B. A. Foote and S. E. Neff. "Preliminary tests of the ability of sciomyzid larvae (Diptera) to destroy snails of medical importance" by S. E. Neff and C. O. PLATE 7 V- ^ FHILIl' LEWIS MARSH 1891-1957 NAUTILUS 72 (2) PLATE 8 M U-X) v^ Radiilii ol II\/).\cl().sl()ifui hisuhtnim Pilsbrv /O 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 \ ArJII.rS fiiuiiKcs. N, IK), ol .sul)scril)crs. 1*. printing cost. S. siihst ri|)ii()i iiKoiiic. S/l'. in ',. \()s. ;ii l)()ii(»ni oi\c' yciirs, HX);")-');"); those at ri^ht, imil liplcs ol \. S ,<: |» ol \()ls. IS'JI (Scale ol upper S x - '•'> show price increases. October, 1958 nautilus 67 Berg. "The morphology oi Lymnaea emarginata Say, with re- marks on problems relating to the systematics of lymnaeids" by Harold J. Walter. "Guyidlachia in Michigan" by Paul F. Basch. "The egg-laying habits of Pomatiopsis lapidaria and P. cincin- natiensis; problems relating to the culture of schistosome inter- mediate hosts" by Henry van der Schalie and Dee S. Dundee. "Remarks on Cmychiiim stygium" by Leslie Hubricht. "Remarks on the Sphaeriidae" by H. B. Herrington. "A pleurocerid index to past collecting in the Ohio and Tennessee River basins with some thoughts for the future" by Joseph E. Rosewater. "A study of the Ancylidae" by Paul F. Basch. "Further study of the salt marsh snails" by Joseph P. E. Morrison. "Brackish water genera of Mactridae" by Joseph P. E. Morrison. One session was devoted to the memory of the late Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, with reminiscences by his colleagues and friends. It was opened by H. B. Baker: "An appreciation of Dr. Pilsbry 's scientific contributions." Several others spoke with feeling of their associations with the first president of the A. M. U. Following the annual dinner on Thursday night, delegates and their guests were entertained by a series of slides together with the running comments of Dr. Elmer G. Berry. The beautiful scenes, taken as he and Mrs. Berry traveled about Africa under the auspices of the World Health Organization, were inter- spersed with those which illustrated the seriousness of the snail- spread, mainly tropical diseases of schistosomiasis. On the final day, a field trip was made, which combined stops at good collecting spots for land and freshwater species with a box lunch at the final destination, the University of Michigan biological field station known as the George Reserve, some 18 miles northwest of Ann Arbor. The following officers were elected to serve in 1958-1959: President, R. Tucker Abbott. Vice President, Katherine Van Winkle Palmer. Second vice president, John E. Fitch. Secretary- Treasurer, Margaret C. Teskey. Publications Editor, George M. Moore. Councillors-at-large, John Q. Burch, Ruth A. Craine, Les- lie Hubricht and Thomas E. Pulley. Elected to honorary Hfe membership, H. Burrington Baker and Joseph C. Bequaert. The 1959 meeting will be held next June in and/or near Phila- delphia, where the host organization will be the Philadelphia 68 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) Shell Club, which is already hard at work to insure that the 25th annual meeting shall be unusually fine. — Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary, P. O. Box 238, Marinette, Wisconsin. NOTES AND NEWS Radula of IIypselostoma insularum. — H. insularinn was de- scribed by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry from Yonakunijima, one of the Ryukyu chain, in 1908. Fortunately I have received several speci- mens of this species, collected from the same island by Mr. Tetsuo Amano, through Dr. Tokubei Kuroda. Hypselostoma is hardly distinct from Boysidia in its radular features, which are as follows: Transverse row with 23 teeth, of which 4 are laterals and 7 are marginals. Central tooth (at left in pi. 8, upper figure) unicuspid, narrow, about half width of the laterals, which are bicuspid, with large, square, basal plates; larger inner cusp somewhat crowded over by smaller outer one. Marginals 9 (inner 3 shown at right of fig.) low and wide, with more reduced cusps toward the outer end of the row. Cf. T. Habe, 1958, Venus 19: pp. 109-1 17. Tadashige Habe^ Amakusa Marine Bioligical Laboratory, Kyushu, Japan. QuicKELLA VAGANs (Pilsbry) . Dr. John M. Teal recently sent us a fine series of this species collected from behind the sand dunes on Sapelo Island, Georgia. This record extends the south- ern range of this species considerably, the prior record being Lake Waccamaw, Columbus Co., North Carolina. — W. J. Clench Physa compacta Pease. During a trip to the Orient, Dr. N. L. H. Krauss collected a small series of freshwater shells at Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. In this series, there were several specimens of Physa compacta Pease, a species heretofore known only from the Hawaiian Islands. There are no known endemic members of the Physidae from southern Asia, at least east of India and south of Siberia. This record seems worthy of note as this aquatic species may spread over a large area in time on ornamental or edible freshwater plants. — W. J. Clench The family STENACivimAE. — Attention should be drawn to the close similarity of Habea inazawai Kuroda from Japan (Jap. Journ. Malac. ["Venus"], 13: 11-14, fig. 1; Habe, ibid., pp. 65-67, October, 1958 nautilus 69 figs. 1-6, both 1943) to Stenacme floridana Pilsbry of Florida (Naut., 58: 112-116, pi. 5, 1945). Copies of the former publica- tion did not reach the United States until long after the end of the war. llabea Kuroda, 1943, was placed in the family Epitoni- idae (or "Scalidae") , which are at present considered proso- branchs. Stenacme Pilsbry, 1945, was placed in tJie pulmonale superfamily Amphibolacea and in a "new" family, the Stenac- midae. The descriptions and illustrations of the two species show clearly that they are almost certainly congeneric. The shell, operculum, radula, egg capsule and shape of the foot are virtually identical. In both, the side of the foot extends up over part of the shell on each side. There are slight differences in the shell. Therefore, we conclude that the Floridian species should be known as Habea floridana (Pilsbry) . On ecologic grounds, a marine amphibolacean would be im- probable. Species in the Amphibolidae live in fresh or brackish water and are known from New Zealand, Australia, the East Indies, Japan, China, India and South Africa. The placement of Habea in the Epitoniidae by Kuroda appears to be correct, for the radula is ptenoglossate and the egg capsules show similarities to those of Epitonium turtonae (Turton) ["Scala twtonis"] as figured by Thorson (Medd. Komm. f. Danmarks Fiskeri — og Havunders., Plankton, 4(1): 194, 1946). The smooth shell of Habea makes it a somewhat aberrant member of the family. In shell characters, it shows affinities with the Janthinidae, an allied family, all species of which are pelagic. The Japanese species is semi-parasitic on a sea anemone, Aiptasiomorpha luciae (Verrill) , which is an almost cosmopolitan species. It also occurs at Beau- fort, North Carolina, and Port Aransas, Texas, as well as on the Pacific coasts of Asia and North America, as stated by J. W. Hedgpeth, in Fish. Bull. 89, Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 285- 290, 1954. The anemone may be present also in Florida. Both snails live intertidally on beaches of pebbles and rocks. Some species of Epitonium are also parasitic. — Robert Robertson and Katura Oyama. FuLGORARiA KANEKo Hirase. Fulgoraria kaneko Hirase, 1922. Illustrations of a Thousand Shells, Vol. 4, fig. 319 (no locality given). Jan. 15, 1922. Fulgoraria kaneko Kuroda and Habe, 1950. Illustrated Cata- 70 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) logue of Japanese Shells, Vol. 1, no. 5, p. 31, pi. 5, fig. 9; pi. 6, fig. 2, (Kyoto, Japan) . Description: Shell reaching 110 mm. (about 41/2 inches) in length, fusiform and costate. Color a dull and light reddish brown. Aperture elliptical in outline. Suture slightly indented. Outer lip thin. Columella oblique and supporting 5 well developed plicae. Nuclear whorls 21/2 and smooth, remaining whorls sculptured with numerous and broad, axial costae (11 on the ultimate whorl) . Microscopic sculpture consists of very fine spiral threads, which produce a reticulate pattern where the spiral threads cross the axial growth lines. Length 110, width 38 mm. neoholotype. Kuroda and Habe redescribed this species, using the same name, in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Japanese Shells," 1950, Vol. 1, No. 5, p. 31. According to the International Rules, a figured specimen with a name is legally "described" even though no descriptive text is associated with such a figure. To illustrate this point, consider the many figures of Lamarck published in the "Liste, Encyclo- pedic et Methodique" in 1816 which refer to figures only. The text descriptions did not appear until many years later though the various names of the species date from 1816. There are, of course, many other examples. Kuroda and Habe created a neotype because Hirase's original specimen was destroyed during the recent war. This is permis- sible if no known primary types exist, but in this case we possess one of Hirase's paratypes. This specimen, Museum of Compara- tive Zoology no. 43699, becomes a neoholotype with the type locality, Korea Strait, Japan. There is an additional paratype in the United States National Museum no. 343918 from the same locality and also received originally from Y. Hirase. The four volume set of Hirase's "Illustrations of a Thousand Shells" was an attempt not only to illustrate the many species of the land, freshwater and marine mollusks of Japan but also to express the artistry of fine Japanese woodcuts which had reached a high degree of development in Kyoto. The four vohmies ap- peared between 1914 and 1922. — William J. Clench. The Nautilus finances. — As proof of the statements made in the history of the Pilsbry Nautilus (vol. 71, p. 112), 6 un- smoothed "curves" are presented (pi. 8, lower fig.) . The scale along the bottom represents years (1905-1955) while the vertical October, 1958 nautilus 71 one at the right shows multiples (1-7) of the yearly (volume) costs of printing (P) and receipts from subscriptions (S) during volumes 18 to 21 (P equals |200) . Also these are multiples of the number (190) of paid subscriptions (N) during the same period. The steps around 1915 and at the right represent the increases in price from $1.00 a year to $3.50. These steps also show the intervals plotted (at the mid-points) : 3 volumes from vols. 18-54, and 4 vols, from 55-71 (1941-57) . Near the top of the figure, the differences between costs of printing (P) and paid subscriptions in the same units (S) and in percentages (S/P) are plotted. The vertical scale (shown at left) of the upper S is twice that of the lower curves, while that of S/P (1 marks 20%) is 10 times as great. The increases of P and necessarily of S (N times price) during the two world wars and the accompanying inflations are very marked. The loss of foreign subscribers around 1915-20 also is noticeable, but that before 1943 (the sharp break in N?) is masked by the increase in the U. S. subscriptions. Expressed in dollars, the effects of the last world war seem much greater than those of the older one, but the percentages of increase (not shown) and of the differences (S/P) are as great or greater dur- ing the earlier war. For example, the greatest percentage increase occurred between 1920 and 1923, and the total increase around the older war was 2.2 times, and was 2.4 times for all the recent years. Also, the price of the Nautilus was doubled by the older war and has increased only I1/9 times between 1949 and 1957. Similarly, the percentage differences (S/P) between S and P drop lower either side of the 1918 peak than they do around 1951. Whether P and S will level off in future years, as they did be- tween 1922 and 1943, remains to be seen. The Nautilus points with pride to the fact that the only times when the receipts from subscriptions (S) have exceeded slightly the bare costs of print- ing (postage and envelopes not included in P) were short periods around 1918 and at the present time, just after increases in price. Of course, since the Nautilus has no endowment, the gaps be- tween total costs (12% more than P in vol. 70) and incomes from subscriptions (S) have been bridged mainly by the sales of back numbers. A general conclusion may interest those bored by financial sta- 72 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (2) tistics. Relatively, the number of subscribers has not increased significantly (about 4%) more than has the population of the U. S., and probably less than have the people of the Avorld. When one considers the rapid increase in hobbyists during recent years, enthusiasm for the science of malacology evidently has dimin- ished proportionately during the first half of the century, and this may apply to basic science as a whole. Have we passed the peak of our civilization? — H. Burrington Baker. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Pacific sea shells. By Spencer Wilkie Tinker. 230 pp. and Index. Plates on every other page. Revised Edition pub. by Chas. E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vermont. Printed in Japan. $3.25. 1958.— Included in this new printing are the common gastropods and a few chitons, tooth shells, and cephalopods of Hawaii, and the South Seas. Description of each species is for the most part oppo- site to its illustration, a great help to beginning shell collectors, and both common and scientific names are given. Unfortunately Mr. Tinker follows the old French habit, which perhaps is more correct morphologically, of figuring shells with the apexes down- ward. Because of uniformly dark background, some dark colored shells are completely unidentifiable from plate. However, this handbook surely will be very useful to the novice. — B. B. B. Fossil land shells from western Pacific atolls. By Harry S. Ladd. J. of Paleont. 32:183-198, pi. 30, 1958.— Four new species (3 named) of fossil ptychodons from the Ellice and Marshall Islands are described and figured. But do endodonts have a "fe- male" (p. 192)?— H. B. B. The family Succineidae in Kansas. By Charles D. Miles. Univ. Kas. Sci. Bull. 3S, pt. 2 (24) : 1499-1543, incl. 4 pis. 1958.— This studies the 7 known spp. Good descriptions and figures of shells and genitalia are included. Incidentally, is not the lateral penial lobe in Q;uichelln a diverticulum rather than a terminal "appen- dix," as it usually has been called? — H. B. B. Materials para o esti ixj da fauna malacologica de Mocam- BIQUE. By J. M. Braga. Publ. Inst. Zool. "Dr. Augusto Nobre," no. October, 1958 nautilus iii 50, 67 pp., 14 pis. 1956. This is a report on a collection of mainly marine, with a few inland mollusks obtained by the Zoological Mission of Mozambique, Africa. Photographs of over 100 marine shells are given. — H. B. B. Systematic studies on the non-marine Mollusca of the Indo- AUSTRIAN archipelago. V. CRITICAL REVISION OF THE JAVANESE FRESHWATER GASTROPODS. By W. S. S. van Bcnthcm Jutting. Treu- bia 23 (2): 259-477. 