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BAU TUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOL. 1:

MAY 1889 to APRIL 1890.

49
ee G < | ;
eee
= § /
PHILADELPHIA: :

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and W. D. AVERELL.

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. IIL.

INDEX TO TITLES.

American Association of Conchologists. . ; , : 140
Ancylus excentricus Mor. . : , 64
Annotated List of the Shells of St. reustne, Fla. 103, ia: en ley
Anodonta fluviatilis. : : : - 67
Arion foliolatus Gld. rediscoy Med: : : : 105
Arion foliolatus, On the generic position of : 5 128
Bermuda Shells. : 9
Brief Notes on the Land anid Fresh Water Shells of Mercer

Co., Ill. : ? ; F é aos
Bulimulus, a New Renin: ; : ' : : : 122
Bulimulus Ragsdalei, n. sp. ; : : 122
Bulimulus Hemphilli Wright. . ; : ; ma ks
Bythinia tentaculata L. in Ohio. : a: ; 46
Cast up by the Sea. . ; 5
Collecting Land Shells in Sonthert Galiforaia. 4 . , 77
Collecting Land Shells in Eastern New York. . 109, 129
Corolla, On the Genus, : 5 ; ‘ ; =
Crepidula glauca, notes on. : : ; s : 97
Crepidula glauca vs. convexa. . : : : . 106
Crepidula, A few last words on ‘ ’ : : 128
Critiques and comments. . 64
Cypraea, Notes on the genus. é ; 10
Cypraea venusta Sowb. .. : . 60

(3)

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Floridian Shells, Notes on 53
Genus making. 5
Glandina bullata Gla. 83
Helix Roperi, n. sp. 14
Helix Dentoni, n. sp., feecenption of. 17
Helices new to the fauna of the United States. 25
Helix Kelleti Fbs. 35
Helix nemoralis in Virginia. 51
Helix nemoralis, The Virginia Cateng of 73
Helix hirsuta on the West Coast. 81
Helix (Triodopsis) edentata, n. sp., Description oF 85
Helix Streatori, n. sp. 95
Helix granum Strebel. 25
Helix clausa Say. 132
Helix hortensis in America. 140
Helicina occulta, Distribution of 18, 20
Helicina occulta in Brown Co., Wis. 113
Hemphillia (Genus.) 59
Hyalina Sterkii Dall. 59, 96
In a Maine Conchologist’s Hunting Grong SF
Leaves from a Diary. 1438
Limax eaten by Salamanders. 19
Limax agrestis in Philadelphia, Pa. 95
Limax Hewstoni in Los Angelos Co., Cal. 105
Limosina in Texas. 9
List of the Shells of the Nev Jenen coat OW,
List of the Mollusea of Colorado. 99
Lophocardium, Notes on 13
Mammoth Land Shell. 29
New American Shells. 95
New Varieties of North American and Shells. 2 E 133
New Western Slugs. , : : Tit
Notes on variation of certain Malinees snereduced from

Europe. 86
Notes upon Mr. Ancor s criticism. : 42
Notes on some Northern Pupidse with Jeena ge a new

species. : : 117, 123; 134
Ocinebra (O. Senet n. Say Decent of a new 80
On a Singular Imitation in Ostrea Virginica. 26
On Mr. Pilsbry’s critics upon some American Shells. 39

THE NAUTILUS.

oO

Paludina sealaris Jay. : 8
Patula Cooperi in Colorado and Utah. 8
Patula caeca Guppy 25, 62
Patula inerustata Pfr. 63
Patula strigosa, n. var. subcarinata. 133

n. var. bicolor. 133

n. var. lactea. 134

n. var. jugalis. 134

n. var. intersum. 135
Phenacarion n. ¢ 127
Physa triticea, Notes on 49
Planorbis Liebmanii Dkr. 60
Planorbis cultratus Orb. . : : . 3 : 63
Poecilozonites circumfirmatus var. corneus. ; : 95
Proceedings of Scientific Societies. —. : 3 : 20
Prophysaon. : 59
Publications received. : : 12, 24, | 30; Aq, 71, 83, 107, 144
Pupa Holzingeri, n. sp... : : . 387, 96
Pupa calamitosa, n. sp... ; 61
Pupa Sterkiana, n. sp. ; : : ; 95
Pupa Pilsbryana, n. sp. 123
Pyrgula, on lingual dentition, ete. = : : 107
Recent addition to the United States Snail Bane : : 61
Scalaria angulata in New Jersey. : : 52
Scalaria, on the New Jersey coast... 106
Shells new to the United States Fauna. ‘ : : 60
Sheil collecting in Southern Texas. . : 60
Shell Bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island. 21, 2, 44, ‘5G, 69, 82, 92
Sphaerium Cubense Prime. ; : : : , 19
Strobila Hubbardi A.D. B. .. : : 20
Summer Studies in Conchology. ‘ 54
Trochus infundibulum, notes on the soft par Hn ao ; : 2
Tylodina, on a new species of. 122
Unio complanatus in Michigan. ; : 16
Valvata (Lyogyrus) Brownii, notes on. . : 67
What isa species? . : , ; : , . 78, 88
Word to Young Collectors. : : : : : 115
Zonites Ligerus var. Stonei, n. var. . 46
Zonites selenitoides, n. sp. : é : : 95

Zonites (Guppya ?) Gundlachi Pfr. : ; 63

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. H.
Ancey, C. F.
Baker. .C.
Binney, W. G.

Campbell, John H.

Carpenter, H. F.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Dall, Dr. Wm. H.
Ford, John.

Ford, Frank J.
Hemphill, Henry.
Hinkley, A. A.
Johnson, C. W.

Keep, Prof. Josiah.

Keyes, C. R.
Lind, Dr. G: D:
Marsh, Wm. A.
Marston, Geo. T.
ilsbry, El. A.
Roper, E. W.
Simpson, Chas. T.

Stearns, Dr. R. E. C.

Sterki, Dr. V.
Streator, Geo. J.
Teator, W.S
Walker, Bryant.

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton.

Wright, Berlin H.

G69, 82,92
1. 126. so
30, 98, 121

52, JOS

106

133

: 83
103, 114 isy

64, 115

18, 36

ils

23, 34

113

14, 20, 35, 49, 46, 51, 61, 95, 106, 122
0; oOsn eae

5, 26, 78, 88

29, 49, 64, 81

37, 69, 117, 128, 185.

y 46

“67, 109, 129.

os
105, 143
19

pyle}
1

’

NOTE.

The predecessor of the Nautilus was “The Conchologists Ex-
change,” established in 1886, by Mr. W. D. Averell. Two volumes
were published varying in size froma postal card to the form of a

small 12mo.

(6)

See NAmrILus.

VOL. 111. MAY, 1889. No. 1.

INTRODUCTION.

HE publishers of Tur Navuritus feel that no explanation of
their object in offering this journal to the scientific public is
necessary. The need of an American publication devoted especially
to the interests of Conchologists is felt throughout the country.
One of the greatest difficulties which the student of science has to
overcome is found in the scattered and fragmentary character of
scientific literature. The “Proceedings” or “Transactions” of a
hundred societies, and the pages of innumerable journals must be
searched through before one can be certain that a given fact or
observation has or has not been recorded.

The simplest way to better this condition of things will be to
limit by some means the number of publications in which a certain
subject is likely to be treated upon; and this is most easily done by
establishing journals devoted to special branches of science. It is
the aim of THe Navurivus to afford such a medium for all who are
interested in studying the Mollusca; and to this end the co-operation
of all friends of science is solicited.

All subscribers to the Conchologists’ Exchange (of which this paper
is the ee ) will be credited on the books of Tor Navuritus
with the amounts due them upon the suspension of that journal.
All subseribers will be allowed one insertion of twenty-five words in
the Exchange Column, free of charge.

V4 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE SOFT PARTS OF TROCHUS INFUNDIBULUM WATSON
With an account of a remarkable Sexual Modification of the
Epipodium, hitherto undescribed in Mollusca.

BY WM. H. DALL, CURATOR DEPT. OF MOLLUSKS, U. S. NAT. MUSEUM.

The presence of a verge, or intromittent male organ, has hitherto,
among the Rhiphidoglossate Mollusks, been recorded only in Ner-
itina (Claparédé) and certain Limpets. The organ as it exists in
Neritina and Nerita, is so short and obscure that its function and
even its existence has been called in question. When I showed its
existence in the rather anomalous Addisonia paradoxa and Cocculina
spinigera, curious deep-sea limpets, it was questioned whether they
were not peculiarly modified Tcenioglossa.

Since then, in several deep-sea Mollusks, such as Rimula, Margo-
rita and others indisputably belonging to the Rhiphidoglossa, I have
found a well-developed verge; and there is little doubt that the an-
cestors of this group, as well as of the Tvnioglossa, were so provided,
and that some of these deep-sea forms have retained the organ now
generally obsolete in their shallow water congeners. In combination
with this survival, one of the species, Trochus infundibulum Watson,
offers a singular and very interesting special modification of the an-
terior portion of the epipodium on the right side, which appears
worthy of particular attention.

The soft parts of this species afford several notes of interest. The
external parts, except the eyes, are white. The foot is wide, straight
and double-edged in front, and, as far as one can judge from speci-
mens contracted in alcohol, must have been somewhat pointed or
produced at its anterior corners in life. The sides of the foot are
nearly smooth, below the epipodial line.

The muzzle issmall and slender at its proximal end, enlarged and
transversely semi-lunar at its distal extremity. The oral surface of
the muzzle is smooth, the mouth very small; the oral disk is flat
and produced on each side into a thin linguiform lappet, with simple
and entire edge. These lappets are remarkably long, their ends
reaching as far as the ends of the true tentacles, and serve as tactile
organs, like the oral tentacles of the Lepetide, or the much smaller
lappets of Aem@a. When not feeding, or seeking food, these lappets
would seem to be applied to the sides of the foot below the epipodium.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

The oral disk is entire, but is slightly indented in the median line
below a furrow running up toward the mouth.

The cephalic tentacles are very stout and large, very elongate-
conical, with moderately pointed tips. They are situated above, and
not, as in most T’rochida, on each side of the muzzle. Their inner
bases are connate, and there is no intertentacular “ veil,” or any
tubercular traces thereof.

The eyes are large, strongly pigmented, ovoid, and sessile on the
outer bases of the tentacles, or perhaps I should say, just by the outer
bases. They are not pedunculate or elevated on pedicels in any of
the specimens examined, and I am quite confident that this is not
caused by the contraction due to alcohol, but is normal to the species.

The epipodial apparatus is complicated, and exhibits a certain
amount of variation between different individuals in the situation
and number of its processes. In the males, it is subjected to a re-
markable modification for sexual purposes. The epipodium begins
immediately behind the eye and a trifle below it. In the females it
is produced into a large broadly linguiform process, half as long as
the cephalic tentacles and fringed with close-set uniform small pointed
papillee or filaments. This process exists in the male on the left side.
The posterior margin then curves in toward the side of the foot; it
becomes quite narrow and shows two lateral tentacles of moderate
size; then a vacant space; then at the front edge of the operculum
two or three filaments, small, but larger than any in the vacant
space ; then another, but larger one; and finally another, which is
behind the middle of the operculum, and is the last on that side.
The epipodial line is continued to the end of the foot, the dorsal sur-
face above it, being transversely rugose and with a linear median
furrow. On the other (right) side we find a small, a large, two sub-
equal small, another large filament, followed by a slight gap and
then by a still larger tentacular process. The flap which corresponds
to the fringed process on the left side, is remarkably modified in
the male.

Behind, and close to the right eye, is a small tubular, longitudi-
nally striate, cylindrical verge, not exceeding (in alcohol) two mill-
imetres in length. Below it the epipodial flap is enormously pro-
duced, and its front edge is rolled backward upon itself, forming a
tube into the proximal opening of which the end of the verge may
project. The flap is rolled so that it makes nearly two layers, and
thus a very capable cylinder, which, when unrolled and released,

4 THE NAUTILUS.

will immediately coil itself up again. This cylinder is of subequal
diameter throughout, and is as long as, and somewhat stouter than,
the cephalic tentacles. Externally, near its base, it is nearly smooth ;
further out, it is spirally striate; near its extremity, it becomes
thicker and rather deeply externally grooved longitudinally, with
short, even, close-set, slightly spiral, grooves. The opening at the
distal end is fringed with short, equal papillee, each one corresponding
to the thickened interspace between two of the grooves. These raised
folds, or interspaces, are also finely transversely striate. At the
base of the cylinder, the epipodium extends backward to the first
lateral filament ; and the margin of this part is perfectly entire and
simple, showing neither fringe nor granulation. The object of this
apparatus is self-evident. The cylinder serves as a conduit for the
seminal fluid ejected from the verge. Whether it may be employed
in an actual copulation is doubtful ; it may merely serve to spread
the seminal matter over the eggs as they are deposited by the female.
IT am not aware that anything of this sort has been observed in any
other gastropod, up to the present time.

The edge of the mantle is smooth, entire, and slightly thickened.
Within the nuchal chamber the anus is visible on the right side.
The end of the intestine, for a considerable distance, is free from the
mantle and projects like a tentacle. The termination is slightly con-
stricted, then enlarged into a cup, or tr umpet-shaped ending, which
nearly reaches the mantle-edge.

The intestine itself, after leaving the stomach, is much corenphedeet:
but in the main, rises and is brought forward nearly to the mantle-
edge above the stomach; then turns back and is carried far into the
visceral coil before it is again brought forward and terminated as
above described. The food consists of Foraminifera.

The gill is free, except at its base, and consists of very elongate-
triangular foundation, from which depend triangular lamiellee,
without a raphe and wide at their bases. These grow larger prox-
imally.

The operculum is thin, polished, amber-colored, centrally de-
pressed, having a central projection, or nipple, on its under-side, and
consists of about four whorls.

The specimen affording the above notes has been identified with
Mr. Watson’s type specimen, and is now deposited with it in the
British Museum. It was dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission
east of Chesapeake Bay, in 1685 fathoms.

=_

THE NAUTILUS. 5

CAST UP BY THE SEA.
BY E. W. ROPER, REVERE, MASS.

While cleaning up the trophies of a recent successful trip to the
beach, I wondered if my fellow shell collecters, who live near the sea-
Shore, appreciate the need of closely following up the storms. It is
not enough to go occasionally. The beach ought to be searched
every time a strong on-shore wind brings ina heavy surf. And the
visit ought to be made at the first low tide. Another flood tide with
change of wind may bury the most precious treasures under the
sand. I may go nineteen times to the three-mile beach near my
home, and get nothing new, although I should never come home
empty handed ; but on the twentieth visit a shell is found of a species
I have not before collected. Once it was a little red Margarita
undulata ; and again a Bela harpularia. Only the enthusiastic col-
lector knows the peculiar pleasure of such discoveries, and only the
collector experiences a pang at the sight of some rare shell hopelessly
broken, as I have many times seen the fragile Thracia conradi. The

latter and other bivalves live beyond low-water mark, very likely

so deep in the sand that a dredge would pass over them. But in a
heavy easterly gale the great breakers, pounding on the outer bar at
low tide, plow up their home, and rolling over and over, the helpless
shells are brought to shore by the incoming tide. It is noticeable
that seldom do two storms bring in a similar class of shells.

I remember one gale which literally strewed the beach with tens
of thousands of the “ little amethystine gems” which Totten called
Venus gemma. Another time the razor shells and the pretty Mach-
era costata will suffer, and again the prevailing species will be Lun-
atia, Buceinum and Fusus. Eight times, in as many years, I have
found the large Solemya borealis, twice alive. The little S. velwin ig
more common. Once I captured a living Pecten tenwicostatus of
large size. How violently he opened and shut his shell when placed
in a shallow pan of fresh water! But in spite of assiduous collecting
I can note less than seventy marine shells found in Revere. Doubt-
less collectors on more southern shores can find a greater variety.

GENUS MAKING.
BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON, TAGGART, MO.

Genus making is the fashion now-a-days with a certain school of
conchologists. Parties addicted to this work have access to good

6 THE NAUTILUS.

libraries and an extensive collection of shells, and their whole aim in
life seems to be making new genera. In some one of the older groups
a few species are found, having a certain peculiar pattern of seulp-
ture or coloring, or some little singularity in the fold of the col-
umella or hinge teeth, and presto, a genus is formed and the science
is burdened with another name!

These genus-makers never stop to see whether thisslight peculiarity
does not imperceptibly shade out into other species which are not
as marked; this is no business of theirs; the main point seems to be
the attaining of a sort of cheap reputation for scientific knuwledge.

According to Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology, there
were, at the time of its publication in round numbers, about 6,000 of
these so-called genera, besides a great many synonyms, a number
which has been largely increased since that date. Even the old
genus Helix, without Nanina and Zonites, has some 200 of these
names, many of which have never been characterized. No doubt
our increasing knowledge and the good of the science has demanded
that some of these older genera should be divided. In days gone by
the name Pyrulaembraced a large proportion of the marine univalve
shells, having a short spire and lengthened canal, while Fusus in-
cluded about all with a similar canal and elevated spire. So Bue-
cinum was a miscellaneous group, characterized principally by a
notch at the base of the aperture. As now generally recognized,
Pyrula includes only pear-shaped shells of thin papyraceous structure,
Fusus a sort of spindle-shaped species, and Buccinum a small, well-
defined, perfectly natural group.

I am aware that those who favor this dismemberment of the older
genera claim that many of these groups are too large for studying
advantageously, and that the variation from the type of a genus is
very gradual through long series of species, to forms which are so
different from the type that no description will cover the whole, and
the very ambiguous description of Helix is quoted as an example of
this. Mr. Binney, in the Manual of American Land Shells, says:
“Tn common with all who have studied the Pfeifferian genus Helix,
I have long been convinced of the necessity of recognizing among its
species numerous distinct genera. * * * Before recognizing these
groups as distinct genera, I desire to wait until we can ascertain
whether generic characters can be found in the jaws and lingual
dentition, as well as in the shells. Convineed that characters cannot
be found in these organs, or in the genitalia, I adopted, in that work,

-

THE NAUTILUS. ‘

(Terr. Moll., U.S.) the dismemberment of the genus so much de-
manded by the number of its species, founding the distinction on
the shell alone.”

Tt was as if the court had made up its mind beforehand, but had
waited for the evidence to establish the decision, and when the evi-
dence did not support it, the decree was rendered just as the court
had intended all along. Many of these so-called genera of Helix
have no value at all, and others so little as to be almost worthless
for purposes of classification. Our well-known Mesodon runs into
Triodopsis, and Arionta and Aglaia cannot always be separated.
Tryon at one time placed Helix devius, Gould, in the genus Mesodon,
and at another time he, as well as Mr. W.G. Binney, called it a
Triodopsis. Tryon put Arionta townsendiana, Lea, in the genus
Mesodon, and Mr. Binney regards Aglaia hillebrandi, Newe., as a
varietal form of Arionta mormonum. And I might give such illus-
trations to the end of the chapter, all of which go to show that even
among the savants these so-called genera are well nigh valueless.

But let us suppose that in any of the larger genera there is a chain
of species varying from the. type to those which are very unlike it;
that the variation is very gradual throughout the species. I cannot
see that dividing such a genus into a dozen, a hundred, or a thousand
genera is going to help the matter or give us any clearer insight into
the relationship of the species. I think that the classification should
be founded on nature, or in other words, that nature should do the
classifying, and that our efforts should be directed to deciphering the
Old Dame’s work. And if a distinction does not exist between cer-
tain so-called species and genera, it is useless to put it there, as it
will simply require that somebody in the future, when the truth is
reached, will have to throw it out.

The genus Unio, with its thousand species and endless variations,
has been divided into a number of sub-genera by the genus makers ;
but a Unio is a Unio for all that, and the merest nuvice in conchol-
ogy would recognize it as such in a moment; while probably not
one conchologist in a hundred could tell a Bariosta, Raf., from a
Hyridella, Swains. Dr. Isaac Lea showed his great knowledge of
this subject when he grouped them into mere divisions founded on
form and sculpture.

I think the time has come when a healthful reaction from this
fever of creating genera and species should set in. Such work simply
renders the science of conchology contemptible, and it is a veritable

& THE NAUTILUS.

stumbling block to the ranks of the beginners. To these the science
should be rendered as simple and attractive as possible, and they
should rather be encouraged than discouraged by a formidable array
of names without meaning. No one but an expert, a closet natural-
ist, who sits in his snug alcove, surrounded by scientific books and
collections, and who devotes his entire time to the study, can keep
track of the names introduced by this mania, and I doubt if many
of these can do it.

The old landmarks of the noble science are going one by one, and
we should seek to fill the ranks from the young and enthusiastic,
from those who have a living to make, and cannot devote their whole
time to puzzling over a lot of names that even their authors did not
comprehend, and only inflicted upon the world for the sake of
gaining notoriety.

STRIZ.

Paludina sealaris, Jay. Apropos of Mr. Pilsbry’s interesting note
on this species, I would call attention to the fact, which does not
seem to be well understood, that Ameria has been shown in toto to
belong not to the Physide, where it was originally placed, but to the
Limnaeide. As there are rounded and earinate Planorbis, so there
are rounded and carinate Ameria. Whether Ameria is more or less
than a section of Planorbis is a qvestion, but it seems to me that the
high form of the shells is at least as well worthy of recognition by a
nameas Gyraulus, Helisoma, and other forms commonly so recog-
nized. Whether A. scalaris belongs to the Limnzinz or the Planor-
bine should be easy of determination since the form of the tentacl:s
would serve to decide this at a glance. Wm. H. Dall, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.

Patula cooperi, in Colorado and Utah. This interesting species is
extremely common in parts of Colorada, and also, it would appear,
in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, where it is accompanied by
four others of the same group. It is decidedly variable and for
reference it may be useful to class the principal varieties as follows:
a. typica, the ordinary form in Colorado, with two distinct bands,
diameter 19 to 25 mill.; b. edevata, spire elevated, Utah (Hemphill)
and Colorado, a specimen found by Surface Creek, Delta Co., had
alt., 123, and diam. 16 mill; ¢. minor, very small, Utah (Hemphill);
d. confluens, bands confluent, shell therefore brown with a broad
white band above the periphery and a white umbilical region, Col-

THE NAUTILUS. 9

orado, by the Grand River, in Garfield Co., and by Plateau Creek,
in Mesa Co.; e. trifasciata, with three bands, one above the periphery
and two below, all distinct, the area between the first band and the
suture marbled with brown, Mam Mountains, Mesa Co., Colorado ;
f. alba, white with rough striz, Utah (Hemphill). Hemphill also
mentions a white variety of Patula strigosa, Gld., from Utah, which
may be called var. adba.

I have recently found Cochlicopa lubrica and Hyalina radiatula
near here. Also Limnea truncatula and two species of small
Pupe, which may be new. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, West Cliff, Col.

On the occurrence of Limosina in Texas. According to Prime,
the species of this group are “widely and abundantly distributed
through Central and South America and the West Indies,” to the
exclusion of the equally abundant species of Sphewrium peculiar to
the United States. Several years ago Mr. G. C. Heron sent me three
specimens of a Spherium from Cedar Creek, Hudson Co., Texas,
whose unusual shape and mottled epidermis at once struck me as
peculiar. On sending one of the specimens directly to Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for iden-
tification, I was informed that he could not satisfactorily identify it
with any known species, but that it was nearer to L. cubense Prime,
than to anything else, although for the present the specific identity
of the specimen must remain uncertain. The occurrence of this
group, hitherto unknown to our fauna within the United States,
would seem to be a fact worthy of record. Bryant Walker, Detroit,
Mic.

H. (Fruticicola) similaris, Fer., Triodopsis appressa, Say, Sten-
ogyra decollata, L., in Bermuda. All three have been probably in-
troduced in the past 25 years. Duringa recent visit, I found the
first mentioned near the Government house in Hamilton. The
second species was shown me by Miss A. M. Peniston, of The Flatts,
who secured it from Mr. Bartram. It occurs near St. Georges.
The last species is so common it threatens to become injurious to the
crops there. It was introduced with some European plants, and
first made its appearance at Mt. Longdon. Stenogyra octona Chem.,

is also found upon the island, and is not mentioned by Bland. T. Hl.
Aldrich, Southern Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

In the Western American Scientist for April, p. 8, Mr. Berlin H.
Wright has described as new, under the name of Budimulus hemp-
hilli, the species figured by Binney (Manual N. A. Land Shells, fig.
440) as a variety of B. floridanus. The form in question should be
compared with B. marielinus Poey.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE GENUS CYPREA.
BY JOHN H. CAMPBELL.

Since the publication of the latest monograph on the genus
Cypraea—that by Mr. Roberts in Tryon’s Manual of Conchology—
four new species have been described, viz :—

Cyprea amphithales Melvill, South Africa.

Cyprea caput-draconis Melvill, Hong-Kong.

Cyprea Hungerfordii Sowerby, Hong-Kong.

Cyprea Rashleighana Melvill, hab. unknown.

Each of them has been described, apparently, from a single spec-
imen, and it is not at all certain but that two of Mr. Melvill’s species,
amphithales and caput-draconts may turn out to be mere varieties.

In Mr. Melvill’s “Survey of the genus Cyprzea,” reprinted in
pamphlet form in Manchester, England, last year, a large number
of new varieties of known species are described—some of them
founded upon mere color variations. Most of them seem to me un-
necessary additions to shell nomenclature. Tryon and Roberts
recognized 146 species of Cypreea proper and 40 species of Trivia—
making 186 species in the genus. Mr. Melvill, in his survey, differs
with them upon some points. He changes C. princeps, Gray, to C.
valeniia, Perry; C. undata, Lam., to C. dilueulum, Reeve; and C.
turdus, Lam., to C. ovata, Perry ; reduces from specific to varietal
rank, C. reticulata, Martyn; C. coxi, Brazier ; C. polita Roberts ;
©. semiplota, Mighels; C. cernica, Sowerby; C. coxeni, Cox; C.
sophie, Brazier; C. microdon, Gray; C. macula, Adams; and C.
fuscomaculata, Pease; and advances to specific rank the following
varieties: C. caput-anguis, Phil.; C. fabula, Kiener; C. coffea,
Sowerby ; C. menkeana, Deshayes; C. brevidentata, Sowerby; C.
bregeriana, Crosse; C. comptoni, Gray; C. depauperata, Sowerby ;
and C. seabriviscula, Gray.

I have lately received a fine specimen of C. ‘bregeriana, Crosse,
New Caledonia, from Mr. G. B.Sowerby, of London, who writes to me
that he is now of the opinion that it is a good species and not a ya-
riety of C. walkeri, Gray, as he thought it to be when he published
his monograph in the Thesaurus. Mr. Roberts also make it a
variety of C. walkeri. Weinkauff and Melvill give it specific rank,
as does also Mr. Richard C. Rossiter, of New Caledonia. I think it
, undoubtedly, a good species. The white specks are characteristic
and are not found in C. walkeri.

A. large series of specimens of C. cervus Linn. and C. exanthema
Linn., which I have in my collection, leads me to doubt whether
these two species are really distinct. No authentic localities outside
of Panama and vicinity, West Indies, Florida and Southeastern
United States are known in connection with either of them, and
they are found indiscriminately in the localities named. A beauti-
ful set of specimens of C. cervus, from the South Florida Keys, are
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I have spee-

is

THE NAUTILUS. 11

imens of both species from several localities in the West Indies, and
the characters described in the books do not hold good to separate
them. It is a pity that some naturalist has not examined the
animals.

It is also doubtful if C. ewusta Sowerby, and C. talpa, Linn, are
distinct. I have a specimen of the typical C. exusta from Mr.
Sowerby, and another which I received from Mr. Damon, of Wey-
mouth, England, seems to me to connect the two species. Weinkanff
may be right i in making C. exusta a variety of C. talpa.

The opinion held by some that C. decipiens Smith, was a dwarf
variety of C. thersites Gaskoin, has been definitely set at rest by Mr.
Sowerby receiving last summer, a number of fine specimens of C.
decipiens from Australia. I was fortunate enough to obtain one of
them—probably the first specimen that has reached America. It is
certainly a good species, and one of the most beautiful of all the
Cypreeas. The palm of beauty probably lies between it and C
aurantium Martyn. By the way, the fabulous prices given for the
last-named shell are things of the past. Instead of costing anywhere
from $50 to $100, a good specimen can be obtained for $15, and the
finest kind of one for $20 to $22. It is no longer a rare species, but
can readily be obtained from any of the prominent shell-dealers of
Europe.

Philadelphia, April 10, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.
BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.
Chaney Seen
SUB-ORDER INTEGRIPALLIATA.

Siphons short, not retractile ; pallial impression simple, without
sinus. This sub-order, contains fifteen families.

FAMILY CYRENIDE.

Shell regular, oval or sub-trigonal, covered with an epidermis ;
hinge with two or three teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth, two, simple
or striated ; ; ligament external ; pallial impression simple, or with a
short sinus.

This family has been made the special study of Mr. Temple Prime,
a lawyer of N. Y. City, who is authority on this subject. He pub-
lished, in 1865, a monograph of the species inhabiting the American
Continent, illustrated with figures and giving ali the synonyms,
localities and other items of interest concerning them. In 1871 he
published a catalogue of all the species in the world (of this family),
known to date. He divided it into six genera and three hundred
and twenty-two species, of which one hundred and eleven are Amer-
ican. There are now recognized seven genera and nearly four hun-

12 THE NAUTILUS.

dred species. Four genera are represented in America, three in the
U.S., and two in New E ngland.

Genus Spheriwm, Scopoli.

The genus Spheerium was characterized under its present name
by Scopoli in 1777. | It has borne some fourteen different names,
but has been better known to conchologists, especially in Europe,
by the name of Cyclas, given by Bruguiére i in 1792. Gray revived
the name of Sphierium in 1847, and Mr. Prime was the first in
America to recognize its claims. There are seventy-five species
distributed world-wide; they are found in rivers, ponds, lakes and
ditches, in fact, in all bodies of fresh water, but are more abundant
in species and in individuals in the northern parts of our country
than in any other section of the world. Four species inhabit Rhode
Island, and possibly more.

170.—Spherium partumeium Say.

I shall not attempt to give the synonymy of this, or any of the
species of this genus, or of the next to follow; it would be a weari-
some and a thankless task ; these shells are so little known, and the
animals inhabiting them have been so little studied that the synonymy
is but an entangled mass of errors. For the benefit of those who
might desire to ‘study deeper into the subject, and to post themselves
in regard to the views of authors who have written upon it, I would
refer them to Prime’s “Monograph of American Corbiculidze,”
published by the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, D. C.,
1865.

Spheerium partumeium was first described by Say in Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, ii, 380, 1822, under the name of. Cyclas
partumeia. It is distributed all over the U. S., east of the Rocky
Mountains, and its habitat is in stagnant pools and muddy ponds.
The animal is of a delicate pink, and the syphonal tubes of the same
color. ‘The shell is rounded-oval, thin, fragile and pellucid ; nearly
equilateral; beaks central, calyculate approximate at the apex ;
epidermis glossy, light greenish or bluish in color ; interior of valves
light blue; hinge margin nearly straight, curving gradually into
the anterior margin, but curving behind, so as to form an obtuse
angle, causing the posterior side to appear broader; cardinal teeth
strong; lateral teeth much elongated. The young shells are more
compressed than the adult, and are of a light yellow color. Length
of shell, 9-20, height, 2-5, breadth, 4-15 of an inch.

(To be continued.)

Numerous publications received will be noticed in our next
number.

fee N Boris.

VOL. It. JULY, 1889. No. 8.

NOTE ON TWO HELICES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY W. H. DALL.

{SOME time since, among some shells from Southeastern Florida,

received from Mr. G. W. Webster, two small Helices were
noticed which a careful comparison with known U.S. forms failed to
identify. By the kind intervention of Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, they
were determined to be H. (Microconus) ceca Guppy, described from
Trinidad, and H. (.M.) granwm Strebel, previously known from Mex-
ico. This induced me to overhaul the small species in our collection
to see if these forms had by any chance crept in under other names.
The result was, that I found H. granum, which had hurriedly been
referred to Guppyia Gundlachi, and H. ceca which had been left
unnamed probably as the young of something else.

The localities now known in Florida for the above species are as
follows :

Hi. ceca. St. Augustine. (C. H. Johnson.) Near St. John’s
River and near Lake Worth in East Florida, and near the Hills-
borough River, emptying into Tampa Bay, West Florida (Mr. G.
W. Webster). Mr. Webster identified this species as H. diosoricola
C. B. Adams, described from Jamaica, and it is very probable that
it is at most a slightly larger variety of it, in which case Adams’ is
the oldest name.

H. granum. Archer, Alachua Co., Fla. (Dall.) ; Evans’ planta-
tion, Rogers River (C. T. Simpson); vicinity of Lake Worth
{G. W. Webster). When perfect this species is nearly the size of
I. labyrinthica, very thin, reddish-brown, with very deep sutures

26 THE NAUTILUS.

and a rather small, deep, tubular umbilicus. It is covered with
beautiful oblique epidermal elevated ridges, which are easily lost,
and do not agree with the lines of growth. The H. ceca is much
smaller, olive-greenish, with a silky lustre and few inflated whorls
the first of which is usually finely punctate.

The suture is very deep and the umbilicus proportionally larger
than in H. granum.

ON A SINGULAR CASE OF IMITATION IN OSTREA VIRGINICA.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

I have before me a shell of Cerithium atratum about 18"™ im
length, which has attached to it and growing on the side of its spire
a young Ostrea virginica about 10" in length, and 6™™ in width.
There is nothing at all surprising in the fact that a young oyster
should so attach itself to a Cerithium or any other shell, but it is
surprising that the oyster should attempt to pass itself off for a part
of the shell on which it grew. For, strangely enough, the upper valve
of the oyster is sculptured exactly like the surface of the Cerithium.
Each revolving ridge and nodule is repeated on the bivalve exactly
as it is found on the spire of the shell on which it grows, just as
perfect and distinct in every respect; the only difference being that
they are not quite so strongly elevated as they are on the Cerithium.

Nor is this all. Not only is the sculpture repeated on the valve
of the oyster, but the coloring of the Cerithium is carried over upon
it; it being a yellowish-white throughout, covered with brown flecks
and spots. When I first examined the shell I supposed that its
spire had been injured, and that it had repaired it with an awkward
patch ; but only after the closest scrutiny did I discover the truth.
Two other very small oysters had attached themselves to other parts
of the shell, but as their upper valves were missing at the time
I first examined it, I could not tell whether they had been similarly
marked or not.

It isno uncommon thing for shells which attach themselves to
others, to imitate those on which they grow; though I have never
seen quite so remarkable a case as this. The shells of Anomia
glabra and sometimes Crepidula fornicata, when growing on the
Pecten imitate them by being ribbed, and Crepidula plana has
often the texture of the interior-or exterior of the shells on which it

THE NAUTILUS. 27

grows, and sometimes Crepidula convexa which I found quite
abundantly on Modulus floridanus, has the color and something of
the corrugation of that shell, so that at first glance it appears tu be
merely a patch.

What is the object of this singular species of imitation? I believe
without exception it is a means of protection against the rapacity of
boring molluses ; one of the tricks which nature is constantly exhibit-
ing by which the “survival of the fittest” is attained. The shells of
the young oyster on the Cerithium, the Crepidula convexa on the
Modulus, the Anomias and Crepidulas on the Pectens, were in every
case thinner than those on which they grew, hence more liable to be
pierced by carniverous molluscs—but by imitating the shells on
which they lived they stood a better chance of deceiving their ene-
mies, a better chance of self-preservation. Does this not look
almost like intelligence, almost akin to what we call thought in man
—like reason ; like studying from cause to effect ? and I believe that
such variation as this is often perhaps one of the first steps towards
the formation of a new variety, a variation which if continued by
circumstances fixes certain characters that define a species, and
that these characters remain permanently—often after the causes
which produced them have passed away.

LIST OF SHELLS OF THE NEW JERSEY COAST SOUTH OF
BRIGANTINE ISLAND.

BY JOHN FORD.

Ep. Navtiuvus, Dear Sir:

As a list of the species of Mollusks found on the coast of
New Jersey, South of Brigantine Island, may be of interest to your
readers, I take the liberty of sending it.

If any others can be added it would be a pleasure to hear
of them.

Yours truly,
JoHN Forp.
Phila. June 15th, 1889.

Anomia ephippium, Linn.
Arca pexata, Say.

Arca ponderosa, Say. ( Fossil.)
Arca transversa, Say

19 6)

THE NAUTILUS-

Astarte castanea, Say.

Crepidula conyexa, Say.
Crepidula fornicata, Linn.
Crepidula glauca, Say.
Crepidula plana, Say.
Columbella avara, Say.
Columbella lunata, Say.
Cytherea convexa, Say.

Donax fossor, Say.

Eupleura caudata, Say.
Fissurella alternata, Say.
Fulgur canaliculata, Say.
Fulgur carica, Gmel.

Fulgur perversum, Linn. (Dead.)
Littorina irrorata, Say.
Littorina littorea, Linn. ( Dead.)
Littorina palliata, Say.

Lucina dentata, Wood.

Modiola plicatula, Lam.
Modiola tulipa, Lam. (Anglesea.)
Mactra solidissima, Chemn.
Martesia cuneiformis, Say.
Melampus bidentatus, Say.

Mya arenaria, Linn.

Mytilus edulis, Linn.

Nassa obsoleta, Say.

Nassa trivittata, Say.

Natica duplicata, Say.

Natica heros, Say.

Natica triseriata Say. (young of N. heros.)

Ostrea borealis, Lam.

Ostrea virginica, Lister.
Pandora gouldiana, Dall.
Pecten irradians, Lam.
Petricola pholadiformis, Lam.
Pholas crispata, Say.

Pholas costata, Linn.

Pholas truncata, Say.

Raeta canaliculata, Say.
Solecurtus costatus, Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Siliquaria gibba, Adams.
Solen ensis, Linn.
Tellina polita, Say.
Tellina tenera, Say.
Teredo navalis, Linn.
Urosalpinx cinerea, Say.
Venus mercenaria, Linn.
Venus mercenaria var. notata. Say.
Additional species found by other observers.
Anomia aculeata, Gmel.
Anomia electrica, Gld.
Bela harpularia, Couth.
Fasciolaria granosa, Brug.
Fusus tornatus, Gld.
Littorina rudis, Don.
Mactra lateralis, Say.
Macoma fusca, Say.
Mytilus hamatus, Say.
Scalaria angulata, Say.
Scalaria lineata, Say.
Sigaretus perspectivus, Say.
Solen viridis, Say.
Yoldia limatula, Say.

A MAMMOTH LAND SNAIL.

In the West American Scientist for April, 1889, under the head of
“ A New Florida Bulimulus,” follows the description of an alleged
species of the group above named the dimensions of which are given
as “length, 19 inches, diameter § inches.” I don’t believe that my
esteemed friend Hemphill ever collected a land animal of the
molluscan type quite as large as this. I wish that he had and Iam
sure if a beast of this size exists anywhere on the planet, it should
when found be named for him, for I know of no man more worthy
of such an honor. Let us return to the big Bulimus and consider
its dimensions and what these figures mean:

Bulimus ovatus of Muller, a Brazilian species “attains the length
of six inches and is sold in the markets of Rio.” It has an egg an
inch in length when hatched, say the size of a robin’s egg. With
this for a standard, the nineteen inch fellow from Florida may be

30 THE NAUTILUS.

expected under favorable circumstances and when not otherwise
occupied to furnish eggs three inches and upward in length and
of corresponding diameter, This looks like business, and here also
is a hint in the way of a new industry. I was at one time slightly
acquainted, with an old man, an alleged conchologist from the sunny
land of France, of whom it was stated with much probability of
truth, that he cooked common cowries in acid and bedeviled them
in various ways, in the effort and hope to produce the beautiful
Cypreea aurantia by an artificial process. His experiments were
inspired not by scientific zeal but the lust of mammon. He did
not succeed. His experiments rested on an imperfect ethical basis.
But with the big bulimus as above, provided one could get enough
to start the business and stock a small eochlearia or snail ranch, the
business would be interesting scientifically and commercially and in
no way contra bona mores. The proportions of the dividends com-
pared to the profits of other kinds of business, might not be quite
as large as the proportions of the big Bulimulus compared with the
rest of his relatives.

But alas there are many incongruities and paradoxes in this
world, and with this melancholy fact before us let us rest and find
consolation, while dreaming of omelets and custards made of
Bulimus eggs; and let us also in kindness overlook the infelicities of
typographic errors and lapses of proof-readers.

R. B. Gas:

ON THE GENUS COROLLA DALL.

BY W. He DATE:

In 1871 I was suddenly called from my studies at the Smithso-
nian Institution to take charge of an expedition for a reconnaissance
survey of the Aleutian Islands, under the auspices of the U. S.
Coast Survey. The molluscan material collected by me in the
Nothern Pacific from 1865-68 had been the object of much care and
scrutiny. The types of all doubtful or supposed new species had
been sent to Dr. P. P. Carpenter, then recognized as the chief expert
on the shells of the N. W. Coast. He had held them without report
for two years, but under the circumstances it was not possible to
delay longer. They were hastily recalled, and that nearly four years
of hardship and exploration might not seem entirely fruitless, the

THE NAUTILUS. D1

most obviously new or interesting forms were made the subjects of
brief diagnoses which were gathered into a paper for the American
Journal of Conchology. This preliminary paper included a brief
diagnosis of a remarkable Pteropod, of which the types are still extant
in the National Museum, which was described (op. cit. vol. 7, pp.
137-8), under the name of Corolla spectabilis n. g. and sp., and sup-
posed to have no shell. These animals caught in the N. Pacific, Lat.
42°50’, W. Lon. 147°25’, in the tow-net, were preserved alive for
three days and carefully drawn to seale in water colors before being
‘consigned to spirits for preservation. As they seemed lively and
perfect the conclusion was natural that they were normally shelless.
Subsequently, on my return to civilization in 1875, after much study
I became convinced that these animals were more related to Tied-
mannia but had lost their shell. The latter is gelatinous, slipper-
shaped, and covered with small tubercles weighing several times as
much as the animal, which is very slightly attached to it and is
therefore detached with great facility. The genus G/eba Forskal was
similarly described from a detached animal.

In his report on the Pteropoda of the Challenger Expedition, Dr.
Paul Pelseneer received from me copies of all my unpublished
sketches and specimens of several of the species, though not of Corolla
spectabilis as the jar containing the latter was temporarily inaccess-
ible. A brief description of the shell was also sent. In his report on
the Challenger Pteropods he combines with my sketch and diagnosis
certain defective fragments collected by the Challenger party which
appeared to him to belong to the genus Gleba, to which he accord-
ingly referred C. spectabilis; the name Corolla naturally becoming
in this way a synonym of Gleba.

But the “shell” of Gleba is of a totally different character from
that of Corolla. It is almost flat, shallow and not slipper-shaped.
The detached “shells” which I took in the tow-net about the time I
collected the types of Corolla do not resemble Gileba, but are nearly
identical with those possessed by Cymbulia calceola Verrill, an
analogous Atlantic species. The reception, from the Fish Commis-
sion, of specimens of C. calceola and of specimens of Corolla specta-
bilis, with the shell, from the Santa Barbara Channel, California,
leave no doubt of this. The soft parts of these two species also
differ materially from those of Gleba, and ©. calceola has therefore
been made by Dr. Pelseneer the type of a new group which he has
named Cymbuliopsis (Challenger Pteropods, Thecosomata p. 100, fig.

32 THE NAUYILUS.

2.1887), which also includes C. vataQ. & G. With the identificatiom
of the true shell of Corolla, this name becomes unnecessary, and
Corolla resumes the generic rank I assigned to it, with the addition
of a second species, Corolla calceola Verrill (sp.) from the eastern
coast of United States ; Cymbuliopsis becoming in its turn asynonym.
The details of structure I hope to publish later with illustrations;
the object of this note is merely the rectification of the synonymy.
In a general way I should be indisposed to claim priority for a name
which was imperfectly characterized in publication, but Dr. Pelseneer
has set the example by adopting Gleba, which stands in exactly the
same predicament and as it is really the best plan (except in very
glaring cases) to take the first identifiable name, I follow his exam-
ple.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

175.—Spherium suleatum Lam., 1818.

This, the largest species of the genus in America, is widely dis—
tributed throughout New England, and the Middle and Western
States and Canada, and inhabits rivers and large ponds. It presents
much variation in size and color. It has been known best-in this
country by the name of Cyclas similis Say, but Lamarck’s name
has priority. The animal is white with light orange siphons. The
shell is transversely oval, nearly equilateral, very light for its size ;
valyes convex, broad across the beaks, which are but slightly
elevated above the general curve of the shell; interior bluish; ex-
terior dark chestnut ; surface concentrically wrinkled with strongly-
raised lines, with a broader band corresponding to each year’s
growth. Length, 34, heighth, 2, breadth, 3, inch. The young shells.
do not resemble the adults, and might well be mistaken for another
species; they are thin and compressed, with both ends truncated and
resemble rhomboideum ; in fact most of the specimens in cabinets.
labeled rhomboideum are simply the young shells of suleatum.
The color of the young shells is lemon-yellow, but as they grow
older a dark shade appears at the beaks and gradually spreads.
downwards until it covers the entire surface. In intermediate stages.
there is a yellow zone on the lower margin. They are found in R.

he
es)

THE NAUTILUS.

I. in the Ten Mile River, and are very abundant in the Black-
stone.

Genus Pisidium, Pfeiffer, 1821.

This genus was confounded by earlier writers with Tellina (a ma-
rine genus) and still later with Sphaerium. Pfeiffer first observed the
difference in both animal and shell and proposed the name of
Pisidium for this group.

The animal of Sphaerium has the lobes of the mantle united pos-
teriorly, into a tube, single at the base, but separated into two
siphons at the extremities, while in Pisidium it is united its entire
length.

The shells of Sphaerium have the beaks central, dividing the
hinge margin into equal parts, and the cardinal teeth are situated
immediately under the beaks; in Pisidium the beaks are terminal,
i. é., nearer the posterior extremity; the cardinal teeth also are
terminal and the ligament is on the shorter side. The teeth of
Pisidium are stronger and more robust in proportion to the size of
the shell than in Sphaerium. The habits of the animals are the
same, burrowing in mud or attached to the roots and stems of aquatic
plants. The best time to collect these shells is from April to July.

There are eight species in New England, three of which have

been found in R. I.
174.— Pisidium abditum, Haldeman.

Shell rounded-oval, elongated, margins well rounded; beaks
small, raised a little above the curve of the shell; surface smooth,
not distinctly striated ; epidermis generally straw color, but some-
times dark and the surface rough and coarsely striated ; cardinal
teeth small, separate ; the anterior one larger and prominent ; lateral
teeth short. Length, yoo, height, os, breadth, rio, inch. Inhabits
nearly all of North America, is very common and is found in
swamps and on the margins of small streams.

P. aequilaterale, compressum, ferrugineum, and ventricosum are
species which occur in Maine, Massachusetts and New York, but
have never been found in R. I. They are widely distributed over
other parts of the country and may possibly inhabit R. L., although
not yet observed. P. abditum was described by Haldeman in Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 55, 1841, and has twenty-five synonymous.
names.

(To be continued.)

34 THE NAUTILUS.

BRIEF NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MERCER
COUNTY, ILL.

BY WILLIAM A. MARSH.

Sub-genus Planorbula, Haldeman.
101.—Segmentina armigera, Say.

Shell varied in color, from very dark horn color to almost white,
spire regular, slightly concave, suture well impressed, whorls four,
longer than wide, carinated above, aperture oblique, labrum
usually of a darker color on the edge. Within the aperture are five
teeth, two on the pillar lip, one near the anterior lip, one on the side
of the labrum, and two on the upper portion of the outer lip. This
interesting shell has a range from Maine to Colorado. It is rather
common here about our small ponds, being usually found associated
with P. exacutus and P.parvus. It may be found adhering to sticks,
bark and pieces of pine boards where the water is very shallow.

ANCYLUS Geoffrey, 1767.
102.—Aneylus rivularis, Say.

Shell pale yellow, opaque conic, depressed ; apex obtuse, nearer to
and leaning towards one side and one end; aperture oval, rather
narrower at one end, entire. This shell is very abundant along the
margin of the Mississippi River; found adhering to the limestone
rock in the river, also on limbs of trees, dead leaves and old valves
of Uniones. I have one valve of a Unio ellipsis in my cabinet that
had 25 of the Ancylus on it.

103.

Ancylus parallelus, Haldeman.

Shell pale, thin, fragile, lengthened, narrow, apex rather short,
sharp, conspicuous, with two-fifths of the shell posterior to it. Inhabits
Pope Creek, in this county; has never been found elsewhere.
When found at all it occurs very abundantly, adhering to sticks,
stones and dried leaves. I have found it attached to live specimens
of Pleurocera subulare.

104.—Ancylus tardus, Say.

Shell conic, depressed, apex behind the middle, obtuse, rounded,
inclining backward, line from the apex to the posterior tip rectilin-
ear; line from the apex to the anterior tip arcuated ; aperture oval.

THE NAUTILUS. . op

I found this shell in a small slough near Edwards Creek, in Green
Township, adhering to flat limestone rocks. I have never found it
in any other locality. It is probably very rare here.

GENERAL NOTES.

On Hexix (Artonta) KELLETI Fps.—Twenty years ago, Dr.
J. G. Cooper, writing of the west coast helices, mentioned the find-
ing of Arionta Kellettii Fbs., upon the seaward side of Point Loma,
at the entrance of San Diego bay. He remarked upon the great
number of dead shells and the scarcity of the living, from which it
was inferred that they were dying out. The same state of affairs
exists to day. The steep hillside is thickly strewed with dead shells
of the form of Arionta Kellettii, now generally known as A. Stearn-
siana, while living specimens are hard to find. The dead shells are
in all stages, from fresh and bright to chalky and broken, showing
that a comparatively small number of individuals are living at one
time, yet enough survive to keep the race intact—E. W. ROPER.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CONTRIBUTIONS FOR A SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE AQUATIC
SHELLS OF TAsMANIA, by W. F. Petterd. In this valuable paper
Mr. Petterd has revised the fresh-water shells of Tasmania, giving
especial attention to the minute Paludinoid forms, which in Tasmania
as everywhere have been very imperfectly understood. Most of
them belong to the genus Potamopyrgus of Stimpson, a group in-
cluding also all of the New Zealand non-marine Rissoids. The new
subgenus Beddomeia (name preoccupied by Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind.
Mus. i, p. 127) is proposed for Amnicola launcestonensis Johnson, and
other species, and Brazieria for the Ampullaria tasmanica Tenison-
Woods. <A number of new species are described and figured as well
as the radule of various genera. The importance of work of this
sort can hardly be over-estimated at the present stage of Malacology.
HH, A. P.

ON CERTAIN PARASITES, COMMENSALS AND DOMICILIARES IN THE
PEARL OysTER, by R. E. C. Stearns. (Smithsonian Report, 1886,
pt. 1, p.339.) The author of this paper discusses in characteristically
graceful style the interactions between parasites, domiciliares and.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

their hosts. By “domiciliares” are meant creatures which live
upon or burrow in shells, “ not for the purpose of getting at the softer
parts of the mollusk upon whose shell they have ‘squatted,’ in order
to use said soft parts for food, but solely for the purpose of a
residence or domicile.” Such are the pholads (Penetella) which
stake out their mining claims on the Haliotis rufescens. But most
extraordinary of all is the case of certain little fishes of the genera
Fierasfer and Oligocottus. These little fellows enter the gaping shell
of Meleagrina, impelled I suppose by greed for a meal or perhaps
by a Pandora-like curiosity to see what is within the rough valve-lid.
Once inside they “ find no obstruction to their course as they push
their way towards the interior between the mantle and the smooth
inner surface of the valves until they approach the adductor muscle,
and here they find a barrier which causes them to expend somewhat
greater activity or energy, and in a corresponding degree disturb the
serenity if not the structural economy of the oyster.” And here the
explorer is “entombed in pearl.” Three plates accompany the paper,
showing the struggling, tired, little minnows as neatly over laid with
pearl as Chinese josses inside a Dipsas shell. Ol/gocottus has not
previously been observed caught in this way—H. A. P.

An excellent list of Rhode Island Mollusks by Mr. H. F. Car-
penter has been received, and will be commented upon in the August
NavTILUs.

Mouuusca or Mryyesora, by Uly S. Grant. Another brief
contribution to a knowledge of Minnesota Mollusks appears in the
recently issued report of the Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey. It
includes notes on thirteen forms not before recognized in the State,
besides additional remarks on species previously noted. It is under-
stood that Mr. Grant will shortly have ready a revised annotated
catalogue, bringing together the matter already published, and in-
corporating also notes on the material acummulated during the
progress of the Survey. His personal field work during several sea-
sons in the northern and other unfrequented, portions of the State has
no doubt brought to light many important facts—(C. R. KEYES.

HELICIDA. © PLATE 5l

Specimen plate of PILSBRY’S Continuation of
TRYON’S MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

would be an interesting task of Paleontology, to detect a fossil form,
or forms, from which the recent ones are derived.

So far, it has not been possible to examine the soft parts and thus
complete our knowledge and description of the species ; but it is to
be expected that the necessary fresh, if possible living specimens will
be found, and I hereby would invite the active collectors of the
north-western States to look specially for this Pupa, in order not
only to make a complete examination, but also to know more about
its geographical distribution, and possible variations.

Description.

Shell narrowly perforated, turrited-cylindrieal, vitreous (or whit-
ish), very minutely striate, shining ; apex rather pointed ; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, well rounded, especially the upper ones, the last
somewhat narrowed and a little ascending towards the aperture,
compressed at the base but not carinated, at some distance from the
outer margin provided with an oblique, rather prominent, acute
crest corresponding in direction to the lines of growth, extending
from the base to the suture, formed by a whitish callosity ; behind the
crest the whorl is flattened, and corresponding to the lower palatal
lamella, impressed; aperture lateral, scarcely oblique, relatively
small, inverted subovate, with a slight sinus at the upper part of
the outer wall, margins approximated; peristome moderately re-
flected ; lamellee 6; one parietal, rather long, very high, in its
middle part curved outward, towards the aperture bifurcated, the
outer branch reaching the parietal wall; one columellar, longitu-
dinal, rather high, its upper end turning In nearly a right angle
towards the aperture, but not reaching the margin ; basal exactly at
the base, short, high, dentiform ; 3 in the outer wall, viz.: the lower
palatal long ending in the callus, highest at about its middle ; the
upper short, rather high on the callous ; above the upper one supra-
palatal, quite small, dentiform, nearer the margin.

Length 1:7 mill., diam. 0°8 mill. (068 x -032 inches).

As already stated, our species ranges beside P. armifera and P.
contracta Say, standing nearer the latter. Yet it is different from
this species by the shape of the aperture, the wanting callous* con-
necting the margins on the body whorl, by the longer crest behind
the aperture, which in contracta disappears in about the middle of

* In many specimens of P. contracta so strongly developed, that the peri-
stome is rendered continuous.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

the (height of the) whorl, and by the wanting constriction, especially
in the columellar wall, not to speak of the size and shape of the whole
shell. The lamellze also show some marked differences, such as the
presence of a high basal, the shorter columellar not reaching the
base, but with relatively larger horizontal part, the bifurcation of the
parietal and the presence of a supra-palatal, the last just as it is in
P. armifera.

It must be added here that the specimen first obtained from
Minnesota in several respects differs from those found in Illinois and
Towa, which I consider as typical ; by its size which is } smaller, by
the basal lamella developed in a peculiar way, being rather longer
at the truncated top than at its foot, and by the stronger, thicker
palatal lamellz. Yet, as there was only one specimen, it was liable
to be an individual peculiarity—even then of interest. Should,
however, more specimens be found with the same configuration, they
would represent a distinct and well characterized variety ; possibly
it is a peculiar northern form.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, June, 1889.

ON MR. PILSBRY’S CRITICS UPON SOME AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY .C. EX RANCEN:.

In the 9th No. of the Conchologists’ Exchange, Vol. II, 1888, p.
113, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry wrote: “On Lyogyrus, Gill, and other
American shells,” in which several subgeneric and specific names
proposed by European scientists for N. American shells, particularly
by Dr. Westerlund and myself are sharply criticised. Of course
criticism is good whenever errors generally diffused are to be
destroyed, and when not inconsiderate. I intended, at first, to write
about this subject in “Ze Naturaliste,’ where “some of Mr. Crosse’s
genera are so rudely handled,” but I at length determined to insert
my article in the same paper as that in which Mr. Pilsbry published
his own note, in order to be read by the same naturalists.

It will be remarked at first, that before speaking about the new
species proposed by such a man as Dr. Westerlund, an eminent
conchologist, and certainly, together with Dr. W. H. Dall, the one
who is the best acquainted with the conchological fauna of the Arctic
countries, it would be well to compare either his shells with authen-
tic specimens of those formerly described, or his very accurate

40 THE NAUTILUS.

descriptions to those of the published species. I fail to discover the
identity of Valvata mergella, Westerlund with Valvata striata, Lewis.
The proportions of the shell, number of whorls, elevation of the
spire, etc., ete., are not the same in the two species. I must add that
Dr. Westerlund was certainly acquainted with either Valvata sincera
or striata, as in the description of his mergedla, he alludes to the 5
already described North American forms!

I have recently described under the name of Liogyrus Lehnerti,
a shell that was sent me some five years ago, by Mr. E. Lehnert, who
discovered it in the Potomac, together with Gould’s shell. The
operculum which J have not seen, proved to be Amnicoloid, hence the
species should be called Amnicola Lehnerti. It is a sinistrorse, not
“ distorted” shell, and owing to the number of specimens already
known, it may be termed a constant form, for not counting my two
typical examples, Mr. Lehnert sent some to Mrs. Geo. Andrews, who
wrote about these, saying in was “indeed an interesting shell,” and
besides those he undoubtedly possesses in his own cabinet, Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry saw others that permitted him to ascertain its generic position.
Distorted specimens are frequent, as the latter says, in fluviatile
shells, but sinistrorse monstrosities are very scarce, and hitherto two
or three species at most (Limnea peregra, Melantho decisa), normally
dextral, have been found sinistral, and amongst these no Ammnicola,
although specimens of this genus are profusely distributed in suit-
able stations in Southern Europe, North Africa and North America.
I hunted much for fluviatile shells in Europe, but never gathered
any sinistral Amnicolee and other fluviatile species, and frequently
occurred to my notice trochoid or distorted specimens of Planorbis,
some with part of the whorls entirely loose from the preceding ones ;
this I observed in Planorbis nautilius, Planorbis complanatus, and
some of the allied species, also in a wonderful little shell found in
1884 by myself in the river named “Gave de Pau” in S. W.
France, and perhaps a Paladilhia. (I never attempted to describe
this single specimen, no other species of Paladilhia, having ever
been discovered not even in that location by myself, but in that part
of France, by other naturalists ; hence I should reasonably suppose
it is really new, as it is different from the other Paladilhie not only
in this character, the last whorl being entirely detached, but still in
shape.) The genus Liogyrus, Gill or “ Lyogyrus” appears to
possess this only conchological character (the last whorl loose from
the preceding), by which it may be distinguished from some of the

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

species of Valvatze possessing an elevated spire; hence this feature
alone has but slight value, and I have always referred it to Valvata
as a subgenus, before anything was known of its anatomy. The
said character is not generic, even subgeneric, and I must remark
that in the same species, chiefly in Cyclostomidse (Ostodes liberatus,
Mousson, for instance), the last whorl is more or less solute.

The two New Caledonia fluviatile shells, Heterocyclus Perroquini
and Valvata Petiti, were originally generically separated by Mr.
Crosse on account of this feature occurring in the former only,
although the other ones are nearly the same in the two, namely that
of the peristome being more or less expanded or reflected in both.
This very striking particular alone should justify the distinctness of
Heterocyclus from Lyogyrus or Valvata ; but nothing of the anatomy
being known we are not authorized to declare it generically separ-
able, notwithstanding the locality, the two shells being restricted to
the lakes of Southern New Caledonia.

In regard to Thomsonia and the only species, carinifera, Anc. (=
Physa (“ Paludina”) scalaris, Jay), related to it, I must say, at first,
that the subgeneric name proposed is Thomsonia, not Thompsonia,
and shouid the latter be already preoccupied in another branch of
Natural History, the name proposed would stand, being at least as
much different from Thompsonia, as Helix Raimondit, Phil., is from
Helix Remondi, Tryon, Helix Raymondi, Mogq., etc. I must add
that I am not aware that even Thomsonia is not also preoccupied in
Zoology, for nobody is universal, and although having published on
Entomology as well as Conchology, I have not particularly studied
every part of Natural History; this should, I think, be a sufficient
apology for giving such a name.

My excuse for changing the name of Helix Harfordiana, W. G
Binney (not J. G. Cooper) to commutanda, is that my paper was
sent for printing when Tryon’s name was still unpublished or rather
when his work had not yet reached Europe. Similar facts com-
monly happen, and authors are, in this case, fairly excusable.

I will remark upon another observation in Mr. Pilsbry’s article:
“ Although American Conchologists have not been finding ‘new
“ species’ of fresh water shells in the Eastern States for the last
“decade or two, Continental writers, with delicious coolness, con-
“tinue to describe ‘novelties’ from Massachusetts, Maryland and
“ other well-known localities.”

42 THE NAUTILUS.

I never described shells from these localities, but we always must
bear in mind the fact that N. American shells have never been
treated in the same way that European. There is in America a
tendency to restrain the specific forms, and not to admit a shell to
specific rank before the animal, anatomic features and particularly
dentition be known. The celebrated American scientist, Mr. W. G.
Binney, several years since, wrote me about this, concluding that
“our system may be a good one, but that he wished to be consistent.”
In Europe, we admit to specific rank whenever a shell offers suffi-
cient, even slight, but constant characters, should these characters be
the result of station, food, climate, ete., such circumstances often
being quite uneasy and generally impossible to determine.

Besides this, the Eastern States will doubtless afford a number of
small new species, when the ponds, rivers, ete.—particularly in the
drifts and alluvions—will be as much thoroughly explored as similar

places have already been searched for in France, where quite
unexpected forms of Lartetia, Paladilhia, Moitessieria in still better
known Joealities are discovered, and where the mountainous countries
daily yield an increasing number of Zonitide, Pupida, etc., hitherto
not discovered by earlier conchologists inhabiting the country. A
trip in the Pyrenean region in 1884 was very successful in this way,
and amongst the novelties I then found, I may mention the fine
Hyalina Anceyi, West., and the Paladilhia-like shell I have alluded

to.

NOTE UPON MR. ANCEY’S CRITICISM.

