THE NAUTILUS THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL, 77 JULY, 1963 to APRIL, 1964 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HORACE BURRINGTON BAKER Professor Emeritus of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CHARLES B. WURTZ Biology Department, La Salle Cx)llege, Philadelphia 41, Pa. R. TUCKER ABBOTT H. A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences MRS. HORACE B. BAKER Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PONY PRINTING, UPPER DARBY, PA. April, 1964 nautilus iii CONTENTS Names of new genera, species, etc. in italics Aestivation in Melampidae 139 Africa 142 Agaronia 110 Agaronia teaguei 132 Alabama 30, 31, 134 Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn 134 Alkaline lakes and sloughs 47, 81 Allochroa layardi 139 American Malacological Union 70, 143 Anachis -|- Brachystyloma 32 Anarctic, marine 92 Anisus 32 Arctic, marine 92 Arion fasciatus 14 Arizona 121 Asiatic clam 18, 30, 31, 105, 121, 142 Atlantic, eastern 55 Atlantic, western 8, 11, 28, 32, 68, 119, 125, 132 Auriculastra pellucens, larvae 11 Australasian 114, 1 39 Brachystyloma r= Anachis 32 Buoy mollusks 68 Busycon canaliculatum 28 California, inland 108 California, marine 1, 109, 110, 130 Canada 21 Cassidula paludosa 140 Champion, Merrill E 72 Commensal pelecypod 1 25 Conchodromus = Dromus 142 Connecticut 14 Corbicula fluminea 18, 30, 31, 105, 121, 142 Coretus 34 Correction of January number 142 Cuba 97, 142 Dates of Nautilus 29 Diplasma ^^^ Directory of conchologists 35 iv NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (Index) Discus 62 Discus patulus edentulus 63 Dromus not a homonym 142 Elimia 35 Ellipsaria 141 Ellobiidae = Melampidae 119 Epiphragm formation 139 Euglandina dorsalis 72 Ferrisia meekiana 107 Florida, inland 105, 134 Florida, marine 11 Gastrocopta procera, northern 16 Goniobasis, western pi. 4, figs. 5-8, 43 Gulella bicolor 142 Haliotis tuberculata guineensis 57 Helix steursiana 112 Hemisolasma 141 Hemistena 141 Idaho 23 Illinois 16 Indiana 16 Indopacific 119 Iowa 16 Juga 35 Kansas 31 Kentucky 18 Laemodonta lirata 140 Lampsilis choctawensis 1 36 Lampsilis haddletoni Athearn 135 Lampsilis jonesi 138 Lampsilis luteola, type 58 Lampsilis radiata, type 58 Lastena 141 Leptarius Woodring := Psilarius 143 Limax maximus 107 Littorina littorea, pre-Columbian 8 Louisiana 30 Magnipelta mycophaga 23 Massachusetts 14 Melampidae + Ellobiidae 119, 140 April, 1964 nautilus v Melampinae 34 Melampus flavus 119 Melasma 35 Mesodon thyroidus, twisting 31 Mexico 62 Michigan 37, 64, 108, 117 Mississippi 142 Missouri 63 Montana 23 Nebraska 31, 73 Neotropic 97, 142 New Caledonia 139 New Guinea 114 New Hampshire 14 North Carolina 62 North Dakota 31, 47, 81 Notes and news 29, 72, 105, 139 Nova Scotia 21 Ohio 16, 18, 72 Oklahoma 100, 107 Olivancillaria =r Agaronia 110 Olivancillaria teaguei Klappenbach 132 Olivella 1 Omalodiscus 33 Oregon 43 Oriental 143 Otala lactea 108 Oxyloma haydeni 73 Pacific, eastern 1, 90, 109, 110, 130 Pacific islands 120, 142 Paludomidae 34 Papuina steursiana 114 Plagiola 141 Planorbarious = Coretus 34 Polycera hedgpethi Marcus 128 Ponds 37, 47, 81 Psilarius Woodring (Nassariidae) for Leptarius 143 Publications received 35, (3) : iii, 144 Rafinesque, unionid names 140 Rhytidothyra jacobsoni & R. bilabiata 97, 142 vi NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (Index) Rochefortia cuneata 125 Shell-attached pelecypods 92 Sinum cortezi Burch & Burch 109 South Carolina 142 Sphaerium (Musculium) partumeium 37 Stenotrema abaddona Branson 103 Stenotrema glassi Branson 100 Striatura meridionalis 108 Succinea ovalis, range 30 Siiccineidae, anatomy 73 Tagging whelks 28 Tennessee 31, 63 Texas 108 Triodopsis fosteri 72 Unio luteolus, type 58 Unio radiatus, type 58 Unionidae of Michigan 117 Utah 93 Valvata, reproduction 64 Villosa choctawensis Athearn 137 Virginia 108 Washington 34 West Indies 97, 142 Wyoming 16 INDEX TO AUTHORS Athearn, Herbert D 1 34 Baker, H. Burrington 29, 32, 34, 34, 140, 142 Blinn, Walter C 31 Boss, Kenneth J 117 Branson, Branley A 100 Branson & Lewis Peters 107 Brunson, Royal Bruce & Niles Kevern 25 Burch, John Q 35 Burch, John Q. ^ Rose L 1, 109, 110 Clarke, A. H., Jr 8 Clench, William J 1 42 Dimelow, E. J, 21 Dundee, Dee Saunders ^ Walter J. Herman 30 Emerson, William K. %: William E. Old, Jr 90 April, 1964 nautilus vii Ewald, Joseph Jay 1 1 Franzen, Dorothea S 73 Getz, Lowell L. & Robert H. Wakefield 14 Grimm, F. Wayne 72, 108, 108 Grosscup, Gordon (Roscoe Sc) 93 Hampson, George R. 1 25 Harman, Walter J. (Dundee &) 30 Heard, William H 64, 105 Henderson, Croswell (Ingram &) 121 Henrard, J. H 112 Horning, W, B. (Keup &) 18 Hubricht, Leslie 30, 31, 62, 142 Ingram, William M., Lowell Keup & Croswell Henderson 121 Ingram (Keupt &) 18 Jacobson, Morris K 97, 142 Keup, Lowell, W. B. Horning & William M. Ingram 18 Keup (Ingram 2c) 121 Kevern, Niles (Brunson &) 25 Klappenbach, Miguel A 132 Laird, Wilson M. (Tuthill k) 47, 81 Marcus, Ernst 128 Merrill, Arthur S 68 Morrison, J. P. E 119, 139 Nicol, David 92 Old, William E., Jr. (Emerson &) 90 Peters, Lewis (Branson &) 107 Reigle, Norman J 1 6 Robertson, Robert 32 Roscoe, Ernest J 43 Roscoe & Gordon Grosscup 93 Shaw, William N 28 Talmadge, Robert R 55 Teskey, Margaret C 70 Thomas, Grace Jean 37 Thompson, Fred G. 72 Tuthill, Samuel J. & Wilson M. Laird 47, 81 Wakefield, Robert H. (Getz &) 14 Wheeler, Mary J 58 Woodring, W. P 143 THE NAUTILUS Vol. yy July, 1963 No. 1 GENUS OLIVELLA IN EASTERN PACIFIC By JOHN Q. and ROSE L. BURCH The preparation of a key to species based upon shell characters is always a problem when working with any group. A dichoto- mous key giving the choice of two alternatives is in favor by many authors, but there are times when this is difficult. In some families, a key may be made simply on obvious morphological characters such as "shell with bands on the body whorl," and let taxonomy go where it may. However, in the Olividae, the worker will immediately be confronted with specimens that are certainly of the same species with some having one band, others 2 or 3 bands, and others with no bands. In the genus Olivella, in our opinion, the most dependable character is the pillar structure, and we have arranged the genus largely on this basis. Our opinion is that the multitude of names given to species of this family is because authors have failed to consider variation caused by races. The tendency of a single species to appear in numerous color forms is also a contributing factor. In giving credit to those who have helped us, please do not assume that they agree with all our conclusions. We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Axel A. Olsson whose publica- tion in 1956 of "Studies in the genus Olivella" is the most schol- arly work on this genus to come to our hands. He has sent type specimens of his species from the eastern Pacific to us for study. Dr. A. Myra Keen helped us with advice, specimens, and the privilege of studying the Stanford collection. Dr, Leo G. Hertlein and Dr. G. Dallas Hanna made available to us the large collec- tion and library of the California Academy of Sciences as well as many useful suggestions. Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace gave us free use of the material in the collections of the Natural History Museum of San Diego where we studied the collections of Her- bert Lowe, A. M. Strong, and others. They also discussed many problems with us. Dr. S. S. Berry permitted us to study and pho- tograph type specimens in his collection, and also gave us many 2 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) valued comments. The Public Museum of Liverpool, England, sent type specimens of F. P. Marrat for us to study. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia sent the holotype of Olivella bitleri Olsson, and a paratype of Olivella gracilis gay lor di Ford. Dr. Harald Rehder of the United States National Museum sent the type of Olivella mor- risoni Olsson for our study. All measurements mentioned are either of the type specimen or are approximate. Plate 1 contains figs. 1 to 9; pi. 2, figs. 10 to 18; and plate 3, facing page 28, figs. 19 to 27. The acceptance of Olivella pedroana (Conrad 1856), and placing Olivella pycna Berry, 1935 (fig. 16) in synonymy is a controversial matter. We are satisfied that they are the same species, but there are many who object to the use of a name based upon a fossil when there is any question involved. A study of the soft parts of Olivella pedroana is obviously impossible. Furthermore, Conrad's type was lost. Dr. W. P. Woodring selected a lectotype and placed it in the U. S. National Museum. The validity of this action is the source of another controversy. We have no quarrel with those who prefer to use the name Olivella pycna Berry, 1935. Olivella intorta Carpenter, 1856, has been questionable for many years, but specimens from Magdalena Bay, Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico (fig. 14) seem to fill all details of Carpenter's description. Olivella zonalis (Lamarck, 1811) , (fig. 25) , presents a problem if we are to use numerous subgenera. It will key out into the same group with those of the subgenus Callianax, but it possibly should have a subgeneric name to contain it. The small turrite species, Olivella inconspicua (C. B. Adams 1852) (fig. 13), was not well known until Dr. Ruth Turner published her work on the C. B. Adams types. The species seems to be strictly confined to Panama, but many sets are in collections incorrectly assigned to this species. Most of them seem to be Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby) , which is a very different shell. Numerous varieties of Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825), (fig. 4) , have been given names. We dismiss the white lapillus along with fucana, angelena, parva, and others as mere forms with no systematic value. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 3 Olivella baetica (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871), (fig. 3), has been generally given to P. P. Carpenter, 1864, but Dr. Katherine Palmer, 1958, has shown that we cannot use Carpenter, but must give it to Marrat, who first figured and described it. A number of races have been named ranging from Alaska to far down the outer coast of Baja California, Mexico. We consider these of no systematic value with the possible exception of Olivella porteri Dall, 1910. This is placed in the synonymy, but it may be a rec- ognizable race. It is a slender, deeper water form of Olivella baetica. Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) , (fig .1) , was not well known as a species of this fauna prior to the work of A. Olsson, 1956. There are sets in almost all large collections incorrectly assigned to Olivella inconspicua (C. B, Adams 1852), Olivella miriadina (Duclos 1835) , and others that are of this species. Olivella tergina (Duclos, 1835) , (fig. 21) , is a common species around Mazatlan, scarcer in the Gulf of California. Surprisingly, it is often confused with Oliva (Strephonella) undatella (Lam- arck, 1811) . They have in common the strong lirae extending to near end of aperture, and are of somewhat similar shape and color, but the pillar of Oliva undatella is not secondarily ex- cavated, and the posterior plicae are much stronger. Typical specimens of Olivella gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829), (fig. 12), are more elongate with the whorls steeply de- scending. It is a large species of 20 mm. or more. However, there are many groups of shells with the identical pillar structure and even the color of Olivella gracilis, but varying greatly in both shape and size. We either have a great many more species or sub- species, or as we suspect, many races of one entity. Olivella gracilis, variety gaylordi Ford, 1894, (fig. 26), has the pillar structure of Olivella gracilis, but is much smaller with a well defined line of lead black bordering the upper part of the body whorl. The general color is bluish gray. Having studied the type lot we would consider this a good species or subspecies, but have failed to recognize it in any of the material we have seen. We are satisfied that Olivella walkeri Berry, 1958, (fig. 23), is a distinct and recognizable species, but we are not pleased with the assignment of the author to subgenus Macgintiella Olsson, 1956. Olsson described this species based upon the type sf>ecies 4 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) Olivella watermani McGinty mainly because of the peculiar rad- ula, the rhachidian tooth of which is completely different from that shown in any other species. The radula was not shown in Olsson's work of 1956, and the above information is by personal communication, June 29, 1962. The pillar structure is that of Olivella s.s., and on shell characters alone we think that we are justified in placing Olivella walkeri Berry in the subgenus Olivella. It has been our privilege to study the type lot of Olivella versicolor (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) , (fig. 27) . We might accept this species, but have failed to recognize it in any of the material we have studied. The pillar structure is that of the Olivella gracilis group, and has been placed in the synonymy of that species by Dr. Myra Keen and others. Maxwell Smith in "Pan- amic Shells" figured it as a valid species ranging from Baja Cali- fornia to Ecuador. Weinkauff adds the note "Species dubiosa." We concur. Key to eastern Pacific subgenera and species 1 Parietal callus not extending past apical end of aperture, or but little above it 2 Columella basally with simple, or sometimes lirate, pillar fold. Callianax H. & A. Adams, 1853 3 Columella ending in a simple plica 4 Parietal callus not entending above aperture; shell ellipsoid with strong basal plica; 13 mm. (fig. 16) pedroana (Conrad, 1856) 4 Parietal callus extending above aperture, but not to suture; shell ellipsoid; spire short, pointed; 14 mm. (fig. 14) intorta (Carpenter, 1856) 4 Columella with one plait at base; body whorl yellow- ish or pinkish with 3 brownish red, spiral bands, with chestnut blotch at upper end of parietal wall; narrow brown band at base ending in basal notch; 4 to 5 mm. (fig. 25) zonalis (Lamarck, 1811) 3 Columella ending in double plicae 4 Shell broad and stout; spire conic; usually bluish gray, unicolor; 25 mm. (fig. 4) biplicata (Sowerby, 1825) 4 Shell oblong; spire sharp-pointed; color grayish or drab, with darker spots; 15 to 20 mm. (fig. 3) baetica (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) 2 Columella basally with one plain fold, bordered externally by low groove; shell minute; spire turrite; small blunt nu- cleus; 3.5 mm. (fig. 13) inconspicua (C. B. Adams, 1852) July, 1963 NAUTILUS 5 Minioliva Olsson, 1956 1 Parietal callus extending past aperture to or near suture 2 Pillar wall concave or deeply excavated; lirae of inner lip if present cut off sharply at inner ends. 8 Pillar and parietal wall covered fully by a thick callus; no pillar or parietal lirae at any stage Pachyoliva Olsson, 1956 4 Callus with short knob-like spire and large body whorl; spire and fasciole white; body whorl with 3 broad brown or bluish-gray, spiral bands; 14 mm. (fig. 8) coliimellaris (Sowerby, 1825) 4 Pillar and color pattern similar, but with higher, slenderer and sharply pointed spire, and less calloused; apical 1/2 of body whorl with faint series of vertical striae; 15 mm. (fig. 20) semistriata (Gray, 1839) 3 Pillar with lirae along parietal and columellar wall Olivella Swainson 1840 4 Pillar with 3 or 4 oblique lirae below and 3 shorter ones above; color white, often with much darker apex; conic spire half of length; 4 mm. (fig. 1) alba (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) 4 Pillar with 4 or 5 strong, descending lirae on basal part of columella; shell light and thin, with high turrite spire; color dull white or cream, sometimes with faint spots or flammules of brown in 3 zones (below suture and around middle and base) ; shape similar to alba, but with thinner shell; 7 to 8 mm. (fig. 18) rehderi Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar with one large fold below, followed above by a few small plaits which do not extend above the middle; wide fasciolar band of yellow or white; color white, variably marked with brownish or grayish zigzags; apex of spire and aperture violet; 18 to 20 mm. (fig. 9) dama (Wood, 1828) 4 Pillar with 6 or 7 strong lirae extending along parietal wall to near angle; shell narrowly egg-shaped; spire nearly I/2 length; color pattern gray or yellow blotches and arrow-shaped, white marks edged with brown; 16 mm. (fig. 21) tergina (Duclos, 1835) 4 Pillar similar to tergina, with 7 lirae, of which apical 3 arch around anterior canal; shell subellipsoid, spire less than i/o length; color pattern of brown, zigzag lines and 2 dark bands just below the suture; fasciolar band with brown checks; 8.5 mm. altatae Burch & Campbell, 1963 4 Pillar with series of small lirae extending along col- NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) umellar part towards parietal wall; color gray or pur- plish brown shadings, formed by dense pattern of small dots spread over surface in ill-defined bands; related to tergina but separable by more ellipsoid shape; 17.5 mm. (fig. 6) brogii Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar deeply excavated; 6 or 7 rather uniform and heavy folds on columella; shell slender fusiform; color whitish with irregular reticulations; 20 mm. (fig. 12) gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) 4 Pillar and color as in gracilis, but smaller, with shorter spire and more heavily calloused whorls; 10 mm. (fig. 7) cocosensis Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar with several small lirae extending upward along about 1/2 of inner lip; shell thin, white or yellowish brown, translucent except for opaque white fasciole; spire elevated, evenly tapering; suture narrowly grooved with the junction showing through as a faint line; 10 mm. (fig. 10) drangai Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar with narrow raised plate bearing 5 or 6 enter- ing folds; fasciole smooth and wide; color light yellowish brown on whitish or creamy ground; parietal callus thinning out before reaching the suture; 10 mm. (fig. 11) fletcherae Berry, 1958 4 Pillar similar to fletcherae, with 8 to 10 fairly equal plicae set apart from parietal callus; fasciolar band white with brown bars or squares; color gray wath 2 bands below suture joined with narrow brown bars; parietal callus semitransparent; interior of outer lip dark brown; 10 mm. steveni Burch & Campbell, 1963 4 Pillar similar to steveni; 10 lirae on columella almost to apertural angle; upper folds wider and flat, becoming narrower anteriorly with 8th and 9th most prominent; shell obese, white with brown markings; subsutural spiral bands more intense; fasciolar band with brown blotches; interior of outer lip brown; 10 mm. steveni campbelli Burch k Campbell, 1963 4 Deep brown callus extending upward past end of aperture, but not quite to suture; upper part of fasciole brown but white below; interior of outer lip dark brown; color and form similar to volutella, but wdth pillar like Olivella s.s.; 15 mm. (fig. 5) bitleri Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar weak, forming a low ridge along columella, finely Urate below; shell thin, spindle shaped with ele- vated spire; gray-yellow base color mottled by small brow^n blotches, which form short crooked lines at su- July, 1963 NAUTILUS 7 ture; interior of outer lip deep brown; 12.7 mm. (fig. 19) riverae Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar similar to riverae, with 12 lirae forming a nar- row area along columella; wider upper folds becoming narrow and more vertical basally; inflated shell white covered by small brown spots, with 2 narrow brown bands below suture joined with vertical bars; fasciolar band spotted with brown and rest of fasciole with sev- eral brown arcs; 15 mm. sphoni Burch ^ Campbell, 1963 4 Sulcate fold bounding canal, with 2 plicae below and several above; parietal callus heavy, wide, sharply bounded, extending to whorl above; color spire and fasciole ivory yellow, rest whitish, indistinctly marked with pale brown, few minute spots under suture; aper- ture 2/^ shell. 10.5 mm. (fig 23) walkeri Berry, 1958 2 Parietal wall not excavated; lirae of inner lip continuing undiminished into interior. Lamprodoma Swainson, 1840 3 Lirae numerous, extending upward along pillar to edge of fasciole, absent from wall above; spindle shaped with high spire. 19 mm. (fig. 22) volutella (Lamarck, 1811) 3 Plicae fewer and shorter, confined to columellar part. Zanoetella Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar with 4 to 5 long plicae around anterior end; color white with 2 purplish-brown spiral bands. 17 mm. (fig. 24) zanoeta (Duclos, 1835) 3 Lirae on pillar wall forming a separate structure in form of tongue-shaped ridge; interior of outer lip with fine, low lirae. Dactylidella Woodring, 1928 4 Spire high and slender; color zigzag pattern of darker lines; fasciole solid brown. 18 mm. (fig. 2) anazora (Duclos, 1835) 3 Pillar forming tongue along inner lip, widest below where it extends outward assuming a hook-shaped form; rest evenly and finely crenulate; outer lip sharp. Niteoliva Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar finely lirate terminating in larger denticle at each end; narrowly subovate with high conic spire; color gray with brown zigzag lines on white or yellow base edged with gray or brown; parietal callus white; fasciole wide, double; upper band narrow, white or colored, lower band gray or brown. 13 mm. (fig. 17) peterscni Olsson, 1956 4 Pillar with about 7 small lirae between upper and lower denticles; outer lip smooth; color dull white with zigzag dark-brown marks; spire whorls white; fasciole 8 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) wide, dark brown in color except narrow white band above. 9 mm. (fig, 15) morrisoni Olsson, 1956 References Adams, C. B. 1852. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 5:229-344. Adams, H. & A. 1854. The genera of recent Mollusca. Berry, S. S. 1935. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon. 2 (4) ; 262-5. 1958. Leaflets in Malacology 1 (15). Broderip, W. J. and G. B. Sowerby Zool. Journ. Lon. -^.•379. Carpenter, P. P. 1857. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1856) 228, 234, 339, 352. 1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1863, 1864). Conrad, Timothy A. 1856. Pac. R. R. Reps. 5:327, pi. 6, fig. 51. Ball, W. H. 1910. Nautilus 25:133. Duclos, P. L. 1835. Histoire naturelle. Genre Olive. Ford, John 1894. Nautilus <^:103-4. Gray, J. E. 1839. Molluscous animals . . in Zool. Captain Beech- ey's voyage: 130, pi. 36, fig. 10. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1811. Ann. Mus. H: N: Paris i(5(94):327. Marrat, F. P. in Sowerby, G. B. 1871. Thesaurus Conchiliorum, •^:328. Olsson, Axel A. 1956. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 775:155-225. Palmei', Katherine Van Winkle 1958 Geol. Soc. Am., Memoir 76: 217-219. Sowerby, G. B. 1825. Catalogue of shells contained in collection of . . Earl of Tankerville. App. 33. Swainson, William 1840 Treat. Malac: 132 & 321. Turner, Ruth D. 1856 Occ. Pap. on Moll., Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard 2: (20) :21-135, pis. 5-11. Wood, W. 1828 Index Testalogicus.. Woodring, Wendell P. 1928 Carnegie Inst. Washington no. 366. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON PRE-COLUMBIAN LITTORINA LITTOREA IN NOVA SCOTIA By a. H. CLARKE, JR. National Museum of Canada Recently Erskine (1961) and Clarke and Erskine (1961) re- corded the occurrence of Littorina littorea L. in two ancient Micmac Indian camp sites excavated near Halifax, Nova Scotia. The presence of distinctive Indian artifacts, reindeer bones, and thickened valves of Mercenaria mercenaria found associated with NAUTILUS 77 (1) PLAIE 1 Fig. 1. Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871). Guatemala. 2. O. auazora (Duclos, 1835) . Isla Grande Bay, west Mexico. 3. O. baetica (Marrat in Sow- erby, 1871). Redondo, California in 25 fathoms. 4. O. biplicata (Sowerby, 1825). San Pedro, California. 5. O. bitleri Olsson, 1956. Holotype, Panama. 6. O. brogii Olsson, 1956. Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 7. O. cocosensis Olsson, 1956, Paratvpc. Chatham Bav. Cocos Island. 8. O. coIumeUaris (Sowerby 1825). Puerto Elena, Ecuador. 9. O. dama (Wood, 1828, ex Mawe MS) Puertecitos. Baja C:alifornia, Mexico. NAUTILUS 77 (1) PLATE 2 10 11 12 14 17 Fig. 10. OUveilo drangai Olsson, 1956. Paratype, San Cristobal Island, Gala- pagos. 11. O. fletcherae Berrv, 1958. Agiiachale. Baja California, Mexico. 12. O. gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby. 1829) . Dredged in Mazatlan Harbor. Sinaloa, Mexico. 13. O. inconspiciia (C. B. Adams. 1852) . Holotype. Panama. 14. O. intorta Carpenter, 1856. Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Mexico. 15. O. morrisoni Olsson, 1956. Holotvpe, Panama. 15. O. pedroana (Conrad. 1856) . Knobb Hill, San Pedro Pleistocene. 17. O. peterseni Olsson, 1956. Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 18. O. tehderi Olsson, 1956. Paratype, Panama Bay. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 9 the L. littorea indicated that the whole assemblage probably dated from approximately the thirteenth century, Clarke and Erskine (I.e.) also reported that radiocarbon analysis of twelve L. littorea shells from one of the sites (Indian Point, St. Mar- garet's Bay, Halifax Co.) gave an age of 700 ±225 years B.P. Since three kinds of evidence (archaeological, biological, and radio-chemical) each placed the age of the L. littorea at approxi- mately 700 years, it was concluded that the specimens were truly pre-Columbian. It was also suggested that Dawson (see Ganong, 1856, 1857) had probably been correct in his opinion that L. littorea was not first introduced to North America in the nine- teenth century but was an "aboriginal member of the fauna of Acadia." Since publication of the 1961 reports, three additional radio- carbon dates have become available which affect these conclu- sions. These, together with zoogeographic correlations, are given below. Radiocarbon Measurement's. During the past few months, it has become evident that anomalous oceanographic conditions may bring about abnormally low radiocarbon concentrations in shells of living mollusks and cause specimens to apj>ear, on anal- ysis, to be older than they really are. Habitats made brackish by the intrusion of fresh water containing fossil carbon may produce false dates. Indian Point is not close to any source of fresh water which would cause such errors, however. Upwelling of deep oceanic water may also induce incorrect dates. Although there was no reason to suspect upwelling to be operative in Nova Scotia, as a precaution two additional lots of L. littorea were submitted for dating to the Geological Survey of Canada. The first (GSC. 72), collected alive at Indian Point in 1962, produced an activity measurement of 2.21% above the reference standard, i.e., a negative age. This is the "atomic bomb effect" (see Broecker and Olson, 1960), a phenomenon occurring with presently living organisms which has been attributed to recent additions of C^^ to the atmosphere by atomic explosions. The specimens could not, therefore, be dated. The second lot (GSC. 71) collected at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in 1910, gave a radiocarbon age of 100 ±60 years. This is con- 10 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) sidered to be an excellent age correlation and indicates that confidence in the accuracy of the pre-Columbian date is justified. A third radiocarbon date which is probably more significant than either of the two mentioned above is now also available. The pre-Columbian L. littorea shells from Reid Site, Indian Point which gave the date of 700 ±225 years B.P. reported earlier were found in association with other shells and with char- coal. This charcoal has now been dated by the University of Saskatchewan (sample S-153 as 600 ±45 years B.P. and repre- sents a striking confirmation of previous conclusions. Zoogeographical Correlations. Comparison of the intertidal invertebrate fauna of northwestern Europe with that of Nova Scotia and Maine reveals great similarities. In addition to Lit- torina littorea, virtually all the common, intertidal, rocky coast mollusks of boreal eastern North America also occur in boreal Europe (e.g., see Gislen, 1930) . Examples are Acmaea testudi- nalis, Buccinum undatum, Hiatella arctica, Littorina obtusata, L. saxatilis, Margarites heliciniis, Mytihis edulis, Thais lapilhis, Tonicella marmorea, T. ruber, and Modiolus modiolus. With the exception of a few species of Gibbula and Trivia which occur in Europe but not in North America, the opposite is also true. It is therefore not surprising that such an abundant and wide- spread European boreal species as Littorina littorea should finally turn out to be native to North America as well as to Europe. Although L. littorea has been reported from only two archaeo- logical sites near Halifax, the sites investigated by previous work- ers in northern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have not been analyzed in detail from a malacological point of view. It is hoped that future archaeological investigations will provide further information on the pre-Columbian distribution of this species and will contribute to a bette^p understanding of its failure to spread southward beyond the vicinity of Halifax before 1870. Acknowledgments. The author is grateful to Messers J. S. Ers- kine of Wolfville, Nova Scotia and Pierre Taschereau of the Nova Scotia Museum of Science for providing material for radio- carbon dating and to the Geological Survey of Canada and the University of Saskatchewan for determining the dates. Useful comments were also given by Drs. W. S. Broecker, J. G. Fyles, July, 1963 NAUTILUS 11 K, W. Ockelmann, R. Robertson, and L. W Scattergood. All this aid is sincerely appreciated, but the author alone is responsi- ble for all conclusions and errors. Summary The recent conclusion that Littorina littorea was native to eastern Canada in pre-Columbian time has been further substan- tiated by two new radiocarbon dates. Another radiocarbon meas- urement made of L. littorea collected alive in 1962, gave anomal- ous results because of the "atomic bomb effect." On the basis of faunal similarities between boreal Europe and boreal eastern North America, one could logically expect L. littorea to have occurred in North America before the advent of European Culture. Note: While this paper was in press, additional, possible ancient specimens of Littorina littorea were found at two more localities: (1) in archaeological excavations made in the vicinity of St. Andrews, New Brunswick and (2) in a field near Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland which may be the site of a raised beach. Radiocarbon dates for this material are now being determined and the search for additional pre-contact specimens is continuing. References cited Broecker, W. S. and E. A. Olson. 1960. Science 752 (3429) : 712- 721. Clarke, A. H., Jr. and J. S. Erskine. 1961. Science 134 (3476) :393- 394. Erskine, J. S. 1961. Occasional Papers — 1, Archaeological Series No 1, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, N. S., pp. 1-28 -f H pis. Ganong, W. F, 1886, 1887. American Naturalist 2^:931-940; 21: 287-288. Gislen, T. 1930. Skriftserie utgiven av K. Svenska Vetenskap- sakademien. No. 3: 1-380 -f 6 pis. LIVING EXAMPLES OF AURICULASTRA PELLUCENS AND ITS LARVAL HISTORY^ By JOSEPH JAY EWALD Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Florida The living animal of the ellobiid snail Auriculastra pellucens (Menke, 1830) is unrecorded in the literature, except for two 1 Contribution no. 394 of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami. 12 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) sentences by Dall (1885) : "The animal has an entire foot with short tentacles, well-developed eyes, and rather short nuzzle. It was found living by Hemphill and Calkins." Although specimens of this species are found abundantly as fossils in recent blue mud deposits along the Florida east coast from Miami to Key Largo, live specimens have not otherwise been reported. In April of 1960, a fairly large colony of A. pellucens was lo- cated in a 75-foot section of mangrove on north Key Largo, Florida, i/^ mile east of Route 905 at the right angle bend in the alternate route to Ocean Reef Resort Club. During a period of half an hour approximately 30 snails were found, ranging in size from 11 to 21 mm., of which the majority were of the larger sizes. This area has been revisited several times by this writer and the colony is maintaining itself. During one extremely dry period no animals were found. However, subsequent visits reconfirmed their presence. The particular section mentioned above is slightly elevated and though surrounded by mangrove swamps which are subject to tidal flooding is seldom, if ever, inundated. The substrate appears somewhat different in structure compared with that found in most mangrove areas of south Florida. It is exceedingly spongy in character and consists of a thick mat of wet peat covered by a few inches of loose leaf mold. Large red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) provide dense shade. The specimens of A. pellucens were diffusely distributed within the leaf mold and none have been found on the surface. A few very large Melampus coffeus and some Assiminea were also pres- ent, but there was a striking absence of other snails, even Trunca- tella, as well as the grapsoid crabs that frequently inhabit man- groves. In the surrounding area, a much greater size range and larger numbers of Melampus were found, but no Auriculastra were present. One large, live Littorina angulifera was noted close by. In August of 1960, two smaller living individuals of A. pellu- cens were found at a locality several miles away. The substrate at the second locality was composed of rough limestone bedrock covered by a thin layer of loose organic soil, which was dry except for slightly moist concavities under dead wood. The two addi- tional specimens were found in one of these cavities, along with July, 1963 NAUTILUS 13 many semi-transparent empty shells which still retained the peri- ostracum. Both specimens were about one-third maximum size. A very complete growth series of dead shells was obtained, but few of these were over two-thirds maximum size. The protoconchs were uneroded. This area was much dryer than the previous locality, and the difference in the size distribution of shells sug- gests that it may be less optimal for this species, which is perhaps a chance invader and not firmly established. The area is well within a terrestrial hammock and probably never covered by tides. Dead Blauneria, live Microtralia occidentalism Truncatella, and such terrestrials as Euglandina, Polygyra, and an unidentified bulimulid were found in the same locality. In subsequent visits to this area, I have been unable to find additional specimens of A. pellucens. The smaller specimens of live Auriculastra pellucens have prominent, black eye-spots slightly raised on the dorsal surface of the anterior end of the extended foot. In larger specimens these appear as vague, faint, grey spots due to a thickening of the integument. Because of this they may be easily overlooked. Shells are covered by a tan colored periostracum. Live snails have been brought back to the laboratory and kept for as long as 3 years in gallon jars, each containing 10 specimens, whose openings are covered by a thin plastic film to permit gas exchange but to prevent excessive evaporation. Wet mangrove leaf mold is frequently added. The snails skeletonize the leaves by eating away the decaying organic material, much in the same way as Melampus. Eggs have been deposited in the jars and these have hatched to produce a new generation of snails. The eggs are contained in capsules in firm, gelatinous chains several centimeters in length and one millimeter in diameter. Each egg capsule is connected to others in the chain by fine gelatinous threads. Eggs developed into veligers within the capsule. Generally, when the advanced veliger-containing chains were placed in sea water hatching occurred and free swimming veliger larvae were released within 12 hours. Post larvae soon crawled out of the water and sought darkness under leaf mold, just above water level. The veligers and the small snails were negatively photo- tropic. 