135 text — figs. 1956.— The valuable paper collates keys and descriptions of all the groups. The clear figures show the shells of most species and the radulae of many. Habitat and distribution notes and synonymies of the species are given. — H. B. B. Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de l'archipel Neo- Caledonien. By Andre Franc. Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., serie A, tome 13. 200 pp. and 24 pis. 1956 — This is an excellent compila- tion of the known inland species from New Caledonia, with fine new figures of the majority, including many type shells. It should be of great help to future collectors. Above the species level, little systematic contribution is attempted; the arrangement mainly follows Thiele, but with mechanical promotion of some groups to generic rank. In the Helicarionidae, for example, no species of Microcystis (Austral and Cook Islands) would be expected so far west; three of those listed as such possibly are Sesarinae near Orpi- ella; but the other might be a Lamprocystis (Microcystinae) . The figure of "Kaliella" subfulva looks like a Liardetia. — H. B. B. Wanted: Pectens (world-wide) . Exchange or purchase. Can oflFer good marine specimens, many genera, with data. Gilbert Grau, 2457 Claremont Ave., Hollywood 27, Calif. For Exchange: Fine specimen shells, world wide. Nick Katsaras, 479-B South Washington Ave., Bergenfield, N. J. How TO COLLECT SHELLS: Published by the American Malacological Union. $1.00. Write: Margaret C. Teskey, Sect., P. O. Box 238, Marinette, Wis. Sea Shells of Tropical West America MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM LOWER CAUFORNIA TO COLOMBIA A. Myra Keen This is the first attempt to list and provide illus- trations of the sea shells of the entire area of the Pan- amic marine province — the area between the Gulf of California and Colombia. Concise descriptions of 1,650 species of sea shells, with about 1,500 illustra- tions, cover most of the recorded forms larger than about one-fifth of an inch in length. For the smaller forms, sample illustrations are given. About 70 type specimens are here figured for the first time. The notes on geographic distribution of the species indicate where the collector might expect to find them, and an extensive bibliography is included to help the scientist and serious amateur make use of the scattered literature. The glossary explains technical terms com- monly used by collectors, but an effort has been made to use nontechnical language wherever possible. Some of the most colorful forms are shown on the ten pages of four-color plates. $12.50 Stanford University Press Stanford^ California THE NAUTILUS Vol. 72 JANUARY, 1959 No. 3 VARIABILITY OF SHELL IN APLYSIA CALIFORNICA By LINDSAY R. WINKLERi Allan Hancock Foundation,2 University of California, Los Angeles 7 In the west coast sea hare, the shell is almost or completely hidden by the shell-forming organ or mantle, which in turn, is covered by the folds of the parapodial lobes. The aplysiid shell is a broad, shield-shaped, chitinous structure resembling the half of a bivalve shell. In some species it possesses a thin calcareous lining. In even small specimens of Aplysia calif ornica Cooper, the mantle has completely covered the shell and the aperture has all but closed. The mantle margin is united into a minute tube on the dorsal surface of the shell. The apex of the shell is attached at a point to the left of the excurrent siphon. Pilsbry (1895, p. 67) noted the undesirability of the aplysiid shell as a basis for classification in these words: "So many species are . . . described merely from the least characteristic organ — the shell — that any attempt at arrangement . . . will doubtless be subject to much revision in the future." The writer first noted the variation of the shell when describing A. vaccaria (Winkler, 1955) and included photographs of the shell to illus- trate the variation. In the present paper, the intra-specific varia- tion of the shell is further reiterated. Materials and Methods: Shells were obtained from the size- able collection of specimens of A. calif ornica deposited in the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California. These were supplemented by many shells taken during the process of other aplysiid investigations. The shells were taken from 70% alcohol, laid on wet 3x5 cards and traced around. These tracings became the basis for the sketches herewith pre- sented. 1 Present address: School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, California. 2 Allan Hancock Foundation Contribution Number 231. 73 74 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) Observatiojis: In shells of Aplysia calijornica, the normal change in structure becomes apparent when shells of specimens of different size ranges are arranged side by side. The shell from a 2 to 3 inch specimen is flat and elongately shield-shaped (PL 9, fig i) . As the animal grows to five or six inches, the shell assumes the hatchet-shaped form of the adult specimen as de- scribed by Cooper (1863) (fig. c) . Unfortunately, because of the size of the adult animal and because the young are often much more abundant than larger animals, the young animals form the bulk of the specimens in most collections. The result is that most shells available for study are juvenile shells, not necessarily typical of the adults of the species. After the first year, the animals begin to thicken their shells with a chitinous material. A. calif ornica normally does not have a calcareous layer as do some others; however, in the young the writer has occassionally observed specimens having weak calcareous layers. These juveniles had a high percentage of coralline algae in their fecal pellets which indicated a diet high in calcium. This may have resulted in excess calcium being deposited as the calcareous layer not normally present in the species. Many shell anomalies have been noted. Among them are those illustrated in plate 9. Fig. e shows a complete shell, but all embryonic stages through the third are in an abnormal position. In spite of this, the neaplysiid attachment plate, normally built in the plane of the nucleus, is present with both the embryonic nucleus and the final shell resembling the normal in other re- spects. Fig. d shows an abnormal shell in which the nucleus was not present. As the sea hare grows older, a chitin-like material is often laid down in heavy ridges and, in some other species, as mentioned by Cooper (1863), produces an apparent compounding of shells. This has not been observed, however, in A. calif ornica. Discussion: As the writer has shown (Winkler, 1958), the larval shell develops through a gastropod stage and finally opens out into a spoon-shaped, covering shell which later develops into the characteristic organic shell of the adult. This shell, which was important for the protection of the larval and post-larval animal, becomes vestigial after metamorphosis and would seem January, 1959 nautilus 75 to have little or no further bearing on survival. Such a shell appears to have little further care exercised in its construction and becomes very variable. This has a practical bearing on specific studies on aplysiids in emphasizing that the shell in itself is a very unreliable cri- terion on which to base a new species. Summary The normal shell of A. calif arnica shows variability from elongatedly shield-shaped to broadly hatchet-shaped. This is the normal progression in shell shape as the sea hare grows to adult- hood. Shell anomalies occur which apparently do not affect the future of the individual. Literature Cited Cooper, J. C, 1863. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 5:57. Pilsbry, H. A., 1895. Manual of Conchology, (1) 7^:65-112. Winkler, Lindsay R., 1955. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 5^:5-7. . 1958. The metamorphosis of the shell in the California sea hare. Aplysia calijornica, Cooper. Pacific Science 72:348. CLASSIFICATION AND RADULA OF MITROMORPHA ATRAMENTOSA By VIRGINIA ORR The small cone-like snail, Mitromorpha atramentosa (Reeve) {Gastropoda: Turridae), found in the littoral waters of the Indo-Pacific from Hawaii to Zanzibar, has been placed by vari- ous workers into three families, Conidae, ColumbelUdae and Turridae. The confusion in its classification was largely due to ignorance of its soft parts, especially its radula, and to a combi- nation of shell characters common to several groups. In February, 1957, a living specimen was collected on the outer reef at Kiwengwa, Zanzibar, by the Natural Science Foun- dation-Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia expedition. The radula of this animal was compared with that of M. filosa (Carpenter) , type of the genus Mitromorpha Carpenter, to which atramentosa was assigned by Thiele (1929) and Wenz (1943). Radulae and shells compared are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 76 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) MiTROMORPHA Carpenter 1865. Type: by monotypy, Dnphnella filosa Carpenter 1864. Range: Eocene-West Indies, Pliocene-Europe. Recent: Atlantic and Pacific America and Indo-Pacific. Shell biconic, small; posterior siphonal notch inconspicuous; coliunella smooth; small denticles inside outer lip. MiTROMORPHA (Lovellona) atramentosa (Rceve) Conns atramentosus Reeve. 1849. Conch. Icon. v. I, sp. 315. Conus atramentosus Reeve. Weinkauff 1875. Conch. Cab. V. 4 (2) p. 382. Conus (Conella) atramentosus (Reeve) Tryon. 1884. Man- ual of Conch, v. 6, p. 85. Conorbis atramentosa (Reeve) \Columbellidae] Pace. 1902. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon. v. 5, pp. 43, 56. Columbella (Conidea) atramentosa (Reeve) Schepman. 1911. Siboga Rep. v. 2, p. 338. Lovellona atramentosa (Reeve) [Turridae] Iredale. 1917. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon. v. 12, pp. 329. Mitromorpha (Lovellona) atramentosa (Reeve) Thiele. 1929. Handbuch System. Weicht. v. 2, p. 366. Mitromorpha (Lorellona) [sic] atramentosa (Reeve) Wenz. 1943. Handbuch Palaozoologie, v. 6, p. 1428. Type locality: Island of Mindoro, Philippines. Range: littoral Indo-Pacific, Hawaii to Zanzibar. The combination of cone-shape, straight smooth columella, small denticles inside the outer lip and lack of a turrid sinus, found in the shell of M. atramentosa proved puzzling to many authors. Many, including Weinkauff (1875) and Tryon (1884), considered it an ally of the West Indian "Conus" dormitor Sow- erby and put it in the conid subgenus Conorbis Swainson or in Conella Swainson. But Pace, in 1902, after a study which in- cluded the type lot of atramentosa, decided that this group was not Conidae. He put Conorbis, including atramentosa and dor- mitor in the buccinid family Columbellidae. These changes of classification were made with little or no discussion of the reasons therefor, and were apparently based solely on shell characters. Meanwhile, Dall (1889, pp. 164-165) studying some related American material, relegated the West Indian dormitor and allied species to the eastern Pacific genus "Mitromorplia A. Ads." (Pleurotomaridae) . He did not mention the Indo-Pacific species in his paper. In 1917, Iredale showed that Carpenter, not A. January, 1959 NAUTILUS 77 Ads., was the author of Mitromorpha and the type species was the Eastern Pacific, filosa not gracilis Carpenter as had been previously supposed. Concerned with the position of the Indo- Pacific members of the group, he created a new turrid genus Lovellona, type atramentosa, without giving his reasons for so doing. Since then, Thiele (1929) and Wenz (1943) have reduced Lovellona to a section or subgenus of Mitromorpha. None of these authors gave references to the radula or soft parts of either atramentosa or filosa so it is assumed these conclusions on their affiliations were drawn from shell characters alone. This makes the comparison of the radulae of these species interesting for the radula is particularly valuable in indicating superspecific relationship. The radula of M. atramentosa is toxoglossate. Its shaft-like teeth and radula formula, 1: 0: 0: 0: 1, exclude the species from the rachiglossate family Columhellidae, 0: 1: 1: 1: 0. Its teeth show considerable resemblance to the Mitromorpha genotype, M. filosa (figs. 1 and 2) . They are simple, without barbed tips, serrate shafts, or knobbed bases characteristic of many groups of Conus (Peile, 1939) or complexly folded and barbed as in Conorbis (Thiele, 1929, p. 372). Minor differences, such as the larger base and slightly stockier form of atramentosa teeth, do not in themselves warrant generic recognition. Fig. 1. Single tooth from the radula of Mitromorpha atramentosa (Reeve). Outer reef at Kiwengwa, Zanzibar. (Natural Science Foundation) , ANSP. 212283. Fig. 2. Single tooth from the radula of Mitromorpha filosa (Car- penter) . San Pedroa Bay, California. (I. S. Oldroyd) ANSP. 114438. The radula of M. atramentosa is confirming evidence that the species is correctly placed in the genus Mitromorpha (Turridae^ 78 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) Bibliography Dall, W. H., 1889. Blake Report, v. 2, pp. 164, 165. Iredale, Tom, 1917. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon., v. 12, pp. 322-330. Pace, S., 1902. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon., v. 5, pp. 43, 56. Peile, A. J., 1939. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon., v. 23, pp. 348-355. Powell, A. W. B.. 1942. Bull. Auck. Inst. & Mus. 2, pp. 29, 32, 71, 170, 171. Schepman, M. xM., 1911. Siboga Report, v. 2, pp. 337, 338. Thiele, Johannes, 1929. Handbuch System. Weicht. v. 2, pp. 366, 372. Tryon, G. W., 1884. Manual Conch., (1) v. 6, pp. 85, 161, 317. Wenz, W., 1943. Handbuch Palaozoo., v. 6, pp. 1427, 1428. Woodring, Wendell P., 1928. Bowden, pt. 2, pp. 249, 250. MARINE SHELLS OF MIDDLETON ISLAND, ALASKA By G. DALLAS HANNA and LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN Middleton Island is located in the Gulf of Alaska, about 80 miles south of Cordova. It has been visited very infrequently in the past because of poor landing facilities. In June, 1956, Nor- man Wilimovsky, John Thomas and Robert Rausch investigated the natural history of the island to determine, in so far as possible, the species of animals and plants which have become established there. Modifications of the surface features are expected to result from large scale activities in the future.