BY H. A. PIESBRY:

Upon reading over my short article, written over a year ago, to
which the above criticism is a reply, I find that I am prepared to
stand by every word of it as far as matters of fact are concerned ;
and I feel confident that increased knowledge in the future will con-
firm my statements. I regret that it was so written as to seem to Mr.
Ancey “inconsiderate.” Nothing is more painful than a real or
fancied violation of those amenities which should characterize all the
relations between naturalists; and I am glad of this opportunity of
expressing my esteem for Mr. Ancey, whose work and attainments
are well known to all conchologists.

——

a ee

THE NAUTILUS. 43

As to the points of difference between us, I would say that I have
examined hundreds of Valvata sincera in all its varieties, and am
certain that V. striata and “ V. mergella” are nothing but extreme
forms, which imperceptibly merge into the sincera. This is shown
hy numerous British American and U.S. specimens. Lyogyrus
dehnerti is a sinistral monstrosity, no more entitled to specific rank
-and name than the sinistral specimens occasionally found in every
species of Campeloma (Paludina).

Both Thompsonia and Thomsonia are preoccupied as generic names
‘in Zoology.

I take this occasion to correct a mistake of my own which
apparently has mislead Mr. Ancey. Several years ago Prof. R. E.
Call and the writer described a species of spiny rissoid from Texas
as Pyrgulopsis spinosus. The shell really belongs to Stimpson’s
genus Potumopyrgus, as the writer pointed out a few months after the
original publication. Potamopyrgus is largely represented in New
Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, and also in the West Indies and
adjacent mainland of Mexico, Central and South America. Wher-
ever they are found, the species are nearly all subject to a dimorphism
even more puzzling at first than that of the spiny forms of Neritina
« Clithon). They may be either carinated above the periphery, the
carina armed with a corona of spines, or else rounded, the superior
aspect of the whorls completely smooth, rather flattened, and but
slightly convex. In the case of P. spinosus C. and P., I have called
‘the smooth form “ Hydrobia tevana,” at that time not knowing the
mutations to which these forms were subject. The P. spinosus has
been figured by Strebel (Mex. Land-u. Siisswasser Conchyl., pl. v,
figs. 34, 34a) under the name of “ Hydrobia coronata, Pfr.” There
‘are some differences between the Continental and Cuban forms, but
call will probably prove identical, Von Martens having already
united all of those known to him from the Americas, under the old
name of coronatus, Pfr. The American species agree with the
Australasian in the dentition, which is quite distinct from that of
other rissoid forms. The presence of a species in Liberia, W. Africa,
and of fossil forms of the same spiny type in 8S. European Tertiary
strata shows that the group is ancient and wide-spread. Mr. Ancey
(Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1888, p. 185) has lately published an Etude
Monographique sur Pyrgulopsis, in which he has included the
American forms of Potamopyrgus known to him (but not one-half
of the so-called species in our literature) in a section of Pyrgulopsis

44 THE NAUTILUS.

which he calls Pyrgophorus; describing a number of new species:
from Nicaragua, probably all identical with either Pfeifter’s or:
Morelets’ forms, the latter being apparently unknown to him. About
a pint of these Nicaragua shells were sent to the writer a year or
more since; the variability shown by them is extraordinary, and
renders it doubtful whether more than one species of Potamopyrgus
ean be defined in America. Pyrgophorus Ancey, must become a
synonym of Potamopyrgus.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY CYPRINID~.

This family contains but one genus and that genus but one
species. This species, Cyprina Islandica, inhabits from the eastern
end of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean, and from thence southward
to England. It is said to have been found off Block Island in 29
fathoms’ water, but is hardly entitled to a place in the *‘ Shell-bear-
ing Mollusca of Rhode Island.”

FAMILY ISOCARDIID.

Three genera and twenty-three species, not represented in
America, by living species, but there are several fossil species.

FAMILY CARDIIDZ.

Five genera and over one hundred and fifty species, is repre-
sented in R. I. by two genera, each with a single species. The
shells constituting this family are called Cockles. They abound:
in shallow water in sandy places and are used for food. They
are also found in deeper water. One species, Cardium edule is col-
lected in immense numbers in Great Britian, where they take the
place of clams, which are as rare with them as Cockles are with us..

Genus Cardiwm Linné, 1758.

There are about one hundred species, distributed world wide..
The genus is divided by some authors into several sections, into
one of which, Cerastoderma, falls the only species which inhabits.

1a

THE NAUTILUS. 45
177.— Cardium pinnulatum, Conrad. *

Shell small, sub-orbicular, beaks slightly elevated, surface dingy-
white, with twenty-six ribs radiating from the beaks, separated
from each other by deep grooves; on each rib is a series of equi-
distant arched scales or spines; interior flesh colored or white, fur-
rowed to correspond with the exterior ribs. Length 3, height 4-10,
breadth 3-10. This pretty little shell is found generally in the
stomachs of fishes. It inhabits from Long Island Sound to Labra-
dor. It is rare in Long Island Sound, a little more abundant in
Narragansett Bay and quite common in Buzzard’s Bay and Vin-
yard Sound in four to twelve fathoms’ water. Conrad found his
specimens in Massachusetts Bay and described the species in Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 260, 1831

Genus Laevicardium, Swainson, 1840.

The genus Cardium has radiating ribs on the exterior which
interlock at the margins. Laevicardium has a smooth surface, but
most of the species have interlocking margins. There are twenty-
one species of universal distribution, one of which inhabit R. I.

178.— Laevicardium Mortonii, Con.

Syns.
Cardium Mortonii, Con., DeKay, Stimp., Smith.
Liocardium Mortonii, Stimp., Dall, W. G. Binney.
Laevicardium Mortonii, Reeve, Tryon, Perkins.

Shell thin, sub-globose; beaks large, nearly central; surface
smooth, glossy white, yellowish or fawn color; interior bright yel-
low, excepting the margins which are white, and a dark purple
blotch on the posterior margin. Length one inch, height 9.10,
breadth 7.10.

Described by T. A. Conrad at the same time with Cardium
pinnulatum. It ranges from Cape Cod to Florida and the north-
ern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It is quite abundant in R. I.
at times, and at others very scarce, although young specimens may
be seen on our sandy shores at all times. The young shells usually
have zigzag blotches of dark brown on the exterior surface, which
disappears as the shell approaches maturity.

FAMILY VERTICORDID.

Not represented in America.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

FAMILY CHAMID.
Not represented in the U. 8. excepting as fossils.

FAMILY HIPPURITID &.

(Order Rudistes, Lam.)
All the genera and species of this family are extinct.
FAMILY MEGALODONTID~.
All fossil.

FAMILY TRIDACNID/.
None in America.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

BYTHINIA TENTACULATA, LINN, IN Onto.—Recently while col-
lecting on Lake Erie, near Ashtabula Harbor, O., I found high up
on the beach among the drift material, specimens of above named
species. They were larger than those usually sent from Europe.
Although the animals were dead the opercula were in place and
the shells were free from wave and sand abrasion. Evidently they
were cast up by a heavy sea. As this is an introduced species it is
of general interest to learn when and where it was first introduced,
the localities where it now abounds, and any facts relative to its
natural distribution. Geo. J. Streator, Garrettsville, O.

Mr. 8S. RayMonpd Ropzerts, Treasurer of the Conchological See-
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and
author of various papers on the Cypreide, has removed to New
York City.

Mr. F. C. Baker, formerly of Providence, R. I., is pursuing his
studies at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

ZONITES LIGERUS var. STONEI.—F rom Mr. Witmer Stone I have
received a form of Z. ligerus differing from the type in having a
concave, broadly excavated base, with comparatively wide um-
bilicus, collected by him in New Castle Co., Del. The axis in
the type is barely perforated ; but in this form it is a millimeter or
more wide, and the base around it broadly concave.—Pilsbry.

————————— a

THE NAUTILUS. 47

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes UPON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM BORNEO WITH DP.
SCRIPTIONS OF New Species, by T. H. Aldrich. (From Journ.
Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist.) Paludomus lacunoides, Trochomorpha Kusana
(this is certainly a Sitala), Alyceeus broti Aldrich, and Clausilia
dohertyi Boettger are described as new. A well executed plate ac-
companies the text.—P.

Nores ON QUEENSLAND LAND SHELLS, and Nores ON THE
HE icip#, by C. Hedley. (From Proe. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1889.)
In these papers the genitalia, dentition and jaws of Helix blomfieldi,
fraseri, rainbirdi and pachystyla are described and figured. It is
highly gratifying to receive these valuable additions to our scant
knowledge of the soft parts of Australian land shells.—P.

CATALOGUE OF THE SHELL-BEARING MOo.Liusca OF RHODE
Istanp, by H. F. Carpenter. This catalogue is a supplement to
the series of papers published in Random Notes and the Concholo-
gists Exchange by Mr. Carpenter. Two hundred and sixteen
species are enumerated as actually inhabiting Rhode Island.—P.

Report oN THE Mouwusca of the “Blake” dredgings, pt. ii,
Gasteropoda and Scaphopoda, by W. H. Dall. (Bull. Mus. Comp,
Zool., vol. xvii, 8vo., pp. 492, 31 plates.) This Report together
with that upon the ‘ Blake’ Pelecypoda published about two years
ago, constitutes, we do not hesitate to say, the most important single
contribution ever made to American Malacology. More than this:
the broad systematic and anatomical knowledge displayed, the sub-
stantial additions. made to the morphology and phylogeny of
Mollusca, give the work an interest to general biologist and special-
ist alike. Nearly 500 species, and 45 divisions of higher value are
described as new. It is possible to indicate in this place, only a
few points of especial interest.

The teeth of Toxoglossa are homologous with uncini of other
Prosobranchs (p. 62). The line of descent and affinities of Voluta,
Iyria, Aurinia and Volutolithes is discussed (p. 144). The family
Triforide is proposed for Triforis (p. 242). Separatista is placed in
the family ? Adeorbide. Our impression is that it will have to take
to the road again. No two authors agree as to its family affinities.
As to Adeorbis of authors, some of its species are certainly rhipido-
glossate, while others belong close to or in the Rissoide. The true
family characters of Capulide (Capulus) are stated (p. 286). An
exhaustive discussion of the nomenclature of Scalaria Auct. is given

48 THE NAUTILUS.

on p. 299 et seqqg. The outcome is that the name Scala (Humph.)
Auct. is used in place of Sealaria. Any naturalist who has
puzzled over similar cases will appreciate the labor spent by Dr.
Dall on these three pages of solid synonymy, and be glad to accept
without question his result. The rhipidoglossate series is commenced
with the limpet-like families Scutellinide Addisoniide, Coceulinide,
families the elucidation of which is almost wholly due to Dr. Dall.
On p. 351, Turbo pulchellus C.B. Ad. is said to be synonymous with
the later name Phasianella brevis Ad. If this be a distinct species,
it cannot, nevertheless, be called P. pulchellus, for that name is pre-
occupied by Risso for a form of Phas. pulla recognized as a distinct
variety by many European authors. The name brevis has also been
twice used in Phasianella, both later than the date of Adam’s
species. The anatomical description of Pleurotomaria, and the
parts relating to the Docoglossa and Chitons are especially interest-
ing for the amount of wholly new information contained. We fail
to see why Dr. Dall uses names admitted to be merely sectional or
subgeneric in a generic sense in combination with his specific names
throughout this work. The numerous plates are finely executed
photo-lithographic reproductions of drawings by Dr. J. C. MeCon-
nell.

ConTRIBUTIONS TO Scrence, by C. J. Maynard. Monograph of
the genus Strophia. This monograph seems to have been written
without consulting the previous (somewhat extensive!) literature of
the group. The author takes views of species rather narrower than
we remember seeing this side of the Atlantic. In the dozen species
described in this first fascicle perhaps not more than two or three,
if that many, are really entitled to specific rank as species of this
genus were understood by Pfeiffer. A casual inspection will con-
vince any conchologist acquainted with Strophia that S. pannosa,
levigata, festiva, intermedia, fusea and nitela Maynard are certainly
one species; S. cinerea, pallida and neglecta Maynard = S. glans
Kiister ; S. picta Mayn. = marmorata Pfr.; S. ianthina Mayn. =
alvearia var. rubicunda Mke.; ete., ete. The author should consult
the works of Leidy or Binney before publishing such figures of
anatomy as those on plate ii of this work, or such explanations; fig.
10, for instance, is simply extraordinary (compare Leidy’s figures
of S.ineana in Terr. Moll. i!). We trust that before a second fas-
cicle of this “ Monograph” appears, Mr. Maynard will consult
either a collection in which a majority of the species are represented,
or the works of Pfeiffer and other German and French authors
on this genus, and indicate the differential characters of his

species.

serie NN Arius.

VOL. mI. SEPTEMBER, 1889. No. 5.

NOTES ON PHYSA TRITICEA OF LEA; ITS RELATIONS AND COMMENTS
ON THE VARIATION, Etc., OF PHYSE.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

HIS California pond snail was described by Dr. Lea in 1856,
from specimens collected by the late Dr. John B. Trask, in
Shasta County. It was afterwards collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper
inferentially in “South and East Oregon,” as he adds these locali-
ties in his “ Geographical Catalogue” to that previously given. In
May, 1883, and subsequently, I detected it in springs in the vicinity
of Auburn, in Placer County, at an elevation of about 1,300 feet,
and collected at first between sixty and seventy specimens, sub-
sequently more. It seems rather to have escaped the attention of
collectors ; or if found, has perhaps been labeled under some other
name; as like nearly all, if not all, of the alleged species of Physa,
it exhibits more or less variation when numbers of individuals are
compared, even when such individuals are a part of the same colony.
The form to which Dr. Lea gave the name of triticea is, on the
whole, rather persistent, and adheres quite closely to the type, as
given in Binney *(figure 160); it is thirty-four hundredths (.54)
of an inch in length. My specimens of the same length agree
closely and generally with the figure, though the larger individuals,
forty-six hundredths (.46) of an inch in length, exhibit some differ-
entiation in the twist of the columella when compared with the
smaller ones.
The largest are hardly typical, and though collected very near
(within a half mile of) the smaller and more nearly typical forms,

* L.and F. W. Shells of North America, Part II, p. 94; S. I. Coll., No. 148.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

were found living in one respect, at least, under a different condi-
tion. Without entering into a general revision of the North Ameri-
van Physade, a task which, sooner or later, will be required, I will
state that I regard P. triticea as simply an immature aspect of the
almost universally distributed Physa gyrina, and the larger speci-
mens collected by me at Auburn, though smaller than the average
of adult gyrina, connect the two.

The conditions under which the Auburn lots occur are as follows:
The smaller, which would surely be placed with triticea, were col-
lected close to springs, where the flow of water at its maximum is
small, and its catchment is limited and confined in small hollows.
A part of the year these springs must be quite dry, though most of
the time yielding a feeble trickling stream. Colonies of Physe
became established hereabouts, but when mature, attain a size hardly
equal to that of an ordinary P. gyrina, minus the final whorl, and
showing the characters that P. gyrina exhibits from the apex down
to and inclusive of the penultimate whorl. It is an arrested, un-
developed form, equal to P. gyrina adolescent. The larger Auburn
specimens, though still exhibiting much of the aspect of triticea, in-
dicate, as before implied, their relation to gyrina, and were collected
where the flow of water is generally permanent and the quantity
much greater than in the other instances, but stil! where there is
not even a permanent pool, and no runway of water that could be
called a permanent brook or streamlet.

The geological character of the region is a slate that is s folded
and tilted and tipped; it seems much more favorable to the forma-
tion of small springs than to permanent brooks and flowing
streams, though the latter are occasionally met with, being fed by
the melting snows of higher elevations.

The surface of the pond snails, which authors describe with a
nicety that would be commendable if it were not so often absurd
and embarrassing, varies exceedingly in texture, sculpture and color ;
adolescent individuals of the same species or colony may be pellucid,
and mature ones opaque; young shells may have a smooth surface,
and old ones exhibit growth lines; the surface in some may be even,
in others malleated, and so on; and color is modified if the speci-
mens, when collected and placed in water, are allowed to remain
until maceration has reached a putrid stage, when the interior of
the shell becomes blackened either by the adherence of decayed
matter or by chemical discoloration; the membranaceous composi-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

tion of the shell is also impaired and the limey portion made more
conspicuous through its general bleaching effect and whitening of
the callus of the columella. Mr. Tryon’s Physa politissima, col-
lected by Rey. J. Rowell, at Sacramento, and described and figured
in Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, 1865, is probably one aspect of Lea’s
P. triticea. It is from a lower station, with an elevation variously
stated as from thirty-one to eighty-two feet above sea level, and
within the same drainage system.

The summing up of the foregoing leads to the conclusion that the
first-named species (that made by Dr. Lea) is but a dwarfed and
arrested aspect of P. gyrina, and Mr. Tryon’s species is but another
facies of the same.

Of the number of species that have been made upon characters
that are simply those of adolescence, it would be interesting to know.
Doubtless a great many, and not only among the fluviatile and
lacustrine forms, but among marine forms also. This fact almost
daily presents itself where one’s routine work is the selection of
specimens or examples for a great museum, and the determination
of species from a great mass of material. Sometimes one is led to
think that it is a pity, either that animals are not born fully grown,
or that those who describe them do not bear in mind the fact that
mollusks, ete., like men, have to advance by gradual growth from
babyhood and the various stages of adolescence to maturity.

HELIX NEMORALIS IN VIRGINIA.

BY H. A. PIESBRY.

The H. nemoralis does not appear to have been naturalized in
America except at Burlington, New Jersey, where it was introduced
by Mr. W. G. Binney, many years ago. A short time since, I
received a parcel of nemoralis shells from Prof. Jas. H. Morrison, of
Lexington, Va. In response to a letter of inquiry Prof. Morrison
gives the circumstances of its introduction as follows :

“The first specimen was found in the grounds of the Virginia
Military Institute, in 1886, and was sent to Prof. Baird, who called
it ‘Helix hortensis,’ stating that this was a new locality. A few
days afterwards I found quite a number of specimens and sent part
of them to Mr. Tryon, who said they were ‘ Helix nemoralis’, and
gaye all the necessary information to establish this point. I found

52 THE NAUTILUS.

upon examination that they were brought here in earth in flower
pots, though from what locality I could not fix. The banded form
was first introduced, like that in the top of the box sent by this mail.
I have planted several colonies in this region and they have all
done well and are breeding rapidly; as evidence of this I collected
over 400 specimens in about one hour’s time in a circle, the radius
of which was not more than 25 yards. I send by this mail a small
box containing the different varieties of color and stripe collected
up to date. If you can give me the names of any parties who would
be interested in them, it will give me great pleasure to send speci-
mens.”

The series comprises many of the band combinations seen in
European specimens. The shells seem to be indistinguishable from
natives of the old world. The English conchologists have attempted
to catalogue and name the color varieties of these five-banded
snails—the Pentatenia of Schmidt—and with a view to ascertaining
just what forms are represented in America, I sent the specimens
from Lexington to Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of West Cliff, Colorado,
who kindly furnished me the list of some fifteen named forms. Mr.
Cockerell writes: ‘The specimens could not in any way be dis-
tinguished from those of Europe. It will be interesting to compare
another series with the present from the same locality five or ten
years hence, and see whether the environment has greatly affected
the variation. Indeed, it would be good to collect and catalogue
say two hundred and fifty specimens every year, if they are nu-
merous enough.”

It would be interesting to observe whether the several color
varieties intercross freely, or prefer to breed with individuals of
their own color-pattern, and so perpetuate and intensify the color-
races. If the latter be true, it will tend to establish the theory of
“divergent evolution through cumulative segregation,” by which
Mr. Gulick explains the divergence of the numerous species of
Achatinella inhabiting the same districts of the Sandwich Islands,
and living apparently under identical environments.

SCALARIA ANGULATA IN NEW JERSEY.

Ep. Nautiuus, Dear Sir:
In response to the request appended to the catalogue of Southern
New Jersey Marine Shells, published in the July number of the

THE NAUTILUS. OD

Navtitvs, I have received from Mr. Uselma C. Smith, of Philadel-
phia, a fine specimen of Scalaria turricula Sowb. found by him at
Anglesea, New Jersey, July 20, 1889. This is essentially a West
Indian species, and, so far as can be learned, has not heretofore been
secured north of Jacksonville, Florida, where the specimen now in
the Philad’a Academy was collected by Gen’l. F. E. Spinner.

Quite a number of Scalaria angulata Say, were also secured by
Mr. Smith and son, at the same time and place. These were all
“dead shells” but in excellent condition.

Although Prof. A. E. Verrill has reported this species as “ oceur-
ring on the outer beach of Egg Harbor” it must have appeared
there very rarely indeed, as the writer has searched that particular
beach many scores of times during the last twenty-five years with-
out discovering a vestige of it.

With this single exception there appears to be no authentic
evidence of its presence on the New Jersey coast prior to the date
above given. The finding of S. turricula so far North together with
living Modiola tulipa Lam. suggests the presence of other West
Indian forms in the same locality. For this reason it is hoped that
collectors who have the opportunity will make a thorough search of
that part of the coast especially.

Mr. Smith’s discovery near the same point of living Littorina lit-
toria Linn, is also of interest to the student, as it probably is the
most southern locality from which these well-known denizens of the
rocky coasts of New England have been reported.

JouHN Forp.
Philadelphia, July, 1889.

NOTES ON FLORIDAN SHELLS.

BY F. C. BAKER.

While pursuing Conchological studies at Micco, Brevard Co.,
Florida, this last winter, I had opportunity to compare the species
which are common to both the Northern and Southern shores.

The little Gemma gemma Totten, I found quite plentiful in the
Indian River, and specimens of Bulla solitaria Say, were not uncom-
mon. Cylichna oryza Totten, and Utriculus canaliculatus Say, both
species being common at the North, were taken in considerable
quantity in the dredge.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

I was very much surprised to find in one of my hauls with the
dredge, a number of very perfect specimens of Turbonilla interrupta
Totten, associated with Odostomia interrupta Say, and also Nucula
proxima Say.

One of the most abundant Mollusks of the South seems to be
Melongena corona Gmel. This shell is to be found upon the salt
marshes (Savannas) in great numbers, and of all sizes from a half
inch in length to over four inches, and through all degrees of per-
fection. I collected one day in a single hour 360 of these shells
comprising one of the finest series of this mollusk that could be im-
agined. I noticed among them a number of specimens having a
double row of spines, all the way around the whorls. This variety
has been named bispinosa by Philippi but the characters are not
constant and the name therefore does not stand.

SUMMER STUDIES IN CONCHOLOGY.
BY PROF. JOSIAH KEEP.

For several years past a class in Conchology has been connected
with the Chautauqua Assembly at Pacific Grove, Monterey, Cal.
This Assembly meets annually about July 1, and continues its ses-
sions for the space of two weeks. During this time there are nu-
merous lectures, concerts, and other intellectual exercises, many of
which are of a high grade of excellence. Such a programme, given at
this delightful watering place, naturally attracts many visitors be-
side those who are engaged in the regular Chautauqua course of
studies. The past season has been no exception, but the interest has
been deeper and the attendance larger than on any previous occa-
sion.

The science classes were mostly held at nine o’clock in the morn-
ing, and were followed by a public lecture. Excursions to the beach
were made at various times, particularly in the early morning, in
order to take advantage of the very low tides which occur then,
about the time of the new and the full moon.

The class in Conchology was no respecter of persons in regard to
age or occupation. Around the tables on which our shells were
spread were seated matrons with gray hair, boys and girls, young
men and women, ministers of the gospel, teachers from our schools,
here a young man from the farm, and beside him a mother leaving

THE NAUTILUS. 55)

for a little the duties of home. Perhaps in all the country, a similar
class with a similar object could not be found.

And that object was the study of mollusks, particularly those
species which were to be found in the immediate vicinity. Not so
much a critical examination and discussion of the fine points of dif-
ference between similar species, but first of all a study of the struct-
ure and nature of the soft parts of the animal, then the mode of
growth of the shell, the names of its parts, and its general mor-
phology. After this, as far as time permitted, a study of the local
species, and of others which have their home on adjacent parts of
the coast. The apparatus was of the simplest kind. One morning
a quantity of limpets were brought in for examination. Some were
put into jars of sea-water and their motions observed. Others were
deprived of life by a fresh-water bath, and distributed around the
tables. After an examination of the foot, mantle, head, etc., pen-
knives were used to slit the head, and common pins were employed
to dissect out the buccal mass. A microscope was at hand to show
the sharp teeth, and many were the expressions of surprise and in-
terest in connection with the whole lesson. Valuable suggestions
were made by members of the class, and many cabinets of shells were
begun or received additions.

After a start had been made, the writer’s book, “ West Coast
Shells,” was freely used. Descriptions were read, engravings ex-
amined, and pronunciations recommended On the tables were
spread numerous examples of dry shells, many of them imperfect,
just as they had been gathered from the beach. From these mixed
piles the members of the class drew out specimens of the shell under
consideration at any particular time, and were given such hints and
directions as would tend to fix its main features in the mind, and
guard them on the one hand from confounding it with similar
species, and on the other from separating it from its brethren on ac-
count of mere varietal differences.

The two weeks of study passed all too quickly, but even in that
brief time good results were obtained. Not results of a critical
nature, not important contributions to the science ; very few have
the ability or the opportunity to accomplish these. But our science
ought not to be simply for the scholar and the specialist. The
people in the common walks of life have a keen sense of the beauti-
ful, and the interesting features of common objects have but to be
pointed out to be appreciated. Life is made more rich and full as

56 THE NAUTILUS.

new admiration is evoked, and what is better fitted to call it forth
than a careful study of the beautiful objects of nature. Moreover,
observation is quickened, interest aroused, and knowledge is increased.
The danger which lies in the spread of popular science is not found
in the contemplation of real facts and real objects, even if they are
studied but slightly ; it must be sought, rather, in the substitution of
fancies for facts, and a superficial reading or hearing about things
instead of an examination of the things themselves.

Among other good results of the session was the formation of a
elub of subscribers for THe NAvutrius, with the prospect of addi-
tional names in the future, as its merits become known.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY LUCINIDZ.

This family contains about one hundred and fifty species, dis-
tributed chiefly in the tropical and temperate seas, on muddy and
sandy bottom from low water to the deepest water inhabited by the
mollusca. Several of the genera are entirely fossil.

Genus Lucina, Brug., 1792.

There are two hundred and fifty fossil species and one hundred
living. Distribution universal.

179.—Luceina ( Cyelas) dentata., Wood, 1817.

Syns. :

Lueina divaricata, Gld. Lam. non Linné. ZL. strigilla, Stimp.,
L.. americana, C. B. Adams, L. chemnitzi, Phil., L. lamarckii, Dunker,
LI. eburnea, Reeve, L. Pilula, C. B. Adams, ZL. ornata, Reeve,
LL. quadrisuleata, D’Orb., Pectunculus parvus, Lister, Tellina divari-
cata, Gmel. Chemn. Dillw. Turton, Cyelas dentata, Dall, Tryon,
Verrill, ete.

Shell white, thin, orbicular, convex, sub-equipartite ; beaks cen-
tral, elevated, inclined forward; surface glossy and sculptured in a
very peculiar manner, with grooves bent obliquely downwards from
a line drawn, not through the center, but from a point at the
anterior third; they extend to the margins and crenulate the

THE NAUTILUS. D7
edge; hinge teeth small, one in the right valve and two in the left ;
lateral teeth rudimentary, almost obsolete; concentric lines of
growth very strongly marked. Length 1 inch, height »°., breadth 4.

Linnaeus in 1767, described an European shell under the name
of divaricata. Lamarck in 1818 and his followers, supposing our
shell to be identical with that of Linnaeus, called it by the same
name. The above list of synonyms does not include all the names
given by authors to this shell, for several others, besides those quoted,
on discovering that our shell was a distinct species, hasten to give it
a new name without troubling themselves to ascertain whether or
not any one else had previously made the same discovery. Our
species has the greatest geographical distribution of any known shell,
but does not inhabit Europe. It inhabits from Cape Cod to Brazil,
nearly all the Pacific coast of North and South America, the eastern
coast of Asia, Seychelles, Isl. Bourbon and Australia, and not only
found living, but also as fossils in nearly all these widely separated
localities. It lives in deep water and I have never seen a living spec-
imen in Rhode Island, although single valves are plenty on Block
Island, Newport and Narragansett Pier.

Another species, Lucina filosa, inhabiting from Massachusetts
Bay to Nova Scotia, has been found some distance off Block Island
in 29 fathoms in sandy mud, but I think is hardly entitled to a place
among the “Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island.”

Cryptodon Gouldii, another species of the Lucinide family, in-
habiting deep water and also taken from the stomachs of Codrfish,
was found at the same time and place with Lucina filosa; also a
new species, Cryptodon obesus, A. E. Verrill, described by him in
American Journal of Science, 111, 221, 1872.

FAMILY UNGULINID~.

Not represented on our shores. 3

FAMILY ERYCINIDA.

This family contains twelve genera, three of which are represented
in New England, Montacuta, Lepton and Kellia. Species of Mont-
acuta and Lepton inhabit the shores north of Cape Cod and have
been found in New Bedford Harbor, but no species representing
this family have been found in Rhode Island excepting this:

58 THE NAUTILUS.
180.—Kellia planulata, Stimpson.

Syn.:

Kellia rubra, Gould, not of Montague.

Shell small, solid, sub-oval, imequipartite, compressed; beaks
large, in contact, having before them a deep elongated, smooth
areola; both ends broadly rounded; surface covered with a thick,
dirty brown epidermis, eroded at the beaks; interior glossy white.
Length 4, height 4, breadth + inch.

Inhabits from Long Island Sound to Greenland, from 1 to 15
fathoms in depth. Also under stones at low-water mark and at-
tached to the roots of seaweeds. I have found but two specimens in
Rhode Island, both dead, collected in shell sand above high water
mark,

FAMILY SOLEMYIDZ.

This family contains one genus and six species, two of which in-

habit Rhode Island.

181.—Solemya borealis, Totten.
Syns. :

Solenomya borealis, Perkins, Verrill.

Shell elongated-oblong, thin and fragile, covered with an epidermis
which extends beyond the margins of the shell, except on the hinge
margin, where it is lapped over and connects the valves together its
entire length ; the epidermis is scalloped where it projects beyond
the shell, by slits corresponding to the radiating lines on the sur-
face, extending from the beaks to the edges of the margins; the
epidermis is dark brown and the radiating lines are lighter in color,
fifteen to twenty in number; interior grayish-blue. Length two
inches, height 4.

Col. Joseph G. Totten found this species in the vicinity of New-
port, Rhode Island and described it in Silliman’s Journal, xxvi, 366,
1854. It has never been seen in our bay excepting at Newport,
but has been found at Chelsea, Nahant, Portland and other ocean
shores of New England.

182.—Solemya velum, Say.
Syn.:

Solenomya velum, Perkins, Verrill.

This species inhabits from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. It
was described by Thos. Say from specimens found on the southern coast

THE NAUTILUS. 59

in 1822, in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii, p. 317. It re-
sembles the previous species very closely, but is distinguished from
it as follows: The shell is much smaller, being only one inch in
length, half an inch in height, and =, in breadth. The valves are
more convex, thinner and more transparent, the epidermis is pale
yellowish-brown and the interior purplish-white ; the scalloped edges
of the epidermis are rounded, while in borealis they have a square
appearance, very thin at the ends and rolled back. In young speci-
mens the epidermis is entire (not slit as in the older ones). It is
not a very common species but is found quite plentifully in March
and April in Narragansett Bay. They live at and below low water
in sand and in mud.

FAMILY CRASSATELLID.
Not represented in North America.
FAMILY ASTARTID 2.

This family is divided into two sub-families, Astartinse and Car-
ditinee.

SUB-FAMILY ASTARTIN&.
This family contains fifteen genera, thirteen of which are fossil.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

Mr. W. G. Bryyey has in preparation a Third Supplement to the’
Terrestrial mollusks vol. V, in which it is purposed to bring the sub-
ject up to date, and figure and describe the species discovered since
the publication of the Second Supplement two years ago.

Hyarrya SterKit Day. A tiny species of Conulus or Hyalina
discovered by Dr. V. Sterki in Ohio, is described by Dr. Dall in
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1889 (separate copy received Aug. 24). It is
scarcely over a millimeter in diameter, and about a half that height.
It will be figured in a Jater number of THE Nauriuus.

HeMPHILLIA AND PRopnysaon have both been collected by
Henry Hemphill at Old Mission, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. (W. G.
Binney, in letter to Ed.) This extends the range of these peculiar
slugs considerably eastward. In this part of the Northwest many
other Pacific slope forms extend eastward and mingle with the East
American types.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

CypreA VENUSTA Sowb. (“C. thateheri” Cox) is commented
upon by Dr. J. C. Cox, in Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1889, p.
187. A variety having much the appearance of C. thersites in color-
ation is described and figured. It differs considerably from the type
of C. thatcheri. The granular slate-colored sides meet in front and
behind, in front of the channels, and form a complete circle round
the shell, and the dorsal surface inelosed is ornamented with very
dark geographically bounded, variously shaped portions, mostly
rounded with tapering oftshoots, while the intervening spaces are of
the normal bluish-amber color of the type of C. thatcheri.

SHELLS NEW to the United States fauna. We have recently
received from Mr. J. A. Singley a number of species new to the U.
S. fauna collected by him in Southern Texas. They will be
described in the October Nautitus. Other new forms are Zonites
selenitoides Pils., a species like Z. minusculus but larger, with strongly
costate surface (like Selenites duranti), from California, and Pupa
calamitosa Pilsbry, a tiny but very distinct form from San Diego
and from mouth of the San Tomas River, L. Cal.—P.

SHELL COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN Texas. The following extracts
from a letter received by the Editor from Mr. Singley, will be of
interest to “field-concho's sists.”

“This is an unfavorable year for collecting fresh-water shells.
There has been rise after rise in all the streams which makes it
awkward for the collector.

“At New Braunfels where I found Planorbis Liebmanii abundant
last fall I could not find a specimen either of the two times I visited it.
The lower Rio Grande is no good for land and fresh water-shells.
The river is simply a mass of shifting sand—the channel may be here
to-day and half a mile away the next rise. No Uniones are found
in it whatever, and only a few in the lakes or waterholes over the
country ; and as for land shells, | was out in the woods every day
for about six weeks and hardly a day passed that I did not search
for shells. The sending to-day will show you with what poor success.
Bulimulus is common enough but other species are like Aagels’
visits.

“T found Corpus Christi vicinity a better place for Unio than lower
down; but I failed to find the Mierophysa inerustata, and other
species that are said to occur there, even after searching the Nueces
bottoms for about 20 miles at different points up the river. The
dearth of shells at such (apparently) promising localities is dis-
heartening.”

Sere N Serius.

VOL. IIL. OCTOBER, 1889. No. 6.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE UNITED STATES
SNAIL FAUNA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

[NotEe.—The plate illustrating this paper will accompany the concluding
part in the next number of THE NAurTILvs. ]

PUPA calamitosa n. sp. Figs. 6, 7.

Shell minute, cylindrical, very blunt at apex, chestnut-colored ;
whorls 43, the first one and one-half smooth, the following regularly
costulate-striate, the costulee separated by spaces wider than them-
selves; last whorl abruptly turning forward, rounded beneath, en-
circled by a slight central constriction or furrow; aperture about
one-third the total length of shell, rounded, truncated above, con-
tracted within; peristome thin, expanded, without crest or callous
thickening behind; columellar margin rather dilated ; parietal wall
bearing two entering lamelle, one arising near the termination of
the outer lip, the other more deep-seated, elevated, entering less
obliquely ; columella with a strong white deep-seated obliquely en-
tering fold; outer lip with two short white lamelle.

Alt. 1.70, diam. .80 mill.

Two trays of this tiny species are before me. One received from
Henry Hemphill, collected near the mouth of San Tomas river,
Lower California, the other collected by Orcutt near San Diego,
Cal. Most specimens show the widening inward of the outer lip
shown in the figure. Several specimens have only one lamella on
the outer lip, and are rather larger than the typical form described,
measuring 1.90 mill. alt. The second parietal lamella is usually
much larger than the first, but in one or two specimens before me

62 THE NAUTILUS.

this is not the case. The umbilical rimation terminates in a tiny
depression, perhaps perforated, at the axis. The formula of denti-
cles or folds would be (according to Dr. Sterki’s scheme) AA BDE or
AABE. The species is of a decidedly different type from any
other American Pupa. P. californica, hordeacea and other West
coast forms being quite different. The former is closely allied to
the group of decora, rowelli, corpulenta; the latter to P. rupicola
and pellucida.

Another new Lower California Pupa will be described in the next
number of THE NAUTILUS.

PATULA (PTYCHOPATULA) ceca Guppy.

This species has been noticed and briefly described by Dr. Dall
in Tor Nautivus for July, 1889, p. 25. The specimens before me
are from Hidalgo, Texas, collected by Mr. Singley. It is also in
the Philadelphia Academy collection from Trinidad and Costa Rica,
and Dr. Dall reports it from Florida. The Texas shells are 2 mill.
high and about the same diameter. The Helix punctum of Morelet
(1851) is very close to this species, probably identical ; H. dioscori-
cola Ad. (1845) is also very similar, and, if the same, has priority.

As a section of the genus Patula I recently proposed the name
Ptychopatula. The group includes those minute conoidal Neotropi-
cal Helices, with acute thin lip, nearly circular or broad-lunate aper-
ture, thin texture, opaque or nearly so, and generally delicately
ribbed obliquely. The species are much more narrowly perforated
than Patula or Microconus. Some of the species have been referred
by authors to Acanthinula, others to Conulus, Pyramidula (a Eu-
ropean section), ete. The type is Helix ceca Guppy. The following
forms group around this type: H. punctwm Morelet, H. dioscori-
cola C. B. Ad. (these three probably identical) ; H. cerensis Guppy,
H. granum Strebel and Pfetter, H. cecoides Tate, H. plagioptycha
Shutt. (these four very closely allied, the last three perhaps identi-
eal). The position of this section is next to Microphysa in the genus
Patula. The dentition of H. ceca has been figured by Binney.
(Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei., iii, p. 113, pl. 5, Fig. L, under the name
“ Helix ———. Costa Rica. Dr. W. M.Gabb.”). It is similar
to that of Wicrophysa vortex Pfr.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

ZONITES (Guppya?) gundlachi Pfr.

This species is now for the first time recorded from west of the
Gulf. Mr. Sing!ey collected it at Hidalgo, Texas.

PATULA (Microphysa) incrustata Poey.

Found by Mr. Singley at Hidalgo, Texas. Heretofore recorded
from Galveston and Corpus Christi. At the former locality I was
unable to find the species when there several years ago; and Mr.
Singley writes me that he did not get it at the last-named place,
although special search was made.

My attention has been called to the fact that the name Microphysa
is preoccupied. If a change is necessary, it is likely that we can
use Thysanophora Strebel and Pfeffer for the section. It was pro-
posed for Mexican species which are essentially similar to the
West Indian forms. ;

PLANORBIS cultratus d’Orbigny. Figures 1, 2, 3.

This is a small form, flatter than any other United States species,
very acutely keeled at the circumference ; outer whorl convex above
(considering the shell dextral), the spire slightly concave; almost
perfectly flat beneath. There are about 43 whorls on the largest
specimen before me, very slowly and regularly widening (seen from
beneath) ; the aperture is oblique, narrow, angular. The surface is
finely marked by growth-strize and has the faintest possible indica-
tions of spiral sulci near the peripheral keel. Diameter 4 mill.;
altitude .65 mill. The specimens are from Hidalgo, Texas, sent by
Mr. Singley. The species has been found in the Mexican State of
Vera Cruz, in Guatemala and Venezuela. It was described from
Cuba. The insular form is decidedly larger than the Mexican
shells, or than ours, measuring 9 mill. diam. For the bibliography
of the species consult Crosse & Fischer, Moll. Mex. et ? Amer. Cent.,
vol. li, p. 68; Strebel Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna Mev., p. 46,
(as “ Planorbis nov. spec?”’); and Orbigny’s Mollusques de Cuba.

Mr. Ralph Tate in his article on Nicaragua shells (in Amer.
Journ. Conch., vol. v, p. 158) calls this species “ P. kermatoides.”
One of his specimens is before me. The real kermatoides Orb. is a
much larger shell.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ANCYLUS excentricus Morelet. Figures 4, 5.

This is an Ancylus with more excentric apex than any heretofore
known in the United States. The apex is one-fourth the length from
the posterior end, and so strongly inclined to the right as to be about
midway between a median line and the right border. The shell is
horn-colored, fragile, oval, a trifle narrower behind; in outline the
profile is convex in front cf the apex, concave behind it. There are
slight indications of the most delicate riblets radiating from the apex.
Length 4, diam. 5, alt. 1.1 mill. Three specimens collected by Mr.
Singley in Comal Creek at New Braunfels, Comal Co., Texas. The
range of this species includes Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica.
It has not been reported from Mexico. The identity of the Texas
shells with the Central American is reasonably certain. I have
compared specimens. Crosse avd Fischer’s figures are a trifle slen-
derer posteriorly, but undoubtedly represent this species.

(To be continued.)

CRITIQUES AND COMMENTS.

Le Mr. Carpenter’s article, “ The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode

Island,’ in the August NAuTiLus, page 45, he mentions the
“Family Verticordiide,”’ and says “not represented in America.”
While the Verticordiide are not shore shells, nor even shallow water
forms, they cannot be regarded as exotic unless Mr. Carpenter’s
America is restricted to the littoral and laminarian zones of the
main-land, and such a restriction would be absurd. Prof. Verrill
reports Verticordia from off Martha’s Vineyard and several species
occur at various depths, from Vineyard Sound, southerly, along and
off the coast of the Atlantic States to Florida and the Antillean re-
gion; and not only on the eastern side of North America, but on
the Pacific as well, where Dall collected specimens: in the vicinity
of, or at, Catalina Island in the Santa Barbara Channel, California.

On page 46 occurs the following: “Family Chamide ;” on this
Mr. Carpenter comments “not represented in the U. S., excepting
by fossils.” This will be a queer surprise to the large number of
collectors who have found the beautiful Chama arcinella Linn., not
uncommon, on the beaches of Florida, and not so frequently the less
attractive shells of the roughly sculptured C. macrophylla Linn., and
the Chama florida of Lamarck (—C. sarda Rye.), to say nothing of
other alleged species, some of which probably fall to the rear of those

THE NAUTILUS. 65

above named, in the usual procession of synonyms. On the coast of
California we find three species: C. exogyra Conr., C. pellucida Sby..,
and C. spinosa Sby., all of the foregoing having been collected by
me personally, without going outside of Uncle Sam’s farm.

Since writing the above, the September Nauriius has come to
hand. From page 57 I quote “Family Ungulinide. Not repre-
sented on our shores.” If, by “our shores,” he means Rhode Island,
strictly and literally, he may be right, but if “our shores” means
the North American Continent or the coasts of the United States,
he is again in error, for the said family includes, among other genera,
Cryptodon Turton, Diplodonta of Brown (—NMysia Leach), ete., and
some authors include Tel/imya in the same family. Several species
of Cryptodon inhabit the waters of the Atlantic coast from the Arc-
tic Sea to Cape Florida, at various depths from six to nearly one
thousand fathoms. Tellimya is represented by three species from
the Arctic Seato Hatteras and one of these, 7. elevata Stimpson, has
been collected from two fathoms depth, coast of Maine. Diplodonta
furnishes examples of three or four species on the west coast of N.
America, one, perhaps two, of which, have been collected by my own
hands. Felania, another group of the Ungulinidee, furnishes two or
three species on the Pacific side to justify this criticism. Cryptodon
(which Mr. Carpenter mentions incidentally in connection with the
Lucinide) and Tellimya, it may be pleaded, have only quite recently
been included in the Ungulinide; this can not be said of the groups
Diplodonta and Felania.

Further on (page 59) may be seen “ Family Crassatellide, not
represented in North America.” Now Dall has described a Cras-
satella, C. floridana, from the Gulf of Mexico west of the Florida
coast (30 fms.), and said family is further represented by Evriphyla
lunulata Conrad and variety parva C. B. Ad., both of which range
from Cape Cod to Barbadoes, in from three to about three hundred
fathoms. It may again be pleaded perhaps with reason, that a part
of these latter facts have but very recently been made known.

The occurrence of Crassatella on the West coast of North Amer-
ica should have been known to him, for C. gibbosa Sby. appears in
Philip Carpenter’s Check List of West Coast Shells (Smithsonian
Mise. Pub., June, 1860), an easily accessible publication ; as will be
seen by the date issued twenty-nine years ago.

Again, while highly appreciating the convenience and value of
authentic local faunal lists, in Mr. Carpenter’s, I do not perceive the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

motive for, or any advantage in, his referring to the families or
groups that do not occur in Rhode Island; for, in a list of shells that
are found within any limited area, it goes without saying, that
those species, groups, or families that are not listed or mentioned do
not occur. The two hundred and sixteen (216) species enumerated
as occurring in the very limited area of Rhode Island, is so small a
part of the total molluscan fauna of the globe, and the proportion of
families represented by said small number of species, is so small
by comparison with the tota/ number of molluscan families, that the
inclusion of the non-represented families in his Rhode Island list,
would, propriety considered, require the title to be changed so as to
read, “ List of Molluscan‘families, ete., not represented in Rhode Isl-
and,” otherwise the suggestion arises that considering the size of
the dog the tail is rather extensive; a homely but expressive illus-
tration. It is of little value, from the point of geographical distribu-
tion, to know what is not in a place or region; the value of local
lists is their telling us what is.

In Mr. Ford’s “ List of Shells of the New Jersey Coast, ete.,” on
pages 27-29 of the July Nauriius, he includes Fasciolaria granosa
Brug. Iam not aware, and I have been unable to discover, that
Brugiere ever described a species of Fasciolaria. Broderip de-
scribed Fusciolaria granosa, a Pacific coast form that inhabits Pana-
ma Bay and the general region thereabout. I should be pleased to
know what shell has been erroneously listed under said name.

[Mr. Ford included F. granosa among species he had not himself
seen, and which he considered doubtful. Ed.]

In the Century Dictionary, illustrative of the word Abalone, a
figure doubtless representing some species of Haliotis (perhaps in-
tended for H. corrugata), is given, with the title underneath “ Abalone
or Ear-shell;” this would be well enough if the following had not
been added: “ (Haliotis tuberculata).” Now the figure, while it fills
the first half of the measure as may be seen in the title I have quoted,
does not meet the requirements when the specific name is given, for
it is not a figure of tuberculata, as any one can see who is at all
familiar with the shells of the Haliotide.

R. E.C. 8.

Washington, September 20, 1889.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

NOTES ON VALVATA (LYOGYRUS) BROWNII.

BY H. F. CARPENTER.
This species was found abundantly in Cunliff’s Pond, at Elm-
ville, three or four miles south of Providence, adhering to stones
and empty valves of Unio complanatus. I discovered them in 1870
and kept more than two hundred specimens alive all summer in a
glass globe filled with water. I read a description of it under the
name of Amnicola Brownii before a meeting of the Providence
Franklin Society, Tuesday evening, Mar. 26th, 1872, and published
the same in the “ Central Falls Weekly Visitor” the following week.
The specific name was given in honor of Dr. W. O. Brown, who
was then President of the Society. Specimens was sent to the late
Geo. W. Tryon, who pronounced them to be a new species of
Valvata, subgenus Lyogyrus. Of late years they have been
gradually growing scarcer and the last time I examined the pond
I could find none, although I did not search very thoroughly.
Specimens of these shells are in the collections of Mr. John Ford,
of Philadelphia, Mr. F. C. Baker, Mr. J. M. Southwick and several
other conchologists. The following is my original description :
“Shell small, thin, translucent, of a light green color, when
divested of the thick, dirty epidermis which covers it, turreted,
elongate, composed of five gibbous whorls; operculated and umbili-
cated; apex very obtuse; suture very deep; aperture nearly
circular, a little broader at the base; lip continuous, simple, the
superior edge of the inner lip not touching the preceding whorl,
except in young specimens. Average size 75 inch in length, by zy
in breadth. Diameter of aperture 7; inch. Full grown specimens
which are rare, attain a length of s5 inch.

ON ANODONTA FLUVIATILIS DILLW.

The following letter received from Gen. de Peyster is interesting
as showing the facility with which fresh-water mollusks become
established in suitable spots.

Upper Rep Hook, N. Y., Sept. 19, ’89.
Mr. DE PEYSTER:
Dear Sir:

At Dover Plains, Eastern Duchess Co., N. Y., last week I secured

sixty-three specimens of A. fluviatilis, including twenty-five or more

68 THE NAUTILUS.

their growth and propagation. Among the rest are two or three of
good size, while all are well suited for the cabinet.

The largest example I have observed is an imperfect dead valve,
which, with its other half, measured originally as follows: Trans-
versely, 68; vertically, 33; and in thickness 22 inches. I have no
doubt that some have been found of still larger dimensions; was
told that such had been taken, but after diligent inquiry failed to
get trace of them.

young, small shells, which I will place in some water suitable for

Regarding the place of their occurrence, I can give the following:
About two and one-half miles south of Dover Plains, on the farm
of Mr. Geo. Preston, is a swamp near the outlet of which a con-
siderable quantity of peat was dug thirty or more years ago. The
hole thus formed is about 100 feet by 40 in length and breadth,
and 4 feet deep, and serves as a basin to collect some of the drainage
of the marsh, it being filled with water and perhaps three feet of
black mud deposited during the intervening time: from this is
raked in limited numbers specimens of this Anodon, extraordinary
for their luxuriant growth and beautiful coloring.

That this whole tract of about twelve acres was originally a
shallow lake there is no question. Its former outlines are seemingly
well defined ; it lies encircled by hills of upturned calcareous and
micaceous rocks; a narrow opening on the north has afforded an
avenue of escape for its imprisoned waters. The swamp has no
inlet but is springy over its entire surface, and at present is over-
grown with shrubbery and small trees. Its outlet is a small diteh
which empties into the Weebutook, or Ten Mile River—a tributary
of the Housatonic, about three-eighths of a mile distant, making a
descent of fifty feet in its course. Underneath the stratum of peat
is a bed of marl a couple of feet in thickness, consisting of fresh-
water shells—species of Sphaerium, Limnaea, Physa and Planorbis,
which lived ages ago.

Whether any of these bivalves were noticed while digging peat,
is impossible to say, but believe it is only eight or ten years since
they have attracted attention, and this because the muskrats were
bringing them to light ; many recently broken shells are lying about
the shore—brought up by these rodents.

I could not find any other fresh-water shells in the pond, but
obtained about the marsh quite a number of interesting land-snails,
among them the following: Mesodon albolabris, M. thyroides,

THE NAUTILUS. ~° 69

Patula alternata, Zonites arboreus, Z. fulvus, Vallonia pulchella,
Succinea obliqua, S. ovalis, S. avara, Pupa armifera, P. pentodon,
P. corticaria, Vertigo Bollesiana, V. contracta and Carychium exiqguum.

Of Pupa armifera it is the first time I have found it in this
County.

The above are facts, the several questions arising concerning the
presence of these clams here I will not answer.

Have they worked their way from the river during compara-
tively recent years? or are they a sort of living connecting link

between the lake era and the present?
Yours very truly,
W.S. TEATOR.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

Genus Astarte, Sowerby, 1816.

This genus contains twenty species; eight of these inhabit the
coast of New England, from Cape Cod to Greenland, and three have
been found south of Cape Cod, although none of them have actually
been discovered in Rhode Island waters as yet.

183.—Astarte castanea, Say.
Syns. :

Venus castanea, Say.

Crassina castanea, Lam. Hanley.

Crassina suleata, Brown.

Venus sulcata, Mont., Maton and Rackett.

Shell thick and solid, sub-orbicular; beaks elevated and much
eroded, nearly central; lunule in front of the beaks deeply ex-
cavated ; surface not strongly waved as in most species of the genus,
but only slightly undulated, covered with a light-brown epidermis,
excepting on the posterior portion, where it is almost black; hinge
strong; ligament small; valves with one stout tooth in the right
valve, and two in the left; margin crenulated in adult shells.
Length one inch; height one inch; breadth 43.

Gould says: ‘The foot of the animal is of a bright vermillion
color and when seen protruded, one would hardly persuade himself
that a red wafer was not embraced by the valves.

70 . THE NAUTILUS.

Habitat from Great Egg Harbor, N.J.,to Nova Scotia. Com-
mon on the shores of Long Island, Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard
and Cape Cod. Abundant in Massachusetts Bay. It should be
found on the ocean shores of Rhode Island from Watch Hill to.
Newport, and also on Block Island.

184.—Astarte quadrans, Gould.

Shell small, nearly triangular; basal edge sharp and rounded ;
anterior more oblique and longer than the posterior; beaks central,
pointed and eroded; surface smooth; epidermis light yellowish-
olive ; interior bluish-white, glossy ; margin not crenulated. Length
zo; height 25; breadth 75 inch.

Described by Dr. A. A. Gould in the Invertebrata of Mass., p. 81,.
1841, from specimens obtained from the stomachs of fishes caught in
Massachusetts Bay. It is a rare shell but has been quoted from
Stonington, Connecticut, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

185.—Astarte undata, Gould.

This name was given provisionally by Gould to a variety of A.
suleata, described in his first edition of the Invert. of Mass., p. 80.
Binney in the second edition, 1870; p. 119, repeats the same remarks,
but all later authors accept the name of undata.

Astarte sulecata is an European species described in 1778 by
Da Costa, British Conch., under the name of Pectunculus sulcatus.
Gould, supposing our shell to be identical with the English one,
called it by the same name, giving a list of ten or more synonyms,
none of which apply to our shell, as it is a distinct species.

Prof. A. E. Verrill in Silliman’s Journal for April, 1872, p. 213,.
remarks as follows: “This is by far the most abundant species on
the northern coast of New England. It ranges from Cape Cod to
Labrador. In the Bay of Fundy it is very abundant at all depths.
from three to one hundred and twenty-five fathoms on muddy bot-.
toms. It varies greatly in form and sculpture, but can easily be
recognized in all its varieties by any one familiar with the species.
of this genus. The beaks are less prominent and the lunule less
deeply excavated than in A. suleata, and other differences exist in
the hinge, ete.”

The figure in the second edition of Gould is not characteristic,
the drawing having been made from an old eroded specimen of
unusual if not abnormal form.

THE NAUTILUS. (i

Astarte lutea, Perkins, described in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nut. Hist.,
xiii, 150, 1869, as a new species from New Haven, Connecticut, is a
variety of A. undata, Gould. This species has been dredged in
Newport Harbor and various other places south of Cape Cod.

; SUB-FAMILY CARDITIN &.
This Sub-family contains fourteen genera, six of which are fossil.
Of the remaining genera, one only, Venericardia, inhabits the coasts
New England.

186.— Venericardia ( Cyclocardia) borealis, Conrad.
Syns. :
Cardita borealis, Con. Reeve, De Kay, Stimp., ete.
Actinobolus borealis, H. & A. Adams.
Arcturus rudis, Humph., MSS.
Cardita vestita, Desh.
(To be continued.)

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

MIssIoN SCIENTIFIQUE au Mexique et dans ? Amerique Centrale,
Etudes sur les Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, by M M. P. Fischer
and H. Crosse. The fascicle of this magnificent work last issued
contains part of the Cyclophoride and the Cyclostomatide, with
several plates illustrating the Ampullariide. Of particular interest
is the discussion (p. 148-150) of the genus Cyclotus. The authors
purpose the name Neocyclotus for a genus to comprise all of the
American Cyclophoride with sharp lip and solid calcareous many-
whorled operculum ; these shells have heretofore been called Cyelotus
in American collections. The anatomy is fully worked out. The
following groups of exclusively Mexican species are also fully
described and illustrated: Tomocyclus C. & F. (containing Mexican
species formerly referred to Megalomastoma), Habropoma C. &. F.
and Amphicyclotus C. & F. (for species referred by previous authors
to Cyclophorus). The plates, drawn by Arnoul, are superb. Messrs.
Fischer and Crosse are to be congratulated on the progress of this
magnificent work, indispensable to students of the tropical A meri-
can fauna.—P.

NOMENCLATURE AND CHeEcK-List of North American Land
Sees by Hi A: Pilsbry. (From@Proc A. N. §., Phila.) A
pamphlet of twenty pages, containing a complete lisi of United

72 THE NAUTILUS.

States species, including a number of species not contained in the
latest monographs. The geographical range of each form is given,
and the whole prefaced by a brief discussion of recent or original
changes in nomenclature. Collectors of American shells will find
the list a convenient one for checking their collections and their
desiderata when exchanging.

UEBER DIE BEZIEHUNGEN etniger ewropiischer und nordameri-
kanischer Pupiden, by Dr. YV. Sterki. (In Nachrichtsblatt d.
deutchen Mal. Gesell., Juli-Aug., 1889.) Dr. Sterki discusses the
Pupz common to America and Europe in this valuable paper.
Species immediately allied to P. muscorum are P. blandi (doubtfully
distinct), and P. sterri Voith; the last seem to the writer to be also
a form of muscorum. ‘The species is a mountain form, described
from Bavaria. Virtigo simplex and P. alticolu are considered syn-
onyms of P. edentula Drap. The examination of the Vertigo species,
Dr. Sterki says “hat mich viel Zeit, Mtihe und ‘ Augenmérderei ’
_ gekostet ;” and it is no wonder, as anybody who has been so rash as
to trouble themselves with those ridiculously little creatures will
bear testimony. The question of the identity of V. antivertigo Dr.
and ovata Say, is discussed ; and finally the new subgenus Augustula
is proposed. The principal characters are the narrowing of the last.
whorl, peculiar constriction behind the peristome, the longitudinal
position of the columellar fold, and the long, narrow, high fold,
arising deep in the throat, and in venetzii uniting with the upper,
in milium with the lower palatal fold. It contains only the two.
species named.—P.

Nores ON soME INDIAN TERRITORY SHELLS, by Charles Torrey
Simpson. An interesting paper, adding considerable to our know-
ledge of the distribution of the shells of this region. H. ( Triodopsis)
conei Wetherby, formerly known from Eastern Texas, was found in
the Territory. A form of H. (Polygyra) jacksoni with elevated
deltoid parietal tooth is described as var. deltoidea. H. (Mesodon)
Kiowaénsis, a form intermediate between thyroides and sayii is de-
scribed as new, and the rare Helicodiseus fimbriatus is reported from
near Fort Gibson. The shells described by Mr. Simpson under the
name Zonites capsella are quite distinct from that species, as I have
satisfied myself by careful comparisons. It may be called Z. Simp-
soni, in honor of the finder. Mr. Simpson’s remarks on the
Bulimulus dealbatus, schiedeanus and alternatus should direct the
attention of collectors to these forms, which are believed by Mr. 8.
to be varieties of a single variable species.

Ses,

nee =

Vue NAurticus.

MOL. 111. NOVEMBER, 1889. No. 7.

THE VIRGINIA COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Perhaps some of your readers, when they see the long list below
of varieties differing only slightly from one another, will think it a
ease of much ado about nothing, and wonder where the interest
ean be in such minute differences of color or banding.

In these days it ought to be unnecessary to apologise for going
into precise detail in scientific matters, but I will venture to point
out that the present case is one of quite exceptional interest.

Here we have an exceedingly variable species, whose varieties
have been extensively studied in its native country—Europe, and
found to differ greatly according to locality and circumstances.
A few of these varieties may be traced to definite causes—most of
them appear to occur causelessly, which is another way of saying
that the cause is, in these cases, as yet unknown. A highly variable
species, then, is introduced into a new continent, where climatic and
other conditions differ markedly from those of its native home.
It is certain to vary—it varies everywhere—will it not, then, be
influenced in its variation by the new environment, and produce,
perhaps, new and unheard-of forms? And if so, shall we not thereby
have a valuable clue to the nature of these forms, and the general
principles which underly the phenomena of variation in this and
perhaps in other species? In the endeavor to answer these ques-
tions I shall feel excused, both now and hereafter, if I seem to go
into these matters more minutely than is usual with conchological
work. Myself, I believe that in the noting of minute differences

74 THE NAUTILUS.

lies everywhere our best chance of ascertaining the principles of
evolution.

The varieties of Helix nemoralis are classified according to the
following principles: First, variation in the ground-color of the
shell, with the name /ibel/ula for yellow shells, rubed/a for pink shells,
petiveria for pale brown or fawn-colored shells, ete. Secondly,
variation in the banding, for which a band-formula is used. The
typical shell has five bands, three above the periphery and two
below, and its formula is accordingly 12345. If a band is missing,
a 0 is placed in its stead—thus 12045 has the third band of the type
missing, while 00000 is the formula for a bandless shell. If two
or more bands are coalesced, they are bracketed together, thus,
12(345). Ifa band is imperfectly developed, it is indicated as a
small figure below the line, thus, 12345. Ifa band is split into two,
the number is repeated, as 1255(45), while an extra band which
cannot be assigned to any of the usual five, is represented by an X,
as 003X00. The formula should always be taken from near the
mouth of the shell. These, then, are the ordinary kinds of varia-
tion, while other unusual characters are expressed in suitable terms,
as tenuis for a very thin variety, compressa for a depressed form,
minor for asmall form, albolabiata for a white-lipped shell, ete. These
terms are used in conjunction with one another, to indicate the differ-
ent peculiarities of any given shell. The band-formule express them-
selves, and need not, as a rule, have the name of their author quoted
afterthem. But in introducing these band-varieties to the American
fauna, I have given the names of their first recorders, as a hint to their
history in Europe. For certain of them, I have given special names
bestowed by French authors—as brissonia for petiveria 12545. If
these names are to be adopted, it will be necessary to bestow many
new ones, as a large number of combinations have not come under
the notice of the aforesaid authors, but to my mind it is more con-
venient to use the band-formule in conjunction with the color-
names. There is only one thing to be said for the names given to
combinations, that if misprinted they can hardly lead to any real
confusion, whereas band-formulze may be misprinted easily enough
in such a way as to lead to erroneous records, which may never be
corrected.

All the shells of H. nemoralis I have seen from the colony at
Lexington, Va., were collected by Prof. J. H. Morrison, and number
altogether 103. The first consignment, sent me through Mr. H. A.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

Pilsbry, was rather disappointing, in that it consisted entirely of
well-known European varieties ; but more recently a larger collec-
tion sent by Prof. Morrison has presented several forms of great
interest, showing a general tendency to the splitting-up of the
bands, as in Helix multilineata. The following is a list of the
whole lot, with the numbers of specimens of each :

No. of Specimens.