14 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) The snails of the family Ellobiidae are generally thought to represent the most primitive stock of the Pulmonata. South Florida has probably the largest number of genera and species of these snails in the world, outside of the Philippines. The taxon- omy of the group is somewhat confused, and very little is known of ellobiid anatomy and even less of their ecology. The availa- bility of living specimens of A. pellucens will permit detailed anatomical studies of the adults and larvae and may perhaps assist in elucidating phylogenetic relationships within the group. I am indebted to Dr. Harold Harry of North Georgia College, Dahlonega, Georgia, whose enthusiasm and valuable observa- tions have encouraged the writing of this paper. Literature Cited Dall, William Healy. 1885. Notes on some Floridian land and freshwater shells, with a revision of the Auriculacea of the Eastern United States. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8 : 255-289. ARION IN NEW ENGLAND Bv LOW ELL L. GETZ and ROBERT H. WAKEFIELD University of Connecticut, Storrs The European slug, Arion fasciatus (^ A. circumscriptus) has been introduced into various scattered localities in North Amer- ica (Burch, 1962; Pilsbry, 1948) . As nearly as can be determined, however, it has not previously been recorded from Connecticut, New Hampshire, or western Massachusetts. Recent collections have proven it to be present in these 3 areas. On 21 October, 1961, several specimens of A. fasciatus were collected from under logs at the Campton Campsite, 2 miles N.E. Campton, Grafton County, New Hampshire. The species was quite abundant, but concentrated in a small area of about 20 x 40 yards. Collections made at the same locality in July of 1960 (Getz, 1962) did not contain this species. Since it is now so abun- dant the species was undoubtedly there at the earlier date, but was overlooked because of its restricted distribution. A. subjuscus was also very abundant in this locality. Individuals of both spe- cies were collected from beneath the same logs. Collections made by the junior author revealed A. fasciatus to be abundant on the campus of the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Tolland County, Connecticut. Subsequent collecting in July, 1963 NAUTILUS 15 the vicinity of Storrs showed this species to be abundant in nearby gardens, pastures, and abandoned fields. In certain instances, it has become a garden pest (R. M. DeCoursey, personal commu- nication) . Although estimates of the population densities were not made, the slugs in some of the fields appeared to be at least as abundant as they were in an abandoned field in southern Michigan (Getz, 1959) . Therefore, A. fasciatus apparently is well established in the vicinity of Storrs, Connecticut. A single speci- men of this species was also collected in Lime Rock, Litchfield County, Connecticut by John R. Oppenheimer. A. fasciatus has been recorded from the eastern regions of Massachusetts (Pilsbry, 1948) ; none has been reported from the western portion of the state, however. Specimens of this spe- cies were collected on 4 July, 1962, at a garbage dump 2 Mi. N. Petersham, Worcester County, Massachusetts. The locality recoixls reported above resulted from more or less sporadic spot collecting; no intensive search was made for A. fasciatus. Probably concentrated collecting would reveal this species to be rather widely distributed throughout the southern New England area. Its abundance in certain situations indicates it is becoming one of the more important components of the terrestrial moUuscan fauna in this region. On 10 April, 1962, the senior author collected a single speci- men of Arion ater from under the leaf litter in a seepage area on the University of Connecticut campus. This species has been recorded in North America only from Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, Michigan, and Oregon (Pilsbry, 1948) . An intensive search was made of the general area where the specimen was obtained, but no additional specimens were discovered. The area is adjacent to a cemetery. Possibly, therefore, A. ater was carried into the cemetery on potted plants and may not represent an established colony. Flowers are not discarded in the site where the specimen was collected, but the slug could have easily crawled there from the cemetery. Burials were made in the cemetery on 20 and 22 March (approximately 50 yards from where the specimen was obtained) . Possibly the slug could have been brought in at one of these times (it was not possible to establish that potted plants had been placed on either of these graves) . Because of the size of the specimen (35 mm when con- 16 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) tracted) more likely it was carried into the area at an earlier date (the preceding year, perhaps) . Because of the dense ground cover in the seepage area, there is still the possibility that a small breeding colony of A. ater is present. The area will be kept under observation to determine if this species has become established. Summary Breeding colonies of Arion fasciatus have been discovered near Campton, New Hampshire, Petersham, Massachusetts, and in Lime Rock and Storrs, Connecticut. A single specimen of Anon ater was collected in Storrs, Connecticut. References Burch, J. B. 1962. How to know the eastern land snails. Wm. Brown, Dubuque. Getz, L. L. 1959. Amer. Midi. Nat., 61: 485-498. 1962. Nautilus 76: 25-28. Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land mollusca of North America. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., II (2): 521-1113. NORTHERN RECORDS OF GASTROCOPTA PROCERA^ By NORMAN J. REIGLE Museum of Zoology and School of Natural Resources University of Michigan The northern extent of the range of Gastrocopta procera (Gould) , generally considered a southern species, has been some- what confused. The general range of this species has been de- fined by Pilsbry (1948) and more recently an "approximate distribution" map was provided by Leonard (1959). Pilsbry also noted the northern records of Sterki and F. C. Baker. The records for G. procera in the peripheral states of its range have in general been listed by the following: MacMillan (1949) West Virginia; Taft (1961) Ohio; Goodrich and van der Schalie (1944) Indiana; Baker (1939) Illinois; and Pilsbry (1918) and Roscoe (1954) South Dakota. A study of the pupillid collection of the Univesity of Michigan Museum of Zoology has yielded six lots which extend the range in four states and help to clarify the northern periphery of the range. The range here defined also includes the two question- able subspecies sterkiana Pilsbry and mcclungi Hanna and John- 1 Supported (in part) by a research grant (NSF-G17653) from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 17 Fig. 1. Peripheral northern records for Gastrocopta procera (Gould) . ston, the validity of which has been questioned by Franzen and Leonard (1947) , A summary of the previous records and addi- tions of the new records would seem to indicate a more northern range for the species than was formerly considered. The accom- panying map (Fig. 1) presents records which establish this range. The circles represent records from material examined by me; plus signs represent localities obtained from the literature. The new locality data are given in detail below with the University of Michigan Museum of Zoolozy numbers given for each lot. Ohio: 56608 — drift of Toussaint Creek, East of Genos, Ottawa County — April, 1933. Goodrich, Archer and van der Schalie, Collectors. 106942 — two miles South of Perrysburg, Wood County. C. Goodrich, Collector. Indiana: 211751 — Indianapolis, Marion County. P. L. Marsh Collection (from Kent Science Institute) . lUinois: 106951 and 161281 —Winnebago County. W. A. Marsh, Collector. Iowa: 168119 — Ledges State Park, near Boone, Boone County, June 7, 1947. A. La Rocque and H. van der Schalie, Collectors. Barry Miller (personal communication) has examined a large number of lots of G. procera from north west Iowa in the former collection of B. Shimek which is now in the United States National Museum. Wyoming: 68639 — Hartville Canyon, Guernsey, Platte County, Walker Collection. 211746 — drift, L. Guernsey, near Guernsey, Platte County, August 29, 1941. P. L. Marsh Collector. This is apparently a new state record for Wyoming (see Beetle, 1961) . 18 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) Acknowledgments. I would like to thank Mr. Barry Miller for allowing me to look over the records he compiled from the col- lections of the United States National Museum; Dr. John B. Burch for helpful suggestions; and Dr. Henry van der Schalie for permission to study material under his charge. Literature Cited Baker, Frank Collins, 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois Land Sanils, Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Manual 2, Urbana. Beetle, Dorothy E., 1961. Sterkiana No. 3: 1-9. Franzen, Dorothea S. and A. Byron Leonard, 1947. Univ. Kas. Sci. Bull. 21 (15): 311-411, 22 plates, 15 figs. Goodrich, Calvin and Henry van der Schalie, 1944. Amer. Mid. Nat. 32 (2) : 257-326. Leonard, A. Byron, 1959. Handbook of Gastropods in Kansas, Univ. of Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc., Pub. 20, pp. 1-224, 85 figs., 11 plates. MacMillan, Gordon K., 1949. Ann. of Carnegie Mus. 31: 89-238, 15 plates. Pilsbry, Henry A., 1918. Manual of Conchology, Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. 24: 1-380, 49 plates. 1948. Land Mollusks of North America, Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. Monog. 3, Vol. II, Part 2. Roscoe, Ernest, 1954. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters 31: 67-72. Taft, Celeste, 1961, The Shell-Bearing Land Snails of Ohio, Bull. Ohio Biological Survey, Vol. 1, New Series, No. 3, Columbus, Ohio, 108 pp., lUust. EXTENSION OF RANGE OF ASIATIC CLAM TO CINCINNATI REACH OF THE OHIO RIVER By LOWELL KEUP, W. B. HORNING, WILLIAM M. INGRAM* Recent investigations of benthic fauna in the Cincinnati reach of the Ohio River revealed the presence of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea (Miiller) , as a new component of the ben- thos. Initial collections of this clam were made by William M. Ingram, W. B. Horning II, and Jack Geckler on July 6, 1962, at Cincinnati, Ohio (Ohio River Mile 465.6) . A portion of the original sample was forwarded to the U. S. National Museum where Dr. J. P. E. Morrison confirmed initial identification. * Biologists, Field Opeiations Section, Technical Services Branch, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 19 W. B. Horning II made a second collection of Asiatic clams on August 6, 1962, along the Kentucky shore of the Ohio River (Ohio River Mile 468.0) . Subsequently, samples collected Sep- tember 5 and 6, 1962, revealed the Asiatic Clam to be a signifi- cant member of the benthic fauna from near Cincinnati down- stream as far as Warsaw, Kentucky, (Ohio River Mile 530.0) where studies were terminated. A summary of the known American distribution of the Asiatic clam was reported by Ingram (1959) . This clam probably first arrived in the Pacific northwest, and after becoming established at various localities along the Pacific Coast, next appeared in the Tennessee River (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961) . Further distribu- tion of the Asiatic clam in the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers was reported in a life history by Sinclair and Isom (1961) . In addition, Sinclair and Isom mention a tentative record of the Asiatic clam for the Ohio River at Paducah, Kentucky. Asiatic clams were not found in benthic samples collected as late as January 1960 from the Ohio River, from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, downstream to Mound City, Illinois (Jackson and Wiese, 1962) . By September 1962, however, this clam had in- vaded the Cincinnati reach of the Ohio River and had become a significant member of the benthic community (Table 1) . The upstream limit of its distribution in the Ohio River is not known. In addition to the natural history interest of the migration of this species, the potential of its becoming a nuisance in irrigation and water supply systems has already been depicted (Ingram, 1959) . The impact of its rapid population growth and develop- ment on the ecology of an area is also of interest since its num- bers soon predominate in a typical sample (Table 1) . Major changes in benthic communities may be influenced through its competition with other invertebrates for space and food. Utiliza- tion of the clam by fish and waterfowl may prove its value to wildlife. The writers believe these organisms invaded the Cincinnati area about 1960. The population consists of a large group of in- dividuals 2-5 mm. long, and another less numerous group of individuals 10-20 mm. long (anterior-posterior length) . A few empty shells of a larger size (30 mm.) have been found. The size-class distribution of the Asiatic clam indicates three "year- 20 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) TABLE I Mean Number of Organisms Sampled Per Square Foot September 5 and 6, 1962 Ohio River Mile Organisms 1+61.5 1+66.0 1+71.5 1+8I+.0 530.0 Corbicvila fliimlnea 27.2 20.2 28.5 72.0 222.1+ Clams (Unionidae) 1.6 Clams (Sphaeriidae) 31.2 Snails (Operculate) 0.3 20.lt 2I+.8 Snails (Pulmonate) 0.3 Leeches (Annelida) 1.7 Tubificidae (Annelida) k.O 0.3 k.6 3-7 11.2 Tendlpedidae (Diptera) 27.2 3.2 1.7 2.6 1.6 Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) 0.8 Ephemeroptera 1.6 Anisoptera (Odonota) 0.8 classes" are probably existing in the Cincinnati reaches of the Ohio River— 1960, 1961, and 1962. Identification of the Asiatic clam is not difficult. A significant characteristic, easily recognizable in the field, is the distinct ridged sculpturing of the shell. The ridges are obvious on the smallest specimens collected from the Ohio River (less than 1 mm., anterior-posterior length) . Presumably, Asiatic clams will eventually extend their range much farther. Barriers to their distribution are not obvious, and once established, a population grows rapidly. Generally, they are found in sandy or on sand and giavel areas; however, Ohio River bottom samples with a high percentage of silt have also contained significant numbers. Biologists in neighboring areas should re- main alert to their appearance. References Ingram, William M. 1959. Jour. American Water Works Associa- tion, 57 (3) : 363-370. Jackson, Daniel F. and Wiese, John G. 1962. Limnological Ob- servations on the Ohio River, Section II, pp. 21-47 in Aquatic- Life Resources of the Ohio River, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio, viii -[-218 pp. Sinclair, Ralph M. and Ingram, William Marcus. 1961. Naut. 74 (3) : 114-118. Sinclair, Ralph M. and Isom, Billy G. 1961. A Preliminary Report on the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee. Tenn. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 21 Stream Pollution Control Board and Tenn. Dept. Public Health. Multilith Report, v + 33 pp. MOLLUSKS FROM HARDWOODS OF THE CHIGNECTO ISTHMUS By E. J. DIMELOW In a previous paper (Dimelow, 1962) the occurrence of the slug Philomycus carolinianus flexuolaris was noted in the Mari- time Provinces of Canada (near Fenwick, N. S. ) . The slug Pal- lifera dorsalis and snails uncommon in the "maritimes" {Meso- don sayanus, Anguispira alternatd) were also found at this site. An attempt was made to find out whether the Philomycus is likely to become extinct in this area. The deciduous wood in which it was found lies at a height of 300-450 feet, is about one square mile in extent, but gives way to conifers at lower levels at a point where several streams run down the hill slope to St. George's Brook and the ground becomes wet underfoot. Sugar mapling is still carried out in half of the wood and this involves the cutting down of trees which are dead or not of the right kind. Some logs are carried to a shed and stored till spring, then burnt to evaporate the maple syrup. At the present time, the wood cutting and tidying are not very great. The forest contains a fair number of old trees. Large fallen decaying trunks are not uncommon and the Philomycus can be found sparingly in these. The other half of the wood, which lies mainly at a height of 400 feet next to the highway, has become an official picnic site. Here the trees are rather far apart and fallen trunks are cleared away, so that the slug is not able to extend into this zone. Offi- cials of the Department of Lands and Forests for Nova Scotia have, however, kindly consented to see that the tidying up is not quite so thorough. A few more plants found in the wood were offered to speci- mens of Philomycus as food under laboratory conditions in early summer. These were Trillium undulatum, T. cernuum, Rubus pubescens, Smilacina racemosa, Polygonatum pubescens, Pyrola elUptica, Circae alpina. Young Trillium leaves were eaten by both Philomycus and Pallifera. Thus in nature Philomycus may not feed entirely on fungus and lichens. 22 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) From Route 2a near Maccan a larger hardwood about two square miles in extent at a height of 100-350 feet, can be seen on the St. George's Brook slope. This forest is partly continuous with the woodlands at Fenwick, but is best approached from the village of Chignecto. Its slopes are well drained. Trees present are sugar maple, beech, yellow birch and white ash. The slugs Pallifera dorsalis, Deroceras reticulatum, D. laeve, Arion circum- scriptus are found here along with the following snails: Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Striatura exigua (Stimpson) Striatura ferrea (Morse) Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newcomb) Discus cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry) Strobilops labyrinthica labyrinthica (Say) By taking gravel roads to Salem, it is possible to penetrate higher level deciduous woodland (400-450 feet) round the source of St. George's Brook. Here the ground is more rocky and there is less leaf litter. White birch trees predominate over sugar maple and plants like Comptonia peregrina (sweet fern) , Kahnia an- gustifolia, Cornus canadensis are common. Even so the same slugs and snails are to be found as at the 250 foot level with the exception of E. fulvus, D. cronkhitei cronkhitei and S. labyrinth- ica. In addition a single shell of Retinella electrina (Gould) was collected. Fallen birch stumps which are rather narrow in diam- eter shelter the mollusks. One specimen of Zonitoides arboreus contained the pupa of a parasitic sciomyzid fly which was sub- mitted to Dr. C. O. Berg and identified by him as belonging possibly to Pherbellia albovaria. All the snails found at these tAvo additional levels extend to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, according to Macmillan (1954) . Hardwoods at Collingwood, East Mapleton, South Brook in the Springhill area lying at a height at 350-550 feet were searched for Philomycus, Mesodon and Aiiguispira. Also similar forest on the slopes of Indian Mountain near Moncton, New Brunswick, was investigated. These woods all contained D. reticulatum, D. laeve, A. circumscriptus, Z. arboreus and D. cronkhitei cronkhitei. Pallifera dorsalis was collected near Stiles Village at a height of 500 feet on Indian Mountain and not anywhere else. It is not easy to explain why the St. George's Brook woods contain more July, 1963 NAUTILUS 23 slugs and snails than these others. In all cases the forest is ma- ture, the soil well drained and the leaf litter deep. Conifers nor- mally extend up to 300 feet so the hardwood areas are isolated from each other for the most part. Perhaps the high altitudes, cold winter temperatures and steep slopes (in some cases) are unfavourable. In addition sugar mapling is carried out exten- sively and sometimes, as for example at South Brook, nearly all fallen trunks which could shelter mollusks are cleared away. Since not all maple woods are as tidy as this, other factors must be held partly responsible. References Berg, CO. (1961) . XI Internationaler Kongress fiir Entomolo- gie, Bd. I. Dimelow, E. J. (1962) . Nautilus 15. Gleason, H. A. (1952) . The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora. The New York Botanical Garden, N. Y. Macmillan, G. K. (1954) . Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci. 23. Pilsbry, H. A. (1939-1948). Land Mollusca of North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Monograph 3. OBSERVATIONS OF A COLONY OF MAGNIPELTA By royal BRUCE BRUNSON and NILES KEVERN Montana Stale University Two articles have appeared in the literature concerning Mag- nipelta mycophaga Pilsbry. This genus and species was described by Dr. Henry Pilsbry (1953) from an immature specimen which was found by Dr. and Mrs. R. T. Orr in the Selway primitive area of Idaho. This area was reached by going over the Bitter- root Mountains on the Lolo Creek Road from Lolo, Montana. At that time the road was a deadend road terminating in a primitive white cedar forest. The road now connects Lolo, Mon- tana and Lewistown, Idaho, as U.S. 12. The second article con- cerning Magnipelta was a joint contribution of Pilsbry and Brunson (1954). This report was based on 12 adult specimens from the Deer Creek (Missoula) colony. Complete descriptions of the animal's anatomy and some natural history notes were recorded, along with photographs of the animal. The present study is based on the Deer Creek colony, a colony found at an elevation of 4,150 feet on the east side of Mount 24 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) Sentinel in the Sapphire Mountains. As far as could be deter- mined, the animals are limited to an area of approximately 440 yards long adjacent to Deer Creek. The general habitat lies between the creek and a small gravel road which parallels the creek at a distance of 15 to 20 feet. No specimens were found above the road or on the north side of the creek. During April and the first half of May, the vegetational pattern was a mod- erate covering of evergreens, chiefly spruce and fir, with the undergrowth only beginning to leaf out. During the latter half of May growth was very rapid (Missoula had one of the warmest springs on record) . By June the area was completely covered by dense undergrowth, except under concentrations of ever- greens. In addition to the vegetation, many other factors contribute to produce a cool, somewhat moist gross habitat. Deer Creek, fed by springs and melting snow, is cool; the water temperature on July 20 was 48°F. at the time the air temperature was 77 °F. The creek lies in a V-shaped valley, the sides of which are cov- ered with tall trees. The sun strikes the habitat area only in the middle of the day. Observations at 11:00 A.M. on some of the warmer days showed that the giound and lower foliage was still wet from dew of the previous night. Within the gross habitat, there were many fir and Ponderosa logs. Large pieces of bark from the Ponderosa logs provided excellent niches for the slugs. Some pieces of bark were "planted" to insure a greater distribution of the animals in the gross hab- itat and to insure a more accurate count. Magnipelta was also found under small logs, loose stones, and around the grass- covered periphery of the more tightly adhering stones. On cool, moist days the slugs were found roaming over the ground and lower foliage. On warmer days there was no evidence of move- ment. Therefore, it is assumed that most of the movement and feeding during the warm period occurs at twilight or night. Further evidence for this assumption was the large amounts of fresh green faeces which could be seen early in the morning. These faeces formed trails throughout the habitat. The area was studied from the first of April, 1957, to the last of September, 1957. The first slug (14 mm) was found on April 29, when snow still covered most of the ground. The air July, 1963 NAUTILUS 25 temperature was 72°F., and the ground temperature near the slug was 57°F. In the area were found 3 Allogora, 1 Triodopsis, and several Discus. May 5 was a cloudy day with showers. Most of the patches of snow were gone. The air temperature was 58°F. and the ground 56 °F. Only one specimen of Magnipelta was found. Many Allo- gona were found, and about 30% of these were copulating. Twelve specimens were found on May 10. The sizes of the 12 extended animals in millimeters were: 20, 55, 20, 67, 46, 23, 42, 15, 36, 42, 39 and 27. Four of the 12 specimens were found under rocks, one under bark, four under logs, and three under rotted wood. The air temperature was 74°F. The temperatures of the habitats ranged from 53°-58°F. Eighteen slugs were found on June 1. Nine large specimens were found under a board, 6 feet long and one foot wide. The other nine were found under logs and a small board. Tempera- tures of the habitat-niche ranged from 56°-59°F. with the air being 78°F. June 7 was a cloudy, cool (64°F.) day. With the help of Dr. William B. Hebard, of New York University, greater numbers of Magnipelta were found on this day than on any other day of the year. Eighty-six animals were located. Ground and niche temperatures ranged from 57°-61°F. More than half the slugs were moving around under a covering of plants on the open ground. The rest were found under and near rocks, logs, and bark. Only 4 slugs were found under the board that had 9 on June 1, an indication that the slugs move about freely when weather permits. Of the 86 animals collected, less than 10 were smaller than 20 mm. Twenty slugs were measured. The smallest was 14 mm. long, and the largest was 80 mm. Both were fully extended. The average length of the 20 extended animals was 43 mm. Comparisons of the extended and contracted animals were made. The largest slug measured 80 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, and 11 mm. deep when fully extended. When contracted, it measured 40 mm. long, 20 mm. wide, and 17 mm. deep. Undis- turbed movement of the slug was 14 inches in one hour. Twenty large Magnipelta were found on June 23. It is inter- esting to note that no animals were found in areas which were occupied on previous dates. Presumably most had migrated into 26 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) the deep areas of rock pilings bordering the road. No counts were made on June 30, and July 6. Instead, efforts were made to mark the animals and their slime trails. Some slugs were injected with eosin in the hopes that the resulting slime trails would be colored. The effects of the injection were quick movements and short colored slime trails. None of the animals was killed by the injection. All marks were sloughed off by the ensuing slime. A heavy rain fell on the morning of July 14. The area was therefore very wet during the afternoon. The air temperature dropped to 62 °F. Although no counts were made on this day, approximately I/2 of the slugs were in their habitat niche and the other 14 were moving around on the ground under the foliage. This is the same free movement as that which occurred on the other wet, cloudy days. The temperatures of the habitat niches on July 20 and July 26 ranged from 50°-60°F. The air temperature on both days was in the high 70's, and the relative humidity was very low. It was not surprising, therefore, to find but few specimens during this period. Four slugs were found on July 20, and two were found on July 26. Three animals were found on August 4. Most of the habitat was dry and deserted. Two specimens were found under rocks, and one under bark. The temperature under the bark was 68 °F., and the slug Avas contracted and showed no signs of activity. The relative humidity was between 10 and 20 percent during the month of August. No slugs were found between August 4 and September 1. However, on September 5, cool weather re- turned. Air temperature of the habitat was 66°F. Temperatures of the habitat niche ranged between 60° and 68°F. Ten speci- mens were found, under logs, rocks, and bark. The size of the extended animals ranged between 20 and 70 mm. Two specimens were shorter than 40 mm. in length. Snow fell on September 22 and much of it remained on the 23rd, when only one large slug was found. The animal was very inactive. It proved to be the last animal to be found that year. From the data obtained, evidently Magnipelta prefers a cool, moist habitat with the temperature between 53° and 60°F. The optimum season in the Deer Creek area occurs bteween May 10 July, 1963 NAUTILUS 27 and July 26. The green coloring of the faeces indicated that the food of the slug in this optimum season is green plants or moss, both of which are plentiful in the area. What is eaten, when the animals leave the main area is unknown. One might deduce that at the time the slugs are deep in the rocks (if that is the place to which they go) their diet must consist of fungi. Careful observations throughout the summer failed to shed any light as to the eggs of this animal or the very young. The length of all animals measured throughout the summer ranged from 14 mm. to 80 mm. One might surmise, after studying the habitat for a year, that the eggs and young occur in the deep- rock area, much the same as do the snails which inhabit the talus slides in Western Montana. To be certain of the eggs and young, one should raise the animals in captivity. There was no evidence of predation on Magnipelta. Only four animals were found dead. One had drowned in a small pool of water. The other three had died as a result of either having been stepped on or hurt during the process of replacing the habitat. From evidence obtained, apparently the slugs do not move much during warmer days, or if they do move, they may have a tendency to return to the same place. Under one board 9 large slugs were found. The following week there were 9 large slugs under the same board. Eight large slugs were present in the same place the third week. To cite another case, one large slug consistently appeared under the same rock over most of the period of observations. It was either the same slug or one exactly the same size. It is hoped that in the future methods will be found to mark the slugs and that a suitable method found for studying the deep rock area so as to shed light on aging, movement, and egg laying. References Pilsbry, H. A. 1953. Magnipelta, a new genus of Arionidae from Idaho. Nautilus. 67 (2): 37-38. and Royal Bruce Brunson. 1954. The Idaho-Montana Slug Magnipelta (Arionidae) Notulae Naturae of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. No. 262. 28 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) A METHOD OF TAGGING CHANNELED WHELKS By WILLIAM N. SHAW Fishery Biologist (Research) , U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland Both the channeled whelk, Busycon canaliculatum (Linne) , and the knobbed whelk, B. carica (Gmelin) , are known pre- dators of oysters. Carriker (1951) found that the predation rate for both species of Busycon in aquaria ranged from 0.8 to 2.7 oysters (1.0-7.8 cm in shell height) consumed per whelk per week. In field studies at Oyster Pond River, Chatham, Massa- chusetts, Shaw (1960) found that B. canaliculatum, placed in a wire cage with oysters greater than 7.6 cm. in height, consumed 0.3 oysters per whelk per week. Shaw (1960) also noted in field observations that the major- ity of channeled whelks could be removed from oyster bottoms in the spring in wooden traps baited with partly crushed horse- shoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. The high rate of capture on oyster beds at the beginning of each trapping season indicated that the whelks had moved in from other areas during the previous year. With the intent of tracing the movements of the channeled whelk, I tagged 100 individuals and released them at the mouth of Oyster Pond River, about 14 mile down stream from the nearest oyster bed, on June 10 and June 13, 1960. The purpose of this note is to describe the method of tagging and the direct effects of the tag on the whelk. Each whelk was tagged as follows: Large polyethylene tubing was cut open and rectangles, % x 14 inch, were cut from this. A number was stamped on and a hole was punched in each rec- tangle. Two holes, 2 mm. in diameter and 10 mm. apart, were drilled through the shell of the whelk about one inch inside the outer lip to the body whorl and just beneath the sutural canal. A piece of polyethylene tubing, 1 mm. in diameter was looped through the holes in the shell and through the hole in the tag. The tag was then tied in place by joining the ends of the tubing with a standard square knot (figs. 1 & 2, A & B) . Prior to release of the whelks, the shell height (spire tip to siphon tip) and maximum diameter (outer lip to the opposite NAUTILUS 77 (1) PLATE 3 21 22 Fig. si rial a Sinalo: Berry, 1835). Santa 1894. 1871) . 25 19. Olivella riverae Olsson. 1956. Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 20. O. semi- (Gray, 1839). Panama Bay. 21. O. tergina (Duclos, 1835). Mazatlan, I, Mexico. 