* The 1956 party assembled a small collection of mollusks which has been submitted to the California Academy of Sciences for identification. Twenty-one species are present in the lot and also one barnacle. To these may be added for reference purposes, two additional species cited by Dall (1921, pp. 32, 107) from Middleton Island. Thus the known marine mollusks from this island consist of 5 pelecypods, 14 gastropods, 3 chitons, 1 cepha- lopod and one barnacle. All, with one possible exception, are known to occur in waters of this general region at the present time. However, this one, Littorina arctica, may have been cited in Alaskan literature under a different name. * These studies were aided bv a contract between the Office of Naval Re- search, Department of the Navy, and the Arctic Institute of North America. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purj)ose of the United States Government. NAUTILUS 72(3) PLATE 9 Plate 9. Outlines of shells from various specimens of Aplysia californica Cooper. The commas indicate the location of the shell nucleus in each speci- men . NAUTILUS 72(8) PLATE 10 Upper 2 lies.. Mh.scuIus vrrnicosus ( MuUlc.ulorll) . l.owcsi t.g.. l.ttorwa ipiKT -^ Ilg arc tied Mofller January, 1959 nautilus 79 A geological investigation of the islands has been made by Don. J. Miller (1953), of the U. S. Geological Survey. During the course of his work he obtained 20 species of mollusks (iden- tified by F. Stearns MacNeil) from Pleistocene sedimentary beds. Oddly enough, none of these species was found in the collection being considered here. It is practically certain that the lists of both fossil and recent species represent only a small portion of the total molluscan fauna of the island and adjacent waters. No records of land or freshwater forms have been seen. A report on the vascular flora of Middleton Island was pub- lished by Thomas (1957) who listed 116 species and subspecies representing 42 families. He mentioned that the majority of these plants also occur to the north on the mainland of Alaska and on Hinchinbrook Island and Montague Island. A popular account of this island and its former inhabitants was published by Parker (1923). We acknowledge with appreciation the assistance of Allyn G. Smith in the identification of some of the species and Margaret M. Hanna for the drawings of the two which are illustrated. List of species Pelecypoda: Cardita prolongata Carpenter [Dall, 1921, p. 32]. Musculus vernicosus (Middendorff) . Mytilus californianus Con- rad. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Protothaca staminea ruderata (De- shayes). Gastropoda: Acmaea crihraria Carpenter. Acmaea mitra Esch- scholtz. Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz. Acmaea scutum Eschscholtz. Buccinum baeri morchianum Fischer. Diodora aspera (Esch- scholtz). Epitonium (Opalia) chacei Strong. Littorina arctica Moller. Margarites pupilla (Gould). Ocene- bra lurida Middendorff. Ocenebra lurida munda Carpenter [Dall, 1921, p. 107]. Searlesia dira (Reeve). Thais canaliculata (Duclos). Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Amphineura: M opalia wosnessenskii (Middendorff) . Schizo- plax brandtii (Middendorff) . Tonicella lineata (Wood) . Cephalopoda: Octopus sp. Cirripedia: Balanus cariosus Pallas. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758, p. 705. "Habitat in O. Euro- paeo, Indico & M. Balthico." Dodge, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 100, Art. 1, p. 213, 1952. Soot-Ryen, 1955, p. 19, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; text figs. 1, 2, 10, 11, 1955. 80 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) A few specimens in the present collection are referable to the well-known mussel Mytilus edulis: Several names have been proposed for forms of this species occurring in the northeast Pacific. These include Mytilus trossulus Gould (1850, p. 344; Schenck, 1945, p. 519, pi. 67, figs. 9-13) described from "Killi- mook [Tillimook], Puget Sound, Oregon," Mytilus glomeratus Gould (1851, p. 92) from "San Francisco," and Mytilus edulis diegensis Coe (1945, p. 28; 1946, pis. 1, 2) from the "pier of the Scripps Institution" at La Jolla, Galifornia, A monographic study of West American Mytilidae led Soot-Ryen (1952, p. 20) to place these names in the synonymy of M. edulis and he stated, "They may be ecological forms or genetically determined, but at present it seems impossible to circumscribe a group of speci- mens from one locality so well that they can be recognized in a large collection from many localities." Additional names applied to members of the Mytilus edulis clan, rather generally overlooked by west American writers, are those of Nordmann (1862, p. 422, pis. 11, 12) based on forms from "der Insel Edgecombe" near Sitka, Alaska. Nordmann pro- posed the name "Mytilus edulis, forma gigantea" {Mytilus gi- ganteus Holmberg in litt.) for a giant of M. edulis and a further subdivision of this large form into No. 1 "minor/' length, 90 mm., No. 2, "major" (pi. 11, figs. 1, 2), length, 132 mm., and a huge form. No. 3, "maximus" (pi. 12, figs. I, 2), length, 235 mm. The latter form measured 97 mm. in width, 78 mm. in convexity, and the ligament 135 mm. in length. The illustrations of the form maximus shown by Nordmann on his Plate 12 reveal the presence of very coarse concentric sculpture similar to that on some huge specimens of Mytilus calif or ni anus Conrad from southeastern Alaska. The latter spe- cies is sculptured with radial ribs in addition to the concentric rugae, but sometimes the radial ribs are scarcely visible on shells covered with periostracum. There is therefore an element of doubt as to whether the shell illustrated on Nordmann's Plate 12 might be referable to Conrad's species rather than to M. edulis. The huge form from the Pliocene of northern California illus- trated by Manning %z Ogle (1950, pi. 8, fig. B) under the name of "Mytilus edulis Linnaeus var," with a length of 235 nun. ap- pears to be quite similar to the giant forms of M. edulis described January, 1959 nautilus 81 from southeastern Alaska. According to Taki & Oyama (1954, pi. 12, figs. 20a, b), the species cited by Yokoyama under the name of Mytilus giganteus Holmberg from strata of Pliocene age in Japan is referable to Mytilus crassitesta Lischke. MuscuLus vERNicosus (Middendorff) PI. 10, upper 2 figs. Mod[iolaria]. vernicosa Middendorff, 1849, part 3, p. 536 (20) , pi. 11, figs. 25, 26, 27, 27a. "Das Ochotskische Meer (Midd.); die Inseln Kadjak und Ugak, an der Nordwestkiiste Amerika's (Wosness.)." Oldroyd, 1924a, p. 78, pi. 28, fig. 11. "Range: Bering Sea to Sitka, Alaska." Four specimens in the present collection, the largest 10.7 mm. in length, 8 mm. in height, and 4.6 mm. in maximum convexity (both valves together), are here referred to Musculus vernicosus (Middendorff) . An illustration of Middendorff's spe- cies appeared in I. S. Oldroyd's work but the original description was not included in her paper. As an aid to others, it is here cited as follows: "Testa ovato-oblonga, abbreviata, umbonis a latere antico valde remotis, tumida, tenui, translucente, laevi, area nulla, striarum radialium vestigiis obsoletis solummodo antice dete- gendis; extus aeque ac rubente-fusca; epidermide adnata vernico- sissima; margine tenerrime denticulato." (Middendorff). The present specimens agree in all particulars with the de- scription given by Middendorff. They also agree with the illus- tration of Modiolaria vernicosa given by I. S. Oldroyd except that the present shells appear to be slightly longer in proportion to the height. The similarity is so great that we are inclined to refer our specimens to the species described by Middendorff. Judging solely from the original descriptions of Modiolaria olivacea Dall (1916, p. 405), which was described from "Off Bering Island, in 10 fathoms," we were at first inclined to refer our specimens to that species. Dall stated that "This differs in sculpture, color, and proportions from the young of M. laeviga- tusr Modiola laevigata Gray (1824, p. CCXLV. Ref. to Chemnitz, Conch.— Gab., Vol. 8, p. 193, pi. 86, figs. 764a, b; Wood, 1828, p. 8, pi. 2, Mytilus, fig. 5) was originally described from Arctic waters. It was cited by Dall (1921) as occurring in west American 82 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) waters and was illustrated by I. S. Oldroyd (1924, pi. 3, fig. 5), but in a later publication the same year (1924a, p. 77) this species along with M. discors L. was referred to M. substriata Gray, 1824, and the range was given as Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Jensen (1912) cited both laevigata (p. 57, pi. 3, figs. 4a, 4b) and substriata (p. 58, pi. 3, figs. 5a, 5b) as varieties of M. discors L. The present specimens completely lack the diagonal impression present on shells of the discors group. The illustration of Musculus olivaceus (Dall) given by Soot- Ryen (1955, pi. 8, fig. 39) from Oregon, is that of a shell sculp- tured with well developed radial riblets. If this be typical of Ball's species, it is not at all similar to the present shells from Middleton Island. LiTTORiNA ARCTiCA Moller. PI. 10, lowest fig. L\itorina] arctica Moller, 1842, p. 82 (separate p. 9). Ref. to "Nerita litoralis F.G. L. 5, 3."— Philippi, 1848, p. 68(62), pi. 7, figs. 24, 25, 26. [Ref. to Moller, p. 9, and Nerita litoralis O. Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandiae, p. 402 (non Linnaeus)]. "Patria: Mare arcticum Gronlandiam et Novajam Sembljam alluens." Littorina arctica (Moller). Kobelt, 1907, p. 63, pi. Ill, fig. 6. [Illustration from Philippi]. "Aufenthalt im hohen Nerden, an Gronland und Navaja Semlja." Littorina gronlandica (Menke). Dall, 1921, p. 153. [Not (of) Menke, Synop. Meth. Moll., p. 45, 1830. Reference to " (Chemn. Conch. Cab. V. fig. 1855, a.b.) ," which is a spirally ribbed form]. Several specimens of a low-spired, almost black Littorina without sculpture except for growth lines, were among the speci- mens collected. Some difficulty was experienced in selecting an acceptable name for this form. It is almost certainly the same species to which Dall referred in 1921 as Littorina gronlandica. He cited "Tryon, Man., Vol. 9, pi. 41, fig. 7" for an illustration of the species, one which Tryon copied from "Conch. Icon. f. 69," and which he cited as "Littorina arctica Moll. (r= littoralis)." Littorina littoralis L. {Nerita littoralis L., Syst., Nat., ed. 10, p. 777, 1758; ed. 12, p. 1253, 1767) as generally interpreted is a low-spired very thick shell and would not likely be considered equivalent to the one under consideration. Sars (1878, p. 165, pi. 9, figs. 9, a-b) cited L. arctica as a synonym of Littorina palli- ata Say (Turbo palliatus Say, 1822, p. 240. "Inhabits the shores of the New England States") . This later species was considered by January, 1959 nautilus 83 Tryon (1887, p. 303) to be a variety of L. littoralis but Kobelt (1907, p. 62, pi. 110, figs. 21, 22; pi. Ill, fig. 8; pi. 112, figs. 7-11, 21.) recognized it as a distinct species. It has fine spiral sculpture according to the figures given by him. He also considered L. arctica to be a distinct species (1907, p. 63, pL 111, fig. 6) , a decision with which we concur. Whether this species is as generally distributed as might be inferred from the range given by Dall (1921) for "L. gronlandica Menke," namely, "the Okhotsk and Bering seacoasts and east- ward to Sitka, Alaska; Puget Sound? Also Greenland," and as might be inferred from his reference to Tryon's figure, is un- certain. We have not found these smooth, clean, unsculptured shells in any other Alaskan collections thus far. Literature Cited Coe, W. R. 1945. Min. Conch. Club South. Calif., No. 48, p. 28, May. . 1945a. Jour. Exper. Zool. 99 (1), pp. 1-14, June. . 1946. Jour. Morphol. 78 (1), pp. 85-103, pis. 1, 2, January. Dall, W. H. 1916. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52 (2183), pp. 393-417, December 27. . 1921. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 112, pp. 1-217, pis. 1-22, Feb- ruary 24. Gould, A. A. 1850. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. 3, pp. 343-348, De- cember. . 1851. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 4, pp. 87-93, November. Gray, J. E. 1824. Shells. [In] A Supplement to the appendix of Captain Parry's Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage, in the years 1819-20. Containing an account of the subjects of Natural History (John Murray: London), pp. CCXL-CCXLVI. [The copy of this work which we have seen belongs to the American Museum of Natural History in New York. It is found with the volume dealing with Parry's Second Voyage which was issued in 1824.] Jensen, A. S. 1912. The Danish Ingolf expedition. Vol. 2, Pt. 5, Lamellibranchiata, Pt. 1, pp. 1-119, pis. 1-4, 5 figs, in text, October 23. Kobelt, W. 1906-1908. Iconographie der Schalentragenden euro- paeschen Meeresconchylien, Bd. 4, pp. 1-172, pis. 99-126. [Lieferung 1, pp. 1-16, pis. 99-102, 1906; Lieferung 2, pp. 17-32, pis. 103-106, 1906; Lieferung 3, pp. 33-56, pis. 107- 110, 1906; Lieferung 4, pp. 57-80, pis. 111-114, 1907; Liefe- rung 5, pp. 81-104, pis. 115-118, 1908; Lieferungen 6 and 7, pp. 105-172, pis. 119-126, 1908]. 84 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) Lamy, E. 1937. Journ. de Conch., 81 (1), pp. 1-71. April 15. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae (Holmiae), ed. 10, Vol. 1, pp. 1-823 (+1). . 1767. As above, ed. 12, Vol. 1, Pars. 2, pp. 533-1327 (+ Nomina Generica). Manning, G. A., and Ogle, B. A. 1950 Calif. Dept. Nat. Res. Div. iMin., Bull. 148, pp. 1-36, pis. 1-13, figs. 1, 2, in text, July. Middendorff, A. T. von, 1847-1849. Mem. sci. nat. Acad. Imper. sci. St-Petersbourg, 6 (1), pp. M51, pis. 1-14, 1847; pt. 2, pp. 1-187, pis. 15-21, 1819; pt. 3, pp. 1-94, 1849. Miller, D. J. 1953. Jour, of Geol. 61 (1), pp. 17-40, 4 figs, in text, 7 tables, January. Moller, H. P. C. 1842. Index Molluscorum Groenlandiae. Natur- historische Tidschrift. Bd. 4, pp. 76-97. Nordmann, A. von. 1862. Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes de Moscoli, 35 (2), pp. 408-425, pis. 10-12. Oldroyd, I. S. 1924. Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Station, University Wash. 4 pp. 1-272, pis. 1-49, March. . 1924a. Stanford University Pub. University Ser. Geol. Sci., 1 (1) pp. 1-248, pis. 1-57. Parker, M. P. 1923. A northern Crusoe's island. Nat. Geogr. Mag., 44 (3), pp. 313-326, 16 illustr., September. Philippi, R. A. 1848. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Oder wenig gekannter Conchylien (Kassel), Bd. 3, Heft 3, Litorina, pp. 61-69 (55-63), tab. 7, February. Sars, G. O. 1878. Bidrag til Kundskaben om norges Arktiske fauna. I. Mollusca Regionis Arcticae Norvegiae. (Christi- ana), pp. I-XIII (-1-3), 1-466, pis. 1-52, 1 map. Say, T. 1822. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2, pp. 221-248, June- Schenck, H. G. 1945. Jour. Paleo., 19, No. 5, pp. 504-521, pis. 66, 67, 3 figs, in text, September. Soot-Ryen, T. 1955. Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-174, pis. 1-10, text figs. 1-78, November 10. Taki, I., and Oyama, K. 1954. Palaeo. Soc. Japan, Spec. Papers No. 2, pp. 1-68, pis. 1-49, March 1. Thomas, J. H. 1957. Contrib. Dudley Herbarium (Nat. Hist. Mus.," Stanford Univ.), 5, (2), pp. 39-56, figs. 1, 2 (in text), November 1. Tryon, G. W., Jr. 1887. Manual of Conchology (Philadelphia), Vol. 9, pp." 1-488, pis. 1-71. Wood, W. 1828. Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus; or a catalogue of shells, British and foreign. (London), pp. I-IV, 1-59, pis. 1-8. I January, 1959 nautilus 85 LAND SNAILS OF E. N. HUYCK PRESERVE, NEW YORK By WILLIAM B. MUCHMORE Department of Biology, University of Rochester, New York Ingram (1941 and 1946) has listed the land mollusks of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve/ Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York, and has commented upon the utilization of stones for shelter by snails in that area. Seventeen species of snails and three species of slugs were reported from the Preserve. Of about 5000 individual snails observed from June 15 to September 1, 1940, only three specimens (all Anguispira alternata) were found beneath stones (a total of 1350 turned over); the other snails occurring under logs, sticks, leaves, humus, etc. From his studies, Ingram concluded that "snails prefer shelter beneath humus and logs (where moist soil exists), to shelter beneath stones where the three are found together on the forest floor" (as at the Huyck Preserve) . On the other hand, in a flood plain forest at Ithaca, New York, where logs and debris were absent he found 265 snails beneath stones (956 turned). During the summer of 1955 the present author turned over many thousands of logs, sticks, rocks, stones, etc., on the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve in search of salamanders and various arthropods. At first little attention was paid to the molluscan fauna, but a number of snails and slugs were found beneath rocks and stones, contrary to Ingram's contention. Representa- tive individuals were collected in a rather off-hand way, since the author is no expert on these animals, but still the list of species sheltering under stones grew to respectable proportions. In the middle of summer, I decided to make a quantitative esti- mate of the number of snails which could be collected from under stones. Accordingly, 100 stones (150 on two occasions) were turned over at random in each of a number of different ecological areas. In all, 1400 stones were turned with the follow- ing results. (Only living animals were collected. Dead shells which might have been washed under the stones by water or which might have been carried under by shrews, etc., were ignored): August 11: 150 stones turned in and around crumbling foun- dations of old felt mill on banks of creek, under young decidu- For a description of the Preserve, see Odum (1943) 86 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) ous trees. Stones were nearly all flat, ranging in size from 3-4 inches to 1-2 feet in diameter; most rested on other stones rather than on soil; dry under most, but some moisture retained in debris under some. Snails found were: Zonitoides arboreus,^ 4 examples. Anguispira alternata, 5. Helicodiscus parallelus, 3. Punchim minutissimiim, 1. Gastro- copta contractn, 1. Vertigo ventricosa, 52. Vertigo gonldi, 26. Immature (undetermined), 12. Total, 104. August 11: 100 stones, along path in south side of ravine of Rensselaerville Falls — mostly open, but occasional shrub cover. Stones mostly flat, ranging from 3-4 inches to li/g feet in diam- eter, resting on sloping talus; very dry under most. Stenotrema fraternum, 1. Euconulus fulvus, 5. Zonitoides arbo- reiis, 5. Siiccinea ovalis, 1. Vertigo ventricosa, 2. Total, 14. August 15: 100 stones in and beside old wall at edge of old apple orchard. Stones mostly flat, 1-2 feet in diameter, and rest- ing on other stones. It was damp under most of the stones at this time but most of the snails found were inactive. Zonitoides arboreus, 3. Discus catskillensis, 2. Vertigo ventri- cosa, 46. Cionella lubrica, 35. Immature (undetermined), 3. Total, 89. August 15: 100 stones, around base of old grist mill near creek, under second-growth deciduous canopy. Stones most flat, from 2-3 inches to 1-2 feet in diameter, and resting on other stones or on debris and trash or firmly embedded in ground; fairly moist under most. Anguispira alternata, 8. Zonitoides arboreus, 1. Punctum min- utissimum, 3. Succinea ovalis, 1. Gastrocopta pentodon, 1. Gas- trocopta tappaniana, 1. Total, 15. August 15: 100 stones from fallen wall along road, under small deciduous trees and shrubs. Most stones lay on ground but some remained piled on other stones; mostly flat, but some nearly round; 6 inches to 1 foot in diameter. Stenotrema fraternum, 1. Triodopsis tridentata, 2. Euconulus fulvus, 2. Retinella rhoadsi, 5. Discus catskillensis, 2. Immature (undetermined), 13. Total, 25. August 16: 100 stones in nearly pure, mature hemlock forest at edge of Lincoln Pond. Stones mostly flat; 4-5 inclies to 3 feet in diameter; embedded in soil or lying on other stones or debris. Slightly moist under most. Triodopsis tridentata, 1. Ventridens intertextus, 1. Helico- discus parallelus, 1. Cionella lubrica, 2. Immature (undeter- mined), 7. Total, 12. August 17: 150 stones on steep talus slope on north side of 2 I wish to thank Mr. Leslie Hubrichl for his aid in identification of the snails mentioned in this paper. January, 1959 nautilus 87 small stream — young sugar maple-hop hornbeam [orest. Stones flat; 4-6 inches to 3 feet in diameter; mostly lying on other stones or debris; moist under most. (Since a few snails were lost acci- dentally from this collection, the numbers reported below are minimal): Triodopsis tridentata, 1. Haplotrema concaxmm, 1. Euconulus fulvus, 1. Retinella rhoadsi, 13. Mesomphix inornatus, 3. Mesom- phix cupreus, 6. Paravitrea multidentata, 2. Zonitoides arhoreus, 2. Immature (undetermined) , 8. Total, 37. August 23: 100 stones in flood plain forest at head of Lake Myosotis; ash, elm, maple and basswood predominant. Stones scarce, most embedded in the soil; flat to round, 3 inches to II/2 feet in diameter. Soil moist, and worms present under many stones. Eucojiulus fulvus, 1. Helicodiscus parallelus, 2. Total, 3. August 24: 100 stones in mature beech-hemlock forest N. E. of Lincoln Pond. Most stones flat, 3 inches to 114 feet in diam- eter; most embedded in soil but some lying on other stones. Only two snails found, both under the same large rock near a brook. Immature (undetermined), 2. August 26: 100 stones in fallow field on south side of hill. Stones 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. Sun had warmed stones so that most were dry beneath, but the larger and thicker ones were moist on the undersides. Vertigo ventricosa, 3. August 26: 100 stones in young maple-hop hornbeam forest on north slope of hill (same as above) . Most stones flat — 4 inches to 2 feet in diameter, dry beneath, though soil was moist under them. Mesomphix cupreus, 3. Ventridens intertextus, 1. Helico- discus parallelus, 3. Vertigo ventricosa, 2. Total, 9. September 2: 100 stones under large, mature sugar maples along stream. Stones 3 inches to 1 foot in diameter, some on soil, some on other stones. Soil quite damp and undersides of most stones also moist. Retinella rhoadsi, 4. Paravitrea multidentata, 1. Ventridens intertextus, 1. Zonitoides arhoreus, 1. Immature (undetermined) , 5. Total, 12. September 2: 100 stones in old wall paralleling stream (same as above) under young sugar maples. Stones from 6 inches to 3 feet in diameter; most lying on other stones; many with accu- mulation of organic debris beneath. Euconulus fulvus, 11. Zonitoides arhoreus, 7. Striatura exigua, 1. Gastrocopta pentodon, 1. Vertigo ventricosa, 2. Immature (undetermined), 4. Total, 26. Thus, a total of 351 living specimens of shell-bearing snails were taken from under 1400 stones or rocks. Of these, 297 were 88 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) identifiable and proved to represent no less than 22 species! Other species, specimens of which were found beneath rocks on the Huyck Preserve, incidental to the collection of other animals, are the following: Triodopsis albolabris, 1 specimen. Hawaiia minuscula, 1 speci- men. Vertigo milium, 2 specimens. CarycJiium exiguum, 1 speci- men. Furthermore, a number of small slugs were observed beneath stones. A few of these were collected, but were immature and remain unidentified. It is, therefore, not certain which of the four slugs known to occur on the Preserve may seek shelter under rocks. The following five species have also been found on the Huyck Preserve but have not yet been observed to occur beneath stones in that area: Mesodon sayanus, Triodopsis dentifera, Triodopsis notata, Ventridens ligerus, and Oxyloma retusa. The above evidence clearly indicates that the great majority (at least 27 out of 35) of the terrestrial snails found on the Huyck Preserve may at one time or another crawl beneath rocks and stones. Some, such as Triodopsis albolabris, Haplotrema concavum and Succinea ovalis, may seek such shelter only rarely, while others, such as Euconulus fulvus, Helicodiscus parallelus, Vertigo ventricosa and Cionella lubrica may very commonly occupy this habitat. Since no count or collections were made of specimens under logs, bark, leaves, etc., no accurate comparison can be made of the relative desirabilities of these various habi- tats. Seemingly, however, snails utilize the most convenient suitable shelter when conditions in the open send them into hiding. Where only stones or only logs are available, then these objects must be used exclusively. But where rocks and logs are present together, then both may be utiHzed more or less equally, depending on the conditions of space and moisture (and food?) beneath each. A further result of this study is the addition of a number of species to the list of terrestrial gastropods found on tlie E. N. Huyck Preserve. Ingram (1946) has listed 20 species, including 3 slugs. To this we can now add 15 species, including the slug Umax maximns. The list below now includes the following species (* indicates species added by this study) : January, 1959 nautilus 89 Stenotrema fraternum (Say) *Limax maximus Linnaeus *Mesodon sayanus (Pilsbry) Deroceras laeve (Miiller) Triodopsis tridentata (Say) Angiiispira alternata (Say) T. albolahris (Say) Discus catskillensis (Pils.) T. dentifera (Binney) Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) T. notata (Deshayes) *Piinctum minutissimum (Lea) Haplotrema concavum (Say) Arion circumscriptus Johnston Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) Philomycus flexuolaris (Raf.) *Retinella rhoadsi (Pils.) Oxyloma relusa (Lea) Mesomphix inornatus (Say) Succinea ovalis (Say) M. cupreiis (Rafinesque) *Gastrocopta contracta (Say) *Paravitrea multidentata *G. pentodon (Say) (Binney) *G. tappaniana (C. B. Adams) * Haw alia minuscula (Binney) * Vertigo milium (Gould) *Ventridens ligerus (Say) *V. ventricosa (Morse) V. intertextus (Binney) *V. gouldi (Binney) Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) Cionella lubrica (Miiller) *Striatura exigua (Stimpson) *Carychium exiguum (Say) This list is probably fairly representative of the snail fauna of the Helderberg Plateau in the southern and western part of Albany County, New York. It is, however, not at all complete. This contention is strongly indicated by the ease with which the present writer, no expert in the field, has nearly doubled the number of reported species. The small forms such as Retinella, Paravitrea, Hawaiia, Striatura, Punctum, Gastrocopta, Vertigo, and Carychium were missed entirely by Ingram, and others most probably have been overlooked by me. Further, assiduous col- lecting in the area undoubtedly will add other species to the list. In particular, three snails, found at other places on the Helder- berg Plateau, might be expected at the Preserve. These are: Strobilops sp., Bear Swamp, Westerlo. Gastrocopta armifera (Say) , J. B. Thacher State Park. Carychium exile H. C. Lea, J. B. Thacher State Park. In summary: the land snail fauna of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve is considerably richer than was formerly believed, and a large number of these snails do at one time or another seek shelter beneath rocks and stones. Literature Cited Ingram, W. M. 1941, Nautilus 55: 13-15. . 1946, Nautilus 59: 87-94. Odum, E. P. 1943, Amer. Midi. Nat. 29: 72-88. 90 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) INLAND MOLLUSKS FROM HUDSON BAY, MANITOBA* Bv WILLIAM J. WAYNE Indiana Geological Survey, Bloomington, Indiana Little has been published on the distribution of land mollusks in the eastern part of the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic. Be- cause of this geographical and ecological data are less well known than might be desired. Ecological notes are of particular value to students of the environmental conditions that sur- rounded the Pleistocene ice sheets. Arctic and subarctic mollus- can assemblages are frequently recovered as fossils from silt beds between till sheets and from the loess deposits southward from the glacial boundary (Leonard, 1952, 1953; LaRocque and Forsyth, 1957; Wayne, 1958). Dall (1905) summarized the published information that was available to that date. Oughton (1940; 1948) and Brooks and Brooks (1940) added records for Baffin Island, Labrador, north- ern Ontario, and Newfoundland. No records of nonmarine mollusks from either Churchill, Manitoba, or Southampton Island, N. W. T., seem to have been published, although Mozley (1937) noted the presence of Vertigo sp. near Fort Churchill. On August 9, 1957, I was able to collect mollusks in the vicin- ity of the airstrip near Churchill. During the following sixteen days, I examined five areas in the south and west parts of Southampton Island, where I made geological observations, for the presence of land mollusks. Both the positive and negative results of this collecting are presented here in order to place the additional distributional and ecological data on record. Churchill is on the southwest coast of Hudson Bay, at the mouth of the Churchill River. The airfield, where these mollusks were collected, is about five miles east of the town, approxi- mately at latitude 58°45' north and longitude 94°05' west. The northern limit of coniferous forests is a few miles south of Churchill (Ritchie, 1956; 1957). Stunted spruce trees, along with larch, dwarf birch, and willow, grow on drier ground all * Dr. D. G. Frcy and John Stahl, Zoology Depaiimcnt, and Dr. George Neumann, Holm Neumann, and W. R. Adams, Anthropology Department, all of Indiana University, assisted in the collecting at Churchill. Mr. John Ruehler, president of Indiana Gear Works. IncUanapolis. Indiana, made the trip possible. Dr. Aurele LaRocque, Ohio State IJniversity, has reviewed the manuscript. January, 1959 nautilus 91 the way to the coast, but the low ground is almost entirely muskeg covered with scattered tundra ponds. The mean annual temperature at Churchill is about — 8°C (19°F) and mean annual total precipitation is about 13 inches, of which 10 inches falls as rain. Mean July