(1.) libellula 00000 = libel/ula Risso... ; 2 ite
(2.) libellula (12345) == Kleinia Moquin-Tandon . 5.
(5.) Libellula 12345 Fenn. : j ilps
(4.) Ubellula 12345 = quinqucfaneal Biog = == the

ty pe : - : ; > 4:

(Two of these have a white rib, an thus fall also under
bimarginata Picard.)
(5.) libellula 1233(45) Chem. : ie
(6.) libellula 123X45 Ckll. (X is a mere ae, re is
very broad)
(7.) libellula 125X(45) var. nov.
(8.) libellula 123,(45) var. nov.
(9.) libellula 123,555 var. nov.
(10.) libellula 12,.(45) var. nov.
(11.) libellula 0,.545 var. nov. : :
(12.) libellula 123(45) = reaumuria Mog. (Some
shows the least sign of a band between
2and 3) . : pels
(13.) libellula 10345 = argentvillea Mon. (2 are also
bimarginata) . : - : neal
(14.) libellula 12(345) Kreglinger : 1
(15.) libellula (12)3(45) = poirctia Mog. . GP
(16.) libellula 1233,45 var.nov. . : ; fale
1
1

a ee ee LO

(17.) libellula 1,,345 var. nov. ;
(18.) libellula 10045 Kreg]. = Sionnestia Tea ;
(19.) libellula 12,45 v. nov. . : : ; 1

(This is new only in the sense of being Ponce I have
seen it with a pink ground-color (rubella) from Truro, Cornwall,
England, collected by Mr. J. H. James.)

(20.) libellula 00345 = listeria Mogq. , : aes
(21.) libellula ,0345 Ckll. : : : : bi Drs
(22.) libellula 12045 = favannea Mog... . 2 Be

76 THE NAUTILUS.

(23.) libellula 2345 Ckll. : : : : co ae
(24.) Libellula 00300 = cavieria Mog. ; ‘ . LC yjans)
(25.) libellula 003(45) = gmelina Mog. (also bimar-
ginata) . : : PA

(26.) libellula 1(23)45 = odin Moa. : : 7 a8

(In this specimen bands 4 and 5 are very thick; the yellow
line between 3 and 4 is very thin.)
(27.) rubella 003X00 var. nov. : : : . Gum
(28.) rubella 12345 Mog. . i 2 3 . 2. (one juv.)
(29.) rubella 00300 == quettardia Mog. ‘ E . 1.(pale.)
(30.) rubella 00000 = rubella Mogq. : : alas
(31.) rubella 00305 Ckll. : : 1

(32.) petiveria 12345 = brissonia Mogq. 5.
(33.) petiveria 123(45) = arcelinia Locard. (one hae
band 2 very broad) 3. (one juy.)

peas

(S4.) petiveria 1(25);(45) v. nov. . (juv.)

All the above varieties have been found in Europe except Nos.
7 to 11, 16, 17, 27 and 34. The tendency of bands 4 and 5 to
coalesce is notable in the series, but this is a frequent form of
variation. The formula 00300, generally common in Europe,
seems rare. But the most remarkable thing about the series is the
splitting up of the bands in many specimens, forming combinations
which I have never seen in European examples. This is perhaps
to be regarded as the reverse of melanism, and due to dryness (I do
not know the degree of moisture at Lexington), and it is well to
remember that H. pisana, which frequents exceedingly dry places
(sand hills, ete.), shows this splitting-up of the bands to excess.
These new varieties are very diverse, and as yet few in number of
specimens in the colony, which tends to show that they are of recent
origin. If, as I believe, they are the direct result of the new
environment, in a few years we shall see them predominate at
Lexington, and probably more pronounced in their characters, not
showing so many ill-developed bands. Here is a problem for the
future !

Since I wrote last about this species, Prof. Morrison has sent me
the following additional varieties from Lexington, Va., new to the
North American Fauna:

(1.) libellula 1,545 Roebuck. (juv.)
(2.) libellula 10,45 Ckll.
(3.) Abellula 12;(45) v. nov. ( juv.)

THE NAUTILUS. iyi

(4.) libellula ,0045 v. nov. (two specimens.)
(5.) libellula 12,345 v. nov.
(6.) libellula 12X345 v. nov. ( juv.)
(7.) libellula 123,45 v. nov.
(8.) libellula 10300 v. nov., but also British. (juv.)
(9.) libellula (123)(45) = gronovia Moq. In Europe, this variety
is found in France, England, and Wales, and the Rev. A.
Dean recently sent me examples of it from the Tyrol, and
from the Pyrenees..
(10.) Mibellula 1(23)(45) = brardia Moq. (juv.)
(11.) libellula 1(28,),(45) v. nov. (juv.)
(12.) libellula 123,45 v. nov. (juv.)
(13.) libellula 000,..00 v. nov.
(14.) libellula 12;,.,45 v. nov. (juv.)
(15.) hbellula 12,3(45) v. nov. (juv.)
(16.) libellula (12)345 Mog. (juv.)
(17.) libellula (12)X3(45) v. nov.
(18.) libellula 120,45 v. nov.
(19.) libellula 1,,3(X4)5; v. nov. (juv.)
(20.) libellula 12(34)5 Kregl. (juv.)
(21.) libellula 02345 = Schreteria Mogq.
(22.) libellula 1030,(,5) v. nov. (juv.)
(23.) petiveria 12,45 Ck.
(24.) petiveria 1,545 Roebuck.
(25.) petiveria ,,345 Fenn.
(26.) petiveria 12045 = Michaudia Loe.
(27.) petiveria 123445 Borcherding, = var. sexfasciata Moq.
This remarkably variable series only emphasises the peculiarities
of the previous one. There is very little variation in the ground-
color of the shells.

West Cliff, Colo., Sept. 29, 1889.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY EDWARD W. ROPER.

“Took where you step” is a good rule to follow in any country,
but it is absolutely essential in San Diego county, for two reasons.
First, because it is very important, if there is a rattlesnake in your

78 THE NAUTILUS.

path, to see him before treading upon him. Secondly, because if
you carelessly step on the little round cactus so common in this
region, the spines, if they do not puncture the sole of your shoe, will
penetrate the upper leather more surely than needles. In the eyes
of an eastern collector, accustomed to look for land shells in moist,
shady places, it is not a promising country. There are no woods,
except on the mountains, and few streams of water around whose
banks mollusks might be expected. Yet there are shells all around.

Find a cactus that is dead, and turn over its fallen leaves with a
stout stick. Like the watermelon, a cactus seems to carry its own
water, and under this moist, decaying mass the little Pupas may be
found, and Helix Stearnsiana Gabb takes shelter fromthe sun. The
night dews are heavy, and doubtless when darkness falls, the snails
emerge from their hiding places, and browse around for food.

Another favorite collecting ground is a pile of loose rocks; if on
the south side of a hill, where the sun beats hottest, so much the
better. Turn over every stone until the damp earth is reached, and
your eyes will be gladdened by the sight of the elegant dark brown
shiny Glyptostoma Newberryana W.G. B. If the rocks are in the
midst of shrubbery and herbage, the large beautifully banded Arianta
tudiculata Binn. is likely to be found. Very rarely do any of these
shells live on the shaded northern slopes, doubtless because where the
ground is less heated during the day, less moisture is condensed at
night. In this country, then, the collector truly earns his prizes by
the sweat of his brow.

One other land shell is the Succinea Oregonensis Lea, of a red-
dish golden hue, found on the weedy river banks, and living only a
little less in the water than its frequent companions Limnza
Adeline Tryon, and Physa Gabbii Tryon. These are the common
shells of the open country, although far from numerous in individuals,
when one considers the hours of diligent labor necessary to procure
a reasonable number.

WHAT IS A SPECIES?
BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.
In view of the practice of naming everything now-a-days by the

so-called new school of conchologists, we may well ask the above
question. Agassiz in classifiying animal life says, that “species are

«

THE NAUTILUS. 79

distinguished by size, proportion, color, habits, and relations to sur-
rounding objects and circumstances.” Like many things which we
understand very well, the word is difficult to define. It is almost
impossible to say just what differences are required to constitute a
species or a variety. Perhaps so far as the study of conchology is
concerned this definition will answer: A mollusk which differs from
all allied forms by certain distinct constant characters is entitled to
specific rank. Asa friend remarked to me: “It is not so necessary
that the differences between species be great as that they are con-
stant.” Any character or characters of real value that are always
present on a shell ought to entitle it toa name; while no matter how
marked they may be in individuals, if they imperceptibly fade into
those belonging to what have been considered to be other species,
they are worthless for purposes of classification. The merest novice
who has given any attention to the subject, either collecting or
examining cabinets of shells, knows something of how individuals of
a species vary. This variation is very often produced by the cir-
cumstances by which a mollusk is surrounded,—locality, depth and
condition of water, different kinds of soil and bottom, height of
elevation on mountain sides, climate and the like. Baron von
Tiesenhausen states that Helix cingulata, a smooth shell, is found in
the valleys of Austria, H. cingulata var. colubrina, a little mottled
and sometimes slightly ribbed, about half way up the mountains, and
H. gobanzi, which is only perhaps a strongly ribbed form of
cingulata, lives near their summits. Fasciolaria tulipa, when found
in quiet muddy bays is a coarse shell with strongly-marked revolving
ridges, of a dirty brownish or ash color and scarcely variegated at
all ; and is in every way inferior to the much larger, finely developed,
smooth and handsomely variegated specimens taken in the open
sea. Natica duplicata, from the vicinity of New England, is a coarse
shell often flushed with brown or brownish-yellow, while specimens
from the open water in the Gulf of Mexico are smooth and polished,
livid in color, or even almost white. The same shell, though, when
found in brackish water on the Florida coast, is more like the New
England form, but is never brownish in color that I have seen.
Cyrena floridana is a most variable shell even when a number are
taken from the same bed; so much so that Conrad who just named
it, subsequently gave to other very different specimens the appellation
of C. protexta. In color it ranges from a dark purplish crimson,
through purple and pink to white, and individuals may be found of

80 THE NAUTILUS.

almost every tint of blue; and in form it may be oval, the posterior
end may be truncated as in Unio elegans, or it may be so drawn out
as to be scarcely distinguishable when small, from Venus flexuosus.
Were there no connecting links I could make a half dozen good
species from the shells in my collection. Some specimens have an
epidermis almost as rough as its congener C. carolinensis, while in
others it is almost totally lacking. In all the species I have cited
there are connecting links which show that these variations are
merely forms of one and the same thing.

In view of these facts and numberless others which could be given
of the extensive variability of species, and measured by such a
definition as I have given of the word, how ridiculous is the practice
of naming every possible variation and form, now so much in vogue
with the new school of conchologists; a practice which, I am sorry
to say, is not confined to them alone, nor to the present time. M.
Bourguignat, who may be fairly considered a representative of this
school, says he knows 162 species of Helix of the group Pomatia, and
that of these he possesses 151. And he classifies them into two grand
sections and nineteen series! One feels like using the language of the
happy father who, when the nurse presented him with triplets, the
results of a single birth, exclaimed in utter astonishment, “ Great
Scott! did any get away?” Why don’t they name and describe
every individual shell and be done with it? This would certainly
be one way out of the dilemma.

(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OCINEBRA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

Ocinebra jenksii Baker.

Shell fusiform, thick, ash-colored, shouldered on the whorls; whorls
72, two apical smooth, rounded, white; the second is but little larger
than the first; the third is provided with a distinct carina about
midway of the whorl; the rest are strongly shouldered and angular.
There are on each whorl nine to ten longitudinal ribs, crossed by
ten very strong, coarse lirve, whieh cut the surface of the shell into
coarse reticulations. The spire is high, pointed, and occupies about
half the length of the entire shell. Aperture oblong-ovate, choco-

THE NAUTILUS. 81

late-colored, and ending below in a short, open canal. Outer lip
thickened, arcuate, and five-dentate within. Inner lip smooth,
covering the columella. Canal open, short, and a little deflected to
the left. Umbilical region closed by the extending columellar
callous.

Alt. 17, diam. 10 mill. Aperture alt. 7 (excluding canal), diam.
4 mill.

This is a distinct little shell and not referable to any species with
which I am acquainted. Its nearest ally appears to be Ocinebra
circumtexta Stearns, from which it is separated by its more pointed
elongated spire, and absence of the two brown bands. ‘The ribs in
circumtexta are not so well developed, and the spiral lirze are not
so coarse. There are seventeen spirial lire upon circumtexta,
whilst upon jenksii there are but ten. The greatest difference,
however, is in the embryonic whorls, which in circumtexta are dis-
tinetly bicarinate, while in jenksii they are rounded. It bears some
superficial resemblance to Ocinebra gracillima Stearns, but is sep-
arated from that species by its more angular form. The ribs, too,
are more numerous in gracil/ima, and the canal is closed. The
embryonic apex in gracillima is corrugated whilst that of jenksii is
smooth. It is separated from Ocinebra michaeli Ford, by its much
shorter canal, more rotund form, and thickened lip.

I have seen but four specimens of this species, obtained from the
Wagener Collection at the Wagner Free Institute of Science, and as
they show little or no variation, I am led to believe the characters
are quite constant.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. C. W. Johnson, assistant
curator, Wagner Free Institute of Science, for the privilege of
studying and describing the species. The types are now deposited
in the Wagner Collection. The habitat is unknown.

I take great pleasure in naming this interesting little species in
honor of Prof. J. W. P. Jenks, Curator-in-Charge of the Museum
at Brown University, Providence, R. I.

HELIX (STENOTREMA) HIRSUTA SAY, ON THE WEST COAST.

Of this form Mr. W. G. Binney remarks in his “ Manual of
American Land Shells,” page 279, “a postpliocene species now found
over the Northern and Interior regions as far as Kansas and Vir-

82 THE NAUTILUS.

ginia, and even into Alabama.” Mr. Pilsbry in his recent Check-
List of N. A. Land Shells credits it to the “ Eastern United States.”

The collection in the National Museum shows that it has a much
wider distribution. Upon examining certain shells collected by Dr.
Edward Palmer [ Mus. No 37282] on the West Coast, several years
ago, I found that he had discovered Say’s species on the banks of the
Yaqui river near Guaymas, on the easterly side of the Gulf of
California. The jump was so great, across the vontinent or a good.
part of it, that I somewhat doubted my own eyes, and therefore sent
specimens to Tryon and Binney to learn their opinions; both of
these gentlemen confirmed my determination. Zonites (Hyalina)
Binney and Morse credited to “ North Eastern U. S.; Canada,” by
Mr. Pilsbry also makes a great leap to the westward, surpassing that
of S. hirsuta, having been detected at Vancouver Island B. C. accord-
ing to Dr. J. G. Cooper in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, Dec. 31, 1887.

R. E. C. STEARNS.
Washington, D. C., Oct. 26, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

Venericordia borealis Conrad.

Shell rounded, obliquely heart-shaped, thick and strong, inequi-
partite; beaks prominent; elevated and recurved; surface with
twenty ribs radiating from the beaks; three ribs are raised, rounded
and broad, with a narrow groove between each rib, crossed by
coarse lines of growth and the whole surface covered with a strong
rusty brown epidermis; hinge strong; teeth two in each valve;
interior white; margin crenulated. Length one inch; height one
inch; breadth ,.. Inhabits from New Jersey to Labrador; gener-
ally in deep water. It is often obtained from the stomachs of fishes.
Mr. 8. I. Smith found specimens in Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island,
and one specimen was found at Sandy Hook. I have found a few
specimens at Block Island. In Maine it grows to a larger size than
those found further south. Woodward quotes it from the Sea of .
Okhotsk, which if true, shows as wide distribution both in climate
and in extent of coast.

Another species, the Cyclocardia novangliz Morse, is quoted from
Connecticut to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, deep water, but has not
been found as yet in Rhode Island.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

ORDER ASIPHONIDA.

Mantle margins open; no siphons; pallial impressions without
sinus. This Order is sub-divided into three Sub-orders. _Homom-
yaria, Heteromyaria and Monomyaria.

SUB-ORDER. HOMOMYARIA.
Both muscular impressions equally distinct.
(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

Last January a living specimen of Glandina bullata Gould, was
received from Green Co., Ala.

After keeping it active for a few days it was put in a box, where
it remained dormant until placed in a pan containing damp sod
(May 4th); since then it has been out most every day.

My children delight to watch it crawl about and often handle it,
letting it crawl over their hands.

Some Patula perspectiva Say, were put in the pan; off of them it
made several meals, removing them from the shell by suction or by
cutting away the upper part of the whorls, except the last one.

A Helix muralis Miller, was eaten without injury to the shell.
A few days ago a Cut-worm was offered to it but was refused ; it was
then offered a Limax campestris Binney, which was eaten with ev-
ident relish, as were two others. They were first taken hold of in the
fissure, at the base of the palpiform labial appendages, and the fore
part of the foot ; the buccal pouch was then protruded and the slug
forcibly drawn in. The mouth is round, and I judge it to be about
three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. While in the act of swallow-
ing, the palpiform appendages are drawn back to the sides of the head
and have a slight resemblance to ears; enough so, that a boy stand-
ing by exclaimed, “see his ears; I did not know it had ears.”

Later I tried it to see how many slugs it would eat at one time.
Taking it up by the shell its head would be placed on a slug and in
that way it picked up and ate six; the seventh it would not take
hold of. This meal gorged it so that it could not withdraw wholly
within its shell —A. A. Hinkley, Du Bois, Ill.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE SHELL-BEARING MARINE
Mo.wuvsxs and Brachiopods of the Southeastern Coast of the United

84 THE NAUTILUS.

States, with illustrations of many of the species, by W. H. Dall,
A.M., Honorary Curator Dept. of Mollusks, U. S. Nat. Mus. (Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37). “ This work is intended to assist students
of the Mollusca in the United States, by bringing together for their
use a large number of excellent figures of species belonging to or
illustrating the fauna of the Southern and Southeastern Coasts of
the United States, from Cape Hatteras south to the Straits of Florida
and west to Mexico, with the adjacent waters. These figures are
explained and connected by a catalogue of the mollusks known to
inhabit that region.” The extreme northern and extreme southern
range of each species is given, and its presence in New Jersey,
Virginia, Hatteras, Georgia, East Florida, Florida Keys, West
Florida, Texas, West Indies, Bermuda, Europe and West America
is indicated in parallel columns. The catalogue thus comprises a
dozen local lists rolled into one, and put into the most convenient
possible form. We would recommend students working at localities
included within the limits above given (Hatteras to West Florida),
to use this work as a foundation, and omit in lists for publication
the species enumerated by Dr. Dall, unless they are peculiar or
local in distribution. As a hand-book for collectors of our southern
marine shells, the volume is indispensable. The plates number 74,
and illustrate by excellent line-engravings about one-third of the
total number of species (1,655) enumerated.

A Srupy oF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO, by V. Sterki,
M. D. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 10pp. plate). In this paper
Dr. Sterki directs attention principally to the form of the last whorl
and the aperture-folds of Vertigo, and the relations of American to
European species. A convenient formula is given for expressing
the combinations, positions and relative importance of the teeth, the
principal or primary folds being designated by letters, the smaller
secondary ones by dots. Several species included by him in Vertigo
(e. g., P. pentodon) are said to be real Pups, by high authorities,
and possess distinct tentacles. These tiny fellows require further
study. The subgenus Angustula is proposed for our V. milium
and the European V. venetzii. The group is apparently a natural
one, but the name proposed must give way to Moquin-Tandon’s
Vertilla, proposed in 1855 for the last-named species. The figures
are excellent, and the whole paper is highly instructive and sug-
gestive, giving evidence of much eareful research.

THE NAUTILUS, 1889. PLATE I.

1, 2, 3, P. eultratus. 9, P. ewes. 15, B. pinguis.

4, A. excentricus. 10, B. compressicollis. 15, B. proelongus.
6, 7, P. calamitosa. 11, 16, B. pingwis var. 14, B. geoffreyi.
8, B. armandi. 12, “ © », dilitatus. 17, P. radiata.

18, B. alboreflexus. 19, B. cantori, v. octonus.

ere N Aer IL US.

VOL. II. DECEMBER, 1889. No. 8

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN HELIX.
BY F. A. SAMPSON.

On the Boston Mountains, Crawford Co., Arkansas, I found some
shells which may be described as follows:
Triodopsis edentata, n. sp.

Shell imperforate, depressed, with granulate striations, thickly
covered with hair-like projections; whorls 5, the last strongly con-
tracted at the aperture; suture not much impressed; spire short,
obtuse ; parietal wall with a long arcuated white tooth ;
umbilical region impressed; aperture contracted by a
deep indentation behind the peristome; on the inner
margin of the peristome are two enlargements or obsolete
teeth, one near the base, the other midway between it
and the right terminus of the peristome.

Greater diameter 133, lesser 12, height 7 mill.

T. inflecta in Arkansas varies from 9 to 12 mill. diameter, and the
larger shells in general appearance are very much like this species
with the exception of the teeth on the peristome. Had I found but
one or two specimens I would have taken them to be immature
inflecta of large size, but I found a dozen living and dead shells the
latter part of February, and they were all destitute of peristome
teeth, and are as much entitled to specific distinction as Triodopsis
Rugeli Schutt, in which the difference from inflecta is the distance
of the upper tooth of the peristome within the aperture.

In this species the enlargements of the péristome correspond in
position with the teeth of inflecta, but it is hardly proper to call

Gunes

86 THE NAUTILUS.

them teeth, the thinner shells being as clear of teeth as a typical
Mesodon, and only the old thickened shells have the obsolete teeth,
They attain a size somewhat larger than the largest specimens of
inflecta in the Binney collection.

Prof. Call believes them to be Triodopsis appressa minor, but they
seem to me to be nearer injlecta than appressa, and if not a distinet

species, they certainly are a well-marked variety.

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF CERTAIN MOLLUSCA
INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

As Ihave urged when writing of Helix nemoralis, few subjects can
be more interesting to the conchologist than the effect of environment
on species, which is seen so frequently in the case of variable species
introduced into new countries.

Through the kindness of Mr. W. G. Binney and Prof. J. H.
Morrison, I have been enabled to examine specimens of several
species of European Mollusca introduced into this country, and to
refer them to various varieties already known in Europe, but mostly
so far not recognized in the American fauna.

(1.) Agriolimax agrestis (L.) var. Sylvaticus. (Mogq., non Drap.)

This is the mottled form of the species, and appears to be the
prevalent form at Burlington, New Jersey, whence Mr. Binney has
sent me several living examples. One of these is unusually large,
being 53 mill. long.

(2.) A. agrestis var. typica. (Less. & Poll.)

This is the spotless type, of which I found a single example at
St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, in 1887.

(3,) A. agrestis var. reticulatus (Moq.)

Resembles var. sylvaticus, but is reddish-ochre with black irregular
spots, often tending to reticulation on the body. Sent from Burling-
ton, N. J. (Mr. Binney).

(4,) Limax (Lehmannia) variegatus Drp. var. flavas Moq. (=L. flavus ‘*L.,”’
Auctt.)

Lexington, Va., one example from Prof. Morrison.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

(5.) Limax maximus “L.,”’ Auctt., var. vulgaris Moq.
This has the dorsal black bands continuous. One from Lexington,

Va. (Prof. Morrison).
(6.) L. maximus var. cellarius D’Argentyille.

The bands on the back interrupted at intervals. Fifteen speci-
mens, some tending toward var. ferussaci Mogq., from Lexington,
Va. (Prof. Morrison).

(7.) L. maximus var. maculatus Picard.

The back with black spots irregularly placed. One very nice
one from Burlington, N. J. (Mr. Binney).
(8.) Helix nemoralis L.

Mr. Binney has sent me several living examples from Burlington,
N. J., among which the var. rube//a greatly preponderates, guettardia
and cuvieria being the only other varieties represented. It is here
interesting to notice, that at Burlington, where the species has been
long established, it varies much /ess than at Lexington. The red
forms so rare at Lexington, largely preponderate in the Burlington
sendings.

Prof. Morrison has lately sent me several more varieties from
Lexington, ten being new, and two already recorded in Europe.
These latter are var. requienia Moq. (=petiverta 10345) and var.
libellula 1(234)5 Kreglinger. The new ones will be recorded later.
(9.) Helix hispida var. concinna (Jeffreys).

Mr. Binney sent me a shell found at. Montreal, referable to this
form. Itis pale horn color, max. diam. 8{, alt. 4% mill. HZ. concinna
was considered by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys a valid species, but it cannot
be separated on sufficient grounds from Hl. hispida L.

(10.) Helix cantiana Mont. var. minor Moq.

Mr. Binney has sent me an example which he received from
Mr. F. R. Latchford, labelled “ Citadel, Quebec, Aug. 12, 1886.”
It is smaller and thinner than the type, with the least tinge of red
outside the outer lip. Max. diam. 15, alt. 10 mill. Figured in
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. xiii, No. 2 (1886). PI. I, fig. 138.
This form, which I believe is very constant in its characters, is a
variety of Helix galloprovincialis Dupuy, which, however, is itself
undoubtedly a variety of H. cantiana.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colo., Nov. 6, 1889.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

WHAT IS SPECIES?
BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

But while we are throwing stones at the ‘new school’ across the
water, let us be sure that on this side we are not living in glass
houses. Look at the 1200 species of Unionidz ; more than half of
which we proudly claim to be residents of the waters of the
United States! Look, too, at the vast number of names we apply to
our Strepomatidee, our Planorbis, Limnzeas and Physas! There can
be no doubt that the numbers of these genera, and perhaps those of our
Zonites and Helices will be greatly cut down when the truth con-
cerning them is at last revealed to us. How many species of shells
have we, right here in our own country, which have been thoroughly
and carefully studied; of which complete collections have been
made of specimens of various ages throughout their range, and com-
pared with anything like complete collections of allied forms? Very
few indeed! I know that in the matter of naming we are all “ prone
to err as the sparks are to fly upwards.” — It is said that a naturalist
has a horror of the unnamed, and I believe it. I know collectors,
and good students too, who will not have unidentified specimens in
their cabinets, and I confess that it makes me a little fidgety to
have a shell that I cannot refer to anything. Those who collect get
such things often, and when they refuse to agree with any figure
or description, it is aggravating and then often no doubt the Father
of Temptation puts it into their heads that they are new; and the
thought of seeing their names in print attached to one of the works
of nature, and the cheap glory that accompanies it stimulates them
to name and send them out, when perhaps had their relations been
carefully studied out, they would be found to be merely forms of
something already well known. I cannot forbear in this place from
quoting from a letter written by my friend, the late Miss Annie E.
Law, one of the most careful and indefatigable students and
collectors that has ever lived in this country. Shesays: “I want
to tell you what an iconoclast I would be if I hada chance! I send
you Eurycelon Wheatleyii which came from Mr. Wheatley himself.
Now can you see any reason why Anculosa praerosa wouldn’t be
just as gooda name? In the Holston and Clinch Rivers individuals
of the same species seem to grow heavier, coarser, and generally
larger as we go down stream.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

In the upper reaches we have Jo fluviatilis, 100 miles lower
down we have I. spinosa, I. turrita, and I. brevis. I have collected
many thousands of these Io’s: spinosa is the most abundant form ;
then, after picking out a few turrita and brevis there are always a
large proportion that might fit one place as well as another ; there-
fore I would call them all spinosa, more or less developed by local
causes. Pleurocera sycamorense in one stream becomes P. estabrookii
in another, and P. unicale ina third. Goniobasis sulcosa in a brook,
becomes G. arachnoidea in a creek. Pleurocera parvum and P.
Lyoni in a creek in the mountains, become P. fastigiatum in large
streams. Dr. Lewis regarded Goniobasis livescens and G. niagarensis
the same, and I don’t see why Pleurocera curtum and P. conicum
should need different names; and when it comes to the Strephobasis
I don’t want to name them.” Such is the opinion of one who has
spent many years of her life in exhaustive research and study among
the Molluses of Tennessee. And when a like thorough search and
comparison of all the species of North America has been made I pre-
dict that there will be a wholesale addition to the list of our syn-
onyms. No doubt in a number of the cases which Miss Law cites
the difference between selected specimens was great enough to
warrant separating them and giving them names, but the trouble
was that intermediate forms of every degree were found, which com-
pletely connected them; and as in so many other cases this variation
was produced by circumstances.

Now species founded on trivial characters, or those which in-
sensibly merge into others cannot stand. I fully agree with my
friend Dr. Singley of Giddings, Texas, who says that he wants species
which he “can separate from others without the aid of a powerful
magnifier and a vivid imagination.”

A careful and earnest student from Kansas writes as follows: “I
have lately collected a large number of Planorbis trivolvis from the
rivers and creeks in this vicinity, and I find it a most interesting
shell. I can take Binney’s Land and Fresh-water shells of North
America and a box of these and duplicate a half dozen species figured
and described in it.” And I believe the same will be found to be
true of our Succineas which need a thorough pruning down in the
matter of names.

And what is a variety? If species, as they are now recognized
among conchologists, hopelessly run together, where shall the varieties
appear? What is the difference between a variety and a species, is

90 THE NAUTILUS.

a question that I have often been asked ; in fact I have often made
the same inquiry myself. When the Judge wanted to know of Sam.
Weller whether he spelt his name with a V or a W he replied:
“That depends on the taste and fancy of the speller.” And I think
that in applying specific or varietal names, much depends on the
taste and fancy of the one giving them. I think a definition of a
variety might be, a shell which evidently belongs to a given species
but which presents certain constant minor variations from the type.
Sometimes these may be color, or of size, form, sculpture; in the
presence or absence of a tooth, or other detail, but it should always
be constant to be worth anything, and even when it is, conchologists
do not adhere to any strict rule in naming. Among the cones and
olivas, coloring is often the principal distinguishing character ; while
with shells like Donax and many of the Neritas and Neritinas, it
counts for nothing.

I believe that those of us who are more conservative should collect
and study not with a view to the formation of new species, but to cut
down and relegate to the synonymy the hundreds and perhaps thou-
sands of false ones which already exist. Instead of making the
inquiry over a puzzling form, isn’t it new, it would be better to ask,
doesn’t it connect species that are now considered separate. Mr.
Tryon gloriously inaugurated the work of cutting down the list of
our names, and I believe that as great honor and fame awaits the
iconoclast in the future, as can possibly belong to the most assiduous
member of the new school of the present.

ON CREPIDULA GLAUCA.
BY JOHN FORD.

In his recently published Catalogue of the Marine Mollusks of the
Southeastern coast of the United States, Dr. Dall appears to have
altogether ignored the existence of Crepidula glauca, Say, the figure
of the latter, taken from Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts, hay-
ing been utilized by him to represent a juvenile C. fornicata, Say.
The same mistake was made by my friend, the late Mr. Geo. W.
Tryon, Jr., in one of his early publications, but a more recent
examination of a large number of specimens satisfied him that the
species was absolutely distinct from C. fornicata or any other species
belonging to the genus, ;

THE NAUTILUS. 9]

The writer’s first knowledge of the characters of the two species
certainly convinced him that they were widely separated, and in
order that this fact might be made apparent to others, some fine
suites of both forms were shown and commented upon at a recent
meeting of the Phila. Acad. of Nat. Sciences, and, it may be added,
that the conchologists present fully endorsed the views of the speaker.

The several prominent characters exhibited by C. fornicata are as
follows:

Ist, the /ateral curve of the apex, which, though very prominent,
is, as a rule, closely attached to the body of the shell.

2d, the bow-like curve of the free edge of the interior arch.

3d, the well-defined nick at the junction of the latter with the
outer wall of the shell. 4th, the concave form of the septum, which is
the same in all stages of growth.

Other characters might be noted, but those given will doubtless
suffice to separate the species, as C. glauca has none of the features
alluded to.

The apex of the latter species is quite small and comparatively
free from contact with the body of the shell. It is also horn-like in
appearance, usually shining, and but slightly inclined to curve
laterally.

The free edge of the septum is straighter than that of C. fornicata,
and the notch is not only absent but replaced by a slight advance
of that part of the plate along and against the inner wall of the
shell. Another, and perhaps the strongest character of the group is
the convex form of the septum.

This feature, which is a constant one, may be safely depended on
to distinguish the species at once from C. fornicata in which the septum
is always depressed. The general outline of the shells will also help
the student to divide the species, C. fornicata as a rule being pear-
shaped, while C. glauca is usually disk or quoit-like in form. The
prevailing color of the latter is also a distinguishing mark, the inside
of the shells being ofa dark brown color and the outside a dark gray
or purple. j

That a species so well marked as C. glauca should be dropped or
merged into another without a given reason, is no small matter, and
more than one student will doubtless thank the eminent Doctor for
some explanation.

It may be of interest for some readers of the “ Nautilus” to know
that a very fine suite of the shells can be seen in the New Jersey

<

92 THE NAUTILUS.

collection of the Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sciences ; also, that the
writer, who has collected many scores of specimens, has never found
them associated with any other species of the genus.

JOHN Forp.
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 12th, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY UNIONID.

This family formerly called Naides, embraces those shells com-
monly called fresh-water clams or mussels. They are found in
rivers aud ponds all over the world, but they reach their greatest
perfection in this country. Over twelve hundred species are known
to science, named and properly classified, of which more than half
inhabit the U.S. This family has been made the special study of
the late Dr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, who died at the advanced
age of ninety-five years, on the eighth of Dec., 1886. He devoted
fifty years of his life to the study of the Unionide and has described
more new species than all other conchologists together. He has read
before scientific and other societies one hundred and nfty-seven
papers and has been honored by degrees and honorary membership
of twenty-five of the most prominent universities and_ scientific
associations of the world. His great work, “ Observations on the
genus Unio” consists of thirteen quarto volumes, illustrated by
hundreds of beautiful plates.

The shells of this family are not in general very attractive on the
outside, but the interior of the valves are always lined with a beau-
tiful pearly substance called nacre, which in some specimens are
pure white and in others salmon, rose-red, blue, green, purple, ete.
The sexes in this family are distinct, which is an exception to the
rule ina large majority of the species of Mollusca, where the sexes
are united in each individual. The shells exhibit but little varia-
tion in form except the usual one, that the females are more ventri-
cose and broader behind than the males.

The animals of this family are all capable of producing pearls,
some of which are of great beauty and value. In one instance six-
teen pearls were obtained from a single specimen. One of the

THE NAUTILUS. 93

objects of Czesar’s expedition to Great Britain was to obtain pearls
from the fresh-water clams of that country. The pearl fisheries of
Scotland in the river Tay, were continued until the end of the last
century and many large and beautiful pearls were found in the
river Tyronne, in Ireland.

One of the finest of the English pearls is now in Queen Victoria’s
crown. Old and deformed specimens are the most liable to contain
pearls, and they consist of a nucleus of some foreign substance
such as a grain of sand, covered by successive layers of nacre
secreted by the mantle of the animal. The color of the pearls varies
with its species, and is of the same shade as the nacre which lines
the interior of the valves.

In China the natives make little flat lead casts of their idols;
these they insert between the shell and the mantle of the animal, by
prying open the valves of these clams with a wedge; the presence
of these foreign substances irritates the animal and causes it to
deposit layer after layer of nacre upon them. After a time the
shells are opened and the images removed and worn as charms.

This family is divided into six genera, three of which inhabit the
U.S.: they are called Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta.

Genus Unio, Retzius, 1788.

Shell equivalve, multiform ; hinge with a short, irregular, striated,
simple or divided tooth in each valve, and an elongated, marginal
tooth.

There are about one thousand species of this genus, nearly eight
hundred of which are American and one hundred and fifty or more
inhabit the Ohio river and its tributaries; only five of these are
found in New England and but three inhabit R. I.

187.— Unio complanatus, Solander.
Syns. :

Mya complanata, Soiand. and Dillw.

Union purpurens, Say, Desh. Barnes.

Union purpuraceus, Lam.

Union violaceus, Spengl.

Union fluviatiles, Green.

Union (Naia) complanatus, Perkins.

Shell elongated-oval; beaks at the anterior fourth, almost always
eroded; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and

94 THE NAUTILUS.

covered with a thick tar-colored or very dark green epidermis;
interior lined with a dark peach blossom nacre, sometimes salmon
colored. There is a single, erect, pyramidal, cares striated car-
dinal tooth in the right valve, and two triangular, pyramidal teeth
in the left. valve; lateral teeth long, compressed and slightly curved.
Length, 3} inches; height, 2 inches; breadth, 1 inch.

This is our most common fresh-water clam. It is found in all the
rivers in the U. 8. which empty into the Atlantic Ocean, but is not
found west of the Atlantic slope. It is also abundant in almost all
the ponds east of the Allegheny mountains. It might be collected
by bushels in the Blackstone River, Cunliff’s Pond, Old Warwick
Pond and many others. It is a favorite article of food for the musk-
rat, which devours them in great numbers, leaving piles of empty
shells on the edges of the streams and ponds. It is a very curious
thing how the muskrat can open the sheli and devour the animal
without leaving a mark of teeth or claw upon the shell. Specimens
freshly cleaned of their contents are in as fine condition for the cab-
inet as those obtained alive and prepared on purpose, the two valves
held together perfectly by the ligaments, and the edges or margins
of the shell unbroken.

188.— Unio nasutus, Say.

Syns.:

Mya nasuta, Wood.

Eurynea nasuta, Stimp, Perkins, Morse, ete.

Unio rostratus, Valenc.

Unio nasutus, Say, Con. Lea, Gld. Dall, ete.

Shell slender, very inequilateral; beaks small, pointed and
slightly elevated, posterior produced so as to form a snout, from
which peculiarity its specific name. There are usually two or three
radiating lines running from the beaks to the end of the snout.
Surface smooth; epidermis glossy, of a dark olive-green color,
becoming dusky in old specimens. Nacre silvery white, iridescent,
sometimes with shades of bluish or salmon; cardinal teeth delicate,
compressed and directed obliquely forwards; cavity of the beaks
small. Length, 3 inches; height, 1} inches; breadth, 4 inch.

Described by Thos. Say in Nich. Eney. 181o. It fs quite a com-
mon shell in the Middle and some of the Western States, but is very
rare in New Eng. It has been found in only four localities in Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

and in one in Conn., and after searching in vain for several years
and having given up all hopes of finding it in R. I., I unexpectedly
discovered a locality in the summer of 1871. In hunting for other
species of shells in Cunliff’s Pond at Elmville, in Cranston, I saw
a few single valves of this species lying near the shore ; knowing
that if dead shells were on the bank, live ones must be in the pond,

I went in, and succeeded in finding several splendid specimens of
this rare and unique species.

GENERAL NOTES.

New AMERICAN SHELLS. The following species are described
in a paper read before the Philadelphia Academy. Pupa Sterkiana,
a cylindrical species, the shape of P. muscorum, but nearly as large
as armifera, the mouth without teeth, surface strongly rib-striate,
from Lower California. Zonites selenitoides, a Californian species, a
little larger than Z. minusculus, ribbed like Selenites duranti. Helix
Streatori, from Caymon Id., south of Cuba, allied to H. gaussoini
Tryon, but more depressed, banded with chestnut color, and with
more conical spire.—Pilsbry.

Pa@cCILOZONITES CIRCUMFIRMATUS var. CORNEuS. This is different
from the typical form in lacking color-markings. Shell thin, fragile,
horn-colored. The specimens were given me by the ABBE VATHE-
LET, who collected them in Bermuda.—Pilsbry.

Pupa wanTep. The editor wishes to obtain specimens of Pupa
decora Gld. for comparison with Western shells. A liberal exchange
will be given.—Pilsbry.

LIMAX AGRESTIS IN PHILADELPHIA. I have just examined a
series of 21 examples of this species collected in Philadelphia, Pa.,
and kindly sent to me by Mr. H. A. Pilsbry. So far as one can
judge from alcoholic specimens, five color-varieties are represented.
Two specimens appear white, and may be referred to var. albidus,
Picard. Six are pale ochery, and spotless, and are referable to
typicus Less. and Poll., but approach rufescens in their color. Six
have very indistinct brownish marbling or reticulation, and may be
classed under Moquin’s var. obscurus. Five are var. sy/vaticus Mog.
(now Drap.), and two are to be regarded as V. reticulatus, although
differing slightly from the description of that variety. One specimen

96 THE NAUTILUS;

has the mantle distinctly bifid anteriorly,
formation which I have not before seen.

a very interesting mal-

T. D. A. CocKERELL.
West Cliff, Colorado, Dec. 7, 1889.

Hyatrnra Srerxkit Dall, originally found near New Philadelphia
(Tuscarawas Co.), Ohio, has also been collected in the Northeast
(either Summit or Lake Co.) of the same state—Dr. Sterki.

For THE EXAMINATION of small and minute species of Hyalinia,
Pupa, Vertigo, ete., it is just the right thing to have everything
collected in a locality mixed up; that will allow the best idea of the
malacological character of a place—Dr. Sterki.

Pura Houzrncert, Sterki, proves to be widely distributed in the
Northwest. Since the first few examples were known it has been
collected in Will and LaSalle Counties, Illinois, by Mr. J. H. Ferriss,
of Joliet, Ill. From-lowa, Nebraska and Dakota (Ft. Berthold),
I found it in collections, under various names. From Minnesota I
know of none after the first examples from Winona.—Dr. Sterki.

Dr. Datu has recently proposed a new classification of the
Bivalves, very different in some respects from the old arrangements
founded on the number of muscles or gills. An abstract will appear
in the January NAUTILUs.

AN INTERESTING little book has been received from Prof. R. E.
C. Stearns, on “ Ethno-Conchology; a study of Primitive money ”
(Ex Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Romance and love, pearls, treasures,
dashing Spanish cavaliers, and all manner of attractive things illu-
minate the earlier pages; from these the author descends to the
more sordid and commonplace money-cowries, and to strings of
purple and white wampum, Dentalium-money and Haliotis-money.
It is all so interesting that we will not quote, but recommend the
entire paper to our readers.

pee NAGTILUS.

VOL. Il. JANUARY, 1890. No. 9.

IN A MAINE CONCHOLOGIST’S HUNTING GROUNDS.

Next to the pleasure of being in a region which has not been
scientifically explored, the student of natural history finds most
delight in visiting a place where some shining luminary in his
favorite branch has made his mark. There is the earnest resolve to
find every species mentioned by the earlier scholar, and the tempting
hope of something new. Such a spot is the beautiful town of Bethel,
Me., the old stamping ground of Edward 8. Morse. Those who
have read his papers on the land and fresh water shells of Maine,
on the land Mollusks of New England, and his more general articles
on the Pupas and Vertigos, can but regret that the greater attrac-
tions of Japanese pottery and the lecture platform, drew him away
from studies of conchology. For he is a man who goes deep into
whatever subject he takes up, even the humble land snails no larger
than radish seeds. It was at Bethel that Morse discovered the
curious little Planogyra asteriscus, the lusterless steel-blue Zon-
ites ferreus, and the tiny Vertigo ventricosa. I found the former
abundant in a swampy place beneath some pine trees on the edge of
the wide Androscoggin intervales, early in October. The layers of
damp leaves were alive with many species of minute shells, Zonites
milium and Z. Binneyanus, both Morse discoveries, were very rare,
but Z. exiguus, Z. radiatulus, Z. fulvus, Patula lineata, Vertigo
Gouldii, Pupa contracta and Carychium exiguum were plentiful.
By taking up each dead leaf separately, a few brown specks were some-
times found, which a magnifying glass revealed as Punctum pygmae-
um or minutissimum. In dryer places, beneath pieces of bark, and
fallen trees were other tiny shells. Zonites ferreus, Patula striatella

98 THE NAUTILUS.

a single Patula harpa, Helix labyrinthica and Zonites arboreus.
An old oak stump in the pasture was the hiding place of Helix
monodon. Beneath fern roots in a clump of oak trees in the inter-
vale I discovered Macrocyclis coneava, Succinea obliqua and
Vitrina limpida, perhaps the most slimy and difficult to handle of
all shells, after being plunged into hot water previous to cleaning.
Lastly, where the brook moistened the mossy rocks and the roots of
the great beach trees, was the home of the plainly beautiful Helix
albolabris. Only in one spot did I find the asteriscus. Perhaps
Morse found his type specimens in that identical spot. Whether he
did or not is immaterial, but he could hardly have found a better
place, or experienced more pleasure in the discovery than I did.

It was Edward 8. Morse who remarked that the multitude of
intelligent young people who spend hours in the puzzle departments
of magazines, and obtain simply an answer to clever word juggling,
could find equally entertaining puzzles in Nature’s book, the solving
of which would bring more than mere words. They would find
that the life history of natural objects had all the fascination of a
well-written story—the turning of everv page, arousing increased
interest in what might follow.

Our young students of conchology should be induced to look
among the little shells for new discoveries. Anybody can pick up
Helix albolabris in its home, but only those who know what they
are looking for can find Planogyra asteriscus. Let us see if the
influence of Morse and his Bethel shells can be made to animate a
new generation of pupils.

EpwaRpD W. Roper.

NOTE ON CREPIDULA GLAUCA SAY.

BY W. Bo DAL.

My friend, Mr. John Ford, raises the question of the omission of
this alleged species from the Hst of Mollusks of our southeastern
coast and asks for an explanation. In reply, I would say that the
specimens named C. glauca by Stimpson and others among the older

THE NAUTILUS. 99

naturalists, which have come under my notice have all appeared to
me to be referable to C. fornicata (LL) Lam., or to the variety of
C. convexa Say which has grown upon a broad, not very convex, or
perhaps a partly concave surface. A fine series of shells from Cape
May, submitted to me by Mr. Ford as C. glauca come under the
latter category. They are distinct from C. fornicata, but they do
not show the: characters called for by Say’s description, which in
itself presents no features to distinguish the shell he describes from
the young and spotted form of C. fornicata, to which I have no
doubt it belonged. Such shells are in the National Museum labeled
C. glauca by Stimpson. It may not be known to all our concholo-
gists that the extremely high and usually dark-colored forms of
Crepidula, such as C. convexa (typical) and C. adunca of California,
derive their peculiar appearance from roosting on some gasteropod,
and that wider and less elevated forms of the same species can
almost always be found, if not in the same locality, at least in a
geographical series of wide range. The difficulties, in the way of a
satisfactory determination of such semi-parasitic forms as the Calyp-
treide are very great, and increase in my experience with the
amount of material subjected to study. Thatthere may be a distinct
form entitled to be called C. glauca I do not wish positively to deny,
but I must confess that I have never seen one and therefore have
grave doubts of its existence.

A LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF COLORADO.

(Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association. )

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the “ Journal of Conchology,” vol. vi, pp. 60-65, I gave some
preliminary remarks on the Mollusca of Colorado, stating that from
the lack of records and other reasons, a complete list could not then
be prepared. Since then a considerable amount of material and
information has been gathered, and while much remains unknown,
there is sufficient ascertained to seem to warrant the presentation of
a faunal list. In this list the localities are not all given in detail, as

100 THE NAUTILUS.

it has been deemed unnecessary to repeat details of this kind which
have been published elsewhere. Many species are considered by the
author to be identical with those uf Europe; some of these are
considered distinet by good authorities, and pending sufficient
anatomical comparisons, are retained as varieties. | A distinction is
also drawn between “ forms” and “ varieties.”

LIMACID.

Agriolimax campestris var. montanus (Ing.), Grand Co. (Ingersoll),
Agriolimax Morch presents differences from Limax proper which are
probably to be considered generic. A. montanus cannot be distin-
guished from campestris by external characters, and I do not think
its anatomical ones warrant specific separation.

A. campestris montanus form castaneus (Ing.) Blue River Valley
(Ingersoll). Probably only a young example of montanus, and
certainly no better than a variety. Vide J. of Conch. V, 358.

A. campestris montanus form typicus Ckll. Custer Co.; Chaffee
Co.; Saguache Co.; Fremont Co. (Canon City) ; Summit Co. ; Eagle
Co.; Mesa Co.; Gunnison Co. \

A. campestris montanus form intermedius Ckll. Saguache Co.;
Fremont Co. (Canon City); Pueblo Co. (Wales Canon) ; Custer Co.
(Wet Mountain Valley) ; Summit Co.; Mesa Co.; Delta Co.

A. campestris montanus form tristis Ckll. Lake Co.; Summit Co. ;
Delta Co. A few specimens of A. agrestis and Helix nemoralis, from
Burlington, New Jersey, have been liberated at West Cliff, Custer
Co.

Vitrina pellucida var. limpida (Gould). White Earth River
(Ingersoll) ; Dillon, Summit Co.; Swift Creek, Custer Co. ; Grand
Mesa, Mesa Co.; Wales Canon, Pueblo Co.; Cottonwood Gulch,
Saguache Co.; near Mam Mts., Mesa Co.; West Fork of Surface
Creek, Delta Co.; South Park (Yarrow).

V. pfeifferi Newe. Head of Gunnison River (Binney); San
Juan Co. (Ingersoll); E. Fork Arkansas River, Lake Co.; near
Cattle Creek, Garfield Co. ; near Mam Mts., Mesa Co. ; Breckenridge
(Hy. Prime); Rock Creek, Routt Co. ; Fort Garland (Yarrow) ;
Twin Lakes (Yarrow).

Hyalina nitida (Miull.) High alpine (Carpenter), needs con-
firmation. s

Hyalina arborea (Say). San Juan Co. (Ingersoll); Williams
Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); South Park (Yarrow); Twin

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Lakes (Yarrow); near West Cliff, Custer Co.; Micawber Mine,
10,000 feet, Custer County; Wales Canon, Pueblo County ; Slate
Creek, Summit Co.; Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Black Lake Creek,
Summit Co. ; Chalk Creek, Chaffee Co. ; Divide Creek, Garfield Co. ;
Plateau Creek, Mesa Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; near Egeria,
Routt Co,

HI. arborea torm viridula Ckll. (Science Gossip, 1889, 257.)
Horseshoe Bend Gulch, 10,000 ft., Custer Co., and other localities
in the same district.

HI. radiatula (Alder). Saguache Co. (Ingersoll); South Park
(Yarrow). This is electrina Gld., but it may rot be viridula Menke.

Hi. radiatula form radiatula (Alder). Pueblo Co.; Smith’s Park,
Custer Co.; Mesa Co.; near Cattle Creek, Garfield Co.

H. radiatula form viridescenti-alba (Jeffreys). Smith’s Park,
Custer Co.; Mesa Co.

H. minuscula (Binney). Mountains near Ft. Garland (Yarrow).

H. (Conulus) fulva var. chersina (Say). White Earth River
(Ingersoll) ; South Park (Yarrow); Twin Lakes (Yarrow) ; near
West Cliff, Custer Co.; Micawber Mine, 10,000 ft., Custer Co. ;
Pueblo Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; near Egeria, Routt Co. ;
Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co. ; Surface Creek, Delta Co. ; Divide Creek,
Garfield Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co. H. chersina seems
to me a pure synonym of fulva, but Mr. Ancey regards it as
probably distinct.

HELICIDZ:.

Patula strigosa (Gould). Grand R. (Binney); Gilpin Gulch
(H. Prime); Blue River (Yarrow); Saguache (Yarrow).

Patula strigosa form globosula nov. Small, globose, dark above
periphery with two bands, transverse grooved striz rather well
marked. Diam. 113, alt. 8} mill. Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.
The specimen seems immature, but is remarkable as being the only
form I have seen in Colorado that is nearer to strigosa than Coopert.
Is is doubtless allied to var. Gouldi Hemphill.

P. strigosa var. Cooperi W. G. Binney. Grand River (Binney) ;
Blue River Valley (Ingersoll); Gilpin Gulch (H. Prime); Will-
iams Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); Morrison, Lyons, and St.
Vrain Canon (A. Eastwood); Gunnison (E. W. Roper); Middle
Park and North Park (Ingersoll); near Durango (A. Eastwood) ;
Micawber Mine, Custer Co.; Kremmling, Grand ‘Co.; Egeria,

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Routt Co.; Pueblo Co. (R. Cusack) ; Hardscrabble Canon, Custer
Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.; Pottery Pass, about 11,500
feet, Summit Co.; Red Cliff, Eagle Co.; near Glenwood Springs,
Garfield Co.; near Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Surface Creek,
Delta Co.; near White Earth Creek, Gunnison Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form typica Ckll. Canon City (T. Morgan) ;
Cave of the Winds, Manitou (E. W. Roper), and many other
localities.

P. strigosa coopert form trifasciata Ckll. Mesa Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form confluens Ckll. West Mountain Valley,
Custer Co.; Garfield Co.; Mesa Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form elevata Ckll. Delta Co.

P. strigosu cooperi var. depressa noy. Shell flattish, max. diam.
214, alt. 123 mill. Specimens of this variety were sent to me by
Miss A. Eastwood, who found them in a canon near Durango.
The same variety is figured by Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells
(1885), p. 166, fig. 153.

P. strigosa cooperi form major noy. Shell with diam. 25 mill.
Near head of North Mam Creek, Mesa Co., Sept. 14, 1887.

P. strigosa cooperi var. minor Ckll. Near Egeria, Routt Co.,
abundant. It is quite a distinct local race.

P. strigosa var. hemphilli (Newe.) Williams Canon, Manitou
(Binney). This perhaps requires confirmation. The examples of
strigosa I have seen from Williams Canon are ordinary cooperi. The
young of cooperi is keeled.

P. striatella (Anth.) Twin Lakes and South Park (Yarrow) ;
Este’s Park (Binney); Grand Co. (Ingersoll); Gilpin Gulch (H,
Prime); Williams Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); Swift Creek,
Custer Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; Rock Creek, Routt Co.;
Powderhorn, Gunnison Co.; Divide Creek and near Cattle Creek,
Garfield Co.; Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Black Lake Creek, Sum-
mit Co.

P. striatella form albina (Morse). Near Mam Mts., Mesa Co
Differs from the type in having a white shell.

P. ruderata var. eronkhitet (Newe.) Blue River Valley (Inger-
soll) ; Cottonwood Gulch, Saguache Co. ; Micawber Mine, Chester Co.

P. ruderuta eronkhitet form viridula noy. Shell greenish-white.
Micawber Mine, Custer Co.

P. ruderata var. gorktschana Mouss. Ouray Co. (Binney).

P. (Punctum) pygmea var. minutissima (Lea). Willow Creek,

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Custer Co. I doubt whether minutissima is separable even as a
variety from pygmea.

P. (Punctum) conspecta (Bland.) San Juan Co. (Ingersoll).

P. (Thysanophora) ingersolli (Bland). San Juan Co. (Inger-
soll); near Brush Creek, 10,000 ft., Custer Co.; Clearwater Creek,
Grand Mesa, Mesa Co. <A species of high altitudes.

P. (Helicodiscus) lineata (Say). Animas Valley (Ingersoll).

Helix (Stenotrema) monodon Rack. Colorado Springs (Yarrow).
Beyond this record, nothing is known of any species of the group
in Colorado. Probably the Colorado Springs H. monodon was
introduced by human agency.

H. (Vallonia) pulchella var. costata (Miull.) San Juan Co.
(Ingersoll) ; South Park (Yarrow); Micawber Mine, Custer Co. ;
Rock Creek, Routt Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; Pueblo Co.; near
Salida, Chaffee Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.; Buzzard
Creek, Mesa Co.; near Cattle Creek, Garfield Co. Perhaps costata
deserves to rank as a species distinct from pulchel/a.

H. pulchella costata form cyclophorella (Ancey). The ribs in
this form are close and delicate, but it seems to me referable to
costata. Mr. Ancey has identified a specimen from West Mountain
Valley as cyclophorella, and indeed, if the name is to be adopted, it
will probably include at least a majority if not all of the Colorado
specimens of Vallonia. Vide 11th Rept. Colo. Biol. Assn. (1889).

H. pulenella pulchella Mill. Binney records pu/chella from Este’s
Park, but it is probable that the form was costatu.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, Dec. 10, 1889.

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

The following is a list of the shells which came under my observa-
tion while living at St. Augustine from 1881-88.

As very little dredging was done it is probably far from complete,
but as some of the notes may be of interest to the Conchologist, I
herewith submit it to the readers of the Nautilus.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Octopus rugosus Bose. A few which are evidently this species,
one large specimen is preserved in alcohol.

Argonauta argo L. Occasionally a shell is found after a storm,

Loligo pealti Lesueur. Quite common.

Ommastrephes bartramii Lesueur. One specimen, probably this
species, is preserved in alcohol in a private collection.

Spirula perontt Lam. The internal spiral shells are common
among the debris after storms.

Murex spinicostata Valence. Living examples are rare. I have
seen but three. By the numbers found in the shell mounds and
fields it seems to have formally been quite plentiful and a special
object of capture among the aborigines.

Urosalpinx cinereus Say. Common on oysters.

Eupleura caudata Say. A few specimens.

Purpura hemastoma L. var. floridana Cour. Common on the old
light-house rocks. It varies greatly in form. I have specimens
varying from those without a shoulder or tubercles on the body-
whorl, to those that are shouldered and bearing two prominent rows
of tubercles.

Purpura hemastoma L. var. undata Lam. A few specimens found
with the above.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. I think that this is distinct from F.
tulipa L. The specimens collected here show no intermediate form.
It seems to have a more limited distribution. I do not remember
seeing any in the southern part of Florida, and among the quantities
of shells brought from the Bahamas I never observed one, though F.
tulipa L., is quite common. A color variety is occasionally found
here in which the maculations and revolving lines are reddish-yellow
to pink.

Fusciolaria tulipa Linn. Not common.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kien. Several specimens. I found a living
specimen in the harbor nearly two feet in length.

Fulgur carica Gmel. Common and quite destructive to the
oysters.

Fulgur carica Gmel. var. eliceans Mont. Thick and gibbous, with
fewer and larger spines, occasionally a double row of spines on the
shoulder of the whorls. More plentiful than the typical.

Fulgur perversa Linn. Common and some unusually large
specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Fulgur canaliculata Say. Not common, and smaller than those
from more northern localities.

Fulgur pyrum Dillw. Not common.

Nassa vibex Say. Common on the sand bars between tides.

Nassa acuta Say. Rare. I doubt whether this is the same as N.
ambigua Mont. This was the most common gasteropod in a deposit
of shell brought up from forty feet below the surface in sinking the
well of the Ponce de Leon Hotel.

Nassa obsoleta Say. Common on the mud between tides.

Nassa trivittata Say. A few on the ocean beach usually sea worn.

Marginella apicina Menke. A few sea-worn specimens.

Olivella mutica Say. Common on Bird Island beach.

Olivella mutica Say var. nitidula Dillw. More plentiful than the
typical.

Oliva litterata Lam. Common. The specimens found here are
longer and more cylindrical than those from the Gulf coast.

GENERAL NOTES.

ARION FOLIOLATUS GOULD, REDISCOVERED. You may announce
in your Journal, if you wish, that Hemphill has sent one living
Arion foliolatus Gld., from Olympia, Washington. One big fellow
is over four inches long. It agrees perfectly with Gould’s descrip-
tion and figures, though not quite so deep a red as the latter. It has
the internal plate of Prolepis. The caudal mucus “ pit” is, very
plainly seen. Jaw with over 22 ribs, wide, low, scarcely arcuate.—

W.G. Binney, Jn letter to Ed.

Liwax Hewsroni Cooper 1x Los ANGELES County. In “ No-
menclature and Check-list of North American Land Shells,” the
Limax Hewstoni is not quoted south of San Francisco. I have
often found a shelless snail at this place and these have been identi-
fied by Dr. J. G. Cooper of California as the Limax (Amalia)
Hewstoni—M. Burton, Williamson University, Los Angeles County,
California.

Kansas Suetts. I have identified the following species of Land
Shells from Sedgwick County, Kansas: Pupa contracta, corticaria,
armifera, rupicola, fallax, Hyalina indentata and arborea; Helico-

106 THE NAUTILUS.

discus lineatus, Strobila labyrinthiea, Vallonia pulchella var. costata,
Limax campestris and Bulimulus dealbatus, also Pupa fallax and
rupicola from Kingman County, 60 miles west of Wichita. Is it in
any way remarkable to find so many species of Eastern and South-
eastern Shells so far West and North of this?—FrANK J. Forp,
Wichita, Kansas, in letter to Ed.

CREPIDULA GLAUCA vs. C. CONVEXA. In the discussion of these
Crepidulas the fact seems to have been lost sight of that if identical
(as I have no reason to dispute) the name glauca has precedence
over conveva in the original paper by Say in the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The names would
stand thus: C. glawea Say for the type form, and C. glauca var.
convexa Say, for the high rounded form, if it be considered of even
varietal importance.—H. A. ‘P.

ScaLaria of the New Jersey Coast. Under the name of S.
angulata there have been included two species by most authors
and collectors. These have been separated and the differential
characters pointed out by Dr. Dall, in his great work on the
‘Blake’ Mollusks, who proposes for the more slender, elongated
one the name Scala sayana. This very form is, however, the true S.
humphreysii of Kiener, described and figured many years ago. The
synonymy of the two forms has become so confused that I give it
below in systematic order.

Scala angulata Say.

S. clathrus var. angulata Say, Amer. Conchol., pl. 27, two upper
figures.

S. angulata Say, Sowerby in Thes. Conch., I, p. 86, pl. 32, fig. 5
1847; and in Conch. Jeconica, vol. XIX, fig. 14.

S. angulata Say, Tryon in Amer. Marine Conchol., p. 77, fig. 140
(bad); and in Manual of Conchology, vol. LX, p. 70.

S. angulata Say, Dall in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37, p. 122.

>

Scala humphieysit Wiener.

S. humphreysii Kiener in Species et Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,
Scalaria, p. 15, pl. 5, fig. 16.

fo)

THE NAUTILUS. 107

S..lineata Gould in Invert. of Mass., Binney’s edit., fig. 580, but
not description.

S. sayana Dall, Report on Blake Gasteropoda, p. 309; and Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37, p. 123, pl. 50, fig. 10.

The mistake of considering S. humphreysii a synonym originated
with Sowerby. By blunder it is quoted “ hwmphreysiana” in the
Conchologia Iconica, and Tryon evidently followed that work in-
stead of the original in the Manual of Conchology. To Dr. Dall
belongs the credit of discriminating the species from S. angulata,
and I regret the necessity which compels me to place the name he
proposed in the synonymy. S. humphreysii is more plentiful than
the real S. angulata on the Southern New Jersey Coast.—H. A. P.

TEETH oF Snaits. The Editor has recently received from Miss
Anna Goodsell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., a number of beautifully
mounted radulze of Western Mollusks. If conchologists who possess
microscopes of even very moderate powers will examine these
beautiful structures they cannot but become interested in them.
Odontophores of numerous Western species can be obtained of Miss

Goodsell.—P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION AND SYSTEMATIC OF PyRGULA by
C. E. Beecher. (Ex. Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc.) The dentition of
this interesting genus for many years a desideratum is figured and its
character discussed by Mr. Beecher. He concludes that Pyrgula is
most nearly allied to the Melanians. The true position of the genus
seems to us to be with Buicalia and its subgroups, Micromelania and
a few other small groups, which agree in having no basal denticles
to the central teeth. The entire anatomy, the shells, and the radula
(apart from this one character of lacking basal denticles) is that of
Amynicola and other fresh-water rissoids, not at all like Welania. Dr.
Fischer has already included Baicalia in the Hydrobiide as a sub-
family, Baicaliine. I would enlarge his subfamily to include not only
Baicalia and its sections, but also Pyrgula and Micromelania. The

108 THE NAUTILUS.

North and South American so-called Pyrgula belong to Pyrgulopsis
Call and Pilsbry and Lyrodes Doring, and group with Amnicola.—P.