22. O. volutella (Lamarck. 1811). Panama Bay. 23. O. walkeri 1958. Holotype, Guavmas, Sonora, Mexico. 24. O. zanoeta (Duclos, Aguachale, Baja California, Mexico. 25. O. zonalis (Lamarck, 1811). Cruz. Nayarit, Mexico. Species dubiosa. 26. O. gracilis gaylordi Ford, Paratype, Gulf of California. 27. O. versicolor (Marrat in Sowerby, Type of Marrat. Liverpool Museums. NAUTILUS 77 (1) PLATE 4 Figs. 1-4, Busycon caualiculal inn (Linne). 1 &: 2: Shov/In:^ a::rchm:nt; cf the tag. 3: Arrow points to area where inner loop of plastic tubing has been covered over with shell. 4: New shell partially covering inner loop of plastic tubing. Figs. 5-8, Goniobasis. 5: Fragment of body whorl from RB285. 6: From RB102. 7: G. laurae Goodrich, paratype. 8: G. interioris Goodrich, paratype. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 29 side) of each was measured to the nearest millimeter. In February 1962, two tagged whelks were recovered. The empty shell of one was found on the beach at the mouth of Oyster Pond River just opposite the point of release. The broken shell of the second whelk with the tag intact was found by an oysterman on his barge one mile up river from the area of release. Probably this individual had been dropped on the barge by a seagull. Since I do not know where the seagull originally found the whelk, the exact movement of this snail is not known. The following changes were noted on the shells of the two whelks: In one shell the loop of the plastic tubing inside the body whorl had been completely covered by new shell thus cementing the tubing in place (fig. 3) . This whelk had increased in shell height from 158 mm. to 172 mm. and in maximum diameter from 90 mm. to 96 mm. In the other whelk the inner loop of plastic tubing was only partially covered with new shell (fig. 4) . Probably the latter whelk died or was killed before completely covering the tubing. Since this individual was not intact, shell measurements could not be obtained. Probably the loop of tubing inside the shell irritated the mantle of the whelk stimulating the snail to secrete shell over the tubing. After the loop was covered, the tubing became sealed in place and probably would remain there throughout the whelk's life. These observations suggest that this is a suitable method of tagging whelks for studies of their growth rates and migration patterns in the field. Literature cited Carriker, M. R. 1951. Observations on the penetration of tightly closing bivalves by Busycon and other predators. Ecology i2(l):73-83. Shaw, W. N. 1960. Observations on habits and a method of trap- ping channeled whelks near Chatham, Massachusetts. Special Scientific Report. Fisheries No. 325:1-6. NOTES AND NEWS Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 1 to 38, iii, pis. 1 & 2, was mailed July 5, 1962. No. 2, pp. 39 to 74, iii, pis. 3 to 5, Nov. 14, 1962. No. 3, pp. 75 to 114, Jan. 17, 1963. No. 4, pp. 115 to 152, pis. 6 to 11, April 19, 1963 — H.B.B. 30 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) CoRBicuLA FLUMiNEA (Mullcr) in Louisiana. — The rapid spread of this mollusk is a dramatic one. Since it was first ob- served in the United States in 1938 it has shown a phenomenal capacity for dispersal in that it has gone from the Columbia River in Washington down into the Willamette River, Sacre- mento River, San Jaoquin River, the tributaries of all these, into the Colorado River drainage and irrigation systems, and into the Gila River in Arizona. Then it appeared to skip over into the TVA system where it was first reported from Paducah, Ken- tucky, on the Ohio River. Since then it has rapidly spread into the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River, and the Green River. It has been observed in abundance in various localities along all these rivers. An excellent review of the whole Corbicula dispersal through the United States plus a discussion of its life history, ecology, and general habits can be had by reading the paper, "A Pre- liminary Report on the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee" (R. M. Sinclair and B. G. Isom, Tennessee Depart- ment of Public Health, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board. 1961). Now Corbicula fluminea is beginning to be found in streams along the Gulf Coast. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries (Water Pollution Control) biologists, taking bottom samples in the Cal- casieu River at mile 66 in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, found it in October, 1961. The same biologists also collected it in Assumption Parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Magasille in April, 1962 and in Bayou Sorrel at the locks in Iberville Parish in May, 1962. Within less than 25 years this small, slow-moving, bottom- dweller has spread over much of the United States. This once again is evidence of the hazards involved in accidental or delib- erate biological introductions. — Dee Saunders Dundee and Wal- ter J. Harman, La. State University, in New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The range of Succinea ovalis. — Walker (Terr. Moll. Ala- bama. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. no. 18. p. 167. 1928) reported Succinea ovalis Say from several localities in southwest- ern Alabama. Having collected rather extensively in this part of July, 1963 NAUTILUS 31 Alabama without finding it, probably these records were based on misidentifications. Only one lot of Succinea ovalis was found in the University of Michigan collections from Alabama. These were from Mobile. The one lot from the Clapp Collection of the Carnegie Museum labeled S. ovalis proved to be Catinella texana Hubricht. The Mobile specimens are probably a case of mixed labels. Pilsbry's record from Smith Island, Brunswick Co., North Carolina (Land Moll. N. Amer. 2: 803) is probably also erroneous. Succinea ovalis is a more northern species. Its southern limit is from Maryland to Kentucky, but ranging southward in the mountains as far as the Great Smokies. On the floodplain of the Mississippi River, it ranges as far south as Memphis, Tennessee. In central Missouri it is not known from south of the floodplain of the Missouri River. It is known from as far west as Doniphan Co., Kansas, Brown Co., Nebraska, and Devil's Lake, North Dakota. — Leslie Hubricht. CORBICULA FLUMINEA IN THE MOBILE RiVER. Covbicula flu- minea Miiller was found abundant during the spring of 1962 in the Mobile River at the Riverview Fishing Camp, 1 mile north of Bucks; and in smaller numbers in the Mobile River at Chastang Bluff, east of Chastang, Mobile Co., Alabama. It was not found in the Tombigbee River at the Ft. Stoddard Fishing Camp, east of Mt. Vernon, Mobile Co., Alabama; nor in the Tombigbee River, east of Mcintosh, Washington Co., Alabama. — Leslie Hubricht. Twisting behavior in mesodon thyroidus — In the field, when pulled by the shell from a surface to which it tightly adheres, an occasional M. thyroidus reacts with a violent and repeated twisting of the body from side to side, a response that, were the shell free and the foot attached to a surface, would result in rotation of the shell upon the body. Such a twisting of the shell upon the body has been observed upon occasion in laboratory animals burdened by other snails clinging to their shells. It is therefore possibly a response to unusual tensions upon the body and might contitute a defense reaction or, in progression through the litter, might aid in extricating the animal from tight quar- 32 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) ters. This behavior is undoubtedly allied to the similar, but chemically elicited, escape responses of many marine gastropods, described by Kohn (1961, Am. Zoologist 1: 291-308) .—Walter C. Blinn, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Brachystyloma Weisbord a synonym of Anachis H. & A. Adams (Columbellidae) . — Three shells from "red pebbly sand" in the Abisinia formation (Pleistocene?) of Venezuela have been described by N. E. Weisbord (1962, Bulls. American Paleo., 42 (193) :27-28, 335-337, pi. 29, figs. 23-24) as a new spe- cies in a new monotype genus provisionally placed in the Colum- bellidae: Brachystyloma caribbeana. Examination of the holotype (Paleont. Res. Inst. no. 26244) , graciously loaned to me by Dr. K. V. W. Palmer, has confirmed a suspicion elicited by the illustra- tions that Brachystyloma is a worn and badly broken columbel- lid, probably the abundant and variable Anachis (Costoanachis) hotessieriana Orbigny (see R. T. Abbott, 1958, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 11, pp. 68-69) or a closely related species in the same subgenus. The whole shell has been abraded, and the outer lip has been broken back almost one half a whorl. The anterior siphonal canal has also been broken, and the "deep excavation under the base of the columella" (the main generic character of Brachystyloma) is an erosional feature that would be found only in broken and abraded shells. Accordingly, Brach- ystyloma Weisbord (1962) is a subjective junior synonym of Anachis H. 'k A. Adams (1853) and of Costoanachis Sacco (1890) . The holotype of Brachystyloma caribbeana is 3.2 mm. wide, not 4.9 mm. as stated. — Robert Robertson, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Anisus Studer (1820a: 91) was proposed to include Planorbis O. F. Muller (1774: 152) and Physa Draparnaud (1801: 52). In my judgment, the first valid selection of a type species was made by Herrmannsen (1852: 9), who selected Planorbis um- bilicatus Muller, which w^ould make it a synonym of Planorbis, type (Cf. opinion 335) P. planorbis (Linne) . However, J. E. Gray (1847b) had made 3 previous designations in one publi- cation. On page 180, he listed "Anisus, Studer" in the synonymy July, 1963 NAUTILUS 33 of Physa, for which he designated Physa fontinalis (Linne) [Cf. opinion 94]. Also on p. 180, he selected "H[elix] spirorbis" [Linne] as the type of "Anisiis Fitz., Studer" [Fitzinger, 1833: 111, who did not include that species]. Finally, to make matters worse, on p. 181, he designated 'T. olivaceus" [1827] for the type of ''Anisiis, Beck" [Anisi, 1837: 120], another misusage. If any of these 3 be valid, which I doubt, it is the first one. On the other hand, Pilsbry (1934: 62) accepted Gray's 2nd choice. Since he was followed by F. C. Baker (1945: 55) , this usage has become rather general. Actually, the valid name for this subgenus of Gyraidiis is Omalodiscus Benson (1855: 127) for which the first type selection, so far as I am aware, was that of Hannibal (1912: 153, in a discussion of "Planorbis") , who stated "Omalodiscus, Benson, 1855 (P.[lanorbis] vulgaris Swains. =z H.[elix] vortex L., type by substitution) ," which clearly was Benson's intent, since he proposed it to replace the homonymic Spirorbis Swainson (1840: 337) .^ Of course, S. vulgaris Swainson (loc. cit.) which was the only species included by the last, was vested solely by citation of the figures Draparnaud (1805: 45) gave for his Planorbis vortex, var. beta, and these apparently represent Gyraulus (Omalodiscus) leucostoma (Millet) . The last also has been considered either a distinct species, or a form of G. spirorbis (Linne) . Unfortunately, Pilsbry (1934: 63) , fol- lowed again by F. C. Baker (1945: 51) and many others, accepted Kennard k Woodward's later selection, 1924, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 7(5:11, of P. marginatus, which also was included by Benson, and thus considered Omalodiscus a synonym of Planorbis. These notes were made during an arrangement of fresh-water Pulmonata in the previously unlabeled collection of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In this, Omalodiscus is used as a subgenus of Gyraulus in the Planorbidae. Anisus is listed in the synonymy of both Physa (Physidae) and Planorbis, which is where Studer autocratically proposed it. The abbrevi- ated references have been checked with the originals, but, since they are listed handily by Zilch, 1960, Handb. Palaozool. (5(4) : 731-795, why repeat them here? — H. Burrington Baker. 1 Benson stated: "This name having long been pre-occupied by a genus of Aruielides, Swainson's subgenus requires a change of designation." 34 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) Planorbarius Dumeril, 1806, Zoologie Analytique: 164, evi- dently is an invalid emendation of Planorbis, and automatically takes the same type. He apparently considered his "planorbarius" as a Latin synonym of his French "planorbiers." On the same page, he also emended Trochus, Sigaretus, Turbo, Valvata, Natica and other names in a similar manner, also without men- tion of their original authors. The fact that Froriep (1806: 165) added "helix cornea" as an example ("beyspiel" of preface: xx) in his German translation has no effect on this. The earliest valid name for the genus for which Planorbarius has been used is Coretus "Adans., 1757" Gray (1847b: 180), type by original designation C. corneus [Linne]. Incidentally, the prior name for its subfamily is Coretinae Gray (1847b, loc. cit., as Coretina) . — H. B. B. Melampinae: — The older writers used Melampidae (Stimp- son, 1851) or Melampinae (H. & A. Adams, 1855) but Crosse & Fischer (1880) changed this to Melampodinae. Perhaps Mel- ampus did come originally from 2 Greek words meaning black and foot but, according to Ainsworth's (1830) "Latin Diction- ary," the Romans used at least the physician's name, exactly as Montfort (1810) spelled it, with the genitive melampi. For this reason, Melampinae seems to be the better form. — H. B. B. Paludomidae (PLEURocERmAE) . — Of the 5 familial names prior to Pleuroceridae Fischer, 1885, all apparently are "nomina oblita" except Paludominae Gill, 1871, which was used by Pils- bry as late as 1956. In a rearrangement of the A.N.S.P. collection, which mainly follows Goodrich's careful studies in its systematic outlines, Pleurocera Rafinesque (1818) is used in its usual sense, in the hope that the I. C. Z. N. finally will adopt the petition to preserve it with the type P. acuta Rafinesque, 1831 (or Blain- ville, 1824?) . As Pilsbry pointed out in 1917, Ceriphasia Swain- son, 1840, is the legal name of the group. On the other hand, even Rafinesque would not have squeezed his P. acuta into his definition of the "genus Oxytrema," 1819, which makes Blain- ville's (1824, under "Pleurocerus") and Morrison's (1954) addi- tion of that species simply impossible. One must draw the line somewhere, even in nomenclature. However, since Elimia H. & A. July, 1963 NAUTILUS 35 Adams, 1854, type (Pilsbry &: Rhoads, 1896) E. acutocarinata (Lea) , would not become obsolete for several years, it is em- ployed instead of the subsequent, but more usual Goniobasis Lea, 1862, which both Goodrich and Morrison suggested may belong in Gyrotoma Shuttleworth, 1845. To be on the safe side, although both of these synonyms apparently are "nomina oblita" according to the latest "code," Elimia laqueata (Say) now is selected the type of Melasma H. &: A. Adams, 1854, and E. silicula (Gould) the type of Juga H. ^ A. Adams, 1854. Since there have been so many guesses about the identity of Ellipstoma Raf. (1818) , Lithasia Haldeman, 1840, is used for the group, of which Pleurocera evidently is the legal name. Leptoxis Rafinesque, 1818, is employed instead of the much-emended Anculosa Say (1821) . — H. BuRRiNGTON Baker. DiREcrroRY of conchologists of the world ($2.65 postpaid) . — It has been our custom to revise the directory every two years. The 1962 edition is available and lists some 3,200 names and addresses. This list is composed of persons or institutions inter- ested in the study or collection of mollusks, and we wish to make it as complete as possible. When known the names will be followed by numbers indi- cating interests from the following key or other specialties. 1. World Wide Shells. 3. Fresh Water Shells. 2. Land Shells. 4. Fossil Shells. 5. Exchange Shells We plan to issue a revised edition early in 1964, and will appreciate having our attention called to both errors and addi- tions as w^e are now starting to assemble the data for the 1964 directory. There is no obligation to purchase a copy. It is our custom to mail the first issues to those who have ordered and paid. They will have some advantage in seeing the names of the new collectors in the 1964 Directory of Con- chologists of the World. — John Q. Burgh, 4206 Halldale Avenue, Los Angeles 62, California. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED, 1962 Pages in italics include new taxons Clench, William J. k Ruth D. Turner. New names introduced by H. A. Pilsbry in the Mollusca and Crustacea. Acad. Nat. 36 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1) Sci. Philadelphia, Special Publ. no. 4, 218 pp. Araujo, J L. de Barros, H. E, Barbosa de Resende k P. A. de Fraga Rodrigues. Sobre "Bulimulus tenuissimus" (Origny, 1835) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 2{?: 33-42, figs. 1-25. Athearn, H, D. &: A. H. Clarke, Jr. The freshwater mussels of Nova Scotia. Nat. Mus. Canada Bui. no. 183:11-41, fig. 1, maps 1-6, pis. 1-4. Branson, Branley A,, John Taylor & Constance Taylor. A Pleis- tocene local fauna from Caddo and Canadian Counties, Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Notes 22:280-295, 3 figs. Clarke, Arthur H., Jr. On the composition, zoogeography, origin and age of the deep-sea mollusk fauna. Deep-Sea Research ^:291-306. Clarke, A. H., Jr. Sublittoral molluscs and brachiopods from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nat. Mus. Canada Bui. no. 183:6-10. Haas, Fritz. Caribbean land molluscs: Subulinidae and Oleacini- dae. Stud. Faun. Curacao 'k other Carib. Is. 25:49-60, fig. 53, pis. 7-11. Heard, William H. The Sphaeriidae of the North American Great Lakes. Amer. Midi. Nat. ^7:194-198. Rezende, H, E. Barboza de, P. A. de Fraga Rodrigues k. J. L. de Barros Araujo. Sobre o Strep taxis contusus (Ferussac, 1821) . Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ^^:337-345, figs. 1-13, 16 figs. Riedel, Adolf. Materialien zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Zonitidae, 7-8. Materialien zur Kenntnis der Zonitidae des Nahen Ostens, nebst Besprechung der Gattung Eopolita Poll, im breiteren geographischen Rahmen. Ann. ZooL, Polska Aka- demia Nauk 2^:221-227, 11 figs., 261-298, 31 figs. Vitrea argo- lica sp. n. aus Griechenland. Bui. Acad, Polonaise Sci. CI. II, 10:315-317, 5 figs. Robertson, Robert. Comments on the proposed use of the plen- ary powers to suppress the generic name: Pupa Roding, 1798. Vanikoro Quoy Sz Gaimard, 1832; proposed validation under the plenary powers. BuL Zoo. Nomencl. iP:258-259, 332-336. Solem, Alan. Notes on, and descriptions of New Hebridean land snails. Bui. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoo, 9:217-247, 17 figs., 2 pis. THE NAUTILUS Vol. yy October, 1963 No. 2 STUDY OF A POPULATION OF SPHAERIID CLAMS IN A TEMPORARY POND^ By grace jean THOMAS University of Georgia The following study of the composition of a population of Sphaerium (Musculium) partumeium took place over a two-year period. The pond which contains the clams is located near Ann Arbor, Michigan^. It was the site of a study by Kenk (1949) in which he compared its fauna with that of other ponds. In addi- tion, DeWitt (1954) used it as a source of material for his study of the life history of Physa gyrina. The occurrence in the pond of a very large population of a single bivalve made it a parti- cularly favorable spot for a population analysis. Ecology of the habitat. The pond, which is located in an open field, has a bottom covered with a layer of rich organic material and a maximum water depth of about 65 centimeters (2 feet, 11/2 inches). The number of months that water stands in this habitat varies from year to year. Most commonly the pond dries up in July, and remains that way until October or November when it is refilled by autumn rains. In years of reduced rain- fall, however, it remains dry over the winter months and is not refilled until March, or even later. The pond is bordered on two sides by wide bands of Typlia. The bottom shows small patches of bare mud, but most of it is covered with Alisma and Zizania aquatica. The Alisma is dominant when the water level is low, and Zizania is luxuriant when the pond is full, long after the emergent vegetation has died down. 1 This study was a portion of research done in partial fulfillment of the re- quirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan. The author wishes to express her thanks to Dr. Frank E. Eggle- ton for his interest and encouragement, and to Rev. H. B. Herrington for the identification of the clams. 2 On the west of U.S. highway 23 just north of its intersection with U.S. highway 112 (T3S/R6E/S23). 37 38 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) 6- 5 - in o c: c 2 3 2 - Jan Mar May July Sept Nov Figure 1. Total monthly rainfall for the years 1953 and 1954. The fauna includes micro-Crustacea, hydracarina, leeches, oligochaetes, nematodes, turbellarians, many of them in very large numbers. The mollusks are represented by Sphaerium partumeium and 5 species of snails, Gyraulus parvus^ Helisoma trivolvis, Lymnaea palusiris, Physa gyrina, and Planorhula armigera. Of these, the clams, Lymnaea palustris and Physa gyrina are very common. Methods. Samples were taken monthly from January, 1953, until March, 1954. At that time a program of weekly sampling was instituted, and continued until July 23, 1954. The study was to be ended then, but in October, 1954, heavy rains filled the pond and made an extension of the sampling desirable. Collec- tions were taken until March of 1955. In sampling, an attempt was made to secure enough material October, 1963 NAUTILUS 39 TABLE 1 COMPOSITION OF KOi-.THLY SAMPLES Total Number of iize Classes (Length ir mm in Parentheses) Month Clams (1-2) 2 (2-3) 3 (3-I4) h. (I.-5) 5 (5-6) 6 (6-7) 7 (7-8) 8 (8-9) 9 (9-10) 1/53 161, 38 126 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2/53 hh 29 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/53 316 138 176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 li/53 297 15 153 127 2 0 0 c 0 0 5/53 18U 1 8 7U 97 h. 0 0 0 0 6/53 167 10 0 Hi 105 38 0 0 0 0 7/53 83 h9 0 7 18 0 0 0 0 0 e/53 70 60 0 1 7 '2 0 0 0 0 9/53 7U 67 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10/53 81 60 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11/53 79 56 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 12/53 75 61 I 6 h 0 0 0 0 0 l/51i h6 36 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2/5L 23 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3/5U 238 165 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 h/'^l^ 55U 16 lii9 236 Hil 12 0 0 0 0 5/5L 520 0 1 20 1147 208 132 10 0 0 6/5L 1172 hOlx 1 0 I 82 305 286 85 5 7/5L 6b3 376 52 I4 0 h 63 116 27 5 10/=;1j 301 217 ea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ll/51i 15a 2 li8 78 26 0 0 0 0 0 1/55 192 6 39 81 66 0 0 0 0 0 2/55 85 0 22 m 15 0 0 0 0 0 3/55 296 0 21 95 155 2a 1 0 0 0 each time to furnish at least 75 to 100 clams. However, during a few winter months, this was impossible. The samples were all carried into the laboratory for careful sorting, so that the young would not be missed. Once the specimens were measured, the sample was broken down into size classes, and the percent of individuals falling within the limits of each size class calculated. The monthly totals for the period from March 13, 1954, to July 23, 1954, represent the lumping of weekly samples. The measurement used in setting up the size classes was shell length. Since none of the shells measured less than one mm., or more than 10 mm., 9 size classes were set up as shown in table 1. Measurements of total monthly rainfall for the years 1953 and 1954 (secured from the United States Weather Bureau at Willow Run) were plotted in figure 1. Results. The total number of clams taken each month, and the numbers falling in each size class are given in table 1. The number of individuals in a collection varied from 23 in one February sample to over 1000 in a month during which weekly collections were taken. The small numbers taken from frozen ground in January and February, however, show a size class 40 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) JAN 1953 FE3 MAR P APR h 0 •^ rH H CO H • ■eaj W -P y EH 0 O o H O EH (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (10 (11 (12 (13 15 7.70 13eO 429 16 8.75 9.4 204 16 7.50 10.0 304 7 no water data 16 6.23 10.6 96 16 8.20 10.6 471 16 7.97 10.0 170 16 no water data 17 8.50 9.6 853 17 8.20 990 17 no water data 17 8.18 1145 17 8.23 345 0 429 0 380 40 164 0 180 24 280 0 270 0 96 110 80 0 471 0 410 38 132 0 150 214 639 0 740 32 958 0 870 12 1133 0 1000 0 345 3.6 300 portion below 0 degrees may have little ecologic impact on dor- mant mollusks. If extremely low precipitation over a period were to combine with a subsequent period of extremely low temperatures, freeze-out of the bottom sediments could certainly occur. Probably this situation would cause local extermination of molluscan populations. Methods. Water: A one-quart water sample was taken from a foot below the surface. As all the water bodies were thermallv October, 1963 NAUTILUS 53 a CO H CO o EH BOTTCM SEDIMENTS CO ^— *i (D •P J^ CD O (D S M PL. Pi H •^ n 00 EH H U H go' CO o 1^ H CO 15780 40 2.6 51,4 24.7 5000 480 5.8 3.1 4.5 2600 1120 7.0 31,7 26.4 180 < i 10.0 830 160 <6.0 4730 1600 5.1 2280 470 il.6 25.8 5210 850 8,3 3150 1600 31, 26.4 gel fine sand gel clay size mud med.-cr. sand clay size mud gel clay sized mud gel fine sand 750 340 me d , s and me do sand unstratified, no purpose would have been served by a more com- plicated sampling technique. The presence or absence of dis- solved CO2 was established by the method of Theroux and others (1943, p. 9) . A model 9600 Beckman pH meter was used to determine pH values. The concentrations of various ions here reported were established by the techniques described in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste- waters," 11th Edition, 1960. 54 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (2) Table 3 Aquatic Mollusks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 GYRAULUS PARVUS X XXXXXXXX LYMNAEA PALUSTRIS PHYSA sp. GYRAULUS sp. HELISOMA TRIVOLVIS PROMENETUS EXACUOUS LYMNAEA HUMILIS ARMIGER CRISTA PISIDIUM sp. LYMNAEA STAGNAUS APLEXA HYPNORUM VALVATA TRICARINATA AMNICOLA LIMOSA HELISOMA ANCEPS SPHAERIUM sp. X Note:-The mollusks are arranged in the order of the frequency of their occurrence Temperature: A Whitney Marine thermometer permitting ac- curacy of 0.1° C was used to determine temperature. The water temperature was taken throughout the maximum depth of the water and the sediment temperature was also taken. Bottom Sediments: An Eckman dredge was used to obtain samples of the bottom sediments. These were examined for: grain size by wet sieving and hydrometer analysis; carbonate by acid digestion; and organic content by calculation from data obtained by ignition. The contained molluscan fauna were re- moved from each sample during the grain size analysis. Depth: Direct sounding with a measured cable was the method used for determining depths. In no case was the depth sufficient to necessitate correction for drift. Depth values are not neces- sarily maximum depth of the bodies of water, but merely the maximum values recorded during our sampling. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X October, 1963 nautilus 55 Fauna: Shells found in the sediments were removed from the bottom samples. A dredge net for sampling the aquatic vege- tation and the surface of the bottom was also used. Where shells were found concentrated at the strand line, they were col- lected by hand and a grab sample was taken and examined under magnification of 9 to 45 X. Shells were used as the basis for identification, but living representatives were present in the sample from each of the water bodies. (To be continued) REVISION OF A WEST AFRICAN HALIOTID By ROBERT R. TALMADGE Field Associate, Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, Calif. Acad. Sci., Willow Creek For many years the malacological world has known that some species of the sea ear or abalone, genus Haliotis were to be found along portions of the coasts of West Africa. However, when the literature is scrutinized, apparently the identification is somewhat amiguous, and in many cases the generalized distribu- tion needs verification. Comparative specimen material, at least in America, is not too plentiful. There are sets of shells collected in the Canary Islands scat- tered among major museum and private collections in this country. Talmadge (1958) covered the systematics of the species found in this island group; the work being based upon a com- parison of not only the shells, but anatomical features as well. The variable insular species was identified as Haliotis (San- haliotis) coccinea Reeve. Both H. zealandica and H. janiis Reeve, are classed as synonyms after selected specimens were compared with the original "Type" lots. Specimen material from the mainland coasts of West Africa appears to be extremely limited. With the exception of my col- lection, the only material that I could locate was in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This set, shells only, was used by Pilsbry (1890) when he wrote the last monogiaphic work covering the family Haliotidae in Vol. 12, Manual of Conchology. Several of the specimens in this series were used for illustrations. At the present time, the distribution of the haliotids along 56 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) the mainland coasts of west Africa is still a problem. Nickles (1950) verified Dunker's (1853) "Gulf of Guinea" locality, cit- ing the "Gold Coast," now Ghana, on the north shore of the Gulf of Guinea. Pilsbry (1890) had eliminated the Cape Verde Islands, although references to this locality still persist, perhaps based upon Reeve (1846) . Many of my letters of inquiry remain unanswered, some answers are contradictory, and since little comparative material is available to me from the general area, the distribution must remain, at least at this time, rather un- certain. With the receipt of an excellent series of both shell and soft parts, through the courtesy of Dr. I. Marche-Machad, Dakar, Senegal, the taxon for that locale may be determined. Anatomi- cal comparison indicates that this series is basically the same as the European-Mediten^anean, Haliotis tuberculata Linne, and I would classify them as such. There is, however, a consistent and persistent shell variation, which is quite noticeable to per- sons familiar with the genus. In all the specimens examined, the recent Senegal as well as the Philadelphia series, I noted that the shells were not only smaller and comparatively thinner, but were also more elongate and deeper than the European-Mediter- ranean examples. These form a definite shell grouping. There are variations in coloration and sculpturing, but such poly- morphic features are usual in most species of haliotids. The basic differences were noted in all age stages, which at least to me, is a strong indication of a local geographical race; similar soft parts with a distinct shell feature which separates a group from other populations of the same species, combined with a rather distinct geographical separation. Rather than add a new name to the already overburdened sys- tematics, I searched through the available literature in an effort to locate a name already applied to this population and which would be available. Pilsbry (1890) had identified the race as Haliotis rosacea Reeve, and Talmadge (1958) had followed this identification, but had used the trinomial, H. tuberculata rosacea Reeve, based upon a small set of shells which had an affinity to- wards the more northern race. Nickles (1950) had identified the species as H. tuberculata Linne, but did not separate the west African and the European-Mediterranean populations. October, 1963 nautilus 57 Dunker (1853) had also recognized the affinity of the Gulf of Guinea specimens with the more northern group, and had used the name H. tuherculata var. striata Linne. Philippi (1850) had identified the species as new under the name H. descussata. Variations in the specimens available match in close detail H. marmorata, H. Virginia, H. rosacea, H. striata, and H. pertusa, all as identified and figured by Reeve, but not the same as the original authors. Further search revealed that Wood (1828) figured and iden- tified a haliotid as Haliotis guinensis. Wood's use of the name was traced to Gmelin (1791), w^ho cited Schroter (1784) as his authority. It is interesting to speculate why both Reeve and Pilsbry missed this much earlier name. Perhaps it was confused with a name in Martini (1769) , "Das Guineische, roth und Weis marmoriter=exalba, rubro et fusco maculata, Guinaica," which is figured in Vol. 1, PI. 16, fig. 149 of that non-binomial work. This is not a haliotid, but is probably a Siniim. Gmelin (1791), Vol. 1. Pt. 6, page. 3689, gave the following: "H. guineensis, H. testa ovata subconvexa solida descussatim striata. Schrot. Einl. in Conch. 2, p. 388, T4 f. 18. Habitat rara ad Guineae littora." A more detailed description follows, indi- cating size, coloration, etc., which fits the specimens from Sene- gal. Through the courtesy of Drs. A. Myi^a Keen and Robert Robertson, microfilms of the title page, plate, and the two pages of Schroter's work were made available. Again there is no ques- tion in my mind that the Senegal material is the same as de- scribed in both Schroter and Gmelin. However, Schroter is non- binomial, so the name must be attributed to Gmelin. Because anatomical features indicate that this is only a geographical race of the European-Mediterranean species, and since Gmelin's use of the name is the earliest found in accepted binomial litera- ture, I propose that the name be: Haliotis (Sulculus) tuherculata guineensis Gmelin (1791) . The opportunity to examine the collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was made possible by a Grant in Aid, No. P-2958, from the American Philosophical So- ciety of Philadelphia. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. R. Tucker Abbott and the staff at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for making space available to me for comparative 58 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) work while I was at that institution. Literature Cited Dunker, W. 1853. Index molluscorum quae in intinere ad Guineam Inferiorem collegit. Cassel. :VI, 74, 10 col. pis. Gmelin, J. F. 1791. Caroli a Linne systema naturae as per regna tria naturae, Edito decima tertia. Vol. 1. Pt. 6, Leipzig. Martini, F. H. 1769. Neues systematiches von Conchylien Cabi- net, Nuremberg. Vol. 1, : 175, PI. 16, fig. 149. (non binomial, taxa unavailable) Nickles, M. 1950. Mollusques testaces marines de la cote Occi- dent d'Afrique, Paris. : 1-269, illustrated. Philippi, R. A., 1845-1851. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Conchylien. Cassel. 3 vols. Pilsbry, H. A. 1890. Manual of Conchology, Philadelphia, Vol. 12, : V-XII, 1-323, PI. 1-65. Reeve, L. 1846. Conchologica Iconica, Monograph of the genus Haliotis, London, i, 17 col. pis. Schroter, J. S. 1784. Einleitung in die Conchylienkenntniz. (Microfilm-Title page, PL 4, p.388-389.) (non binomial, taxa unavailable) Talmadge, R. R. 1958. The Canary Island haliotid. Naut. 12\ 55- 58. Wood, W. 1828. Index Testaceologicus, London. :212, 38 Col. Pis. Supp. : IV, 34, 8 Col. Pis. TYPE OF UNIO LUTEOLUS LAMARCK, 1819 By MARY J. WHEELER Research Associate, Paleont. Research Inst., Ithaca, N. Y. For many years there has existed a difference of opinion regarding the status of the name Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck) , 1819, originally known as Unio luteolus Lam. Since 1922 this species generally has been known as Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes), 1823, originally Unio siliquoideus Barnes. I have made an attempt to clarify this situation. In res{X)nse to a request for photographs of the types of Unio luteolus Lam. and Unio radiatus Lam., 1819, the Laboratoire de Malacologie of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France, where part of Lamarck's collection is deposited, kindly sent microfilms of the two types. These are herewith reproduced. According to a personal communication (Oct. 3, 1962) from October, 1963 NAUTILUS 59 "YFE ol UlNilO LuTEOLUS Lamarck, s'tn LeVK^tW tf MM y^^^ XCy \ CoorDtay ^ HuseuM AZ/ttioh'^l d 'M»sns<«e ?if/4TU«€ia.E, RkniS TrPE 9f Unio Raoiatus Lamarck, \?is Lenatk 60 « m ''■*^> Hte, _ ^ ^ ^ 3 * 6 6 7 8 9 ' 10 ' 111 CourteSU. ^ ^W»/oM |{aT!ONAI. J?HlSl&JRe^t»olymorphic forms did not differ significantly from the findings of Furrow (1931b) on the typical V. tricarinata, they are presented here as additional in- formation representative of this variable species. I am indebted to Drs. Frank E. Eggleton and Henry van der Schalie for their stimulating advice and criticism during the course of this in- vestigation. As in many snails, reproduction in Valvata is seasonal. In the Great Lakes region of North America, oviposition begins in late spring or early summer and continues into late summer. In this 1 This investigation was supported (in part) by research grant 2E-41 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service. 2 A contribution from the University of Michigan Biological Station. October, 196.^ nautilus 65 connection the annual V. piscinalis of Europe exhibits an in- teresting migratory behavior which is probably initiated by a combination of the degree of maturity of the gonad and seasonal weather conditions (Cleland, 1954) . Immediately prior to egg- laying, these snails leave the substrate and move to the aquatic vegetation where the egg capsules are deposited. Upon hatching, the young feed for a short time on the periphyton and then mi- grate back to the substrate where they remain until their breed- ing cycle occurs in the following year. This cycle adheres to a complex pattern. According to Fromming (1956) , V. piscinalis undergoes 3 periods of oviposition with an interval of about 4 weeks between 2 of these periods. Oviposition in each period, which may extend from 8 to 14 days, occurs 2 to 4 times (de- pending on the age and nutritional condition of the snail) . As a result, the average snail produces about 10 capsules with an approximate total of 150 eggs. There is just one breeding cycle in the life span of this species. In nature the egg capsules of Valvata are found most fre- quently on aquatic vegetation. When available, however, other objects with smooth surfaces (e.g., stones, twigs, bottles) may serve as favorable sites for egg-laying. Cleland (1954) found that V. piscinali showed no preference for any of the following plants as sites for oviposition: Callitriche verna, Sparganium sp.. Iris pseudacorus, and Nasturtium officianalis. However, there is a pronounced preference for the site selected for egg-laying by V. tricarinata. In a habitat in Douglas Lake, Michigan (Grape- vine Point Cove) , egg capsules were found attached to aquatic vegetation (Potamogeton illinoisensis, P. strictifolius, Vallisneria americana, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, and Chara vulgaris) and to leaves of deciduous trees (Quercus rubra, Betula alba var. papyrifera, and Acer saccharum) which covered the surface of a sandy-mud substrate. By means of experiments in which cap- sule-free samples of each of the above mentioned 8 plants were provided as the only natural substrate, I established that V. tricarinata did select certain sites for oviposition. Ten snails were maintained in each container (a four-inch diameter fingerbowl) , and the egg capsules deposited on the stem and leaves of each plant were counted and examined. A marked affinity for aquatic plants over leaves of trees was revealed; more capsules were 66 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) SffiCIES NO. CAPSUIES EXAMINED HD. E0G3 JER MASS DAIS UOTIL HATCHING REFEEENCE V. crlstata - 3-1. 30-liO C. Pfolffer (iQ Fronming, 1956) - 1* - Moquin-Tandon (1855) - 2-3 - Ifekrassow (1928) - 1-3 - Froranilng (1956) V. Plsclnalis - l.-2i; 15-30 Moquin-Tandon (1855) - li-2U - Lavagler (in Fronming, 1956) - 16-31, 19 - Hakrassow (1928) - 10-60 - Gemain (1930) - 6-19 15 Cleland (19S2i) - 15-10 _ van Benthem Jutting (in Fromming, 1956) - 8-22 Frommirg (1956) V. tricarlnata 80 U-18 12-15 Furrow (1931b) polymorph perconfusa 293 1-11 7-II4 Heard polymorph urdcarinata S 3-5 - Heard V. sincere 6 2-U 5-8 Heard TABLE 1. FEATURES OF EGG PRODUCTION IN VALVATA SPP. deposited on the glass finger bowls than on the deciduous leaves (either fresh or partially decayed) . Notably the aquatic plants with wider leaves (e.g., Potamogeton illinoisensis) contained many more capsules than those with narrow, short, or needle- like leaves (e.g., P. strictifolius) . Nekrassow (1928) reported egg capsules of V. cristata from the leaves of Stratiotes aloides and "other plants." All egg capsules of V. sincera observed in this investigation (Hook Point Cove of Douglas Lake, Cheboygan Co., Mich.) were recovered from the leaves and stems of aquatic vegetation. The egg capsules of Valvata show a striking contrast with respect to the number of eggs in the capsule and in the time required for hatching (Table 1) . These features seem to have diagnostic value for certain species or gioups of species. The eggs of V. cristata are fewest in number but require the longest period for development, while V. piscinalis eggs are greatest in number and have an intermediate hatching time; V. tricarinata, S.I., has an intermediate number of eggs per capsule and needs only a short period for development. Too little information exists for V. sincera to permit positive conclusions at this time. In snails that breed seasonally, the output of both number of capsules (masses) and number of eggs per capsule increases with time up to a peak, followed by a gradual decline. Unfortunately, October, 1963 nautilus 67 the season of observation is not known for V. cristata. Valvata piscinalis (Cleland, 1954) and V. tricarinata (Furrow, 1931b) were studied during early and mid-summer when they were at the peak of egg-laying. Data on V. sincera were obtained in late summer which was probably in a declining period of oviposition. The appearance of the egg capsule is similar among all species of Valvata, but the internal organization varies somewhat. In all species the fertilized ova are housed in individual t^^ cases im- bedded in a colorless albuminous matrix in the surrounding capsule. During development the greenish embryos fill almost the entire space in the cases, a characteristic feature of Valvata (see Nekrassow, 1928) . In V. piscinalis the case around one egg is continuous with that of the next, its substance being constricted to a thread between the two. In this way all the eggs within one capsule are joined to form a single, continuous string (Cleland, 1954) . However, in V. tricarinata and V. cristata, each egg case has its own individual thread. Pressures exerted by the expand- ing sizes of the embryos cause the capsules of V. piscinalis and V. tricarinata to split along a longitudinal suture. In V. piscinalis the continuous thread disintegrates as development procedes, and the rupture (1) of the outer membrance of the e^^ case and (2) the inner egg membrane somewhat later releases the young snails (Nekrassow, 1928) . However, in V. tricarinata the em- bryonic snails increase their activity and either wear or eat their way through the membranes of the Qg'^ case. Frequently, the hole or tear in the case is not large enough to allow the young snail to free itself, and the animal has been observed to crawl out of the capsule accompanied by the eg^ case. When the distance of the length of the thread has been traversed, the snail merely pulls away from this anchoring leash. Throughout development the embryo exhibits a conspicuous green color; at hatching the young snail retains this feature only in the digestive gland. The young of V. tricarinata emerge with varying degrees of carina- tion of the shell, although those snails which hatched without keels were observed to develop them in a few days. Information bearing on the basic biology of Valvata is almost entirely wanting, and life history studies concerning life span, ability to self-fertilize, viability of eggs, and total reproductive behavior are unknown or at best incomplete for most species. 68 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) Surprisingly these features have been accorded little attention in a group of snails of such widespread and common occurrence. Intensive seasonal field studies should be supplemented by laboratory observations to provide a more accurate and complete account of the biology of these animals. References Bernard, F. 1890. Bull. sci. Fr. Belg., 22. Cleland. D. M. 1954. Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 30: 167-203. Fromming, E. 1956 Biologie der mitteleuropaischen Susswasser- schnecken, Duncker and Humblot, Berlin. Furrow, C. L. 1931a. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 23. . 1931b. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 24 (2) : 241-246. . 1935. Zeit. Zellforschung mikros. Anat., 25(3): 282-304. Germain, L. 1930. Faune de France, Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Lechevalier, Paris. Moquin-Tandon, A. 1855. Histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de France, II. J.-B. Bailliere, Paris. Nekrassow, A. D. 1928. Zeit. Morph. Okol. Tiere 13 (i/g) : 1-35. MOLLUSKS FROM A BUOY OFF GEORGIA By ARTHUR S. MERRILLl A recent publication by Galtsoff and Merrill (1962) on the shell morphology, growth, and distribution of Ostrea equestris was based principally on a study of the oysters taken from a buoy off the Georgia coast. The present paper discusses all other species of mollusks found on this buoy» The buoy was examined at the United States Coast Guard Station, Charleston, South Carolina, where it had been brought in for servicing. It had been moored offshore from the St. Mary's River entrance, 30°42'5" N. latitude, 81°19'2" W. longitude, about 6 miles from the nearest land point of Amelia Island, Georgia, at a depth of 30 feet. The buoy had been in the water from 28 February, 1957 to 16 November, 1960. There was a wealth of molluscan fauna within the stabilizer tube of the buoy (see illustration of buoy stabilizer tube in Merrill, 1959) . Especially noteworthy was the predominance of Ostrea equestris, but equally impressive were the great numbers 1 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. October, 1963 nautilus 69 of several other sf>ecies, mostly very small specimens. These oc- cupied an area of about 50 square feet in the tube and all were carefully removed with the assistance of Mr. Richard Spencer of North Charleston, South Carolina. The mollusks have since been sorted and measured. The size range of some species indicates recent setting. Many individuals are so small that the larval and early postlarval shell characteris- tics are easily recognizable. Some of the species are so numerous as to permit the arrangement in series of juvenile growth for studies of early shell morphology and variation. In fact, a series of one species, Lithophaga bisulcata, has already been described and figured in a study by Turner and Boss (1962) . The mollusks collected from the buoy are listed below with annotations. Greatest overall measurement, either height or length, is used. The pelecypods are deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, where they are readily accessible. Pelecypoda. Ostrea equestris Say: 820 specimens measuring 4.0 to 82.0 mm. Av'ith two modes at about 15.0 and 48.0 mm. CJiama macerophylla Gmelin: 6 specimens from 3.0 to 10.0 mm. Noctia ponderosa (Say) : 535 specimens from 0.5 to 5.0 mm. with a mode at about 2.5 mm.; 12 specimens over 5.0 mm. to 33.0 mm. Gastrochaena hians Gmelin: 1 specimen 6.8 mm. Bracliidontes exustus (Linne) : 3410 specimens 0.6 to 14.8 mm., mode at 2.5 mm. Modiolus americaniis Leach: 144 specimens 0.9 to 12.8 mm., modes at 2.5 and 5.5 mm. Musculus lateralis (Say) : 38 specimens 2.0 to 8.1 mm., mode at 5.0 mm. Pododesmus rudis Broderip: 5 specimens 14.5 to 41.5 mm. Lithophaga bisulcata Orbigny: 11 specimens 1.8 to 18.0 mm. Gastropoda. The gastropods include 7 larval specimens less than 1 mm. long and one adult pteiopod about 5 mm. long. These were sent to Dr. Robert Robertson of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for examination. The larval specimens, too small for positive identification, comprise 4 high spired forms, possibly columbellids, and 3 low-spired ones, pos- sible naticids. The pteropod was identifiable. All the gastropods were catalogued into the A.N.S.P. mollusk collection as follows: 70 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) Cavolina longirostris (Lesueur) Cat. No. 255011. fPolinices (Neverita) duplicata (Say) Cat. No. 255012. fMitrella lunata (Say) Cat. No. 255013. Literature Cited Galtsoff, Paul S. and Arthur S. Merrill. 1962. Notes on shell morphology, growth, and distribution of Ostrea equestris (Say) . Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 12: 234-244. Merrill, Arthur S. 1959. An unusual occurrence of My a arenaria L. and notes on other marine mollusks. Nautilus 73: 39-43. Turner, Ruth D. and Kennth J. Boss. 1962. The genus Litho- phaga in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 4: 81-116. AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING On June 18th and for the third time in its history, members of the American Malacological Union convened as guests of the Buffalo Society of Natural Science, and its Conchological Section. The four-day meeting was as always an unqualified success. High lights included a dinner at the University of Buffalo fol- lowed by a film portraying underwater denizens in all their fantastic beauty; a charming reception tendered by the Buffalo Museum of Science and the Conchological Section, followed by the annual dinner, and finally an all-day tour of Niagara Falls and the adjacent points of interest. A total of 95 persons registered, and in twice-daily sessions for the first 4 days enjoyed an unusually fine and varied program consisting of the following papers: Malacology in 1963. William J. Clench. Brief history of shell interest and American shell clubs. Katherine V. W. Palmer. Collecting on Cocos-Keeling, Indian Ocean. Virginia Orr, Some unexplored collecting localities in El Salvador. Morris Karl Jacobson. Shell orchestra. Eugene Musial. Some living mollusks. Dorothy Raeihle. Pacific snail trail, a malacologist's journey from Hawaii to New Zealand. Alan Solem. Expedition to the Bay of Bengal. R. Tucker Abbott. Problems of species analogues in world Littorinidae. Joseph October, 1963 nautilus 71 Rosewater. The Genus Agaronia (Olividae) . John Q. Burch. Notes on American Siphonaria. J. P. E. Morrison. The genus Conus in the Southern Caribbean. H. E. Coomans. Variation and subspecific divisions, within Aequipecten irradians (Lamarck) . Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. Shells and their keepers: a world tour of museum mollusk col- lections. Alan Solem. Larval shells of the Architectonicidae. Robert Robertson. Observations on embryonic shell sculpture of some freshwater snails, Amphigyra and Neoplanorbis in particular. H. J. Walter. Some notes on the regeneration of shell in Oncomelania formo- sana. George M. Davis (read by Robert H. Wakefield) . Cytological studies of pomatiopsid snails. Charlotte M. Patterson. A cytological study of African bulinine snails, vectors of urinary schistosomiasis. John B. Burch. Natural and experimental infection of Louisiana snails with the blood flukes. Emile A. Malek. Studies of the biology of Pomatiopsis and Oncomelania, snail intermediate hosts of Oriental blood fluke (Schistosoma japonicum). Henry van der Schalie. Preliminary report — Pleistocene non-marine Mollusca of north- eastern Wisconsin. Edward C. Roy, Jr. Preliminary report on Pleistocene freshwater Mollusca from the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Joseph F. Schwietering. The distribution, ecology and life history of the mussel, Acti- oniasis ellipsijormis Conrad, in Michigan. Henry van der Schalie. Notes on the naiad fauna of the Olentangy River in central Ohio. Carol B. Stein. Changes in the pelecypod populations in the salt fork of the Big Vermilion River in Illinois, 1918-1962. Ralph W. Dexter and Max R. Matteson. An introduced slug. Dolores S. Dundee. Otala lactea (Miiller) life history. Bernice Plummer. Disease, decline and predation in the giant snail populations of Hawaii. Albert R. Mead. Report of progress on a new Nautilus index. Aurele LaRocque. 72 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2) Some local shells. Morley Bishop and Eugene Musial. Colloquium: the expanding frontiers in malacology. (Compris- ing the following five papers) : New marine frontiers. Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. New freshwater frontiers. Emile A. Malek. New tropical frontiers. William J. Clench. New desert frontiers. Albert R. Mead. New frontiers in taxonomic criteria. John B. Burch. The following officers were elected to serve in 1964, at which time the annual meeting will be held at Louisiana State Uni- versity in New Orleans: President, John Q, Burch. Vice-president, Juan J. Parodiz. Second Vice-President, A. Myra Keen. Secretary, Margaret C. Teskey. Treasurer, Jean M. Cate. Publications Editor, Morris Karl Jacobson. Councillors-at-Large: Wendell O. Gregg, Arthur S. Merrill, Dorothy Raeihle, Ernest J. Roscoe. Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary, American Malacological Union NOTES AND NEWS Dr. Merrill E. Champion of Cambridge, Mass. died June 27, 1963, at the age of 83. Since 1943, he was an associate in the Dept, of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard. Correction of the type locality of Euglandina dorsalis. — In a current issue of the Nautilus (vol. 76: 97-99) I listed the type locality of Euglandina (Guillarmodia) dorsalis Thompson as one mile north of Pomero, Michoacan. This should be cor- rected to one mile north of Pomaro, Michoacan. The field label from which the data had been taken was in error, and it was not until after my article had been published that the error was brought to my attention by William E. Duellman, of the University of Kansas. — Fred G. Thompson. Triodopsis fosteri in Ohio. — In May, 1961, I collected Trio- dopsis fosteri (F. C. Baker) on an embankment near a stream on the floodplain of the Ohio River, at the southeast edge of California, Hamilton Co., Ohio. Aside from the obvious and well-recorded introductions on the Atlantic Coast, this record is the farthest east for this common Mississippi Valley snail. It may have been introduced at this locality also. — F. Wayne Grimm. THE NAUTILUS Vol. 77 January, 1964 No. 3 ANATOMY OF THE SUCCINEID GASTROPOD OXYLOMA HAYDENI By DOROTHEA S. FRANZEN Biology Department, Illinois Wesleyan University Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Binney) was first collected by F. V. Hayden, M.D. In the years of 1855-1857 he accompanied the ex- pedition of Lt. G. K. Warren in the exploration of an area which included the Nebraska Territory (Hayden, 1858, pp. 139-158, map) . Dr. Hayden served the expedition as physician, geologist and naturalist. Dr. Hayden designated the locality from which he obtained the specimens now known as O. haydeni as "Habitat in provincia Nebraska, frequens inter flumina 'Loup Fork', et 'L'eau qui court' " as reported by Binney (1858, p. 114) in the original de- scription of haydeni. The "Loup Fork" is now known as the Mid- dle Loup River and the "L'eau qui court" as the Niobrara River. To obtain succineids identifiable as O. haydeni from the probable vicinity where Dr. Hayden may have found them, I collected from a series of localities in the vicinity of the city of Valentine, Nebraska, and southward to the North Platte River, between 100° 15' and 100°50' west longitude. The strip was selected be- cause U. S. Highway 88 crosses the Sand Hill area through the region of a series of lakes which are located between the Niobrara and the Middle Loup Rivers. To date I have obtained O. haydeni from 13 stations in Nebraska of which 12 are located from a few miles north of the city of Valentine to a few miles south of the city of North Platte. The westernmost station is at the Rock Creek Fish Hatchery, Dundy County, Nebraska. The collecting stations, together with brief descriptions of their local ecology, listed in north to south geographic order are: 1. Three and one-half miles NE Valentine, Nebraska, along the shore of the Niobrara River at the base of a marl clifE. The shore supported a growth of sawgrass {Spartina sp.) . 2. Two and one-half miles NE Valentine, Nebraska, shores of ponds at the Nebraska State Fish Hatchery. The shores were cov- 73 74 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) ered with grasses and shaded by trees, predominately oak and Cottonwood. 3. The city park, Valentine, Nebraska. The locality, a hillside off shore of Minnechaduza Creek, a tributary of the Niobrara River, was shaded and wet because of drainage down the slope. The snails were living on the wet giound under sawgrass {Spar- tina sp.). 4. Seventeen miles S and 15 miles SW Valentine, Nebraska, Duck Lake, Valentine Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. The snails were creeping among the reeds, cattails {Typha sp.) and arrow- head {Sagittaria sp.) on the very wet shore of the lake. 5. Seventeen miles S. and 17 miles SW. Valentine, Nebraska, Pelican Lake, Valentine Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. The shore of the lake was covered with a dense growth of Typha sp. and Sagittaria sp. The snails were found living on the very wet ground. 6. Twenty-one miles S, Valentine, Nebraska, alongside U. S. Highway 83. The snails were found under dead leaves of Spartina sp., reeds, and Typha sp. growing in a marsh bordering a lake. 7. Twenty-two miles S. Valentine, Nebraska, shore of a lake located about five hundred feet west of U. S. Highway 83. The wet, unshaded lake shore supported a growth of sedges. The growth was not dense; therefore, the snails were exposed to the sun. 8. One mile W. and % mile S. Halsey, Nebraska. The locality is a sandy-loam bar extending into the Middle Loup River. The snails were living on short sedges and on the wet ground. The bar was not shaded by trees. 9. One-fourth mile S. Thedford, Nebraska, along the shore of the Middle Loup River. Part of the shore was shaded by locust, Cottonwood, and willow trees. The soil was a sandy-loam. The snails were found among the sedges, reeds, Typha sp. and Sagit- taria sp. growing on the low flood plain. 10. One mile W. Thedford, Nebraska, near State Highway 2. The locality is a depression in the flood plain of the Middle Loup River. The snails were living on the wet, soggy ground. 11. Two miles S. the Platte River, North Platte, Nebraska, Nebraska State Fish Hatchery. The locality is the grass-covered shore of the edge of a fish hatching pond. The shore was shaded January, 1964 nautilus 75 by willow trees. 12. The location is the same as Station No. 11, but the habitat is the edge of a ditch draining the fish hatching ponds. The edge of the ditch was covered with tall grasses. Typha sp. grew in the water. 13. Eight miles W. Parks, Dundee County, Nebraska, Rock Creek State Fish Hatchery. The snails lived along the fish hatch- ing ponds on the wet ground among the growth of Typha sp. These localities were visited in the month of July in the sum- mers of 1961 and 1962. The snails were mature and sexually active. Oxyloma haydeni was not found in eastern Nebraska nor in eastern Colorado; further collections will be necessai~y to deter- mine the extent of its geographic distribution. The Shell. The thin, glossy, amber-colored, elongate-ovate shell consists of about 3 convex, sharply-incised whorls. From the arcu- ate base of the aperture the shell becomes gradually inflated towards the upper third of the ultimate whorl and then tapers to form a pointed spire. The large aperture, equal to about 5/7 of the entire length of the shell, is elongate-ovate, becoming sharply attenuated toward the spire. The sharp peristone becomes roundly infolded along the inner border of the ultimate whorl and is continuous with the columella. In some shells the colum- ella emerges below the apex of the aperture and continues along the margin of the ultimate whorl in the form of a white spiral plait such as that occurring also in Oxyloma retusa (Lea) (Franzen, 1963, p. 86). The nuclear whorl is finely punctate. The growth striae are fine and evenly spaced on the nuclear whorl. The penultimate whorl is marked with fine, closely-spaced striae and coarser irreg- ularly-spaced ridges and furrows. On the ultimate whorl the striae are coarser, the irregularly-spaced ridges heavier and the furrows deeper and wider, resulting in a rough surface. The range in height and width of the shell, ratios of those two dimensions, the size of the aperture, and ratios of the height of the aperture to its width as well as ratios of the dimensions of the aperture to corresponding shell dimensions are to be noted in Table I. The sizes of the shells are those of the largest taken from each respective station. The maximum sizes attained cannot be correlated with either the northern or the southernmost range. 76 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) TABLE I Measurements of Shells of Oxyloma haydenl (W. G. Binney) STATION No. Of Whorls Height Width Width/ Height Height Of Aperture Width of Aperture H. Ap./ W. Ap./ H. Shell W. Shell W. Ap H. Ap Faratypes 3. I. 397^9 S. I. 8659 3-5/8 3-1/4 21.3 mm. 21.5 11.2 mm. 10.2 .525 .474 15.5 mm. 16.1 8.8 mm. 8.3 .727 .744 .785 .815 .567 .515 1. 3-1/2 mi. NE Valentine , Nebraska 3-1/8 3 3 13.7 15.6 12.0 6.7 6.6 5.7 .489 .485 .475 9.8 10.2 9.6 5.5 5.6 5.1 .715 .750 .800 .821 .848 .894 .561 .550 .551 2. 2-1/2 mi. NS Valentine, Nebraska 3-1/2 3-1/^^ 14.6 14.6 l'^.3 7.8 7.8 7.4 .534 .534 • 517 10.5 10.9 10.8 5.9 6.1 6.1 .719 .746 .755 .756- .782 .824 .561 .559 .564 3. City Park Valentine, Nebraska 3-1/8 3 5 14.5 11.2 11.1 6.8 6.2 6.0 .469 .555 .540 10.0 8.5 8.1 5.8 5.5 5.0 .690 .759 .730 .855 .687 .853 .530 .647 .617 4. Duck Lake 3-1/4 3 3 18.2 16.5 15.2 9.5 8.0 7.8 .522 .484 .515 13.5 12.5 11.5 8.3 7.3 6.7 .741 .757 .756 .875 .912 • 859 .615 .584 .532 5. Pelican Lake 3-3/8 3-1/^ 3-1/4 20.5 20.2 20.0 10.2 9.7 9.6 .502 .480 .480 15.5 15.7 15.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 .763 .777 .750 .882 .927 .906 .580 .575 6. 21 mi. S Valentine , Nebraska 5-1/2 5-1/A- 16.6 16.5 15.8 7.4 7.4 7.5 .445 .448 .474 12.0 12.2 12.0 6.5 6.5 6.6 .722 .739 .759 .878 .878 .880 .541 .552 .550 7. 22 mi S Valentine, Nebraska 3-1/4 3-3/8 3-3/8 22.7 22,6 21.9 9.8 10.5 9.8 .431 .464 .447 16.1 16.6 15.2 7.7 8.5 7.2 .709 .754 .694 .785 .809 .734 .478 .512 .473 8. 1 ml. W, 3/4 mi. S Halsey, Nebr, 5-1/4 3 12.5 11.5 11.5 6.6 6.0 6.0 .528 .521 • 521 9.0 7.9 8.2 5.5 4.6 4.6 .720 .687 .715 .835 .766 .766 .611 .582 .561 9. 1/4 mi. S Thedford, Nebraska 3-l/'4- 5 3-1/^ 20.0 17.9 17.3 10.0 9.1 8.9 .500 .508 .514 15.4 14.0 13.0 9.0 8.0 7.4 .770 .782 .751 .900 .879 .831 .584 .571 • 569 10. 1 mi. y Thedford, Nebraska 5-1/4 3-1/8 3-1/8 16.0 15.5 15.4 7.6 7.8 7.5 .475 .503 .487 11.5 11.1 10.8 6.7 6.8 6.5 .718 .716 .701 .881 .871 .866 .582 .612 .602 11. 2 mi. S Platte River, N. Platte, N. 3-5/8 3-1/2 3-1/2 10.5 10.0 9.5 5.8 5.3 5.2 .552 .580 .547 6.2 6.4 6.0 4.6 4.6 4.4 .590 .640 .651 .795 .795 .845 .742 .718 .753 12. 2 mi. S Platte Eiver N. Platte, N. 3-1/4 3-1/4 3-1/4 18.7 18.5 17.4 8.6 8.7 8.0 .460 .472 .460 15.0 15.5 12.6 8.0 7.5 7.3 .695 .719 .724 .950 .862 .912 .615 .564 .580 13. 8 mi. NV Parks, Nebr. 3-1/4 3-1/4 5-1/8 15.3 14.0 13.7 7.5 8.2 6.6 .490 .585 .481 11.1 10.8 10.7 6.4 7.0 5.7 .725 .771 .781 .855 .853 .865 • 576 .648 .552 The measurements are of the 3 largest shells of each of the 13 stations. In the 4th column of measurements are listed the ratios of the width of the shell over its height. In the last 3 columns are listed the ratios of the height of the aperture over the height of the shell; width of aperture over width of shell; width of aperture over height of aperture. The largest shells were taken from Station 7, 22 miles south of Valentine, Nebraska. The dimensions of those shells approach more nearly those of the two paratypes which were measured. The paratypes, borrowed from the Smithsonian Institution, are (according to their labels) from "between Loup Fork and Big Rapid River" (the Niobrara River) . Description of the Body Wall and Mantle. The body wall is light cream colored, finely and irregularly tuberculate, and pig- mented with patches of black flecks. The pattern of the distribu- January, 1964 nautilus 77 tion of the pigment on the dorsal anterior-most surface of the head varies. On some individuals the patches anterior to the posterior tentacles form indistinct bands which radiate laterally from the mid-dorsal line. On others the patches on the anterior part of the head are scattered, forming no discernible pattern anterior to the posterior tentacles. Posterad, the pigment patches converge between the posterior tentacles, and from there they fan out to form three double-rowed bands which extend across the posterior dorsal surface of the body terminating within 0.5-1.0 mm. of the attachment of the mantle to the body wall. On occa- sional individuals the pigmentation is so sparse that the bands are scarcely discernible. Patches of pigment are scattered along the lateral surface of the body wall. The pigmentation may be concentrated on the upper and anterior portion or may extend over the entire surface continuing over the ventral surface of the foot. The pigmentation of the lateral body wall does not tend to form a band as in Oxyloma retusa (Franzen, 1963, p. 88). The mantle is generally darkly speckled. Anteriorly the pig- mentation may produce an irregularly banded effect extending to the edge of the mantle collar. Or the pigmentation may extend to the anterior edge of the mantle interrupted only by some white patches. The collar may be free of pigmentation or may be speckled. Through the mantle, the kidney is seen as an orange band following the contour of the body. Usually a darkly pig- mented band on the mantle outlines the posterior margin of the kidney. Towards the ventral margin of the body, shallow vertical grooves incise the pedal groove and the very shallow supraj>edal groove producing a series of shallow scallops along the ventral margin, especially when the animal is in a partially contracted state. The genital aperture is a slit (in contracted individuals it may assume the form of a crescent) ranging in length from 0.8 to 1 .2 mm. and is surrounded by an oval, tumid lip on which usually are scattered flecks of pigment. The Radula. The structure of the radula bears the general gen- eric characteristics. In the radulae studied, the number of rows of teeth ranged from 66-96. The number of teeth in a row, as well as the number of laterals and marginals, vary. The ratio of the mar- ginals to laterals approaches 1:3 and 1:4 (Table II) . This is simi- 78 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) TABLE II No. of Rows , Station of Teeth Row Tooth Formula 22 mi. S Valentine (a) 96 63 41 - 10 - C - 8 - ^ (h) 97 36 C - 10 - 36 74 50 - 12 - C - 11 - 38 1 mi. W Thedford 92* 69 22 - 10 - C - 8 - 52 2 mi. S Platte River 77 12 9-8-C-9-8 at North Platte ^^ , 9 . C - 9 - 42 49 45 - 8 - C - 9 - ■4-5 50 45 - 8 - C - 9 - -^5 Counts made of representative radulae to show variations in the number of rows of teeth in a radula and variations of the number of teeth in a row. lar to what has been reported of Oxyloma retusa (Franzen, 1962, Table II, p. 89) . The central tooth has the structural characteristics of the suc- cineids, namely, a mesocone flanked on either side by an ectocone. The laterals have a mesocone and an ectocone. Occasionally an endocone is present in laterals near the marginals. The marginals have an endocone, a mesocone, and an ectocone; the last is char- acteristically divided into three cusps. In the most medial mar- ginals an endocone may be wanting and the ectocone may be divided into only two cusps. In the outermost marginals the lat- eral cusp of the ectocone tends to be longer than the other two. The length and shape of the basal plate is also characteristic of the genus in being longer and more tapering than that of Suc- cinea and Catinella (Quick, 1933, p. 296, figs. 1-4; Franzen, 1959, p. 195, fig. 3). The Jaw. The amber colored jaw resembles that of Oxyloma retusa (Lea) . A large median fold projects anteriorly. The small lateral folds, characteristic of the jaw of Succinea ovalis Say (Franzen, 1959, p. 194, fig. 2) , are wanting in O. haydeni as in O. retusa. No characteristics were noted which would serve to dis- tinguish the jaws of these two species. TJie Reproductive System. The elongate penis is encased in a slightly speckled sheath. The vas deferens enters the sheath at its posterior extremity. The stout penial retractor muscle is here January, 1964 NAUTILUS 79 EPIPHALLUS PENIAL RETRACTOR MUSCLE PENIAL APPENDIX PENIAL SHEATH Figure 1. — Penis shown inside of penis sheath cut open. All figures 7x. The figures are from snails taken from the following stations: A. One-foiuth mile S. Thedford, Nebraska; B. Duck Lake; C. Twenty-two miles S. Valentine, Nebraska: D. Duck Lake; E. Pelican Lake; F. Duck Lake; G. One-fourth mile S. Thedford, Nebraska. attached. The epiphallus, the vas deferens atter its entry into the sheath, continues as a coiled structure and enters the penis just anteriorly to the terminal appendix as shown in Figure I, A. The appendix is bulbous at its base but becomes an elongate, digiti- form structure ranging in length from 0.6 to 1.2 mm. Its terminus is either broadly rounded or in the form of a blunt hook. Such an 80 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) appendix was found to occur consistently in all of the popula- tions studied with the exception of station 4 known as Duck Lake. The individuals studied from this locality were found to have a bag-like structure entirely without an appendix (Figure I, B, F) or with a short, blunt appendix (Figure I, D) instead of a digitiform appendix. This is probably the result of a mutation persisting in an isolated, inbreeding population. To date this variation has been found to be restricted to this one population. The penial sheath and the vagina are approximately equal in length. The oviduct and the duct from the seminal receptacle enter the vagina terminally. The albumin gland is about 3^ the length of the elongate-oval prostate gland. The acini of the prostate gland are about twice the size of the albumin gland. The lobes of the twinned seminal vesicles are subequal to unequal in length with either the right or the left lobe being the larger. Pigmentation of the lobes is vari- able as is that of the hermaphroditic duct. In all of these features O. haydeni does not differ from O. retiisa. Summary Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Binney) and O. retiisa (Lea) cannot be distinguished by characters of their shells. The sizes and ratios of the several dimensions of the shells of these two species show- no significant differences in their ranges of variation (Table I: Franzen, 1963, p. 87) . Other shell characters, as well, are shared by these two species. The radulae and jaws, likewise, lack unique features. Anatomical features which distinguish O. haydeni from O. retusa are: 1. Differences in the pattern and degree of intensity of the pigmentation of the body wall: The pigmentation along the lateral body wall of O. haydeni does not assume the form of a broad band as it does in O. retusa and overall pigmentation in hcydeni tends to be lighter than in retitsa. No darkly pigmented individuals of haydeni have been found as has been reported for retusa (Miles, 1958, pp. 1522-1523; Franzen, 1963, p. 88). 