temperature is 13°C (55°F) , mean sum- mer (June through September) temperature is 9.3°C (49°F) , and mean January temperature is — 28°C ( — 19°F) . Permanently frozen ground is reported to be continuous and is found to a depth of about 140 feet (Jenness, 1949, p. 19-20). Features of the topography, vegetation, climate, and geoglogy at Churchill are summarized in a recent report on temperature gradient in the active layer of the soil by Beckel (1957, p. 152- 154). Land mollusks were moderately abundant on sedges in the muskeg and around the edges of tundra ponds, and on the drier slopes as high as 3.0 meters above the muskeg, where they were found beneath rotting spruce logs, fiat rocks, and cardboard and crating lumber debris. During several hours of collecting along the west edge of the airstrip, 106 individuals representing 8 species of land mollusks and one species of aquatic snail were found. Coral Harbour, the only permanent settlement on South- ampton Island, N. W. T., is located approximately 64°08' north, longitude 83° 10' west. Mean annual temperature is — 12°C (10°F) and mean annual total precipitation is about 10 inches, of which five inches falls as rain. Mean July temperature is 7.5°C (45°F) and mean summer temperature is 4°C (39°F). The Points is a high ridge in the interior of the southwestern part of Southampton Island, and the locality examined is lati- tude 63°36' north, longitude 85°03' west. Low areas everywhere on the island are tundra ponds and muskeg; slopes and higher ground at Coral Harbour are bare exposures of gneiss. At all other localities I visited, they are limestone and glacial drift rubble. Land and fresh-water mollusks seem to be rare on Southamp- ton Islands. Likely habitats were examined at five places in the southern part of the island. Two of these, Coral Harbour and The Points, yielded a few specimens of the slug, Deroceras laeve (Miiller), but no mollusks were found at any of the other 92 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(3) three localities examined: Manico Point, a small point along the coast about eight miles north of Ruin Point, and an area about 3 miles west of the mouth of Kirchoffer River. Columella alticola (Ingersoll) . An arctic-alpine species, this cylindrical pupillid has been recorded in eastern North America from Baffin Island (Oughton, 1940) and from the northern coast of Ontario (Oughton, 1948, p. 48-9) . In the Rocky Mountains it is usually collected from high altitude stations (Ingersoll, 1876). Only one specimen was collected at Churchill. Deroceras laeve (Miiller) . Beside the airstrip at Churchill 10 specimens were collected from the underside of rocks, pieces of wood, and cardboard, from water level at the edge of a tundra pond to about three meters above pond level on a slope. Most of the individuals were found near water level. Five specimens of this small, dark-colored slug were the only land mollusks found on Southampton Island. Mucous trails were abundant on the lower side of flat rocks along tundra brooks at the Points, but only one specimen was located. Four specimens were observed beneath pieces of crating lumber and cardboard just above water level in muskeg within about 300 meters of the settlement at Coral Harbour. Inasmuch as most of the specimens of Deroceras came from the vicinity of the only permanent settlement in the island, one might speculate that the slug could have been introduced in the island by man. Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) . Like the slug, Deroceras, this species was found beneath trunks of fallen spruce trees, pieces of paper, and cardboard from water level at the margins of tundra ponds to about three meters above the water on a dry slope. Twelve specimens were collected. Lymnaea cf. L. arctica Lea. One fresh-water mollusk was so abundant along the edge of open pools of water in the muskeg at Churchill that it could not be overlooked, even though no systematic search was made for aquatic species. This species was in nearly all ponds and pools of fresh water examined, and was collected in three places: from a small pool on the beach at the base of the rocky bluffs at Fort Churchill, in some of the small rock basins in the quartz- January, 1959 nautilus 93 ite bluffs, and beside the airstrip in the muskeg. The 35 speci- mens collected were referred to Lymnaea arctica according to the classification of Huebendinck (1951). Dall (1905, p. 75) listed L. arctica as a synonym of L. vahlii Miiller. Pupilla muscorum (Linne). Three specimens of P. muscorum were found beneath card- board debris or fallen spruce wood between one and three meters above the muskeg. A circumboreal species, it is widely distributed in northern United States and Canada. Oughton (1940, p. 54) collected it in Ontario from localities along the southwest coast of Hudson Bay, so its presence at Churchill was expected. Succinea avara Say. Species of Succinea are difficult to identify positively from shell characteristics alone, and no anatomical studies have been made on this material. The fifteen specimens collected from the sedges and mud at the margins of ponds in the muskeg at Churchill that I have referred to 5. avara differ somewhat from living Indiana specimens identified as 5. avara, but the shells of the Churchill specimens are identical in all characteristics to specimens recovered from Pleistocene Wisconsin Stage sediments in Indiana. It also fits closely the descriptions of S. grosvenovii gelida F. C. Baker and S. oblonga Draparnaud. The most noticeable differences between the group collected at Churchill and the species now living in Indiana are those of size of shell and size and shape of aperture. Measurements of 5 mature specimens of the Churchill lot are given in table 1. Table 1. Succinea avara and S. verrilli Succinea avara No. of Whorls 3^4 3J4. ^e gently down to the valleys of these rivers. April, 1959 nautilus 123 Geologically the land is quite variable. Triassic red shales and sandstones dominate the northwestern section of the county, with incursions of granite, schist, and marble. The greater part of the county is dominated by schist, with major incursions of the above mentioned rocks. Mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches, spring being the wettest season. Often there is very little rain in late summer and early autumn. The mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees, and the growing season lasts approximately 160 days. With the exception of widely scattered patches of thin decidu- ous forest, the entire county has been cultivated extensively. However, excellent habitats for land snails are furnished by numerous railroad cuts and quarries, in which discarded ties, loose rocks, and thick underbrush provide shelter. During the years 1955 to 1958, the majority of my collecting was done in such places. A total of 37 species of land snails were found, many of them abundant at seemingly barren and unproductive stations. The destruction of the forest has contributed many new habitats to the general picture, providing environments not often found in nature. In this manner, agriculture has been a serious factor in limiting the distribution of such forest species as Haplotrema concavum and the philomycid slugs. Numerous others, however, have adapted themselves to the secondary conditions. Locality Records Stenotrema hirsiitum (Say) : Quarry on Route 31 between West- minster and New Windsor. Marble quarry south of West- minster on Route 27; Shervette's Corner on Route 26. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Mesodon thyroidus (Say) : Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Rail- road tracks at Mt. Airy. Shervette's Corner on Route 26. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Triodopsis jiixtidens (Pils.) : Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg (albinistic specimens) . Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Woods near Monocacy River off Keysville Road. 124 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Triodopsis fallax (Say) : Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Off Route 97 between Taneytown and Monocacy River. Triodopsis alholabris (Say): Woods along Route .81 north of \Vestminstcr. Cecilioides acicula (Miill.): Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Haplotrema concnviim (Say) : Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Marble quarry south of West- minster on Route 27. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck) : Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Retinella burringtoni (Pils.) : Woods beside Kay's Mill Road near Route 91 near Finksburg. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Retinella rhoadsi (Pils.) : In leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Marble quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Retinella indentata (Say): Quarry on Route 31 bet^veen West- minster and New Windsor. Railroad track at New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finks- burg. Under pieces of wood and wet sandstone in field at Taneytown. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Hawaiia minuscida (Binney): In leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Around founda- tion of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Under wet sandstone, field at Taneytown. Ventridens suppressus (Say) : In leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Woods off Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Marble quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. W'oods near Patapsco on Route 90. Ventridens ligera (Say) : Under wet sandstone, field at Taney- town. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Off Route 97 between Taneytown and Monocacy River. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Zonitoides arboreiis (Say) : In leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Railroad tracks at Westminster. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Railroad tracks at New \Vindsor. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New AVindsor. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Woods near Monocacy River off April, 1959 nautilus 125 Keysville Road. Shervette's Corner on Route 26. Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Deroceras reticulatum (Miill.) : Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. New Windsor railroad tracks. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Deroceras laeve (Miill.): New Windsor railroad tracks. Near rail- road tracks at Cedarhurst. Limax maximus L.: Near railroad tracks at Taney town. Discus cronkhitei (Newc.) : Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hamp stead. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Under dead wood near marble quarries south of Westminster on Route 27. Leaf litter near railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Under wet sandstone and pieces of wood in field at Taneytown. Railroad tracks at Millers, on the road to Alesia. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) : Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Off Route 97 between Taneytown and Monocacy River. Leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Ruins of old building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Woods near Monocacy River off Keysville Road. Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pils.): Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Punctum minutissimum (Lea): Woods beside Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg (in leaf mould) . Woods near Patapsco on Route 90. Pallifera dorsalis (Binney) : Shervette's Corner on Route 26. Woods at Patapsco on Route 90. Philomycus flextiolaris Raf.: Woods near Monocacy River off Keysville Road. Woods at Patapsco on Route 90. Succinea avara Say: Leaf litter in low area near railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Gastrocopta armifera (Say) : Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Leaf litter along railroad track at Mt. Airy. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hamp- stead. Quarry on Route 31 between Westminster and New Windsor. Marble quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Gastrocopta contracta (Say) : Ruins of building on Route 30 at 126 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Hampstead. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Field at Taneytown. Leaf Utter along railroad tracks at iMt. Airy. Quarry on Route 31 between West- minster and New Windsor. Piipoides albilabris (C.B.Ad.) : Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Cedarhurst. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Pupilla nuiscorum (L.) : Under debris near railroad tracks at bridge, \Vestminster. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Vertigo tridentata Wolf: Quarry on Route 31 between W^est- minster and New Windsor. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Vertigo pygmaea (Drap.): Field at Taneytown. Near railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Vertigo ventricosa (Morse): Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Field at Taneytown. Columella edeiitula (Drap.): Under stone, marble quany south of Westminster on Route 27. Vallonia pulchella (Miill.) : Field at Taneytown. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Around founda- tion of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Marble quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Vallonia excentrica Sterki: Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Vallonia costata (Miill.) : Around foundation of old burned house, Kay's Mill Road off Route 91 near Finksburg. Marble quarry south of Westminster on Route 27. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Quarry on Route 31 between West- minster and New Windsor. Railroad tracks at bridge, West- minster. Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. Cionella hibrica (Miill.) : Railroad tracks at New Windsor. Field at Taneytown. Railroad tracks at bridge, Westminster. Leaf litter along railroad tracks at Mt. Airy. Ruins of building on Route 30 at Hampstead. Railroad tracks at Lineboro on Route 86. Near railroad tracks at Union Bridge. The occurrence of Pupilla ninscornm in Carroll County is rather unusual, for its general range is far to the northward. It is cjuite abundant in open situations in Frederick County. Im- portation seems likely, lo my knowledge, neither Cecilioides April, 1959 nautilus 127 acicula nor Columella edentula have been found previously in Maryland. References Pilsbry, H. A. 1939-1948. Land Mollusca of North America, North of Mexico. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Monographs 3. U. S. geological survey map # NJ. 18-1 : Baltimore, Maryland. RANGE EXTENSIONS OF SOME WEST N. A. MARINES Bv R. STOHLER Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California During an extended search for additional specimens of a pre- sumably new species of Astraea brought in by a SCUBA, diver of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, several minor range extensions of well known California mollusks were noted. In addition at least two major range extensions were observed. The former will not be listed here but the latter will be discussed below. Concurrently with the search alluded to above, there were made several intertidal collecting trips, one of which yielded a rather surprising range extension, while still another startling range extension was discovered with an experi- mental SCUBA, diver. AcMAEA FUNicuLATA (Carpenter) . This elegant species has been obtained by dredging in small numbers from a variety of localities, mostly in the region near the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. The range is given in Keen's "Abridged Check List of West North American Marine Mollusca" from 34° to 37° North Latitude. On July 19, 1957, a group of Scuba divers (consisting of Dr. E. W. Fager, R. Ghelardi, J. Stewart and W. Clarke, all from Scripps Institution) obtained this species in approximately 150 feet of the seaward side of the northern island of Los Coronados, some miles south of San Diego; this locality is at approximately 32° 27' N. Altogether 42 speci- mens were brought up, and the divers reported that the rocks and large boulders were covered with these animals. On July 26, 1957, during four successive dives to a submarine rock plateau, the same divers, joined by two others (H. Scotten and C. D. Jen- nings, also from Scripps Institution) brought up a total of 173 specimens. This rock plateau is situated about 8 miles south of 128 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) the South Coronado Island at about 32° \T 30'' N. and all speci- mens were collected at a depth of from 90 to 120 feet. ACMAEA MITRA EschscholtZ. This is a fairly common limpet in the lower intertidal region of northern and central California. Keen (loc. cit.) gives the range of this species as from 34° to 56° North Latitude. In the search alluded to above this species was found in many places; the divers participating were the same as those already listed. While 138 specimens were collected, they are distributed over 18 separate lots (with a minimum of one and a maximum of 29 specimens) from localities between Point Loma in San Diego County (32° 42' 30" N.) to off Santa Tomas, Lower California, Mexico (31° 35' N.). Depths at which these animals were col- lected range fiom about 40 feet to 150 feet. In all cases the bot- tom was described by the divers as rocky or as consisting of rock ledges and boulders. As may be worth noting, A. funiculata was more abundant in this general area than A. mitra, which might be interpreted as an indication that the former species should be found even further south while the latter appears to be very close, if not at, its southern range limit. AcMAEA FENESTRATA CRIBRARIA Carpenter. This subspecies is generally considered to be limited in its dis- tribution to an area starting just north of the town of Cayucos, San Luis Obispo County; as has been stated, any Acmaea jene- strata from south of the town is the other subspecies, i. e. A. f. fenestrata (Reeve) . Thus the southern boundary of the range of A. f. cribraria was considered to be about 35° 25' North Latitude. On July 27 and 28, 1957, the writer in company with Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Jennings and Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Wolfson, collected in the intertidal region of two places in Lower California. As best as can be ascertained the two localities are at 32° 05' (where 3 specimens were obtained) and 32° 07' N. (where 2 specimens were collected) ; as seems worth mentioning, however, the water in both these areas was "unusually" cold (no thermometer being available, temperatures were noted only subjectively) which might indicate that the Acmaea /. cribraria was in an area of a cold upwelling. April, 1959 nautilus 129 Neosimnia quaylei (Lowe). This species was described from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, in the Gulf of California, where it was found at extreme low tide. As far as this writer is aware, N. quaylei has not been reported except from the type locality. On January 3, 1958, three of the most experienced SCUBA, divers from Scripps Institution made an experimental dive to a depth of 250 feet due west off Scripps' Pier in La Jolla. Mr. Conrad Limbaugh, Marine Diving Specialist, brought up from that depth 1 Acteocina culcitella interinedia Willett, 2 Megasurcula c. carpenteriana (Gabb), 1 (dead) Mytihis edulis diegensis Coe, 1 (dead) Nemocardhnn centifilosum (Carpenter) and 2 Neosimnia quaylei (Lowe) . This appears to be the first report of Neosimnia quaylei being taken alive in California waters and not in the Gulf. While the range extension northward is but approximately two degrees of lati- tude (San Felipe: ca. 31° 03' N.; Scripps' Pier: ca. 32° 52' N.) , it is nevertheless the largest range extension noted in this paper. The two localities are separated from each other by a land mass of approximately 130 miles (by air) but following the coast of Lower California down the Gulf and around Cape San Lucas, the distance is a trifle more than a total of 1,200 miles. Sanguinolaria nuttallii Conrad. Smith and Gordon (1948) in their paper on the mollusks of Monterey Bay list this species on page 176 as from Elkhorn Slough; they further indicate that it occurs in mud and is rare. Fitch (1953) states that this species attains a length of 4 inches. On April 23, 1955, Dr. C. Hand collected one living specimen of this species at low tide in Bodega Harbor, Sonoma County (ap- proximately 38° 18' 50" N.) ; it measures 72 mm. or 2% inches. This is apparently the only specimen on record from that north- ern locality. However, on October 6, 1958, a group of divers including D. and E. Isaac of the Zoology Department of the Uni- versity of California in Berkeley, were exploring the bottom of Tomales Bay about i/g mile inside its mouth (ca. 38° 14' 15" N.) ; their aim was to discover sand dollar beds. A motorboat, from which the dives were made, in an attempt to cross the Bay got stuck on a sand bar and the efforts to free the boat led to the discovery of a large bed of 5. nuttallii. The churning of the 130 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) motor uncovered a group estimated at between 60 and 100 indi- viduals of this species in an area which at low tide was still under a little more than two feet of water. The largest individual picked up measures 126 mm. (or 5 in.) while none of those brought in measures less than 112 mm. (or 4i/2 in.) . The unusual size of these clams may be due to the fact that they occurred in an area not accessible to the ordinary clam digger; the Isaacs, though not equipped with SCUBA., nevertheless made use of face plate and snorkel when diving for the animals. With one exception, the foregoing list of range extensions is based entirely on results of exploring deeper waters with the aid of SCUBA, or (in one instance) simple skin diving. It may be anticipated that, with further application of SCUBA, diving, many interesting range extensions will be discovered, especially of species that normally cling tightly to the substrate when stim- ulated and favor large rocks for their home. Such species have not been obtained by ordinary dredging methods for obvious reasons. All specimens discussed or mentioned in this article are de- posited in the study collections of the Department of Zoology of the University of California in Berkeley. The following table summarizes the range extensions noted here. Range extension Species "Old" ran^e "New" ranj^e in degrees lat. Acmaea funiculata 34° to 37° 32° to 37° 2° southward A. mitra 34° to 56° 32° to 56° 2° southward A.fenestrata cribraria 35° to 57° 32° to 57° 3° southward Neosimnia quay lei 31° 31° to 33° 2° northward Sanguinolaria nuttallii 25° to 37° 25° to 38° 1° northward Note: the "old" ranges are taken from Keen (loc. cit.) except for the record of Neosimnia quaylei; in stating the "new" ranges the same procedure as that applied by Keen was employed, i. e. round- ing off to the next nearest degree latitude. Bibliography Fitch, John E. 1953. Common marine bivalves of California. Fish Bull. No. 90, State of Calif. Dept. Fish &: Game. Keen, A. Myra. 1937. An abridged check list and bibliography of west North American marine Mollusca. Stanford Univ. Press. Smith, Allyn G. and Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. 1948. The marine mollusks and brachiopods of Monterey Bay, California, and vicinity. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., v. 26, No. 8. April, 1959 nautilus 131 SELF-FERTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF YOUNG IN A SPHAERIID CLAM* Bv GRACE J. THOMAS Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens Many freshwater mollusks are hermaphroditic, although most of them tend to cross-fertilize. However, certain species of Physa and Lymnnea are known to produce viable, diploid eggs without copulation, and isolated individuals have successfully produced young in the laboratory. DeWitt (1954) reported securing eggs that hatched from an isolated F2 generation of Physa gyrina: Colton (1918) reared 47 generations of Lymnaea columella under similar conditions, and Crabb (1927) clearly indicated that Lyrnfiaea stagnalis appressa reproduces by self-fertilization. Stud- ies of freshwater mussels revealed that certain specimens of Anodojita imbecillis (Sterki 1898, Ortmann 1919), Anodonta grandis (van der Schalie and Locke, 1941), and Carunculma parva (Tepe, 1943) contain ripe eggs and sperm at the same time. Bloomer (1942) concluded that Anodoiita cygnea was cap- able of self-fertilization but that without extensive growth experi- ments with young animals it w'ould be hard to prove whether or not this is the usual practice in nature. Members of the family Sphaeriidae are both hermaphroditic and viviparous. They have separate ovaries and testes with a common duct opening into the cloacal chamber. There is general agreement among a number of workers on the morphology of the reproductive system, but disagreement both as to where fer- tilization takes place, and the source of the sperm. Stepanoff (1865) stated that the mature eggs fall into the common gonadal duct and become surrounded by sperm, and he assumed that fertilization takes place there. Gilmore (1917) simply pointed out that ripe sperm and eggs are found at the same time in a single animal. Woods (1931) agreed with the latter statement, but asserted that this observation is not in itself positive evidence * This work is a portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosopny at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The author wishes to acknowledge the help of members of her committee, particularly that of the chairman. Dr. Frank E. Eggleton. Thanks are also due to Dr. Robert M. DeWitt for helpful sug- gestions and comments, and to Rev. H. B. Herrington for identification of the specimens. 132 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) of self-fertilization. His attempts to answer this question were unsuccessful because of culturing difficulties. Okada (1935b) declared that in MuscuUum heterodon, eggs in the upper part of the common gonadal duct show no signs of sperm penetration nor are they surrounded by sperm, while near the urogenital orifice (the opening of the common duct into the cloacal cham- ber) they are fertilized. He pointed out that possibly sperm from other animals may enter the common gonadal duct with the inhalent current and surround the eggs as they come down the duct. Therefore, he was uncertain whether self-fertilization actually occurred. In an effort to cast some light on this problem, Odhner (1951) isolated some specimens of Pisidiinn conventus in small aquaria and isolated their young in turn. From the latter, he secured fry which constituted the true laboratory-born generation. He tlius concluded that this species is autogamic. The present study was undertaken to secure more evidence bearing on this problem. Self-fertilization in laboratory cultures: Sphaerium (Mus- cuUum) partumeium (Say) is a clam which is very abundant in the bottom mud of small ponds, where it grows to a maximum length of about 9.0 millimeters. The specimens for this study were collected from a temporary pond known as Kenk #11 (Kenk, 1949), located 8 miles southeast of Ann Arbor, Michi- gan. The clams were brought into the laboratory in samples of bottom mud, carefully separated from the mud and plant mate- rial, and placed in culture dishes until they produced young. Their young were considered to be the parent stock of the lab- oratory-born generations. As soon as an animal was born, it was placed in a separate culture dish and maintained there for the rest of its life. (Thomas, 1954). When these specimens gave birth to young, the latter in turn were again promptly isolated. The shells were measured in length, the distance from extreme anterior to posterior margins, and height, the distance from the umbones to the ventral edge. Because of the small size and the fragile nature of the shells, measurements were made with an ocular micrometer. Within 15 months of the beginning of the cidture work, 6 laboratory-born generations had been secured from one fast-grow- ing stock, while 3 and 4 generations were produced in others. April, 1959 NAUTILUS 133 The animals producing the most generations in that time were the ones in which the initial growth was rapid, that is, showed little lag at the beginning. Growth of these animals will be dis- cussed in a later paper. TABLE 1 Data on Six Laboratory -born Generations Clam Size at Final Size Number Mean Size of Number Birth of Young Young Produced IL25 1.34 by 1.01 6.77 by 5.85 21 1.38 by 1.06 ILIOZ 1 .46 by 1.20 6.92 by 6.00 10 1.62 by 1.26 IL208 1.7 3 by 1.34 4.93 by 4.15 4 1.44 by 1.11 IL263 1.29 by 1.01 5.15 by 4.46 13 1.34 by 1.01 IL270 1.39 by 1.05 4.93 by 4.15 4 1. 36 by 1.00 IL274 1.65 by 1.29 TABLE 2 Data on Other Third, Fourth, and Fifth Generation Lab oratory -reared Specimens Clam Generation Final Size Number Mean Size of Number Number of Young Young Produced IL192 3 6.46 by 5. 38 10 1.39 by 1.07 IL225 3 5.76 by 4.92 10 1.39 by 1.07 IL257 3 7.00 by 6.15 21 1.54 by 1.21 IL264 4 7.37 by 6.20 13 1.63 by 1.28 IL265 4 6. 38 by 5. 