NOTICE TO YOUNG COLLECTORS.

The proprietors wish to state that beginning with the February
number, the young readers of Tar Naurrivus will be provided
with an

.

AMATEUR’s CORNER

in which the rudiments of Conchology will be taught, illustrations
of well-known shells given, scientific terms explained, and any other
information given which will be of interest to young collectors. Prof.
Josiah Keep, author of that popular book “ West Coast Shells,”
Dr. V. Sterki and others have promised to contribute articles to this
department, and we look forward to a good time in our renewed
search for “ Shell Knowledge” in company with you.

We would state that together with the Latin terms used we will give
the common names of shells when they have any.

H. A. Ped; Wiseee

1 te NAUTILUS.

VOL. III. FEBRUARY, 1890. No. 10.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEW YORK.

BY W. 5S. TEATON:

Near the east shore of the Hudson, midway between Tivoli and
Barrytown, in Duchess Co., New York, is Cruger’s Island. It has
an area of seventy-five acres, and is so richly endowed with beauties
and attractions—nature’s gifts, which the owners have carefully
fostered—that to the visitor it seems a place of enchantment. The
scenery is especially fine; an almost undisturbed view for miles up
and down the “ Rhine of America,” with the majestic Catskills some
ten miles distant to the west, a beautiful background to the picture;
while from its many winding paths are ever-changing vistas of water,
mountain and sky.

At the northeasta large stream, the White Clay Kill, rushes down
the rocks through a romantic glen and has its outlet. South of
this, for a long distance, fringing the east shore of the eave, and hay-
ing a width varying from an eighth to a half mile, is an extent of
heavily-wooded land of perhaps two hundred acres, part of a park-
like domain of Revolutionary days called “ Almont.” The soil is of
decided clayey character, and there are a half dozen little rivulets
coming from the hills at the east running through to the river,
With their numerous tributary branches they have cut their way
down through the plastic earth making quite an intricate succession
of deep gullies.

Here are hundreds of grand, massive white oaks, beeches, and
hickories, growing so thickly as to almost shut out a glimpse of the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

sky. It is a scene of primitive sylvan grandeur not often found
in this part of the country. Great numbers
of fallen trees and decaying logs are lying in
every ravine, and the ground is thickly
carpeted with leaves. It is thus an ideal
home for the land snails, which flourish in

Helix albolabris. abundance, and a “happy hunting ground ”
for the enthusiastic collector, who, if he pays it a visit during a warm,
humid day of summer—just after a shower for instance, when every-
thing among the trees is saturated, and the air is smoking with
will find the woods literally teeming with Mollusean life.
The writer on one such day
rarried home actually two
quarts of splendid live speci-
mens in his pockets, besides

moisture

= having filled all his colleet-
H. palliata. ing boxes. They speedily
a slimy mass, not conducing in any great degree to
personal comfort, but who among the Nautilus people
could resist a like temptation ?

At such a time an abundance of Helix albolabris,
large and beautiful, and H. thyroides, crawling about

the logs, and traveling among the leaves; plentiful

supplies of H. alternata and palliata, but keeping
H.palliata. nearer at home; ocasionally a Zonites fuliginosus—
a very pretty shell when perfect ; many of H. tridentata ; H. monodon
(fraterna), and hirsuta to be had on closer search among the stones
in the vicinity of the falls; while down at the river’s edge, on the
rushes and weeds, are thousands of Suecinea ovalis, and associated
with them though in greatly lessened proportion. is an elongated
form of S. avara of dark amber color, some individuals of which are
found reaching 11 millimeters in length.

Patula alternata.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. ia

NEW WESTERN SLUGS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Prophysaon pacificum Cockerell, n. sp.

Length (in aleohol) 173 mill. Body and mantle ochery-brown,
head and neck gray. Mantle granulated, rather broad, with a black
band on each side not reaching the anterior border ; these bands are
furthest (2+ mill.) apart near the respiratory orifice, from which
point they converge posteriorly, and anteriorly by the bending of
the band on the right side. Length of mantle 7{ mill., breadth 4
mill. Respiratory orifice 3} mill. from anterior border. Body
cylindrical, rounded and very blunt at end, not conspicuously taper-
ing. Distance from posterior end of mantle to end of body, 8 mill.
Body dark grayish-ochre above, with an indistinct pale dorsal line ;
sides paler. Reticulation distinct, with indistinct “ foliations.” Sole
somewhat transversely wrinkled, but not differentiated into tracts.
Jaw dark, strongly curved, blunt at ends, with about 10 well-
marked ribs. Lingual membrane, with about 35-1-35 teeth ; centrals
tricuspid, the side cusps very small, laterals bicuspid, marginals with
a large sharp straight point, and asmall outer one. Compared with
P. humile the centrals are slightly shorter and broader. Liver dark
gray-brown.

Found by Mr. H. F. Wickham under logs in ditches by the road-
side and damp places at Victoria, Vancouver Island, 1889.

This is a very distinct species, easily recognized by its color, the
absence of dark bands on the body, the pale dorsal line, and the
blunt posterior extremity.

Prophysaon flavum Cockerell, n. sp.

Length (in aleohol) 25 mill. © Body and mantle dull ochreous,
head and neck ochreous. Mantle tuberculate-granulose, grayish-
ochre, pale at edges, and with black marbling or spots in place of the
bands of P. pacificwum. Length of mantle 11 mill., breadth 52 mill.
Respiratory orifice 5 mill. from anterior border. Body cylindrical,
hardly tapering, and blunt at end. Distance from posterior end of
mantle to end of body, 14 mill. Body dark grayish-ochre above,
with a pale ochreous dorsal line not reaching much more than half
its length; sides paler. Reticulations distinct, “foliated.” Sole
with well-marked transverse lines or grooves, those of either side

1 THE NAUTILUS.

meeting in a longitudinal median groove, which divides the foot into
two portions. Liver pale grayish. “ Uniform tawny as is Limax
flavus. It stretches itself out in a worm-like shape unlike other
species. Internal shell plate, jaw and tongue as in Andersont.”
(W. G. Binney.) ,

Gray’s Harbor, Washington. (Hemphill, 1889.)

This is probably a variety of P. pacificum.
Prophysaon ceruleum, n. sp.

Length (in alcohol) 223 mill, in motion, 45 mill. Body and
mantle clear blue-gray, paler at sides, sole white. Mantle finely
granulated, broad, without markings. Length of mantle 7 mill,
breadth 5 mill. Respiratory orifice 24 mill. from anterior border.
Body subcylindrical, tapering, pointed. (In one specimen eaten off
at the end.) Distance from posterior end of mantle to end of body,
107 mill. .

The reticulations take the form of longitudinal equidistant lines,
occasionally joined by transverse lines, or coalescing. Sole not
differentiated into tracts. Jaw pale, strongly ribbed. Liver white.
Mr. Binney sends me colored drawings of the living animal; the
neck is long and white, or very pale. Mr. Binney has examined
the jaw and lingual, and finds them as usualin the genus. Several
specimens were sent from Olympia, Washington Ter., from Mr.
Hemphill to Mr. Binney.

P. cerulewm is an exceedingly distinct species, dina iene at
once by it color and the character of its reticulations.

Prophysaon ceruleum var. dubium n. var.

Length (in alcohol) 8 mill. Length of mantle + mill. Distance
from posterior end of mantle to end of body 53 mill. Mantle broad,
with four bands composed ot coalesced black marbling, very ir-
regular in shape, and running together anteriorly. Body dark,
tapering. Sole pale, its edges gray. Liver white.

With the P. ceruleum is a small dark slug, probably a variety of
it, but differing as described above. Jt will easily be distinguished
by its blackish color and the peeuliar markings on the mantle.

Prophysaon humile Cockerell, n. sp.

Length (in alcohol) 163 mill. Body above and mantle smoke-
color, obscured by bands. Mantle wrinkled, and having a broad
dorsal and two lateral blackish bands, reducing the ground-color to
two obscure pale subdorsal bands. Length of mantle 7 mill., breadth

THE NAUTILUS. Hales

53 mill. Respiratory orifice 2{ mill. from anterior border. Body
subeylindrical, somewhat tapering, rather blunt at end. Distance
from posterior end of mantle to end of body 8 mill. Back with a
blackish band reaching a little more than half its length, and lateral
darker blackish bands reaching its whole length. Reticulations dis-
tinct, “foliated.” Solestrongly transversely striate-grooved, but not
differentiated into tracts. Jaw pale, strongly striate, moderately
curved, not ribbed. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth
about 35-1-55. Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals with
a large point, and one (sometimes two) small outer points. Liver
pale chocolate.

Found by Mr. A. F. Wickham under the bark of rotten logs in
the woods around Lake Cceur d’ Alene, Idaho, 1889.

In its reticulations, and general external characters, this species
resembles P. andersoni, of which it is possibly a variety.

OCCURRENCE OF HELICINA OCCULTA SAY, IN BROWN CO., WIS.

BY GEO. T. MARSTON.

My first knowledge of the occurrence of this mollusk in Brown
County, was in the spring of 1886, when I found a single “dead
shell” on the shore of Fox river about two miles south of DePere.

Again, on May 13, 1888, I found five (5) specimens, all alive, upon
the banks of a small creek which, rising in a limestone ridge about a
mile from where the specimens were procured and about three miles
east of DePere, flows into East or Devil River and eventually into
Green Bay.

The shells were found, within a space of 300 feet, along the banks
of this creek, the land above and below this being under cultivation.
They were isolated and were obtained only after careful search, my-
self and an assistant going over the place frequently.

A week later when another search was made, and in the spring of
1889, no specimens could be found. ;

The little tract inhabited by this shell is very rich in land and
fresh water mollusks, and seems to be a favorite resort of Helicodiscus
lineata, which lives there in great numbers.

Green Bay, Was January 28, 1890.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
BY CW. JOHNSON:

Crepidula glauca Say. I think there is no doubt but that C.
glauca and C. convexa are the same species—their form depending
on the object upon which they have grown. But I doubt whether
they are varieties of C. fornicata. In the series before me the follow-
ing characters seem to distinguish them from the typical young of
C. fornicata. Apex distant from the margin, septum thinner and less
depressed.

Crepidula unguiformis Lam. Common.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel. Not common.

Scala angulata Say. Common.

Scala humphrey Kiener. Common.

Scala multistriata Say. One specimen.

Scala turricula Sowb. Not common.

Scala lineata Say. Not common.

Tanthina fragilis Lam. A few after a storm.

Vermetus spiratus Phil. var. radicula Stimp. A few on the ocean
beach.

Turbonilla areolata Ver. One specimen.

Odostomia impressa Say. Common on oysters.

Columbella lunata Say. Common upon sea weed.

Columbella avara Say. Common.

Cancellaria reticulata. A few sea-worn specimens.

Terebra dislocata Say. Common on the sand bars in the harbor.

Clathurella plicata C. B. Ad. Common among oysters.

Daphnella cerina Kurtz & Stimp. Common among the wash of
small shells on the ocean beach.

Strombus pugilus Linn. A few sea-worn specimens. I have
never seen a trace of Sirombus costatus Gimel., in this locality.
Bahama specimens are common in the shell stores. I have specimens
from Lake Worth, Fla. (250 miles south).

Trivia pediculus Linn. Several sea-worn specimens.

Ovula uniplicatum Sowb. Common on the Leptogorgia virgulata,
a species of Gorgonia. As this varies in color (orange, yellow, white
and purple), the shells to a great extent partake of the color of the
Gorgonia on which they live.

Ovula gibbosa Linn. One living specimen on the Leptorgia.

THE NAUTILUS. ibaa)

Cassis cameo Stimp. One sea-worn specimen on the ocean beach.

Semicassis sulcosus Brug. var. inflata Shaw. Rare.

Dolium galea Linn. Several broken shells. D. perdix is not
found here.

Pyrula papyratia Say. A few sea-worn specimens.

Natica pusilla Say. Common.

Natiea duplicata Say. Common.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. Not common.

Sigaretus maculataSay. Rare. I believe that this is identical with
S. Martinianus Phill., of the West Indies. The only apparent
difference is that the revolving brown bands of S. martinianus are
irregularly divided into maculations by broad longitudinal lines
which usually represent rest periods in the growth of the shell and
are frequently on S. martinianus.

Pyramidella conica C. B. Ad. Several specimens.

Littorina irrorata Say. Common.

Littoria scabra L. var. lineata Gmel. Common on the sea wall
but much smaller than those from the southern part of the State.

Cerithium atratum Born. Common around Marsh Island.

Cerithidea scalariformis Say. Common along the marshes west of
the city.

Cerithiopsis greenit C. B. Ad. Common.

Cerithiopsis terebralis C. B. Ad. Common.

Triforis nigrocinctus C. B. Ad. Common.

(To be continued.)

A WORD TO YOUNG COLLECTORS.

BY JOSIAH KEEP.

We ought to feel a great veneration for the men who have gone
before us, and who spent so much time and strength in preparing
the way for those who were to follow. Whenever we take up the
label of a shell and see the abbreviation “ Linn.” following the specific
name, how it carries our thoughts back to the great Swedish natu-
ralist who did so much to simplify the nomenclature and enlarge the
domain of science.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

And as we cannot exercise feelings of veneration and gratitude
for mere names of unknown persons, it is well for us to become some-
What acquainted with the lives of the great naturalists whose initials
meet us whenever we glance over our collections. |For some of us,
perhaps, this is not an easy task; but fortunately books and papers
upon these subjects are becoming more common, and it is much
easier now to obtain this information than it was a few years-ago.
Such names as Say and Gould and Binney, for instance, while they
serve primarily to identify the terms which these authors applied to
their species, may themselves be studied and identified ; and as we
learn more of their pure and earnest lives, we shall have a deeper
respect and a more profound veneration for the men who studied
and wrote before we were born, and who left us the fruits of their
labors. Veneration for character and admiration for attainments
are healthful feelings, and their free exercise speaks well for the
youthful mind.

And not only for the dead, but also for the living naturalists we
should cherish these feelings, and seek for information concerning
their lives. Many of them in their youth experienced the same
perplexities and encountered the same difficulties which beset some
of us now, and as we learn of their victories we may be encouraged
to more vigorous action.

_ But while we entertain these sentiments of respect and esteem for
both the past and the present workers in science, it is well to
remember two things.

First. The men and women who are to be eminent in science
forty years hence are boys and girls now. Each year adds to the
list of the honored dead. A few, like the venerable Isaac Lea, spend
nearly a century among the scenes of their labors and pleasures ;
but others, like the lamented Tryon, are cut down suddenly, in the
midst of active vitality. The ranks are being recruited, it is true,
but the recruits must ever come from the young.

Second. Truth is greater than any of its expounders. While it
is desirable to know the names which eminent men have given to
the various species of mollusks which we collect, it is still more im-
portant to know their nature, their habits, their food, stages of growth,
and changes, and to observe their motionsand conditions of activity or
repose. Where we cannot observe the living animal, we can at least
study the shell, and notice its points of resemblance to others, also its
differences ; we can examine its structure, test its composition, note

THE NAUTILUS. ily

its variation in different specimens, and endeavor to find out for
ourselves its prevailing form and characteristics.

It may be that our investigations will lead us to conelusions differ-
ing from those which are commonly held ; in which case we have a
right.to modestly hold and express them, until the uncertain points
are settled.

Finally, the motives which should induce us to study and collect
shells are varied; but among them may be mentioned the laudable
desire to possess a series of objects which are of great beauty, both
in outline and in color; next, the wish to learn the form, nature, and
habits of the creatures which belong to one of the great sub-king-*
doms of the animate world; then an endeavor to study the questions
relating to the real meaning of the terms genus, species, and variety ;
how far they are natural and how far artificial ; and lastly, to study
modern mollusks so that we may be fitted to understand and inter-
pret the numerous fossil shells which figure so extensively in the
geological records of this grand old planet.

NOTES ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION
OF A NEW SPECIES.

BY DE. Vi. SEER

Of late, I have received, from a number conchologists in different
parts of the country, many valuable Pupidae, partly sent for
examination or determination, partly in exchange or cheerfully
given for my collection, which now contains about 575 lots (of N.
Am. Pupidae). But I need many more, especially of some difficult
and doubtful species and groups, for a thorough study of this family.
A part of these newer acquisitions are of so much importance, either
systematically, or in habits, that a few notes about them may
be welcome to the student of our malacological fauna. The latter
becomes more and more interesting, as our knowledge of the
distribution of the species is widening and their varieties and local
forms are more numerous. But also new species have been found,
and more doubtless will follow, as was and is to be expected from the
immense area of our country, of which only a small part has been
thoroughly investigated as to these little creatures.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Some species and groups are omitted here, although I have received
highly valuable materials of them, partly because they need being
studied further, partly as I intend to treat them separately.

Pupa fallax Say.

This species has been collected, in typical form, on Curacao
(Mazyck Coll), a fact which may prove, that P. modica Gld. is not
only a southern form of fallax.

Pupa arizonensis.

The shells sent out under this name by Gabb, or at least most of
them, are known to be nothing else than P. fallax, e. g., those in
Smithsonian Inst. Coll., in Coll. of the Acad. of Philadelphia. When
I found nothing else, in several of the richer private collections, I also
began thinking that P. arizonensis was nothing else than a synonym
of fallax, in spite of the description and even more the figure in
Binney’s work, which seemed to point to something of another kind.
But since I have seen the (only) type specimen of that fig, in B. &
B. Coll. (Central Park Mus., N. Y.), I know that there is really
such a thing as P. arizonensis existing. The specimen is somewhat
weathered, somewhat grayish-white, the epiconch lost—so that the-
original color cannot be determined exactly—but otherwise in
good condition. It is best compared with P. corticaria, of the same
shape, but larger (alt. 3, 5 m.), has no trace of lamellze, and a thick-
ened lip. Now, a short time ago, I received, by the kindness of Mr.
L. B. Elliott, of lowa City, a few examples of this same species. They
had been collected, as Mr. E. writes, “at Siligman, Arizona, by an
entomological friend, in the nests of large and fierce ants, used as
materials to build the nests.” They were also somewhat weathered,
but fair. And again Mr. Elliott sent me a number of Pupidae,
collected at Albuquerque, New Mexico, highly valuable things,
among which there were 2 examples of our species, in the same
condition. One of the Arizona specimens still bears its epiconch
and the color is a pale horn; all have rather fine, remote, rib-like
strize, more crowded near the aperture.

A controversy may arise about the name: Whether Gabb has seen
this shell, is not sure, but very,improbable; his own deseription’—
not to speak of the originals mentioned above—doubtless refers not
to this species, but a form of P. fallax, not differing even as a var. from
the type. On the other hand there is no doubt but that the deserip-

ly Am Journ. Concha Ll; p. so) .Ochalloou.spl. 21, f. Gr

THE NAUTILUS. 119

tion and figure in Binney’s work represent this species, and conse-
quently are the first authentic publication. Thus, in my opinion,
we have to write: P. arizonensis Binney.

Pupa holzingeri Sterki.

_ This species has a very wide range of distribution in the north-
west and west. I found 2 exa. among Pupidae from Helena, Mont.,
sent by Mr. T. B. Elliott, and one in the lot already mentioned
from Albuquerque, N. M., not much different from Ilinoisexa. In
this regard it seems to resemble its relatives, P. contracta and also
armifera which are remarkably constant ail over the country,
while some other species show a decided variability even in the same
place.

Pupa curvidens Gould.

From my studies, during about 5 years, of my own exa. (22 lots
of curvidens 34 of pentodon from all over the country) and a good
many other collections, altogether thousands of specimens, I became
satisfied that this species is to be taken up and separated from P.
pentodon Say. It is smaller, almost always more slender, and the
whorls are more slowly increasing, so that the last is relatively smaller
and less predominating than in pentodon. Quite generally, there is,
on the palatal wall near the aperture, a marked crest, and behind that
an impression, deepest at the place of the inferior palatal lamella.
The lamellz are nearly the same in both, and decidedly variable as to
their number (except the typical, apertural, columellar, basal and
the two palatals) but by far more so in curvidens than in pentodon.

A marked difference is in the station of the two. While pentodon
prefers low, moist localities, in company of Vertigo ovata, most
Hyalinias, the tumid, smooth form of Carychium (exiguum Say),
curvidens is found more in “upland” places, even on banks, steep
slopes, together with Vert. bollesiana Morse, Hyalinia exigna
Stimpson and the slender, regularly striated Carychium, where rarely
or never a Vertigo ovata will be found. It is our commonest Pupa,
here and in other parts of Ohio. P. cincinnatensis Judge is identical
with it.

Ona gravelly bank at New Philadelphia there is a peculiar form of
our species; long, slender, nearly cylindrical, with only 5 typical
lamellze, no accessory ones ; the color is somewhat greenish, and in
weathered specimens not so white as in the type. The same form
has been collected at Sewanee, Tenn., by Mr. Sanderson Smith, with

120 THE NAUTILUS.

the common, or typical, form ; and it probably will be found elsewhere.
It is so characteristic that I thought it not out of the way to name
it var. gracilis.

P. curvidens is found nearly everywhere east of the Rocky
Mountains, but it seems to go not quite so far west and north as
pentodon does.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

A party of naturalists from the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia sailed from New York on the 16th of February, for
Yucatan and Southern Mexico. Extensive collections. of plants,
mollusks, birds, insects, ete., will be made, and voleanic and other
geological phenomena studied. Prof. Heilprin, Messrs. Stone, Ives,
Baker and Leboutillier make up the personnel of the party.

We are indebted for the illustrations in this number of the
Nautitus to Dr. W. D. Hartman, of West Chester, Pa., author of
the excellent little book, ‘‘ Conchologia Cestrica,’—now becoming
scarce—and of numerous papers on Partula and Achatinella, Some
months ago we had the pleasure of going over the Doctor’s collec-
tion of these beautiful shells. In completeness it is certainly one of
the first rank, surpassing, probably, any other collection of these two
genera. In Helicina, Melania and South Sea Helices it is also very
rich.

Prof. H. A. Warp, of Rochester, N. Y., spent a few hours with
us recently. During the past year Prof. Ward has collected exten-
sively on the West Coast of South America and visited the Exposi-
tion at Paris.

Wanvrep.—Correspondents interested in Corbiculidae. Also
Helices of Cumberland subregion. Offered: Limnaea Adelinae,
Glyptostoma Newberryanum, Lucapina erenulata, Monoceros pancilira-
tum, ete. Epwarp W. Roper, Revere, Mass.

Errara.—lIn the January Navuriius the following corrections
should be made:
p- 102, 10th line from top, for “ West” read “ Wet.”
p. 102, 5th line from bottom, for “Chester” read “ Custer.”
p. 103, 20th line from top, for “ West” read “ Wet.”
A blunder also oceurs in the name of Mr. M. Burton Williamson,
University P. O., Cal.

Doe NAUTILUS.

VoL. III. MARCH, 1890. ; No. 1].

ON A NEW SPECIES OF TYLODINA

BY WM. H. DALL.

In my Report on the Blake Gasteropods I have (p. 60, pl. xiv,
figs. 9, 10) described and figured a shell, which, in the absence of the
soft parts, I was obliged to refer doubtfully to the young of Um-
braculum or Tylodina, under the head of “ Umbraculwm bermudense
Morch?”

This shell now proves to be a genuine Tylodina, different from the
species of the Mediterranean or of California, and which may take
the name ot 7. americana. The shell which was well figured as
above, in life has a membranous extension 3—5mm. wide around the
margin, continuous with the epidermis. The latter is smooth and
pale with radiating broad purplish rays of color. The animal
is much smaller than that of 7. Rafinesqui in proportion to the shell,
which abundantly covers it, and it emits a dark purple dye. It
does not seem to differ essentially in the superficial characters of its
soft parts from the species of the Mediterranean, which, however, has
not been very well figured. The gill is attached to the edge of
mantle on the right side. The other characters are much as stated
in H. & A. Adams’ generic description of the genus (Gen. Ree.
Moll. II, 42).

The Blake specimen was obtained off Havana, dead, in 80 fathoms.
The present specimen was obtained on the northern border of the
Gulf of Mexico by the U.S. Fish Commission at Station 2406, in 26
fathoms, coarse sand and broken coral, on the line between the
mouth of the Mississippi River and Cedar Keys, Florida.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

This enables us to add this interesting genus to the fauna of the
United States. Ata more convenient season I hope to describe and
figure the soft parts and dentition, but at present can only notify the
conchological world of its discovery and identification.

A NEW AMERICAN BULIMULUS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Some weeks since Mr. Averell, Business Manager of the NauTiLus,
placed in my hands examples of a Bulimulus differing notably from
all other American species, and which, in his opinion, was new.
Upon writing to Mr. G. H. Ragsdale, of Gainesville, Texas, from
whom the first specimens were obtained, I received six more in
addition to Mr. Averell’s. I propose for the new form the name
Buxuimutus Racspaver. It is about the size and form of B.
schiedeanus mooreanus W. G. B., but rather more slender and
elevated. The surface is not smooth, as in other American Bulimuli,
but strongly ribbed-striate longitudinally. The apex is blunt ; outer
lip thickened within ; columella reflexed over the narrow but open
umbilicus. The aperture is less than half the entire height of shell.
Whorls 63.

Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill.; alt. of aperture 103, diam. 7 mill.

Color, brownish corneous, somewhat translucent, the riblets opaque
white.

Mr. W. G. Binney writes as follows of the specimens submitted to
him:

“There is in my mind no’ doubt of their deserving a specific
name—unless, indeed, you are in possession of examples showing a
gradual change from the usual sculpturing to these ribs. It is not
often one gets so interesting a form to describe! Is it not nearer to
dealbatus than Schiedeanus ?”

No specimens showing a transition to B. dealbatus or schiedeanus
were found; nor have I ever seen any, although I have collected
thousands of Bulimuli in Texas and examined many hundreds more
collected by Singley, Sampson and others, from Kansas and Arkansas
to the Rio Grande. Mr. Ragsdale writes me the circumstances of its
finding as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 123

“T send by this mail more of the Bulimulus you ask about; they
are all dead shells. I could find no living ones ; and have found these
only in Cook and Montague Counties, Texas, at the top of the Red
River Bluff, associated with the small shell (He/icina orbiculata)
inclosed. The large Helix inclosed (H. roemeri) was at the foot of
Bluff in the Red River Bottom. The Bulimulus was discovered by
myself one mile north of St. Jo, Texas, in 1888, and again at the
lower end of Warren’s Bend, 25 miles N. W. of Gainesville, Texas,
December 28, 1889.”

An illustration will be given later.

ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDZ, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pupa pentodon, Say.

Not very much is to be added to the foregoing. It may be said,
that this species is not so generally found with such a pure glassy
shell, as curvidens when fresh and living, but more or less opaque
or spermaceti white. It is decidedly variable in size and also in
shape, being shorter, and more tumid or conical, in decidedly wet
localities. I have a specimen from Helena, Mont. (Mr. Elliott), and
several from Ottawa, Ont. and Winnipeg, Manitoba (sent by Mr.
Geo. W. Taylor). Those from the latter locality are long and
slender with a very strong callus inside of the parietal wall, in which
the lamelle are in appearance nearly buried.

Pupa Pilsbryana n. sp.

Among a few examples of the smaller form of ‘“ Pupa hordacea
Gabb ” now described by Mr. Pilsbry as hordeacella from Arizona, in
Mr. W. G. Mazyck’s collection, there was one specimen of an evidently
new species, well formed and mature, and fresh although dead.
Possibly there are more such in lots of the species mentioned above
and sent out by Gabb. A few days ago among Pupide from Albu-
querque I found 4 examples, although somewhat different, evidently
being of the same species, which consequently is confirmed. Known
from the region of the Rio Grande del Norte, and that of the
Colorado River, and being doubtless distinct from all the species de-
scribed, it is to be brought to general knowledge under a new name,

124 THE NAUTILUS.

for which I propose that of Mr. Pilsbry, the active student of our
Pupidee, to whom I am indebted for a number of valuable specimens
and facilities to examine such.

Description: Shell minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical-oblong
to cylindrical, somewhat attenuated towards the rather blunt apex,
colorless (when fresh glassy) with a very delicate bluish tint, smooth
and polished, with few, irregular, microscopic striae which are more
marked near the aperture. Whorls 43-53 moderately rounded with
a rather deep suture especially in the upper half, regularly and
slowly increasing, the embryonal being relatively large, the last some-
what ascending toward the aperture; the latter of moderate size,
lateral, subovate, margins approached, peristome somewhat expanded
without a thickened lip or a callus in the palatal wall; outside is a
barely perceptible trace of a crest near the margin and behind that a
slight impression most marked upon the inferior palatal fold.
Lamelle 4 or 5; one apertural, rather high of moderate length,
simple; one columellar, horizontal, of moderate size, simple ; basal
very small or wanting; palatals the typical, inferior deeper seated,
of moderate size, superior small or very smail.

Alt. 1.5-1.7 ; diam. 0.8-0.9mm.

There is a slight variation ; the example from New Mexico being
of lesser diameter, and having no trace of a basal lamella.

The soft parts have not been seen so far, but will be of high interest,
since, to judge from the shell, our species seems to be an intermediate
form between the hordeacella, etc., group, and P. curvidens, especially
its var. gracilis.

P. Pilsbryana has much resemblance in shape and size to small,
albino examples of P. hordeacella Pilsb.,. but, under a glass, is at once
distinguished by the shorter, simple apertural lamella not ending at
or very near the upper termination of the palatal margin, as it
is in hordeacella, and by the smooth surface; the fine bluish hue
may also be a distinguishing, character if it prove constant.

Vertigo (?) variolosa Gould.

So far as I know, no specimen of this species from the continent
is existing now in collections, that or those in the B. & B. collection
having been lost sometime; but in the same, among a number of P.
contracta Say, from Jamaica, one has been detected lately. Mr.
Henry Moores of Columbus, Ohio, has had one example from Cuba,
collected some 35 years ago by John Bartlett, and he was kind enough
to lend itto me. Itis more conical than in the figure and there are two

THE NAUTILUS. Paley

lamellz in the palatal wall, yet there is hardly a doubt but that it
represents Gould’s species. Messrs. Geo. W. & P. B. Webster took
much pains, last fall and winter, on their trips in eastern Florida, to
secure specimens, but so far did not sueceed. | Whoever visits the
Peninsula should look after it.

From the whole configuration and especially the lamelle, variolosa
appears to be a Vertigo.
Vertigo gouldii Binn.

The true V. gouldii* has been collected at Helena, Mont., by Mr.
I. B. Elliott, and at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. Geo. W. Taylor; from the
latter place in 2 somewhat differing forms. To mention it here, my
V. callosa has not been found South of New York, nor west of
middle Ohio, so far, to my knowledge, and among hundreds of small
Pupide collected in Northeastern Ohio, by Mr. A. Pettingell, there
was no example of that species.

Vertigo binneyana Sterki.

When this species was first published, ? I had only 2 examples
from Helena, Mont., and 2 from Winnipeg, Manitoba, but was
satisfied that it is a distinct form Since then I have seen 2 from
Glendive, Mont., and one from Albuquerque, N. Mex., the latter
differing somewhat from the northern example, but unmistakably
ranging with them, Thus it seems to live in the whole region of the
western mountains.

Vertigo bollesiana Morse.

Specimens have been collected at Sewanee, Tenn., the most
southern habitat on the continent I know of, by Mr. Sanderson
Smith. But a short time ago I saw, in a number of P. servilis Gld.,
from St. Croix, W. I., one example of this species, with rather strong
lamelle. Whether it was collected with its companions or later
accidently mixed in, is hardly to be decided otherwise than by other
specimens brought from the West Indies.

The species is variable. Most examples from New York, Ohio, etc.,
are of goodsize, regularly striate, and of chestnut color, while those from
New England and Canada are generally smaller, lighter in color and
scarcely striate or nearly smooth ; the inferior columellar (or “basal’’)
lamella is sometimes quite small or even wanting. A peculiarity of

1 Sterki, four new Vertigo sp.in Proc. Acad. Phila., 1890.
Zee Ce

126 THE NAUTILUS.

this species is a very small, nodule-like supra-apertural lamella; but
by no means constant, very often just a trace or entirely wanting. In
its European equivalent, V. substriata Jeffr., this lamella is well
formed and constant.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ARION FOLIOLATUS, GOULD.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

After remaining unknown and almost mythical for nearly forty
years, the Arion foliolatus of Gould has been rediscovered by Mr.
Henry Hemphill, in Washington Territory. Specimens were sent to
Mr. W. G. Binney, which had been found near Gray’s Harbor and
at Olympia, and which are referable to two different forms, as follows

Arion foliolatus Gould, type. One specimen agreeing with Gould’s
description and figure, from Olympia.

Arion foliolatus var. hemphilli W.G. Binney. Six specimens
from Chehalis River, near Gray’s Harbor. These slugs are described
by Mr. Binney as “ Bright yellow with bluish-black foot and edge
of foot ; reticulations dark reddish fawn.” The genitalia also differ
in some details from the type, but this may be partly due to a differ-
ent degree of maturity.

Mr. Binney has kindly sent me the internal shell, genitalia, and
skin of the typical example, as well as drawings of both, and copious
notes, and at his request I offer a few remarks on the generic position
of the species.

From the material I have examined, I should certainly have
regarded the slug as a Prophysaon with affinities to P. hemphilh.
But the Oy ppl couple has lost the end of its body, * and the

1 Mr. Bonphill in his Teeter: to Mr. Binnens es of this example :—‘*When
I found the specimen I noticed a constriction about one-third of the distance between
the end of the tail and the mantle. I placed the specimen in a box with wet moss
and leaves, where it remained for 24 hours. When I opened the box to examine
the specimen I found I had two specimens instead of one. Upon examination of
both I found my large Prophysaon had cut off his own tail, at the place where I
noticed the constriction, and I was further surprised to find the severed tail piece
possessed as much vitality as the other part of the animal. The ends of both parts
at the point of separation were drawn in as if they were undergoing a healing proc-
ess.’ When the box containing the slug reached Mr. Binney, the tail-piece was
decomposed.

Oo”

THE NAUTILUS. 127

special generic character, the caudal mucus pore, is lost. This, how-
ever, undoubtedly existed, for it is indicated in Gould’s description,
and Mr. Binney informs me that it is present in the examples of var.
hemphilli from the banks of Chehalis River. Hence the slug cannot
be a Prophysaon, and the question arises, is it an Arion? From the
peculiar reticulation, the position of the genital orifice, the shape of
the penis-sac, and the general character of all its parts, I think we
may safely say that it cannot be placed in Arion, nor does it agree
with any other described genus. We have therefore no option but
to propose a new generic name for it.

Phenacarion! n. ¢.

Animal limaciform, tapering, resembling a Prophysaon, but
possessing a.caudal mucus pore or pit. Respiratory orifice on right
anterior side of mantle, about one-third of its length from the ante-
rior border. The mantle conceals a thin and subrudimentary cal-

-careous plate, easily fractured. The sole is not differentiated into
parts. Genital orifice behind right tentacle. Jaw with numerous
ribs. Penis sac elongate, cylindrical, thick, not tapering.

The mantle of Phenacarion foliolatus is quite long, with the shell
situated near the respiratory orifice. There are black markings and
spots as figured by Gould. The body has large elongate or
irregular reticulations, the interspaces being minutely reticulated to
give the foliated effect on which the specific name was based. The
edge of the foot has dark transverse lines, alternating with paler
lines, much as in Arion ater. The sole is transversely and some-
what obliquely grooved, but there is no separate locomotive disc.
The jaw has about 23 ribs, denticulating either margin. The
genitalia are much like Prophysaon, and decidedly different from
Arion. The testicle (ovotestis) is somewhat subdivided. The vas
deferens enters at the end of the penis sac.

Mr. Binney’s notes concerning the typical P. foliolatus give
“oeneral color of animal reddish-fawn, also of reticulations. On
the lower edge of the mantle, along the back from end of mantle to
tail, and above the edge of the foot, is a lighter band, and also on top
of neck almost to base of tentacles. The light band on edge of
mantle is irregularly speckled with reddish dots. Mantle minutely
tuberculated. The oblique perpendicular lines on edge of foot
alternate wide and narrow.”

- pa anaes rue
phénax—an impostor; Arion.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Phenacarion might almost be a variety of Prophysaon hemphilli,
except for the generic character. Possibly Prof. E. D. Cope would
regard this as an instance of “the same specific form” existing
“though a succession of genera,” which he has regarded as probable
in his “ Origin of the Fittest” (quoted by Wallace, “ Darwinism,” p.
421). Indeed, it not very rarely happens that almost the only
difference between two species is a generic one. Good instances of
this are afforded among the Hymenoptera, e. g., the resemblance of
Vipio coloradensis Ashm., to Agathis vulgaris Cress., is almost exact
on superficial examination. Except the generic and family char-
acters, the Agathis is only a little larger with entirely fuscous wings,
and the posterior femora and tibiz mostly orange—peculiarities
which might elsewhere be varietal only.

Norr.—Mr. Cockerell writes me that he now regards Phenacarion
as a subgenus of Prophysaon—Ed.

A FEW LAST WORDS ON CREPIDULA.

BY JOHN FORD.

In my article on Crepidula published in the 8th number of the
Naurtiuuvs, I endeavored to show that the shells described by Say as
C. glauca were altogether distinct from the C. fornicata of Linné,
and therefore the name should have been retained in Bulletin No. 30
of the National Museum recently published by Dr. Dall, instead of
discarded. As in the following number their distinctness from forni-
cata was acknowledged by Dr. Dall, no further evidence seems
necessary to sustain it.

The assertion by him however in the same issue, that the series of
shells presented by me to the National Museum under the name of
CO. glauca “are distinct from C. fornicata but that they do not show
the characters called for by Say’s description,” does, perhaps,
challenge further remark ; since it appears to be partly correct and
partly conjectural. They are certainly not C. fornicata, but they as cer-
tainly do embody every character called for by Say’s description of the
true C. glauca written in 1821-2, and published in Vol. 2, Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; also in Say’s
Conchology of the United States.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

It is possible, as Dr. Dall asserts, that the series in question are
depressed specimens of C. convera ;—the extreme convex form of
which he supposes to be caused by growing on the rounded surfaces
of small univalves, but I do not think it at all probable.

Quite a number of those in my own collection were taken from
small univalves but they are precisely the same in character as the
series alluded to, and, like them, are labeled C. glawea, Say. Asa
matter of fact the peculiarly arched forms known as C. convexa are
very rare on our immediate coasts, while those described as C. glauca
are comparatively plentiful.

Why should there be this disparity in numbers? It surely cannot
be for the want of those “roosting conditions” so needful to the
growth of C. convexa, since it is well known that the small univalves
of our region greatly outnumber the large ones.

Though many hundreds of the former have been examined by me
I have never seen a C. convexa upon them. I have also scanned
every available point on the New Jersey coast scores of times within
the last twenty-five years, and during all of that period have secured
but six specimens (all dead), corresponding to Say’s description of
C. convexa.

This fact of course proves nothing; nevertheless, until further
evidence to the contrary is adduced I shall deem it prudent to con-
sider them two distinct and well-marked species.

Should they, however, eventually prove to be the same, even
then, as my friend, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, has stated, the name C. glauca,
having precedence over C. convera in Say’s original paper, must
always stand for the type form, and be entitled therefore to a“ place
of honor ”’ in all monographs of the genus.

Young Collectors’ Department.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEW YORK.

BY W. S. THEATOR.
(Continued from February No.)

More careful hunting under the logs will bring to light good
specimens of Zonites arboreus, indentatus, and viridulus; the last
two rather scarce. Also a few Zonites fulvus, H. labyrinthica and

130 THE NAUTILUS.

pulchella, and Pupa contracta ; but they are more partial to swampy
situations, and with other small species are found in great numbers
in certain places farther back in the country. Just one dead shell
of nitidus has been taken—near the water, and it would seem to be a
splendid locality for them. The albolabris is worthy of special
mention on account of the superior size to which they attain: very
seldom are they less than 30 mill. in diameter, while one shell
measures 36. The H. palliata also are very perfect.

From the lower end of these woods to the ‘ Vly’ is but a short
distance; a long narrow strip of woodland lies on the north side of
the causeway and forms the entire south shore of the cove. Here
the conditions are much different ; the ground is not over a foot or
two above the high tides, and portions of it are occasionally
inundated. The soil is of rich black mould with clay substratum,
and has produced a dense growth of trees, principally elm; and a
luxurious, almost tropical, undergrowth of shrubbery, ferns, and
weeds.

Here lives and flourishes a colony of Succinea obliqua that is
peculiarly interesting. During the warm months, May, June, July
and August, they are wonderfully abundant. After the rains they
are swarming over everything; feeding on the decaying rubbish,
crawling on the weeds and bushes, going up the trunks of trees, and
disporting themselves generally as if they really enjoyed their
existence. Sometimes I have observed eighteen or twenty large
fellows gathered around the foot of a tree as if on the point of a
forward march of ascension. They never go very high however; I
have not noticed them beyond five or six feet from the ground. Nor
do they confine their attention to the woods; for in an adjacent large
meadow many of them may be found traveling in the deep grass, some
as much as a third of a mile away on the hillsides. So congenial are
all the conditions surrounding them that they grow to surprising pro-
portions; the best shells average 24 to 25 millimeters, often exceed-
ing this. I have recently obtained one that is 28 mill. long. Mr.
Pilsbry, to whom J sent a few specimens, says of them, “they are
simply phenomenal in size.”” Mr. Binney tells me one rarely meets
such large ones. The greatest length he mentions in his Manual of
American Land Shells is 25 mill. Toward the latter part of
summer the older ones die off rapidly, and late in the fall very few
of them can be seen—but some of course survive the winter, while
plenty of young will be left in the field for another year, which

THE NAUTILUS. 131

hibernate so carefully that one is amazed when spring opens to find
such armies of them.

Living along with Succinee are H. thyroides and alternata ; shells
of the former quite pretty, some of them delicate
pink color, and a number of specimens are encir-
cled with two or three bands of white, seem-
ingly eroded. Maerocylis coneava and Zonites
fulvus also occur. Pupe are scarce ; I have only
seen a few contracta and pentodon. In the
wettest parts of the woods, in the moss, great numbers
of Pomatiopsis lapidaria can be gathered; also
Carychium exiguum; and in the cove and river in
the near vicinity are twenty or more species of fresh water shells,
many of them of excellent quality.

H. thyroides.

During the early part of the present winter, as frosty days were
quite the exception, I visited ““ Almont”
frequently for collecting, all of them
delightfully suecesssful trips. © Have
: gleaned much of interest regarding the
Selemites: concava: hibernation of the different snails there
found. Here are my notes for the 7th of January this year:

“ Particularly numerous at this time are H. palliata, though not so
easily found asin summer. ‘They are invariably closed with the
epiphragm, lying aperture upward, looking very pretty when first
exposed to the light, their pearly white lips contrasting beautifully
with the dark epidermis. Old bark nests seem to be a favorite place
for them to congregate for winter. Sometimes they will be found
singly, often five or six grouped together; and at times as many as
twenty or thirty distributed about a single little vicinity. A situa-
tion of this sort is often chosen by H. monodon (fraterna) ; this
species can thus be found to the extent of twenty or more individuals
in a cluster wintering along with H. palliata. Once in a while the
collector is pleased by the finding of a large Zonites fuliginosus

< buried his whole depth in the ground, and
nothing visible save the membranous covering
over the aperture. H. albolabris, usually so
plentiful in the warm season is now apparently

a —

very scarce ; not over a half dozen live ones found
Z. fuliginosus. this winter, and they were among the leaves, par-
tially imbedded. In another wood near here the boys while raking

133% THE NAUTILUS.

leaves late last fall obtained for me about one hundred specimens
hibernating in the same way. H. thyroides at this time is occasionally
gotten here and more especially at the ‘ Vly,’ mostly buried in the
earth. In a few instances I find the animal out and crawling, ob-
served them to-day, and on the 26th of December. A cluster of
very well-developed fulvus was obtained on the latter date under
stones near tide water. A goodly quantity of S. ovalis was gathered
a while ago, among and attached to broken rushes between the tides
(dormant); but their number has greatly decreased since last
summer.”

Thus the region is more than doubly interesting to the conchologist,
and it is one of the fields to which I have given considerable

attention.

Z. fuliginosus.

GENERAL NOTES.

The party of scientists in Mexico from the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia are now in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz.
When last heard from they were about to make an ascent of the
volcano of Orizaba ; after which they will travel inland.

I find Helix clausa abundant in vacant lots within the city limits
of St. Louis. Found a dozen last summer clinging to leaves of elder
berry bushes (Sambucus canadensis) at a height of six feet or more
from the ground.—G,. D. Liyp, St. Louis, Mo.

tL ae IN ATI ws.

VOL. III. APRIL, 1890. No. 12.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN
LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

(1.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. subcarinata.

The shell in general form resembles a large coarse elevated or
depressed Cooperi. It has six whorls, well rounded above and
beneath, and subcarinated at the periphery. The body whorl has
two revolving dark bands, one above and the other below the
periphery ; sometimes the upper band spreads over the shell to the
suture forming a dark chestnut zone that fades out as it passes
toward the apex. ‘The lip is simple, thickened, its terminations
joined bya callus; aperture obliquely subangulate; the suture is
well impressed.

Height of the largest specimen 1 inch, breadth 13 inch.

Height of the smallest specimen ¢ inch, breadth 1 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

(2.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. bicolor.

This shell is a colored variety of the above.

It may be characterized as being of a general dark horn color
mingled with dirty white; there are occasional zones of dark horn
color above and fine dark lines beneath, but no defined bands. In
some of the specimens the light color prevails, in others the horn
color spreads over the shell in irregular patches.

Height ¢ inch, breadth 14 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

(8.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. lactea.

This is a beautiful clear milk-white shell, with 53 whorls, sub-
carinated at the periphery. In the elevated forms the aperture is
nearly circular, as broad as high; but in the depressed forms the
aperture is broader than high, obliquely subangulate. The lip is
simple, thickened, its terminations joined by a heavy callus,—the
thickening of the lip and callus is a shade darker than the body of
the shell.

Height of the largest specimen 1 inch, breadth 14 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

The above varieties represent a colony of the largest specimens of
the Strigosa group that I haye collected. They are an important
and very interesting addition to the series, and serve to confirm my
previous views on the relationship of what I call the Strigosa group.
This colony inhabits open places in the dense pine forests of the
mountains, overgrown with deciduous bushes. They hibernate among
leaves, brush and roots of trees and in protected and secure places,
generally on the north slopes of the mountains.

(4.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. jugalis.

Shell umbilicated, depressed with numerous prominent oblique
strive ; spire very moderately elevated or depressed ; whorls 53 some-
what flattened above, but more convex beneath, the last falling in
front, with two dark revolving bands, one at the periphery and the
other above; the body whorl subearinated at its beginning but
more rounded as it approaches the aperture; suture well impressed ;
color ashy white with occasional horn colored stains ; umbilicus
large, pervious, showing the volutions; aperture oblique, ovate,
but in very depressed specimens the aperture is at right angles with
the axis of the shell; lip simple, thickened, its terminations approach-
ingand joined by a thick heavy callus, making the lip in very adult
specimens continuous.

Height of the largest specimens } inch, breadth 1 inch.

Height of the smallest specimens 75 inch, breadth +3 inch.

Habitat, Banks of Salmon River, Idaho.

This is another interesting form of the very variable strigosa. It
inhabits stone piles, and other places where it can find shelter and
protection against the fatal rays of the summer’s sun, close along the
banks of the river. It is interesting on account of its very depressed
form and the ovate form of the aperture, the heavy callus, join-
ing or “ yoking” together the extremities of the lip.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

(5.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. intersum.

Shell umbilicated, subleuticular, depressed, thin, dark horn color,
more or less stained with darker chestnut. Whorls 53 or 6, some-
what flattened above, more convex beneath, obtusely carinated at the
periphery and bearing numerous coarse oblique rib-like strize, and
two dark revolving bands; suture well impressed; umbilicus large,
pervious; aperture oblique, subangulated; lip simple, thickened,
its terminations joined by a thick callus.

Height of the largest specimen } inch, breadth # inch.

Height of the smallest specimen 75 inch, breadth 7; inch.

Habitat. Bluffs along the banks of little Salmon River, Idaho.

RemMarks.—This shell inhabits stgne piles at the foot of a steep
bluff back some distance from the river. It seems to be quite rare
as I found but few specimens during the two or three days of my
stay in its vicinity, and many of them were dead. I regard it as one
of the most interesting shells found by me during the season, for it
combines the depressed angulated or keeled forms of the Haydeni
side of the series, with the sculpturing of Idahoensis, two shells
representing opposite characters in every respect. It thus becomes
the companion of Wahsatchensis, a beautiful shell combining the
same characters, but much more developed and connected with the
large elevated forms. Var. intersum fills the opposite office by
uniting these characters with the small depressed forms. Taken as
a whole, this series of shells as now completed, seems to me to offer
the best guide or key to the study of species that the student can
have. Every known external character belonging to the genus
Helix, is so gradually modified and blended with opposite characters,
that if one had the molding or making of the many and various
intermediate forms, he could scarcely make the series more complete
than nature has done herself.

NOTES ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION OFA
NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.
Vertigo tridentata Wolf.
Has a wide distribution in the northern part of the country ;
originally found in Illinois, it has been collected in different parts of

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Ohio and New York, as well as in- Minnesota and Colorado. In
general it is remarkably constant in its characters; yet there are
slight differences ; here I found a few examples from low ground,
together with V. ovata; they were a trifle larger, with a thicker and
deeper colored shell than those from upland places.

Vertigo Oscariana Sterki. }

In drift with numerous minute shells, from Guadalupe River,
Texas, kindly sent by Wm. A. Marsh, I found one specimen of this
species, which, consequently, is not confined to eastern Florida, where
it was detected by Messrs. Webster, but may be widely spread over
the southern part of our country.

It may be appropriate to add here some notes concerning a few forms
of Vertigo which, in my opinion, represent new species, but of which
the specimens extant are not sufficient for a formal publication. By
this, I expect to obtain, possibly, more material in order either to
confirm the species or refer the forms to their nearest relatives.

In 1887, Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of DuBois, Ill., sent me, with other
Pupide, one specimen of a Vertigo, probably new, and in 1889
another of the same; the said gentleman and Mr. Wm. A. Marsh
kindly forwarded me all their Pupide, for examination, but so far I
found no other example; yet I am satisfied such will be found. The
form is related to Vertigo evata and Gouldii, but different and is
characterized by the two palatal lamelle being close together, for
what reason I gave it the mss. name V. approximans.

Among several hundred small Pupide collected in Northeastern
Ohio (Summit and Lake counties) by Mr. A. Pettingell, there were
two examples of a doubtless new species, which I in the same way
named V. parvula. It is about of the size, shape and appearance
of V. (Angustula) milium Gld.; but ranges in quite another group,
having a quite simple palatal wall and margin, and only 3 lamelle.

In Texas, Vertigos seem to be decidedly rare. In many hundreds
of Pupide from that state Mr. J. A. Singley and Mr. Wm. A. Marsh
kindly forwarded me, there were only about half a dozen such ; a few
milium, one rugosula, m, one oscariana, as mentioned above, and
one specimen of a form which probably will prove to be a new
species of quite a peculiar formation.

a Tenict

THE NAUTILUS. 137

One single specimen of a decidedly new and interesting form was
among those Pupid from Albuquerque, N. M., sent by Mr. L. B.
Elliott. The whole formation is that of a Vertigo, but it is purely
albino (7%. e., colorless or white); the only one of this kind in the genus.
Its altitude is 1-6 mm.; the lamellze are nearly those of V. Binneyana,
but the palatal wall has quite a different configuration, and the whorls
except the last are regularly striate.

New Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 10, 1890.

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
BY C. W. JOHNSON.

Bythinella tenuipes Couper. Common in a small stream near the
city and at Tocoi on the St. John’s River.

Amnicola granum Say. Common in the upper part of Moultrie
Creek.

Paludina georgiana Lea. Common in tributaries of the St. John’s,
west of St. Augustine.

Campeloma lima Anth. Found with the above, but not as
plentiful.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Common with the two preceding
species. A less depressed variety is found in a swamp near Matanzas
Inlet.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Common.

Nerita peloronta L. One living specimen on the water battery of
‘Fort Marion.

Nerita versicolor Lam. Two living specimens. I believe this is
the most northern locality recorded for Nerita on the Atlantic Coast.

Neritina reclivata Say. Common at the mouth of small fresh water
streams. :

Neritina virginea L. A number of specimens found in brackish
water near Matanzas,

Fissurella alternata Say. Common.

Acteon punctatus @Orb. One specimen.

Tornatina canaliculata Say. Not common.

Aplysia protea Rang. Common at low-water on a bar at the
mouth of Hospital creek.

188 THE NAUTILUS.

Glandina truneata Gmel. Common. ‘This species is always
plentiful near the coast but rare in the interior.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr. Specimens were identified as this by Rev.
E. Lehnert.

Zonites (Hyalina) arboreus Say. Common.

Zonites (Hyalina) indentatus Say. Common.

Zonites (Hyalina) minusculus Binn. Not common.

Zonites (Hyalina) milium Morse. Found associated with Pupa
pentodon Say.

Patula ceca Guppy.

Patula ( Helicodiseus) lineata Say. Common.

Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say. Common.

Helix ( Triodopsis) hopetonensis Shutt. Not common.

Helix (Polygyra) auriculata Say. Not common.

Felix (Polygyra) pustula Fer. Common near Matanzas.

Helix ( Polygyra) eereolus Muhlf. Common.

Helix (Polygyra) cereolus var. microdonta Desh. Common. It is
the form called H. carpenteriana Bland.

Helix (Polygyra) cereolus var. septemvolva Say. The large speci-
mens mentioned by Mr. Binney are common on the walls of Fort
Marion. This species varies so greatly that the separation of
varieties is merely a matter of selection and intermediate forms
remain which connect them together.

Helix (Strobila) hubbardi A. D. Brown. This species is common
on the trunks and limbs of orange trees in some parts of the city.

Bulimulus dormant W. G. Binney. <A few specimens found in
Cowan Swamp.

Pupa fallax Say. Common.

Pupa pentodon Say. Not common.

Pupa hordeacella Pilsbry. Common.

Strophia microstoma Pfr. One specimen among the debris on the
beach.

Strophia sp.? This and the above probably floated from the
Bahamas.

Succinea campestris Say. Common.

Succinea aurea Lea. Common on Anastasia Island.

Succinea obliqua Say. Not common.

Succinea luteola Gould. Not common.

Carychium exiguum. Common.

Melampus lineatus Say. (M. bidentatus Say.) Common.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Melampus flavus Gmel. Not common.

Limnea humilis Say. Common in fresh water ponds on Anastasia
Island.

Physa pomilia Conr. Common with the above species.

Physa heterostropha Say. Some young specimens evidently this
species, from Tocoi St. John’s River.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Common in ponds on Anastasia Island.

Planorbis dilatatus Gld. A few specimens near St. Mark’s pond.

Aneylus (Acroloxus) filosus Conr. Common in a swamp near
Matanzas. '

Ancylus sp.? At Tocoi on the St. John’s River.

Siphonaria lineolata V’Orb. Common on the old light house rocks.

HELIX HORTENSIS IN AMERICA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

There seems to be a prevalent opinion that this species does not
belong to America at all, but was introduced, like H. nemoralis.
This idea, however, is surely without foundation, and Mr. W. G.
Binney tells me that he regards the species as naturally present in
America. The distribution, though, is curious, and half suggests the
idea (which I believe is without reasonable foundation) that the
hardy Norsemen of old may have carried the snail about for food,
and so imported it where they went. At all events, it frequents the
places they visited. Starting with New England, the species goes
north to Canada, Labrador and Greenland. It appears also in
Iceland, and a small variety occurs in the Shetland Is.,* and so we
come to the continent of Europe, where it abounds.

H. hortensis is readily known from H. nemoralis, when ordinary
characters fail, by the shape of its “dart.” It is also less variable
than nemoralis. I have examined specimens of the following
varieties, collected in America :-—

(1.) Helix hortensis var. vallotia Mogq.

There is an example of this variety from Labrador in the British
Museum.

1 The Shetland form was first named var. zava, but not described. It is now
known as var. mznor Jeffreys.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

(2.) H. hortensis var. pallida Ckll.

Magnolia, Mass. this variety is pa/e purplish or purplish-brown,
without bands.

(3.) H. hortensis var. quinquevittata Mogq.

Magnolia. ‘This is yellow with five bands.
(4.) H. hortensis var. rufozonata Ckll.

Magnolia. Three specimens. Straw colored with red-brown bands,
five in number.

(5.) H. hortensis var. subalbida Locard.

Magnolia. Very pale yellow, or whitish, bandless.
(6.) H. hortensis var. lutea Moq.

Magnolia. Pale yellow and bandless. This specimen belongs
also to hybrida Jeffreys, because it has the lip of the shell tinged pale
brown. This variety, combining the characters mentioned, may
accordingly be written var. lutea-hybrida.

(7.) H. hortensis var. subglobosa. (Binney.)

Shell greenish or brownish-yellow or honey-color. Parietal wall
pale yellow, sharply defined from the darker (external) part of shell.
Outer wall within white. This example, from Magnolia, is rather
larger than the others, max. diam. 223 mill. This interesting variety
is the H. subglobosa of Binney. é

The varieties above enumerated from Magnolia, Mass., were sent
to me by Mr. J. A. Singley, who obtained them from E. W. Roper.
They were marked “ introduced.”

All the above varieties are known in Europe except subglobosa.
Vars. vallotia, quinquevittata, subalbida and lutea were described
from France orginally, while padlida and rufozonata were first de-
seribed from England.

Mr. F. R. Latchford informs me that the examples he has of H.
hortensis, collected by Prof. Macoun on Anticosti Island, are some
plain yellow, and others with five brown bands. These will belong to
lutea and quinquevittata respectively.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, Jan. 28, 1890.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

For some time past the formation of an American Association
of Conchologists has been spoken of, among some members of the

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and others. The need
of some such organization to systematize the work now being per-
formed by many specialists in different parts of America, is
almost self-evident; and, as everything must have a beginning, a
meeting took place in Philadelphia upon April 2, 1890, at the
office of Mr. John H. Campbell, the originator of the idea, and
the “ American Association of Conchologists” was the result. A
president and a secretary were selected, in order to carry into effect
the purpose of the Association and the first annual election of
officers was fixed for the first Wednesday of June next, so as to
enable all new members enrolled before that time, to take part
therein.

As it would be impossible to hold regular meetings, of members
residing at so many widely scattered points, no provision is made
therefor. At some future time, if the Assuciation becomes large
enough, the members may determine to hold a Convention. No
dues or charges are attached to membership, as there will be prac-
tically no expenses connected with the Association, beyond postage
stamps and stationery. If such expenses, become very great, the
members can provide for them in the future, by a small annual
charge, but for the present it will be unnecessary. It is desirable
also that students and young collectors should not be Geterred from
joining the Association by reason of expenses attached to the mem-
bership.

Each member is required by the rules (which are given below),
to choose some special subject for study. This was considered by
the meeting to be the most important part of the rules. By con-
centrating the attention of a member upon some particular branch
of conchology or some special family or division of the Mollusca,
he will be enabled to accomplish better results, even if he be a
collector only, than he will if he attempt to cover the whole range
of subjects. Hence even a beginner is required to make a selection.
Members can afterwards widen the range of their studies, as they
progress in knowledge.

Each member is urged to make a special collection of shells, etc.,
within his particular department, and is required, so far as his
department goes, to aid the other members in naming shells, deter-
mining questions, ete. For instance, if a member desires to make
an inquiry about North American Land and Fresh Water Shells,
he will write to a specialist on that subject ; if about South American,

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells, he will write to Mr. Johnson, ete., etc. In this way, with a
widely extended list of members, no one may be at a loss to find a
solution to problems, which distance from Museums or difficulty in
consulting books, ordinarily puts it out of his power to obtain. By
joining the Association, a member is received into a brotherhood of
scientists, ready and willing to help him in his studies. Joining
forees in this way, must eventually be of benefit to Conchological
Science.

Below will be found the names and addresses of the members of
the Association, together with the list of subjects chosen. An
invitation is extended to all American students and collectors to
enroll themselves in the Association. All applications for member-
ship should be made to Mr. Charles W. Johnson, Secretary, Wagner
Institute, Philadelphia.

List oF MEMBERS.

John H. Campbell, President, 740 Sansom Street, Philadelphia.
Cypraeidae.

Charles W. Johnson, Secretary, Wagner Institute, Philadelphia.
South American Mollusca.

Charles T. Simpson, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D. C.
Geographical Distribution and Nomenclature.

H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Land
and Fresh Water Shells generally.

Rey. A. Dean, Muncy, Pa. Fuside.

John Ford, 2602 Brown Street, Philadelphia. Olividae.

Uselma C. Smith, 707 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Conidae.

John Shalleross, 627 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Valutidae.

F. C. Baker. Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Jwri-
cidae.

Wm. J. McGinty, 2103 Vine Street, Philadelphia. Marginellidae.

Theodore G. Brinton, 755 Corinthian Avenue, Philadelphia.
Mitridae.

Joseph Willcox, 1810 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Genus
Fulgur.

S. Raymond Roberts, Glen Ridge, N. J. Cypyaeidae.

[Thirteen new members (including Mr. Wm. H. Dall) have been
added since printing the above lists. Their names will appear in next
number of the Nautilus—J. H. C.]

OE ——— Te ae

THE NAUTILUS. 143

Rules of the Association.

1. The name of this association shall be the “ American Associa-
tion of Conchologists.”

2. Its object shall be to enlist its members in the systematic study
of the Mollusca, so that by harmonious co-operation better results
may be accomplished for science.

3. There shall be no dues or charges attached to membership.

4. The officers shall be a President, vice-President and Secre-
tary, who shall be chosen annually upon the first Wednesday of
June. Upon that day each member shall send a communication to
the Secretary, designating his choice for officers, and the person
receiving the highest number of votes for each position shall be
declared elected and shall assume office upon the 15th of June
following.

5. The officers shall constitute a committee on membership. An
applicant must be proposed to the Secretary, and upon a unanimous
recommendation of the committee shall be enrolled as a member of
the association.

6. As soon as possible after enroliment, each member shall select
for special study some group, family or division of Mollusca, or
some special branch of Conchology, and inform the President of
his selection.

7. Members shall aid each other in naming shells, determining
species, settling disputed questions, ete.

8. They shall also, whenever possible, make special collections
of shells, ete. They are recommended also to make general collec-
tions, representing the leading genera and forms, both recent and
fossil.

Young Collectors’ Department.