2. Length of the penial appendix: The consistently long, digitiform penial appendix of haydeni is readily distinguishable from the generally short (but highly variable) penial appendix of retusa. The degree of variation in the length of the penial appendix ex- hibited in O. retusa, within any single population and in general, January, 1964 nautilus 81 has not been noted to occur in O. haydeni. Even when the penial appendix of O. retusa is relatively elongate, its length is not com- parable to that of the penial appendix of O. haydeni (Franzen, 1963, Figure 3, A, B) . Geographic distribution: The eastern limits of the geograph- ical range of O. haydeni are not known to extend into the western range of O. retusa, although the two species occupy similar habitats within their respective ranges (Franzen, 1963, pp. 84-85). Acknowledgments: This study has been made possible through the financial assistance of a National Science Foundation Grant- in-Aid. The study of paratypes of Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Bin- ney) was possible through the courtesy of Harald A. Rehder, Curator, Division of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum. I am grateful to A. Byron Leonard for the reading of the manuscript and for making helpful suggestions. Literature cited Binney, W. F. 1858. Notes on American land shells. No. 3. Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 10: 114-116. Franzen, Dorothea S. 1959. Anatomy of Succinea ovalis Say. Proc. Mala. Soc. London. 33 (5, Nov.) : 193-199, tables I, II, figs. 1-7. Franzen, Dorothea S. 1963. Nautilus 76 (3) : 82-95. Tables MI, Figures 1-4. Hayden, F. V. 1858. Explorations under the War Department. — Explanations of a second edition of a Geological Map of Nebraska and Kansas, based upon information obtained in an Expedition to the Black Hills, under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, Top. Engr. U.S.A. 10: 139-158. Map. Miles, Charles D. 1958. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 28, Pt. II, No. 24, March 20: 1499-1543, pi. 1, figs. 1-10. Quick, H. E. 1933. Proc. Mala. Soc. London 20 (6 Nov.) : 295-318, pi. 23-25, figs. 1-18. MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOME ALKALINE LAKES AND SLOUGHS IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL NORTH DAKOTA By SAMUEL J. TUTHILL and WILSON M. LAIRD (Continued from October no.) Description of the locations A number is assigned to each location to facilitate discussion. Summaries of the faunal content and the water chemistry of each location may be found on table 3 and 2 respectively. The range 82 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) Table 4, Sumnary of Range of Eoologio Conditions for each Species of Mollu.sk. o •H w •H u to ao-P •H w -P a i-i o oJ O CO •ri O |.l O CO CO ft •H CD H O W c3 Q) ,c! • ft Ph CO CO 7.97 7.50 8.23 7.97 7.97 7.97 7.97 8.75 8.20 8.20 8.50 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.4 170 990 170 1145 345 170 170 853 170 170 204 32 38 132 958 12 38 132 1133 38 345 132 38 214 132 639 38 38 40 132 132 164 150 870 0 0 150 1000 0 0 300 150 150 740 0 150 150 180 0 3150 2280 470 4730 4730 4730 4730 5000 4730 4730 5210 gel- gel- fine gel gel- gel gel fine or, sand clay s and s and fine sand to exposures of Pleistocene deposits containing fossil mollusks. Second, the number of basic types of aquatic environments avail- able for study in the area is limited to permanent and ephemeral 84 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) sloughs and shallow lakes. And third, time available for the field work was limited to three days, therefore necessitating selection of bodies of water adjacent to passable roads. Location 1. Nue Farm Slough; SW y^ Sec. 31, T. 130 N., R. 67 W., Mcintosh County. This pond contains water through the dry seasons, but is so alkaline at all times that it is not potable even for stock use. Rushes line most of the shoreline and abundant aquatic vegetation grows in the slough. The bottom is a black noisome muck. This pond is in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Lymnaea cf. L. humilis Location 2. Lake Hoskins; N I/2 Sec. 33 and S 14 portion Sec. 28, T. 130 N., R. 70 W., Mcintosh County. Lake Hoskins remains full of water throughout the driest season. Its position in outwash sediments is probably the reason for its permanence. Lymnaea paliistris dominates the fauna, being twice as abundant as any other species. Large mats of aquatic vegetation cover almost the entire lake surface. Rushes are abundant along the shoreline. Lake Hoskins is situated in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea paliistris, Gyraiilus sp. Helisoma trivolvis. Sphaerium sp. Location 3. Green Lake; S % portion Sec. 32, S I/2 Sec. 33, T. 132 N., R. 70 W., and NW i/4 Sec. 4, N 1/3 portion Sec. 5, T. 131 N., R. 70 W., Mcintosh County. Green Lake had algae filled waters at the time of sampling. It does not dry up during the dry season. Like Lake Hoskins it lies in outwash sediments which probably account for its stable water level. Aquatic and marginal vegetation is abundant. This lake is located in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. Gyraulus sp. Pisidium sp. Location 4. Mummy Cat Slough; E y^ portion Sec. 10, SW 14 Sec. 11, T. 132 N., R. 69 W., Mcintosh County. This slough has steep banks on its southwest margins which are probably wave modified ice-contact faces which indicate the basin is a large kettle in a perched lake plain (of late Pleistocene age) covering approximately 40 square miles of the area. Water rarely stands in this slough. Marsh vegetation abounds. The snails were taken in organic matter and muds from a ditch along an overgrown section line trail between Sec. 10 and Sec. 11. No water was standing in the ditch but living specimens of Januai~y, 1964 NAUTILUS 85 3 50 3.00 2.50 2.00 5" 1.50 0.50 0.00 Ashley, Mcintosh Co Steele, Kidder Co. Wishek, Mcintosh Co. Pettibone, Kidder Co. Figure 2. — Frequency polygon showing the mean monthly precipitation in the area of this study. The mean growing season for the area is assumed to be the approximate activity period for aquatic mollusks and is indicated above by two vertical lines. Aplexa hypnorum and Lymnaea palustris were taken. All others were represented by fresh shells. This slough is located in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. L. stagnalis. Gyraulus parvus. Helisoma trivolvis. Aplexa hypnorum. Armiger crista. Land snails: Gastrocopta armifera, a fragment probably from a species of Discus and Euconulus cf. E. fulvus. Location 5. Slough; NW 14, NW y^, NW \/^ Sec. 13, T. 133 N., R. 71 W., Logan County. This slough is in the Coteau Slope district. It is a 3- or 4-year-old stockpond behind an earth dam in a tributary to the Beaver Lake drainage system. The lower pH, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids and coarser grain size are probably due to the short time the pond has existed. Fauna: Physa cf. P. integra. Lymnaea palustris. Helisoma tri- volvis. Location 6. Slough; NE 1/^, NE y^, NE 14 Sec. 35 and NW 14 Sec. 36, T. 134 N., R. 71, W., Logan County. This slough is probably ephemeral, being a pond in a low portion of the Beaver Lake drainage. It is situated in the Coteau Slope district. The high alkalinity values suggest the ineffectiveness of this inter- 86 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) mittent drainage system as a flushing agent for the surrounding area. Small patches of open water amid abundant marginal and aquatic vegetation typify this slough. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea humilis. Gyraulus parvus. Location 7. Beaver Lake; E i/^ portion of Sec. 21, E I/2 portion Sec. 28, W % portion Sec. 27 and NW i/4 Sec. 33, T. 134 N., R. 71 W., Logan County. Beaver Lake is a permanent lake at the eastern edge of the Coteau Slope district, north of the village of Burnstad. Willow and cottonwood trees border the lake at many places. Aquatic and marginal vegetation is plentiful. The bottom consists of a fetid muck. There is a striking similarity between the characteristics of the water of this lake with those of Lake Hoskins. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea humilis. Lymnaea sp. Gyraulus parvus. Gyraulus sp. Helisoma trivolvis. H. anceps. Promenetus exacuous. Aplexa hypnorum. Armiger crista. Amnicola limosa. Valvata tricarinata. Pisidium sp. Land snails: Vallonia gracili- costa. Euconulus fulvus. Zonitoides arboreus. Pupillidae spp. Location 8. South Slough west of Napoleon; lying within Sec- tions 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35 and 36, T. 135 N., R. 73 W., Logan County. This slough was sampled by taking about I/2 cu. ft. of sediments from along the highest strand line. The sediments between this point and open water were too soft to be traversed so that no water sample or thermal data was taken. The slough is in the Coteau Slope district. Marginal and aquatic vegetation abounds. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. L. humilis. L. stagnalis. Gyraulus parvus. Gyraulus sp. Aplexa hypnorum. Promenteus exacuous. Armiger crista. Location 9. Lake Isabel; SE I/3 portion Sec. 27, SW 14 Sec. 26, N. 3/4 portion Sec. 34, NW 14 Sec. 35, T. 139 N., R. 72 W., Kidder County. Lake Isabel is one of several permanent lakes which lie along the buried course of the ancestral Cannonball River according to Rau and others (1962, p. 34, 35) . The shape of the outwash body in which it is situated and the attenuated series of lakes of which it is the largest eastern member suggests it may have also been a depression in a major distributory channel draining the ice which deposited the Burnstad Drift. Lake Isabel is situated in the Coteau Slope district and is in the January, 1964 nautilus 87 Long Lake drainage system. Lake Isabel is in outwash sediments. Rushes grow in large patches in the lake as well as along the shore. The strand line has beaches of medium to fine grain sized sand, but the bottom is covered with a foul mud. Fauna: Gyraulus parvus. Promenetus exacuous. Valvata tri- carinata. Note: The sampling of this location was unproductive to such a marked degree that we regard it as faulty. Previous inspections of the shore line of this lake indicated that a more complex inolluscan fauna exists. As no collections were made at the time, no evidence exists for the more complex fauna and, therefore, we do not report it here. The presence of Valvata tricarinata, an operculate, in the present collections is significant. Location 10. Lake Josephine. SE I/3 portion Sec. 26, NW 1/3 portion Sec. 25, SE 1/3 portion Sec. 24, NE 14 Sec. 35, T. 134 N., R. 74 W., and S 1/2 Sec. 19, T. 134 N., R, 73 W., Kidder County. Lake Josephine is a shallow permanent lake in the Missouri Coteau district. Aquatic and marginal vegetation is plentiful, to the point of giving the lake the character of a marsh. Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. L. humilis. Gyraulus parvus. Gyraulus sp. Helisoma trivolvis. Promenetus exacuous. Aplexa hypnorum. Armiger crista. Pisidium sp. Location IL Slough; SE 14 Sec. 20, T. 143 N., R. 74 W., Kidder County. This location consists of a very small ephemeral slough which probably contains no water in a year of normal rainfall. It is approximately 150 ft. by 25 ft. in dimension. Tumbleweed balls filled the water which was only a foot or so deep. No water or bottom sample was taken. The Slough is situated in the Mis- souri Coteau district. Fauna: Lymnaea humilis. Gyraulus parvus. Location 12. Slough; Sec. 4 exclusive of the SW 14, S 14 Sec. 33, and the W 14 portion Sec. 3, T. 143 N., R. 74 W., Kidder County. This slough lacked the large amounts of marginal and aquatic vegetation typical of the others in the area. Its basin may be partially or wholly in bedrock (probably Pierre Shale) . The beach was made up of a very uniform medium to coarse grain sized sand of shale fragments. The slough is situated in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. Gyraulus parvus. Gyrau- 88 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) lus sp. Promenetus exacuous. Pisidium sp^ Location 13. Woodhouse Lake; E 1/3 portion Sec. 11, SW 14 Sec. 1, NW 1/4 Sec. 12, T. 144 N., R. 74 W., Kidder County, Most of Woodhouse Lake has more of the characteristics of a marsh than those of a lake. It is a permanent body of water and is situated in the Missouri Coteau district. Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. L. stagnalis. Gyraulus parvus. Heli- soma trivolvis. Discussion The ecologic data applies to the faunas reported, but should not be construed as necessarily typical for the bodies of water described. The summer of 1962 was one of the wettest on record for the state, the lakes were thermally unstratified when sampled and the sample density was inadequate to form the basis of generalities on the limnology of the various bodies of water. The information is presented to illuminate a set of conditions under which the mollusks reported can successfully exist. There is no observable correlation between any of the chemical factors, or combinations thereof, reported here and the faunal diversity of water bodies or with the distribution of single species. Nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, oxygen, phosphorus, ammonia, etc., may be controlling factors. It is interesting to note that the operculate snails, Valvata tricarinata and Amnicola limosa occur in only two localities and that both of these are in the Coteau Slope district. One of these two localities, Beaver Lake, has the most complex molluscan community. As has been mentioned before, the Coteau Slope district is presumably a geomorphically older district than the Missouri Coteau. Beaver Lake, South Slough at Napoleon and Lake Isabel may have been in existence throughout the period of late Wisconsin glaciation which de- posited the Burnstad drift. The Burnstad drift contains numerous lake sediments which were deposited in ice-walled ponds in and on stagnant ice and contained faunas very similar to the fauna of Beaver Lake. Amnicola and Valvata dominate most of the Pleistocene faunas which have been studied. All of the species (except Aplexa hyp- norum) which are now found on the Missouri Coteau and Coteau Slope districts were present in the Pleistocene faunas. The ab- sence of operculates from the Missouri Coteau bodies of water. January, 1964 nautilus 89 if the present study proves to reflect the general situation, will necessitate explanation. LaRocque has suggested that faunal diversity is a function of the time required for mollusks to invade an area (in Kupsch, 1960) . The faunas of Locations 7 and 8 seem to support his idea. The results of this study indicate that no single or combined grouping of the parameters evaluated explains the presence of operculates in two bodies of water and their absence from eleven others. The position of the lakes con- taining operculates in the Coteau Slope district and those lacking them in the Missouri Coteau district may prove to be mere coin- cidence as further studies are made. If correlation does not exist between water content and fauna and operculates are not found in the Missouri Coteau district, LaRoque's theory will be a tempting explanation for the distribution of mollusks in the area. However, much more work must be accomplished before any such conclusion is justified. Acknowledgments. We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. James Underbill, of the Department of Zoology, The Uni- versity of Minnesota for reading and commenting on the manu- script. His suggestions were of great help, but he is in no way responsible for the data or conclusions reported here. Financial support for the field work was provided by the North Dakota Geological Survey. Literature cited American Public Health Association, Inc., 1960, Standard methods for the examination of watei' and wastewater, includ- ing bottom sediments and sludges: New York, published by the asosciation at 1790 Broadway, 626 p. Clayton, Lee, 1962, Glacial Geology of Logan and Mcintosh Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 37, (in press). Fenneman, N. M., 1931, Physiography of Western United States: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 534 p. Kupsch, W. O., 1960, Radiocarbon-dated Organic Sediment near Herbert, Saskatchewan: American Jour. Sci., v. 258, p. 282-292. Rau, J. L., Bakken, W. E., Chmelik, James, and Williams, B. J., 1962, Geology and Groundwater Resources of Kidder County, North Dakota; part 1, Geology: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 36, 70 p. Theroux, F. R., Eldridge, E. F., and Mallmann, W. Le R., 1943, Laboratory manual for chemical and bacterial analysis of water and sewage: 3rd Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 274 p. 90 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) Thornthwaite, C. W., 1948, An approach toward a rational classi- fication of climate: Geog. Rev., v. 38, p. 55-94. U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1941, Yearbook of Agriculture, Climate and Man: 1248 p. Winslow, M. L., 1921, Mollusca of North Dakota: Mich. Univ. Museum of Zoology, Occ. Papers, no. 98, 18 p. ADDITIONAL RECORDS FROM COCOS ISLAND By WILLIAM K. EMERSON and WILLIAM E. OLD, JR. American Museum of Natural History During March and April, 1963, Dr. Paul Slud, Research Asso- ciate of the American Museum of Natural History, collected, incidental to his ornithological investigations, shells at Wafer Bay, Cocos Island. This oceanic island is situated approximately 325 miles southwest of Costa Rica at 5° 32' 57" north latitude and 86° 59' 17" west longitude. Collections of mollusks from this isolated and uninhabited island are not common. Hertlein (1963) , in a biogeographic study of the island, recorded 88 species of marine and brackish water species of mollusks, including 12 pelecypods, 61 gastrof>ods, 4 chitons, and 1 1 cephalopods. The specific identity of 3 species was not determined and one record was thought to have been based on mislocalized locality data. According to Hertlein's tabu- lation, 88% of the species occur in the Panamic Province and 6% of the species apparently are endemic. Only 6% of the species are represented in the Indo-Pacific Province, in sharp contrast to Clipperton Island, where nearly 50% of the species have affinities with the Indo-Pacific fauna (Hertlein and Emerson, 1953). The present collection is composed largely of badly worn, beach specimens. None of the gastropods or pelecypods was collected alive, and many of the gastropods show evidence of having been occupied by hermit crabs. This collection, however, is significant in that 12 of the 40 species collected were not known previously from Cocos Island. All the new records are species common to the Panamic Province with the exception of Terehra maculata (Linnaeus) , which is an Indo-Pacific species, and Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus) , which is tropicopolitan in dis- tribution. January, 1964 nautilus 91 The species comprising Dr. Slud's collection are listed below, using the nomenclature of Hertlein (1963) for the previously reported taxons. New records for the island are prefaced by an asterisk (*) . The collection is deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Pelecypoda *Arca (Anadara) grandis Broderip and Sowerby, 1 large valve. Area (Anadara) reinharti Lowe, 1 valve. Isognomon quadrangularis (Reeve) , 1 paired specimen. *Ostrea iridescens Hanley, 1 valve. Ostrea palmula Carpenter, 1 valve. Gastropoda Acanthina brevidentata (Wood), 2 specimens. Acmaea (Nomaeopelta) mesoleuca Menke, 3 specimens. *Bulla punctulata A. Adams, 2 specimens. Bursa caelata (Broderip) , 1 specimen. Cerithium adustum Kiener, 2 specimens. Conus dalli Stearns, 2 specimens. *Conus diadema Sowerby, 3 specimens; previous records of Conus brunneus may be referable to this species. * Conus purpuraseens Sowerby, 2 specimens. Conus tiaratus Broderip, 1 specimen. *Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus) , 1 specimen. Cymatium vestitum (Hinds) , 1 specimen. *Cypraea albugino'sa Gray, 1 specimen. Cypraea isabellamexieana Stearns, 1 specimen. Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 6 specimens. Ellobium stagnalis (Orbigny) , 4 specimens. Hipponix gray anus Menke, 1 specimen. Hipponix pilosus (Deshayes) , 3 specimens. Littorina aspera Philippi, 2 specimens. Nerita funiculata Menke, 1 specimen. Nerita ornata Sowerby, 2 specimens. Neritina latissima Broderip and form pilsbryi Tryon, 5 specimens. *Oliva cf. O. spicata (Roding) , 1 specimen. Planaxis planicostatum Sowerby, 6 specimens. Purpura patula pansa Gould, 1 specimen. *Semicassis centiquadrata (Valenciennes), 1 specimen. Siphonaria gigas Sowerby and form characteristica Reeve, 3 specimens. '*Terebra cf. T. maculata (Linnaeus), 3 juvenile specimens, fide G D. Hanna and L. G. Hertlein. *Turritella sp. indet., 1 badly worn specimen. Thais columellaris (Lamarck) , 3 specimens. 92 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) Thais haemastoma biserialis (Blainville) , 1 specimen. Thais (Vasula) melones (Duclos) , 10 specimens. * Thais planospira (Lamarck) , 3 specimens. Thais speciosa (Valenciennes) , 1 specimen. Thais triangularis (Blainville), 1 specimen. Amphineura Chiton (Chiton) stokesii Broderip, 11 live-taken specimens and many single valves. Literature cited Hertlein, L. G., 1963, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, ?2;219-289, 4 figs. Hertlein, L. G. and W. K. Emerson, 1953, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 7i;345-364, pis. 26, 27. LACK OF SHELL-ATTACHED PELECYPODS IN ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC WATERS By DAVID NICOL Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois In the frigid waters of both the arctic and the antarctic regions, no pelecypods attach themselves to the bottom by cementing the shell to solid objects as do the ostreids and the chamids. Pele- cypods of the frigid waters of these regions that are members of the epifauna attach themselves by their byssi or may lie on the bottom on one valve (pleurothetic habit) . Shell-attached pelecy- pods are rare in deep water (more than 1829 meters or 1000 fathoms) , and only 3 species in Clarke's annotated list of abyssal mollusks have this habit out of a total of 402 species of pele- cypods recorded. One of the species listed is an Anomia which attaches by a calcified byssus and is thus not in the true sense attached by shell material of one of the valves. The other two abyssal species which attach by cementation of one of the valves are Pycnodonte cochlear and Hinnites pusio. Shell-attached forms do live in cold water, as for example, Hinnites gigantea in the Gulf of Alaska and Crassostrea virginica in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; but the majority of bivalve genera which attach themselves to the substrate by shell cementation during part of or all their lives are wholly confined to warm water or are poorly represented in cooler water, as for example Spondylus, Chama, Echinochama, Plicatula, and Cleidothaerus. It is interesting to note also that the shell-attached fresh-water I January, 1964 nautilus 93 naiades are confined to warm water, mainly in Africa, South America, and India. What possible explanations are there for the lack of shell- attached species in the arctic and antarctic regions and their scarcity in deep water, which is, of course, cold water, and also in cold shallow water? There seem to be two main contributing causes. Most shell-attached pelecypods have thick shells and most frigid-water pelecypods have thin shells, and the lack of sufficient shell material may be one factor in the scarcity of shell-attached bivalves in frigid or cold water (less than 10° C) . This, however, •cannot be the only factor involved. One other consideration is the uncommonness of epifaunal pelecypods in cold water. For example, ice periodically scraping the bottom in shallow areas would prevent shell-attached pelecypods from anchoring to solid objects there. The relative scarcity of the proper physical environ- ment in regions having frigid water would certainly be another factor. However, the writer is not completely satisfied that these two reasons alone would explain the complete lack of shell- attached pelecypods in the present-day arctic and antarctic regions. This short note is part of a study of antarctic pelecypods which is supported by a research grant from the National Science Foundation (Gl-3335) . Literature cited Clarke, Arthur H., Jr., 1962, Annotated list and bibliography of the abyssal molluscs of the world: Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. No. 181, 114 pp. MOLLUSCA FROM EAST TAVAPUTS PLATEAU, GRAND COUNTY, UTAH By ERNEST J. ROSCOE and GORDON GROSSCUP Chicago Natural History Museum and Anthropology Department, University of Utah Introduction. While engaged in archaeological survey and ex- cavations near the Youth Camp of the Uintah* and the Ouray Ute Tribe at the invitation of the Ute Business Council, the junior author took the opportunity to make incidental collections spelling of Uintah for the county and tribe, and Uinta for the mountains, river, and valley, follows usage set by the U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Geographic Board. 94 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) of mollusks during the summers of 1961 and 1962. These speci- mens were submitted to the senior author for identification in August 1963. The paucity of data on the molluscan fauna of this region makes it desirable to place these identifications on record. Specimens are deposited in the collection of the Zoology Depart- ment, University of Utah and in the junior author's collection. Location and General Features. The Tavaputs Plateau forms the southern lip of the Uinta Basin, a section of the Colorado Plateaus physiographic province (Fenneman, 1931) . Ranging in elevation from about 7000 to 9000 feet, the Tavaputs descends some 3000 to 4000 feet to the Canyon Lands section to the south by two giant steps designated the Roan and Book Cliffs. The Roan Cliffs are an eastward extension of the Pink Cliffs of the High Plateaus section to the southwest, the most spectacular fea- tures of which are Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The mollus- can fauna of the Cedar Breaks area has been reported by Gregg (1941) . The Roan and Book cliffs are distinct in the western part of the Tavaputs but tend to merge eastward. The Tavaputs as a whole is divided into an east and west member by the Green River. U. S. Highway 50 skirts the southern margin of the cliffs, while the Basin itself is traversed in its northern portion by U. S. Highway 40. The Tavaputs is accessible only from highway 40 via secondary roads. The material reported herein was obtained from five stations located near the head of Hill Creek, T. 17 Sc 18 S., R. 19 E., in Grand County, about sixty miles south of Ouray, Uintah County. Hill Creek flows northward, merges with Willow Creek and empties into the Green River a few miles downstream from the confluences of the White and Duchesne rivers with the Green river near Ouray. The general area is readily located on most road maps of the State. Previous work. As an outgrowth of its paleontological interest in the region the Carnegie Museum has done extensive work on the biota of the Uinta Basin and adjacent Uinta mountains. Only a portion of the molluscan material collected by the Carnegie Museum has been reported to date, mostly from the northern portion of the Basin (Brooks, 1935, 1936). The report by Graham (1937) on the plants of the region includes a resume of the geog- raphy and geology of the entire Basin. Environment of the Collection Stations. The following remarks January, 1964 nautilus 95 are abstracted from field notes by the junior author. The East Tavaputs Plateau is highly dissected. All of the rock exposures in the area are of a yellowish sandstone, presumably part of the Eocene Green River formation. According to Graham (1937) the soils of this area have a pH of between 6 and 7. During July and August the days are pleasantly warm; the nights are quite chilly. Heavy, but brief, rainstorms are frequent, particularly in August. Snowfall is heavy in the winter and may begin in September or October and last into May or June. In the upper Hill Creek area (stations 1-4) the forest cover includes aspen, spruce, pine and fir. The valley floors and other open areas are grassy, with interspersed stands of sagebrush. Juniper and scrub oak occur sparingly. Deer are abundant, and elk, bear, badger and porcupine also occur. Beaver have been introduced. Animal bone recovered from archaeological deposits in a small cave in Jennie Canyon included deer, mountain sheep and porcupine. All of the stations in this area lie within 100 to 200 feet of the 8000 foot elevation marker at the Weaver Reser- voir dam located near the head of the east fork. The Ute Youth Camp is located at the head of the west fork of Hill Creek. Florence Creek (station 5) heads to the west of Hill Creek and flows through a deep canyon almost directly west to its junction with the Green River, The collection station was about seven miles upstream from the mouth of the canyon at an elevation of between 6000 and 7000 feet. The vegetation here included pine but no spruce or aspen. Mountain mahogany grows on the slope at the head of the canyon and elderberry was noted in the canyon itself. All specimens collected were of terrestrial gastropods and were collected alive unless otherwise noted. A number of springs and several branches of Hill Creek and Weaver Reservoir were ex- amined for aquatic mollusks but none were found. Collection Stations and Mollusks Obtained Sta. 1. East fork of Hill Creek, east side of valley near Weaver Reservoir dam. Sec. 13, T. 18 S., R. 19 E. El. about 8025 feet. Specimens collected at base and trunk of aspen trees, Aug. 7, 1961. Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels; Oreohelix subrudis (Pfeiffer) ; Pnpilla blandi Morse. Sta. 2. West fork of Hill Creek on east slope of Steer Ridge and just above Ute Youth Camp, Sec. 10, T. 18S, R. 19 E. El. about 8000 feet. Specimens collected on dead leaves at base and 96 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) on trunk of aspen, Aug. 4, 1961, and July 10, 16, 29, 1962. Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels; Oreohelix subrudis (Pfeiffer) ; Oreohelix sp. indet., juv., probably subriidis: Piipilla blandi Morse; Vallonia albula Sterki; Vitrina alaskann Dall; Zonitoides arboreus (Say) . Sta. 3. West iork of Hill Creek between Jennie Canyon and the next (unnamed) canyon to the north (downstream from Sta. 2), Sec. 3, T. 18 S., R. 19 E. July 27, 1962. A single empty shell of a badly weathered Oreohelix found floating in the creek. Probably O. subrudis (Pfr.) . Sta. 4. West side of the north fork of Burnt Draw near the mouth of the fork, Sec. 27 or 34, T. 17 S., R. 19 E. Specimen collected in humus at base of aspen, July 27, 1962. Oreohelix subrudis (Pfeiffer) , young. Sta. 5. Florence Creek Canyon, near head of one branch of canyon along trail which enteis Florence Creek Canyon from Post Canyon, Sec. 18?, T. 17 S., R. 19 E. El. between 6000 and 7000 feet. July 29, 1962. Empty shells of an apparently stunted form of Oreohelix subrudis (Pfeiffer) . Remarks. Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels, here recorded from the Tavaputs Plateau at stations 1 and 2, was described from specimens from the north side of Godiva Moun- tains near Eureka, Juab County in the Bonneville drainage basin. The species has not been found outside of the type locality except in the Deep Creek Mountains near the Utah-Nevada border (Roscoe, 1954) . A subspecies, O. e. uinta, was described in 1939 by Brooks from specimens obtained at Hominy Creek near Whiterocks, Uintah County. The senior author has grave doubts as to the validity of this subspecies, being distinguished primarily on the basis of its relatively wider umbilicus, an exceedingly variable feature in the oreohelices. The Tavaputs specimens cannot be distinguished from the typical eurekensis, although the younger individuals have the basal sculpture like those of uinta as illustrated by Pilsbry (1939, fig. 348). Type specimens of uinta have not been examined but it is suggested that these may be subadult individuals of eurekensis. The species is undoubtedly widely distributed over both the Bonneville and Colorado drain- ages in favorable situations. A close relative, O. handi Pilsbry and Ferris, replaces it in Nevada, and O. californica Berry, is apparently a related form in California. References Brooks, S. T. 1935. Naut., 48:\00. January, 1964 nautilus 9' 1936. Naut., 5^:13-14. 