54 11 1.60 by 1.24 IL269 5 4.31 by 6.15 21 1.54 by 1.21 Table 1 lists pertinent data for individuals representing the 6 generations of one laboratory-born clone. Each clam is the off- spring of the one listed on the line above it, and a descendant of IL25 which was born and isolated on November 21, 1953. As can be seen, IL270 was larger at birth than IL25, and the mean dimensions of their young are very nearly the same. Although the 134 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) former produced a larger number of offspring than any of its descendants, the number (21) is well above the mean (10), and table 2 lists a third generation specimen which was just as pro- lific. Although there would seem at first glance to be a down- ward trend in final size, the unrelated specimens in table 2 include third and fourth generation clams which attained a length of 7 mm. or more. Successive generations raised in isola- tion thus exhibited no reduction in either the average sizes at birth or in final size, no change in total number of young pro- duced, nor was there any change in activity or increase in early mortality. Sectioned specimens showed that, although ovary and testis are present at birth, neither organ contains mature reproductive cells. Ripe eggs and sperm do not appear until the animals are at least 2.1 mm. in length. Hence, fertilization cannot take place before birth. Since the young were well below the minimum size for sexual maturity when they were isolated, self-fertilization must have taken place. Thus Sphaerium partumeium is capable of reproducing by this means. Probably, since these animals are so successful in producing young in this way in the laboratory, their eggs may be self-fertilized, at least part of the time, in their natural habitat. If this ability is general among the fingernail clams, their wide dispersal in the field may not be hard to ex- plain. As Odhner has pointed out: ". . . only a single specimen c.'UTied by a bird, a beetle or a fish to another locality is sufficient to create a whole population." Yoting Produced in Laborntory Cultures: It has already been mentioned that the sphaeriids are viviparous. Fertilized eggs, in some manner, reach the branchial chambers of the inner gills, and there become enclosed in brood pouches. The outer layer of these pouches is derived from the gill lamellae and the inner layer from maternal blood corpuscles (Okada, 1934, 1935a). The large cells of the inner layer are believed to be used up in the nourishment of the embryos. The wall of the branchial chamber itself is lined with the same sort of cells, and is used as food by the extra-marsupial embryos which are large enough to have escaped from the sacs but which are retained within the cham- ber. Although the study of early embryology is beyond the scope of this paper, general observations on serial sections of Sphaerium April, 1959 nautilus 135 partUTneium support Okada's findings in his work on Musculiiim heterodon. The extra-marsupial young can be seen through the thin shells of adult animals. When the embryos are large enough to be born, they are often very active. They extend the foot and travel around within the branchial chamber, finally reaching the cloacal chamber. From there they leave the parent through the excurrent siphon and, dropping to the bottom of the dish, continue their movements. In every case of birth observed among laboratory animals, the parent lay on one side with shell valves and mantle open, but other behavior patterns varied with the individual. Some animals had foot and siphons retracted and seemed to con- tribute no effort at all to the expulsion of the young. Their young literally "walked out" through the siphon all by them- selves. Other parents extended foot and siphons, and forced the offspring out by contractions of these parts. Their young were forcibly ejected with a fast-moving stream from the excurrent siphon. Occasionally, in spite of the efforts of both participants, the fry could not be dislodged, and the parent continued the violent muscular exertion at intervals for hours. The clams born of the laboratory stock ranged in size from 1.85 by 1.49 to 0.93 by 0.72 mm. Although a number of specimens in the lower part of this range were isolated and fed, the smallest to be successfully raised was one which measured 1.25 by 0.985 mm. The others either died within a few days or remained alive without growing for a period of several weeks. This length dif- ference of 0.6 mm. between the largest and smallest viable young is considerable in relation to the actual size. The 1.25 mm. indi- vidual is only two-thirds as long as the other. This observation leads to the supposition, which is supported by other data, that the fully formed and viable young may be retained by the parent for variable periods of time. There was little correlation between the size or age of the adults at the time of any particular birth and the size of the young they produced. The offspring of certain clams were re- markably homogeneous with respect to size at birth, but in other cases the variation might be as great as 0.8 mm. in length. The first offspring produced by 40 of the 60 adults included in the study, were below the mean in length, and statistical tests showed 136 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) that the first young are significantly smaller than the other off- spring. The mean birth size of 547 laboratory specimens was 1.44 by 1.22 mm. Most of the animals attaining the greatest final size and also bearing the largest numbers of young were above the mean at birth. One notable exception, however, was the 1.25 mm. individual previously mentioned which produced a total of 24 offspring; it measured 6.92 by 6.0 mm. at the time of death. The laboratory animals usually began producing offspring between their 8th and 13th week. However, several rapidly grow- ing clams started at the end of seven weeks. The mean size of 60 adults, when bearing their first young, was 4.54 by 3.92 mm. Far below that mean was one specimen measuring 3.70 by 3.31 mm. which produced an offspring one-third its own length (1.25 by 0.96 mm.) , and at the other extreme was a clam which reached a length of 6.46 mm. before bearing any young. The mean num- ber of offspring was 10: the range, from 2 to 30. Production of young was continued until the death of the parent. Young Produced in Field Collections: In order to secure repro- ductive data on Sphaerium partumeium in the natural habitat, a special series of weekly collections was begun early in March 1954. The pond had been dry since the previous June and the young clams produced in 1953 had rested over winter in the bottom mud. When early March rains filled the pond, the sphaeriids began to grow, and so the weekly collections were begun. They were continued until the pond was dry again at the end of July. An effort was made to take the same amount of material each time although careful quantitative measurement was unnecessary. In the process of hand-sorting collections in the laboratory, all animals were measured and the change in com- position of the population was analyzed by breaking down each collection into size classes. Unfortunately, because of the nature of the collecting method employed, it was impossible to tell whether the young were born in the field or in sorting pans. However, they were of such size that they could easily live out- side the parent, and so that point seems to be an unimportant one. Table 3 shows the percentages of various size classes foimd in the collections, and the relative homogeneity of the popuhition until the second week of June, when young first appeared in the collections. Tlie fact that these young, whether born in the field April, 1959 NAUTILUS 137 or collecting pans, had not grown could be seen easily by the appearance of the shells. TABLE 3 Percentage Composition of Weekly Field Collectiona (Data from two successive collections lumped) Size Dates of Collection (in mm, ) 3/12 3/19 3/26 4/2 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/30 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/27 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 1-2 86 31 7 15 46 58 56 2-3 14 69 57 7 6 18 3-4 33 69 6 3 1 4-5 2 36 39 13 5-6 3 37 49 15 3 6-7 18 33 45 19 9 8 7-8 2 22 19 19 15 8-9 8 6 2 9-10 2 The mean birth length for field young was 1.6 mm. as com- pared with 1.44 mm. for laboratory material. Both of these lengths are well above the minimum size for successful growth. By the 13th week when young first appeared in field collections, the mean size of the adults was 6.2 by 5.1 mm. This is 1.7 mm. longer than the mean size of laboratory animals at the time of first birth. The field specimens produced larger young and were larger themselves because they all retained the young longer than did 73^0 of the laboratory adults. One explanation for this difference is to regard an environmental factor such as a change in water chemistry, change in water temperature, change in photo- period, or mechanical disturbance as a birth stimulus. The other approach is to regard some environmental feature as an inhibiting factor, and birth as taking place only with its dis- appearance. No attempt was made in this study to gather chemical data in 138 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) the field. The length of day by June 11 was 15 hours as compared with the 13-hour light period maintained in the laboratory during the ninter months, at which time young were produced. It seems unlikely then that photoperiod has any bearing on the problem. In the course of the collecting period, large numbers of specimens brought in and sorted have given birth to young in the lal)oratory. An analysis of the sizes of offspring they produce reveals that they are no smaller than those born in the field. There is a very strong possibility, therefore, that they would have been boin even if the parents had been left undisturbed in their natural habitat. Although specimens raised in the labora- tory, and thus exposed to frequent brushing and handling, pro- duced young earlier, the times of these births cannot be cor- related with periods of handling. If disturbance retarded birth, the field young should be produced earlier. On the other hand, if it acted as a stimulus either it must be very wide-spread in the pond, or it might cause production of young by a few, and they in turn may stimulate other adults to do the same. Temperature change is another possibility. The week in which young animals began to appear in the field collections was marked by a sudden rise in water temperature. A high of 24° C. was reached on the day of the collection. This was 7 degrees higher than any pre- viously recorded temperature and IGi^ degrees higher than that of the previous week. Possibly a sudden extreme change may act as a stimulus or low temperatures may inhibit birth, and only when a certain threshold is reached will the young emerge. In this connection, the laboratory stock was kept at about 21° C. at all times except during July and August when temperatures were somewhat higher. Possibly 21° C. is close to the threshold for the species, and only at the 13th week was the field population ex- posed to it. Summary 1. vSelf-fertilization in Sphaerium (Musciiliurn) partiuneium (Say) was demonstrated by the production of as many as 6 gen- erations in isolation cultures. 2. Young may leave the parent through the excurrent siphon either by their effort or that of the parent. 3. There was a diflerence of 0.6 mm. in lengths of the largest and smallest, viable young. April, 1959 nautilus 139 4. The mean size of young produced was 1.14 by 1.12 mm. 5. The first young produced was significantly smaller than other offspring, and was produced between the 8th and 18th week of parental giowth. 6. In a field population, young were not found until the 13th week, and the mean birth length was 1.6 mm. 7. It is suggested that some environmental factor is responsible for the delay in production of young by the field population. Literature Cited Bloomer, H. H. 1942. A further note on experiments on self- fertilization in Anodonta cygnea (L.) Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don 25:192-200. Colton, H. S. 1918. Self-fertilization in the air-breathing pond snails. Biol. Bull. 55:48-49. Crabb, E. D. 1927. The fertilization process in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. Biol. Bull. 55:69-98. DeWitt, Robert M. 1954. Reproductive capacity in a pulmonate snail {Physa gyrina Say) Amer. Nat. 88:159-164. Gilmore, R. J. 1917. Notes on reproduction and growth in certain viviparous mussels of the family Sphaeriidae. Naut. 57:16-30. Kenk, Roman. 1949. The animal life of temporary and permanent ponds in southern Michigan. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. U. Mich. 71. Odhner, Nils. 1951. Swedish high mountain Mollusca. Lunds Univ. Arsskrift. N.F. Avd. 2. Bd. 46. Okada, Katsuhiro. 1934. Some notes on Musculiiim heterodon (Pilsbry) , a freshwater bivalve. I. The genital system and the gametogenesis. Sci. Rep. Tohoku U. 4th Series, Biol. 9:315-328. Okada, Katsuhiro. 1935a. Some notes on Musculiiim heterodon (Pilsbry) , a freshwater bivalve. II. The gill, the breeding habits, and the marsupial sac. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. U. 4th Series Biol. 9:373-391. Okada, Katsuhiro. 1935b. Some notes on Musculium heterodon (Pilsbry), a freshwater bivalve. III. Fertilization and seg- mentation. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. U. 4th Series Biol. 70:367-483. Ortmann, Arnold E. 1919. Naiads of Pennsylvania. Mem. Car. Mus. 4. Stepanoff, P. 1865. Uber die Geschlechtsorgans und die Entwick- lung von Cyclas cornea. Archiv. f. Natur. 57 (Bd. 1). Sterki, Victor. 1898. Some observations on the genital organs of Unionidae with reference to classification. Naut. 72:18-32. Tepe, William C. 1943. Hermaphroditism in Carunculina parva, a freshwater mussel. Amer. Mid. Nat. 29:621-623. 140 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) Thomas, Grace J. 1954. Notes on raising sphaeriid clams in the laboratory. Turtox News. 32. van der Schalie, Henry and Fred Locke. 1941. Hermaphroditism in Anodonta grandis, a freshwater mussel. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 432. Woods, F. H. 1931. History of the germ cells in Sphaerium striatinum (Lam). Jour. Morph. 