LEAVES FROM A DIARY.
BY M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

“We had thought the cliff at White’s Point, Los Angeles
County, hard to descend, but, when we saw the precipitous trail
down which we were to pass at Point Fermin, we almost held our

144 THE NAUTILUS.

breath! After a while, C. and J. being in advance, they called to
E. and I that the trail was not so bad after all. We slid down, or,
jumped down, as loose dirt or stones were under our feet, and,
sooner than we hoped for, we were on the rocky beach below.
Almost at the top of the cliff I had found, in the sandy rock, the
Acmea patina; and the-first shell I found on the wet rocks, was a
live Acmea patina, Esch.! On a great mossy bed of solid stone
about 40 feet square I found the Conus Californicus, Hds. so thick,
I was reminded of wild strawberry picking in my younger days.
The Conus in almost every instance was partly hidden in the wet
moss. Near this mossy carpet three Cyprea (Luponia) spadicea,
Gray, were found by C. and J. If the collecting of the Conus
reminded me of picking strawberries, the Zwponia in his shell with
his red mantle dotted with bright yellow dots, was a huge strawberry
himself! From under him rose his thin mantle until it almost
covered his glossy shell. The shell shaded brown and drab, with a
suggestion of the blue of the sky between the two colors, the trans-
parent mantle, so gaily dotted with yellow, rising up over the
brightly colored shell until it nearly met above in a frilled border,
was a sight all five of us stood around and gazed at in wonder and
admiration! Our delight found expression, then slowly the mantle
was drawn down and out of sight.”

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE Iowa ACADEMY OF SCIENCEs, for 1887—
1889, contains a history of the organization, and the following
Conchological papers: Notes on the gross anatomy of Campeloma ;
on a new fossil Limnezid; The parvus group of Unionide, by
R. E. Call. There are also a number of papers on geology, botany
and entomology by various authors. From R. E. Call.

REPORT ON THE ANIMALS OF THE WATERS OF THE MISsSISSIPPI
BorroM NEAR Quincy, Iuu., by H. Garman, Zool. Assist. Ill.
State Lab. Nat. Hist. In a series of papers of which this is the
first, it is purposed to set forth in a general way an exhibit of the
animal life of the Waters of Illinois as related to fish-culture pri-
marily, but also and finally in relation to nature at large. The
present pamphlet treats of all forms of animal life observed at
Quincy, in August, 1888. <A short list of mollusks, with notes, is
given on pp. 23 to 27. From 8. A. Forbes, Director III. State Lab.
WH.

7

THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

———— _+<—>-. — —____

VOL. IV.

MAY 1890 to APRIL 1891.

PHILADELPHIA :

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON. a ( ee
LAL
;t

lv INDEX.

Distribution of Unionidae in the Mahoning, Cuyahoga and
Tuscarawas Rivers.

Eastern New York Notes.

Edible Mollusks of Maine.

Goniobases, Remarks on Certain

Goniobasis Catenaria Say, Notes on

Haliotis.

Haliotis rufescens.

Haliotidae.

Helix introferens in N. J.

Helix hortensis in Nantucket.

Helix ptychophorus var. castanea Bieophill,

Helix tudiculata var. subdolus Hemphill.

Helix Carpenteri, New Variety of (Var. lndigoustey

Isaac Lea Chapter of the Agassiz Association.

Limax arborum from submaculatus f. noy.

Limnaea Pilsbryi n. sp.

Limnaea stagnalis var. occidentale Hemphill.

Limnaea columella in Phila. ;

List of Mollusca of Gloucester Co., N. J.

Lucapinella. :

Mayo, Edward Richards (Obituarm sy

Mollusks of the San Francisco Markets.

Mollusks of the United States. 3

Nanina, New Species of (N. Rigereabere geri Pilsbage

New Species of U. S. Land Shells.

New Forms of Western Limniades.

New Eocene Fossil from Texas.

New Varieties of Western Land Shells.

New Species of Limpet from Japan.

Notes on North American Pupide with Bieserinaee of New
Species.

Notes on Mr. Hemphill’: Gatalomnes

Notes on the Sculpture of American Limneeas, ete.

Omalax Singleyi, n. sp.

Origin of Species.

Ostrea gigas Thunberg. :

Patella (Helcioniscus) Stearnsii, n. sp.

Patula strigosa, New Varieties of ;

Pisidium, New American (P. Idahoénse Roper.)

112
124

59
102

24, 48

51, 63

INDEX. Vi

Physa ampullacea Gld. var. Columbiana Hemphill. 27
Polygyra Kiawaensis var. Arkansaénsis Pilsbry. z 131
Preservation of Color in Fossil Shells. ; : 30
Prophysaon. Why does it shed its tail? : : : 6
Publications Received. , , 2 23,36, 48, 72, 107
Pupa syngenes n. sp. : ; ‘ , : : : 3
Pupa Californica. . : : 8
Pupa Dalliana sp., nov... : , : : : 19
Pupidae, New Forms of American. . ; : : : 18
Pupidae, New United States... . : . ; : 39
Pupa Hemphilli sp. noy. . : : ‘ : ; : 27
Pupa Clementina sp. nov. : ; : : : ; 44
Sealpellum Stearnsii. ‘ : ‘ ; F 96
Shell Bearing Mollusca of Bhiode Tea. . . 22,.35, 46, 56, 70
Shells within City Limits. : : : : 82
Snail Eaters. . : : : : : ; : 132
Some American Garinibals. 85
Spheerium secure Prime, Notes on 39
Strength of Limpets. 32
Tebennophorus Hemphilli. : 95
Unionide of Ga., Ala., S. C. and La. in South Fiend 125
Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr., Remarks on 29
West American Notes. 67
Zonites Shimekii n. sp.. 3

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. H.

Baker, F. C. :
Boyce, Mrs. Sarah E.
Campbell, John H.
Carpenter, Horace F.
Dall, Dr. Wm. H.
Dean, Geo. W.
Ford, John

Fox, Wm. J.
Hemphill, Henry
Johnson, C. W.
Keep, Josiah

Keyes, Chas. R.
Leach, Dr. M. L.
Orcutt, Cok.
Pilsbry, H. A.
Raymond, W. J.
Roper, Edw. W.
Sampson, F. A.
Simpson, Chas. T.
Stearns, Dr. R. E. C.
Stein, Dr. Frederick
Sterki, Dr. V.
Teator, W.S.
Webster, G. W.
Winkley, Henry é
Williamson, Mrs. M. Bitton
Wright, Berlin H.
Wright, 8. Hart

Yates, De Lorenzo G.

3, 24, 49, D2, 63, 64, 100, 109, 194, 195, 127

25
29, 89, 115

71

et
29, 35, 46, 56, 70
87

20

75, 81, 85

113

9,15, 25, 41

6
1, 39, 85, 152

. 95, 132

7, 18, 27, 44, 50
66

85

112

32

61

; 125

51, 54, 63

vi

HISTORY OF THE NAUTILUS.

In answer to numerous inquiries, it has been deemed advisable to give a
brief historical sketch of THE NAUTILUS and its predecessor Zhe Conchologists’
Exchange.

The present conchological periodical “THE NautiLus” was pre-
ceded by “ The Conchologists’ Exchange,’ a monthly published by
Mr. Wm. D. Averell. The first number of the Exchange was
printed on a postal card in July, 1886. Beginning with August,
1886 the Exchange was printed in 12 mo. form, 53 x 63 inches, with
a varying number of pages. Eleven numbers (Nos. 9 and 10 being
printed together as a “double number’) were issued of this first
volume. The second yolume began with July, 1887. Nine num-
bers were issued, when publication was suspended.

In May, 1889, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry with Mr. Averell issued the
first number of Tor Nautiitus. The new periodical assuming the
unexpired subscriptions on the list of the “ Exchange.” At the com-
pletion of volume I (including May, 1889 to April, 1890), Mr.
Chas. W. Johnson purchased Mr. Averell’s interest in Tor Navuti-
Lus, Mr. Averell entirely severing his connection with it.

The present publishers of THe Navriuus are unable to furnish

copies of “ The Conchologists’ Exchange.”
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1 tee NAUTILUS.

VOL. Iv. MAY, 1890. IN@s alle

EDITORIAL.

With this number of the Navuriuus we call the attention of our
subscribers to a change in the proprietorship of the journal; Mr.
Averell, heretofore its business manager, having retired, and entire-
ly withdrawn his interest in the paper.

The editor has now associated with him, Mr. Coaries W. Joun-
SON, acting curator of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Phila-
delphia. To the majority of American conchologists Mr. Johnson
needs no introduction. It is a pleasure to the editor to be able to
announce that he has secured the codperation of so efficient a col-
league.

All communications of a business nature should be addressed to
Mr. Johnson. Contributions to the pages of the NauriLtus may be
sent to either Mr. Johnson or to the Editor, at the addresses given
on the title-page.

After the first two numbers, the Nautrius will be issued on the
first of each month. It is our intention to insure the prompt receipt
of each number by our subscribers.

It is the purpose of the proprietors to publish articles of interest
to beginners in the study as well as to experienced conchologists.
The next number will contain an illustrated paper of great interest
on Haliotis by Prof. Josiah Keep; the continuation of Mr.
Carpenter’s valuable notes on Rhode Island shells; articles by Dr.
Sterki, Mr. Hemphill, the Editor and others.

bo

THE NAUTILUS.

AN AMERICAN ANADENUS.
BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

Recently, on the Cuyamaca Mountains in San Diego County,
California, I was fortunate in finding specimens of what proved to
be a genus new to America. Submitting them to Mr. Binney and Mr.
Cockerell, they agreed with me in referring these species to Anad-
enus, formerly known of only from the Himalaya Mts.

The genus is characterized thus by Binney in his Genera of Slugs
—“ Animal limaciform, subcylindrical, tapering behind ; tentacles
simple; mantle anterior, concealing an internal shell-plate; no
longitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, and no caudal
mucus pore; a distinct locomotive disk; external respiratory and
anal orifices on the right posterior margin of the mantle; orifice of
combined genital system behind and below the right eye peduncle.

Internal shell-plate small, oval, flat, with posterior nucleus and
concentric striz.

Jaw with numerous ribs.

Lingual membrane with tricuspid centrals, bicuspid laterals and
quadrate marginals.”

The genus differs from Prophysaon by its posterior respiratory
orifice, the position of the genital orifice and by its locomotive disk.
It will, however, be remembered that Fischer considers Prophysaon
a subgenus of Anadenus. The distinction between the two is slight,
especially as regards the respiratory orifice. The living slugs found
by me had it slightly posterior. In alcoholic specimens of this and
many of the Prophysaons it is difficult to detect its true position, so
nearly subcentral is it.

ANADENUS COCKERELLI, 0. sp.

Length contracted in alcohol 153 mill. Mantle 43 long, 2% wide.
End of mantle to end of body 8. Foot 2 wide. ° Foot with a loco-
motive disk, being distinctly differentiated into median and lateral
tracts. Respiratory orifice slightly posterior, on right edge of man-
tle. Genital orifice below right tentacle. No caudal mucus pore.
Locomotive disk narrow, only half the width of the lateral areas.
Sides of foot wrinkled, but not differentiated from lateral areas, nor
specially marked, the wrinkles-being a continuation of the transverse
grooves of the lateral areas. Mantle tuberculate rugose, oval in out-
line, bluntly rounded at either end, not grooved as in Amalia. Man-

THE NAUTILUS. 3

tle free in front as far as respiratory orifice. Back rather bluntly
keeled its whole length; rugz rather flattened and obtuse, consist-
ing of grooves inclosing mostly hexagonal lozenge-shaped spaces,
which are themselves rugose. Color, uniform brown-black without
markings, except some dark marbling on the lighter sides. The por-
tion beneath and in front of the mantle is pale, and the head and
neck have a gray tinge. Foot brown. Internal shell solid, easily
extricated without breaking.

Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego Co., California.

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with
about twenty wide, flat ribs, squarely denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane short and narrow. Teeth 20-1-20, of which
eight only on either side are laterals. Centrals tricuspid, laterals
bicuspid, marginals quadrate, bluntly bicuspid.

Iam indebted to Mr. Binney and Mr. Cockerell for assistance
in preparing the above description.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF U. S. LAND SHELLS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Zonites Shimekii Pilsbry. This is a larger form than Zonites
limatulus, much less depressed. The specimens are from the
Loess formation, at Iowa City, Iowa, collected by Prof. B. Shimek
and the writer some years ago. Being fossil, they lack color and
epidermis. The sculpture is similar to Z. limatulus.

Alt. 3, diam 6 mill.

Pupa syngenes Pilsbry. Shell subeylindrical but wider above,
composed of 8 narrow, convex whorls, sinistrally convoluted ; text-
ure as in P. muscorum, but color rather lighter brown. Last
whorl ascending, imperforate, bearing a strong high crest just behind
the outer lip. Aperture shaped as in muscorum, having a single
small parietal denticle. Alt. 37, diam. 13 mill.

Two specimens of this form are before me, and I am in doubt
-whether to give them a new name, as they may be only sinistral
monstrosities of the common P. muscorum. The shells are labeled
“ Arizona” in the Academy collection, collector not known.

[Since the above paragraphs were in type, I have received a com-
munication from my friend Dr. V. Sterki, to whom I sent a speci-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

men of P. syngenes, which I at first described as a variety of
muscorum. He says:

“T am satisfied that it is a species, and not a var. of muscorum :
the shape of the whole shell, the last whorl so considerably flattened,
and ascending, the number of whorls, seem to me to prove its spe-
cifical rank. * * ** After washing out the aperture of your specimen
I saw a rather strong lamella or tooth on the columella, and a
barely perceptible trace of an inter-palatal lamella, which however
is validified by the impression on the outside.” ]

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
BY C. W. JOHNSON.

Teredo nivalis L.

Pholas campechiensis Gmel. Single valves are common on the
ocean beach but living examples are rarely found.

Pholas costata L. Common.

Pholas truncata Say. A few specimens in the hard mud on
Anastasia Island.

Martesia cuneiformis Say. Common burrowing into coquina wood,
ete.

Solen americana Gould. Not common and smaller than those
from more northern localities.

Solen viridis Say. A few specimens.

Glycimeris refleca Say. One specimen with both valves intact was
found on a bar in the harbor.

Glycimeris americana Cony. (G. bitruncata Conr.) Single valves
are occasionally found on the ocean beach—apparently recent.

Mya arenaria L. A few single valves.

Corbula contracta Say. Common.

Mactra solidissima Dillw. var. similis Say. Common.

Macetra lateralis Say. Common.

Mactra braziliana Lam. (M. oblonga Say.) Not common.

Labiosa lineata Say. A few single valves on the ocean beach.

Labiosa canaliculata Say. Common.

Semele orbiculata Say. Common.

Abra aequalis Say. Common.

Cumingia tellinoides Conr. Not common.

THE NAUTILUS. a

Tagelus gibbus Spengl. Common.

Tagelus devisus Spengl. Common.

Tellina alternata Say. Common.

Tellina polita Say. Common.

Tellina tenera Say. Common on the bar below the United States
Barracks.

Tellina braziliensis Lam. <A few single valves.

Macoma tenta Say. Not common.

Macoma constricta Brug. A few single valves.

Donax variabilis Say. Common.

Donax obesa VOrb. Common at the mouth of the Lagoon.

Petricola pholadtiformis Lam. Common,

Petricola typicus Jonas. One specimen from a coquina rock at
Matanzas Inlet.

Venus mercenaria L. Common.

Venus cancellata L. A few single valves.

Callista gigantea Gmel. Not common.

Dosinia discus Reeve. Common.

Cyrena carolinensis Bose. Common in small brackish-water
streams.

Spherium partumium Say. Common in Moultrie Creek.

Spherium contractum Prime. <A few near St. Mark’s pond.

Cardium magnum Born. Common.

Cardium muricatum L. Not common.

Levicardium serratum L. Rare.

Chama arecinella L. A few single valves.

Chama macrophylla. Not common,

Lucina dentata Wood. Common.

Lucina crenulata Conr. Not common.

Loripes edentula L. Large single valves are quite common but
living examples are rare.

Solemya velum Say. Two specimens.

Parastarte triquetra Say. Not common.

Cardita tridentata Say. Not common.

Unio blandingianus Lea. Common in Cowan’s Swamp. This is
one of the Florida species that is able to survive a long time out of
water.

Unio fuscatus Lea. Common in the upper part of Moultrie Creek.

Unio nigrinus Lea. Common in tributaries of the St. John’s
River west of St. Augustine.

6 THE NAUTILUS

Nucula proxima. Common.

Arca incongrua Say. Common.

Arca transversa Say. Common.

Arca pexata Say. Common.

Area americana Gray. Common.

Arca ponderosa Say. Common.

Pectunculus sp.? Single valve.

Mytilus exustus L. Common.

Mytilus hamatus Say. Common.

Modiola tulipa L. A few small specimens.

Modiola plicatula Lam. Common.

Modiola lignea Reeve. Two specimens attached to Gorgonia.

Dreissensia leucopheata Conr. Common in brackish water.

Lithophagus appendiculata L. Common burrowing into Coquina.

Avicula atlantica Lam. ‘Three specimens.

Avicula radiata Lam. One specimen attached to floating sea-
weed.

Pinna seminuda Lam. Common.

Pinna muricata L. Common.

Plicatula ramosa Lam. A few young specimens attached to coral.

Lima tenera Chemn. One living specimen. ,

Pecten dislocata Say. Living examples are rarely found.

Anomia ephippium L. Common,

Ostrea viginica Gmei.

Ostrea equestris Say.

Ostrea frons L. One specimen attached to Gorgonia.

Glottidia antillarum var. pyramidata Stimp (Lingula). A speci-
men taken near the old light-house is in a private collection.

WHY DOES PROPHYSAON SHED ITS TAIL?
BY W. J. RAYMOND.

While reading the March “ Nautilus” my attention was directed
to the foot-note on page 126, in which is related Mr. Hemphill’s ex-
traordinary experience with a specimen of Prophysaon. I have
twice had a similar experience while handling living animals of the
same genus, and think it may be of interest to record my observa-
tions.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

In August, 1888, I collected on one occasion about a dozen exam-
ples of Prophysaon andersoni J. G. Cp., near the San José reservoir,
above Lexington, Santa Clara County. While taking measurements
of the living specimens, before putting them into alcohol, I noticed
in several a contraction about two-thirds of the length from the
head. This appeared as an indented line completely encircling the
body. Upon handling the slugs to examine this phenomenon more
closely, the line became deeper and in the case of two of the speci-
mens the tail dropped off, almost as readily as the ray of the so-
called “brittle” starfish. Only with mature slugs did this happen.
The young, constituting the majority of those captured, showed no
signs of shedding their tails. Perhaps they had further use for them.
The discarded appendages showed vitality for a short time only,
when they went to join their owners in my collecting bottle.

Again, only a few weeks ago, I collected on the northern
boundary of Oakland some Prophysaon hemphilli Bl. & Binn. which
together with Ariolimax Californicus and one of our smaller species
of Ariolimax, inhabit a marshy spot near the Bay shore. At home
the next day when taking my captives out of the can into which
they had been put, I noticed the same contraction taking place in
the specimens of Prophysaon, but in no case did it proceed to dis-
memberment. I put them into alcohol and in every one of them,
seven in all, there is a well-marked, depressed line about the body
near the tail, the body being attenuated behind the constriction, the
whole looking very much as a soft iron wire looks just before it
breaks under a tensile strain. In the largest specimen which
measures 34 mm. contracted in alcohol, the depressed line is 8 mm.
from the tail and is marked across the foot by a black line, as if the
tissues were already almost severed. When collected there was no
constriction visible.

In no other case have I observed this dropping of the tail among
slugs, which seems as far as recorded to be confined to species of
the genus Prophysaon. Here are the facts; who can explain them?

NOTES ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN PUPIDZ WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKTI.

On my request, Mr. H. Hemphill, of San Diego, Cal., was so
kind as to forward to me, for examination, all the North American

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupide in his possession. Among them there are a number of very
interesting forms and varieties, as well as some species new to our
fauna.

Pupa californica, Rowell.?

From Mr. Hemphill’s material we learn that this species is va-
riable to a very exceptional degree, so that the extreme forms
appear to be, or to belong to, quite different species, or even genera.
And it is more than probable that new specimens from other places
will bring to light still more forms. The lots under consideration
are the following:

1. From San Francisco. Several hundred examples of the well
known form everywhere in collections. It may be regarded as
typical, yet is somewhat variable in itself, as to shape of the shell
and number and size of the lamellz; many specimens are more or
less oblong or obovate, while the majority are rather cylindrical ; in
some, the superior palatal lamella is very small and in a few even
entirely wanting, while the apertural, columellar and inferior palatal
seem to be constant, the first and last of them generally well formed,
while the columellar may be small. In one specimen I saw a tiny
but distinct supra-apertural, and in very many there is a small,
nodule-like supra-apertural, close to the middle of the (outer side of
the) apertural. So far I had thought this latter to be a special, dis-
tinguishing character of P. rowelli, Newe.

2. From San Clemente Isl. A little smaller and generally more
cylindrical than the type; a part are even long cylindrical, haying
the appearance of an Isthmia. The coloration is somewhat paler,
and the lamellz are well formed—elongata. Among the more
than 100 specimens there were 5 different from the balance, and
ranging with the following form.

3. From Santa Catalina Isl. All the examples (about 200) are
of quite a peculiar form: small, rather short, pale horn colored ;
shell thin, delicate; rib-like striz less numerous and relatively
larger; the whorls are less high, which gives the shell a different ap-
pearance. All lamellee are present and well formed, especially the
apertural. The shell is nearly exactly of the size and shape of

1 Although I had ranged this species, with corpulenta, etc., among Vertigo,
I prefer here leaving it once in the old place, on account of the varieties being so
different from what we consider to be true Vertzgo.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Vertigo bollesiana Morse, from New York or Ohio,! and also the
lamellze are much alike. One peculiarity is that in about one-third
of the examples a part of the shell is wanting, always on the side of
the aperture, so that 5 or even 4 whorls are opened. This can hard-
ly be accidental, and probably that part of the thin shell is worn off
by friction in moving. I would propose to name this form var. cata-
linaria ; others might regard it as a species, as it appears to be rather
well defined, and distinct from the other forms.
(To be continued.)

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

JUNE 4, 1890.

Jobn H. Campbell, President, Philadelphia. Cypraeidae.
Charles W. Johnson, Secretary, Philadelphia. South American
Mollusca.

Frank C. Baker, Philadelphia, Pa. Muricidae.

Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y. Land and Fresh
Water Shells of North America.

Theodore G. Brinton, Philadelphia, Pa. Mitridae.

J. J. Brown, M. D., Sheboygan, Wis.

F.C. Browne, Framingham, Mass. Nassidae and Strophia.

H. F. Carpenter, Providence, R. I. Shell-bearing Mollusca of
Rhode Island.

Prof. Wm. B. Clark, Baltimore, M. D. Eocene Mollusca.

Thomas C. Curry, Connersville, Ind. Suecineidae.

Wm. H. Dall, Washington, D.C. Abyssal Mollusks.

Rev. A. Dean, Muncy, Pa. Fusidae.

Geo. W. Dean, Kent, Ohio. Helicidae.

James M. Delaney, Rochester, N. Y.

L. B. Elliott, lowa City, Iowa. Dentition.

Frank J. Ford, Wichita, Kan. Pupidae.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa. Olividae.

T. Marshall Fry, Syracuse, N. Y. Unionidae.

Uly. S. Grant, Minneapolis, Minn. Land and Fresh Water shells
of North America.

1 The New York and Ohio specimens of V. bollesiana are larger and more
distinctly striate than those from New England and Canada.

10 THE NAUTILUS.
I. Greegor, Jacksonville, Florida. Tritonidae.
C. A. Hargrave, Danville, Ind. Unionidae.

Geo. W. Harper, Cincinnati, Ohio. Land and Fresh Water shells
of North America.

Dr. W. D. Hartman, West Chester, Pa. Partula, Achatinella

and Helicina.
A. A. Hinkley, Dubois, Ill. Strepomatidae.
Prof. Josiah Keep, Mills College, Cal. West Coast Shells.
Rev. A. B. Kendig, Brooklyn, N.Y. Amphidromus.
F. R. Latehford, Ottawa, Ont. Linnaeidue of North America.
M. L. Leach, M. D., Wexford, Mich. Mollusks of Michigan.
W. Victor Lehman, Tremont, Pa. Unionidae.
G. D. Lind, St. Louis, Mo. Helicidae.
G. W. Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Il. West Coast Shells.
Wm. A. Marsh, Aledo, Il. Unionidae.
Geo. T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis. Wisconsin Mollusca.
Chas. J. Maynard, Newtonville, Mass. Strophia.
Wm. G. Mazyck, Charleston, S.C. North American Land Shells.
Thomas Morgan, Somerville, N. J.
James H. Morrison, Lexington, Va. Specific Variation.
Wm. J. McGinty, Philadelphia, Pa. Marginellidae.
Philip Nell, Philadelphia, Pa. Unionidae.

H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa. Land and Fresh Water shells.
Wm. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal. West Coast Land and Fresh

Water Shells and Tertiary and Quaternary Shells.
John Ritchie Jr., Boston, Mass. Strombidae.
S. Raymond Roberts, Glen Ridge, N. J. Cypraeidae.
Edward W. Roper, Revere, Mass. Cyrenidae.
John Shalleross, Philadeiphia, Pa. Volutidae.
Prof. Benj. Sharp, Philadelphia, Pa. Dentaliidae.
Ida M. Shepherd, Long Branch, Cal. West Coast Shells.
Prof. B. Shimek, Lincoln, Neb. Ancylus and Succineidae.

Chas. T. Simpson, Washington, D.C. Geographical Distribution

and Nomenclature.
J. A. Singley, Giddings, Tex. Land Shells of North America.

Sanderson Smith, New York, N. Y. Mollusca of N. W. Atlantie.

Uselma C, Smith, Philadelphia, Pa. Conidae.

Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, O. No. Amer. Pupidae and
Hyalinia.

L. H. Streng, Grand Rapids, Mich.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

W.S. Strode M. D., Bernadotte, Il. Unionidae of Illinois R. and
tributaries.

Geo. W. Taylor, Stewarton, Ottawa. Mollusca of Vancouver
Province aud Patellidae.

John H. Thomson, New Bedford, Mass. Helicidae.

Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. Land and Fr. W. Shells of No.
America.

Rev. John Walton, Lakeside, N.Y. Cypraeidae.

Henry A. Ward, Rochester, N.Y. General Conchology.

W. W. Westgate, Houston, Tex. Land and Fr. W. Shells.

Mrs. A. M. Whelden, Campello, Mass.

Prof. R. P. Whitfield, New York, N. Y. Fossil Forms of the
Mollusea.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia, Pa. Fudqur.

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University Cal. Haliotidae and
Fissurellidae.

S. Hart Wright, Penn Yan, N. Y. Unionidae.

Lorenzo G. Yates, M. D., Santa Barbara, Cal. Land Shells of
the Americas, South of the U.S.

All applications for membership should be addressed to the
Secretary, Charles W. Johnson, Wagner Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Rules of the Association were printed in the last number
of the Nauviuus.

NOTES AND EXCHANGES.

THE ORIGIN OF SpEcIESs.—The botanist Ball believes that species
are produced by the successive variations of individuals continued
through generations, and the subsequent dying out of the interme-
diate forms. In a recent address he refers to the Escallonias in this
manner: “ There are an immense number of forms of this genus in
Chili, which would make first-class species if only the intermediate
links would hurry and get out of the way.” Anybody who has ex-
amined the Hemphill series of the Helix strigosa group cannot fail
to notice how admirably the theory applies to that shell. And I
believe that groups hardly less extensive can be made of the forms
of Spherium striatinum, Unio complanatus, the Michigan Anodontas

a THE NAUTILUS.

and other species. The American student of conchology hasa broad
field for work in his own country, and his researches will not be less
valuable, if they result in a consolidation rather than an increase of
species —E. W. Roper.

OrreRED.—North American Land and Fresh-water shells for
shells from other localities —THos. C. Curry, Connersville, Indi-
ana, P. O. Box 366.

OrFrERED.—Land and Fresh-water shells of Indiana for the same
or marine species from any part ofthe world. Unionide preferred.
Printed list of Hendricks County Shells sent free. Mounted lingual
ribbons for microscopists—Cuas. A. HARGRAVE, President of Cen-
tral Normal College, Danville, Indiana.

LIMAX ARBORUM form SUBMACULATUS f. nov. Resembles var.
maculatus Roeb., except that the spots are gray and partly coalesced
on the body ; and some black and some gray on the mantle. Found
in County Waterford, Ireland, by Rev. A. H. Delap—T. D. A.
CocKERELL,

IDENTIFICATION OF SHELLS FOR SuBSCRIBERS.—Specimens of
North and South American (including Mexican and West Indian)
shells will be named for subscribers on the following conditions :

1st. The number of species in one sending to be limited to 12.

2nd. The sender to pay all expenses of transportation, and the
specimens to become the property of the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences.

3rd. Each species must be numbered, so that the identifications
may be announced by number in this department of the NAUTILUS.

Address packages to H. A. Pilsbry, Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, or to C. W. Johnson, Wagner Institute, Philadelphia.

HELIX INTROFERENS Bland has been collected by Mr. William
Fox at Atco, N. J. (on the Camden and Atlantic R. R.). This
species has not heretofore been noticed so far northward.—H. A. P.

Mr. Cuas. W. Jounson, Junior Editor of the Nauriuys, will
spend the first half of June in Virginia, on a geological trip.

Ot fig INA UEILUS:

VOL. Iv. JUNE, 1890. INO: 2:

THE HALIOTIS.

BY JOSIAH KEEP,
President Isaac Lea Chapter, Agassiz Association.

The Haliotis is the largest and finest Mollusk that is found on the
coast of California. While its shell is a valuable article of commerce,
its flesh is good for food, though perhaps few people except Chinese
and Indians ever indulge in that luxury. I can speak from expe-
rience however, and am ready to affirm that “abalone soup,” well
made, is fit for the table of the most fastidious.

The Indians have nearly all disappeared from the coast now, but
only a hundred years ago they were numerous enough, and for how
many centuries before that time they had abounded in California is a
question for the archeologists. Certain it is that along the shores
where these mollusks now live there are untold numbers of Haliotis
shells in all stages of decomposition, They were not washed up by
the waves either, for they lie on the banks above the reach of the
ocean. Besides this, stone mortars and other relics of savage men
are occasionally found with the old shells. Evidently the Indians
were accustomed to gather the mollusks from their haunts on the
rocks and use their flesh for food. After the savage repast was over
they threw away the beautiful shells.

This work went on for centuries, and to-day the railroad cuttings
along the coast expose tu view banks of mingled earth and pearl,
several feet in thickness. It makes a conchologist’s heart ache to
find bushels of what were once magnificent specimens now all in
ruins, and to think how little they were prized by those who had
such excellent opportunities for collecting. But we will not blame
them, poor sons of the forest ; at least they knew how to satisfy their

14 THE NAUTILUS.

hunger in an approved manner, and sometimes they made ornaments
from the discarded shells.

There are three species of Haliotis found in large numbers on the
coast of California, though all three do not abound in the same
locality. The southern species, H. splendens, is never found north
of Monterey Bay, and I have seen only one specimen from that

———— body of water. That one, however,
was a genuine splendens, and I
know almost the rock from which
it was taken. I dissected the creat-
ure, which was evidently an aged
individual, and the shell is now in

> //
SAT
A

YZ

= i 1,
DN
=
— Sa

>

—

LD f

=——

===

my cabinet. This species is found

uf

abundantly farther south, around

ee

Santa Barbara and San Diego. It
is really the most beautiful of the
three, though its shell is too thin
for some kinds of work. The
magnificently mottled green pearl
of the great muscle scar reminds
one of the full glory of a peacock’s
Be eplendene: expanded tail.

On the shores of central and northern California the other two
species abound. H. rufescens sometimes has a shell as large as a
dinner plate, but common specimens are only six or eight inches long.
The outer layer of the shell is of a red color, while the inner or na-
creous portion is beautifully iridescent. On account of their solid-
ity, the shells of this species are specially fitted for making jewelry

La and pearl ornaments. These mol-

SS lusks are captured by Chinese boat-
men, who row along near the rocks,
when the tide is low, and peer curi-
Ht \a\\ ously down into all the cracks and
f ‘he eS Li HE!) U4 clefts where these great creatures
Hi 5 | hide. When one is discovered, a
ia wedge on the end of a pole is em-
ployed to suddenly dislodge the poor
_mollusk from his strong hold, anda
boat-hook draws him up from the
water into the hands of his enemy.

The third species, H. Cracherodi
is the most common of all and is
also the [smallest, though it some-

EL
Z

THE NAUTILUS. 15

times assumes noble proportions. | You can find them under stones
or in out-of-the-way places among the rocks if you search wheu the
tideislow. All of these mollusks, in fact, are rock lovers, and it is
idle to seek for them except among the crags or broken boulders.
It is exceedingly interesting to capture a good-sized fellow and watch
his mode of locomotion. When placed on a smooth rock he moves
= along at no snail’s pace, but strides on
like an elephant. Not quite so fast, to
be sure, but the motion of his body,
slightly swaying from side to side, and
the tremendous muscular force which
he evidently exerts cause one to invol-
untarily compare his gait to that of the
great proboscidian. And as for that
matter, our mollusk also has a thick,
black proboscis, of no mean propor-
tions.
The Haliotis, in short, is the noblest
mollusk of our coast, if not of America.
ne oe. Of prodigious muscular power, quick
and active in movement, guided by keen instincts, supplying nour-
ishing food to man, and above all yielding a shell beautiful as the
rainbow, it deserves an honorable place in the list of our important

genera.

Very fine green pearls, almost rivaling the product of the pearl-
oyster are sometimes taken from its mantle, and when its superior
organization is considered, it is certainly far in advance of its head-
less neighbor. Every young collector should be sure to get good
specimens of California “abalone” shells and those who are fortu-
nate enough to visit the haunts of these creatures should endeavor to
learn more of their habits, and observe their curious structure and
interesting movements.

NEW VARIETIES OF PATULA STRIGOSA.
BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

Patula strigosa var. carnea.
Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, dark horn-color, rather solid,
shining, surface somewhat uneven and covered with irregular

16 THE NAUTILUS.

oblique strive; whoris 53, convex, the last faintly subcarinated in
the depressed specimens, falling in front, sometimes faintly banded,
but most of the specimens are plain and without bands; spire sub-
conical, apex obtuse, suture well impressed, umbilicus laree ; aper-
ture circular ; lip simple, thickened, its terminations well approached
and joined by a callus.

Height 2 inch, greater diam {, lesser } inch. Habitat, near Salt
Lake, Utah.

Patula strigosa var. picta.

Shell umbilicated, elevated or globosely depressed, of a dirty white
color, stained more or less with chestnut ; surface somewhat rough
and uneven, covered with moderately course oblique striz and fine re-
volving lines; whorls 6, convex, subcarinated, with a broad white
band at the periphery and a dark zone of chestnut on the upper side,
extending from the peripheral band to the suture, fading out as it trav-
erses the whorls of the spire; beneath on the base of the shell it is
striped with numerous bands that sometimes extend into the um-
bilicus and also into the aperture ; spire elevated ; apex obtuse, sut-
ure well impressed, umbilicus moderately large and deep, broader in
the depressed than in the elevated forms; aperture nearly circular,
lip simple, subreflected, its terminations approaching and joined by
a thin callus.

Height ¢ inch, greatest diam. 14 inch, lesser 1 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

Patula strigosa var rugosa.

Shell umbilicated, elevated or slobeeely depressed, of a dull brown
ash color; surface rough, covered with coarse irregular oblique
strize, and microscopic revolving lines; whorls 5, convex, with or
without one or two narrow faint revolving bands. In most of the
specimens the bands are obsolete; spire elevated, obtusely conical ;
suture well impressed; umbilicus large, deep; aperture nearly
round, lip simple, thickened, its terminations approaching and joined
by a thin callus.

Height of the largest specimen } inch, greatest diam. 1 inch.

Height of the smallest specimen + inch, greatest diam. } inch.

Habitat, New Brigham City, Utah.

A large rough robust form with very convex whorls; some of the
specimens so closely resemble H. solitaria Say, that one not well
acquainted with both forms would be easily deceived and refer it
to that species. In its adolescent state the lip is very thin or easily

THE NAUTILUS. 17

broken, and on the surface of the adult shells these fractures give it a
rough and uneven appearance.

Patula strigosa var. parma.

Shell broadly umbilicated, greatly depressed, of a dark dirty horn
color, surface somewhat rough, covered with coarse irregular striz, and
microscopic revolving lines; whorls 53 or 6, subcarinated through-
out, somewhat flattened above, rounded beneath, and striped with two
chestnut-colored bands, one above and the other justat the periphery ;
spire very little elevated, umbilicus moderately large and deep ; aper-
ture ovately round, oblique; lip simple, subreflected, its terminations
approaching and joined by a thin callus.

Height 2 inch, breadth 1 inch.

Habitat near Spokane Falls, Washington.

Patula strigosa var. hybrida.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, white, spire horn-color, surface of
the shell covered with fine oblique strive, and widely separated re-
volving raised lines; whorls 5, flattened above, rounded beneath,
the last falling in front, and striped with two faint chestnut bands,
suture well impressed ; umbilicus large, showing nearly all the volu-
tions; aperture nearly circular ; lip simple, thickened, its termina-
tions approaching and joined by a thin callus.

Height ¢ inch, diam. { inch, lesser ~ inch.

Habitat near Logan, Utah.

This is an interesting shell as it is the beginning of the forms of
strigosa that finally develope the revolving lines into prominent
ribs as seen on the surface of var. Haydenii Gabb.

Patula strigosa var. albida.

Shell broadly umbilicated, greatly depressed, white, tinged with
horn color; surface covered with fine oblique strize and fine
microscopic revolving lines; whorls 6, convex, the last falling in
front ; spire very little elevated, apex obtuse, aperture oblique, nearly
round; lip simple, thickened, subreflected at the columella, its ter-
minations approaching, joined by a thin callus.

Height 2 inch, greatest diam. 1 inch, lesser } inch.

Habitat near Logan, Utah.

Patula strigosa var. fragilis.

Shell umbilicated, elevated or globosely depressed, translucent, thin,
fragile, somewhat shining, of a dark horn color, surface covered by
fine oblique strize; whorls 5, convex, the last descending in front, and

18 THE NAUTILUS.

striped by two dark chestnut bands, one above and the other below
the periphery ; suture well impressed ; aperture oblique; lip simple,
thickened, umbilicus moderate, deep, partially covered by the re-
flected lip at the columella.

Height of the largest specimen ;; inch, greatest diam.
lesser { inch.

Habitat near Franklin, Idaho, among Red Sandstone.

A very thin and almost transparent variety of the very variable
strigosa. By its peculiar shade, it is very evident that the animal
has drawn largely from the red sandstone for the material to build
its shell.

inch,

or

NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN PUPIDE.
BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pupa Californica, varieties, continued.

4. From Monterey, Cal. In size not much different from the
type, yet a little smaller, and more generally obovate ; the striz are
less coarse; the peristome is slightly but distinctly expanded.
There is no superior palatal lamella, and the three present ones are
small, the columellar even a trace or wanting entirely. The form
may be named: var. trinotata.

5. From San Diego, Cal. The diminution of the lamelle is
going on; none but the apertural is left in this variety—diegoensis
and that even is quite small or a mere trace. In size and shape,
the examples are not much different from the Monterey form, which
is an intermediate one. In the relation of var. diegoensis and the
very distinct var. catalinaria, and also elongata on the neighboring
islands, there is a zoogeographical enigma, which may be solved in
connection with other facts.

6. From Rocklin, Cal. (Placer Co. 25 Ms. N. E. of Sacramento.)
Large, conic or ovate conic, or turriculate, umbilicated, rib-like
striz rather strong ; whorls 5, well rounded, with deep suture, the
last occupying more than 3} altit.; aperture suboyate or nearly circu-
lar, margins much approximate and the ends protracted, peristome
shortly but decidedly expanded ; lamella one, apertural, small. Alt.
2,5; diam. 1, 5 mill. For its size, rounded aperture and single
lamella I would name this form var. cyclops. It is with some doubt

THE NAUTILUS. 19

that I refer this form to P. californica: it might just as well be re-
garded as a distinct species. But for that there will be time if no
intermediate and connecting forms be found.

It will be of special interest to examine and compare the soft parts
of all these varieties or forms, anatomically as well as to the mode
of life.

Some conchologists may consider it to be useless or oven worse to
apply varietal names to the forms described above ; but we must try
to arrange them systematically as naturally as possible, according to
their relations among themselves and with kindred species ; and for
that purpose we must name them. And it is also for convenience ;
is it easier to say, in citing: “that variety of P. californica inhabit-
ing Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands, much smaller than the
type, with lower whorls, lighter coloration, relatively coarser striation,
and well formed lamelle,” than simply designating it by a name?
Pupa Dalliana sp. nov.

Shell conic or ovate-conic, of greenish-horn color, transparent, finely
irregularly striate in the lines of growth, polished; whorls 42, well
rounded, with deep suture, rather rapidly increasing, the last occupy-
ing about @ of altit., towards the aperture somewhat ascending on the
penultimate. Aperture lateral, somewhat oblique, subovate with
just perceptibly flattened palatal margin; margins approximate, the
ends protracted ; peristome shortly but decidedly expanded, with a
very fine thread-like lip near the margin, the same continuing as a
very fine callus on the apertural wall inside of the line connecting
the ends of the margins; palatal wall quite simple; no lamellee.

Alt. 1. 2; diam. 1.3 mill.

This form has been collected by Mr. Hemphill near Clear Lake,
Lake Co., Cal., and I propose to name it in honor of Mr. Wm. H.
Dall. The specimens before me were fifteen, fresh, remarkably uni-
form in their whole appearance; all were more or less covered with a
dark brown, hard crust of slime and dirt, generally thickest around
the aperture. Doubtless this coating is done “ purposely” by the
animals, as in many other species also. When cleaned, it shows
about the size and shape of a well-grown Vertigo ovata, Say, but by
a good eye or under a glass is at once recognized as something else,
by the rounded aperture and the absence of lamelle.

—E

20 THE NAUTILUS.

DISTRIBUTION OF UNIONIDEH IN THE THREE RIVERS,
MAHONING, CUYAHOGA AND TUSCARAWAS.

BY GEO. W. DEAN, KENT, OHIO.

The table given below, while making no pretense to absolute ac-
curacy, is a fair approximation of the distribution of Unionide in the
three largest rivers and their tributaries in northeastern Ohio. AI-

though they afford us no peculiar species, unless it be the Unio Kirt-

landiana Lea of the Mahoning River, they still present some points
of interest. The reader must bear in mind that species are not found
equally distributed. Some may be found almost anywhere and
others at only.one place in a whole river. The Mahoning and
Tuscarawas Rivers are tributaries of the Ohio; the first through the
Beaver, the latter through the Muskingum. The Cuyahoga rises
about thirty-five miles east of Cleveland and empties into Lake Erie
at that city. Its course is southwest to within two or three miles of
Akron from which it is almost due north to its mouth. Through this
valley runs the Ohio canal, and this canal connects this river with
the Tuscarawas by a rise that required sixteen locks, the whole dis-
tance between the two rivers being about six or seven miles. It will
be seen by the following tabular statement that Unio ligamentinus,
rectus, rubiginosus and others are common to the Tuscarawas and
lower Cuyahoga, and entirely absent in the Mahoning and upper
Cuyahoga. Above the connection of the Cuyahoga with the canal
are several falls above which are found only five or six species, but
below there the number is largely increased by those named above and
a number of other Tuscarawas forms. The interesting question pre-
sented is, have these Tuscarawas forms been introduced through the
canal during its fifty or sixty years of existence? A list of the forms
found in streams that empty into Lake Erie, and have no connection
by canal or otherwise with the Ohio, might throw some light upon
the subject. In conclusion I will say that geographical distribution
is of paramount importance to the conchologist and collector, and
the least contribution to the limited knowledge of the subject we have
at present ought to be welcomed.

Mahoning River,

decora Lea,

THE NAUTILUS.

Cuyahoga River,
Anodonta.

Tuscarawas River.

plana Lea?

subcylindracea Lea, subcylindracea Lea, subcylindracea Lea.

edentula Lea,

imbicilis Say (very
rare),

pavonia Lea, Var.

(rare)
marginata Say,
rugosa Barnes.

circulus Lea,

clavus Lam (common),

coccineus Lea,
cylindricus Say,
fabalis Lea,
gibbosus Barnes,
iris (rare),

luteolus Lam.,

multiradiatus Lea,

occidens Lea,
(subovatus)

parvus (reservoirs)
Barnes,

phaseolus Hild.,

edentula Lea,
?

pavonia Lea (typical)

Above the falls.

Margaratana.

complanata Lea,
(canal)

wee wenn

marginata Say,
rugosa Barnes.

Unio.
alatus Lea,
cireulus? Lea,
coecineus Lea,

Noveeeboraci Lea,
luteolus Lam.,
multiradiatus Lea,
nasutus Say,
occidens Lea (rare),

parvus (reservoirs)

edentula Lea.
9

pavonia Var.

deltoidea Lea.

complanata Lea.

dehiscens Lea (rare).

Hildrethiana Lea
(rare).

marginata Say ?

rugosa Barnes.

alatus? Lea.
circulus Lea.
clavus Lam (rare).
coccineus Lea.
eylindricus Say.

gibbosus Barnes.

? ?
irroratus Lea.
Novzeeboraci Lea.
luteolus Lam (rare).

occidens (common)

perplexus Lea (rare).
2 9

2D THE NAUTILUS.

pressus Lea, pressus Lea, pressus Lea.

s adis'as SReRGE a Ao Lae pustulatus Lea (rare),

saeine stated “AL T(E ) Sheer pustulosus Lea.

Se te a ite Soe pyramidatus Lea.
rangianus Lea, dees See rangianus Lea.

aves nase rubiginosus Lea rubiginosus Lea.

(common), (common).

OE SRA aE Se rectus Lam., rectus Lam,
Kirtlandiana Lea, 22. eee. ? ¢

Trseiakeeee ¢ ? subrotundus Lea.
triangularis Teas, 9. aaanSeames: triangularis Lea.
tuberculatus Barnes, ¢ ...0.520... tuberculatus Barnes.
undulatus@Barnes, 9. \.2xsees. undulatus Barnes.
VERTUGOSIIS “BARNES. 91 seceeeerarre verrucosus Barnes

(rare). Very large. (rare).

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.
BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY UNIONID~.
189.— Unio radiatus.
Syns. :

Mya radiata, Gm. Dill. Wood.

Mya oblonga, Wood.

Lampsilis radiata, Stimp. Morse.

Unio Virginiana, Lam.

Unio radiata, modern authors.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, broader and angular behind ;
beaks nearer the anterior extremity; epidermis concentrically
wrinkled, olivaceous with numerous lines of a greenish color radiat-
ing from the beaks to the margin; nacre bluish-white, irridescent
at the posterior portion, with flesh colored tints; cardinal teeth
strong, erect, triangular pyramidal. Length 5 inches, height ly,
breadth 14.

It inhabits ponds and rivers on the eastern slope of the Allegha-
nies and is quoted as being one of our most common species, but it is

THE NAUTILUS. OS

not the case in Rhode Island, being extremely local, though abundant
where found at all. Up to October of 1872, it had never been col-
lected in this State. I had frequently examined our various ponds
and rivers with particular reference to this species, without success,
but in riding past Mashapang Pond one day in October, I noticed
that the water was extremely low, and on going down to the edge
of the pond I saw numerous tracks of Unios in the sand, and among
them were some which seemed a little different in shape from those
made by the U.complanatus. On following up these tracks (some of
them eight or ten feet in length) I found at the end of each, bur-
rowed in the sand, the long-looked for radiatus.

Genus Margaritana, Schum., 1817.

Shell transverse, inequilateral; hinge like that of Unio, but des-
titute of lateral teeth. There are forty species, three of which in-
habit Rhode Island.

(To be continued.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED,

THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO FirTH VOLUME OF TERRESTRIAL
Mo.Luusks oF THE UNITED Srates. By W. G. Kinney. (Ex.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xix, pt. 4, May, 1890.) This Third
Supplement equals our expectations, in fully sustaining the author’s
reputation for careful and reliable work. In it are described
and figured the species of land mollusks made known since the
publication of the Second Supplement. Mr. Binney, while not de-
parting from that wise conservatism, in regard to specific limitations,
which has made his successive volumes models of careful systematic
work, devotes more space than formerly to the important subject of
variation. Geographical distribution also has much attention.
The species and varieties figured and described are as follows: Zonites
minusculus var. Alachuana Dall (Florida), Succinea chrysis and annexa
Westerlund (Alaska), Zonites ligerus var. Stonei Pilsbry (Del.), Z.
Sterkii Dall (Ohio), Pupa Holzingeri Sterki (Minn., Ill.), Zonites
Singleyanus Pilsbry (Texas), Z. Dallianus Simpson (Fla.), Micro-
physa? dioscoricola Ad. (Fla.), Polygyra auriculata var. microforis
Dall (Fla.), P. Jacksoni var. deltoidea Simpson (Ind. Ter.), Mesodon
Kiowaensis Simpson (Ind. Ter.), Acanthinulu granum Strebel &

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Pfeffer (Fla.), Onchidium floridanum Dall (Fla.), Limax Hemphilli
W. G. B. (Cal.), Arion foliolatus Gould (a species of Prophysaon),
Prophysaon ceruleum, fasciatum, Pacificum, flaaum and humile of
Cockerell, Polygyra Roperi Pilsbry (Cal.), Patula strigosa vars. sub-
carinata, jugalis and Buttoni Hemphill, Zonites selenitoides Pilsbry,
Z. Simpsoni Pilsbry, Pupa calamitosa Pilsbry, Helix tudieulata var.
Binneyi Hemphill, Helicodiscus fimbriatus var. Salmonensis Hemp-
hill (Idaho & Oakland, Cal.). The discussion of the Helix major-
albolabris-andrewsi group, and of the western slugs of the genera
Hemphillia and Prophysaon are of great interest. The contribution
to the literature of our slugs is particularly timely and valuable.
Mr. Binney considers Bulimulus Hemphilli Wright a synonym of B.
Floridianus Pfeiffer. The plates, 10 in number, are admirably
drawn and printed; six of them illustrating slugs. The original
drawings are by Binney, A. F. Gray, T. D. A. Cockerell and A. H.
Baldwin. There are also numerous wood-cuts in the text. Whilst
we would perhaps take exceptions to certain minor details of Mr.
Binney’s classification, the work as a whole, is certainly very credit-
able to the distinguished author—H. A. P.

GENERAL NOTES.

HELIX HORTENSISIN NANTUCKET. Dr. Harrison Allen of Phila-
delphia, whose summer home is at the picturesque little village of
Siasconset, on the island of Nantucket, has presented me with four
specimens of H. hortensis taken there by him ;—the only ones he has
seen. This is the most southerly locality for this species yet known.
I am not inclined to believe it a native American, as Mr. Cockerell
thinks, but would rather regard it as animmigrant, who has come over,
like the rest of us, in comparatively recent times, and is gradually
extending its range. Two of the specimens are yellow, one with 4,
the other with 5 brown bands; one shell is uniform yellow (form
lutea Moq.); one is yellow with 5 translucent, almost colorless bands,
the lower two very wide, almost coalescent—H. A. Prnspry.

SPECIES DETERMINED. From E. W. Roper, Revere, Mass.

1, Nerita fulgurans Gmel. 2, Perna ephippium Lam. 3, Colum-
bella nitida Lam. 4, Conus mus Hwass. 6, Litorina ziczac
Dillw. 7, Cerithium minimum Gmel. 8, Modulus Floridanus
Conr. 9, Ricinula nodulosa Ad. 10, Purpura deltoidea Lam.
Locality, Vera Cruz, Mex.—H. A. P.

A aie NAUTILUS:

VOL. Iv. JULY, 1890. No. 3.

.

A NEW EOCENE FOSSIL FROM TEXAS.
BY T. H. ALDRICH, CINCINNATI, OHIO.

Omalaxis Singleyi n. sp.

Shell flat, smooth, tricarinate, one carina on each edge and one
on the periphery of the body whorl; apex impressed ;
<a =) whorls four, but three showing above, suture deeply
jy excavated, upper and lower part of whorls inclining
toward suture. Mouth nearly quadrangular. Length
Imm.; breadth 8mm. Locality: Lee Co., Texas.

This is the second species now known from the
Atlantic Eocene. The first was described by I. Lea
® from the Claiborne sand as “ Orbis rotella.” For the
‘generic synonymy see Dall’s “ Report on the Mollus-
ca,” 1889, part 2, p. 276. Discovered by J. A. Singley, Esq., and
_ named in his honor.

NEW FORMS OF WESTERN LIMNIADES.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Limneza (Leptolimnea) Pilsbryi Hemphill.

Shell elongated, narrow, somewhat solid, smooth, of a light horn-
color; consisting of about six roundly-shouldered whorls, the last
flattened on its sides and occupying a little more than halfthe length

26 THE NAUTILUS.

of the shell; lines of growth very delicate, suture deep; aperture
oval, longer than wide, outer lip acute; inner lip subreflexed.

Length &, breadth ¢ of an inch.

Habitat: Fish Spring, Nevada.

I collected a few specimens of this interesting shell in the month
of June, 1868, at this locality, after a long and hard day’s ride of 40
miles horseback. Another long ride next day of 50 miles to water,
compelled an early start and thus the opportunity to secure more
specimens was lost.

Limnea stagnalis var. occidentalis Hemphill.

Shell large, globose, very thin and fragile ; of a light horn-color ;
whorls five, the last rapidly increasing in size and constituting about
three-quarters the entire length of the shell and generally covered
with revolving malleations separated by obtuse, irregular lines more
or less conspicuous ; lines of growth somewhat irregular and con-
spicuous ; spire short, sharp and acute, consisting of three obliquely
twisted whorls and the nucleus; suture well impressed ; aperture
globosely oval, longer than wide; outer lip thin, sharp, acute, sub-
reflexed near its junction with the columella; inner lip sinuous
and well defined, columellar strongly twisted.

Length of the largest specimen 12 inch, breadth 1 inch.

Habitat: Lake Whatcom, Whatcom Co., Washington.

There is considerable distortion in the fifteen or twenty specimens
of this interesting variety that I found on the shores of the above
lake in November, 1889. This shell would probably be considered
new by many conchologists, but I‘regard this as simply a telescoped,
so to speak, variety of the metropolitan stagnalis. It might be called
with propriety the L. auricularia of America, and occupies a posi-
tion midway between L. stagnalis and L. auricularia and creates a
suspicion in my mind that the latter after all is but a form of the
former species. I found two living specimens in the lake. These
I intended to have preserved in spirit, but not having a large
mouthed bottle at hand I placed them in a box with some living
Selenites Vancouverensis, intending to remove them before night;
this I neglected to do and the next morning when I opened the box,
I was horrified to find two of the largest Selenites, had their long
white bodies inserted into the shells of their aquatic cousins and all
that remained of the soft parts of my new-found treasures, was the
tip end of their bodies in the last whorl of the spires of their shells.

THE NAUTILUS.

ho

be |

Physa var. Columbiana Hemphill.

Shell globose or moderately elongated, shining, solid; of a dark
horn, or chestnut color ; whorls four, the last occupying about three-
quarters the entire length of the shell; suture well defined and
generally marked by a fine yellowish line; spire short, obtuse; aper-
ture long and moderately wide; outer lip simple, thickened inter-
nally with a dark chestnut deposit that shows on the outside as a
yellowish band; columella lip somewhat sinuous, and well folded on
the body whorl.

Length of an elongated specimen 2, breadth 3 of an inch.

Length of a globose specimen 3, breadth 7; of an inch.

Habitat: Columbia River, Astoria, Oregon.

I collected nearly two hundred specimens of this shell at the above
locality in the month of November, 1877. They were found adher-
ing to the underside of stones that are submerged several feet during
high tide, associated with Goniobasis plicifera var. bulimoides Tryon.
On comparison with specimens of Physa ampullacea Gld. collected
by me in Owens River Valley, in 1869, and a few specimens from
the upper Columbia also collected by myself, I am satisfied this shell
is a small or miniature form of that species and not a variety of
Physella globosa Hald. as supposed by the late G. W. Tryon. There
is considerable variation in the form of this shell, but there is no
plication on the columella, the only character in the genus Physella
worth noticing. My specimens of Physa ampullacea Gld. from
Owens River Valley, are very large and globose, with the columella
strongly twisted, and are fully as well qualified to enter the genus
Physella as the present specimens.

NOTES ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN PUPIDZ WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. VY. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

Pupa Hemphilli sp. nov.

In examining a lot of about 45 specimens named P. calamitosa
Pilsb., from the banks of St Thomas River, Lower California, I
found that there were two distinct forms in them. The author says,
in his description of P. calamitosa:* ‘‘Several specimens have
only one lamella on the outer lip and are rather larger than the

1 The Nautilus ili, No. 6 (Oct., 1889).

28 THE NAUTILUS.

‘typical form described,” represented in Pl. I, fig 6 (1. ce. No. 7).
Probably I had a greater number of examples at disposition than
Mr. Pilsbry; the two forms proved to be distinct by an entirely
different formation of the lamelle as well as of the basal part of
the shell. And among the whole number I found not one interme-
diate or doubtful specimen. There is no doubt but that we have to
consider them as being specifically distinct, the more so since they
live together in the same locality. For the new species I would
propose the name: P. Hemphilli, in honor of the man to whom we
owe so many valuable additions to our malacological fauna.

As in shape and general appearance the two species are almost
alike, it may be the best way to characterize the one in question by
comparing it with P. calamitosa, Pilsb. P. Hemphilli averages a
trifle larger than its companion, but either is somewhat variable in
size. While calamitosa has a minute perforation, hemphilli is
umbilicated in quite a peculiar way: there is a nodule-like projec-
tion on the umbilical part of the last whorl producing a rima
beside the umbilicus ; in calamitosa there is nothing of this forma-
tion. On the other hand, the latter has a small but distinet groove-
like impression just at the base, near the aperture appearing as a
slight projection inside; this feature is wanting in hemphilli.—
Lamelle: in the latter species, when looking from front only one
is generally seen in the palatal wall, corresponding to the superior
one in calamitosa, but longer, 7. e., beginning deeper in the throat,
and fairly seen on the outside, also marked there by a corresponding
impression, ascending in a curve from near the base ; a little distant
from its inner end, just above the projection mentioned, there is
another lamella beginning, directed toward the base and ending
there, also seen on the outside. Quite generally there is a very
small, thin, but well formed lamella in the palatal wall near the
projecting auricle. The columellar fold is quite short and small in
hemphilli yet consisting of a vertical and a horizontal part; the
(main) apertural lamella is decidedly longer in our species, and the
supra-apertural higher and entire while in calamitosa it is evidently
composed of two parts marked by an indentation in the middle, or
even entirely separated, in quite mature specimens.

About 20 examples, collected at San Diego, Cal., by Mr. Hemphill,
are all P. hemphilh, no calamitosa among them. They are little
different from the St. Thomas River specimens, except by a some-
what shorter palatal lamella.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

REMARKS ON UROSALPINX PERRUGATUS CONRAD.
BY FRANK C. BAKER, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

This mollusk was described by Conrad in the American Journal
of Science, New Series, vol. II, 1846, p. 397, as follows: “ Fusus per-
rugatus Conrad. Manatee River. Fusiform, with remote longitu-
dinal ribs, and large prominent revolving lines alternating with a
fine line ; whorls longitudinally rugose, upper half flat and oblique ;
aperture rather more than half the length of the shell, purple with-
in; labrum striate; color of the exterior cinereous. Proportionally
wider than F’. cinereus, with fewer and larger ribs and lines.’

The only references I have been able
to find, which have been made to this shell
since the foregoing description, are those
by Dr. W. H. Dall in Bulletin No. 37 of
the United States National Museum, p.
120, and in the Report on the Blake Gas-
teropoda, p. 214, in which he says : “ There
are three American species known to be-
long to it ; ( Urosalpinz) :—- U. cinereus Say,
ranging from Massachusetts to Florida ;
U. tampaensis Conrad, known only from
the west coast of Florida....... lastly
U. perrugatus Conrad.”

Among the specimens of cinereus in
the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia [ found several trays of perrugatus, and
as no really good description, and no figure has been published of
this species, I take this opportunity of redescribing and figuring the
same.

Urosalpinx perrugatus Conrad.

Shell fusiform, solid, cinerous, under the lens showing a scabrous
texture ; whorls six, subcarinated, longitudinally plicate, the folds
eight in number on the last whorl, large, rounded; there are eigh-
teen strong, spiral lirze, with fine intervening threads; aperture
ovate, rather more than half the length ofthe entire shell ; outer lip
rounded, edge scalloped by the spiral lire; inner lip arcuate,
smooth; canal longish, open, reflexed ; umbilicus none, but there is

i
iy
|

ng AIP Oi

30 TILE NAUTILUS.

a furrow in its place, bounded by a fasciole; aperture purple with-
sles minute, knob-shaped, smooth.

ae 32, diam. 15 millimeters. Aperture (including canal) alt. 6,
diam. 6 millimeters.

It is separated from cinereus by its greater proportional width, its
stronger ribs and spiral lire and more scabrous texture. It is at
once separated from tampaensis by the sculpture; that of tampaen-
sis being latticed by the intersection of the longitudinal and spiral
lines; there are other differences which will at once distinguish it
from that species.

Specimens have been collected at Cedar Keys, by Mr. Henry
Hemphili, and I understand from collectors that it has been found
elsewhere on the west coast of Florida.

PRESERVATION OF COLOR IN FOSSIL SHELLS.

BY CHARLES R. KEYES.

Recently some interesting fossils have come under my notice: Tra-
chydomia wheeleri Swallow from the Coai Measures of Illinois. The
group is a member of the Naticidze, a family which in the American
Palzeozoic is also represented by several other genera. The shells
alluded to, while Natica-like in general aspect, are rather small in
size, massive, with the surface covered with numerous conspicuous
nodes, and the callosity of the inner lip greatly thickened and ex-
tended. Among the specimens are a number in which the coloration
of the callous portions and of the interior surface is still visible. In
some individuals the color is an intense shining black; in some a
purplish-black ; in others dull faded purple ; and in a few the color
has entirely disappeared. Aside from the apertural parts all traces
of the original coloration of the shell are lost. | Apropos it may be
mentioned that de Koninck has also called attention to examples of
Macrochilus from the Carbonic of Belgium, having the maculate sur-
face still apparent. The markings in this instance consist of series
of large rectangular spots. And it is presumable that the shells of
this Carbonic group were originally brightly colored and presented
an appearance similar to many recent forms of the genera Mitra and
Conus. In the Loss (post-pleiocene) deposits of the Upper Missis-
sippi Valley there are some forty or more species of land and fluvia-
tile shells known; the majority of which are still found living with-

THE NAUTILUS. 31

in the limits of the region. Two terrestrial forms Patula strigosa
Gould, and P. alternata Say, often still retain in the fossil state the
red surface markings. Several similar cases other than those here
referred to, might also be mentioned, but it is scarcely necessary in
the present connection.