1939. Naut., 52:105-106. Fenneman, N. F. 1931. Physiography of Western United States. McGraw-Hill Co. Graham, E. H. 1937. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 26:\AS2. Gregg, W. O. 1941. Naut., 5^:116-118. Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Land Mollusca of N. A., vol. 1, pt. 1. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Monogr. 3. Roscoe, E. J. 1954. Great Basin Nat., i^:19. ON RHYTIDOTHYRA JACOBSONI ALCALDE By morris K. JACOBSON In 1948 (p. 4) Alcalde described Rhytidothyra jacohsoni from the Sierra San Carlos near Luis Lazo, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba. This shell has never been figured. The purpose of this paper is to provide a figure and to clarify the difference of this species from its only congener, R. bilabiata (Orbigny) . In addi- tion a number of notes are added. A translation of the original Spanish description follows: "Shell ovate and semiobese, varying in size in accordance with sex, color yellow-orange on the last whorls and reddish on the postnuclear whorls, peristome reddish, polished; nuclear whorls unknown since all specimens collected were decollated; the post- nuclear whorls well rounded and marked with a fine axial sculp- ture, regular and closely set, and a less prominent spiral sculpture having a corded appearance; in the last four whorls of the shell the intersection of both types of sculpture form prominent nod- ules that give a semi-spinose appearance to the shell; this charac- teristic is most noticeable in the ultimate and penultimate whorls; umbilicus well marked with both types of sculpture, the axial sculpture markedly entering into it; suture well marked and half hidden by the extremities of the axial sculpture which is strong, doubled, and prominent in this area; peristome bilabiate as is characteristic of the genus; operculum typical. Dimensions of the type: Alt. 22.5, width 18 mm." It should be noted that the color of most specimens is very much subdued, giving way to a general drabness of appearance. As far as the sexual variation of size is concerned, this is very noticeable, the male being distinctly the smaller shell. This fact was not noted by Torre and Bartsch (1941) in the related R. bilabiata. The easily observable and unmistakable difference lies in the 98 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) nodulate or corded appearance of the axial ribs, caused by the intersections with the spiral sculpture. In typical bilahiata the spiral ribs, when present, lie lower than the axial ribs, and hence, as Torre and Bartsch noted, do not form conspicuous nodules (1941, p. 219). These nodules are apparent to the naked eye and readily visible under low magnification. The axial ribs become wavy and long at the sutures, filling them much more effectively than in bilahiata. There is in addition a pronounced difference in the outlines of the shells of the two species, jacobsoni being much more ovate than the generally turrited bilabiata. The genus Rhytidothyra was erected by Henderson and Bartsch (1920, p. 65) on the basis of the peculiar device used for breathing and the distinctive design of the operculum. There is no reason to doubt that these characteristics form a strong sup- port for generic distinction. Rhytidothyra jacobsoni seems to occupy a narrow salient along the southeast slope of the Sierra San Carlos. This mountain range lies to the south of the Pinar del Rio-Guane highway and runs in a southwest direction from the town of Luis Lazo. I have speci- mens from the following localities: Hoyo de la Guataca (type locality) , Ensenada del Palmar, and Ensenada de la Cruz del Muerto, all being indentations along the steep slope of the Sierra. The entire range of the species as far as we could determine stretches for about 2 miles. Torre and Bartsch (1941) described 5 subspecies of R. bilabi- ata. Though their validity remains to be established, it might be worthy of note that I frequently found more than one of these subspecies in a single locality. The type specimen of jacobsoni, which used to be in the collec- tion of Alcalde, is now in the newly organized Academia de Cien- cias de Cuba, housed in the former capitol building in Havana. Until the superb figures by Torre and Bartsch were published, no accurate figure of R. bilabiata was available. Orbigny's figure (1842) for an unknown reason is colored green (pi. 22, figs. 3, 4, 5) . The sculpture shows axial and transverse striae of equal strength. As Arango and Torre and Bartsch noted, figs. 8 and 8' are illustrations of the operculum of this species and not of Cyclostoma pudica (sic) as Orbigny stated. Arango is right in assigning Reeve's shell (1863, pi. 9, fig. 71, not fig. 31 as in January, 1964 nautilus 99 Arango, nor fig. 7 as in Torre and Bartsch) to Chondropoma violaceum Pfeiffer. Surprisingly, Torre and Bartsch (1941, p. 221) still listed Reeve's incorrect reference in the synonymy of bilabiata Orbigny. Aside from the unique color pattern of Reeve's figure, the pear-shaped aperture in no way represents the circular aperture so characteristic of Rhytidothyra. Pfeiffer's figure (1846, pi. 43, fig. 31-82) is quite obviously not the shell described by Orbigny, thus confirming the doubts Pfeiffer himself expressed (p. 317) . The description (p. 316) and the figure seem to refer to some form of Chondropoma pictum (Pfeiffer), 1839. The figure in Zilch (1960, fig. 1449) , adapted from Reeve, is unrecognizable. I wish to express my gratitude to the American Museum of Natural History in New York and to John Ernest Jacobson for providing the illustrations that accompany this paper; to Dr. Wil- liam K. Emerson for reading the manuscript and giving valuable suggestions; and to Mr. William Old for aiding in the hunting down of tricky biographical references. Literature cited Alcalde Ledon, Oscar. 1948. Rev. Soc. Mai. Carlos de la Torre: 4. Arango y Molina, Rafael. 1878. Contribucion a la fauna malaco- logica cubana, Havana, pp. 1-280, plus 1-35. Henderson, John B. and Paul Bartsch. 1920. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 58 (2327) : 49-82. Orbigny, Alcide d'. 1842-1853. Mollusques in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist, phys., polit., et nat. de I'lle de Cuba, Paris, vol. 1, p. 1-246. 1853, Atlas pi. 1-28 [1842]. Pfeiffer, Louis. "1846" [1843-1846]. Die gedeckelten Lungen- schnecken (Helicinacea et Cyclostomacea) In Martini, Chem- nitz System. Conchy. Cab. 1 (19) : pp. i-iv plus 1-400, pi. A and 1-50. Reeve, Lovell. 1863. Concologica Iconica, Chondropoma, pi. 1-11. Torre, Carlos de la and PaulBartsch. 1938. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 85 (3039) : 193-423, pis. 7-39. 1941. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 89 (3096) : 131-385, pis. 9-57. Zilch, Adolf. 1959-1960. Gastropoda, part 2 Euthyneura in Handb. der Palaeoz. 6: 1-834 plus i-xii, figs. 1-2515. Berlin. 100 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) RECORDS AND TWO NEW SPECIES, STENOTREMA ABADDONA AND S. GLASSI, FROM OKLAHOMA By BRANLEY A. BRANSON Department of Biology, Kansas State College, Pittsburg Stenotrema GLASSI, new species. Figure 1 d, e, f Type Locality: A well-shaded limestone and sandstone hillside, near east rim of Lake Tenkiller Dam, Tenkiller State Park, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. Collected on 24:Vin:1963. Description of holotype: (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 290010) . Nuclear whorls nearly smooth, strongly everted; remaining whorls with short, prostrate periostracal hairs; periphery mod- erately angular; apex depressed-conical; base convex; sutures lightly impressed; aperture long, its interdenticular sinus broad and relatively shallow; edge of basal lip slightly raised proxi- mally and free for its entire length, the groove behind it pro- gressively deeper toward the upper insertion; callosity of basal lip demarked by only a slight groove, notches or teeth completely lacking; buttress of parietal tooth very strongly developed and raised slightly away from parietal wall; parietal tooth moderately high, highest near its point of entrance into aperture, then abruptly diminishes in height and is directed sharply into the aperture, appearing truncated and short in a basal view, the descending arm not being visible; length of aperture 7.5 mm.; greatest width of aperture 4.5 mm.; diameter of shell 11.5 mm.; height of shell 6.5 mm.; by^ whorls. Named in honor of my good friend Dr. Bryan P. Glass, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University. Stenotrema glassi is most closely related to S. labrosiun from which it differs in several respects. The aperture is longer and broader in glassi than in labrosum, 48 specimens taken with the holotype averaging 6.78 mm. (6.5-7.0) for apertural length and 3.84 mm. (3.5-4.0) for width. The basal lip edge is less adnate in glassi and the groove behind the lip much deeper. In labrosum the parietal tooth forms a rather even curve where it is directed into the aperture whereas in glassi it is abruptly curved, the de- scending arm being hidden in the latter species but at least par- tially visible in the former. The lack of a notch in the basal lip oi glassi and its presence in labrdsum is another salient difference. The sutures of labrosum are considerably deeper and the whorls less elevated than in glassi; the einbryonic whorls of labrosum possess the typical Stenotrema granular striae whereas these are nearly lacking in glassi. January, 1964 NAUTILUS 101 Rhytidothyra jacobsoni Alcalde 02 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) Figure 1. — a. 1), c, Stenoireiua abaddona sj). iio\.; d. c. i. Stt'iiotrcnia glassi sp. nov. Scale line equals 2.0 mm. January, 1964 nautilus 103 Stenotrema abaddona, new species. Figure 1 a, b, c Type Locality: A well-shaded, talus-laden hillside overlooking a small, unnamed creek, easternmost arm of Lake Tenkiller, Ten- killer State Park, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. Collected on 24: VIII: 1963. Description of holotype (A.N.S.P. 290011) . Light yellowish-cin- namon in color, nearly transparent; first one and two-thirds whorls strongly everted and marked by closely-set, transverse granular striae; remaining whorls with small transveise ridges beset with short, stiff and tapering, nearly to quite prostrate periostracal hairs, all directed peripherad; hairs above sutures and at the acute periphery longest, about 0.5 mm. in length, double at periphery; base moderately convex, with numerous short, spiral ridges bearing minute prostrate hairs, the latter lying in the same plane as ridges; imperforate but base deeply im- pressed over umbilical region; parietal tooth completely lacks a buttress; columellar origin of basal lip begins in the impressed, well-like base, arches strongly outward, then becomes pinched inward to produce a very deep and broad interdenticular sinus; inner edge of basal lip rounded and very narrow% not being de- marked from rest of lip by a groove; notch of basal lip located in outer one-half, small, but broadly u-shaped; outer edge of basal lip strongly adnate for nearly its entire length, being free only where it angles upward around periphery, then becomes ad- nate again; upper insertion of outer lip bears a small tubercle a short distance within near the parietal w^all; parietal tooth low and thin, barely reaching level of basal lip, strongly arched and highest near middle, then is directed into the moderately capa- cious distal portion of aperture where it ends a short distance within; rest of aperture slightly wader than basal lip; shell cracked behind aperture by photographer. Corroborative description. The first paratype (Kansas State College 7708) , taken with the holotype, has a parietal tooth which is slightly hooked and which does not completely penetrate into the aperture because of the very deep interdenticular sinus. Paratype two (University of Michigan 215712), taken alive, has a somewhat more conical apex than the holotype. The foot is narrow and nearly black; the mantle is marked by black dashes. It was collected on 21: VIII: 1963 from the shaded side of Mia- michi Mountain, one-eighth of a mile west on the Kiamichi Tower Road from its junction with Highway 259, LeFlore County, Oklahoma. The third paratype (Kansas State College 7826) was found in a locality with conditions similar to those prevailing at the type locality, 5.5 miles east of Salina, on High- 104 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) way 82, Mayes County, Oklahoma; 25: VIII: 1963. The two para- types listed as number four (Kansas State College 7911), two immature shells and two dead shells with their apices broken, were collected from a shaded, limestone-strewn hillside overlook- ing Spavinaw Creek, Spavinaw, Mayes County, Oklahoma; 25: VIII: 1963. The second shell of the fourth paratypes has a higher spire than any of the others and nearly lacks the basal lip notch. The immature form has an exceedingly fine knife-edge acute periphery, low growth striae and impressed, very fine spiral lines. The fifth paratype (Kansas State College 7915) was found on a steep, heavily shaded and moist hillside, one mile south of Lanagin, McDonald County, Missouri; 26: VIII: 1963. Measurements: Diameter Height Whorls Holotype 11.0 mm. 6.1 mm. 51/2 Paratype 1 11.0 mm. 6.5 mm. 51/4 Paratype 2 11.0 mm. 6.0 mm. 51/4 Paratype 3 9.7 mm. 5.6 mm. 4% Paratype 4 10.6 mm. 6.0 mm. 51/4 10.5 mm. 6.5 mm. 51/4 Paratype 5 10.8 mm. 5.0 mm. 51/4 Stenotrema ahaddona (specific epithet from Abaddon, "the pit of Hell," referring to the deeply impressed basal region) is con- sidered to be most closely related to 5. evardsi (Bland) from which it differs in having a much more deeply impressed axis and a more strongly adnate basal lip, the latter being free for over one-half of its length in evardsi. The new species also differs in having a wider notch in the basal lip and a very broad and deep interdenticular sinus. The two species are similar in having rela- tively narrow apertures and parietal teeth which turn abruptly into the aperture; the periostracal hair arrangement is also similar. Stenotrema unciferum (Pilsbry) . On 20: VIII: 1963 a single living specimen of this interesting little polygrid was collected from deep leaf litter on Rich Moun- tain, 5.6 miles east of Page, on Highway 59, LeFlore County, Oklahoma. The shell (Kansas State College 7840) measures 8.5 mm. in diameter, 6.4 mm. in height and has slightly more than five whorls. The basal lip is strongly arched and the projection January, 1964 nautilus 105 from the outer end of the parietal tooth is completely detached. This new record, and the two species described above, brings the total number of Stenotrema known from Oklahoma to eight. Mesodon clenchi (Rehder) . Two freshly dead shells, taken from the limestone bluffs sur- rounding the Darby Boyscout Camp, Cherokee County, Okla- homa on 24: V: 1963, represent another addition to the known molluscan fauna of Oklahoma. One of these shells has the faint indications of a parietal tooth and both have moderately angu- lated peripheries; the umbilicus is partially closed in both. The measurements for these specimens (Kansas State College 7932) are: Diameter Height Whorls 23.5 mm. 11.0 mm. 5 23.0 mm. 11.5 mm. Si/g NOTES AND NEWS CoRBicuLA FLUMiNEA IN FLORIDA. — The ocuiTcnce of the intro- duced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fiuminea (Miiller) into the west- ern United States has been well documented, and it has been recorded from the Tennessee River (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961, Naut., 74: 114-118), the Ohio River (Fechtner, 1962, Naut., 75: 126), and several Gulf drainages in Louisiana (Dundee and Walter, 1963, Naut., 77: 30) and Alabama (Hubricht, 1963, Naut., 77: 31) east of the Rocky Mountains. Recent collections of fresh-water mollusks from the Florida Panhandle and Penin- sula have disclosed the presence of C. fiuminea in these areas as well. On May 20, 1963, C. fiuminea was collected in abundance from the Apalachicola River at U. S. Hwy. 90, 1/2 mi. west of Chatta- hoochee, Gadsden County, Florida. This clam was not present at this same station (i/^ mi. below the Jim Woodruff Dam) when visited by Clench and Turner in 1953 (1956, Bull. Fla. State Mus., Biol. Sci., 1: 97-239). Hence, the introduction of C. fiu- minea into this southern drainage system occuned within the past decade. Further collecting was undertaken in the Apalachicola drain- age system in an attempt to determine the range of C. fiuminea. 106 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) Several localities above the Jim Woodruff Dam at Chattahoochee were examined: (1) Lake Seminole at Jim Woodruff State Park, Jackson County, Florida, (2) Lake Seminole at Florida Hwy. 2 (= Georgia Hwy. 91) , Jackson County, Florida, (3) Chatta- hoochee River at U. S. Hwy. 84, Houston County, Alabama, (4) Spring Creek at Reynoldsville, Seminole County, Georgia, (5) Flint River at Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia, and (6) Lake Seminole at Jim Woodruff Dam Project, Decatur County, Georgia. One additional site below the Jim Woodruff Dam was visited: Apalachicola River at Florida Hwy. 20, I/2 mi. west of Bristol, Liberty County Florida. Corbiciila fliiminea was found to be absent above the dam, but present below it at both stations. The Chattahoochee station specimens were generally larger (length of largest 33.0, height 30.5, width 20.6 mm.) and more abundant than those of the Bristol station (largest 1. 23.0, h. 22.3, w. 15.7 mm.). The substrate at Chattahoochee consisted of sand and gravel, while the Bristol substrate was composed of sand and clay. The Apalachicola River is characterized by high turbidity and a general lack of aquatic vegetation. Corbicula fiuminea was collected from the Chattahoochee station with one gastropod, Campeloma geniculum (Conrad), 15 species of unionid clams including Crenodonta neisleri (Lea) , Elliptio crassidens incras- satus (Lea) , Lampsilis anodontoides floridensis (Lea) , and Qiiinciincina infucata (Conrad) in considerable quantity, and two sphaeriid clams: Sphaerium lacustre (Miiller) and Eupera cubensis (Prime). On August 10, 1963, C. fliiminea was collected in astounding quantity from the Withlacoochee River (not the Withlacoochee River which is a tributary of the Suwannee River) at the south edge of Inglis, U. S. Hwys. 19 and 98, Levy County, Florida, a stream 200 miles southeast of the Apalachicola River. This local- ity is 3 miles below the dam at the lower end of the Florida Power Corporation Reservoir. The presence or absence of C. fliiminea above the dam has not yet been determined. However, to note that so many sites, in which C. fluminea is found flourishing, are below such power dams is of interest. Probably the absence of silting at these sites is favorable for their existence, while silting in the impoundments may preclude these clams immediately above the dam. January, 1964 nautilus 107 In contrast to the Chattahoochee and Bristol stations, the Withlacoochee River was not turbid, and its substrate consisted of fine sand. Only rare individuals of one snail Goniobasis flori- densis (Reeve) , and one unionid clam, Elliptio strigosus (Lea) , were found associated with C. fiuminea. Corbicula fiuminea from the Withlacoochee station varies in size, shape, and coloration from the populations in the Apalachi- cola stations. The Withlacoochie animals (largest 1. 28.3, h. 25.1, w. 17.9 mm.) are smaller than those of the Chattahoochee station but larger than those of the Bristol station. Shells from the Apa- lachicola River are generally more inflated, have more prominent beaks, and appear more triangular in outline than do the Withla- coochee shells. In addition Apalachicolan shells are of a dark brown color over the beaks and a horn-yello\v color over the peri- pheral half of the valves, while the Withlacoochee shells are uni- formly dark brown. There was no evidence of growth annuli in any of the specimens. — William H. Heard, Florida State Uni- versity, Tallahassee. LiMAX MAXIMUS AND FeRRISSIA MEEKIANA IN OKLAHOMA. While attempting to find an intermediate host for Nematoboth- riuni, in conjunction with parasitological research at the Uni- versity of Oklahoma Biological Station, Dr. Lewis Peters discov- ered a very large colony of limpets on 24 July, 1962, living in Lake Oberlin. This is a very muddy and shallow oxbow of the Red River, located in the southeastern corner of Bryan County, Oklahoma. Although several hundred specimens were collected, only 27 were kept for records. Eight of these are Ferrissia meeki- nna (Stimpson) ; the remaining 19 are all Laevapex fiisca (Adams) . Heretofore, "Gundlachia" has not been found living in Oklahoma. Branson, Taylor and Taylor (in press) reported fossils of this species from south-central Oklahoma, as did Taylor (1960) from southwestern Kansas. The only records of living F. meekiana near Oklahoma are those of Leonard (1959) from east-central Kansas. The specimens range from 2.0 x 1.0 mm. to 2.5 X 1.6 mm. in size; 6 of them are septate. The habitat from which these two limpets were secured is usual for both (Basch, 1959). However, L. fusca, recently re- ported from Oklahoma (Branson, 1961) , is sometimes found in streams with a moderate current. Two of the Laevapex were in- 108 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3) fected with ophthalmoxiphidio-cercariae, as determined by Peters. This record brings the total of ancylid species known from Oklahoma to 5. On 22 July, 1962, Branson discovered 3 large specimens, 110.0 to 118.0 mm. when fully extended, of Limax maximus Linnaeus in a water meter cover at Miami, Ottawa County, Oklahoma. This species likewise has not been reported heretofore from Oklahoma. Leonard (1959) recorded it for nearby Kansas. This record brings the total for slugs known from Oklahoma to 12. — Branley a. Branson, Kansas State College, Pittsburg and Lewis Peters, Northern Michigan College, Marquette. Literature cited Basch, P. 1959. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 602: 1-9. Branson, B. A. 1961. Biol. Stud. Okla. State U., 6: 1-72. Branson, B. A., J. and C. Taylor, in press. Bull. Okla. Geol. Surv. Leonard, A. B. 1959. Misc. Pub. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. 20:1-224. Taylor, D. W. 1960. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 337: 1-94. Striatura meridionalis in Michigan. — In May, 1961, Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry and Ferriss) was found in leaf mould from a moist, shaded glen on the wooded east side of "Mt. Rosy" sand dune, five miles south of Grand Haven, Ottawa Co., Michigan. The dune region on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan is florally peculiar, for it contains several species of plants found elsewhere only along the Atlantic Coast. Perhaps this floral peculiarity has some bearing upon the occurrence of this species at this locality. Other snails found with it have been found elsewhere in southern Michigan. This is the first record for this species from the state of Michigan, and the northern- most record to date. I am indebted to Miss B. A. Wilson, of the Entomology Department of Michigan State University, for her assistance in collecting at this locality. — F. Wayne Grimm. Otala lactea In Virginia, Texas, and California. — In 1961 and 1962, I found Otala lactea (Miill.) on wasteground in 4 places. In Virginia, a single weathered shell was found in an overgrown garden at Ocean Park, Princess Anne Co. A search on similar ground both in this town and in nearby Norfolk failed to produce additional specimens. In Texas, specimens were hibernating on Amaryllis leaves in a vacant lot near the Freue- THE NAUTILUS Vol. yy April, 1964 No. 4 A NEW SPECIES OF SINUM FROM THE GULF OV CALIFORNIA By JOHN Q. and ROSE L BURCH Authors writing on the Panamic fauna have generally accepted Sigaretus concavus Lamarck, \%22,^Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822) with Sigaretus grayi G. P. Deshayes in Lamarck, 1843= Sinum grayi (Deshayes, 1843) in synonymy. This species is known from Chile and Peru. Our opinion is that the form from the Gulf of California is another species, Sinum cortezi, new species. PI. 5, figs. 1 Sc 3 Shell fawn-colored, globosely ear-shaped; spirally striate with epidermis of rust color; whorls slopingly ventricose, spirally ridged, with narrow interstices; spire light color. Type locality: Shrimp trawlers working between Mazatlan and Altata in 15 fathoms. Holotype: deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Dept. Geology, Type Coll. no. 12601) . Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822) from Chile and Peru (PL 5, figs. 2 8c 4) consistently has an interior of a deep glossy chest- nut-brown, whereas that of the form from the Gulf of California is nearly white with growth lines showing light and dark through the shell. The apex of the South American form is uniformly dark, whereas that of the Gulf form is light. The concentric sculpture on the South American shells is broader and more even on the body whorl, and is much more evenly colored. The umbilicus of the Gulf of California shells is more open, and mature shells are heavier and thicker. There are 30 paratypes of which two are in the collection of Dr. Bruce Campbell, one in the collection of Dr. Homer King, some will be retained in the Burch collection, and others dis- tributed to institutions. We are indebted to Mr. Allyn G. Smith and Dr. Leo. G. Hertlein of the California Academy of Sciences of San Francisco for their advice. References Deshayes, G. P. 1835-45. Historie naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Deuxieme edition. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1815-22. Histoire naturelle des 109 110 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) animaux sans vertebres. Sherborn, Carolo Davies. 1925. Index Animalium. Reeve, Lovell. 1864. Concholgia iconica, vol. 15, pi. 1, fig. 3, a, b. Sowerby, James. 1820-25, The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells. Tryon, G. W., Jr. 1879-1913. Manual of Conchology. THE GENUS AGARONIA J. E. GRAY, 1839 By JOHN Q. and ROSE L. BURCH We should consider the extent to which we are justified in generic separations based solely on the radula. It is well known that Johannes Thiele and others thought it to be conclusive. However, to do so, at least in the Olividae, would seem to place species together that would leave the paleontologist and others incredulous when they must depend upon the morphologic characters of the shell alone. It is a question as to which causes more difficulty, two species with very similar shell characters that are shown to be very different, or two species with very dif- ferent shell characters that are shown to be very much alike. Thiele and many others have placed Agaronia as a subgenus of Olivancillaria. The genus Agaronia J. E. Gray, 1839 has priority over Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, If either is to be made a subgenus of the other, the genus should be Agaronia. Agaronia J. E. Gray, 1839, Zoology of Captain Bechey's Voyage, p. 131; type, monotypy, Oliva hiatula Lamarck= 0/it;a hiatula (Gmelin). Sherborn in Index Animalium, 1929, gave the date of the genus Olivancillaria A. Orbigny as 1841, but later Sherborn and Griffin in the Annals and the Magazine of Natural History, series 10, voL 13, 1934, gave us another version. In this article the authors stated that they had examined a complete set of Orbigny's Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale with the dates on the original wrappers. In the volume on "Mollusques," the genus name Olivancillaria occurs on page 420. Two species are discussed, Olivancillaria brasiliensis on page 420, not illustrated, and Olivancillaria auricularia on page 421, pi. 59, figs. 20-22. According to Sherborn and Griffin, the livrasion containing pages 409-424 bears the date 1840. As far as we have been able to ascertain, Olivancillaria dates from 1840. O. auricularia is cited on plate 59, but the "O" undoubtedly refers to Oliva which accompanies the preceding species. This plate was dated in April, 1964 nautilus 111 1839 and may be the basis of the 1839 date given to Olivancillaria by Fischer, Thiele, Wenz et al. We think the correct date to be 1840. Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, Voyage dans I'Amerique Meri- dionale; type, Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz, 1788=z:0/wa brasiliana Lamarck, 1811^ Porphyria urceus Roding, \19^ z=z Agaronia (Olivancillaria) urceus (Roding, 1798). It is our opinion that Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, may be recognized as a subgenus of Agaronia J. E. Gray, 1839. The species urceus Roding is un- questionably prior to the Lamarckian brasiliana. Deshayes in the second edition of Lamarck's Histoire cited the same figures for the Lamarckian species that are given as the basis of the Roding name. No 50-year rule can possibly save the Lamarckian name. The Roding name has been frequently used by modern authors. It is interesting that Dillwyn, 1817, recognized the identity of Lamarck's fonn with the brasiliensis Chemnitz, but he tried to resurrect a still earlier name from the Portland Catalogue, Valuta pinguis, p. 174, lot. 3740. Fortunately this is a nomen nudum and can be ignored. Roding placed all in his genus Porphyria which falls into the synonymy of Oliva Bruguiere, 1789. Por- phyria urceus Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 37, sp. 457. We have two basic types of radula to consider here. In Oliva, the radular ribbon shows but little variation. Differences be- tween species are small. The rachidian tooth is tricuspidate. Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus) is the type of the genus Oliva Bruguiere, 1789. (p. 6, fig. 3, pi. 7, fig. 10) . While the rachidian teeth of both Agaronia and Olivancillaria are tricuspidate, there are small denticles on the sides that are not present in Oliva. The radular teeth of both are very similar in this character. A study of Agaronia is very perplexing. Our common Panamic- Pacific species is extremely variable with several shell forms in a single colony. Quite possibly there is but a single good species in the Panamic-Pacific region. The species Agaronia testacea (La- marck, 1811) certainly ranges from the head of the Gulf of Cali- fornia southward on the Pacific coast to Panama, and seems to be very common along the Caribbean coast of Central America. The first reference we have to these is an article in Nautilus 19 (2), 18, 1905 by W. H. Fluck. Fluck mentions that his shells were identified by Pilsbry, Johnson, Dall, etc. Mr. A. A. Olsson 112 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) has also given numerous Carribbean localities for the species. The species Agaronia travassosi Lange de Morretes, 1938 from Brazil is amazingly like the west Mexican Agaronia testacea (Lamarck) , and two other species from Brazil remind one of Agaronia murrha Berry of the Central American coast. They are Agaronia lanei Lange de Morretes, 1938, and the recently described Agaronia langei Zanardini, 1960. Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck, 1811) is a distinct west African species. Nickles, 1950 accepts the species annotata Marrat, 1871 from the same fauna as distinct. Tryon and many others have placed it in the synonymy of Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck) . In this we concur. Agaronia lutraria (Roding, 1798), p. 34, sp. 421, with Agaronia subulata (Lamarck, 1811) in synonymy, is a species from In- donesia. It was placed in the synonymy of the west African Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck, 1811) by Tryon, 1883, but in our opinion it is quite distinct. Reeve in Conch. Icon., 1850, figures it well. H. C. Weinkauff, 1878, separated the two species. Agaronia gibbosa (Born, 1778) is a common large species from the Indian Ocean. We are placing the species nebulosa Lamarck, 1811 in synonymy. References Deshayes, G. P. 1835-45. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Deuxieme edition. Dillwyn, Lewis Weston 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. Gray, John E. 1839. Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) : 16, for 1810. Orbigny, Alcide D. d' 1835-47 Voyage dans I'Amerique Meri- dionale. Roding, P, F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum. Sherborn, Carolo Davies 1929. Index Animalium. Sherborn and Griffin 1934. Ann. and Mag. Nat. His., series 10, 13. IDENTIFICATION OF HELIX STEURSIANA By J. B. HENRARD Oegstgeest, The Netherlands This Helix was described by Shuttleworth in 1852. He received a specimen from Mr. Steurs, at that time governor of Amboyna (Moluccas) , and named it after the donor. His description is very exact, but no figure was given. Pfeiffer copied the description in April, 1964 NAUTILUS 77 (4) NAUTILUS lin PLATE 5 1 **" "Mm^^M Figs. 1 & 3. Holotype of Simim corlezi Burch &: Burch. 43.9 mm. Figs. 2 & 4. Hypotype of .S. concaxnun (Lamarck) from Peru. 5L8 mm. Photographs by .\llyn G. Smith. NAUTILUS Vo\. 77 (4) Fig. 1. Agaronia Davassosi Lange de Morretes, 1938. Fig. 2. A. (Olivaiidl- laria) urceus (Roding. 1798). Fig. 3. Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus. 17.58). Fig 4. Agaronia (OlivanciUaria) contorluplicate (Reeve, 1850). Fig. T). A. acumi- nata (Lamarck, 1811) . Fig. 6. A. (OlivanciUaria) auricularia (Lamarck, 1811) Fig. 7. A. gibbosa (Born, 1778). Fig. 8. A. Lestacea (Lamarck, 1811). 1859, Mon. Hel. Viv. 3: 179. Martens, who investigated the Moluccas so thoroughly, says in Preuss. Exped., 1867, that many species irom that region were seen by him only in the collections of amateurs, and that certainly they did not occur in the Moluc- April, 1964 nautilus 115 cas. He could not affirm that Helix steursiana and others were inhabitants of that area (loc. cit.: 324) . Dr. Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (2) : 7: 33, gave an exact translation of the original description and, with his great sagacity, recognized that Shuttleworth's species was a member of the genus Papuina, and placed it in his "6th group of H. pileohis." In 1961, Naut. 75: I divided this group into more homogeneous ones, and Papuina steursiana evidently belongs in the "group of P. ferus- saci." Because all the species of my group are endemic on the west coast of New Guinea, I was more and more convinced that P. steursiana also was an inhabitant of that region. However, P. hedleyi E. A. Smith, 1892, J. of Conch. 