57:545-595. NOTES ON ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA (SAY) By harry W. wells Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Hopkins (1956) pointed out the ectoparasitic habits of Odos- tomia impressa (Say) and its relation to the oyster Crassostrea virginica. The abundance of this gastropod in a series of collec- tions from oyster beds in the Beaufort, N. C, area provided an opportunity to follow the population for an 18 month period in 1955 and 1956. Observations were also made upon feeding and the egg masses of this species. Feeding was observed under a dissecting microscope at the Duke Marine Laboratory in July 1956. O. impressa extended its proboscis between the shells of adult oysters, but its contact with mantle was hidden by the upper valve. In this position however, the activity of the buccal pump could be observed through the transparent walls of the proboscis. Small vibrations caused O. irn- pressa to stop feeding and instantly withdraw its proboscis; even the vibration of a man's voice produced this characteristic with- drawal. This reaction is in contrast with the behavior of O. im- pressa described by Allen (1958), in which the prey {Bittium variiim) could be moved about without causing the pyramidellid to withdraw its proboscis. O. impressa did not enter between oysters' valves voluntarily as will Odostomia eulimoides (Cole &: Hancock, 1955), even when the top valve was removed. This behavior and its sensitivity to vibration serve to protect it from injury while feeding. When the top valves were removed from oysters and O. impressa were placed upon intact tissue, direct contact of the proboscis with the mantle was observed. In addi- tion, they fed on isolated pieces of mantle tissue placed in a dish of seawater. On the basis of its occurrence in collections from the Beaufort area, the gastropod Bittium varinm probably is not an important April, 1959 nautilus 141 prey for Odostomia impressa. Bittium varium is most common on algae and in grass beds; its presence with oysters can be attrib- uted to algal growths near or on the valves. On the other hand, O. impressa is primarily found on oyster beds. In a series of col- lections from oyster areas in Newport River, only twice was B. varium found without also finding O. iinpressa. In eighteen col- lections O. impressa was abundant, but B. varium was absent. In 16 collections in which both gastropods were collected, O. im- pressa outnumbered B. varium in 11, the proportion averaging more than 10:1. Of the remaining 5 collections in which B. varium outnumbered O. impressa, 3 were taken after low salini- ties had reduced the local population of O. impressa. The abun- dance of Odostomia iinpressa in oyster beds, apparently independ- ent of the numbers of Bittium varium, is an indication of the greater importance of oysters as food for this species. Odostomia impressa Qgg masses were collected on the follow- ing date: 1955— May 7 14 August 2 8 September 13 2 1956— May 30 3 June 22 2 September 6 4 Oviposition may occur throughout the summer, although there is a peak in the early part of the breeding season. These Q^g masses (fig. 1) are usually attached to an oyster shell. They are com- posed of a colorless mucus-like jelly which encloses each embryo within its own transparent cocoon, with 15 to 40 embryos con- tained in each mass. The sinistral embryonic shell marks them as the product of a pyramidellid, and the egg mass fits the general pyramidellid kind described by Thorson (1946). The general abundance of O. impressa and the absence of other gastropods at two collection sites indicate that these are the egg masses of Odostomia impressa Say. The egg capsules pictured by Perry and Schwengel (1955) as those of O. impressa must be the product of some other gastropod. In order to follow the dynamics of the population, 16 collec- tions containing a total of 1,747 specimens were analyzed for length composition; their length distributions are compared in figure 2. Each major collection is composed of several smaller 142 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) 1mm Figure 1: Egg mass of Odostomia impressa attached to an oyster shell. Inset shows a late embryo in its individual jelly cocoon. collections made at 5 stations along Newport River. Following the largest collection of Qg^ masses in early May, the largest collections of young (about 1 mm.) were made in June and July, when they formed by far the most ninnerous class in the population. This component of the population could be folloAved in the collections throughout the year as the most numerous class, until the following summer when predation or natural death reduced its numbers and the next year-class ap- peared. Starting in June and July when the population mean was 1.5 mm., the population quickly increased in length during the sum- mer and fall, reaching a maximum in January of 4.75 mm. mean length. W^ith continued growth, the most numerous class reached 5 or 6 mm. in spring collections. However, mortality of larger individuals offset any growth effects during this period, so that the mean hovered between 4 and 5 mm. until the appearance of the 1956 year-class. Its great numbers and small size caused the mean to fall rapidly to 1.4 mm. in late July. By this time, the large (5 and 6 mm.) individuals had dropped out of the popu- lation. Presumably, they were responsible for spawning most of the succeeding year-class. In most winter collections were small individuals (1 to 2 mm.) which had been produced by late ovo- position; numerically they were of little importance. These observations indicate that Odostomia impressa normally April, 1959 NAUTILUS 143 LENGTH ( MILLIMETERS ) Figure 2: Length distribution for collections of Odostomia impressa from the Beaufort, N. C, area. May 1955 to October 1956. The letters refer to months. For each collection, the vertical line indicates the range; the solid rectangle, one standard deviation on each side of the mean; the hollow rec- tangle, twice the standard error on each side of the mean; and the crossbar, the mean. 144 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) lives but one year, being spawned the first summer, then spaAvn- ing and dying the second. References Allen, J. F. 1958. Feeding habits of two species of Odostomia. Nautilus 72(1) : 11-15. Cole, H. A. and D. A. Hancock. 1955. Odostomia as a pest ol oysters and mussels. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. i-/: 25-31. Hopkins, S. H. 1956. Odostomia impressa parasitizing soutliern oysters. Science 124 (3223) : 628-629. Perry, Louise M. and Jeanne S. Schwengel. 1955. Marine shells ol the western coast of Florida. Paleont. Res. Inst., Ithaca, N. Y. 318 pp. Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development oi Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddel. Konnn. Dan- marks Fiskeri- og Havundersogelser, ser Plankton -/ (1) : 1-523. NOTES AND NEWS American Malacological Union — The 25th annual meeting will be held on June 30 to July 3, 1959, on the Haverford College campus, Haverford, Pennsylvania. A visit to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is planned for Thursday after- noon, and a field trip to Cape May, New Jersey, for Friday. Bunny Baker, 1 1 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa., will accept res- ervations for dormitories and meals. — B. B. B. Habitat Change for Ferrissia. — F. C. Baker, in his study of "The Molluscan Fauna of the Big Vermilion River, Illinois" (///. Biol. Moiiog. Vol. 7, no. 2, 1922.), reported that specimens of the limpet Ferrissia Avere collected in the "Salt Fork, its usual habitat being inside of empty valves of the naiades" (p. 63). In a restudy of Baker's stations dining the past iwo years, the Avriter has found that few valves of naiades are now found in the Salt Fork. Ferrissia, however, is even more abinrdant today than in 1918-20 and has taken over a new habitat. 14ie great majority of specimens (identified by Paid F. Basch as F. tarda) were collected from the sinfaces of beer cans which still retained smooth, shiny ones. These fresh, clean surfaces are somewhat comparai)le to the nacre of recently exposed nuissel shells and serve the same pur- pose. As the surface of a beer can becomes encrusted with organic growth and attached material, and exentually as the rust breaks April, 1959 nautilus 145 through the surface, the can is no longer populated with as many limpets and probably those that are found under those conditions are survivals from the original population. New speci- mens settle in abiuidance on fresh cans. Fortunately for Ferrissia, though regrettable to some people, beer cans are becoming as common in some streams as empty mussel shells were in former years. — Ralph W. Dexter, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. An ecologic observation on Siiccinea avara. — In early April of this year (1958) a very large concentration of Siiccinea avara Say was brought to my attention by Dr. W. H. Irwin of Okla- homa State University. A small pond, located approximately one and one-half miles east of Stillwater, Payne County, just north of Highway 51, is surrounded by a gently-dipping, well- vegetated watershed. On investigating the area, the soil was found to be thoroughly saturated by the unusually heavy rains which were occurring at the time. The cast slope of the pond's watershed supported luxuriant growths of Nostoc sp. from the water's edge to about 30 feet into the Bermuda grass which forms most of the cover around the pond. Several of the above named snail were associated with each of the firm, spherical colonies of Nostoc. In one square foot of surface area, I removed 31 specimens of Siic- cinea. The count per square foot for the whole area, however, was probably higher than this. The snail shells cracked audibly as one walked over the area. As intimated above, this condition persisted for about 30 feet from the water's edge. Obviously, con- ditions were propitious for the growth of the Nostoc and the gastropods took advantage of the condition, utilizing the alga for food. This observation was made on April 9, 1958. Eleven weeks later (July 1, 1958) , the soil had become dry and both the Nostoc and the snails had disappeared from the slopes of the pond. However, Succinea was abundant on the mud banks of the pond and was found crawling about on Nehimbo lutea and Typha latifolia in the pond. Although Succinea avara is generally considered to be a ter- restrial species, it is somewhat amphibious in Oklahoma. I have often found it on aquatic vegetation or pieces of dead vegetation in the water, as well as in truly terrestrial habitats. It nearly always will be found in moist situations where cyanophytous 146 NAUTILUS Vol. 72 (4) algae or molds abound. In addition, the author kept S. avara and S. grosvenori in an aquarium, in which Elodea grew, for over a year, Siiccinea avara is a remarkably plastic species as regards its environmental requirements. — Branley A. Branson. Contribu- tion no. 275 from the Department of Zoology and Research Foun- dation of Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. Back issues of the Nautilus wanted. — The senior editor and his business manager wife have been making up sets of the Nau- tilus and taking inventory. Many back issues are short or com- pletely lacking, although some are available in the incomplete sets. All our friends and subscribers are asked to keep on the watch for the back issues listed below. The Nautilus will be glad to buy them. Vols. Nos. Vols. Nos. Vols. Nos. 3 1-7,9, 10 25 5,7-10 50 1 4 1,3 26 1,3,4,6-10 51 4 6 2-5, 12 27 1-4,6,9-12 52-59 1-4 7 9,12 28 1,4,9,12 60 1,2 8 1, 10 29 1,11,12 63 1 9 1 30 6,7 64 1,3 10 3 ' 31 1,4 65 3 17 3,5-12 32 1,3 69 1 18-24 1-12 33-47 49 1-4 1 70 3 If any pages are desired from issues that are no longer avail- able I will typewrite them at ste nographer's rates. Please address the business manager: Mrs. H B. Baker, 1 1 Chelten Road, Havertown, Penna. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Sea shells of tropical west America. Marine mollusks from Lower California to Colombia. By A. Myra Keen. 624 pp., many text-figs., and 10 colored plates + frontispiece and cover maps. Stanford University Press. $12.50. 1958. — To this very concise, but big "handbook," Dr. Keen has brought her wide knowledge of the marine mollusks of the eastern Pacific. Most of the lars^er and middle size, shell-bearing species from the continental shelf of the Panamic province are diagnosed briefly, distinguished in many dichotomous keys, and figured handily on the same or April, 1959 nautilus 147 adjacent pages. The known geographic ranges are given, along with notes on ecologic habitats, when these have been ascer- tained. Although modern, the nomenclature and the sizes of genera seem sensibly conservative. To cite a minor example, her rejection (p. 344) of Clench & Turner's identification of Triton cynocepJiahim appears commendable; to my amateur eyes, the latters' (1957, p. 243, fig. 2) nice copy of Lamarck's illustration looks much less like their adjacent fig. 1 (from Lower Calif.) than like their photograph (p. 199, fig. 2) of an apparently re- lated Cymatiiim from the "Spanish Main." Dr. Keen makes no attempt to invent ephemeral, English names; this is especially welcome since the middle Americans speak Spanish, which, like French, readily converts "Latin" terms into vernaculars by slight changes in endings. She also does not bow to the proposed new "rules" for familial names. Who would want to replace Naticidae with Sigaretidae (1815) , Terebridae with a name based on Subu- lata (1825), Turritellidae with one on Zariana (1850) or even Calyptraeidae with Crepidulidae (1822), although the return of such old friends as Auriculidae (1821), Pernidae (1815) and Doliidae (1825) might be welcome? The short glossary seems well chosen, and is amplified by many, clearly labeled figures in the places where they do the most good. Especially noteworthy is Dr. Keen's refusal to clutter up the text w^ith repetitive cita- tions (and acknowledgments) , which are referred to conveniently in the bibliography (and "Sources") . Just think of how many times she might have copied the full title of Carpenter's "Mazat- lan shells!" And, she evidently has studied them more carefully than some who have so quoted it. — H. B. B. The marine mollusks of Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies. By R. Tucker Abbott. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, no. 11, 138 pp., 5 pis., 11 maps, 7 text-figs. $4.00. 1958.— This report, based on collections of Ruth and Alfred J. Ost- heimer, 3rd, gives synonymies, descriptions, ecologic habitats and geographic ranges of 293 local species, and figures 60. New species are: Emarginida ostheimerae, Coralliophila caribaea (east Mex- ico) , Latirus (Polygona) virginensis (Virgin Is.), Ithycythara parheri, Tiirhonilla (Pyrgisciis) aljredi, Strombiformis auricincta, Cosa caribaea and Trajisennella gerrardi. Murex (Phyllonotus) 148 NAUTILUS Vol. 72(4) margaritensis is a new name for M. imperialis Swainson (Marga- rita I.).— B. B. B. A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MOLLUSKS OF LiNNAEUS. Part. 6. The genus Trochvs of the class Gastropoda. By Henry Dodge. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 77^:157-225. 1956.— This discusses in detail the identifications and present usages of the 26 trivial terms used by Linne in the genus. — H. B. B. Endodontidos Neotropicales, I. n. By M. I. Hylton Scott. Neotropica 5:7-16, 3 figs.; 79-87, figs. 4 & 5. 1957.— This discusses Radiodiscus. In an artificial key, 19 S. A. species are recognized, of which 6 are described as new. Unfortunately, the soft parts are not described. The figures of some of the smaller shells look like the genus Punctiim, and the only known anatomy of a S. A. spe- cies, R. (Radioconns) bactricola (not "-us") is very different from that of the typical subgenus. — H. B. B. The Brazilian species of "Drepanotrema." IV, "D, cimex" (Moricand, 1837). V, "D. nordestense" (Lucena, 1953). VI, "D. kermatoides" (Orbigny, 1835). By W. Lobato Paraense & Newton Deslandes. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 7