In its broadest sense, the term fossil is applicable to all naturally
buried organic remains; whether recently entombed, or having
been inclosed for countless ages in the earth’s strata. In the general
process of petrifaction of organic structures the animal matter is
quickly destroyed and only the hard parts escape obliteration.
When the proportion of organic to inorganic material is large there
is usually a more or less complete effacement of all indications of
life; but when the mineral constituents predominate, as in the shells
of mollusks, brachiopods, and the tests of echinoderms, etc., these
parts are often preserved intact, with simply a loss of animal matter.
It frequently happens, however, that the calcareous shell is gradually
and completely replaced by some other mineral substance, as iron or
silicon, yet preserving perfectly the form and ornamentation. As
might be expected under the circumstances the original coloration
of fossil shells is very rarely retained ; and the few instances noted
are therefore of particular interest as revealing certain phases of
mollusean life that existed in ages gone by. In the later geological
deposits the retainment of some trace of coloration in shells is of
course very much more probable than in the earlier rocks.

THE ISAAC LEA CHAPTER OF THE AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION.

BY DR. M. L. LEACH.

Referring to the organization of the American Association of
Conchologists, notices of which have appeared in recent numbers
of the Nauritus, it may not be out of place to mention that a similar
society, having the same objects in view, is already in the third year
of its existence. The Isaac Lea Chapter of the Agassiz Association,
is made up of members widely scattered over the country, to whom
the study of conchology is of special interest. There has never
been a meeting of the Chapter, but the voting and all society
business is done by correspondence. No fee is required for admis-
sion, and there are no assessments or dues. The members are

oo THE NAUTILUS.

expected to correspond with each other, to exchange specimens, and
to help each other in their scientific work. Once a year the
members report to the secretary, and the secretary reports to the
president of the Association, Prof. H. H. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass.
Prof Josiah Keep, Mills College, Cal., is president of the Chapter,
and Dr. M. L. Leach, Wexford, Mich., is acting secretary.

STRENGTH OF LIMPETS.?

According to J. Lawrence Hamilton, M. R. C.S., the limpet is
probably the strongest of known animals, excepting perhaps the
Venus verrucosa of the Mediterranean Sea, which pulls 2,071 times
its own weight when out of its shell. At Folkestone, Eng., Mr.
Lawrence Hamilton found that the common sea shore limpet which
weighs about half an ounce when deprived of its shell, required a
force exceeding 62 Ibs. to remove it from its powerful grip upon the
rock, or 1,984 times its own dead weight. The superficial area of
the base of the limpet experimented with measured 2.4 sq. inches.
Mr. H. doubts whether the limpet’s adhesive force has anything to
do with the question of atmospheric pressure. A curious illustra-
tion of the limpet’s strength is given by another naturalist. On
a warm dry day in summer, on the Northern Coast of Scotland, a
hare approached a limpet and endeavored to moisten its tongue by
contact with the watery looking flesh of the latter; instantly, the
limpet closed on to a rock pinning the hare fast by the tongue and
holding it until the animal was caught by the observer of the
occurrence,

COLLECTING CHITONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
Excerpts from a Diary.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
Whilst peering under a rocky shelf (at Point Fermin) I saw some-

thing that seemed to move when I touched it accidentally with my
knife. I pushed my knife under.one end of it—the only end visible—

1 We are indebted to Mr. S. R. Roberts for this interesting note on the adhesive
power of the Limpet. It is from the Z//ustrated American.

99

THE NAUTILUS. Ba

and I found that the resistance was not that of a hard substance,
but became less as my knife went farther under the rock and soon I
had a big chiton, Stenoradsia Magdalensis Rve.,on my knife! * * *
Near where we found the Conus in the moss, in a shelving rock so
close to another rock below it in the water that we could not remove
it, we found a huge chiton. To get it out, it was necessary to break
the sandy rock with a hatchet. There they lie, Stenoradsia Magdal-
ensis, so close together that in less than three feet of the layer of
rock that was chipped off we found over one dozen ; some almost
four inches in length! Just as they were collected from their damp
environment they presented a beautiful appearance. On the outside,
as well as inside, save three or four old fellows, the shells were a
bright pink, like the interior of a pink-lined sea shell.

In a mossy carpet on a wet rock I found chitons, Mopalia ciliata
and M. lignosa imbedded in the rock. Sometimes the Chitons
were entirely covered with moss and could only be detected because
the moss seemed to be growing inacircle. In the moss the Chitons,
on the outside, were green and brown like the moss around them ;
under and between the rocks, they were pink; when found in little
depressions in boulders out of the water, they were almost the exact
color of the stone on which they lived. These were mostly the Che-
topleura Hartwigii Cpr. Here as elsewhere environment seems to
play a most important part. Are specific differences merely the
changing forms due to environment alone ?

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
JUNE 28, 1890.

The annual election for officers of the association took place by
correspondence, as provided for in the rules, during the week com-
mencing June 4th. The president, John H. Campbell and the
secretary, Charles W. Johnson were unanimously re-elected. For
vice-president several of the members were honored with the votes
of their associates, but most of those voting, were of the opinion that
it would be well to have the vice-president live in the same place as
the other officers, particularly during the first year, so that Mr. John
Ford of Philadelphia received more ballots than all the other per-
sons voted for and was declared elected. Mr. Ford is one of the
best-equipped conchologists in America. For many years he has

54 THE NAUTILUS.

been an active member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and in identifying species he is almost unrivalled.
While not the largest, his collection of shells is one of the finest in
America, and in his specialty, the Olividee, there is no other collec-
tion in America, which can approach it in the number and beauty
of the specimens.

The Association is growing rapidly. There are now upon its rolls,
representatives from Canada, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia,
Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Texas, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas
and California. It is the intention to eventually enroll the conchol-
ogists of Central and South America, Mexico and the West Indies,
as well as of the United States and Canada. From the tenor of the
correspondence received by the officers, the idea of the Association
meets with much favor.

Dr. V. Sterki of New Philadelphia, Ohio, requests the loan from
members, of North and South American Pupide for study and com-
parison. He promises to return promptly and in good eondition,
the specimens which may be sent to him.

Frank C. Baker, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, was a member of the Academy’s recent expedition to Mexico
He has returned, bringing with him numerous conchological acquisi-
tions, as a partial result of the trip.

Rev. A. Dean of Muncy, Pa., has had the degree of D. D. con-
ferred upon him.

The address of Prof. William H. Dall of the U. S. National
Museum, Washington, upon “ Deep Sea Mollusks and the conditions
under which they exist”? has been printed in pamphlet form. The
address was delivered before the Biological Society of Washington,
of which Professor Dall is the President. Another able paper of
the professor’s, “On dynamic influences in evolution” has also been
printed in pamphlet form.

Geo. W. Harper, Principal of the Woodward High School, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, is the author of a “ Catalogue of the Unionide of the
Mississippi Valley.”

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Rey. W. M. Beauchamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y., is the author of
“ Land and Fresh Water Shells of Onondaga County, with a sup-
plemental list of New York species.”

Mr. L. B, Elliot, Iowa City, Iowa, is studying the dentition of
mollusca and would be pleased to receive alcoholic specimens from
the members,

The officers of the Association return thanks for the many kind
messages conveyed to them in the letters of the members. ~

George T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis., has collected over 100 spe-
cies from the vicinity of his place of residence. He makes a spe-
cialty of Wisconsin Mollusca.

A new circular is being prepared and will be sent, within a week,
to all persons, who have been proposed for membership during the
past month. Some care in the consideration of applications is nee-
essary, as the officers have been written to several times concerning
a class of collectors, who systematically commit frauds, by soliciting
shells in exchange and not making any return. It is important that
such persons should not be admitted to the Association.

T. Marshall Fry, Syracuse, N. Y., writes: “I think the Associa-
tion may be made a success, if it is taken hold of with a will, and
does not become too large and unwieldy.”

Miss Ida M. Shepard, Long Beach, Cal., writes: ‘‘ Last week we
found a Cypraea spadicea alive, about eleven miles north of here.
How much farther north they are found, I do not know, but think

not very much.” She has collected about 230 West Coast species
of shells.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

190.—Margaritana arcuata, Barnes.

Shell large, more or less kidney shaped, very inequilateral, thick
and strong; beaks not prominent, much eroded; epidermis tar-
colored ; interior smooth, bluish white with a greenish margin ;
cardinal teeth, two in the left valve, erect, strong and pyramidal and
one in the right valve, long, grooved and twisted. Length, 42 inches ;
breadth, 14, inch ; height, 2 inches. Some authors consider this species
identical with the British shell called margaritifera and credit it
with a circumboreal distribution quoting it from Europe, Siberia,
British America and the Northern U.S. If this be so, it is the
only species of fresh-water clam known to both continents. The
European species is well known as the pearl-bearing Unio par

36 THE NAUTILUS.

excellence, but I have never heard of pearls being found in our
American shell; the interior of the British shell is described by
Reeve as being rose colored or salmon with much iridescence and in
another place as having a bluish-tinted interior; our shell has not
these colors. The two species look very much alike, but there are
differences to be observed in the appearance of the exterior as well
as interior of the valves. The British species is found only in
mountainous regions while ours is not so particular in its habitat.
It occurs in running streams in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
and Mass., and according to Gould is confined to the interior, and
never found near the sea coast. The only specimens ever found in
R. I.—some dozen or more—were obtained by a young lad of this
city, Master Eugene Austin, in Roaring Brook, Exeter, while on
a visit to his friends in that town in 1872.

(To be continued.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

On SomE Marine INVERTEBRATA Collected by Dr. 8. M. Daw-
son in 1885, on the coast of British Columbia, by J. F. Whiteaves,
(ex. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. iv). Among the Gasteropoda and Pele-
cypods, Leptochiton cancellatus, Bela violacea, Cancellaria circumeincta,
Admete viridula Pecten alaskensis, Yoldia thraceformis and Sipho
Verkruzeni are northern forms, new to the Vancouver district ; while
Solariella peramabilis, Barleeia subtenuis Limatula subauriculata and
Leda acuta are Californian shells, now for the first time reported so
far northward. <Astarte undata and Eulima ineurva, if correctly
identified, seem to be new to the fauna of the West Coast. Marga-
rita cidaris, of which a fine series was collected, was previously known
by a single specimen. Cadulus aberrans and Leptochiton punctatus
are described as new. Leptothyra sanguinea L. is reported as col-
lected at a number of localities, and its distribution given as “ Japan,
California and the A®gean Sea.” We have already shown that the
Mediterranean, Japanese and Californian shells belong to three per-
fectly distinct species; the true LZ. sanguinea being confined to the
first named locality. To our Californian shell we gave the name ZL.

‘urpenteri. The list is an interesting addition to our knowledge
of Vancouver mollusks.—H. A. P.

DeEscRIPTION OF A New Species oF LanpD SHELL from Cuba.—
Vertigo Cubana. By W. H. Dall, Curator dept. of moll., U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1890, p. i. This is a remarkable form of Vertigo. Itisa
minute, oval shell. The surface strongly ribbed, aperture bearing
lamelle. The author compares it to the Sandwich Island Pupa

lyrata of Gould.—H. A. P.

Tue Navutiuvs, 1890. Prats TE

Fic. 6.

be NAUTILUS:

VOL. Iv. AUGUST, 1890. No. 4.

NEW UNITED STATES PUPIDE.

The plate opposite this page illustrates the species of Pupide de-
scribed during the past year in the pages of Tur Nautiuus, by Dr.
VY. Sterki and others. The illustrations have been very kindly
loaned by Mr. W. G. Binney.

Fig. 1. Vertigo Binneyana Sterki described in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. See also THE
Navtitus, March, 1889, p. 125.

Fig. 2. Vertigo Dalliana Sterki. See Tort Navuriuus for June,
1890, p. 19.

Fig. 3. Vertigo rugulosa Sterki. The Proceedings of the Phila-
delphia Academy, 1890, contain the description of this form.

Fig. 4. Pupa Clementina Sterki.

Fig. 5. Pupa Oscariana Sterki. Described in Tor Navurinus.
Fig. 6. Pupa Hemphilli Sterki. Tor Naurtitus, July, 1890,
pa2i.

Fig. 7. Pupa syngenes Pilsbry. Tur Nautizvs, May, 1890, p.
2
0

~The figures are from drawings by Dr. Sterki—H. A. P.

NOTES ON SPHHRIUM SECURE PRIME.

BY EDWARD W. ROPER.

The most common New England Spherium, and the one most
often incorrectly identified is S. seewre Prime. It flourishes equally

40 THE NAUTILUS.

well in ponds, rivers, brooklets and ditches, if only the water is
clean. If the bottom is of mud, it will be found clinging to sticks,
stone, dead leaves and submerged vegetation, climbing often nearly
to the surface of the water. It is a small shell usually less than
one-third of an inch long, and in color bright yellow, unless covered
with vegetable mould. The animal is pink, and shows through the
shell, so that the species may be recognized by its peculiar rosy
glint in the water. The shell is trapezoidal, slightly oblique, acutely
rounded in front, more elevated and truncate posteriorly. The
beaks are approximate at the apex and project forward. The ends
seem sharply pinched and there is a depression each side of the
beaks, giving the impression of a ridge from the apex to each
ventral end. ‘This is the typical form and I have never seen it from
south of New Jersey, nor west of New York.

Mr. H. F. Carpenter has described a Rhode Island shell as
Spherium deformis, which should be considered a variety of S. secure.
It is somewhat larger, more elongated, and the basal margin com-
pressed and distorted. From Adamsville, N. J., I have also many
specimens of Var. deformis, smaller than the Rhode Island shells,
but similarly twisted.

While the typical S. secwre is an eastern shell, the more western
states furnish some distinct varieties. From Traverse City, Mich.,
comes a very yellow, elevated form, the animal of which is also yel-
low. This is probably the shell described by James Lewis as S.
croceum, and said to be found on gravel bottoms. This, however,
may be a condition, rather than a habit, as the same thing occurs
in the case of S. secwre at Readville, Mass., in a clean pond.

From Fenton Co., Mich., I havea number of solid, globose, brown
shells, which were identified at the Philadelphia Academy of Sci-
ences as S. sphaericwum Anth. They are thicker and more globular
than any New England specimens of S. secure, excepting those from
Readville, which are equally solid, with beaks more pointed, and in
color yellow. Even more closely resembling the Readville shell is
a form from Mercer Co., Ill., of an olive green color. These forms
are liable to be confounded with S. occidentale Prime. The latter
is of the same size, but is perfectly oval, and the rounded beaks
hardly rise above the outline. S. partwmeium is larger and more
lenticular, and S. truneatum is thinner, pellucid and less tumid. A
Kansas shell going the rounds as S. sphaericwm, is another species,
much larger, and allied to S. contractum and S. elevatum.

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about collecting
these puzzling shells. In common with others of the family, they
arrive at maturity in the spring, and the adults are generally dead
by midsummer. Those taken later in the season will be young and
immature. It is more difficult to collect in the spring, when the
water-courses are full to overflowing, but [have had little trouble since
adopting a simple suggestion from my friend, George J. Streator, of
Garrettsville, O. An ordinary wire dish-cover tied to a long pole is
an effective scoop, and the meshes are fine enough to prevent the
escape of small shells, while yet the mud can be washed out. Young
shells will often be found within the adults, and should be saved,
because in making exchanges, a set showing various stages of growth
is the most useful for study and comparison.

NEW VARIETIES OF WESTERN LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Helix ptychophorus var. castaneus Hemphill.

Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, of a dark chestnut color ;
surface covered with coarse, irregular, widely separated lines of
growth, and crowded, microscopical revolving lines; whorls 53,
convex, the last slightly descending in front, spire elevated ; suture
well impressed, aperture subcircular; lip white, reflected and
partially covering the umbilicus, its terminations approaching ; um-
bilicus small and deep.

Height ¢ inch, diameter 1 inch.

Habitat, Old Mission and Rathdrum, Idaho.

I regard H. ptychophorus as the progenitor of what I call the
Towsendiana group of west coast land shells, and this colored vari-
ety seems to still further indicate its relationship to Townsendiana,
for the spire whorls of nearly all the specimens of Townsendiana
that I have collected are chestnut colored. Townsendiana does not
begin to put on its wrinkles until it has made about four revolutions
of the shell. The wrinkles are probably due to its environment.

Helix tudiculata var. subdolus, Hemphill.

Shell narrowly umbilicated ; globosely depressed, of a dark yellow-
ish color, surface somewhat shining, covered with oblique strie,

42 THE NAUTILUS.

interrupted by numerous wavy lines and oblong blister-like wrink-
les, hardly perceptible to the naked eye ; whorls 53, convex, striped
by a single chestnut band, double margined by lighter ones; spire
very little elevated, suture well impressed ; lip simple reflected, and
nearly covering the umbilicus, its terminations approaching and
joined by a thin callus ; umbilicus narrow and small.

Height ~ inch, greatest diam. 1 inch, lesser ¢ inch.

Habitat San Jasinto Valley, San Diego Co., Calif.

A very depressed form, quite variable in size, some of the speci-
mens not being more than half the size of the measurements given.
It is lighter colored than any of the southern varieties of tudicu-
lata, except var. Binneyi.

Selenites Vancouverensis, var. Keepi, Hemphill.

Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, thin, smooth, shining trans-
parent, scarcely marked by the delicate wrinkles; very light horn
color; whorls over four, somewhat flattened above and _ beneath,
and scarcely descending at the aperture ; spire flat, not rising above
the body-whorl ; suture well impressed ; umbilicus moderately large,
exhibiting most of the volutions; aperture transversely subcircular,
wider than high ; lip simple, thickened, sinuous above, very slightly
reflected at the base, ends scarcely approached.

Width 75 inch, height 7; inch.

Habitat, Hills near Oakland, California.

One specimen only.

This rare and interesting little shell I collected some years ago.
It is a perfect miniature form, in every respect, of S. Vancowverensis.
I regard it as an extremely small variety of that so-called species. It
is about the size of the variety of S. Duranti lately described as
S. celata Mazyck, but differs very materially in form, sculpture and
the general texture of the shell. It differs from var. Catalinensis
in being more robust, larger, and hasa smaller umbilicus. I dedicate
this pretty little shell to Prof. Josiah Keep of Mills College, Cali-
fornia, who has done so much through his interesting little book to
stimulate the study of West Coast shells.

Selenites Vancouverensis var. hybrida Hemphill.

Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, slightly conyex above, sur-
face shining, polished, of a dark yellowish-green color, lines of
growth coarse, rib-like and regular on the spire, finer and more ir-
regular on the body-whorl, crossed by fine revolving lines that be-

THE NAUTILUS. 43

-come fainter on the last whorl, suture well impressed; aperture
rounded, broader than high, greatly indented above ; lip simple,
very little reflected below at its junction with the columella, very
‘sinuous aboye, its terminations joined by a very thin callus.

Height % inch, breadth 1 inch.

Habitat, Astoria, Oregon.

In the strong rib-like sculpturing of the spire, depressed form and
‘sinuous lip, it resembles sported//a. In its greater diameter, dark
greenish color, and the absence of the decussating sculpture on the
last whorl it approaches Vancouverensis.

All our American Selenites commence life with a finely granu-
lated shell. When they have attained about two whorls the strize
begins to appear and increase in strength as the shell increases in
size.

It is well known that all shell-bearing mollusks construct their
shells, in obedience to the laws of their constitutional characteris-
tics and the environment, among which I include affinity of matter
and mechanical skill, the later a faculty possessed to a greater or
less degree by all animals. Some individuals in a colony of shells
display greater mechanical skill than others, or possess stronger im-
itative powers, and closely follow the lines and styles of their fore-
fathers, strictly attending to the details of sculpturing, not omitting
a rib or line. Other individuals of the same colony, not having this
imitative faculty so strongly developed, may change or vary the
form of the shell by constructing it with more conyex whorls gener-
ally resulting in a narrower or more elevated shell; or they may
flatten the whorls, resulting in a broader and depressed form. Some
modification of the umbilicus generally follows the change in the
form of the shell. In both cases the sculpturing may be what we
call characteristic of the species, or may be more or less modified,
by the omission of one, two or more ribs, or the ribs may be more
irregular in shape. A few lines may also be dropped, perhaps some
added, or the entire surface may be modified in obedience to the laws
of the mechanical skill possessed by the individual, and the affinity
of matter secreted by the animal for the purpose of constructing the
shell. An examination of a large number of Selenites concava and
of our west coast forms, convinces one that the entire group of
American Selenites is the offspring of a single common type.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW PUPA.

BY DR. VY. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

Pupa clementina, sp. nov. (Plate 1, figure 4.)

Shell very minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical, pale horn
colored, transparent, with rather obtuse apex ; whorls 53, regularly
increasing, moderately rounded, with rather deep suture, smooth,
with few microscopic strive, somewhat shining; last whorl occupying
rather more than two-fifths of altit., somewhat ascending to the
aperture, with a slight, revolving impression on the middle of its
last 4, ending at the auricle; a very slight, flat, crest-elevation near
the margin, only in the lower part; aperture lateral, scarcely
oblique, subovate with the palatal margin slightly flattened, upper
part of same somewhat sinuous, peristome a little expanded with a
slightly thickened lip just at the margin; lamelle 6, white: two
on the apertural wall, the apertural, typical, and a rather long
supra-apertural, ending in a callus at the upper termination of the
palatal margin; columellar one typical, horizontal; basal very
small, nodule-like, deep seated; palatals two, typical, the inferior
a little longer.

Alt. 1°9, diam. 0°8 mill.; apert.: alt. 6, diam. 0°5.

Three examples of this species were collected by Mr. H. Hemphill
on San Clemente Island, California, among numerous P. califor-
nica, Row. All were exactly alike, well formed and fully mature.
They cannot be referred to any one of our species published, and
doubtless represent a form of their own, although so far it was not
possible to examine the soft parts.

In size, shape and general appearance it somewhat resembles Isth-
mia, yet lacks the rib-like striation ; the lamellee would be typical for
Vertigo and some of the smaller Pupa, but for the presence of the
well-developed supra-apertural which P. clementina has in common
with P. calamitosa Pilsbry and hemphilli Sterki; but on the other
hand, there is nothing of the characteristic palatal, or gular folds
of these two species. Thus, in several regards, our form is an inter-
mediate and connecting one between different groups, and con-
sequently deserves our special interest.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
JuLY 31, 1890.

Since last publication of list of members, the following new mem-
bers have been enrolled in the Association :
No. 68. John L. Ogden, Philadelphia, Pa. Naticide.
69. Robert T. Jackson, Dorchester, Mass. Pelecypoda.
70. Shelly G. Crump, Pittsford, N.Y. Turbinide and Tro-
chide.
1. George J. Streator, Garrettsville, Ohio. Corbiculide.
2. J. B. Quintard, Silver Lake, Kan. Kansas Mollusca.
3. Henry Prime, Huntington, N. Y. Geographical Distri-
bution of Land Shells.
74. G. E. Manigault, M. D., Charleston, S. C.
75. Henry Moore, Columbus, Ohio. General Conchology.
76. J.B. Upson, Rockford, Ll.
77. H. Kk. Morrell, Gardiner, Me. Unionide.

Members desiring to propose applicants for membership should
address the Secretary, Charles W. Johnson, Wagner Free Institute
of Science, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. G. E. Manigault is connected with the Museum of Natural
History, Charleston, 8. C.

Prof. James H. Morrison, of the Virginia Military Institute, Lex-
ington, Va., is taking an active interest in the Association and has
already proposed a number of valuable members.

H. K. Morrell, of Gardiner, Me., writes: “I am simply a collec-
tor of shells and student of conchology.’ The Association is in-
tended to associate collectors as well as students and scientists. By
directing the attention of collectors to some special group or family,
much valuable material can be put together. In fact, it is aston-
ishing how rapidly specimens are added, when the attention is con-
centrated on a small group. It is impossible for anyone, unless he
be a millionaire, to attempt to make a general collection of shells,
which requires time, space and money; but, if each member would
devote his time to making a fine special collection, and incidentally
a representative generic collection, showing the different leading
forms, much better results will be accomplished.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Rey. John Walton has changed his address from Lakeside, N. Y.,
to Pittsford, N. Y. Members will please take notice.

F. C. Browne, Framingham, Mass., writes: ‘“‘I am afraid the
members are not going to get the benefit they might, if they would
correspond.” It is one of the objects of the Association to induce
correspondence between the members, especially between members
interested in the same or analogous subjects. Comparison of views,
exchanges of specimens, etc., will add to our stock of knowledge.

M. M. Shepman of Rhoon, near Rotterdam, Holland, writes:
“JT would like to have some information about the American
Association of Conchologists. You will oblige me with a copy of
the rules.” The Secretary has supplied him with the information.

It may soon be possible for the Association to prepare a complete
list of North American shells. Several of the members have
selected the mollusea of special districts for study, and in time it is
expected that the whole continent will be covered. As soon as that
point is reached, each member might furnish a list of the mollusca
of his district, with authentic localities and by consolidating the
lists, an Association check list could be prepared. So far, the follow-
ing districts are covered: Rhode Island, H. F. Carpenter; Wis-
consin, Geo. T. Marston; Michigan, M. L. Leach, M. D.; Kansas,
J. B. Quintard; West Coast, Prof. Josiah Keep, Miss Ida M.
Shepard, W. J. Raymond and G. W. Lichtenthaler; North West
Atlantic, Sanderson Smith; Vancouver Province, Geo. W. Taylor.;
Besides these the Land and Fresh Water shells of North America are
being studied by H. A. Pilsbry, F. R. Latchford, Geo. W. Harper,
Bryant Walker, J. A. Singley, Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, Wm. G.
Mazyck, D. V. Sterki, W. W. Westgate, U. S. Grant, W. G.
Binney, and W. 8S. Strode, M. D.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.
BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY UNIONIDZ.
191.—Margaritana marginata, Say.
Syns. :
Alasmodonta marginata, Say, Barnes, Con, Stimp. Adams.
Unio varicosa, Lam.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Mya rugulosa, Wood,

Alasmodon marginata, DeKay, Gould.

Margaritana marginata, Lea.

Shell ovate, thin, wedge-shaped, gaping widely behind; beaks
small, elevated ; surface wrinkled posteriorly ; epidermis olivaceous,
radiated with dark green ; teeth, one in each valve, small, compressed,
directed forwards; nacre bluish-white with a chalky margin.
Length, 2 inches; height, 1:5 inch; breadth, 75 inch.

This species is not all common in New England, and is found very
sparingly in the Blackstone River, just above the Tin Bridge in
Central Falls.
192.—Margaritana undulata, Say.

Syns. :

Unio undulatus, Say.

Alasmodonta undulata, Barnes, Adams.

Mya undulata, Wood.

Unio lirans, Valence.

Strophitus sculptilis, Stimp.

Shell short, tumid, angular behind and widely gaping; breaks
prominent, with three or four undulations upon them; epidermis
shining, of a dark olive color, rayed with alternating yellowish and
dark bands; nacre on the anterior half, thickened, opaque, white ;
on the posterior half, thin, translucent and of a silvery luster, show-
ing through it the exterior radiations; hinge supported on a very
strong rib; the left tooth erect, conical and striated above; the left
tooth erect, and produced backwards under the ligament. Length,
2 inches; height, 1% inch; breadth, 1 inch. It is more common
than marginata, and is found in the Blackstone River and in most

of our larger ponds.
(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

SPECIES DETERMINED. From W. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal.
1, Olivella floralia Duclos, West Indies; 2, O. nivea Gmelin, West
Indies ; 4, Patella confusa Gmel., West Indies—C. W. J.

Limn®A COLUMELLA Say. Not found in recent years near Phil-
adelphia, is quite abundant in ponds along the line of the Pennsy]-
_ vania Railroad near Bonnaffon, Philadelphia.— Ed.

NaTIcA WANTED. The undersigned wishes to buy, or obtain in
exchange, specimens of the genus Natica. John L. Ogden, 72nd st.
and Greenway ave., Philadelphia.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

Hewrx nortrensis Mull. The uniform lemon-yellow form has
heen found by Dr. Benjamin Sharp in the town of Nantucket, Nan-
tucket Island.—Ed.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A NEW SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER MOLLUsK, by B. Shimek (Ex.
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. of Iowa, vol. 1, p. 214). A spe-
cies of Ancylus with very strongly recurved apex is described and fig-
ured by Prof. Shimek in this paper as A. obliquus.' The right side
of the shell is slightly incurved or straight. The largest specimen
measured 33 mm. in length, 1.8 in width, 1.5 mm. high. It oe-
curs not uncommonly about 5 miles east of Lincoln, Nebraska, in
Dead Man’s Run, a streamlet with numerous pond-like enlarge-
ments. Specimens were found by Mr. Shimek at all seasons of the
year, adhering to the shells of Anodonta plana, sticks, leaves, ete.

This same form, or a very similar one, has been found, by the
writer, back of Rock Island, Illinois, in a certain swamp well known
to those bare-footed urchins who offer pond-lilies at ‘‘ only five cents er
bunch, Mister” on the streets of the ‘‘ Three Cities.”

Certain indications led me at the time of finding this shell to refer
it to Gundlachia instead of Ancylus; and it may be worth while to
follow this clew further. If my supposition proves to be correct,
Gundlachia will furnish the most extraordinary case of dimorphism
known among our American mollusks.—H. A. Pilsbry.

CATALOGUE OF NortH AMERICAN SHELIS collected by Henry
Hemphill. This pamphlet catalogues 1763 species and varieties of
Jand and marine shells collected by the author, including a majority
of the species found on the Californian and Floridan coasts.

Lisr oF THE MoLuusks OF Orrawa, as recorded in the Trans-
actions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists Club up to April Ist, 1890, is
given in the Ottawa Naturalist, April, 1890. It comprises 127 spe-
cies, giving that part of Canada quite a varied fauna, richest in
Cyrenide (14 species), Unionide (27 species), and Limneide.
From F. R. Latchford—H. A. P.

Les MoLLusQUES DE LA PROVINCE DE QUEBEC, by M. L’abbé
Provancher (in Le Naturaliste Canadien, March, 1890). Includes
the marine, land and fresh-water forms.

1 This name is three times preoccupied in Ancylus. Ifthe species proves
really distinct from Gundlachia Meekiana it might be called Ancylus Shimekii.

2 Davenport, Rock Island and Moline are locally known by this name.

A tee N AUTIT US.

VOL. Iv. SEPTEMBER, 1890. No. 5.

REMARKS ON CERTAIN GONIOBASES.

BY HH. A. BEESBRY.

The typical Goniobasis pleuristriatus of Say is a shell of the gen-
eral form of Gon. virginica; and like the variety multilineata of
that shell, it is encircled by numerous fine raised strive. It has been
collected in a number of the small rivers in Texas north of the Rio
Grande, the northermost being that beautiful stream, the Guadaloup
River, in Comal County.” Thomas Say described the shell in the
New Harmony Disseminator in 1829,—Say at that time being still
connected with that luckless company of socialists at New Harmony,
Indiana.

In the Comal Creek, at the German colony of New Braunfels, the
the writer found very numerous specimens of a variety which wholly
lacks spiral striz, and has low, subobsolete longitudinal folds.
There is a single carina on the whorls of the spire. Specimens of
this variety were distributed by me several years ago under the name
of “ Goniobasis comalensis ;” which name I now propose to use for
this variety. In the absence of a figure, I will be glad to send spec-
imens to any student of the Melanians who will apply to me. My
friend, Mr. J. A. Singley, has also collected specimens at New
Braunfels. This melanian is notable for the fact that its range is
wholly sundered from the rest of the family by the numerous rivers of
central and eastern Texas, draining into the Gulf, and without a sin-
gle species of the family Strepomatide. The great extension of the
Gulf during past ages, up the Mississippi valley, shows the Texan

50 THE NAUTILUS.

region to have been still more separated formerly from Tennessee,
the present headquarters of the American Melanians.

In this connection I might mention a matter to which Professor
Theodore Gill of Washington directed my attention during a recent
conversation; namely, whether the Californian Melanians do not
belong to the old-world family Melaniide instead of to the Ameri-
ean group Strepomatide (= Ceriphasiide Gill, Pleuroceride Fisher).
I have found that certain features of the dentition of G. plicifera—
the trilobate base of the rhachidian tooth—are more similar to the
Melaniide than to the East American forms. I would, therefore,
ask some western naturalist to observe whether the edge of the man-
tle be fringed or plain ; or, if any one has alcoholic or even freshly
dried specimens, and will communicate a few to me, I will announce
the result of an examination through the pages of the Nauriuus.

A FEW ‘“NEVERS”’ FOR CONCHOLOGISTS.
BY DR. V. STERKI.

One or another of the following hints may be of service to younger
students of Conchology, and also the older ones possibly will read
them :— |

Never dry your specimens in too great heat ; they should be dried,
but not fried. Not only the shell is liable to change color and to
become utterly fragile, but also the “soft parts” are so changed as
to be unfit for microscopic examination.

Never kill and dry them when the animals are still active: in
this way the aperture may be filled up in a way that it is very
difficult or even impossible to examine it; this is especially of im-
portance in Pupidz and other groups with lamellz etc., in the
aperture. When the specimens are kept dry in a box for a few days,
they will retire deep enough in the shell to leave the aperture free.

Never pack up specimens without adding a label with the habitat
and as much notice about its nature as possible. Without that,
they may be worthless or even worse!—When Shuttleworth, that
eminent English Conchologist, had died at Berne, Switzerland, the
contents of several boxes of his valuable collections had to be de-
stroyed (not thrown away !), because there were no labels with them,
and the catalogues not to be found.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Never forward a lot of shells for examination, or in exchange, un-
less there be at least one mature specimen in good condition among
them—if you have any such, of course. This is again especially of
importance e. g. with Pupidee where the lamellze are of principal in-
terest.

Neyer pack up small shells in a vial to be sent away unless you
secure them in place with some cotton; the constant tossing and
jarring cannot but damage them more or less.

Never pack a number of vials together in a box unless each one
is wrapped in paper. In several instances I have received vials
crushed to pieces and the contents scattered around.

Neyer oil your shells so that they soil or stick to anything they
touch! not to speak of their entirely altered appearance. Very
little oiling generally is needed—(by this I certainly do not mean
Pupa, Vertigo, ete. !)

Never cork a vial containing living mollusca or such not thor-
oughly dried ; not only a very offensive odor will develop, but gen-
erally the shells will be altered in appearance, color and con-
sistency.

A NEW VARIETY OF HELIX CARPENTERI FROM SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.

BY DR. LORENZO G. YATES, F. L. S., SANTA BARBARA, CAL.

The typical form of Helix (Arionta) Carpenteri, Newe. seems to
belong to the peninsula of Lower California, although heretofore
reported from “San Diego” and “ Tulare Valley” California, and I
have specimens of a variety which I collected in Napa County many
years ago.

I now have a variety from the desert region near Indio, San Ber-
nardino County, California, collected by Stephen Bowers, Ph. D.

These specimens agree with Dr. Newcomb’s original description
except in that, they do not show the “ very minute spiral striations,”
which may however be consequent upon their dead and bleached
condition.

They further differ in having an entire circular aperture instead
of “ aperture circular, with terminations approximating ” as described
by Newcomb.

Ty THE NAUTILUS.

Helix Carpenteri is a species which from its native peculiarities is
is well adapted to inhabit the desert regions, and continue to exist
where the majority of our helicoid shells would be unable to retain
a foothold.

Dr. Bowers writes me that he “ found these shells on the south side
of the valley among granite talus, and nowhere else, and these in a
fossil state,” but judging from the appearance of some of the speci-
mens it is probable that living shells may still be found in the
vicinity ; but whether this variety represents the ancestral form of
the more recent type, or is a local deviation arising from pecularities
of environment cannot be satisfactorily determined without further
investigation of the locality.

While writing the above I found some other species of semi-fossil
mollusca, which were collected in the same locality some time ago,
by an enthusiastic young naturalist, whom I have since learned, lost
his life in the desert regions of Lower California, thus adding one
more martyr to the cause of science. He sent these shells to me for
determination, and not having heard from him since, I will give
the determination of their species in a future number of the
NAUTILUS.

PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF NEW AMNICOLIDE.

BY H. A: BEESBRY.

Cochliopa Tryoniana Pilsbry.

A more depressed shell than C. Rowelli (the only other described
species), broader, with the base rounded, not carinated around the
umbilicus. Whorls 32, convex, rather obsoletely spirally striated ;
color greenish-gray. Umbilicus minute. Aperture very oblique.

Alt. 33, diam. 4 mill.; oblique alt. of aperture 2%, width 2 mill.

Habitat, Polvon, Nicaragua.

Amnicola Sheldoni Pilsbry.

Shell rather elongated, solid, thick, light gray ; subimperforate.
Whorls four to five, slightly convex, somewhat flattened above,
lightly striate transversely ; slightly impressed below the shallow
sutures. Apex obtuse. Aperture small, ovate, slightly narrowed

THE NAUTILUS. 53

and angled above, rounded below, flattened on parietal margin.
Peristome continuous, not sinuous.

Alt. 3 to 3°5 mm., diam. 2 to 2°25 mm.

Habitat, Lake Michigan, at Racine, Wis., in 30 fathoms.

The shallow sutures and heavy texture are the more prominent
characters of this shell. In these points a resemblance to Hydrobia
ulve and other species of that group may be traced. From Amui-
cola lustrica the more flattened whorls at once separate this form.

We are indebted to Dr. P. R. Hoy of Racine, Wis. for numerous
specimens. The species is named in honor of the late PROFESSOR
D. §. SHetpon of Davenport, Iowa,—one of the pioneer naturalists
of the Mississippi Valley.

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

Shell slender, elevated, thin, translucent, wax-colored or slightly
brownish ; whorls five, well rounded ; sutures deep ; aperture ovate,
narrowed and slightly angled above; peristome entire, adherent to
body for a short distance above the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 4, diam. 2 to 23 mill.

Habitat, New York to Illinois and Minnesota.

A species of the Lake drainage.

Say’s Paludina lustrica has been referred by Haldeman and
Tryon to Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Binney also places it in Pomatiop-
sis, and the original of his fig. 189* is certainly an immature P. lap-
idaria, as | know by an examination Say’s of original type. The
name lustrica has, however, been applied by some collectors to the
present species ; and while we must write dustrica Say a synonym
of P. lapidaria, the name may also stand in Amnicola for the well
known form described above.

The species is variable in form as the figures’ show. It ts nar-
rower than any other Amnicola, but wider than Bythinella Nicklini-
ana. In size and color, Bythinella obtusa is similar; but the acute
apex of Justrica will separate it from that blunt little species.

The animal and dentition are similar to A. limosa.

1 Land and Fresh Water Shells, N. A. pt. II,

2 It is figured in a work now in preparation on the Mollusks of the Northern

U.S.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

CYPRZEA SPADICEA.

BY LORENZO G. YATES.

In the July, No. of THe Nautinus, Miss Ida M. Shepard of
Long Beach, Cal., noted the finding of Cyprea (Luponia) spadicea
eleven miles north of that place, and questions “ How much farther
north they are found?”

This somewhat rare and very handsome shell is found in the Santa
Barbara Channel. I found three live shells in one day recently, and
a friend found as many as seventy-five fine living specimens in one
day, some fifteen or eighteen miles distant from Santa Barbara, north-
west, and what was of more interest to me, he generously divided
his find.

In preparing a List of the Mollusca of Santa Barbara County
for publication, I was surprised at the large number of species,
whose northern, or southern limit is the Santa Barbara Channel,
besides a number of species which have not been noted from any
other locality on the west coast, some of them being restricted to the
channel and its islands.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
Auveust 26, 1890.

Since last announcement the following new members have been
enrolled in the Association :

No. 78. Chas. E. Beecher, Ph. D., New Haven,Conn. Palaeozoic
Mollusca.
79. Jerome Trombley, Petersburg, Mich. American Land
Shells.
80. W. G. Binney, Burlington, N. J. American Land Shells.
81. W. Newcomb, Ithaca, N. Y. General Conchology.
82. F. A. Sampson, Sedalia, Mo.
3. C. Antoinette Shepard, New Britain, Conn. The Uses of ,
Shells.
84. Laura J. F. Hecox, Santa Cruz, Cal.
85. J. R. Mead, Wichita; Kan. Unionide.
86. Arthur F. Gray, Yonkers, N.Y.
87. S. M. Luther, Garretsville, O. Helicide.

Oo
Ol

THE NAUTILUS.

88. Dr. Stephen Bowers, Ventura, Cal.

89. E. H. Harn, Blairsville, Pa. Geographical Distribution
and Specific variation in Land Shells.

90. Prof. Leslie A. Lee, Brunswick, Me. Arctic Moll. and
Post-pliocene Fossils of No. Latitudes.

91. O. A. Crandall, Sedalia, Mo. Physa.

92. Philip E. Marsh, Aledo, Il. No. American Helicide.

93. Prof. Edw. W. Claypole, Akron,O. Palaeozoic Mollusca.

94, E. Leslie, Hamilton, Ont.

95. Mrs. 8. H. Young, Long Beach, Cal.

96. L’ Abbé Provancher, Cap Rouge, Quebec. Mollusca of
Province of Quebec.

97. A. Schlehenreid, New York, N. Y.

In the course of the next ten days, a complete printed list of all
the members of the Association, together with their exact addresses,
memorandum of subjects chosen for special study ete. will be issued,
and a copy sent to each member for his own use.

We are please to note the enrollment of two such distinguished
Conchological veterans as Dr. Neweomb and Wm.G. Binney. Mr.
Binney writes that “it will be a pleasure to me to assist all who are
studying mollusks, but I fear indifferent health will prevent my being
of much use to them.” Dr. Newcomb writes in the same kind spirit,
desiring to aid younger students in their work.

Dr. Newcomb is now 82 years of age—probably the oldest living
American Conchologist. He has been a great worker, having
collected upon 23 of the West India Islands, in the interior of
British Guiana, in Equador and Colombia, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Honduras, and West Mexico to Panama, in California and on 6 of
the Sandwich Island group. His publications are numerous,
many papers by him having appeared in the Conchological
journals of Europe and America. As he himself writes “I am al-
most alone; my old friends Agassiz, Gould, the elder Binney,
Anthony, Lea, Reeve, Cuming, Swift, Bland, Wheatley and many
others have passed away.”

O. A. Crandall, Sedalia, Mo. is studying the genus Physa and
writes as follows. “Ifthe members of the Association will send me
specimens of Physa from all over the country, I will take it as a
favor, besides returning them value in other exchanges.”

H. K. Morrell, Gardiner, Me., writes: “By the way I notice
that in the last N aurrius, Mr. Carpenter speaks doubtfully of pearls

56 THE NAUTILUS.

being found in Margaritana arcuata. I have a friend who has done
quite a business in collecting them from that mussel.”

E. H. Harn, Blairsville, Pa. in five years, has found 64 species
and varieties of shells in his neighborhood. That is a sample of
what can be done by patient search.

Mrs. M. Burton, Williamson University, Cal. sends us a copy of
the Weekly Tribune of Los Angeles, Cal. of August 16th, contain-
ing an interesting article by Virginia Burton, upon the “ Coffee-bean
Cowries” of the California Coast (Trivia Solandri and Trivia Cali-
fornica.)

Mr. Frank C. Baker, who has been studying at the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for a year past, and who was one
of the members of the expedition sent by the Academy to Southern
Mexico, has accepted a position with Prof. Henry Ward of Roch-
ester, New York, in his department of Invertebrates. Mr. Baker
leaves many warm friends in Philadelphia, where he will be missed
from the circle of conchologists as well for his kindly personal
qualities as for his recognized ability in the study of Mollusks.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.
BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY UNIONID£.
Genus Anodonta, Cuvier.

Shell transversely elongated, inequilateral, thin, toothless.

To distinguish instantly between the three genera, Unio, Mar-
garitana and Anodonta, it is only necessary to examine the hinge.
Unio has cardinal and lateral teeth in each valve; Margaritana has.
cardinal teeth, but no laterals, while Anodonta has no teeth, the
valves being held together only by the ligament.

There are two hundred species of Anodonta, distributed world
wide. Two of these are known to inhabit R. L, and a third may
possibly be found within its limits.
193.—Anodonta cataracta, Say.

Syns. :

Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea, Gould, Stimp.

Mytillus illictus, Solander.

Shell thin, inflated, transversely sub-oval, fragile; basal margim
curved ; hinge margin straight ; epidermis smooth, excepting at the

THE NAUTILUS. Bin

posterior and upper portion, where it is loosely wrinkled; color
deep grass green, dusky above and behind, radiated; nacre silvery
or bluish-white, margin greenish. Length given by authors, 42
inches; height, 2} inches; breadth, 1+ inch.

When shells are figured in books the specimens selected for the
purpose are always the largest and finest ones to be had. When
Say described this species in 1816, he gave its length as 2% inches.
Gould gives it 43 inches, but I have frequently seen specimens over
five inches in length and have one myself six inches long. Gould
considers the species very rare, found only in ponds in the central
and western parts of Mass., but Perkins finds it near New Haven,
in Conn., and we have at least two localities in R. I., and one in

Attleboro, near the line.
194.— Anodonta implicata, Say.

Shell transversely oblong, almost as broad as high, very variable
in proportions, thick and strong in some, thin and fragile in others;;
epidermis yellowish olive (darker above and behind), with dark
brown zones; young shells grass green, resembling <A. cataracta,
middle aged resembling U. radiata; nacre silvery white until after
the middle age, when it becomes flesh colored or salmon. Length
about four inches, height, 24 inches; breadth 2 inches. Gould says
it inhabits ponds in Essex and Middlesex counties in Mass., and
has been found in Maine. Whether it occurs southward or not is
uncertain. We find them in R. I., extremely common in all our
ponds and rivers,

195.

Shell transversely oval, thick; beaks prominent, the points in
contact, and when not eroded they exhibit four or five undulations
upon them ; epidermis dark brown, radiated ; hinge with a vestige
of a tooth, this peculiarity forming a connecting link between
Anodonta and Margaritana; nacre salmon colored, granulated in
the centre, bluish-white outside the pallial impression, with a broad
margin of olive. Length, 34 inches; height, 2 inches; breadth,
12 inch.

The locality given by Gould is the Blackstone River and its
tributaries in Mass., and as this river flows through several miles of
R. I. territory, I include it here although no specimens have been
obtained within our limits.

Anodonta undulata, Say.

1
(96)

THE NAUTILUS.
FAMILY NUCULIDAE.

The Nuculidze or Nut shells are small, pearly, angular shells.
They commenced in the Lower Silurian and are abundant in all the
various formations since. Most of genera belonging to this family
are known only as fossils. Three of the living genera, Nucula, Leda
and Yoldia inhabit New Eng. and two are represented in R. I.

Genus Nueula, Lamarck, 1799.

There are about fifty species, inhabiting all parts of the world,
most of which are found in deep water. Five species are in New
Eng. two of which probably inhabit R. I.

196.—Nucula delphinodonta, Mighels.
Syn. :
Nucula corticata, Holboll., Méller.

Shell small, obliquely triangular, very broad; beaks nearly at the
posterior end, elevated and tumid; hinge with three posterior and
seven anterior sharp elongated teeth; surface with coarse lines of
growth ; epidermis olivaceous. Length yo, height yoo, breadth rio
of an inch.

This species was found in large numbers in the stomachs of Cod-
fish, taken in Casco Bay, and described by Dr. Mighels in Journ.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv, 1842. It inhabits soft mud from ten to one
hundred fathoms water from Cape Cod to Greenland, and is included
among the shells of R. I. only on the authority of Stimpson, who says
it inhabits the whole coast, laminarian region, and of Prof. Verrill
who found it in twenty-nine fathoms, east of Block Island and off

Gay Head.
197.—Nucula proxima, Say.

Shell small, thick and solid, very oblique, ovate-triangular ; beaks
elevated, inclined forwards; surface crossed by minute lines, both
radiating and concentric; epidermis light olive with darker zones ;
interior lined with pearly nacre; margins finely crenulated ; hinge
with twelve teeth before the beaks and eighteen behind them.
Length 2, height 25, breadth + inch.

THE NAUTILUS: 59

Described by Thos. Say in Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 11, 270,
1822. Itis frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. Its habitat
is soft mud below low water, but it has been cellected on the shore
at Martha’s Vinyard. Distribution, from South Carolina to Gulf
of St. Lawrence. It is very abundant in our bay, in mud, off Rum-
stick, near the mouth of Warren River, where every throw of the
dredge will bring up hundreds of specimens.

Genus Leda, Schum., 1817.

This genus contains eighty species, four of which inhabit New
England and farther north. I am not aware that any species of
the genus inhabits R. I. although Prof. Verrill says in speaking of
Leda tenuisulcata, Stimpson, it inhabits from R. I. to Gulf of St.
Lawrence.

Genus Yoldia, Moller, 1832.

Five species of these peculiar shaped and highly polished shells
inhabit New Eng. one of which is found not living, but in a semi-
fossilized condition in Maine.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

HALIOTIS RUFESCENS, Swains. In the last number of the Manual
of Conchology Mr. Pilsbry gives the range of Haliotis rufescens,
Swainson, “ From Mendocino Co. to San Nicholas Island California.”
In 1874 or 1875 I collected several very fine living specimens, at ex-
treme low tide on rocks near the mouth of San Tomas River, Lower
California. This extends it range fully two hundred miles south of
San Nicholas Island. I may also add, that Haliotis cracherodii,
Leach, ranges two or three hundred miles south of San Tomas

River.—Henry Hemphill, San Diego, Cal.

HELIx H#MASTOMA VAR. CONCOLOR. Among the hundreds of
specimens of the hemastoma which I have seen, I never found one

60 THE NAUTILUS.

without white zones or bands, until a short time ago some were
sent me of a rich chestnut color all over. The lip is pink, as usual.
This color-pattern is so conspicuous that it may deserve a varietal

pame——H. ALP:

CoNSTRUCTED OR SECRETED? In the August number of the
Navutiius Mr. Henry Hemphill makes the following statement :
“Tt is well known that all shell-bearing Mollusks construct their shells,
in obedience to the laws of their constitutional characteristics and
the environment, among which I inelude affinity of matter and me-
chanical skill, the latter a faculty possessed to a greater or less degree
by all animals.”

In my simplicity I had supposed that shells were secreted, as bone
is secreted, not constructed. By whom is it “well known” that
they are constructed, and how do they know it?

I ask these questions not in a spirit of criticism, but to a draw out
facts. Mr. Hemphill will help to make the Navuri.us interesting,
if he will give us in its pages a succinet statement of the leading facts
on which his theory is based —M. L. Leach.

OFrreRED Land and fresh water shells of this locality for shells of
other localities. G. M. Leslie, 69 Main St., W. Hamilton, Ont.,
Canada.

Buurmucus rN Texas. While in the field on the State Geo-
logical Survey last week I saw the white Budimulus with yellow-
ish wash (Bulimulus var. Mooreanus) sticking to dry dead woods in
a blazing sun with temperature up to 95° in the shade. This was
the only colony seen in ten days riding. Vegetation is very much
parched in the tregion from 90 days drought—G. H. Ragsdale
Gainesville, Texas, August, 1890.

SPECIES DETERMINED. From L’abbe Provancher, Cap-Rouge,
Quebec, Can.—Nos. 1, 2,3, 4, Bulimulus exilis Gmel. Barbadoes,
Dominica, St. Lucia. 5 B. vineentinus Pfr. Trinidad. 6 B.
elongatus Bolt. Trinidad. 7 Goniobasis livescens Menke, Kankakee
R. Ill. 8 Paludina integra Say, Fox R. Ill. 9 Pleurocera subulare
Lea, Fox R. 10 Paludina lineata Val. Fox R. 11 Cardiwm
ciliare Gmel. Europe. 12 Cytherea convera Say, Magdalen Islands
Gulf of St. Lawrence.—C. W. J.

fee N Buri US,

VOL. Iv. OCTOBER, 1890. No. 6.

CRITICAL NOTES ON THE BULIMULI OF FLORIDA.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, LAKE HELEN, FLA.

Bulimulus Dormani W. G. B. var albida Wright.

That this is a good variety would appear from the following facts :
It is never found associated with the typical. I have seen trees liter-
ally loaded with the typical 6B. Dormani, where it would have
been possible to have secured thousands of specimens in a few hours
time and have taken as many as five hundred in a day, but never
have been able to discover any tendency to change of any of the
characters. At one time I had over one thousand living, full grown
specimens spread out in a large box and with the closest scrutiny
no freaks were seen. We liberated nearly all of them subsequently.

In a dense hammock well isolated from any similar lands and
fully a dozen miles from any locality where the typical B. Dormani
is to be found, the pure white shell occurs. It is not plentiful, but
always spotless. In form it does not seem to differ from the typical.

Bulimulus Hemphilli Wright.

In the hammock lands located upon the narrow strip of land lying
between Mosquito Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean, there is another
form of Bulimulus found. This is shorter, its whorls more rounded
and is thinner than B. Dormani. This shell was discovered by
Mr. Henry Hemphill of San Diego, Cal. in 1884 and Dr. Binney,
judging from the few dead specimens in hand, pronounced it a var.
ot B. Floridanus Pfr. Subsequently I found a fair number of liy-
ing specimens and became convinced that it was a good species and

62 THE NAUTILUS.

described it under the name of Bulimulus Hemphilli in the West
American Scientist of April, 1889.

During the present season I have had the opportunity to compare
the animals, eggs and habits with typical B. Dormani and no doubt
is left as to its being distinct from it. But as to its relation to B. Flori-
danus I am not able to say so positively, never having seen this un-
known shell. However I claim the following differences appear from
comparison with the published figure and description. See Bin-
ney’s American Land Shells, p. 407-8, fig. 448.

B. FLorrpanus Pfr. B. Hempuiiur Wright.
1. Perforate. 1. Imperforate.
2. Narrow. 2. Wide.
3. Grayish green, 3. Amber dull lead color.
4. Variegated-white-streaks and spots. 4. Obscure brownish red bands below.
5. Spire acute, elongate. 5. Spire blunt, short.
6. Aperture 2 length of shell. 6. Aperture 3 length of shell.
7. Base uniformly and_ gracefully
7. Subangulated below. rounded.
8. Attenuated at base. 8. Expanded at base.
9. Whorls 63. 9. Whorls 5.
10. Rather smooth, 10. Marked by coarse lines of growth.

I call this quite a “ general difference.” and from which I believed
myself justifiable in giving to it a name, especially after receiving
the following letter from Dr. Binney:

August 16. 1888. “I find the jaw and lingual dentition to be
same as in B. nitelinus Rv.—B. serperastrus Say.” August 26,
1888. “I am aware that said figure (449) does not agree with the
earinated body whorl of B. Floridanus, but in the present state of
our ignorance of the range of variation of these Bulimi, who
knows?”

“Tt would be well for you to describe your shell as new, leaving
to the future the decision of its identity with some other W. I. or
Spanish Main species. To us Americans, it is surely new.”

I am thus specific about this because Dr. Binney has subsequent-
ly (see last Ed. of Manual of American Land Shells) placed B.
Hemphilli Wright, asa synonym of B. Floridanus. Why he should
do so, after the above declaration, is strange to me, unless he is natur-
ally too conservative.

Who has seen it—Bulimulus Floridanus Pfr. ”

After seven years spent in Florida, travelling about much and al-
ways keeping a sharp look-out for shells and plants, I have never

THE NAUTILUS. 6:

ie)

yet found anything bearing any resemblance to this shell. True, it
may exist upon some of the Keys, but diligent inquiry among corre-
spondents fails to bring out any information as to its whereabouts.
Does any reader of THe Navuritus know of any specimen hav-
ing been found? Has any one ever seen it? Is there a specimen in
the United States? If no one has any knowledge of the shell’s exist-
ence in Florida, is it not time the name was dropped and treated
as a lost species? Many sharp collectors and students have scoured
the wilds of Florida very thoroughly and if it is really here its pres-
ence should have been known before this.

_ Any one posessing any information upon this matter will confer a
great favor by addressing the writer.

A NEW VARIETY OF HELIX.
BY LORENZO G. YATES.!

Helix (Arionta) Carpenteri, Newc.
Variety Inproensis, L. G. Yates.

Shell umbilicated, rounded conical, apex obtuse, obscurely marked
with one brown band, lines of growth well defined; whorls 5,
rounded ; suture well marked ; aperture circular, entire ; peristome
slightly expanded, except at the columella, where it is broadly ex-
panded in a line nearly parallel with the vertical axis.

Greater diameter 18 mm. height 12 mm.

Habitat, near Indio, San Bernardino County, California, Collect-
or, Stephen Bowers.

NOTICES OF NEW AMNICOLIDE.
BY? HH: ASRS BRN.

Bythinella Hemphilli Pilsbry.
Shell minute, very slender, about the shape of Carychium exiguum
Say. Apex obtuse, whorls 5, convex, the last imperforate. Aperture

1 By a curious oversight the following was omitted from Dr. Yates’ paper
in the September Wawtilus.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ovate, about one-third the length of the entire shell ; peristome con-
tinuous, its plane oblique to the axis of the shell, the base of the
lip being advanced. Color, corneous, often encrusted with a black
ferrugineous deposit. Alt. 2:4, diam. 1 mm.

The types were collected by Henry Hemphill near Kentucky
Ferry, Snake River, Washington. The species is more nearly allied
to B. Aldrichi Call, then to our other forms, but is far more slender
than any Bythinella yet made known to us from North America.
The plane of the peristome slants forward toward the base, as in
the species of Pleurocera, but the lip is not sinuous. This pecu-
liarity alone will separate B. Hemphilli from all other species.

Bythinella brevissima Pilsbry.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, pupiform, composed of + or 4} very
convex, rounded whorls, the first two increasing rapidly in width,
the last two more equal in width. Aperture a little over one-third
the length of shell; oval; the columellar side a little more flattened
than the outer; peristome simple, continuous, in contact with the
body-whorl at the upper part, but not modified or flattened by that
contact. Umbilicus rather large. Surface slightly wrinkled longi-
tudinally. Alt. 2°8, diam. 1°8 mill.

This species was collected by John H. Campbell, Esq, in Haul-
over Canal, at the head of Indian River, Florida. It was asso-
ciated with Byth. zequicostata, Hydrobia Wetherbyi, Goniobasis pap-
illosa, Planorbis scalaris, Physa pomilia and Vivipara Georgiana.

The shell seems most nearly allied to B. obtusa and Aldrichi;
having the same truncated appearance caused by the depressed form
of the earlier whorls, while the last two form a rather cylindrical
body. The whorls are more convex than in B. obtusa and the
umbilicus far larger, it being scarcely obvious in B. obtusa. B. Ald-
richi is a smaller species, with different aperture.

A NEW SPECIES OF NANINA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Nanina Ruschenbergeri Pilsbry.

Shell large, depressed, thick and solid, rudely striate, deeply
and perspectively umbilicated.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Solid and strong, opaque. The specimens are dead, lusterless and
destitute of epidermis, of a dirty-white color with either (1) a
single narrow peripheral brown girdle, the umbilicus brown in-

side, or (2) abroad brown girdle
encircling the middle of the
whorl, or (5) the upper surface
of the last whorl brown except
for a light girdle just above the
periphery, below which there is
a broad zone, its lower edge fad-
ing out on the base, the periph-
ery itself marked by a narrow
darker band; in all the forms
the umbilicus is brown inside and
the whorls of the spire light, the
apex somewhat rufous. The sur-
face has very coarse and uneven,
irregular, oblique strize above;
they are weaker below; and
under a lens, close incised spiral
lines become visible, making the
surface granulate; they are
nearly obsolete on the body-whorl,
but usually distinct inside the
umbilicus and on the earlier
whorls. The spire is low, ob-
tuse; sutures deeply impressed.
Whorls 6, slowly widening, the
inner three somewhat protruding
above the outer; the last whor
very convex aboye, obsoletely angled on its earlier portion, becoming
rounded, shortly but decidedly deflexed in front. Aperture very
oblique, rounded-lunate ; peristome expanded on its outer margin,
reflexed, blunt and much thickened on the basal and columellar
margins. Umbilicus deep, permitting one to see to the apex, and
funnel-shaped.

Alt. 22, greater diam. 42, lesser 37 mm.; width of umbilicus 8
mm.; oblique alt. of mouth (meas. outside perist.) 21, width 21 mm.

Another specimen measures: Alt. 22, diam. 45 mm.

66 THE NAUTILUS.
Habitat, Liu-Kiu Is. (Dr. Ruschenberger.)

This is a very solid, heavy form, apparently belonging to the
group of H. pallasiana Pfr. but very different from that species in
its much more convex whorls, deeper suture, more broadly ex-
panded umbilicus, and in the rounded body-whorl, the earlier part
of which is very acutely carinated in H. pallasiana. There are four
specimens before me, one of them about half grown, the others adults.
The young shell is very obtusely angled at the periphery ; the striz
are minutely granulated. The embryonic shell is large, about one-
fifth the diam. of the adult, composed of about 2? whorls, of which
the outer 13 are finely, distinctly granulate, the inner ones having
low, curved, radiating little folds. The termination of the embry-
onic shell is marked by a distinct line.

EASTERN NEW YORK NOTES.
BY W. 8S. TEATOR, UPPER RED HOOK, N. Y.

To our list of mollusca inhabiting this Duchess County region,
Mr. Gilbert van Ingen of Poughkeepsie has recently made some good
additions, among them, these: Patula asteriscus, Pupa simplex and
Zonites internus.

The first named, asteriscus, was discovered under the mould in a
swamp near the city. Mr. van Ingen in a letter to me gives the fol-
lowing: “The locality where I found them is known as ‘ The Glen’
at Vassar College. It is a small deep valley worn out by a stream
in the hills of drift. Through the center of the narrow strip of
level land at the bottom flows the stream, on either side of which is
the swamp. The soil is fine black muck and is very wet and cold.”
But two specimens were found at first, and later two more were
taken.

Of Pupa simplex about a half dozen were obtained in the same
place, under moist leaves.

Zonites internus is one of those which are out of place here so far
east, though it has been reported at Albany. Mr. van Ingen found
a few live specimens and a number of dead ones on the hills oppo-
site Poughkeepsie during the latter part of last March.

fiend

THE NAUTILUS. 61

WEST AMERICAN NOTES.
BY CouR., ORCUTDVORCULLT, CAL:

HALIOTIS RUFESCEN Swains. Inthe Nautiuus, iv, 59, Mr. Henry
Hemphill cites a Lower Californian locality for this species. I have
also found this species at the same point at La Playa de Santo
Tomas, Lower California, but have never found it or heard of it at
San Diego or at intermediate points. Santo Tomas (not San Tomas
as Mr. Hemphill writes it) is about 75 miles south of San Diego on
the Pacific Coast of the Californian peninsula.