7: 72, was another species of this group. Smith's exact description, but without figure, was based on a single specimen, found in the British Museum without locality. However, since he recognized that it was allied closely to Papuina exsultans (Tapp.) and P. ferussaci (Lesson) , he probably accepted it also as a species from New Guinea. If Pilsbry 's translated description of P. steursiana be compared, character by character, with that of Smith's, both specimens do agree in height (30 mm.) but P. steursiana is somewhat larger. Also the shells differ in 3 very striking characters. The most im- portant of these is the subcolumellar tooth in P. steursiana, al- though none is mentioned in Smith's description. Secondly, P. steursiana is unicolor, while P. hedleyi has a small cinnamon zone beneath the suture and a castaneous base. Last but not least, the margin of the peristome is castaneous in P. hedleyi, but rosy in P. steursiana. Later, Smith, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20: 413, in an article on the land shells of New Guinea, gave many new data on P. hedleyi, and listed as synonym, P. canefriana "Dohrn, Ms." Kobelt, 1894, Conch. Cab., ed. 2: 708, pi. 202, fig. 1, ans. 2. Very important is the fact that he indicated the great color variation in his species, and that all specimens appear to have a white, tooth-like prominence or thickening on the columella On p. 414, Smith adds: "Other specimens (var. concolor, nov.) are of a uniform whitish color beneath the pale greenish-yellow or ochraceous periostracum, and the peristome is margined with pinkish purple-brown or purple-black." Such specimens from 116 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Kapaur also, precisely agree with Shuttleworth's description ot the peristome in P. steufsiana. Finally, the great variability oi P. Iiedleyi is discussed by C. K. Gude, 1910, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 9: 83, who had extensive collections at his disposal from Hamatawarea near Fak-Fak, a locality south of the Gulf of McCluer. His specimens ranged from pale ochraceous to buff and dark, almost blackish brown; some of the paler shells had a pale base and pinkish peristome, while others had a pale base with a dark brown, narrowly mar- gined peristome and another had the base blackish brown and a correspondingly dark, broadly margined peristome. However all dark specimens had a dark base. Important is Gude's state- ment that the columella always has a more or less prominent, whitish thickening, which in some bears a tooth or tubercle. Gude stated that the species had been recorded only from south- west New Guinea, but it also occurs north of the Gulf. I have examples from Inanawatan, called Negri Besar (Great Hinter- land) , collected by Mrs. T. van der Stoep-Frouwer and from Sorong (loc. Malami) , found by my friend Paul Stelleman. Also on the large island Salawati, I fortunately discovered a popula- tion, which contained one living albino, with a totally white peristome. On the smaller nearby islands, which probably were connected formerly with Salawati, all the specimens seen by me were albinos. My conclusion is that there are no differences between Papuina steursiana and P. hedleyi concolor, and that P. hedleyi, 1892, is a junior synonym of P. steursiana, 1852. Iredale, 1941, proposed a genus Zetomina with Papuina hedleyi as type, but, at that time, he had insufficient knowledge of Pils- bry's 6th group. For the time being, I prefer Pilsbry's opinion that the formation of a number of groups for Papuina species seems a better plan, that anatomical characters afford good clues to these minor groups, and that the establishment of "sections" is practically impossible. Smith's opinion, that P. hedleyi was most nearly related to P. ferussaci, is not acceptable. His species with its concave profile differs conspicuously from the 3 other species in the group of P. ferussaci. April, 1964 nautilus 117 UNIONIDAE OF RED CEDAR RIVER, MICHIGAN By KENNETH J. BOSS U. S. Fish and Wildlife Sei-vice, Washington, D. C. The major objectives of this note are to document more fully the distribution of 14 species of unionids in the Red Cedar River, to indicate some areas of pollution, and to provide a record of faunal changes since the report of van der Schalie (1940). The Red Cedar River is a tributary stream of the Grand River in western Michigan. Its main channel is nearly 50 miles in length and its total drainage area, including its three main tributaries, is approximately 355 square miles. The bottom types are variable, but the lower portions of the stream are gravel or rock while the upper are predominantly sand. The minimum discharge flow (July, 1931) was 3 cubic feet per second while the maximum (April, 1946) was 5,510 cubic feet per second; therefore, the depth at any one station in the river varies ac- cording to the amount of precipitation and evaporation. The river is slightly alkaline and highly buffered and in some areas the oxygen content is above 90% saturation (Brehmer, 1956) . During the fall of 1958, a series of collecting stations along the river was sampled for the unionid fauna. Five general areas may be delimited: 1. At East Lansing, Ingham Comity, Here 4 stations were made, all upstream from the local sewage treatment facilities. The bottom type was predominantly gravel. 2. At Okemos, Ingham County. This area included five stations in the vicinity of Okemos; the substrates were gravel, sand and mud. 3. At Williamston, Ingham County. Three stations were made in this area; bottom types included gravel, sand and mud with some local concentrations of silt. 4. At Webberville, Ingham County. The three stations here were made in sand and gravel substrates. 5. At Fowlerville, Livingston County. Soft clay and mud sub- strates were typical of the two stations in this area. The following is a list of the species with numbers, designating the areas in which specimens were collected. Most of the specific names are modeled after Clarke and Berg (1959) . Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3, 4. Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3, 5. Pleiirobema cordatu?n (Rafinesque), 1, 2, 3. 118 NAUTILUS VoL 77 (4) Anodonta grandis (Say), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Lasmigona compressa (Lea) , 4, 5. Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3. Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Strophitus undulatus (Say), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Alasmidonta calceolus (Lea), 2. Alasrnidonta marginata (Say), 2, 3. Villosa iris (Lea) , 2. Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea (Barnes), 1, 3, 4, 5. Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes) , 1, 2, 3, 4. Actinonaias ellipsiformis (Lea) ,1,2. The most common species was Elliptio dilatatus while Fusco- naia flava, Anodonta grandis, Strophitus undulatus and Lampsilis ovata ventricosa were moderately common and the most widely distributed. Villosa iris, Actinonaias ellipsiformis, Lasmigona compressa and Alasmidonta calceolus were rare. When a com- parison of these observations with those of van der Schalie (1940) is made, a decrease in the abundance of Villosa iris, Actinonaias ellipsiformis and Alasmidonta calceolus is evident while an in- crease in the abundance of Anodonta grandis, Lasmigona costata and Alasmidonta marginata is obvious. The stream is entirely devoid of unios immediately downstream from Fowlerville and East Lansing; industrial and sewage effluents have rendered the conditions unsuitable for the maintenance of the unio fauna in these areas. The author is indebted to Dr. T. W. Porter for his guidance and help in the field; to Dr. H. van der Schalie, who kindly ad- vised on the identification of some species; and to Mr. R. L Johnson, who checked some aspects of the nomenclature. References Brehmer, M. L. 1956. A biological and chemical survey of the Red Cedar River in the vicinity of Williamston, Michigan. Unpub, thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Clarke, A. H., Jr. and C. O. Berg. 1959. The freshwater mussels of central New York. Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Memoir 367, 79 pp. Schalie, H. van der. 1940. Zoogeography of naiades in the Grand and Muskegon Rivers of Michigan as related to glacial history. Papers of Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 26: 297-310. April, 1964 nautilus 119 NOTES ON AMERICAN MELAMPIDAE By J. P. E. MORRISONi The earliest name for this family based on a genus in use is Melampidae of Stimpson, 1851 (Shells of New England, p. 51). Subfamily names based on Melampus were used by Pfeiffer (Zeit. fur MalakozooL 10: 8: 1853) and by H. & A. Adams (Proc. ZooL Soc. London 1854: 30: Jan., 1855) before the name Ello- biidae was validated. Pfeiffer in August 1854 (Malak. Blatt. 1: 146) mentioned the names Ellobiidae and EUobiinae from H. k A. Adams' manuscript, but did not include the genus name Ellobium, and did not adopt either of these names. The family name Ellobiidae was first published by H. & A. Adams in their "Genera" (2: 236: Sept., 1855). Pfeiffer continued to use the subfamily name Melampea in his Auriculacea Monographs of 1856 and 1876. H. & A. Adams in 1855 (Genera 2: 242), and Pease in 1871 (Proc. ZooL Soc. London 1871: 450) used the name Melampinae. Odhner in 1925 (Arkiv for Zool. 17 A (6) : 14) and Morrison in 1951 (Amer. Malac. Union Annual Report for 1950: 8) used Melampodinae for the subfamily. There is no question of a nomen ohlitum; the earliest subfamily name in current use should be used for the family name also. In my opinion, the "Studies on the Genus Melampus'' by Holle and Dineen (Nautilus 7i (1) : 28-35: July 1959; and 73 (2) : 46-51: Oct, 1959) are confusing and incomplete. In the part of the "genus" studied by Holle and Dineen I recognize 4 generic gioups under their three "species." The groups studied by Holle and Dineen should be labelled, even if considered only subgenera or sections, since their names have been in existence for many years. I cannot agree that these four groups, represented by four biologically separate species, recognizable on shell characters alone, can be given only three species names. Holle and Dineen studied 4 species: 1) Melampus (Melampus) coffeus (Linnaeus). This is the geno- type of Melampus; it is known from only the southern half of Florida, and from Central America and the West Indies, southward to Colombia, Suriname, and Brazil. It was fig- ured on plate 5, figure 1, and plate 6, figure 4, by Holle and 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute. 120 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Dineen. 2) Melampus (Micromelampiis) hidentatus Say. This species ranges from southern Quebec (north shore of the Baie de Chaleur) southward all the way to Texas and into the West Indies. It was figured on plate 5, fig. 2, and plate 6, figs. 5 and 6, by Holle and Dineen. 3) Detracia floridana (Pfeiffer) . This smaller species lives on Atlantic United States shores only, from New Jersey (Dela- ware Bay) to New Orleans, Louisiana. Holle and Dineen figured it on plate 5, fig. 3, 4) Pira monile (Bruguiere) . This species is known from south- ern Florida across the West Indies to South America. It is the "group C," the "Melampus flavus" of Holle and Dineen. Apparently Holle and Dineen did not read the Nautilus 71 (4), p. 124, where I pointed out the fact that all known Texas Melampus belong to the species M. bidentatus Say. I repeat here the generic group sculpture characters I listed in 1958, by means of which every specimen of Melampus, Micromelampus, and Pira may be correctly identified. Words inserted at this time are bracketed. "The distinction of Melampus [(Mela7npus)] coffeus [ (Lin- naeus)] from M. [(Micromelampus)] bidentatus [Say] and from Pira monile [ (Bruguiere)] is easily made, because the scidpture of the shell above the shoulder of the body-whorl is different in each case. M. [(MicromelampusJ] bidentatus possesses spiral incised lines on this part of the shell (if not all the way up and down the body-whorl). M. \_(MelampusJ] coffeus has no such spiral incised lines on the spire or the upper part of the body-whorl. Pira monile, on the other hand, shows a single spiral row of epidermal setae, or pit-scars after loss of the setae, in the middle of each whorl on the spire." In my opinion, these are generic groups of the Melampidae, because on coasts other than the western Atlantic shores of Amer- ica, the same groups are represented by other species which possess correspondingly identical sculpture characters on the shells. For example, the Indo-Pacific species include: Melampus (Melampus) flavus (Gmelin) 1791, Melampus (Micromelampus) nucleolus Martens 1865, Detracia pulchella (Petit) 1842, and Pira fasciata (Deshayes) 1830. The name Pira monile (Bruguiere), 1789, must be used for the "group C" of Holle and Dineen, for two reasons: First, it was April, 1964 nautilus 121 published two years ahead ot Gmelin's flava, and secondly, the name flava does not concern the same species. "Melampus flavus" of authors generally, has been a confused mixture of at least 3 American species. As a matter of fact, this name does not belong to any American species. Valuta flava of Gmelin, 1791 (Syst. Nat., 13th edn., p. 3436), and of Dillwyn, 1817 (Descr. Cat., I, p. 506), are both based solely on Martini-Chemnitz, Conch. Cab,, Vol. 2, p. 126, pi. 43, fig. 444, published in 1771. Examination of the non- binomial work of Martini-Chemnitz shows a poorly colored figure, and a text that says this is the "Golden Shell" of the East Indies. In other w^ords, Melampus (Melampus) flavus (Gmelin), 1791, is the earliest and only correct name for the Indo-Pacific species later named Melampus luteus by Quoy and Gaimard in 1833. The generic name Pira is still in need of a valid type designa- tion. The currently accepted designation by Kobelt 1880 (111. Conchylienbuch, 2:303) is technically invalid because the name fasciata Deshayes was not one of the originally included specific names. I hereby designate as the genotype of Pira: Tralia (Pira) husteri ("Krauss" in) Kuster 1844 = Pnrt fasciata (Deshayes) 1830. By the designation of one of the originally included names that is known to be a synonym of the species Pira fasciata (Deshayes), the generic name Pira will remain with the group for which it has been used, on the very few occasions it has been recognized and appeared in print. ASIATIC CLAMS AT PARKER, ARIZONA By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM, LOWELL KEUP, and CROSWELL HENDERSON* The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Miiller), has infested the irrigation system on the Colorado Indian Reservation for the second time in little more than a year. Collections made by Public Health Service biologists evidence the great rapidity with which this clam can repopulate an area. This second infestation necessi- tates removal of the clams and other detritus from portions of the irrigation system. The clams were present when the Bureau of Reclamation last cleaned the cement-lined canals of the system in Januai~y 1962. Biologists. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, U.S. Public Health Service. 122 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Large populations of the clam were found 16 months later in May 1963. After learning of the reinfestation, Public Health Serv- ice biologists collected samples May 23, 1963, from the "Main Canal" at a bridge crossing 4 miles southwest of Parker, Arizona, on the Parker-Ehrenberg Highway. Their sampling indicated a population of from 135 to 275 clams per square foot of canal bottom in heavy gravel, sand, and decomposing organics. The de- composing organics were primarily dead Cladophora buried in sand and compacted by roots of abundant growths of a rooted pond weed, Potamogeton spp. and the algae, Chara spp. and Cladophora spp. Associated animals were physid snails, dragon- flies, planarians, simulids, and tendipedids. The remarkable population growth in the cleaned irrigation canal shows that the clams can rapidly repopulate an area. The closest source of clams for the canal is the Colorado River. Asiatic clams have previously been reported infesting the Colorado River intake of the Metro- politan Water District of Southern California's aqueduct (Ingram, 1959). More recently, the clams have been reported to be rela- tively abundant and widely distributed in the lower Colorado River from Parker Dam to the Mexican border.^ Asiatic clams have also been found in irrigation canals in Phoenix (Dundee and Dundee, 1958). Rapid dispersion and population growths have also been re- ported in the Eastern United States. The clam was first reported in the Tennessee River in 1959 (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961). The clam extended its range slightly in the Tennessee River during the next few years (Sinclair and Isom, 1961). Within a short time, the clam was found at various places along the Ohio River: Metropolis, Illinois (Fechtner, 1962); Dayton, Kentucky (Stein, 1962); and from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Warsaw, Kentucky (Keup, Horning, and Ingram, 1963). During this period. Bates (1962) also reported it in the lower Green River, a tributary of the Ohio. The methods of dispersal remain open to speculation. Several hypotheses have been advanced. In the construction of cement locks, dams, docks, bulkheads, etc., in navigable waterways gravel is used as aggregate. Gravel may be dredged from river gravel bars, loaded on barges, and transported hundreds of miles to the construction site. Clams present in these gravels could be lost 1 Manuscript; Henderson, C. and A. D. Sidio. April, 1964 nautilus 123 through spillage during transport or at the construction site. The clams could survive in the moist underlayers of gravel, or even for some period in dry gravel. The senior author has kept Asiatic clams alive out of water for a minimum of five days after which time they were discarded. Ingram (1941) has also reported that another small clam, Pisidium abditum Haldeman, survives when left on lake shores during drawdown periods. Another hypothesis was forwarded to the senior author by Dr. William J. Clench, Curator of Mollusks, Harvard University, during a recent personal conversation. Dr. Clench suggested that clams resistant to desiccation may "hitch-hike" a ride on water- fowl; or possibly a tightly closed clam swallowed by a duck could survive the action of the gizzard and digestive juices, pass through the duck's digestive tract and thus be deposited in a waterway different from its origin. Another logical hypothesis for distribution would be the trans- porting and eventual discarding of the clams by tourists, by fishermen who may have collected them as bait, or by aquarium hobbyists. These hardy clams do well in aquaria. Sinclair and Ingram (1961) surmised that Asiatic clams could have been introduced into the United States as aquaria contents that were later dumped into suitable waterways. Three different size-classes were apparent in the clams collected at Parker, Arizona, with 30% ranging in size (anterior-posterior length) from 3 to 7 mm., 65% from 9 to 18 mm., and 5% from 22 to 28 mm. Ohio River clams exhibited approximately the same three size-classes (Keup, Horning, and Ingram, 1963). These 3 size-classes probably represent "year-classes." The 3-year-old clams at Parker, Arizona, indicate that some clams remained in the canal after it was cleaned in January 1962, or that clams at least 1 year old gained entry to the canal after it was cleaned. The remaining or introduced clams would have formed a nucleus for refK>pulation of the canal. The lack of a fourth-size class in neither the Ohio River nor the Arizona canal perhaps indicates that the clams rarely live longer than 3 years, or that the clams grow very little after their third year, which does not allow ready recognition of older groups based on size-class distribution. The Asiatic clam has been receiving increased attention in the United States. The writers are not unmindful of the fact that 124 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) many more "inquisitive eyes" are looking into American water- ways today than in the 1940s; therefore extended fresh-water mollusk distributions are bound to be discovered. Interest in the Asiatic clam will probably make its discovery in new areas of the United States more rapid. Since this clain aeates nuisance conditions in canals, ditches, pumps, and cooling systems (Ingram, 1956; Ingram and Bartsch, 1960), distribution records are more likely to be published. The Public Health Service has received a number of requests for advice on control of the mussel in Western water systems. Recently problems have also been reported in its Eastern range. ^ Increased demand for its control will undoubt- edly stimulate more investigations into the clam's life history, ecology, and physiology. The writers wish to thank the personnel of the Land Opera- tions Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Colorado River Agency, United States Department of the Interior who extended every courtesy to enhance our clam collections. Literature cited Bates, J. H., 1962. Extension of the Range of Corbicula fltiminea within the Ohio Drainage. Nautilus 7?(3):35-36. Dundee, D. S. and H. A. Dundee, 1958. Extensions of Known Ranges of Four Mollusks. Nautilus 72:51-53. Fechtner, F. R., 1962. Corbicula fliiminea (Miiller) from the Ohio River. Nautilus, 75 (3): 126. Ingram, W. M., 1941. Survival of Fresh Water Mollusks During Periods of Dryness. Nautilus 54 (3): 84-90. , 1956. Snail and Clam Infestations of Drinking- Water Sup- plies. Journ. American Water Works Association 48 (3): 258-268. -, 1959. Asiatic Clams As Potential Pests in California Water Supplies. Journ. American Water Works Association 51 (3): 363-370. Ingram, W. M. and A. F. Bartsch, 1960. Animals Associated with Potable Water Supplies: Operators Identification Guide-M-7; American Water Works Association, pp. 1-31. Keup, L., W. B. Horning, and W. M. Ingram, 1963. Extension of Range of Asiatic Clam to Cincinnati Reach of the Ohio River. Nautilus 77(1): 18-21. Sinclair, R. M. and W. M. Ingram, 1961. A New Record For The Asiatic Clam in the United States, The Tennessee River, Nau- tilus 7^ (3): 114-1 18. Sinclair, R. M. and B. G. Isom, 1961. A Preliminary Report on the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee. Tenn. 2 Manuscript; Thomas, N. A. and K. M. Mackenthum. NAUTILUS 77 (4) PLATE 6 Fig. 1. Agaronid liialula (Gmelin, 1791). Liberia, ^Vest Africa. Hypotype. Type species ot Agaronia J. E. C.rav, 1839. Fig. 2. A. lestacea (Lamarck, 1811) . Hypotype from Guaymas, Soiiora, Mexico. Fig. 3. A. tranassosi Langc de Morretes, 1938. Hypotype trawled 5 miles off l^unta de Justinga, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, in 25 fathoms. Fig. 4. A. minilia Berrv. 1953. Hypotype from Acapidco, Mexico. Fig. 5. A acuniiiuila (Lamarck, 1811) . Hypotype from Louanda. Angola. ^Vest Africa. Fig. 6. A. gihhosa (Born. 1778) . Hyptotype from Piicket, Thailand. NAI^TILITS 77 (4) PLATE 7 8 Fig. 7. Agaronia (Olivancillaria) contortupUcala (Reeve, 1850) . HypoLype from Montevideo, Uruguav. Fig. 8. A. (OlivanciUaria) auricula) ia (Lamarck. 1811). Hypotype from Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Fig. 9. ./. (Olk'aucillaria) urceus (Roding, 1798) . Hypotype from Rio Grande do Siil, Brazil. Type species of OlivanciUaria Orbigny, 1840. Fig. 10. Olina prophyria (Linnaeus, 1758) . Hypotype from Panama Bay. "I ype species of Oliva Brugiere. 1789. April, 1964 nautilus 125 Stream Pollution Control Board and Tenn. Dept. Public Health. Multilith Report, v. -\- 33 pp. Stein, C. B., 1962. An Extension of the Known Range of the Asiatic Clam Corhicula fluminea (Miiller) in the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Ohio Journal of Science 62 (6) : 326-327. REDESCRIPTION OF A COMMENSAL PELECYPOD, ROCHEFORTIA CUNEATA, WITH NOTES ON ECOLOGY By GEORGE R. HAMPSON Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The object of this paper is to describe and illustrate again Rochejortia (Pythinella) ciineata, a commensal pelecypod. Previ- ous illustrations have not clearly shown the critical taxonomic characteristics to facilitate identification. Because the original description by Verrill and Bush 1898 makes no mention of the ecology of this species, and because there has been no subsequent liteiature on its ecology, a brief description of the association of R. cuneata with its host is included. I wish to thank Dr. Howard L. Sanders (Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution), for his assistance in the preparation of this paper, and Dr. Joseph P. Morrison (U. S. National Museum) and Dr. Myra Keen (Stanford University), who kindly identified the pelecypods. I would like also to thank Dr. Robert Hessler (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) for his critical review and Mr. Wallace R. Bard for the illustrations. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant GB 563 and is Con- tribution 1449 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. RocHEFORTiA (Pythinella) CUNEATA (Verrill & Bush, 1898). Page 129, fig. 1. Montacuta cuneata Verrill & Bush, 1898, p. 782, pi. 43, fig. 5, pi. 41, fig. 4. Mysella (Pytiiinella) cuneata, Dall, 1899. Mysella ? (Pythinella) cuneata, Thiele, 1935. Rochejortia (Pythinella) cuneata, Morrison, 1962. Location. Found in association with a sipunculid worm Phas- colion stromhi (Montagu), in empty shells of the gastropods Nassarius trivittatus (Say), and Eupleura caudata (Say). Speci- mens collected subtidally in Quisset Harbor, Falmouth, Massa- chusetts, at 5 meters depth, and in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, 126 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) (41°30'N., 70°31'W) in soft clay silt at 20 meters depth (Sanders' station R (Sanders, 1960). Description. Small, fragile, inequilateral, from 0.4-2.5 mm. long. Adult vaguely kidney-shaped, extended anteriorly, and ob- tusely rounded posteriorly. Umbo, together with beaks moderate in size, raised, situated slightly posteriorly. In end view (fig. C) shell expanded dorsally, tapering to ventral margin. In side view (fig. A) ventral margin of larger valves characteristically concave; anterodorsal margin broadly convex; dorsal margin immediately posterior to umbo, shorter and slightly concave. In posterior view, margin of valves skewed to right (fig. C). Midway along ventral margin, valves broadly concave to right (fig. D). Right valve with two prominent, rounded sub-triangular cardinal teeth; anterior tooth slightly larger than posterior (fig. A); curved ossicle situ- ated in triangular gap between cardinals; two elongate ridges continue from bases of cardinals extending anteriorly and posteri- orly respectively. Left valve without cardinals; anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins infolded to level of muscle scars, forming two shelves (fig. B). Pallial line weakly inscribed, extending from dorsal edge of one scar to that of the other, and slightly concave along ventral edge; lack of pallial sinus related to absence of ex- ternal siphon. Muscle scars weakly inscribed, elliptical, but pointed at either end; long axis arranged nearly parallel to verti- cal axis of valve. Smaller valves nearly transparent with muscle scars and internal organs clearly evident. Adult valve covered with light to dark tan periostracum. Sculpturing of shell consists of faint concentric growth lines and faint radial lines; more prominent "annular type" giowth rings also discernible. Notes on ecology. Phascolion strombi has been found to oc- cupy empty gastropod shells in Buzzards Bay, usually of Nassarius trivittatus, and less frequently of Eupleura caudata. The sipun- culid extends from the aperture into the inner whorls up to the apex of the shell. Phascolion is enclosed by a tube which extends into and fills the inner chambers of the shell. This tube is com- posed of sand grains and particulate matter cemented with mucus. Typically, the gastropod shell is positioned with the aperture fac- ing down, allowing the everted introvert of the sipunculid to probe through the sediment. Individuals of Rochefortia cuneata generally gather around a April, 1964 nautilus 127 less conspicuous passage which extends through the siphonal canal (fig. F) . Typically one, or sometimes two, larger individuals are found together with several smaller specimens. They are em- bedded in the loosely packed sedimentary matrix and attached to the matrix by means of byssal threads. Less commonly, the bi- valves are found posed around the main orifice of the sipunculid tube (not illustrated). In one case, a shell was found with a perforation in one of the whorls; around and in this perforation a few Rochefortia were clustered. By observing the general feeding activity of the sipunculid, one can detect a water current with finely suspended particulate matter moving through the main aperture and the siphonal canal. These currents show that the siphonal canal connects internally with the main sipunculid tube. Movements of Phascolion have a direct control upon the direction of water flow through these passages. When the sipunculid everts its introvert from the shell, it induces water to be drawn into the siphonal canal to displace the volume previously occupied by the animal. Upon retraction of the worm, water is ejected through the siphonal canal. Thus, this canal appears to function as a passage for water when vol- umes are displaced in the movement of the animal. However, even when the sipunculid is not feeding, its slight undulating movements cause a steady current with suspended particles to pass into the siphonal canal. Smaller cuiTent movements were observed at the main orifice, but their function was not clear. In this unique manner, the tiny pelecypods are provided with a steady supply of fine organic material. Similar sipunculid-pelecypod associations already have been re- ported in the literature. Perez (1924) described a commensal rela- tionship between Phascolion strofnhi, and Montacuta pJmscoli- onis (Dautzenberg) in the gastropod shell of Zizyphinus conu- loide's. He found the pelecypods to occur in any location where a perforation existed which modified the circulation. Knudsen (1944) described a new pelecypod, Jousseaiimiella concharum, which is quite similar to Rochefortia cuneata in its size range and ecology. His specimens were found living commensally with Phascolion sp., attached by byssal threads to apertures and perfo- rations of dead Mitra shells. A polychaete, belonging to the family Syllidae, was mentioned as a third member of the association. 128 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) References Dall, W. H., 1899. Synopsis of the recent and tertiary Leptonacea of North America and the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 27:892. Knudsen, J. 1944. A gephyrean, a polycheate, and a bivalve living together commensalistically in the Indo Malajan Seas. Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk. Naturhis, Foren 108. Morrison, J. P. 1962. Rochefortia — A new record in Tampa Bay (Abstract). The Amer. Malcol. Un., p. 14. Perez, C. 1924. Sur le complexe etholique du Phascolion strombi. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 5^:74-75. Sanders, H. L. 1960. Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay. Ill The structure of the soft-bottom community. Limn, k Oceanogr., 5:138-153. Thiele, J. 1935. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Jena, Germany, 2:874-875. Verrill, A. E. and Bush, K. J. 1898. Revision of the deep-water Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America, with descrip- tions of new genera and species. Proc. U. W. Nat. Mus., 20:1%2. A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCERA (NUDIBRANCHIA) FROM CALIFORNIA By ERNST MARCUS Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil Two specimens of nudibranchs from Tomales Bay, sent in by Dr. Joel Hedgpeth, Director of the Pacific Marine Station, Dillon Beach, California, appear to represent a new species, which is here described. Suborder Doridoidea, Tribe Phanerobranchia, Family Poly- ceridae. Poly CERA hedgpethi, spec. nov. Page 130, figs. 1-4. Material: Marshall's Landing, Tomales Bay, Marin County, California; 15 ft., on pipe covered with Bugula sp., Mr. C. I. Haydock col.; two specimens: holotype and paratype (USNM. 575603). Description: From a photograph by Dr. Joel Hedgpeth and a drawing by Mrs. Haydock, the base color is gray with small black dots, with yellow-orange marks on the rhinophores, corners of the foot, and on the velar and extrabranchial appendages; streaks of the same color are seen on the pallial ridge, caudal crest, and upper border of the foot, and yellow orange spots are present on widely spaced tubercles all over the body. Preserved animals are light brown, mottled with dark, with the tubercles light and in part still orange, the gills blackish brown with lighter borders. April, 1964 NAUTILUS 129 Fig. 1. Rocheforlia (Pytliiiiella) cuiieata (Verrill & Bush, 1898). A. Right \alve, medial view, B. Left valve, medial view. C. Posterior view. D. A'entral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Shell of Nassarius trh'it talus occupied bv Pluiscoiiou shoinhi and Rochefortia cuneatn. 130 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Figs. 1-4. Polyciea hedgpethi, new species: 1, jaws; 2, evened tip ol penis; 3, radula, half row; 4, right side of living animal. April, 1964 nautilus 131 and the sole light. Living animals are up to 50 mm. long and 5 mm. broad when fully extended; preserved specimens are 16 and 20 mm. long, 10 mm. high, and 7-8 mm. broad. Velum with 2-3 digitiform processes on either side. Rhino- phores slender, perfoliated, with 12 leaves; oral tentacles quite short. Foot corners in one specimen more, in the other less promi- nent; sole narrow; tail pointed. Lateral velar appendages con- tinuous with pallial ridges, these provided with some tubercles. Three extrabranchial appendages on each side, larger than velar ones and increasing in size posteriorly. Nine tripinnate gills. Ridges uniting behind gills, continued as tuberculate caudal crest. Jaws pale, with wing-like processes. Radula dark red, with 17 rows; fonnula 3-4.2,0,2.3-4; innermost of outer teeth with rudi- mentary cusp; height of teeth (in micra): 430, 520, 270, 200, 180, 150. Penis with 50 long, bristle-like spines. Named for Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth. Holotype: the slug and slide (jaws and radula), USNM. 575602. Discussion: The attempt to use Odhners' key of Polycera (1941: 16-19) leads me to P. zosterae O'Donoghue (1924:7) from the Vancouver Island region; no other species published since 1941 comes closer to hedgpethi. P. zosterae is 10.25 mm. long when moving, has 5-6 short tubercles on each side of the velum, 5-6 outer teeth in the half-row of the radula, and 3 righly branched gills. Together with the new species, I received a specimen of Poly- cera atra MacFarland (1905:50; 1906:142) from the same locality (USNM 575604). Until now, P. atra was only known from Monterey Bay. The specimen from Tomales Bay extends the intraspecific variation of atra. It has a total of 6 velar appendages, 3-4 extrabranchial tubercles on each side and 9 gills. In the original material, the corresponding numbers were 4, 1-2, and 8. Literature cited MacFarland, Frank M. 1905. A preliminary account of the Dorididae of Monterey Bay, California. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington i5;35-54. -, 1906. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca fiom Monterey Bay, California. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 1905, 25:109-151, pi. 18-31, Odhner, Nils Hj. 1941. New polycerid nudibranchiate Mollusca and remarks on the family. Goteborgs Kungl. Veterisk. Vitterh. Samh. Handl. 7. Folj., Ser. B, 1 (No. 11); 1-20, 9 figs. O'Donoghue, Charles H. 1924. Notes on the nudibranchiate Mollusca from the Vancouver Island region, IV. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. i5;l-33, pi. 1-2. 132 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) A NEW SPECIES OF OLIVANCILLARIA FROM URUGUAY AND BRAZIL By MIGUEL A. KLAPPENBACH Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay Among the collections of Olividae obtained by the author in recent years for the purpose of revising the species of this family in the southwestern Atlantic, a number of lots were obtained of a form of Olivancillaria which, preliminarily, appeared to be young, albinistic O. auricularia (Lamarck). Additional specimens from the Department of Rocha, Uruguay, display constant char- acters, in addition to lack of pigmentation, which are of specific value in differentiating this new species from the sympatric O. auricularia. Some of the larger specimens of this new species have vestiges of adhered egg capsules which are ordinarily smaller than those of auricularia. This new species is named in honor of Mr. Gerard W. Teague for his valuable and generous collaboration with the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Montevideo. This work was sup- ported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas do Brazil (Inst. Ocean. Univ. Sao Paulo). Olivancillaria TEAGUEi, new species. PI. 8 Figs. 1,3,4,5,8 Diagnosis: Shell relatively small (21 x 10 mm.), oval-elongated, with a short spire. Color white, except for two zones of brown- olivaceous over the nuinerous folds of the columellar callus, and another on the inner side of the siphonal notch. Description: Shell sub-cylindrical, surface polished, shiny, rather thin but strong. Spire very short; suture channeled, deep, and partially filled (first whorls) with materials from the callus. Apex obtuse, rounded, very small and mammillate. Four whorls. Columellar callus not very developed, rather thin, but very con- spicuous, less lustrous than the rest of the shell, and extending beyond the suture. Under magnification the surface of the callus shows a punctiform surface, opaque. Aperture subtriangular, elongated and narrow, its length corresponding approximately to 4/^ of the total length of the shell. Outer lip smooth, simple and sharp, slightly curved. Columella almost straight from a ventral view, with two, very weak sinuosities on the concave anterior third and one other on the lower convex third. Turning the shell clockwise, one can observe a small notch, produced by the rota- tion of the basal fold; above this there is a series of smaller folds (figs. 4, 5), 10 in number, parallel, and slightly slanting with respect to the columellar axis, extended over the zone limited by April, 1964 nautilus 133 the fascicle band. On the outer side of the callus, there are 4 other larger folds, running in a position almost perpendicular to the smaller ones, that is, in the same direction as the columellar axis. The fascicle band rather wide, well limited above, but without precise limits below. Color white, shiny, but on the zone of the callus and its extension rather dull, with brown-violaceous spot on the smaller, interior folds, and another on the siphonal notch. Without operculum, Radular ribbon with 90 rows of teeth; rachidian tooth tricuspidate (fig. 8). Measurements (holotype): Length 21.0 mm. Width 10.5 mm. Aperture: length 17.5 mm., width 5.0 mm. Holotype: Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Mollusks Collec- tion No. 1238. Collected by M. Souza, January 1960. Type local- ity: La Coronilla, Department of Rocha, Republic of Uruguay. Paratypes: Paratypes in the Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo (all from La Coronilla): no, 1218 (coll. E. Duarte, Mar. 1957); no. 1230 (coll. E. H. Ureta, Mar. 1959); no. 1237 (coll. M. Souza, Jan. 1960); no. 1241 (coll. F. Mane-Garzon, Feb. 1960). Paratypes in the Mus. Ocean. Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: no. 8845 (from Chui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, Jan. 1963). Three paratypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (no. 290783). The average measurements of all specimens: 19,5 x 9.5; aperture: 15.5 x 4.5 mm. Remarks: In some specimens, the number of horizontal folds is reduced to 8; the vertical ordinarily 4, only one specimen with 3, or the fourth is vaguely suggested. The spots on the folds are very constant, varying only in intensity and size. The spot on the siphonal notch is lacking in only one specimen of lot no. 1230. These spots are of stronger violaceous color in live specimens or for a short time after being collected; after several months the violaceous hue is less intense and more brownish. Some specimens have below the fascicle band a yellowish tinge. Distribution: The new species is known to date from the type locality in Uruguay and from Chui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; in shallow water on sandy bottoms, uncovered at low tide. Comparisons: O. teaguei is easily separable from all other sj>ecies of the genus in the region, such as O. urceus (Johnson, 1915), O. contortuplicata, O. deshayesiana (Carcelles, 1944; Lange de Morretes, 1949). In shape it is close to O. auricular ia which is always more ventrose, with the cuter lip stronger and very curved (more "auriculed" and reaches a larger size. In the Museum at Montevideo, a specimen from the Brazilian coast measured 67 134 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) mm., although in La Coronilla they do not exceed 50 mm. Also, the last whorl in auricularia is bluish, with the fasciole band and adjacent zone pale-brown, while teaguei is entirely white (except for the mentioned spots which are not present in auricularia), has an interior of violaceous-brown, is clearer on the outer lip and on the siphonal notch. O. auricularia (figs. 6, 7) has only 4 or 5 horizontal folds which are thick and parallel and very short above the basal fold, and has the rest of the columellar callus com- pletely smooth. The columellar callus extends to the apex, which generally is covered by the enamel, while in O. teaguei the apex is free. References Carcelles, A. 1944. Catalogo Moluscos Marinos Puerto Quequen, Rev. Mus. La Plata, Zool. 5:233-309, pis. 1-15. de Monetes, F. Lange. 1949. Ensaio Catalogo Moluscos do Brasil, Arquiv. Mus. Paranaense 7:1-216. d'Orbigny, A. 1841. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale . . ., Mollusques 5 (3): 409-488. Johnson, Ch. W. 1915. Further notes on the Olividae, Nautilus 2(9(9):97-104, and (10):114-116. THREE NEW UNIONIDS FROM ALABAMA AND FLORIDA AND A NOTE ON LAMPSILIS JONESI By HERBERT D. ATHEARN Cleveland, Tennessee Few new species of unionids may be found in North America today. Most areas have been well explored, especially the Ala- bama and Tennessee River systems which still support an ex- ceedingly rich unionid fauna. The greatly varied Elliptio fauna of central Florida has been well collected and many names have been applied to its forms. The streams of western Florida have not been so thoroughly worked. This statement appears to be particularly applicable to the lower Choctawhatchee, the Yellow, the lower Escambia and the Perdido Rivers. Two of the new unionids described herein are from one of these streams, the Choctawhatchee River. ALASMmoNTA MCCORDi, new species. Plate 9, figs, a, b. Description. Shell medium-small in size, the type 58 mm. (about 2 1/4 inches) in length, oval in outline, fairly thin in structure and inflated. Color tawny with broad and narrow rays of dark green which are strongest on the disc. Posterior slope slightly concave April, 1964 nautilus 135 below the ligament. Posterior ridge low, rounded. Umbos slightly anterior of center, fairly high, swollen and turned forward over a lunule. The portion of the disc behind the posterior ridge is moderately swollen. Shell tapers off abruptly anteriorly. Peri- ostracum shining on the disc, roughened posteriorly and becom- ing cloth-like anteriorly where it exhibits many fine growth lines. Nacre pearly, slightly iridescent, blotched in the vicinity of the beak cavity. Pseudocardinal teeth small, erect, one in the left valve and with the vestige of another behind it; two in the right valve. Lateral teeth nearly absent, there being a vestige of a single one in the left valve and a double one in the right valve. Muscle scars large, the anterior adductor scar somewhat im- pressed. Type. Holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Can- ada as catalogue number 20094. No other specimens are known to exist at the present time. Holotype collected by the author on August 2, 1956, Measurements: length 58 mm, height 40 mm, breadth 25 mm. Type Locality. Coosa River, Ten Island Shoals, just below old Lock 2 Dam, three and two-tenths miles south of Greenport, St. Clair County, Alabama. Remarks. This specimen was collected alive on a sand and gravelly bottom which was thickly strewn w^th rock debris from Lock 2 Dam. The water here was swift and shallow. The valves are slightly mis-shapen and the growth lines are not entirely con- centric. Apparently during its juvenile stage, this specimen was Avedged between two rocks. Certainly this does not account for its appearance of uniqueness as a new species, however. This species does not closely resemble any other American species. Exteriorly, the shell may be compared with Alasmidonta calceola Lea. A. mccordi is much higher and a little more in- flated than the latter. Its rays are narrower and more widely spaced but like A. calceola, these rays extend across the entire disc. Interiorly, the hinge teeth resemble those of Lasmigona holstonia Lea. The delicate cardinal teeth are located slightly fonvard of the beak cavity as in L. holstonia. This species is named in honor of John McCord of Cleveland, Tennessee, an esteemed colleague. Lampsilis haddletoni, new species. Plate 9, figs, h, g. Description. — Shell rather small in size, mature specimens meas- uring 30 mm. (1 3/16 inches) in length, subelliptical in outline, thin in structure, scarcely inflated, and with the lip only slightly thickened. Color tawny, smoky on the disc and anteriorly with 136 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) well defined narrow rays on the posterior slope. Posterior ridge low, rounded, having a very slight tendency to be double. Um- bones anterior of center, low and much corroded. Beak sculpture not seen. A dorsal view of both type specimens shows their great- est diameter to be centrally located. Ligament tawny, moderate in width and about y^ length of shell. Periostracum smooth and shining over the entire surface and having a waxy appearance. Nacre flesh colored dorsally and anteriorly, pearly along the ventral margin and posteriorly, and very iridescent posteriorly. Anterior muscle scars deep and well defined. Posterior scars faint and with nacre iridescent within. Lelt valve with 2 curved laterals and 2 pseudocardinal teeth. Right valve with one curved lateral tooth, one stubby pseudocardinal tooth and two vestigial pseudo- cardinal teeth. Type lot. — Holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Canada as catalogue number 20095. The paratype is in the collec- tion of the author as catalogue number 6705. These two mature specimens were collected by the author on September 23, 1956. Measurements Length Height Breadth (mm) (mm) (mm) 30 23 12.5 Holotype. 30.5 22 12.5 Paratype. Length Height Breadth Type Locality. — Choctawhatchee River, West Fork, seven miles southwest of Ozark, Dale County, Alabama. Remarks. — The distribution of this species is probably re- stricted to the headwaters of the Choctawhatchee River system, where it is very rarely found. The type shells were collected on a shoal which was xtensively worked over with a hoe. L. haddletoni appears somewhat similiar to L. ochracea Say. It is smaller than that species, less inflated, the shell thicker, and the cardinal teeth are much larger. The species differs from Villosa choctawensis Athearn (herein described by its orbicular outline, flesh colored nacre and in particular in the coloration of the epidermis. The epidermis of L. haddletoni is darker anteriorly on the disc while it is lighter near the ventral margin and on the posterior slope. Rays are prominent only on the posterior slope. The epidermis of adult V. choctawensis is dark throughout except in the vicinity of the umbones where it appears lighter and exhibits fine rays. I take pleasure in naming this species after my good friend and colleague Arthur Haddleton Clarke, Jr. of the National Museum of Canada. April, 1964 NAUTILUS 137 ViLLosA CHocTAWENSis, new specics, Plate 9, figs, c, d, e, f. Description. — Shell small in size, measuring up to 42 mm (about 1 S/g inches) in length, subelliptical in outline, moder- ately thin in structure, somewhat inflated, and with the lip slightly thickened. Color brownish black to chestnut brown, often lighter in the vicinity of the umbones, young specimens usually a greenish brown and often exhibiting fine rays. Posterior ridge poorly defined, low and rounded. Sexual dimorphism pro- nounced. Female specimens truncate or widely rounded posteri- orly, male specimens more evenly rounded and sometimes bluntly pointed. In addition, females are usually slightly more inflated. Umbones well anterior to center, wide and full. Beak sculpture consisting of 4 or 5 thin and slightly undulating ridges. Greatest diameter of shell just behind the beaks. Ligament about 14 length of the shell and of moderate width. Periostracum usu- ally smooth and shining on the upper disc, but roughened closer to the ventral margin and on the posterior slope. Nacre consistently whitish in color, sometimes slightly blotched and somewhat iridescent posteriorly. Anterior muscle scars well defined, the adductor scar being especially deep. Posterior scars poorly defined. Left valve with 2 laterals and 2 pseudocardinal teeth. Right valve with one lateral tooth and the vestige of a second, one large erect pseudocardinal tooth and usually 2 vesti- gial pseudocardinal teeth. Type lot.— Holotype, NMC 20096 deposited in the National Museum of Canada. Paratypes are deposited in the United States National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, University of Michigan Muse- um of Zoology, Florida State Museum and the collection of the author. Tyj>e and paratypes collected by the author on November 28, 1958. Holotype. Paratype from tyj>e locality. Choctawhatchee R., Roaring Cutoff, 2.6 mi. NE of Redbay, Walton Co., Florida. Choctawhatchee R., about 3 1/2 mi. SE Hinsons Cross Roads, Washington Co., Florida. 30 21 13.5 Choctawhatchee R., Waterford, 1.1 mi. N. of Newton, Dale Co., Alabama. Measurements Length Height Breadth (mm) (mm) (mm) 37 26 16.5 ] 32 23 14 ] 42 27 18.5 ( 34 24.5 15 : 38 27 18 i 35 25 16 138 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Type Locality. — Choctawhatchee River, two miles southwest of Caryville; about one mile downstream from U. S. Highway 90, Holmes County, Florida. Remarks. — V. choctawensis lives in moderate to swiftly moving water, on sandy bottom. The type specimens were collected on sandy bottom which was free of mud. In this kind of environ- ment, the periostracum tends to be rather shining on the disc. On sand bars which contain mud rich in vegetable detritus, the species grows larger and the periostracum becomes coarser with heavier lines of growth. The Roaring Cutoff lot is of this latter sort. V. choctawensis has probably been mistaken for Pleurobema strodeanum B. H. Wright by collectors in the past. The males of V. choctawensis are strikingly similar to that species. However, they lack the consistently well defined posterior ridge of P. stro- deanum. The male and female shells of P. strodeanum are essen- tially alike as is characteristic of shells of the genus Pleurobema (Simpson, 1914) . Sexual dimorphism is well defined in specimens of V. choctawensis. The nacre of the posterior area of V. choctawensis lacks most of the bluish appearance found in that area in P. strodeanum. V. choctawensis is in some respects similar to V. villosa B. H. Wright but is much shorter than that species. This species is named in honor of the Choctaw Indians. Lampsilis jonesi van der Schalie. Clench and Turner (1956) list the known naiades of west Florida together with their descriptions and much other valuable data. Their synonomy of Lampsilis jonesi van der Schalie as Lampsilis australis Simpson, however, is not correct. These two species may be distinguished as follows: the posterior ridge of L. jonesi is double with each valve exhibiting a characteristic scalloped edge between the extremities of these ridges; the perio- stracum of L. jonesi is somewhat coarser than that of L. australis, the latter species exhibiting a smooth, often glossy effect; L. jonesi is more cylindrically shaped while the lateral outline of L. aus- tralis is rather evenly elliptical and the shell not so inflated. The two species were collected from the same shoal of the West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, about 7 miles SE of Ozark, Dale County, Alabama. I experienced no difficulty in separating the 35 speci- mens of L. australis from the 98 specimens of L. jonesi taken at April, 1964 nautilus 139 that station. Sexual dimorphism is well pronounced in the adult stages of L. jonesi. Female specimens exhibit a general swelling of the disc below the posterior ridge. In L. aiistralis sexual dimorphism sometimes may be noted, but only by a gieater rounding of the ventral margin. References Clench, W. J. and Turner, R. D. 1956. Freshwater Mollusks of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida from the Escambia to the Suwannee River. Bull., Florida State Mus. 1 (3) , 144 pp. Simpson, C. T. 1900. New and unfigured Unionidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia: 75, pi. 2, fig. 2. Simpson, C. T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the Naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, pp. 733. van der Schalie, Henry, 1934. Lanipsilis jonesi, a new naiad from southeastern Alabama. Nautilus ^7:125-127, pi. 15. NOTES AND NEWS Formation of an epiphragm and true aestivation in Melampidae.^ — Members of the family Melampidae are usually considered as extremely primitive Pulmonata. In particular, up to now, they have been regarded as incapable of any specialized means for hibernation or aestivation under conditions seasonally unfavorable for activity. It is believed that epiphragm formation by members of the family Melampidae is recorded here for the first time. Allochroa layardi H. & A. Adams 1855 was collected in num- bers in apertures and pockets on the under side of coralline rubble and slabs, on the exposed reef along the south side of Amedee Island, about 12 miles off Noumea, New Caledonia, on December 15, 1960. These individuals were not active, but were resting on the walls of these (sometimes tiny) openings when found. Each one had to be detached, and picked, shaken, or jarred out of these blind holes in the coralline rock pieces. Upon checking their specific characters under the microscope, I dis- covered that the majority of these shells showed an epiphragm at the aperture, that had sealed the shells against excessive loss of moisture, and had fixed them against the rock surface in their hiding places. Apparently this is not an accidental or isolated 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 140 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) occurrence. The only other specmien of this Alloclnoa species I collected alive on New Caledonia shows the same thing. The locality was the rocky, upper intertidal zone on the northwest side of N'GO Bay, between 50 and 150 metres from the mouth of the bay. In other words, this is on the practically open, exposed rocky salt water shore line of the main island of New Caledonia. Here under pieces of coralline rock, and in pockets on the under side of these coralline rocks, one specimen of Allochroa layardi, and a number of Laemodonta lirata H. Sc A. Adams 1854 were collected on January 14, 1961. The Allochroa, and a few in- dividuals of the Laemodonta from this habitat show epiphragm formation. In a larger sample I collected on the shore of the Baie de Prony, a number of Laemodonta lirata individuals showed evi- dence of epiphragm formation in sealing themselves onto the under surfaces of the rocks under which they live. This was also true of some of the specimens of Cassidula paludosa Garrett 1872, found living under the same rocks on January 1, 1961. In still another sample from the Baie de Prony, a single Laemodonta lirata individual was sealed onto the rock with an epiphragm formation, when collected on January 2, 1961. All these shells were dropped into alcohol when collected, and later were packaged in cheese-cloth in alcohol drums for ship- ment, yet they still show this epiphragm formation after drying for permanent placement in the United States National Museum collections. To summarize, certain members of the very primitive pul- monate family Melampidae, namely Allochroa layardi H. &: A. Adams 1855, Laemodonta lirata H. & A. Adams 1854, and (occa- sionally) Cassidula paludosa Garrett 1872, do aestivate (with the formation of an epiphragm) under the upper intertidal rocks of southern New Caledonia shore lines in the hotter summer season. — ^J. P. E. Morrison. Some of Rafinesque's unionid names. — Almost half a century ago, A. E. Ortmann and Bryant Walker, 1922, Occ. Papers Mus. Zoo. Univ. Mich. 112, with notes by H. A. Pilsbry, made a care- ful survey of the nomenclature of North American unionoids, with special attention to the bewildering confusion of tenns pro- NAUTILUS 77 (4) PLATE 8 Fig. 1. Olh'ancillaria teaguci ii. sp.. shell, holotype, dorsal view. Fig. 2. The same, apertural \ie\v. Fig. 3. O. auricularia (Lamarck), dorsal view, length 22 mm. Fig. 4. O. teuguei, mouth wiih pillar structure. Fig. 5. The same, rotated. Fig. 6. O auricularia, mouth with pillar structure. Fig. 7. 1 he same, rotated. Fig. 8. O. teagiiei, rachidian tooth. NAUTILUS 77 (4) PLATE 9 -•**T!a^ I'igs. a-b. Alasmidonta niccordi Alhearn, holotype. Figs. c-L J'illosa rliocta- weiisis Athearn, paratypes iiom type locality (c-d, male; el. Icinale) . Figs, g-h. Lampsilis haddlctoni Athearn, paratvpes. April, 1964 nautilus 141 posed by Rafinesque, 1819, 1820 and 1831. ^ In the cases oiLemiox, Lasmonos, Toxolasma, etc., O. Sc W. wisely decided that, since the type species of these names were unidentifiable, the generic names also became "nomina dubia" and should be rejected. With this, I agree thoroughly. On the other hand, in their discussions of Lastena (p. 32) and Plagiola (p. 51) , they rejected Herrmannsen's (1847) subsequent selections, because his type species were unidentifiable [with which I also agree] but accepted still later selections for these cognomens [which is not peimissible]. Since Anodonta ohiensis Raf., 1820: 316, is not identifiable, Lastena Raf. (loc. cit.) also must be rejected completely, and for still another reason; Raf. (loc. cit.) did not include A. lata in Lastena sensu stricto, but proposed another subgenus Hemistena for it, which is Frierson's (1927) correct generic name of Hemistena lata (Raf.). [I think this has been discussed previously, but forget by whom.] Similarly, since Obliquaria interrupta Raf., 1820: 302, is not identifiable, Plagiola Raf. (1819) also must be a "nomen dubium" unless the I. C.Z.N, set aside Herrmannsen's type selection, and validate Plagiola, as generally used. Incidentally, the Poulson "type" of interrupta is a Dysnomia (Triincillopsi's) but Frierson (1927) guessed the name to apply to a Ligiimia. However, the specific name also is not preoccupied for two reasons; according to the present "code" [article 58 (e)] a name "proposed for a species takes precedence over one proposed for a subspecies." Apparently, the legal name for ''Plagiola" is Ellipsaria Raf., 1820: 303, type by absolute tautonymy Obliquaria ellipsaria Raf. O. & W. agreed that this name is a synonym of ''Plagiola" line- olata (Raf.). A usage of another Rafinesque name also is considered in- correct, for the same reasons as those discussed under Lastena. In 1914, Naut. 28:1, Frierson correctly selected D. marginata Raf. as the type species of Diplasma Raf., 1831:6, and apparently thought it to be Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) . Of course, Frierson's later (1927, A classified and annotated check list of N. A. naiades, appendix) selection is invalid, also partly because Raf. (loc. cit.) did not include D. vitrea in his Diplasma s.s., but in his "subgenus" Hemisolasma, 1831:7, for which D. vitrea now 1 See bibliography of O. & W.: 72-75 for full references. 142 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) is selected the type species. If the last name be identifiable (and Frierson's argument is rather convincing) , Hemisolasma vitrea might replace Unio olivarius Lea, 1834 (1831, preprint?) and Hemisolasma is prior to Nodularia Conrad, 1853. Evidently, "Diplasminae" Modell, 1942, Arch. Molluskenk. 74:111, was based on Frierson's second and invalid type selection. — H. Bur- RiNGTON Baker. Dromus not a homonym. — Dromiis Simpson, 1900, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22: 614, "Type, Unio dromus Lea," evidently is not a homonym, since "Dromus" Selby, 1840, Cat. Typ. Birds: 45, plainly is an "incorrect subsequent spelling" instead of an inten- tional emendation. Under the present "code," unless an undis- covered emendation prior to 1900 preoccupies, Conchodromus Haas, 1930, Senckenbergiana 12: 317, was an unnecessary substi- tute and becomes a junior synonym. — H. Burrington Baker. Correction: — In Nautilus 77:101, the figure in the upper right is Rhytidothyra bilabiata (Orbigny) and that in the upper left is R. jacohsoni Alcalde, as is the bottom figure of sculpture. The two species were put on one plate for purposes of comparison. — Morris K. Jacobson. GULELLA (HUTTONELLA) BICOLOR (HuTTON) . Dr. L. A. W. C. Venmans has recently published an excellent paper on the Strep- taxidae of the Caribbean area (1963, Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 14:A\-1Q>) . Under the above species I would like to add the following localities, as they extend the range considerably. His northernmost records were from the Virgin Islands. Hispaniola: Puerto Sosua, Repiiblica Dominicana. Cuba: Jardin Botanico, Habana, Habana Prov.; Cardenas, Ma- tanzas Prov.; El Pureo, Calabazar, Las Villas Prov.; Isla de Pinos. North America: St. Peter's Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina. H. Vander Schalie has reported this species from Guayama, Puerto Rico (1948, Univ. of Michigan, Mus. of Zoology, Misc. Publications 76>: 68) and M. K. Jacobson from Coconut Grove, Florida (1957, Nautilus 71 (2):in) . In addition, the Museum of Comparative Zoology has speci- mens from the follow^ing places: April, 1964 nautilus 143 Brasil: Manaos. Frejich Guiana: Cayenne. Marquesas Ids.: Nuka Hiva. Fiji Ids.: near Lautoka, Viti Levu. Caroline Ids.: Yap. Marianas Ids.: Guam. Japan: Okinoerabushima, Ryukyu Ids. Philippine Ids.: Manilla, Luzon; Boac, Marinduque; Palo, Leyte; Lubang Id.; Calapan, Mindoro; Dapitan, Mindanao. Africa: Mombasa, Kenya. Madagascar: Nossi Be. — William J. Clench. CoRBicuLA fluminea AT ViCKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. — On October 13, 1963 Corbicula fluminea (Miiller) was found abundant in the Yazoo River at the foot of China Street, Vicksburg, Miss. It was also found in the Yazoo River at the old Eagle Lake Ferry land- ing, 7.5 miles north of Vicksburg, but not as abundantly. It was not found in the Yazoo River north of Redwood, nor at Satartia. — Leslie Hubricht. PsiLARius, new name for Leptariiis Woodring, 1964, not Lep- tarius Gill, 1864 (Gastropoda, Nassariidae) . — Through a regret- table oversight Leptarius, recently named as a monotypic genus of the family Nassariidae (Woodring, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 306-C, p. 272, 1964), is a junior homonym of Leptarius Gill (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc, 1863, p. 170, 1864). Psilarius is proposed as a substitute name. The type species is Leptarius leptus Woodring, now Psilarius leptus (Woodring), a middle Miocene species from the Gatun formation of the Panama Canal Zone. — W. P. Woodring. American Malacological Union. — The 30th annual meeting will be held July 21 to 24, 1964, in New Orleans, Louisiana. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Adam, William. 1961. Res. Sci. Camp. "Calypso," fasc. 5 (13) cephalopodes. Ann. Sci. Ocean. (France) 39: 227-235. 1962. Etudes sur les mollusques de I'Afrique noire et des regions voisines. 3, Quelques especes peu connues de Gonaxis. Bui. Inst. roy. Sci. nat. Belg. 5<^(17) : 1-lL 2 figs., 1 pi. 4, Con- tribution a la connaissance du genre Lamelliger Ancey, 1884. Bui. ibid. (21): 1-11, 1 pi. 144 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4) Aguayo, Carlos G. 1963. Notas sobre moluscos antillanos, 4. 1, La familia Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) en Cuba y Puerto Rico. 2, Sobre el hallazgo de Gyraulus parvus en Cuba. Carib. J. Sci. 5:69-71. Boettger, Caesar R. 1962. Die Flussperlmuschel in der Liine- burger Heide, ihr Gebietsverlust in historischer Zeit und uber ein vermutetes Vorkommen der Art in der Ise. Beitr. Naturk. Niedersachsens 15: 1-6, 1 fig. 1962. Gastropoden mit zwei Schalenklappen. Verb. Deutsch. Zoo. Ges. Wien: 403-439, 6 figs. Branson, Branley A. 1962. The slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata of Oklahoma and Kansas with new records. Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci. 55; 110-119. 1962, The recent Gastropoda of Oklahoma, part 4. Ter- restrial species, families Polygyridae and Bulimulidae. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 42: 60-80, incl. 3 pis. 1963. A note on molluscan zoogeography: distribution of Gyraulus arizonensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Southwest. Nat. <^; 51. 1963. Additions to and distributional annotations on the Kansas gastropod fauna. Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci. 66: 72-75. Chiu, Shui-Chen and Ken-Ching Chou. 1961. Observations on biology of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea Ferussac. Bui. Inst. Zoo. Acad. Sinica 1: 17-24, 11 figs. Clayton, Lee. 1961. Late Wisconsin Mollusca from ice-contact deposits in Logan County, North Dakota. Proc. N. D. Acad. Sci. 15: 11-18, 2 figs. Marcus, Ernst and E. du B.-R. Marcus. 1963. Mesogastropoden von der Kiiste Sao Paulos. Abhandl. Math.-Naturwissenschaft. Klasse. Jahr. 1963, no. 2:1-103, 95 figs. A very thorough treat- ment of the gross anatomy, eggs, larval forms and ecology is given for several species of Littorina, Littoridina australis nana new subsp.. Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, C. corneum Dunker, and Bittium varium (Pfeiffer) . These authors place the Caecidae in the Rissoacea, next to the Hydrobiidae. They had not, as yet, seen D. R. Moore's 1962 paper (Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 12 (4) \695-701) in which the Caecidae were also placed in the Rissoacea, but allied to the Vitrinellidae. — R. T. A. Vol. 77 JULY, 1963 /^^ / No. 1 THF NAUTILUS THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa. (Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania) Charles B. Wurtz, Consulting Biologists Inc., Bethlehem Pike, Spring House, Pa. R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 CONTENTS Genus Olivella in eastern Pacific. By John Q. and Rose L. Burch ] Supplementary notes on pre-Columbian Littorina littorea in Nova Scotia. By ^. H. Clarke, Jr 8 Living examples of Auriculastra pellucens and its larval history. By Joseph Jay Ewald 11 Avion in New England. By Lowell L. Getz and Robert H. Wakefield 14 Northern records of Gastrocopta procera. By Norman J. Reigle 16 Extension of range of Asiatic clam to Cincinnati Reach of the Ohio River. By Lowell Keup, W. B. Horning, William M. Ingram 18 Mollusks from hardwoods of the Chignecto Isthmus. By E. J. Dimelow 21 Observations on a colony of Magnipelta. By Royal Bruce Brunson and Niles Kevern 23 A method of tagging channeled whelks. By William N. Shaw 28 Notes and news 29 Publications received 35 ^3.50 per year (^3.75 to Foreign Countries) ^1.00 a copy. Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa. ^Wt^^CiJV c '! n c o JUL l519o3 I WOODS HOLE, MASS. NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott, Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October) . Manuscripts should be typewritten and DOUBLE SPACED throughout. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Authors are charged for engraving blocks of plates and/or figures at cost, which averages $5.50 per page. But the minimum charge for each separate block is $3.00. Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written on or attached to first page of manuscript, purchase ORDERS, when re- quired, and shipping instructions, MUST accompany original order. Extra clerical or bookkeeping work because of delayed receipt of purchase orders will be charged for accordingly: 2 pp. 4 pp. 8 pp. 100 copies 3.25 6.00 9.50 Additional 100s 1.30 2.00 3.00 Plates: Add $1.25 per plate. [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the oflBcial organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary, Route 2, Box 318, Marinette, Wisconsin. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Exchange or Sale: Rare dredged deep water shells from Florida and West Indies, reliable data. Exchanges limited to western Atlantic. Thomas L. McGinty, Boynton Beach, Florida For Exchange: Fine specimen shells, world-wide. Nick Katsaras, 479-B South Washington Ave., Bergenfield, N. J. Non-serious collector wishes to purchase large, beautiful shells. Kenneth Below, 5108 Burt Street, Omaha 32, Nebraska. ^mmSim^^^^^ :]