HELIX CARPENTERI, Newcomb. Dr. L. G. Yates (NAUTILUS iv,
51) refers a form of Helix from near “Indio, San Barnardino Co.,
California” to this species. If [ remember rightly Dr. Bowers col-
lected these to the south of Indio at the eastern base of the San Ja-
cinto mountain range, in San Diego County, Indio, a station on the
S. P. Ry., is also in San Diego County. What I take to be the
same shell I have collected in the same region, in Palu canon, along
Snow Creek, ete., where the dead or “fossil” shells are often very
numerous, but living specimens are correspondingly rare. I believe
at the proper season an abundance of living examples might be ob-
tained among the rocks, as many of my specimens were plainly re-
eent, and none of those observed, could I describe as in a fossil state.
I consider it merely a form of Helix Traskii Newcomb, but for that
matter H. Carpenteri is worthy of no greater consideration.

Pruysa. In my botanical work on the Colorado Desert, San
Diego county, California, I have also a good opportunity to study
the geology of this interesting and little known region, and the
fauna as well as the flora. The millions of fresh water shells scat-
tered over this desert are well known, and a review of the subject
of their occurrence there, is now in press. Ina recent visit to Yuma,
Arizona, and the neighborhood of Ft. Yuma, California, I was
enabled to make another interesting observation in relation to their
occurrence. At Hanlon’s Ferry, a few miles south of Ft. Yuma, on
the west bank of the Colorado river, a mining company has erected
a tank with a capacity of four thousand gallons. This was put up
nearly a year ago (September 1889) and has not since been cleaned
out, though nearly emptied twice a week. In this tank I was
pleased to find thousands of living Physas, some quite large ex-
amples. The tank is applied from a 6 inch well, and no shells were

68 THE NAUTILUS.

found alive in the Colorado river, only a few hundred feet away.
This brings up some interesting questions relating to geographical
distribution, of which the writer may treat later.

ForricNers. Limax maximus has appeared in San Diego
gardens ; Helix nitidus is also not rare at San Diego, and hundreds
were found in the grounds of the University of California, at
Berkley, recently. The trunks of several Australian tree ferns
have also afforded a Helix and one or two slugs new to the writer.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
OcroBER 1, 1890.

President, JoHNn H. CAMPBELL.
Vice-President, Joun Forp.
Secretary, Cas. W. JOHNSON.

Since last announcement the following new members have been
enrolled in the Association :

98. Wm. J. Fox, Philadelphia, Pa. Cerithiidae and shells of
New Jersey.

99. Mrs. E. P. Gaylord, Detroit, Mich. Cypraeidae.

100. Prof. J. B. Steere, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Several applications are pending. It would facilitate the admis-
sion of applicants, if they would refer to some member of the Associa-
tion, with whom they are acquainted either personally or by corre-
spondence.

Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, Conservator of the Conchological Section of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, (at the suggestion of the President
of the Association), has commenced the formation of a special ex-
hibit of United States Shells. It is his intention to have every
species of mollusk found in the United States, represented in the
collection, and if the members of the Association will assist in the
work, he will so arrange it, that none but members shall contribute
specimens, in order that the collection may be the special exhibit of
the American Association of Conchologists. If the idea is suecess-
fully carried out, similar collections may be formed in other cities of
the United States, so that any person wishing to identify a species,
will have the material accessible for reference, to enable him to do

THE NAUTILUS. 69

it. The specimens are to be deposited in the Museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences for permanent exhibition. In order
that the collection may be a credit to the Association, none but the
finest kind of specimens will be accepted and the exact locality of
every specimen contributed must be designated. The matter of
contributing to the collection, will be, of course, purely voluntary
on the part of members, but it is urged upon them to take an
interest in the matter, for two reasons, viz: Ist. A complete, special
collection of all the mollusca of the United States will be valuable
for purposes of reference, identification of species, settlement of
disputed nomenclature, classification, and general scientific interest.
2nd. It will be a work, which will redound to the credit of the As-
sociation, by showing what the members are capable of doing, when
united in gathering material for a great National Collection. The
name and address of each donor will be attached to the cards upon
which the specimens will be mounted. Members, who are willing
to assist the project, will please let the President of the Association
know what specimens they can contribute to the collection.

Inquiries have been made by members, as to the best general works
of reference in the study of conchology. We would recommend
Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology, Phila., 1884 and Dr.
Paul Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie, Paris, 1857. Both of them
are invaluable to the student. Any bookseller in America can
obtain them.

Mr. Henry Hemphill in his recent Catalogue of North American
Shells, suggests some startling changes in the nomenclature of Amer-
ican Helices—mainly in the proposed reduction to varietal rank of a
number of species recognized by Mr. Pilsbry and other authorities.
In Mr. Pilsbry’s subgenus Polygyra (including Polygyra, Mesodon,
Triodopsis and Stenotrema) the following changes would be made if
Mr. Hemphill be correct:

Andrewsi, W. G. B.=var. albolabris, Say.
appressa, Say—var. palliata, Say.
armigera, Ancey—var. Columbiana, Lea.
binominata, Tryon=var. devius, Gould.
Dorfeuillana, Lea—var. Texasiana, Moric.
exoleta, Binn.—var. albolabris, Say.

TO THE NAUTILUS.

fallax, Say—var. tridentata, Say.

hirsuta, Say—var. stenotrema, Fér.
Hopetonensis, Shutt.—var. tridentata, Say.
inflecta, Say—var. tridentata, Say.
introferens, Bland=var. tridentata, Say.
Mooreana, W. G. B.—var. Texasiana, Moric.
Mullani, Bland—var. devius, Gould.

Rugeli, Shutt.—var. tridentata, Say.
Salmonensis, Tryon—var. devius, Gould.

‘ Sanburni, W. G. B.—var. devius, Gould.
thyroides, Say—var. albolabris, Say.
triodontoides, Bland—var. Texasiana, Moric.
uvulifera, Shutt.—var. auriculata, Say.

Van Nostrandi, Bland=var. tridentata, Say.
Wetherbyi, Bland—var. Roemeri, Pfr.

It would be an excellent thing, if those members of the Associa-
tion, who are interested in American Helices, would communicate
with the Secretary, giving their opinion upon the proposed changes
of Mr. Hemphill. The Communications would afford a basis for
comparing notes and obtaining a concensus of opinion upon the sub-
ject, which would make an interesting article in the next number of
the Navurti.us.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER

198.— Yoldia limatula, Say., 1831.

Nucula limatula, Say, Gld., DeKay, Con., Sby., Migh., ete.

Leda limatula, Stimp., 8. I. Smith.

Yoldia limatula, Modern authors.

Shell transversely ovate, thin and fragile, translucent; posterior
end lengthened and narrowed to a rostrum or snout; beaks nearly
central, not prominent; surface smooth and shining with minute
lines of growth; epidermis very glossy, light green with lighter and

THE NAUTILUS. 71

darker radiating zones; interior bluish white, pearly; hinge with
eighteen teeth on the posterior, and twenty-two teeth on the anterior
side of the beaks. Length two inches, height one inch, breadth
one half.

It inhabits from Long Island to Newfoundland fine, soft mud at
a depth of from two to ten fathoms. They are very abundant and
of large size at Portland, Me., but are much smaller in Rhode
Island. The only place where I have been able to dredge them in
Narragansett Bay is off Rumstick, at the mouth of Warren River
in company with Nucula proxima, Say.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

James C. Cox, M. D., the well-known Australian Conchologist,
has recently published descriptions and figures of Ancylus Smithi
and Cyprea Irvineane, both from Australia. The latter is said to
group with Cyprea stolida, brevidentata and coffea. (Proc. Linn
Soc. N.S. Wales, iv, p, 660, plate xix.)

A fine specimen of the rare Conus gloria-maris (of which only about
a dozen are known) has been secured by Mr. Hermann Rolle (whose
advertisement will be seen inthis number.) The specimen is valued
by him at $500.

Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum has published a very ac-
ceptable list of the marine mollusks of the Island of St. Helena in
Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1890. Many new species are described.
An unexpectedly large number of West Indian types appear.

CyPR#A SPADICEA. I noticed that in the July Nautiius Miss
Ida Shepard tells of finding Cyprea spadicea at Longbeach. It
has been found here (Santa Barbara) alive, and dead shells are not
rare. This is some hundred miles further north than her locality.
I have thought that Point Concepcion forty miles above, might
be its northern limit, but have no data to prove it. The one cap-
tured here, lived two or three days in a bowl of sea water, giving
us an opportunity to study its beauties —Sarah E. Boyce, Santa
Barbara, Cal.

(QV THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW West AMERICAN LAND, FRESH-WATER
AND MARINE SHELLS, by Robt. E. C. Stearns, Adjunct Curator of
the Dept. of Mollusks, U. S. Nat. Mus. (Ex. Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xiii, p, 205.) In this excellent paper Dr. Stearns describes Helix
(Arionta) coloradoensis, Grand Canon of the Colorado, opposite the
Kaibab plateau, elevation of 3,500 ft; H. (Arionta) magdalensis,
Magdalena, State of Sonora, Mex., elevation of 1000 ft. above the
town; Holospira semi-sculpta, State of Chihuahua, Mex.; H. arizo-
nensis, Dos Cabezos, Arizona; Melania ( Goniobasis?) acutofilosa,
Eagle Lake, Cal., a form allied to G. occata; Cyclothyca, a new sub-
genus of Capulus, with the species C. corrugata, West coast of Nic-
aragua; Mitra nodocancellata, Gulf of Cal.; Venericardia barbar-
ensis, off Santa Barbara Is., Cal’; Lucina equizonata, same locality ;
Venus (Chione) effeminata, Panama Bay; Periploma discus, San
Pedro, Long Beach, ete. Venericardia borealis Conr. and V. ven-
tricosa Gld., and Miodon prolongatus Cpr., are also figured. Of the
West Coast Helices Dr. Stearns says: “I agree in the main, if not
entirely with Mr: Pilsbry in his remarks as contained in the para-
graph under Lysinoé in Nomenclature and Check-list of N. A. Land
Shells, p, 193, criticising the generic terms, ete., heretofore applied
to the helices of the Pacific slope, but I do not perceive the propri-
ety of substituting the generic name Lysinoé H. & A. Ad., 1855, any
more than Aglaia Albers, 1860, for Arionta Leach, 1820. As for
Helminthoglypta, Micrarionta, Euparypha ete., as applied to the
West Coast snails, there is nothing in them more or less than a beg-
garly threshing of beaten straw, not a grain of wheat; or in other
words, neither propriety nor advantage in their use”! Under Holos-
pira a useful list of all known species is given, with critical remarks.
Under the description of Goniobasis, doubts are expressed as to
whether the western Melanians belong to Goniobasis—a subject al-
ready noticed by the Editor in the last Nauriuus.

The subgenus Cyclothyca is proposed for a curious form like a de-
pressed Stomatia phymotis, somewhat, probably parasitic on Echinus.
The plates, three in number, are beautiful examples of photo-en-
graving.—H. A. P.

dames HW Windrim Awe

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VOL. Iv. NOVEMBER, 1890. No.

A GLANCE AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA.

BY JOHN FORD, PHILADELPHIA.’

The present building of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia fronting on Logan Square, is a very large one, but the new
structure, of which a perspective view is given on the opposite page,
will be quite double the size; the front of the latter on 19th St.,
being 155 feet; and that on Cherry St. 130 feet, thus giving an addi-
tional surface area of 20,150 square feet. Four tiers of galleries
52 ft. wide will surround an open central hall, the whole illuminated
by an arched glass roof springing at a height of 80 ft. above the floor.
Added to these will be many rooms for Laboratory, Office and other
purposes. The society for whose accomodations this noble edifice is
being erected, is the oldest of the kind in America, it having been
founded in 1812 by a few earnest seekers after knowledge. Since
then many hundreds of names, among them a large number well
known to-day, have been added to its membership. It is not strange,
therefore, that for many years the society’s decisions have had great
weight in the scientific world.

In addition to its contributions to the progress of science through
the publication of discoveries and investigations, and courses of popu-
lar lectures, it has established a museum of natural objects equal in
many respects to the finest known. In this vast aggregation there

1 EpitoR OF NAUTILUS, DEAR SIR: Accompanying this communication
please find a picture of the building of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, as it will appear when the addition now under construction is finished.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

are thirty thousand birds including the Gould collection of Austra-
lian species, the Bonaparte collection of European species and Ver-
reaux series from Asia and Africa.

The collection of fossils, which is being systematically arranged
by Prof. Angelo Heilprin, Curator-in-charge, contains some 20,000
trays of specimens besides a larger number of original types of
American Tertiary fossils than all other collections in existence.

The Minerals, including the superb collection of the late Wm. 8.
Vaux, equal in numbers and beauty the best in the country.

Of no less interest and value is the collection of Insects which in
extent and completeness is almost unrivaled. Nor less instructive
and attractive is the Herbarium with its vast number of specimens,
including 35,000 species of flowering plants.

Many other equally important collections are contained in the
Museum.

Among these may be mentioned the Fishes, Reptiles, Corals,
Sponges and Crustaceans, all of which are largely represented.

There are also some 1,700 specimens of human Crania and a host
of Archaelogical objects.

But of more especial interest, perhaps, to the readers of the Nau-
tilus is the Conchological collection.

This is equal in all respects to the best in the world, and super-
ior to all in the systematic arrangement of the specimens. - There
are fully thirty thousand species and named varieties in the collec-
tion, these embracing nearly a half million of specimens, the majority
of which were presented from time to time by prominent Concholo-
gists whose knowledge and means enabled them to select and secure
the best examples available. To this fact may be ascribed much of
the beauty and value of the collection.

As already stated the arrangement of the collection is superior to
any in the world, and this is directly due to the careful study and
matchless executive ability of the late Mr. Tryon who planned it in
accordance with the design previously prepared by him for his
masterly work the ManuaL or CoNCHOLOGY.

He did not live to see the entire fulfilment of his wishes but they are
being faithfully carried out by his friend and sometime assistant,
Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, the present conservator of the department and
Editor of the Manual.

The primal group in the arrangement is a synoptical one embra-
cing all of the principal genera known.

re

THE NAUTILUS. i/

With each of these are a sufficient number of species to make the
generic distinctions at once apparent, thus enabling the student to
locate in the general collection any genus he might wish to exam-
ine.

Following this group are the genera with their full complement
of species, the bulk of the latter represented by specimens, the
remainder by figures or models.

First in line are the Cephalopods, which as your readers know,
comprise the highest class of the Mollusca,

Only a few of these produce shells that are wholly external. A
fine display, however, of those belonging to the Nautilus and Argon-
auta are to be seen, together with many rare models of shell-less spe-
cies.

Near these are several trays of frail glass-like shells belonging to
the class Pteropoda. Of this class quite a number of genera are rep-
resented making a very dainty and delicate group.

Next in order comes the Marine Gastropods, a class containing
a far greater number of genera than either of the others named. In-
cluded in these are the Murices, Tritons, Purpura, Volutes, Fusus,
Mitra, Marginella, Olives, Cones and Cypraea.

In all of these are rare and costly specimens, while some of them
show an almost complete series of the species.

This is especially so as regards the Cones, Olives and Cypraea, the
last being the Jargest and finest collection of its kind in the United
States save that belonging to John H. Campbell Esq. of Philadel-
phia, which is indeed worth a long journey to see. Exquisite speci-
mens are also plentiful in the other genera mentioned. Passing
from these the visitor will meet with many series of genera belong-
ing to the same class. Though less prominent, perhaps, than those left
behind, they are in some respects quite as interesting.

Among them is the genus Cerithium, a group of wax-like shells,
whose “ quaint and curious” forms make them delightfully attrac-
tive. Here too are the Littorina, the Turbo, Trochus, Phasianella
and many others including the genus Haliotis which in_ beauty,
number of species and size of specimens, can fairly claim the atten-
tion of all lovers of Nature’s handiwork.

Near to these are the Patella, Bulla and Chitons, all of which
are worthy of attention, though among the last of the Marine Uni-
valves.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Here also, near the center of the west gallery, are located the cases
intended for a special collection of all molluscous species belonging
to the United States.

The idea of this collection emanated from the President of the
American Association of Conchologists and there is every reason to
believe that the members will agree with him and show their apprecia-
tion of the project in offerings of the best specimens obtainable near
their respective homes. Just beyond these, in cases and drawers,
can be seen a majority of all the fresh water species of the world,
including the types of Rafinesque, Say, Conrad, Tryon, Haldeman
Gabb and others, and a series of duplicate types of Lea’s Unionide.

The series of Land Shells commences with Qleacina, a genus
chiefly confined to the U. S. Gulf States and Central and South
America. A majority of the species are shown, and as many of the
shells are translucent, the visitor, for this and other reasons, will find
them both interesting and instructive.

The same translucent, and in some instances transparent, character
is also finely illustrated among species of Vitrina in a case near by.
Just beyond the latter are several families containing a compara-
tively large number of genera. Of these the most familiar are Gib-
bus, Zonites and Nanina, the arrangement of which is entirely com-
pleted, a task that only expert conchologists can fully appreciate.
In Zonites and Nanina many beautiful gems are presented, though
none so singular in form, perhaps, as are the species Lyonettianus and
pagodus in the genus Gibbus.

Next come the typical Helices, a genus containing some 3,400 spe-
cies. An enormous number indeed to be of one kin. Among those
exhibited are many specimens remarkable for size, ‘perfection of fin-
ish, and the rare combination of colors adorning their surfaces.
With these can be seen H. picta, from Cuba, with its forty color
varieties, each “a thing of beauty and a joy forever;’ H. Gibboni
with its white and chestnut-colored crescents; and H. Polygyrata
whose many whorls are alike suggestive of giddiness and French
horns. Also scores of others no less enchanting though hailing, with
their less favored brothers, from all continents and islands of the
world. In the same family is that wonderful group known as the
Cochlostyla. This comprises many sub-genera, including the typical
Cochlostylus of Ferrussac. The group, however, as it is understood,
embraces nearly all of the Helicoid and Bulimitorm land species
belonging to the Philippine and adjacent islands.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Nothing but superlatives of the highest order can do justice to the
superb appearance of this group. Where each species exhibits a
style of beauty peculiar to itself, and all are charming, any special
reference to individual perfection would seem invidious.

Some, it is true, show a higher caste of beauty than do others, but
none the less are they all graceful and fair to look upon. With
slight modifications these remarks will also apply to the genus Buli-
mus in an adjoining case. This group is not so patrician in general
appearance, but a large percentage of the species are sufficiently
handsome to create a desire for possession in the heart of the collec-
tor.

Nor would this desire be lessened on his beholding, a few feet a-
way, the grand display made by the genus Achatina, many species
of which are quite large, symmetrical in form and radiant with color.

Following these, with an almost complete complement of species,
are still many families belonging to the Pulmonata.

Among this number, the best known are the Achatinellidue, the
Cylindrellidae, Pupidae, Succineidae and Auriculidae.

All are rich in species especially interesting to the student, and
possibly so to the casual observer; but lack of space prevents any
further allusion to them at present. For the same reason but little
reference can be made to the multitude of bivalves still unnoticed.
These belong to the Class Pelecypoda, and are chiefly marine.
Among the most beautiful of the genera are the Te/lina, Cythe-
rea, Tapes, Cardium, Trigonia, Spondylus and Pecten. These are
the queens of the Class, though many other genera are endowed
with species but little inferior either in form or color.

Few, however, can rival the regal beauty of Tellina radiata, Cy-
therea erycina, Tapes literata, Cardium pseudolima, Trigonia mar-
garitifera, Spondylus princeps, Pecten pallium and other species grac-
ing their respective genera. All gems, rare gems from ocean sands
and caves

“ Where the foot treadeth not, nor the eye may scan ;
Deep, deep from the haunts and the homes of man.”
Philadelphia, October, 1890.

NOTES ON BULIMULUS DORMANI W. G. B.
BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON, WASHINGTON, D. C.

In the Oct. Nautrius Mr. Berlin H. Wright separates a form of
Bulimulus Dormani from the type, calling it var. albida, and

80 THE NAUTILUS.

makes the sweeping: assertion that “it is never found associated with
the typical.”

Such a statement is a very strong one, and would indicate either
that the writer was thoroughly familiar with every locality in which
the shell was found, or that others had searched over its entire area
of distribution, and that all the facts regarding it were known.
Such an amount of knowledge is scarcely possessed concerning any
mollusk I know of. It is hardly safe to say with certainty that any
shell of the later Tertiaries is extinct, that a species is never found
outside of a given locality, or only under certain conditions, or that
one form may not connect with another, because the army of lynx-
eyed collectors at work now are creating continual surprises in such
matters, bringing the dead to life and finding forms in just the places
and under just the circumstances that other persons have said they
could not.

While living at Braidentown, Florida, I found Bulimulus Dor-
mani quite abundant, living and dead, in heavy hammock lands
north of the Manatee River, and with the typical form, on the very
same trees, I found quite a number of specimens without a vestige
of color! The ground of most of these shells was a lovely pale por-
celain, the spots were usually reddish brown, sometimes forming un-
interrupted bands somewhat clouded, or more or less distinct; and
between these and the unicolored shells, there was almost every
variation. Some of the specimens were a uniform horn color, others
a waxen or porcelain tint. There was also quite a range of varia-
tion in size and solidity ; some shells measuring one and a fourth
inches in length, others that I believed to be adult were not over
three fourths of an inch long; some were quite solid for so frail a
species, and others so fragile that they could be blown to fragments
with the breath, and it was next to impossible to collect or handle
the latter. Many of these were quite inflated, others attenuated,
and I am inclined to believe that B. marielinus is only a dwarf,
elongated form of this same shell.

In the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum, there are a couple of
shells (No. 29612) collected by W. W. Calkins, with only Florida
given as a locality, and labelled Bulimulus Floridanus Pfr. These
agree quite well with the figures of that species (448) in Binney’s
Manual of North American Land Shells, p. 407. The texture is
more solid than B. Dormani or Marielinus as I have seen them, the
whorls are somewhat convex, the last sub-angulated below the mid-

THE NAUTILUS. 81

dle, the columella and aperture agree fairly well with the descrip-
tion, but the color is a uniform brownish buff, darker slightly on the
base. They are close to certain unicolored forms of B. virgulatus,
Rve. of the West Indies, and certainly seem different from anything
I have seen bearing the name of Dormant, Marielinus or Floridanus.
Mr. Calkins collected several years in Florida for the Chicago Acad.
Nat. Sciences, published a catalogue of Florida shells and furnished
a good deal of material for the Nat. Museum, and his localities seem
to be reasonably accurate. I may remark in passing that B. stram-
ineus Guild., of the Isle of St. Vincent, is extremely close to the uni-
colored forms of Bulimulus Dormani.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANCTUS.

BY JOHN FORD.

Anctus Pilsbryi, Ford, N. Sp.

Shell rimate-umbilicated, ovate-conical, spire acute, apex black ;
whorls 7, slightly convex, the last somewhat constricted near the base.
Aperture extremely narrow, oblong; lip flatly reflected, the central
portion for about two-thirds of its length provided with a flange ex-
tending toward the inner or columellar lip from which proceeds a
corresponding convexity thus giving to the aperture a form much
like the traditional key hole, Color light gray, painted longitu-
dinally with brownish and black lines.

Length of shell 23, length of aperture 12, width between flanges
1 mill, width of flange on outer lip 2 mill. Color of lip white.

Habitat Brazil.

Anctus angiostoma and A. Pilsbryi are the only living species of
the subgenus known and they are in some respects very much alike.
In the former, however, the apex is not black and shining nor are
the apertures at all alike, save in general outline. Indeed that of
A, Pilsbryi is absolutely distinct from any other known to the writer.
This alone would justify its specific separation, and it will be a
miracle perhaps if a form so peculiar does not appeal to the genus
makers as well.’

Phila. Pa., Oct. 13th, 1890.

1 The above description is chiefly drawn from memory, as the shell was un-
fortunately mislaid before the less salient features were thoroughly verifed. It
can be understood, however, that all of the characters given above are approx-

imately correct.

82 THE NAUTILUS.
SHELLS WITHIN CITY LIMITS.

While hunting for fossils in an old stone yard in Sedalia, I found
that the Pupa fallax, Say, was quite plentiful, some stones of the size
of a hand having nearly one hundred shells on the under side.
Short searches on three different days gave about 2000 Pupa fallax,
250 Pupa rupicola, and 10 Zonites minusculus.

The stone yard is in the suburbs, and is grown up with grass, be-
ing surrounded by unbroken prairie. I had never before found any
land shells in the city, nor either species of Pupa so abundant in any
other part of the county. My surprise was increased a few days
after to get large numbers of Vallonia pulchella collected by Mr. R.
A. Blair on a vacant lot within a block of the business center of the
city, being the first record of this species being found in the State.
Along with these latter shells, were found two Zonites arboreus.
This year has evidently been a favorable one for shell life, as it has
been in this county, also, for fruits and vegetables.

Sedalia, Mo. F. A. Sampson.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

OcTOBER 21, 1890.

Since date of last announcement the following new members have
been enrolled in the Association :

101. W.S. Teator, Upper Red Hook, N. Y.

102. C. A. Whittemore, Grand Rapids, Mich. Helicidae, Uni-
onidae and Michigan shells.

103..R. H. Pettit; Ithaca, N.¥-

104. Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y.

The United States Collection.

The announcement in the last number of the Nauriius, of the
proposed formation of a great National Collection of United States
Mollusca, to be deposited for permanent exhibition in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, has excited much interest among
the members, quite a number of whom, have signified their inten-
tion of contributing specimens. The following is a sample of letters
received by the President :

Bloomington, Ill. Oct. 18, 1890.
John H. Campbell Esq., Dear Sir :

In the Oct. number of the Naurrius, I notice the proposition of

H. A. Pilsbry to form a complete special collection of the shells of

THE NAUTILUS. 83

the U.S. to be deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia. JI am very much pleased with the scheme and hope it will
be successful. From time to time as opportunity offers, I will make
up a box and send to you or direct to the Academy as you may
direct. I will send West Coast shells.
Very truly,
G. W. Lichtenthaler.

Some of the Philadelphia members of the Association have al-
ready responded to the suggestion and have contributed some very
handsome specimens as a nucleus for the collection. The full list of
donations thus far made is noted below and from month to month
the Nauriuus will publish a list of additions made between the dates
of issue.

It would be well to bear in mind the following rules:

1. None but members of the Association will be allowed to con-
tribute to the collection.

2. None but the finest kind of specimens will be accepted.

3. The specimens must be from known, exact localities within the
limits of the United States.

4. The donation of shells is purely a voluntary matter on the part
of members.

5. The names and addresses of the donors will be written on the
cards upon which the shells will be mounted.

The donations must be voluntary.

It must be understood that the matter of contributing specimens
to the collection is purely a voluntary one on the part of members.
There is no obligation on their part to contribute, or even to take an
interest in the matter. Some of them may not care to donate speci-
mens to be placed in the Philadelphia Academy, but may prefer to
help along collections in their own localities. The collection will be
labelled “Special Exhibit of United States Mollusca, contributed by
members of the American Association of Conchologists,” but the
Association, as an organized body will not stand sponsor for the Ex-
hibit. It could not do so without a meeting and a favorable vote by
the members.

This will not prevent, however, members, who desire to do so,
from contributing to the success of the project, and the Philadelphia
members would be glad to have the help of all who look kindly up-
on the project.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

All specimens should be sent addressed to the President, care of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia.
The president is a member of the Academy and generally manages
to visit that institution once a week, to meet his fellow conchologists,
and the specimens sent will receive his personal attention.

Donations to date.

The following species have been already received and mounted.
All of the specimens are as fine as possible and include a number of
valuable suites. The numbers prefixed to the names are the numbers
of the trays.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.
2, Solen Americana, Gould, Atlantic City, N. J.; 10, Same,
juvenile suite; 7, Mactra solidissima, Dillwyn, Atlantic City,
N. J.; 8, Same, juvenile suite; 6, Littorina irrorata, Say,
Atlantic City, N. J.: 31, Pupa contracta, Say, Philadelphia,
Pa.

Charles W. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa.—

3, Planorbis tumidus, Pfr., St. Augustine, Fla.; 4, Siphonaria
lineolata, D’Orb., St. Augustine, Fla.; 5, Urosalpinx Tampa-
ensis, Conrad, Lostman’s Key, Fla.; 12, Ovula uniplicata, Sby.,
St. Augustine, Fla.; 13, Lucina squamosa, Lam., Stump Pass,
S. W. Fla.; 14, Macoma Tampaensis, Conrad, Gordon’s Pass,
S. W. Fla.; 15, Helix uvulifera, Shutt., Sanibel Island, Fla. ;
16, Chondropoma dentata, Say, near Gordon’s Pass, S. W.
Fla.; 17, Odostomia impressa, Say, St. Augustine, Fla.

H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.
20, Helix cereolus, Mitihl., var. Febigeri, Bld., New Orleans,
La.; 21, Helix monodon, Rack, var. fraterna, Say, near Lake
Charles, S. W. La.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia, Pa.
22, Turitella plebeia, Conrad, Miocene, St. Mary’s, Md.; 23,
Arca aviculaeformis, Heilprin, Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie,
Fla.; 24, Nassa peralta, Conrad, Miocene, St. Mary’s, Md.; 25,
Cypraea (Siphocypraea) problematica, Heilprin, Pliocene,
Caloosahatchie, Fla.; 26, Physa Meigsii, Dall, same locality ; 27,
Voluta Floridana, Heilprin, same locality ; 28, Chama crassa,
Heilprin, same locality ; 29, Cardium laqueatum, Conrad, Mio-

THE NAUTILUS. 85

cene, Patuxent R., Md.; 30, Lucina Floridana, Conrad, Estero

Bay, S. W. Fla.

William J. Fox, Philadelphia, Pa.
32, Cerithium atratum, Born., San Marco, S. W. Fla.; 33,
Cerithium muscarum, Say, Gordon’s Pass, 8. W. Fla.

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia, Pa.—
1, Cypraea exanthema, Linn, near Key Largo, Fla.; 9, same,
juvenile forms; 11, Vitrizonites latissimus, Lewis, Roan Mt.,
Tenn.; 18, Trophon Belcheri, Hinds, San Diego, Cal.; 19, Cy-
praea spadicea, Swainson, San Diego, Cal.
Total—23 genera, 30 species, 33 trays.

GENERAL NOTES.

Somer AMERICAN CANNIBALS.— Ep. NauriLus, DEAR Sir.—Dur-
ing a recent stroll in Fairmount Park I found beneath an old rail-
road tie about thirty healthy looking Limaz agrestis, Linn. These
I placed in a small collecting box which already contained quite
half as many LZ. campestris, Binney.

On opening the box a half hour later I found, to my surprise, that
two of the campestris were rapidly disappearing within the jaws of
a pair of agrestis.

Having no means to separate the species I closed the box again
and left it so for about twelve hours.

Upon reopening it there was but one campestris living. With
exception of a few reddish stains not a vestige of the others could be
discovered.

Of course the living one could tell no tales, but the fact remained
that all the rest of its kindred had involuntarily evolved into Limax
agrestis, Linn.

~ Moral. when Bulls are near let Conservatives beware.—John Ford,
Phila., Oct. 1890.

EXcHANGE.—I have for exchange twenty-five species of Unios
from Illinois and Spoon river, including about two hundred very
fine Anodonta suborbiculata Say.

W anted other Unios and Sea shell.— Dr. W.S. Strode, Bernadotte,
Ul.

lv THE NAUTILUS.

ADVERTISING RATES.

a ,

Advertisements will be inserted at the rate of $1.00 per
inch for each insertion in advance. Smaller space in propor-
tion. A discount of 25 per cent. will be made on insertions of
six months or longer.

COLLECTORS.

20,000 species of Land, Marine, and fresh-water shells

for sale. The largest stock in the world :—Always new arri-

vals. Prices cheaper than elsewhere. PRICE-LISTS GRATIS.
Offer also smaller and larger collections representing the general families and most char-
acteristic species from all parts of the world.
A Collection of 50 Species.

a. Marine shells univalves = - - - - = E = = - $8.00
b. es : bivalves - - - 2 = - - = - - $6.00
c. Landshells_ - - = = - = = = = 5 - $5.00

A general collection of marine and landshells, 300 species $35.00.
All correctly named and in perfect condition.
New Price-list of Land Shells sent free on application.

Address: HERMANN ROLLE,
Berlin 8. W. (Germany). Zimmerstrasse 85.

CIGAR SPECIALTIES.

ACKER’S “OZEMA” OPERAS.
CLEAR HAVANA FILLER SUMATRA WRAPPER.
$5.00 PER HUNDRED.
“QTELLO” FINEST HAVANA FILLER, $6.00 per hundred.
In 50 and 100 Boxes.
FINLEY ACKER & CO., 123 N. 8th St., Phila., Pa.

Delivered at above prices. Express paid to all sections of the U.S. Write for information.

Tue Nauti us.

VOL. Iv. DECEMBER, 1890. No. 8.

A NEW AMERICAN PISIDIUM.
BY EDWARD W. ROPER, REVERE, MASS.

Pisidium Idahoense Roper.

Shell large, sub-ovate, full, oblique, inequilateral, anterior end a
little longer, margin well rounded ; beaks scarcely raised, not promi-
nent, approximate at apex; lines of growth delicate; epidermis
glossy, light yellow, some specimens with brownish zones in center
of valves, not extending to the edges, leaving a broad marginal bor-
der ; interior bluish white ; hinge margin curved, narrow ; cardinal
teeth very small, lateral teeth long and slender.

Length, 0°55; height, 0°31; breadth, 0:21 inches.

This shell is quite different from Pisidium Virginicum, the only
American species of equal size. P. Virginicum has the beaks fuller,
more elevated and nearer the posterior end; the hinge margin and
teeth broad and heavy; the shell more elongated and in every way
more solid.

About forty specimens of P. Idahoense were collected by Mr.
Henry Hemphill in a muddy slough near Old Mission, in northern
Idaho. He did not find it in other localities.

NOTES ON FLORIDA BULIMULI.
BY G. W. WEBSTER, LAKE HELEN, FLA.

In the Noy. Nautitus Mr Chas. T. Simpson gives some notes on
Bulimulus Dormani which I have read with interest. As to the

i

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. albida so named by my friend Mr. B. H. Wright, I wish to
offer a little further explanation, that Mr. Wright nor I have ever
found typical B. Dormani associated with spotless Bulimuli would
weigh nothing against Mr. Simpson’s having found them near the
Manatee River. I hope in the not far distant future to visit that re-
gion and see for myself, but at the same time Mr. Simpson never
having found the light colored var. entirely remote from any typi-
cal Dormant would not prove anything against there being a local-
ity near Lake Helen where they are to be found at least 10 or 12
miles from a single specimen of well marked B. Dormani, and that
there is such a locality I am very positive. I think they were first
found about three years ago by my son Oscar B. Webster and
myself.

They are to be found in a small hammock of probably less than
200 acres, so isolated from any other hammock as to render com-
munication with any other Bulimuli quite improbable. My own
theory with regard to them is that having had a common origin
with the B. Dormani in other parts of Florida, they have been so
long separated from the typical form, hundreds, perhaps, thousands
of years, that some peculiarity of food or situation has finally devel-
oped a type of very transparent, light colored and nearly spotless
shells. These characteristics have become so constant that I have
never seen a single example of them that I should consider a good
representative of B. Dormant. There may be other localities where
a type of similar shells, all so nearly alike, may be found but I shall
be surprised if any such is ever found. That the same type is to be
found in other localities along with typical B. Dormani would be
very probable, but though we have spent many days and weeks
looking for Bulimuli among the hammocks of the St. John’s River
and along the East Coast of Florida for nearly 250 miles, we have
never yet met with any such shells. The only white B. Dormant
we have found among the typical have been such as have evidently
become faded on account of age.

Nearly two years ago I sent Prof. W. H. Dall three specimens of
albida of which he wrote in reply, “Those Bulimuli without spots
are just lovely.” W. G. Binney wrote me Sept. 3, 1889, with re-
gard to some of the a/bida that I had sent him, “The Bul. Dormant
in yours of Aug 29, are much more interesting to me for their long
narrowed form, than even for their marking. I hope some day to
figure them.” Two years ago when I first showed some of them to

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Mr. Wright with the remark that “they would hardly pass for typi-
eal Dormani,” he at first thought they would, but further examina-
tion convinced him that their peculiar markings were constant and
quite striking. He is certainly mistaken in saying that they are
always a pure white shell and entirely spotless. Many that we have
found are prettily marked with three bands on the last whorl often
very faint that corresponds to the three rows of spots on the typical
Dormani. and many of them have just enough spots, very faint ones
to show their relationship. However, the lightest Dormani I have
‘seen in any other locality will show several times more spots and
color than the darkest albida I have seen. All the Florida Buli-
muli I have seen show more or less of bands on some examples, but
these show much more trace of bands than the horn-colored Buli-
muli that we have occasionally found along the east coast for a dis-
tance of 200 miles. That there are no typical B. Dormani in the
hammock where the a/bida are found, I am quite sure, as it is only
three miles from our home and we often go there and have looked
over about the whole ground many times, finding I think 27 species
of shells. We have found two types of Bulimuli near the east coast
both of them much like Binney’s No. 449, in form, but very unlike
his 448. They are very fragile shells, one of them nearly white
with conspicuous bands and the other plain horn color. Whether
they are to be called Floridana or Hemphilli, I think that for the
accomodation of collectors and students they should be distinguished
by different names. If a collector should write to me for B. Hemp-
hilli expecting to get a white banded shell and I should send him
a horn-colored one he would have good reason for being disappointed.
So far we have found them to be very rare shells.

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM OREGON.!

* * * During my recent visit to Oregon I had opportunities
for seeing Goniobasis plicifera Lea living in the Columbia River
near Astoria, mostly on stones in small pools along the rocky mar-
gin. Also G. nigrina Lea which occurs in large numbers in the
brook running from several large springs near Susanville, Lassen
Co., Cal., at an elevation of 4700 feet above the sea. The same spe-
cies was noticed in a watering trough fed by a spring on the road

1 A letter from Dr. W. H. Dall to the Editor of the NAUTILUs.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

crossing the Sierra, a little to the south and west of Susanville, the
elevation being about 5500 feet which I think is the highest altitude
at which any Strepomatid has been collected.

Both these species have a smooth mantle-margin, G. plicifera be-
ing dark slate-color finely dotted with sulphur yellow while in G.
nigrina the color is nearly black, inclining to slaty. It is probable,
therefore, that all our American Strepomatide agree in this feature
and that as Stimpson supposed we have no typical Melanians with a
fringed mantle-edge.*

An interesting feature in the malacology of this region is the ab-
sence of Unio from all the streams, though found fossil in the tertiary
of thisregion. I found Margaritana margaritifera of normal form and
size abundant up to a height of over five thousand feet above the
sea level, in the northern Sierras. At this height it was not accom-
panied by Anodonta.

It is very remarkable that typical Vivipara occurs not uncommonly
in the Pliocene or possibly the Quaternary fresh water shell-marl of
the old Lake beds, both of the Snake River (Oregon) basin and the
Lahontan basin (California and Nevada). Why Unio, Lithasia and
Vivipara should have disappeared when their associated Carinifex
and Pompholyx persist in the same vicinity specifically unchanged,
is an inexplicable mystery at present. It shows at least that the
West Coast fauna was formerly more intimately connected with that
of the eastern region of the United States, than at present.

Another interesting feature of my visit was the determination, by
the aid of the researches of that veteran geologist Prof. Thomas
Condon of the State University, of the existence of marine Pliocene
fossils at Shoalwater Bay, Wash. conformably underlying the qua-
ternary and indicating, by the presence of Buccinum cyaneum and
other northern forms, at that epoch a colder climate than at present.
The most remarkable, and only new form in this bed is a fine Myti-
lus as large as M. californicus but distinguished from all other spe-
cies of the genus by its surface which resembles that of JZ. edulis
superimposed upon which are a few, strong, divaricating ridges ex-
tending from about the middle of the valves toward the posterior
extreme.

1 Alcoholic specimens of Western Govzedasis recently examined by me, sent
by Mr. E. H. White of Astoria, Oregon, confirm the observations of Dr. Dall
respecting the smooth mantle-edge. I hope to figure the dentition later.—Ep.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Many species have the surface covered with fine divaricating lines,
but I believe there is none known in which there are a few strong
distant ridges, perhaps not exceeding half a dozen on the surface of
a shell six inches in length, and having otherwise the form and as-
pect of a giant M. edulis. For this interesting species I propose the
name of J. Condoni in honor of its discoverer.

I did not succeed in reaching the southern part of the State where
the enthusiastic lady collectors are upsetting all our previous notions
by finding new species (and big ones, too,) in a fauna which every-
body supposed had been well searched, to say nothing of advancing
many Lower Californian types many miles to the north. I am be-
ginning to believe that if the ladies set their minds to it we shall be
having a lot of new species from New England next.

Prof. O. B. Johnson of the State University at Seattle, Wash.,
among other rarities, has recently dredged in the deep water of Pu-
get Sound near Port Orchard, a few splendid specimens of Crypto-
don or Axinus bisectus Conrad, originally described (as Venus bisec-
tus) from the Miocene of Astoria. It is the giant of the genus, be-
ing over two inches in length, far surpassing in size any other liv-
ing species yet known.

Wm. H. DaALt.

A CATALOGUE OF CONCHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS.
BY F. C. BAKER, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The following pages comprise an alphabetical catalogue of the
abbreviations in common use for writers on conchological subjects,
together with their full names and nationalities.

While not exhaustive the names of all the more prominent
writers upon the subject are given. It is therefore hoped that the
list will prove useful to beginners and those more advanced in the
subject as well. :

A.
Ad. A. Adams, Arthur. English.
Ad. iH. Adams, Henry. English.
Ad. C. B. Adams, Charles B. American.
Alb. Albers, Johann Christ. German.

Ald. Alder, Joshua. English.

90

Anth.
Ant.

Berth.
Bet.
Bk.
Blainv.
Bld.
Ble.
Boettg.
Bourg.
Brod.
Brug.
Brus.

Binn.

Cale.
Cantr.
Carp.
Chemn.
Conr.
Coop.
Couth.
Cpr.
Crist.

Deb.
Desh.
Dillw.
Dkr.
Don.
D’Orb.
Drap.
Drp.
Ducl.
Dup.

Eichw.
Esch.
Ebrenb.

THE NAUTILUS.

Anthony, J. G.

Anton, Hermann Eduard.

B.
Berthelot, Sabin.

Bourguignat, M. J. R.

Beck, H.

Blainville, M. H. de.

Bland, Thomas.
Blanford, N. T.

Boettger, Dr. Oscar.
Bourguinat, M. J. R.

Broderip, W. J.
Bruguiere, M.
Brusina, Spiridion.
Binney, Amos.

C.
Calcara, P.
Cantraine, F.
Carpenter, P. P.
Chemnitz, J. H.
Conrad, T. A.
Cooper, Dr. J. G.
Couthouy, J. P.
Carpenter, P. P.
Cristofori, G.

B:
Debeaux, O.
Deshayes, G. P.
Dillwyn, Lewis W.
Dunker, W.
Donovan, Edward.
D’Orbigny, A.
Draparnaud, J.
Draparnaud, J.
Duclos, M.
Dupuy, D.

E.
Eichwald, E. von.
Escheholtz, Dr.
Ehrenberg, Dr.

American.
German.

French.
French.
German.
French.
American.
English.
German.
French.
English.
French.
Italian.
American.

Italian.
French.
English.
German.
American.
American.
American.
English.
French.

French.
French.
English.
German.
English.
French.
French.
French.
French.
French.

German.
German.
German.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

F.
Fabr. Fabricius, O. Swedish.
Fbs. Forbes, Edward. English.
Fer. Ferussac, J. B. L. D. de. French.

(To be continued.)

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

DeECEMBER 10, 1890.

Since the issue of the list of members, the following new members
have been enrolled :

105. Prof. F. M. Witter, Muscatine, Iowa.

106. Miss Addie C. Appleton, Haddonfield, N. J. Shells of New
Jersey.

107. Rev. Henry W. Winkley, Saco, Me. New England Mol-
lusea.

108. Geo. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Fla. LZ. and F. W. Shells
of Florida.

109. Oscar B. Webster, Lake Helen, Fla. Z. and F. W. Shells
of Florida.

110. James Shepard, New Britain, Conn. Connecticut Mollusca.

111. Prof. O. B. Johnson, Seattle, Wash.

112. J. G. Cooper, M. D., Haywards, Cal. West Coast Mollusca.

113. Mrs. Geo. Andrews, Knoxville, Tenn. No. Amer. Land
Shells.

114. Chas. Russell Orcutt, San Diego, Cal. Nudibranchiata.

115. E. H. White, Astoria, Oreg. Achatinella.

116. Chas. L. R. Wheeler, Cape May, N. J. Unionidae.

117. J. J. White, Palm Beach, Fla.

118. John M. Clarke, Albany, N. Y. Palaeozoic Mollusca.

119. Wm. B. Marshall, Albany, N. Y. Unionidae and New
York Mollusca.

120. Chas. Schuchert, Albany, N. Y. Brachiopoda.

121. Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U.S. N., Philadelphia, Pa. Pteropoda
and Heteropoda.

122. Joseph Sayers, New Britain, Conn.

123. E. H. Fiske, Santa Cruz, Cal. Fossil Shells of Pacific Coast.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

The following members have selected subjects, viz. :

Arthur F. Gray, Yonkers, N. Y. West Indian Land Shells and
Strophia.

Prof. J. B. Steere, Ann Arbor, Mich. Philippine Helicide.

L. H. Streng, Grand Rapids, Mich. Limnea and Physa (No.
America.)

R. H. Pettit, Ithaca, N. Y. DL. and F. W. Shells of America.

Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y. JL. and F. W. Shells of New
York.

Rey. Geo. W. Taylor has removed from Stewarton, Ottawa, to
Victoria, B. C.

The growth of the Association has been very gratifying and its
value will be more and more appreciated as its list of members is
increased. The officers constantly receive encouraging letters from
the members.

The United States Collection.

The idea of the United States collection has been generally ap-
proved. Many of the members are enthusiastic. From the letters
received and the shells promised, the collection bids fair to assume
large proportions in a very short time. Starting with the first dona-
tions made by the officers and by Messrs. Pilsbry, Willcox and Fox
of Philadelphia, announced in the last Nauriius, a box of shells,
comprising 130 West Coast species, was received from G. W. Lich-
tenthaler, Bloomington, Ill. Some of the specimens and suites (par-
ticularly the Haliotidae) are magnificent and show the judgment of
a trained collector and lover of shells. A fine lot, including some
interesting fossils from the Miocene Silex Beds of Ballast Point,
Florida, has also been received from Miss C. Antoinette Shepard
of New Britain, Conn. Other donations have been received from
Messrs. Thos. Morgan, Somerville, N. J., Joseph Willcox, Philip:
Nell, William J. McGinty, Wm. J. Fox and Mr. Campbell of Phil-
adelphia, Wm. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal.; Dr. W.S. Strode, Ber-
nadotte, Ill.; Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y.; and Chas. Le R.
Wheeler, Cape May, N. J. They will be duly acknowledged. Mr.
J. A. Singley, Giddings, Texas, writes: “I approve of the plan.
Pll contribute some desirable Texas species to ‘our corner’ and will
continue sending at times until I contribute some of everything I
find in the State.”

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Mr. Geo. J. Streator, Garretsville, Ohio, writes: ‘I shall be glad
to donate to the U.S. collection some of the best shells of this part
of Ohio.”

Mr. Geo. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Florida writes: “ Myself and
son shall be glad to donate examples to the U.S. collection. We
are much interested in the subject.”

These are but samples of the letters which are being constantly
received. In sending specimens, members should avoid duplicating
species already in the collection. None but the finest kind of spec-
imens should be sent.

As the shells are received they are examined, prepared for mount-
ing, named and then mounted upon eards, which fit into neat trays.
Special attention is paid to the labelling, each species having the
exact name and locality and name and address of the donor, thus :

|
Haliotis corrugata, Gray,
Catalina Id., Cal.

G. W. Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ill., 1890. |
|

Fossil species are placed with living species of the same genus, so
that ready comparisons may be made between them.

Donations to United States Collection.

Since last announcement the following have been mounted and
placed in the collection. The numbers attached to the names desig-
nate the trays. [Want of space in this number, compels us to defer
part of the list until next month. ]

G. W. Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, [].—
45, Purpura crispata, Chemn., Puget Sound, Wash.; 46, Pur-
pura saxicola, Val., Monterey, Cal.; 80, Purpura canalicula-
tum, Ducl., Tillamook Bay, Oreg.; 79, Buccinum cyaneum,
Brug., Alaska; 60, Siphonalia Kellettii, Forbes, Santa Barbara,
Cal. ; 59, Chrysodomus dirus, Reeve, Alaska; 48, Nassa perpin-
guis, Hinds, San Pedro, Cal.; 68, Amphissa corrugata, Reeve,
Puget Sd., Wash.; 78, Crucibulum spinosum, Sby., San Diego,
Cal.; 51, Crepidula adunca, Sby., San Diego, Cal.; 49, Verme-
tus squamigerus, Cooper, San Diego, Cal. ; 86, Littorina scutu-
lata, Gould, San Luis Obispo, Cal.; 85, Littorina Sitchana,

94 ; THE NAUTILUS.

Phil., Port Townsend, Wash.; 90, Bittium filosum, Gould,
Alaska; 82, Potamides (cerithidea) sacrata, Gould, Oakland.
Cal.; 54, Trochiscus Norrisii, Sby., Catalina Ids., Cal.; 35,
Haliotis Kamtschatkana, Jonas, Alaska; 36-37, Haliotis ful-
gens, Philippi, Catalina Ids., Cal. ; 38, Haliotis corrugata, Gray,
same locality ; 39, Haliotis cracherodii, Leach, Cal.; 40, Hali-
otis rufescens, Swn., Santa Barbara Ids., Cal.; 41, Haliotis as-
similis, Dall, San Diego, Cal.; 47, Lucapina crenulata, Sby.,
San Diego, Cal.; 60, Bulla nebulosa, Gould, San Diego, Cal. ;
56, Selenites Vancouverensis, Sea, Vancouver, Wash.; 53, He-
lix fidelis, Gray, Oreg.; 52, Limnaea stagnalis, Linn., Seattle,
Wash. ; 50, Parapholas Californicus, Conrad, San Diego, Cal. ;
45, Siliqua patula, Dixon, near Astoria, Oreg.; 42, Semele de-
cisa, Conrad, False Bay, Cal.; 89, Cumingia Californica, Con-
rad, San Diego, Cal.; 55, Donax Canina ors Conrad, Lahoya,
Cal.; 65, Venus ae, Sby., San Pedro, Cal.; 64, Tee
staminea, Conrad, Tongas Id., Alaska; 63, Gynec (Pachy-
desma) crassatelloides, Conr., Cal.; 75, Sphaerium sulcatum,
Lam., Salem, Oreg.; 87, Cardium consors, Brod., Tillamook
Bay, Oreg.; 57, Cardium corbis, Mont., Tongas Id., Alaska;
88, Cardium (Laevicardium) elatum, Sby., San Diego Bay,
Cal.; 91, Modiola capax, Sby., Monterey, Cal.; 93, Pecten lat-
iauritus, Conr., Santa Barbara, Bal.; 44, Amussium caurinum,
Gould, Port Townsend, Wash. ; 62, innit giganteus, Gray,
San Diego, Cal.

C. Antoinette Shepard, New Britain, Conn.—

129, Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn. Key West, Fla.; 130, Ianthina
communis, Lam., same locality ; 151, Marginella carnea, Storer,
same locality ; 155, Littorina rudis, Don., Niantic, Conn.; 154,
ee a glauca, Say, Wellfleet, Mass.; 135, Donax varia-
bilis, Say, Fernandina, Fla.; 136, Pinna carnea, Gmelin., Key
West, Fla.; 187; Pinna scumndda, Lam., Fernandina, Fla.;
138, Latirus Floridana, Heilp., Miocene Silex Beds, Tampa,
Fla.; 139, Turritella Tampae, Heilp., same locality ; 140, Cras-
satella deformis, Heilp., same locality. 141, Cardita serricosta,
Heilp., same locality ; 142, Cytherea nuciformis, Heilp., same
locality.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia.—

128, Solenosteira Mengeana, Dall, Pliocene of Caloosahatchie,
Fla.; 174, Niso Willcoxiana, Dall, same locality ; 173, Fulgur

7

THE NAUTILUS. 95

echinatum, Dall., Pliocene, Shell Creek, Fla.; 176, Orthalicus
zebra, Mill., Florida Keys.

Wm. J. McGinty, Philadelphia.
Marginella varia, Sby.; Unio orbiculatus, Hild., Ohio R.

Philip Nell, Philadelphia.
153, Selenites concavus, Say, Philadelphia ; 155, Anodonta
fluviatilis, Lea, Delaware R., Phila.; 156, Patula alternata,
Say, Philadelphia.

Wm. J. Fox, Philadelphia.—

34, Potamides (Cerithidea) scalariformis, Say, Indian R., Fla. ;
125, Vertigo Bollesiana, Morse, Philada.; 126, Truncatella
bilabiata, Pfr., Oak Lodge, Fla.; 127, Zonites cellarius, Mill.,
Philadelphia.

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia.
151, Nassa fossata, Gould, San Diego, Cal.; 150, Helix Cal-
iformensis, Lea, Cal., with varieties, ramentosa, Gould: Bridge-
sii, Newe.: Nickliniana, Lea and Diabloensis, Cooper.

John Ford, Philadelphia.—

163, Mytilus edulis, Linn., Atlantic City, N. J.; 164, Modiola
modiolus, Lam., Atlantic City, N. J.; 169, Crepidula fornicata,
Linn., Providence, R. I.; 165, Unio nasutus, Say, Potomac R.,
(Washington); 166, Unio complanatus, Lea, same locality ;
167, Unio Fisherianus, Lea, same locality ; 168, Unio radiatus,
Linn., Providence, R. I.

Total— 140 genera, 186 species, 196 trays.

GENERAL NOTES.

OstRHA GIGAS Thunberg—lIn a collection of Japanese mollusks
make by Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Mich., the writer found
a specimen of this species measuring 172 inches long, greatest breadth
3% inches, length of ligament area 3$ inches. It is by far the lar-
gest recent oyster on record. Locality, Enoshima, Japan.—H. A.
Pilsbry.

TEBENNOPHORUs H EMPHILLI.— Last Spring I found in Marion Co.,
Indiana, one specimen of Tebennophorus Hemphilli W. G. Binney,
and revisited the place often since to find more, but succeeded only in
taking a second (young) specimen.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

So far the species has been known to exist only in North Carolina,
and I deem it worth of notice that a new locality has been found.
Dr. Fr. Stein, Indianapolis, Ind., in letter to ed.

Sprecres DereRMINED.—From Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, Uni-
versity P. O., Cal. No. 1 (a) Cytherea lusoria Chemn., Japan ;
1 (b) Cytherea meretrix Linn. Var. castanea, Lam., Japan. 2.
Neritula neritea Linn., Crimea; 1. (small ones) Neritula Kamies-
chi Chemn. Crimea; 3. Bittum reticulatum, De Costa, Crimea; 4.
Phasianella pulla, Linn., Crimea; 5. Mytilus minimus Poli, Crimea ;
6, Rissoia violacea, Desm., Crimea.—C. W. J.

ScALPELLUM SrEarnstt.—The writer found numerous specimens
of an undescribed Scalpellum in a collection of Japanese mollusks
and crustaceans made by Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Mich.
The form differs from all recent species known, in the shape of the
earinal latus, which projects ina long recurved hook below the
carina. In this respect it is close to the S. Pfeifferi Weithofer, an
Austrian miocene species. From this it is separated, however, by
the form of the inframedian latus, which is about as broad as high
in the S. Stearnsii, but is decidedly higher than broad in S. Pfeiffert.
The sculpturing of the valves also differs from the form named.
Illustrations will be given later.—H. A. Pilsbry.

Species DererMINED.—From M. Schepman, Rhoon, near Rot-
terdam, Holland. 1, 2, 5, Cerithium ferrugineum Say; 3, C. ferru-
gineum var. versicolor Ad.; 4, C. eburneum Brug; 6, 7, CO. atratum
Born.; 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, ©. minimum Gmel. All from the Baha-
mas.—H, A. P.

LucapmneLiaA, A new genus of Fissurellide.—This genus was
defined in my key to the genera of Fissurellidinz in the Manual of
Conchology, part 47, but no type was mentioned, as the text relat-
ing to the genus will appear in the next part of that work. It in-
cludes the “ Clypidella” or “ Fissurellidea” calliomarginata Cpr. of
California, and the following forms: @qualis Sowb., Panama; lima-
tula Rve., West Indies; and aculeata Reeve. It differs from Fis-
surella and all its subgenera in having the central teeth of the rad-
ula of a square shape, about as bread as long; from Fisswrellidea,
Pupilleea, Lucapina, Megatebennus in having the shell entirely free
from the mantle which more or less envelopes it in thuse genera;
the fleshy foot being likewise nude, not covered by the mantle.
The margins of the shell are nearly level, as in Lucapina, and the
orifice is about in the middle—H. A. Pilsbry.

hereenN BOTILUS

VOL. Iv. JANUARY, 1891. No. 9.

MOLLUSKS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO MARKETS.
BY PROF. JOSIAH KEEP, MILLS COLLEGE, CAL.

It would be interesting to know how many species of edible
mollusks are to be found in the markets of the great cities of our
country. I suspect that the number would be found to be surpris-
ingly small, when we consider what a vast array of species fall into
line and set themselves in array against the bewildered beginner,
when he opens the simplest manual and attempts to gain familiarity
with their names and natures. For one, I would be much interested
to read in the “ Naurinus” a series of articles upon the food
mollusks which may be bought in the markets of our country ; said
articles to be written by various observers, each one reporting for
his own locality.

The species of mollusks which the ordinary purchaser will find
in the “fish markets” of San Francisco are only five in number, and
of these, the amounts sold are very unequal. The first in importance
as well as in social standing, so to speak, is the “ Eastern Oyster,”
Ostrea Virginica Gmelin. This distinguished visitor to our coast
is highly prized by all lovers of good things; far too highly prized,
by the dealer, to admit of its forming any considerable portion of
the food of the average conchologist. The price per dozen varies
from twenty-five cents to half a dollar or more, according to size. The
surprise of those who have been accustomed in the East to buy
oysters by the quart, when they attempt to repeat their purchases
here, is almost painful. A quart of oysters is something which few
people in San Francisco ever call their own. Of course I do not

98 THE NAUTILUS.

refer to the canned article, which may be bought for reasonable
prices, but to the fresh and delicious bivalve, just “ tonged ” up from
the waters of the bay.

3ut there is some reason for these high prices,. for the dealer must
first pay the fare of every one of these mollusks for a journey of
three thousand miles. Of course they do not come in palace cars,
but they must be hurricd through on almost express time, because
their intense desire for the sea will brock no delay. They detest
the prairies, and care nothing for Rocky Mountain scenery ; all they
ask for is the ocean brine, and if they cannot have it speedily, they
grieve their lives away on the road.

They are brought here in barrels, from Baltimore and other
cities, when their shells are about the size of quarter or half dollars.
Immediately after their arrival they are emptied upon rafts and
towed to certain flats near the shores of the bay. When in the
proper locality, the oyster-man takes up a shovelful of the young
oysters and sows them into the water, as the farmer sows the seed-
grain upon the furrows. As the raft is moved, he scatters more of
the shelly seed and drives down poles to mark the bounderies of his
new sown field. After lying at the bottom for a year or two, they
are fished up upon the raft again. They have grown, some more
than others, and are more or less aggregated into clusters. These
clumps are broken up and the larger oysters are put by themselves.
The smaller ones are thrown back, while the larger ones are trans-
ferred to an adjoining flat, or, if they are large enough, they are
taken to the market. Usually, however, they live in our waters
some three or four years before they are of sufficient size to be most
profitable.

“ But don’t they multiply?” you may ask. Very little. They
produce eggs in abundance, but few of them mature, and it has al-
ways been found necessary to bring young oysters from the Kast.
Why the young fry do not survive I cannot say, but I believe it is
because the ocean water here, even in summer, remains quite cold ;
too cold, probably, for the delicate infants whose ancestors have
been accustomed to downright summer weather, during the “ no-R”
months. A few hardy ones do survive, however, and may in time
produce a more robust race, but it is hinted that the dealers do not
look upon them with great favor, as they find it more profitable to
pay the freight—and keep up the prices.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

The second mollusk on our list is also an oyster, but it is a very
little one, the Ostrea lurida Cpr., or, as it is commonly called, the
native or Oregon oyster. It lives in various places along the west-
ern coast, but is most abundant in the vicinity of Puget Sound.
The shell is thin, and is seldom more than two inches in Jength.
This oyster is very palatable, however, what there is of it, which is
not much, and a suficient number of them make an excellent stew.
They are sold for about fifty cents a hundred, but the trade is lim-
ited.

The third species is a common creature, cheap enough for com-
mon people to use freely. Unlike the aristocratic oyster, it came to
us unbidden ; and more unlike still, it thrives and propagates and
multiplies exceedingly. It is the Mya arenaria Linn., the real soft-
shelled clam of Rhode Island, and “all along shore.” Unknown in
San Francisco Bay before 1874, it suddenly appeared, and in a few
years the mud-flats around Oakland and Alameda became one of its
most favorite breeding places, and the smooth surface at low tide
resembles the top of a pepper box. This mollusk quickly grows to
a large size and while lacking the delicious flavor of the oyster, it
makes a very acceptable chowder. Great numbers of these clams are
dug at low tide by the Chinese, and are retailed by them for a very
moderate price. The Mya certainly holds the second place in re-
spect to importance, and even disputes with the oyster for the first
honors.

The puzzle of its sudden and recent advent can probably be solved
by remembering what has been written about the oysters. It is
likely that a few humble clams came in. the oyster barrels as stowa-
ways, unthought of and unknown; but lo, they made good speed to
fill the bay with their descendants, while the infant oyster pines and
dies for warmer water.

The “ Hard-shelled Clam,” Tapes staminea Conr., holds the fourth
place among the merchantable mollusks ofour coast. This is a var-
liable species, some of the varieties growing to the size of a large
hen’s egg; but most of the specimens found in the markets are
smaller. The shell is thick and strong, oval in form, and is orna-
mented with numerous fine ribs which radiate from the umbones.
Its color is white or light gray, dashed with more or less stripes or
chevrons of brownish purple. This mollusk loves the seacoast, and
makes its burrows in gravelly orstony bottoms, instead of affecting
muddy flats like the Mya. They are gathered somewhat sparingly,

100 THE NAUTILUS.

most of the supply for this market coming from Tomales Bay, and
are sold at moderate rates.

The edible mussel, Mytilus edulis Linn., is also to be found in the
markets, though in small quantities, and apparently it is not in very
great demand. Most of the specimens are of the small, smooth, dark
purple variety, and average about two inches in length. They live
in the bay, and attach themselves in great numbers to the piling of
the wharves and similar stable objects to which they may fasten
their strong byssus of horny threads. Along the coast outside of the
bay, the larger mussel, Mytulus Californianus Conr., lives in great
numbers, attached to the shaggy rocks which border the ocean, and
‘sometimes grows to the length of eight or ten inches. This species
is also edible, and the orange colored flesh of hot mussels, roasted
in a fire of drift-wood, and seasoned with the sauce of sea-breeze
hunger, has a delicious flavor which is not soon forgotten.

Occasionally you may find one or two other mollusks in the mar-
kets, but seldom. I have seen the large Cardium corbis Mart., and
the Chinese eat the Squid, while the Frenchmen sometimes secures
on the sly a big Helix; but these five species, two oysters, two clams.
and a mussel, are all that are commonly exposed for sale.

A NEW SPECIES OF LIMPET FROM JAPAN.

BY H. A. PEUSBRY.

Patella (Helcioniscus) Stearnsii, N. Sp.

This is a form of Patella resembling outside the P. exarata Nutt.,
of the Sandwich Islands. It is the size of that species but usually
somewhat more elevated. Color blackish-brown, with rays of white
or greenish; dull and lusterless. Outside sculptured with about
50—56 strong, more or less nodose riblets, separated by deeply cut
furrows. Interior bluish-white, but stained darker in places by the
color of the outside, showing through; the area inside the muscle-
umnpression of a rich chestnut-brown color. Around the margin are
alternate blotches of blackish-brown and white, the blackish usually
predominating ; edge scalloped. The ribbing of the outside is not
nearly so plainly indicated in the interior as in P. exarata, and in
the space between the muscle-impression and the more vividly col-
ored marginal border, very fine, interrupted concentric wrinkles may

THE NAUTILUS. 101

be seen. This is a character not shown by P. exarata. The interior
as a whole is somewhat iridescent.

Alt. 21, length 38, breadth 29 mill. Another specimen measures,
alt. 18, length 41, breadth 313 mill.

Specimens were procured by Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit,
Michigan, on the coast of Japan, Kii Province.

It is possibly the form referred to by Dunker as P. exarata. From
that species it may be distinguished by many characters, such as
coloration, that species having black ribs on a whitish ground, and
a milky-white interior, whilst Stearnsii has blackish rays, covering
several ribs and their interstices, and a chestnut-brown area inside
the muscle-attachment. The peculiar sculpture of the inside is also
of itself diagnostic. Dunker (Index Moll. Maris Japonici, p. 157)
-also mentions Patella mazatlanica Gray-in connection with his “ ex-
arata.’ This shell is really a native of Chili, not Mazatlan! Dr.
Ruschenberger collected specimens at Concepcion, which correspond
exactly with Gray’s figures (Beechey’s Voy., Zool., pi. 39, fig. 12.)
It is a more straightly conical form than P. exarata, differently col-
ored outside, and having a small chestnut-brown area inside the
muscle-impression ; this area being much smaller than in P. Stearns,
which also differs from it in the sculpture of the interior described
above. Gray called his species “ mazatlandica.”’

Figures of P. Stearnsii will be given in Mr. Stearns’ catalogue of
the shells collected by him during his travels in Japan, now in press.

MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY JOHN H. CAMPBELL, PHILADELPHIA.

The project of establishing a great National Collection of United
States Mollusca, through the co-operation of members of the Amer-
ican Association of Conchologists, has been received with such favor,
that it is but a question of time when the collection will be one of
the finest special exhibitsin the world. The Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences, (through its Conchological Conservator) has
offered facilities for the permanent exhibition and preservation of
the collection, and already a goodly number of fine shells has been
received and mounted.

With the preparation and mounting of the specimens, comes the
question of correctly naming them; and herein is presented the most

102 THE NAUTILUS.

perplexing confusion of nomenclature. Hundreds of synonyms en-
cumber the literature on the subject, disputes as to specific and
varietal rank and even whether or not some inoffending little shell
belongs to this or that genus or family, confuse the student and al-
most compel him to throw up his studies in despair.

The very thought of these disputes almost deferred the writer
from making a beginning, but as faint heart never won fair lady, we
have plunged into the work, and with the help of our colleagues
throughout America will do our best to successfully carry it on.
And out of this determination has grown another idea, viz. : the settle-
ment of the nomenclature of American shells, by means of the
publication, from time to time, as the shells are received, of carefully
compiled catalogues of the different species arranged mto genera and
families and the elimination of the hundreds of useless synonyms
now to be met with in “shell literature.”

As everything must have a beginning, we have concluded to start
the work with this number of the Nauriius, and taking the first
family that is already represented in the Collection by all the United
States species,—the Haliotidee—give a catalogue of the species,
synonymy etc., connected with it.

As a sample of the method of procedure, we will state that out of
diffiidence concerning our own knowledge, we have consulted such
specialists as Dr. J. G. Cooper, G. W. Lichtenthaler, H. A. Pilsbry,
Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, Professor Josiah Keep, R. E. C. Stearns
and Henry Hemphill and after comparing the information gathered
from them, have passed judgment, and commited our own views to
the kind consideration of the readers of the NAuTiLus, inviting
their friendly criticism, and promising them that we are sufficiently
humble in spirit to cheerfully correct any errors in our lists which
may be pointed out to us.

With this long preamble we present the Haliotidae, and from
time to time as the collection grows and it contains’ the material to
make comparisons, we will continue to print other lists of the same
character.

FAMILY HALIOTID®.

The latest monograph of the family is contained in Pilsbry’s con-
tinuation of Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, Vol. XII, p. 72, ete.
The family contains but one genus—Haliotis.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Genus HALIOTIS Linnzeus.

1. CracHEropit Leach. Fallarones Ids. to San Diego, Cal. ; Cape
‘St. Lucas, Lower Cal. ; fossil in Quaternary, San Pedro, Cal.
—Zool. Mise. 131, 1815.

Haliotis glabra Deshayes; Haliotis glabra Schubert & Wagner ;
Haliotis Californiensis Swainson ; Haliotis Cracherodit Leach, var.
Californiensis Swainson ; Haliotis interrupta Valenciennes.

2. AssrmiLis Dall. Monterey and San Diego, Cal., deep water
only.—Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1876, 1, 46 ; Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Col., vol. 19.

Haliotis (2? var.) assimilis Dall.

3. CoRRUGATA Gray. San Diego and Catalina Ids., Cal.

Wood’s Index Test., Supplt., 1828.

Haliotis nodosa Philippi.

4. FuLGEens Philippi. Monterey Bay, Cal. to La Paz and Cape
St. Lucas, Lower Cal. Zeitschr. f. Mal., 1845, p. 150.

Haliotis splendens Reeve; Haliotis planilirata Reeve.

5. GIGANTEA Chemnitz. Monterey, Cal. to Kamtschatka ; Japan.
Conchylien Cab. X, p. 115, pl. 167, f. 1610, 1611; Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. p. 3691. :

Haliotis Kamtschatkana Jonas ; Haliotis gigantea Chemnitz, var.
Kamtschatkana (Jonas) Pilsbry.

6. RUFESCENS Swainson. Mendocino Co., to San Nicholas Id.
Cal.; San Diego, Cal.; beach to 10 fathoms; fossil in Quaternary,
San Pedro, and San Nicholas Id., Cal.

Catalogue Bligh Collection, Appendix p. 2, 1822.

? Haliotis ponderosa, C. B. Adams; Haliotis Californiana, Valen-
ciennes.

List of Synonyms.

Californiana Val.—rufescens Swn.
Californiensis Swn.—Cracherodii Leach.
Discus Reeve—not found in the U.S.

Glabra Desh.—Cracherodii Leach.

Glabra Schub. & Wagner—Cracherodii Leach.
Kamtschatkana Jonas—gigantea Chemn.
Interrupta Val.=juy. Cracherodii Leach.
Nodosa Phil.=corrugata Gray.

Planilirata Reeve=juv. fulgens Phil.
Ponderosa C. B. Ad.=? rufescens Swn.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Pourtalesii Dall—not found in U.S.
Splendens Reeve—fulgens Phil.

Notes.

1. H. Pourtalesii Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, 395, is said to have been dredged [one
specimen] in 200 fathoms, near Florida Reefs, by Pourtales, in 1869, but as the specimen was de-
stroyed in the great Chicago fire, and none has been found since, we may dismiss it from the list
of United States species, especially as no other specimen or species of Haliotis is known to have
been found on the East Coast of America.

2. It seems to us a pity that H. fulgens Phil. should be substituted for the well known and
generally used name of H. splendens Reeve. ‘The law of priority of description should give way
in exceptional cases of merit, but as Mr. Pilsbry in Tryon’s Manual has made the substitution,
and some of the specialists to whom we have written agree with him, it is perhaps as well to ac-
cede to the change. so as to have the name of the shell settled.

3. A fine series of shells in the Academy collection, seems to prove that Haliotis Kamtschat-
kana Jonas passes imperceptibly into Haliotis gigantea Chemn. The home of the species is
Japan, and it reaches its highest development there, extending northward around the Coast of
Asia to the West Coast of America and reaching as far south as Monterey, Cal. getting smaller
in proportion to its distance from Japan. We see no reason for making it a variety.

4. Mr. Henry Hemphill of San Diego, Cal. says of Haliotis assimilis Dall: “It has a certain
aspect of its own. Its habits are different from any of the other forms, being a deep-water and
nota littoral shell, while all the other Haliotis are found between tides. I have always considered
it a hybrid between H. corrugata and H. splendens, on account of its having an intermediate
aspect about it.

[CONTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

DECEMBER 31, 1890.

Since last announcement the following new members have been
enrolled:

124. T. H. Aldrich, Blocton, Ala. Tertiary fossils of Atlantie
Coast.

125. Dr. Wm. H. DeCamp, Grand Rapids, Mich. Michigan
Mollusca.

126. Wm. H. Weeks, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y. Bulimus (genus).

127. Dr. Fred. Stein, Indianapolis, Ind.

128. Francisco E. Blanes, Key West, Fla.

129. Capt. W. J. Farrer, Orange, Va. Land and F. W. Shells of
Virginia.

Mr. James H. Morrison has removed from Lexington, Va. to
Luray Inn, Va.

We occasionally receive letters from members inquiring about ex-
changing shells. There is no obligation on the part of the members

THE NAUTILUS. 105

to exchange shells. That is a matter which rests entirely with the
members themselves. We would suggest, however, that members
desiring to exchange specimens would announce the fact in the NAv-
TILus, through the Secretary, and in that way they might add to
their collections.

It is an obligation of membership to assist each other with in-
formation, where possible, and no member should hesitate to address
another if he requires help in his studies. As far as possible, mem-
bers desiring information upon any special point should address the
members whose specialties will designate them as likely to be pos-
sessed of the requisite knowledge. A student of marine mollusca
should not be asked to name Goniobases or Unionidae and vice
versa. The entire range of Conchology both recent and fossil is
now covered by members, and there should be no difficulty in gain-
ing all the knowledge that can be acquired through correspondence.
We have ever fonnd the members kind and courteous, as well as
patient, in answering queries and aiding us to settle disputed points.
The more correspondence, the more beneficial will be the existence
of the Association. -

Donations to United States Collection.

The publishers of the Naurrius cannot give us the space to print
itemized lists of all the shells received, as was done in the last two
numbers, but we will continue to acknowledge from month to month,
but in less extended form, the donations to the collection.. The
following additions to previous lists show the rapid progress of the
collection.

G. W. Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Hl.—51 species of West Coast
Shells, including Triton (Priene) Oregonensis, Redf. Port Town-
send, Wash.; Astralium undosum, Wood, Rincon Pt. Cal.;
Sadidomus Nuttallii, Conrad, Alaska; Pecten hastatus, Sby.
var. Hindsui, Cpr., Squimalt Bay, B. C.; Mures festivus, Hinds,
False Bay, Cal.; Macomasecta, Conrad, Alaska; Nassa tegula,
Reeve, San Diego, Cal.; Macoma inquinata, Desh., Alaska;
Chama spinosa, Sby. and exogyra, Conrad ; five species of Chi-
tons; Acmaea persona, Esch., scabra, Nutt., patina, Esch. and
pelta, Esch. ; Solecurtus Californianus, Conrad, San Pedro Bay,
Cal.; Pecten bella, Conrad, Pliocene, Santa Barbara, Cal. ;
and also several fine sections of shells, showing the interior
structure.

C. Antoinette Shepard, New Britain, Conn.—Strophia Floridana,
Dall, and Venus penita Conrad, Miocene Silex Beds, Tampa,

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Fla.; a fine suite of Strombus bituberculatus, Lam., Key West,
Fla. and seven other Florida marine species.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.—a huge pair of Ostrea Virginica,
Gmel., Staten Id., N. J.; Cardium magnum, Born, Key West,
Fla.; Asaphis deflorata, Linn., Elbow Key, Fla.; and ‘several
others,

Chas. Le R. Wheeler, Cape May, N. J.—Very fine, large specimens
of Fuigur carica, Gmel and canaliculata, Say, from Cape May ;
Cytherea convexa, Say, same locality ; Natica duplicata, Say
and heros, Say, same locality, and several others.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia, Pa—A number of scarce and fossil
species including Buccinopusus paralis, Conrad, Miocene, St.
Mary’s Md.; Venus tridacnoides, Lam, Miocene, York R., Va. ;
Cardium Dalli, Heilpr., Pliocene, Caloosahatchie, Fla.; Pecten
Madisonius, Say, Miocene, Calvert Co., Md.; Calliostoma en-
glyptum, A. Ad., 8. W. Fla.

Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y.—Over 20 species of land shells
of Herkimer Co. N. Y., including Helix albolabris, Say, monod-
on, Rack.,Sayii, Binn., exoleta, Binn.,elevata, Say, Mitchelliana,
Lea and dentifera, Binn.; Vitrina limpida, Gould ; five species
of Zonites and four of Succinea.

Dr. W.S. Strode, Bernadotte, I]—A box of Unionidae from Spoon
R., Il., including Union heros, Say (very large); ligamientinus,

Lam.; laevisisimus, Lea; tuberculatus, Barnes; trigonus, Lea
and rectus, Lam. Also fine specimens of Anodonta subor-
bieulata, Say and Margaritana complanata, Lea.

Wm. J. McGinty, Philadelphia, Pa—Unio orbiculatus, Hildr.,
Unio eylindricus, Say ; Unio erassidens, Lam. ; and Cooperianus,
all from the Ohio R.

Wm. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal.—Ten species of West Coast Shells,
including Oliveila boetica, Cooper, San Diego, Cal.; Mopalia
Hinds, Gray, San Francisco, Cal.; Monoceros engonatum,
Conrad, Bolinas, Cal. and Purpura saxicola, Val. San Francisco,
Cal.

Uselma C. Smith, Philadelphia, Pa—Conus Californicus, Hinds,
San Diego, Cal.; Nassa trivittata, Say and obsoleta, Say, At-
lantic City, N. J.; Siliqua, costata, Say, Avalon, N. J. and

all fine suites.

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University, Cal—Very interesting
suites of Haliotis Cracherodii, Leach and Lottia gigantea, Gray,
San Pedro Bay, Cal.

others,

THE NAUTILUS. 107

Philip Nell, Philadelphia, Pa——Physa ancillaria, Say, and hetero-
stropia, Say ; Succinea obliqua, Say, and Helix hirsuta, Say—
all from Philadelphia.

Geo. W. Dean, Kent, O.—Several species of the smaller species of
land shells from Kent, Ohio, including Zonites milium, Morse ;
multidentatus, Binn and exiguus, Stimp.; Helix labyrinthica,
Say, and Pupa milium, Gould. It is just as important to have
the minute species as the larger ones and we are glad to see
some of the members paying attention to them.

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia, Pa.—Natica Lewisii, Gld., Puget
Sd. Wash.; Columbella carinata, Hinds. with its varieties,
Hindsii, gausipata, Californica, Gouldii and others.

Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, O.—Several species of Pupa and
Vertigo including Pupa Holzingeri Sterki and Pupa procera
Gould.

Total, 115 genera, 242 species, 252 trays.

GENERAL NOTES.

SPECIMENS OF SUCCINEA AND ANCYLUS are desired by Prof.
B. Shimek, 219 Bloomington St., Iowa City, Iowa. A large list of
land, fresh-water and marine shells are offered in exchange.

AUvUsTRALIAN Limax. Weare informed by Mr. Charles Hedley of
the Queensland Museum, that Limax Queenslandicus Hedley is
identified by Dr. Simroth as Agriolimax levis Miller; which, it
seems, has established itself in Australia—H. A. P.

The attention of our readers is called to the advertisement of Mr.
Hueu Futron, in this number of the Naurinus. Mr. Fulton was
for over fourteen years, assistant to G. B. Sowerby, esq., F. L. S., of
London, before commencing business for himself. Speaking from
our own experience, we can as cordially recommend him to con-
chologists desiring foreign shells, as we do Henry Hempnriy to
those wishing to purchase American mollusks.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Loess anp its Fosstis, by Prof. B. Shimek. (from Bull.
Lab. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, 1890.) This well-considered paper
contains observations on the fossils of the Loess in western Iowa
and eastern Nebraska. Zonites Shimekii has been found in Otoe
Co., Neb. and Tremont Co., Iowa, localities far to the west of the
original find, Iowa City, Iowa. Prof. Shimek’s conclusions respect-

108 THE NAUTILUS.

ing the physical conditions of the time of the Loess deposit strongly
recommend themselves to us. Not much evidence of colder climate
than now prevails over the same district can be derived from the
fossils, which differ but slightly, when at all, from recent specimens
from the same locality. Mr. Shimek concludes that—

The climate was comparatively uniform during the entire period, if we may judge from the
fossils, for the same forms are often found from the very base, just over the drift, to the upper-
most portions of deposits one hundred feet or more in thickness. No difference is noticeable be-
tween specimens of the same species from the lowermost and the uppermost portions of the de-
posits,—a fact which warrants us in concluding that climatic changes during the deposition of the
Loess could not have been very great. The fact may here again be emphasized that while a de-
pauperation is noticeable in some of the species, it is far from sufficient to indicate a temperature
such as would be necessary to retain lakes and streams within shores of ice during the summer,
and that consequently the Loess was not deposited during a glacial climate, but at a time when the
temperature had moderated sufficiently to enable many land-shells, now restricted to or abundant
in middle latitudes, to flourish in considerable numbers.

The great predominance of strictly terrestrial species ot molluscs in the Loess indicate that
during its deposition large areas of land-surface were exposed, at least during the greater part of
the summer, upon which these molluscs lived and multiplied under conditions which exist now in
the habitats of their modern representatives.

For the belief that the fossils as now fonnd are not far removed from the localities in which they
lived and developed, a number of valid reasons exist, the most striking of which are the following:

1. Their usually perfect preservation Such delicate shells as many of those under con-
sideration could not be transported far by turbulent streams without being broken.

2. Their distribution, both vertically and horizontally. In many exposures of the Leess the
species which to-day have the habit of remaining in considerable numbers in very restricted
localities, as Helicina occulta, Patula strigosa cooperi, Mesodon multilineata, the Limnee, etc.,
are likewise similarly restricted in their horizontal distribution to very narrow ‘“‘ pockets,”
though the same species may often be traced vertically for many feet, as though the shells had
gradually accumulated through many generations. Again other species are more generally and
more uniformly distributed in a manner which recalls their present habits, and which indicates
that they have not drifted into the places in which we find them to-day,—at least not sufficiently
far to disturb the arrangement with reference to each other, which we may observe in the living
specimens.

The writer’s conception of the climate and of the origin of the Loess, based largely upon a care-
ful and extended study of its fossils, may be briefly summarized as follows :

I. The summers during the formation of this deposit were comparatively warm, and the
glaciers had already retreated far to the north when the deposition commenced.

II. During at least a part of the summers a large portion of the area now covered by the Loess
was elevated above the surface of water, as indicated by the presence of the predominating land
shells.

III. These shells, too, indicate that the surface was not entirely unlike our present prairies in
Iowa and Nebraska, though perhaps more moist, and more nearly level.

VI. The presence of shells of the genera Limzna@a, Physa, Planorbis, and Pistdium, which
are principally pond species, indicates that over this prairie surface were scattered numerous
ponds and that it was traversed by quiet, sluggish streams.

V. The distribution of the shells as well as the homogeneity and fineness of the material form-
ing the deposit indicate that the deposition was unaccompanied by violent disturbances, but
thatit took place quietly, and very slowly during a long period.

VI. The deposit itself was probably partly formed from sediment carried over portions of the
surface by quiet overflows of the sluggish streams which had not yet deeply cut their channels.
The numerous ponds, however, fed by the drainage in their immediate vicinity, were also receiv-
ing with this the finer material gathered from the glacial drift surrounding them. This material
being like that gathered by the streams, would form similar deposits, each pond or swamp form-
ing in this way a bed of Loess. The changes in the level of water in the ponds would produce a
change in the extent of the muddy flats along their shores, thus facilitating the distribution of the
terrestrial shells. These ponds and streams, by shifting about through the combined influence,
of floods and drouths, extended the distribution of the sediment, and subsequent erosion completed
the work necessary to produce the present topography.

iN Ab hoWs.

VOL. Iv. FEBRUARY, 1891. No. 10.

FORMS OF AMERICAN CARYCHIUM.
BYe ELS A. PIES BIRY.

The forms of Carychium found in America have all been referred
to the one species exiguum by Mr. Binney. In examining a series
collected by Mr. Geo. W. Dean of Kent, Ohio, referred to me by my
friend John Ford, I found a certain form which Mr. Dean con-
sidered distinct. It is far more slender than ordinary exiguum.
The amount of difference is considerable, and only the extreme
minuteness of the shells has prevented conchologists generally from
recognizing it. One conchologist however, has done so:— Henry
Carey Lea, Apostle of microscopic shells! The forms may be distin-
guished thus:

C. exiguum Say, (typical). Rather cylindrical, the next to the
last whorl nearly equaling the last in diameter; mouth one-third
(or more) the length of shell; outer lip thickened, expanded, some-
times obsoletely thickened, scarcely toothed, in the middle. This is
by far the most abundant and generally distributed form.

C. exiguum var. exile H. C. Lea. Much slenderer than the pre-
ceding, longer, more distinctly striated ; mouth smaller, less than
one-third the total length of shell; outer lip thickened, often dis-
tinctly toothed in the middle. Specimens described are from Kent,
Ohio.

OC. exiguum var. occidentalis Pilsbry. Somewhat larger than
typical exiguum, distinctly conical, not at all cylindrical, acute ;
outer lip expanded, thin, not at all toothed. It is from Portland,
Oregon.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer proposes to figure the forms later. I may say that
Mr. Ford concurs with me in the arrangement of varieties here offered.

The entire series of American Carychium is closely allied to C.
minimum of Europe, and doubtless sprang from the same cireum-
polar stock.

NOTES ON M:. HEMPHILL’S CATALOGUE.
BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

In a late number of THe Navritus the editor’ called attention
to the catalogue of shells recently issued by Mr. Henry Hemphill,
(in which he has made a considerable reduction in the number of
species) and asked for the opinions of students throughout the
country. As Mr. Hemphill is known to all to be a most careful
collector, and a close observer of the facts connected with the lives
and surroundings of Mollusks, such a reduction by him of the
number of our hitherto acknowledged species is, as has been
remarked, rather startling, and is, on account of the prominence of
its author entitled to at least careful consideration.

It seems to me that the time is near at hand for quite a change in
our ideas concerning the classification of the forms of organic life
and their variations. The old idea which has so long prevailed,
that species were formed by an act of creation, fixed and unchange-
able, as coins are stamped out at a mint; that genera and higher
groups have an invariable limit, is fast becoming obsolete, and we
are being daily forced by stubborn facts to learn that variation is
the rule and fixity the rare exception, that the limits of species and
the higher groups of forms are very often vague, or so absolutely
uncertain as to be impossible to define. By far the greater num-
ber of scientists believe in the theory of evolution in some form or
other, and hold that all the existing animals and plants are but the
direct descendants of other and extinct species, that the infinite vari-
ation which is found is caused largely by environment and other
circumstances connected with the life of the organism. In the Uni-
ted States we should expect to find an excellent field for such varia-
tion.

1 The article on Mr. Hemphill’s Catalogue to which allusion is made was not
written by the Editor. It was contributed by the officers of the American
Association of Conchologists.—ED.

THE NAUTILUS. wall

Its continental area, its diversity of climate from the boreal re-
gions of the British possessions to the very borderland of the tropics,
its wide streches of plains, varying from forest covered to entirely
naked, the difference in the height of its mountains, its areas of
almost perpetual humidity which shade out into desert regions,
would give just the conditions necessary for the wide distribution of
species, and for great and gradual variation. Such wide distribu-
tion and variation we find with most of our forms of mollusks.

Various methods have been proposed by which these lesser varia-
tions may be designated. Some have classed them as varieties of
species, giving to each a varietal name, others have resorted to let-
tering or numbering, while the ornithologists of America class them
as sub-species. The New School of Conchologists of Europe seeks
a way out of the difficulty by applying specific names to a great
many of the minor variations, and generic names to small and ill-
defined groups of species. Unfortunately for such systems of nomen-
clature, variation does not always occur in a lineal direction, or in
other words, from one genus or species directly to another, but often
seems to be broken up so that certain forms or groups combine the
characters of several other forms or groups, and appear very much
like hybrids.

In the wonderful series of Patula, beginning with elevated shells
with rounded whorls and strong radiating ribs known as Helix Ida-
hoensis which varies gradually through the less elevated and smoother
forms of Cooperi and strigosa, to Hemphilli and Haydeni which are
lenticular and sharply keeled with strong revolving sculpture, we
find such irregular varieties or natural hybrids, which hardly admit
of naming. Elevated forms are not rare, having radiating sculp-
ture and sharp keels, in others of the same general form the ridges
are revolving, thus partaking more or less of the characters of Ida-
hoensis and Hemphilli; and greatly flattened shells are met with,
without keels and with more or less decussated or even radiating
sculpture, in fact in the 1500 or more specimens of this protean form
in the collection of the National Museum, one can observe this
crossing of characters in almost every direction. To attempt to
designate these hybrids, if such they are, by name is simply an im-
possibility. The argument is put forth by many that it is better to
give any form a name than to have to describe it every time, it is
mentioned, but to carry it out one could apply fifty names to the
variations of Melongena corona or Cyrena Floridana, or twice that

112 THE NAUTILUS.

number to the color varieties of Oliva inflata, Helix picta or varians,
and to designate all the forms of the above mentioned group of
Patula would seriously tax the brain of the most ardent devotee of
New School doctrines.

Another way out of the difficulty is by throwing together under
one name those things which cannot be separated, as Fischer has
done to some extent with genera, and Tryon with species. The con-
solidation by Dr. Dall of Helix microdonta, Febigeri, septemvolva,
Carpenteriana and cereolus, under the latter and older name ; the
union of the group of Patulas I have mentioned under a single ap-
pellation, and Mr. Pilsbry’s somewhat startling announcement put-
ting such genera as Mesodon, Polygyra, Triodopsis and Stenotrema
into one group, are examples which I believed are approved by the
good sense of a majority of American Conchologists. Mr. Hemp-
hill has simply gone a little farther in the direction which these
gentlemen have moyed, and I believed there is a wide field here in
the United States for further work in the same way. Ido not
believe in naming or holding on to names for those things which
have neither beginning nor end.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF MAINE.
BY HENRY WINCKLEY.

Asa supplement to the article by Prof. Keep in the January
Navtiwvs, and in accordance with his suggestion, Maine responds
to California with the following list of Mollusks found in the
markets.

Ostrea virginica (Gmel). As in all Eastern States this is by far
the most popular food mollusk ; they are obtained from the South,
i. e. from Providence to Norfolk, Va. There is a small bed of living
oysters in the Sheepscote River, some fifteen miles from the sea, and
occasionally a few are obtained and eaten by some energetic indi-
vidual; they are not numerous and hence do not find their way to
the markets.

Mya arenaria Linn., is largely used and abounds everywhere
along the coast. It is an inexpensive food and used by all classes.
Large quantities are canned.

THE NAUTILUS. gas

Pecten tenuicostatus Mighels & Adams. ‘This last species is quite
an important article of food in the winter season, and probably is
not found in any market to the south of this state. It has asa
rival the popular Pecten irradians imported from Long Island
Sound, but is common in our markets.

Mactra solidissima Chemnitz. The presence of this species in
the market is somewhat dependent upon thestorms. Some weather
brings them out and at such times they can be bought. They
occupy a place in the mollusks like that of game birds among the
feathered population, very popular and when obtained in small
quantities, as is frequently the case, it gets no further than the table
of the finder, who rejoices over his good work. It is much prized.

Venus mercenaria Linn. Occurs at one spot on the coast, I have
not seen it in the markets, whether it is occasionally used or not I
am not sure.

In addition to the above, I do not know of any that can be
reported as commonly used. Others are found; the edible muscle
abounds, but is not sold. Solen ensis sometimes makes a meal for a
lucky man who chances to obtain a sufficient quantity, but these
are chances rather than regular market food.

LIST OF MOLLUSCA OF GLOUCESTER CO., N. J.

BY WM. J. FOX.

The following list includes all the species of Mollusca collected
in Gloucester Co., N. J. from June to September, 1890. It is with-
out doubt far from being complete, as my specialty being Insects, I
could devote but little time to collecting shells. Southern New Jer-
sey being but little frequented and unprofitable to shell collectors,
being for the most part sandy soil, this list may prove of some inter-
est to the readers of the Nautitus. For the determination of these
species, I am indebted to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry.

LIMACID&. z
Timax sp.
Zonites ligerus Say, var. Stonei Pilsbry.
Zonites arboreus Say.
Zonites radiatulus Alder.
Zonites indentatus Say.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Zonites minusculus Binn.
Zonites suppressus Say.

HELICID#.
Patula striatella Anth.
Patula lineata Say.
Punctum pygmaeum minutissimum Lea.
Helix thyroides Say.
Helix albolabris Say.

PuPIDz.
Pupa contracta Say.
Vertigo sp. (juv.)
SUCCINEID.Z.
Succinea avara Say.
Succinea obliqua Say.
Succinea ovalis Gould.

LIMNAEID&.
Limnea catascopium Say.
Limneea humilis Say.
Planorbis trivolvus Say.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Planorbula armigera Say.
Ancylus rivularis Say.
PHYSIDZ.
Physa ancillaria Say.

AURICULID.
Carychium exiguum Say.

VIVIPARIDE.
Campeloma decisum Say.
Lioplax subcarinata Say.

AMNICOLID®.
Amnicola limosa Say.
Amnicola grana Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say.
Somatogyrus altilis Lea.

VALVATID.
Valvata bicarinata Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. pS,

STREPOMATID.
Goniobasis virginica Gmel.

CoRBICULID.
Sphaerium transversum Say.
Sphaerium striatinum Lam.
Pisidium virginiceum Gmel.

UNIONIDE.
Unio complanatus Sol.
Unio cariosus Say.
Unio nasutus Say.
Anodonta Tryonti Lea.

A CATALOGUE OF CONCHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS.

BY F. C. BAKER, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

G.
Garr. or Grt. Garrett, Andrew. American.
Gld Gould, Dr. A. A. American.
Gmel. Gmelin, J. F. German.
Greg. Gregorio, Antonio de. Italian.
Gundl. Gundlach, J. Cuban.
Guild. Guilding, L. English.
Gut. Gutierrez. Cuban.

He
H. & J. Hombron & Jacquinot. French.
Hald. Haldeman, S. 8S. American.
Hanl. Hanley, Sylvanius. English.
Hartm. Hartmann, D. W. Swiss.
Heyn. Heynemann, D. F. German.
Hds. Hinds, R. B. English.
Hombr. Hombron, M. French.
Humph. Humphreys, J. D. English.
Hutt. Hutton, F. W. English. New Zealand.

J.
Jacq. Jacquinot, H. French.
Jeftr. Jeffreys, J. G. English.

Jouss. Jousseaume, Dr. French.

116

Kien.
Kregl.
Kitist.

Lam.
Lindstr.
Linn.

Mab.

Mart.
Midd.
Mich.
Migh.

Mke.

Mtg. or Mont.
Montf.
Montr.
Monts.
Mouss.
Moq.-Tand.
Mill.

Newe.
Nutt.

Payr.
Parr.
Pir
Phil.

Pse.

Q. & G.

THE NAUTILUS.
K.
Kiener, L. C.

Kreglinger, G.

Kiister, H. C.
le.

Lamarck, M. le Chev.
Lindstrom, G.

Linné (Linnzeus,) Carl von.

M.

Mabille, M. P.
Martyn, Thos.

Middendorf, A. T. von.

Michaud, A. L. G.
Mighels, J. W.
Menke, C. T.
Montagu, G.
Montfort, Denys de.
Montrouzier, M.
Monterosato, M. di.
Mousson, A.
Moquin-Tandon, A.
Miller, O. F.

Ne

Newcomb, Dr. Wesley.

Nuttall, Thomas.

P:

Payraudeau, P. C.
Parreyss, Dr.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis.
Philippi, Dr. R. A.
Pease, W. Harper.

Q.
Quoy & Gaimard.

French.
German.
German.

French.
Danish.
Swedish.

French.
English.
Russian.
French.
American.
German.
English.
French.
French.
Italian.
French.
French.
German.

American.
English.

French.
German.
German.
German.
American.

French.

THE NAUTILUS. 17/

Te
Raf. Rafinesque, C. S. French—A merican.
Redf. Redfield, John H. American.
Rossm. Rossmiassler, E. A. German.
Rve. Reeve, Lovell. English.
8.
Schum. Schumacher, C. J. German.
Sowb. or Sby. Sowerby, G. B. English.
Shuttl. Shuttleworth, R. J. German.
Spengl. Spengler, L. German.
Stimp. Stimpson, W. American.
Ht
Theob. Theobald, W. Jr. English.
Trosch. Troschel, F. H. German.
We
Val. Valenciennes, M. A. French.
We
Wein. Weinkauff, H. ©. German.
Woll. Wollaston, T. V. English.
WG. B: Binney, W. G. American.

[ConTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

JANUARY 21, 1891.

Since last announcement the following new members have been
enrolled :-—

130. John Brady, Aledo, Ill. Unionide.

131. John H. Britts, Clinton, Mo. Carboniferous Palaeozoic
Mollusca.

132. Delos Arnold, Pasadena, Cal.

133. A. W. Hanham, Brantford, Ont. Canadian Land and
Fresh Water Mollusca.

134. Mrs. J. M. Gaige, Detroit, Mich. Muricide.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

135. Mrs. Amos O. Osborne, Waterville, N.Y. Land and Fresh
Water Shells.

136. Mrs. Mary P. Olney, Spokane Falls, Wash.

137. Berlin H. Wright, De Leon Springs, Fla. Unionide of
Gulf States.

138. Anna Goodsell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

The following members have chosen subjects :—

Dr. Fred. Stein, Indianapolis, Ind. Air-breathing Mollusks of
U. S. and Europe.

Francisco E.. Blanes, Key West, Fla. Marine Mollusca of
Florida and Cuba.

Ida M. Shepard, Long Beach, Cal., has changed her subject from
West Coast Shells to West Coast Marine Shells and Helicide.

G. W. Lichtenthaler is now upon a visit to California, where he
will doubtless add to his already extensive knowledge of West
Coast Shells.

Joseph Willcox and Uselma C. Smith, of Philadelphia, are travel-
ling in Florida at the present time.

C. A. Hargrave, Danville, Ind., has accepted the editorship of
the Department of Conchology in “The Observer,” published in
that city. He is a good conchologist, and will uo doubt make his
department a success.

Henry A. Ward, Rochester, N. Y., is about to pay a visit to
Cuba and Jamaica on a natural history quest.

Ida M. Shepard, Long Beach, Cal., will shortly start upon a
two months’ collecting tour in the Gulf of California.

Mrs. 8. H. Young has changed her residence from Long Beach,
Cal., to Butler, Pa.

Rev. H. W. Winkley, Saco, Me., writes: “JI am delighted with
my experience in the Association. I have exchanged with several,
received letters, etc. They all seem to have the same interest in
Conchology that I have.”

Chas. Schuchert, Albany, N. Y., is preparing a “ Bibliographical
Catalogue of American Fossil Brachiopoda.” It is a much-needed
work, and is in thoroughly competent hands.

Members desiring to have any Cypraeas named, will please mail
them to the President, who will take pleasure in naming and
promptly returning them. Of course no charge will be made.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

The pleasure of assisting members will be a sufficient recompense
to him.

Donations to the United States Collection.

The collection is progressing wonderfully, and it is a source of
much gratification to note the general interest evinced by members,
and the receipt of such fine specimens as are sent. Some of the
specimens and suites sent are superb. Since last acknowledgment,
the following have been received, mounted, and placed in the
cases :—

O. A. Crandall, Sedalia, Mo.—More than 20 species of Land Shells
from Missouri, Arkansas and Texas, including Goniobasis sor-
dida, Lea; Saffordi, Lea, and Crandalli, Pilsbry; Helix in-
flecta, Leaii, Dorfeuillana, var. Sampsoni, Weth., appressa,
elevata and Roemeri; Pupa fallax, Say, and armifera, Say ; and
Sphaerium striatinum, Lam.

Rev. H. W. Winkley, Saco, Me——12 species of New England
Shells, including Aplexa hypnorum, Linn.; Segmentina armi-
gera, Say ; Cryptodon Gouldii, Phil.; Macoma Baltica, Linn. ;
Littorinella minuta, Totten ; Gemma gemma, Totten, and Helix
pulehella, Mill.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.—Nerita peleronta, Linn, Key West,
Fla., and a fine suite of Oliva litterata, Lam., from S. W.
Florida.

J. A. Singley, Giddings, Tex.—Over 30 species of Texas Land
Shells, and 12 species of Texas Tertiary Fossils, including fine
suites of Bulimulus alternatus, Say, and Holospira Goldfussi,
Menke; Helix Texasiana, leporina, Berlandieriana, Copei,
labyrinthica, Henriettae, Cragini, Mooreana, and thyroides;
Zonites Singleyanus, minusculus and friabilis ; Helicina tropica,
Jan.; Goniobasis Comalensis, Pilsbry; Physa Sayii, For-
sheyi and Halei; Amnicola peracuta, Pilsbry and Walker;
Pisidium compressum, Prime and Sphaerium subtransversum,
Prime.

Chas. LeR. Wheeler, Cape May, N. Y.—Additional examples of
Fulgur canaliculata and carica (magnificent specimens); Natica
heros, Say; Dosinia discus, Reeve, Swansboro, N. C.; Pholas
truncata and Zirphaea crispata, Linn., Cape May, N. J.

E. H. Harn, Blairsville, Pa.—Helix profunda, Say, and Pennsyl-
vanica, Green.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

H. Moores, Columbus, O.—Helix multilineata profunda, monodon,
exoleta, fallax and albolabris from Columbus, Ohio; two
species of Pomatiopsis and two of Amnicola.

E. W. Roper, Revere, Mass.—A very valuable series of Pisidium
and Sphaerium, ranging from the youngest to the oldest forms,
including Sphaerium secure, rhomboideum, and partumeium ;
Pisidium Idahoense (his new species), variabile, compressum
and abditum. Also a fine series of Purpura lapillus, Linn.

Chas. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa—Fine suite of Melongena
corona, Gmel., from 8S. W. Florida; Succinea effusa, Shuttl.
Ocklawaha River, Fla., and Helix pustula, Fér., St. Augustine,
Fla.

Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, O.—Pupa rupicola, Say, and
Vertigo rugosula, var. ovulum, Sterki, both from Volusia
County, Fla. Also an interesting lot of Unios from the Tus-
carawas River, Ohio, including Unio luteolus, Lam.; multira-
diatus, Lea; phaseolus, Hildr; lens, Lea; pustulosus, Lea;
subrotundus, Lea; pyramidatus, Lea; coccineus, Lea ; rubigi-
nosus, Lea; irroratus, Lea; triangularis, Barnes, and undulatus,
Barnes. Also 3 species of Margaritana (Alasmodonta), and
4 species of Anodonta.

Total, 188 genera, 552 species, 402 trays.

GENERAL NOTES.

ARIOLIMARY COLUMBIANUS VAR. STRAMINEA. Animal when
extended about six inches iong, with the marking of A. Columbianus,
of a uniform light straw color, a shade lighter beneath the foot.
Habitat, Santa Cruz Island, California— Henry Hemphill.

Noves ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF CEpoLis. In the Manual of Con-
chology, 2d. series, vol. V, the writer described as new, under the
name Helix pimesoma, a Haitian shell which proves to be the same
as the unfigured H. trizonaloides A. D. Brown, as I have satisfied my-
self by finding Brown’s types with his original label, in the collec-
tion of Mr. John H. Campbell, Philadelphia. I may also note here
that Helix squamosa Fér. placed in Cepolis in the Manual, is really
a species of Jeanneretia,—a section haying apparently no especial
affinity to Cepolis—H. A. Pilsbry.

THe NaurTILus.

VOL. Iv. MARCH, 1891. No. 11.

NOTES ON THE SCULPTURE OF AMERICAN LIMNZEAS, ETC.

BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

In several instances parties who have sent specimens of Ameri-
can Limnzeas to the U. 8. National Museum for identification, have
called attention to the sculpture of the specimens, as if this charac-
ter was peculiar to the examples sent by them, and not previously
observed ; hence the following notes which may be of some use in
connection with the study of pond-snails, by beginners in this class
of molluscan forms.

The extensive geographical series, and numerous examples in the
National Collection show the sculpture characters to be as follows,
and that all of the so-called species, of which without doubt there
are at least “ twice too many,” exhibit in a greater or less degree
when a large geographical series is brought together, with an ample
representation of individuals, the same aspects of sculpture variation.

Firsr. The longitudinal incremental or growth lines are often con-
spicuously developed in forms that generally are smooth or with
scarcely discernible growth lines, and occasionally individuals are
met with in which there is apparently a serial or alternating ar-
rangement of bands or zones of fine and coarse growth lines, suggestive
of a positive longitudinal sculpture, which we may suppose to be
due to a more vigorous growth at one season than another. Again
the larger whorls often exhibit a tumid or bulging elevation or prom-
inence which is rarely or seldom regular, usually irregular in oceur-
rence, and not infrequently so conspicuous as to produce absolute

122 THE NAUTILUS.

distortion, as if a season of moderate food supply had been followed
by an aldermanic dinner or two, resulting in sudden and phenomenal
growth followed by a penitential period of more temperate eating.

These bulgings as before stated, seldom if ever exhibit any
regularity of occurrence in the Limneas; they often do, however, in
the nearly related pond snails Planorbis and Physa as may be seen
not infrequently in Planorbis glabratus wherein they seem to occur
in somewhat orderly sequence. In the beautiful little Physa
( Costatella). costata described by my venerable friend Dr. Newcomb,
a form which inhabits Clear Lake, California—these bulgings are
numerous and regular and are arranged nearly equidistant and give
a postively sculptured aspect to the shell, in distinction from the
suggestion of pathologic eccentricity like the bulgings of the Limneas
and many of the Planorbis.

The above variation in strength or prominence of growth or incre-
mental lines, as they are usually called, is also common to many of
the Planorbes, notably in P. corpulentus Say, from the West coast,
and is also frequently exhibited in examples of the curious and
\nteresting genus Carinifex another West coast form from Eagle
Lake, California and elsewhere, and in the equally curious little
shells of the genus Pompholyx; that enterprising and intelligent
collector Henry Hemphill detected a pretty costate variety at the
Dalles of the Columbia River, wherein the ribs are quite evenly
placed and suggestive of frequent_variceal thickening as in some of
the Strophias.

Many of the land shells of North America, as well as exotic
species, exhibit varying aspects or facies of incremental sculpture,
and many who read this will at once call to mind the difference, in
this respect, of examples of Mesodon of the same species from differ-
ent localities, also of Patula alternata, and the remarkable sculptural
diversity of the forms now included with Patula strigosa and its syn-
onyms. There are other groups of the Helicide which might be
included, but these are sufficient for the purposes of illustration and
among the Bulimulide we have no lack of instances, and the group
Strophia of the Pupide, which has led Mr. Maynard into a sort of
conchological quick-sand or “slough of despond,” furnishes a fur-
ther appropriate illustration.

Sreconp. Inclusive of the first or above class of variation, we have
the dinted or malleated aspect of sculpture, as if the shell had
received a succession of light blows from a small hammer, blows

THE NAUTILUS. 123

carefully given with sufficient force to dint the surface without
breaking the substance of the shell. These dints are sometimes
quite regular in arrangement and frequently have the aspect of
zones following the basal and previous whorl transversely and par-
allel to the sutural line, like so many flat bands.

This form of sculpture is also met with not only in related groups
like the Physas, often conspicuously shown in the form to which the
late Dr. Lea gave the name of P. Carltoni as well as in other species
of the same genus; frequently in Planorbis and Carinifex as well
as in the river-snails Ampullaria and in the Bulimi among the
land shells.

Tuirp. Another and not infrequent aspect of sculpture is exhib-
ited by several species, and consists of fine close set incremental
lines crossed by transverse, somewhat waved and slightly incised
grooves; the same character of sculpture is not infrequent in many
terrestrial pulmonates. The Mexican Glandinas, for instance, fur-
nish in several species, beautiful examples of this delicate tooling of
the surface, to use a familiar mechanical term.

Mr. Dall recently collected several specimens of Limnea palustris
in the irrigation ditches near the Hot Springs in Honey Lake Valley,
Lassen Co., California, (within the area of the extinct tertiary Lake
Lahontan), which exhibit this form of sculpture markings. It is
often if not generally present in the following species :

Limnea lepida Gould, Limnea ampla Mighels, Limnea Sumassi
Baird ; and less frequently so far as I have observed, in Limnea
columella Say, L. caperata Say, and ZL. lanceata Gould. Doubtless
many others of the numerous alleged species of this genus, occasion-
ally exhibit this character of sculpture, which is seen in examples
of all of those I have named even from widely separated areas.

It should not, however, be inferred that sculpture variation has
any special or direct relation or connection with geographical
distribution ; that it has indirectly, in the Limneas and the class
of Mollusks to which said group belongs, there is no doubt, for it
will at once come to the mind of any one familiar with the pond
snails of all countries, that those inhabiting semitropical and tropical
areas are much more constant or uniform in size, shape and sculpture
than their fellows of the same kin from northern or colder latitudes,
and the texture of the former is much finer and smoother on the
whole, or all in all, than the forms that live in the cooler regions of
the north. The influences that appear to induce, or cause variation

124 THE NAUTILUS.

are environmental rather than geographical; and following in the
general line or trend of this paper may be presented on another
occasion.

NOTE ON GONIOBASIS CATENARIA SAY.

BY H.. A. JREESBRY.

Having occasion recently to name some Florida Goniobases, the
writer examined thoroughly the species described from that State.
The characteristic type is G. catenaria Say. It is a turrited shell,
blackish-brown or olive-brown, having numerous small folds extend-
ing from the suture to the angular periphery, crossed by two or
three spiral threads, which form beads where they cross the folds;
the periphery is more or less keeled and tuberculate; below it are
a variable number (4-7) of spiral raised threads. The apex is
eroded.

The sculpture is sometimes nearly obsolete, as in a blackish form
collected in Marion Co. by Mr. G. W. Webster, and also sent me
by Mr. Berlin H. Wright; or it may be very sharp and clear-cut, as
in a beautiful form from Alexander Spring Co. The following syn-
onymy I regard as unquestionably established :

G. catenaria Say, 1822. G. Etowahensis Lea, 1861.
4, sublirata Conr., 1850. G. papillosa Auth., 1861

G. Floridensis Rve., 1860. G. Downieana Lea, 1862.

Of the names given below, I have seen neither G. Bentoniensis or
G. Couperti, but they seem to have very slight differential characters.
G. Hallenbeckiand G. Boykiniana are practically the same thing, as
the suite before me shows. They differ from the catenaria in nothing
but size. These four names may therefore be ranked as probable
synonyms, or at best, species on probation :

G. Boykiniana Lea, 1840,+ G. Hallenbeckii Lea, 1862.

G. Bentoniensis Lea, 1862.

G. Couperti Lea, 1862.

All of which is respectfully submitted. Notes on any of these
forms from collectors will be very acceptable to the writer.

The specimens studied are in the general collection of the Acade-
my of Sciences and the collection of the American Association of
Conchologists.

bo
oO

THE NAUTILUS. ]|

. UNIONIDZ OF GA., ALA., S. C., AND LA., IN SOUTH FLORIDA.

BY SS: HART WRIGHET, EENN YAN, N: Y.

An interesting fact in geographical distribution is noted in the
finding of Unionidae in Central and Southern Florida, which belong
to, or were originally described as from the Central States of the
South. In Volusia County, Fla., over one hundred miles south of
Jacksonville and more than three hundred miles south of the mid-
dle portions of Ga. and Ala., several species of Unio have been
found which were described from the latter States, or from S. C.

The St. Johns River flows northward past Volusia County, to
Jacksonville and the Atlantic Ocean; and the introduction of Ga.,
Ala. and S. C. species against the current of the river for so great
a distance is remarkable. Although the Unionidae have locomo-
tion in a slight degree and might make headway against rivers and
creeks, when once in them, they cannot thus get into waters which
do not connect. Their’introduction into remote regions may be
through the agency of water-birds, which might carry juveniles long
distances, and then drop them into new stations.

We found in Volusia Co., Fla., in 1887, the following species
supposed to be transplanted from Georgia: Unio Dariensis Lea, U.
cicur Lea and Anodonta Couperiana Lea, perhaps the most beauti-
ful Anodonta in America, and the only one found in Florida of
which we have any knowledge. We also found there, U. modioli-
formis Lea and U. angustatus Lea, both from South Carolina. Mr.
Charles 'T. Simpson found in Manatee County, one hundred and
fifty miles farther south and on the west side of the state, U. obesus
Lea and U. granulatus Lea, from Ga. and Alabama. Mr. George
W. Webster sent us a few weeks ago, a species he found in Lake
Co., west of Volusia Co., which proved to be U. hepaticus Lea, from
Ga. and S.C. U. opacus Lea, from Ga. and U. nigerrimus Lea,
from La. have been reported from middle Florida. None of the
species indigenous to Southern Florida, so far as we can learn, have
ever been found in any of the other Southern States.

NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN LAND SNAILS.

BY HH. A. SPRESBRY.

Since the publication of my Check-list of American Land Shells,
many new forms (species, varieties and absolute synonyms) have

126 THE NAUTILUS.

been described, and various obscure question in phylogeny and
classification have become more clear to me. It is my purpose to
discuss these matters in a series of short papers.

Fischer has divided the suborder Geophila (—Stylommatophora)
or stalked-eyed Pulmonates into two main branches, Monotremata
and Ditremata. It seems to me that a more fundamental separation
is indicated by the presence or absence of a jaw, together with the
modifications accompanying this character. I would therefore
primarily divide the land pulmonates into Agnatha and Gnatho-
phora.

SUPERFAMILY AGNATHA.

No jaw; teeth of the radula arranged in very oblique V-shaped
rows, all of them of the aculeate or thorn-shaped form, the side-teeth
larger than the central tooth, which is often obsolete.

The families of Agnatha are as follows.’

I. Mantle small, posterior; shell rudimentary or developed; a

common genital orifice Testacellide.
Il. Mantle enveloping the whole upper surface ; no shell; genital
orifices separated Rathouisiide.

The last named family is identical with the genus Vaginulus as
understood by Stoliczka and Binney; not Vaginulus Fér., which as
Térussac himself says hasa jaw. Veronicel/a Blainy. and authors,
is the same as Vaginulus Fér.

The Rathowistide have been found only in India and China.

The Testacellide comprise a great variety of forms. The family
is practically world-wide in distribution in tropical and subtropical

regions.
Genus GLANDINA Schum.

Additional species and varieties.

G. truncata Gm., form ovata Dall. A short form, measuring 44 x
25mm. Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie.
How does it differ from bullata Gould ?

G. truncata Gm., form macer Dall. Long, narrow, but not parallel-
sided, 75 x 20 mm. Recent, and fossil in the Caloosahatchie beds.
Like the form parallela W. G. B., these are doubtless only the

extreme aspects of Variation in a very mutable species.

1 Fischer recognizes but one family, Zéstace/lide ; ignoring the agnathous
Vaginulus-like forms.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

SUPERFAMILY GNATHOPHORA.

Jaw present.

I. Orifices of genitalia contiguous or united Monotremata.

II. Orifices of genitalia widely separated ; no shell; mantle cover-
ing the whole upper surface Ditremata.

The Monotremata divide naturally into two divisions:

1. Lateral teeth of the aculeate or thorn-shaped type Vitrinea.

2. Lateral teeth of the quadrate type Helicea

1. Families of Vitrinea.

a. All of the teeth aculeate Selenitide.
b. Central and lateral teeth quadrate, uncini aculeate Limacide
Selenitide.

This family is not very distinct from Limacidz, but the radula
is more highly specialized. Of the genus Se/enites numerous varie-
ties and forms have been described since the publication of my
check-list. They will be enumerated later.

Limacide.

All attempts to split this group into two or more families have
proved impracticable. The various genera exhibit every stage in
the degeneration of the shell. The presence or absence of a caudal
mucus gland is equally uureliable, for genera otherwise closely
allied, vary in this character.

The additions to our Limax list being unimportant will be
deferred.

Additional species of Zonites.

Z. Shimekii Pilsbry. Loess formation of Jowa and Nebraska.
Z. Simpsoni Pilsbry. Indian Territory.

A NEW SPECIES OF ARCONAIA.

BY Hi. A. BEESRARY.

Unio (Arconaia) Provancheriana sp. nov.

Shell wide, oblong, beaks at the anterior third. The whole shell
twisted, very strongly resembling Arca (Parallelopipedum) tortuosa
L., in the direction and degree of the twist. Hinge-line sigmoid.
Anterior and posterior margins rounded; basal margin gently

128 THE NAUTILUS.

curved, sigmoid; epidermis strong, olive-brown with a few darker
concentric streaks ; concentrically striate, nearly smooth. ‘The left
valve has a slight ridge extending from the beaks to the posterior
extremity. Cavity of the left valve very shallow, of the right valve
deeper ; nacre purplish flesh-colored. The left valve has two widely
separated cardinal teeth, lateral teeth remote from cardinals, double ;
right valve with single cardinal and lateral teeth. Height 32, width
53%, thickness 18 mill.

The specimen is said to be from China. It is from the collection
of Pabbé Provancher, Cap Rouge, Quebec.

The ends are not produced as in A. contorta Lea, nor is the shell
bow-shaped like that species. It can be compared with none other
known to me.

[CONTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
FEBRUARY 23, 1891.

Since our last announcement the following new members have
been enrolled :

139. E. R. Mayo,’ Boston, Mass. Massachusetts Mollusca.

140. R. T. Shepherd, Piqua, Ohio. Unionidae.

141. Elwood Pleas, Dunreith, Ind. Indiana Mollusca.

142. Hale Montgomery, Clinton, Mo.

Nearly all of the North American Conchologists and many
Palaeontologists are now enrolled in the Association, the progress of
which has been very gratifying. The members are taking advan-
tage of their privileges to correspond with each other, and much
special study has been accomplished. Several of the members have
undertaken the preparation of lists of species, similar to the list of
Haliotidae recently published by the President. A list of the
American Cypraeidae (fossil and recent) is now ready, but for want
of room, will not appear until next number. Several other lists are
approaching completion and we trust that it will not be long before
we have complete lists of all North American mollusks.

The United States Collection.

The collection of United States shells, now being formed by the
members is growing very rapidly. Many species have been added

1 Deceased since his election.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

during the past month and the specimens and suites received are
magnificent. It should be borne in mind :

1st. That donating to the Collection is purely a voluntary mat-
ter on the part of members.

2d. That none but the finest kinds of specimens are accepted.

3d. That all shells must have the localities accurately designated.

4th. That consignments should be forwarded to the President,
care of Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, at which institution the Phila. members of the Association
meet at intervals, and prepare, label and mount the shells for per-
manent exhibition.

To avoid duplicating, it would be well for members to forward to
the President lists of such shells as can be sent and he will erase the
names of the species already received, and return the lists to the
senders.

Donations to United States Collection.

Since last announcement, the following have been mounted and
placed in the Collection. [Names of donors annexed. ]

H. Moores, Columbus, Ohio.—

A lot of fresh-water shells including 12 species of Strepoma-
tidae; 3 of Paludina; Sphaerium solidulum and transversum ;
Pyrgula Nevadensis, Stearns; Bythinella obtusa, Lea and Lim-
naea humilis, Say and exilis, Say. Also Helix clausa, Say.
E. R. Mayo, Boston, Mass.—

16 species of Marine Shells of New England, including Astarte
suleata, Costa, and castanea, Say ; Chrysodomus decemcostatus,
Say; Buccinum undatum, Linn. and ciliatum, Fabr.; Leda
limatula, Say and thraciaeformis, Storer; Natica flava, Gld.
and canalieculata, Gld., and Pecten Magellanicus, Lam.

J. A. Singley, Giddings, Tex.—
8 species of Eocene fossils from Moseley’s Ferry and Wheelock,
Tex., including Sureula Desnoyersii, Lea and Buccitriton Tex-
anum, Gabb.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.
Anodonta Tryonii, Lea; Martesia cuneiformis, Say; and
Lioplax subcarinata, Say.

130 THE NAUTILUS.
Wm. J. Fox, Philadelphia, Pa.—

Vertigo pentodon, and Pupa corticaria, Say.
Geo. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Fla.—

A very fine lot of Florida and Tennessee shells, including the
new variety “albida” of Bulimulus Dormani; Helix steno-
trema, spinosa, auriculata, avara and Hubbardi; Goniobasis
catenaria, Say (a handsome variety) ; Glandina truncata, Gmel. ;
Patula vortex, Pfr. and caeca, Guppy ; Bythinella Monroeensis,
Dall and Floridana, Fr.; Suecinea luteola, Gld. and Salleana,
Pfr.; Spirula Peronii, Lam.; Iphigenia Braziliana, Lam.;
Marginella apicina, Menke; Iauthina globosa, Swn.; Seila
terebralis, C. B. Ad.: Echinella nodulosa, Pfr.; Unio
Anthonyii, Blandingianus, aheneus, amygdalum, corvunculus,
and Jewettii, all of Lea.

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia, Pa.—
Haminea vesicula, Gould; Cypraea Sowerbyi; Trivia Cali-
fornica and Solandri and Mangilia merita, Gld.

Geo. J. Streator, Garrettsville, O.—

Zonites ferreus, Morse; Sphaerium rhomboideum and fabalis ;
Ancylus rivularis, Say ; and others.

Dr. G. D. Lind, St. Louis, Mo.—
Unio Higginsii, Lea and Limnaea umbilicata, C. B. Ad.

Jas. M. De Laney, Rochester, N. Y.—

One of the finest lots yet received, including Cardium consors,
Sby.; procerum, Sby. and muricatum, Linn.; Calliostoma
sanaliculatum, Mart. and annulatum, Mart.; Pecten aequis-
sulcatus, Cooper; Helix devius, Gld., ptychophora, A. D. Br.,
and Stearnsiana, Gabb; Venus gnidia, Br. & Sby.; Strombus
eranulatus, Wood; Bulla nebulosa, Gld.; Tellina rubescens,
Ham. and Gouldii, Han.; Tapes grata, Say ; Modulus cerodes,
A. Ad.; and Unio luteolus. Lam., iris, Lea, and undulatus,
Barnes.

Elwood Pleas, Dunreith, Ind.—

20 species of Claiborne fossils, including Marginella larvata,
Conr. and plicata, Lea; Conomitra fusoides, Conr.; Limopsis
declivis, Conr. ; Strepsidura bella, Conr. ; 3 species of Solarium ;
Pasithea suleata, Lea; and Corbula nasuta, Conr.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

S. Raymond Roberts, Glen Ridge, N. J.—
Helix Columbiana, Lea (collected by W. M. Gabb.)

H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.

39 species of Palaeozoic fossils from Bedford, Ind. A1l of them
belong to the Warsaw Group. They include 4 species of Stra-
f=) J
parollus, 4 of Pleurotomaria; 3 of Rhynconella; 4 of Mur-
chisonia; 3 of Bulimorpha; Productus Indianensis, Hall ;
Naticopsis Carleyana, Hall; Orthoceras epigrus, Hall; Nucula
J ) ’ ;
Shumardana, Hall; and 2 species of Terebratula.

E. H. Fiske, Santa Cruz, Cal.—
5 species of Post-Pliocene fossils from Santa Cruz, viz.: Pur-
pura canaliculata and crispata; Nassa mendica, Gld.; Oliva
biplicata, Sby. and Crepidula navicelloides, Nutt.

W. J. Raymond, Oakland, Cal.—

10 species of California land and fresh-water shells, including
the new Sphaerium Raymondi, J. G. Cooper, and Planorbis
subcrenatus, Carp., var. disjectus, J. G. Cooper, described in
Proc. Cal. Acad. Science; Physa Gabbil, Tryon; Helix arrosa,
Gld., armigera, Ancey and Dupetithouarsii, Desh. Some exam-
ples of the last named species introduced in 1884 into Oakland
from San Simeon, San Luis Obispo Co., show a stunting of
growth and slight deformity, which appear to be constant.

Elwood Pleas, Dunreith, Ind.—

6 species of Post-Pliocene shells found associated with bones of
Mastodon Americanus at Losantville, Randolph Co., Ind. All
of them are species yet living, viz.: Planorbis bicarinatus, cam-
panulatus and deflectus, Amnicola porata, Pisidium compressum
and Limnaea humilis.

Total to date— 199 genera, 573 species, 659 trays.

GENERAL NOTES.

PotyGyra (Mrsopon) KIAWAENSIS Simpson var. ARKANSAENSIS
Pilsbry.—These shells differ from the types of Kiawaensis in being
larger, more robust, the aperture larger, umbilicus smaller. There
are also certain anatomical peculiarities which will be described in
another place. The lip of these forms is much thickened within ; it

132 THE NAUTILUS.

is still a very doubtful question whether the species should be
referred to Mesodon or Triodopsis. -The form here described seems
to establish a slight bond with such shells as Mesodon thyroides.
The specimens were collected by Mr. F. A. Sampson near Hot
Springs, Ark.—H. A. Pilsbry.

SNAIL EATERS.—Reading Mr. John Ford’s experience with the
voracious Limax agrestis (Nautilus No. 7, vol. [V) reminds me of
another American “ Cannibal.”

While looking for Glandina truncata (in Florida) I had occasion
to observe several of them chasing the Helix Carpenteriana, catching
and devouring them, shell and all, and not only one or two of them,
nay, five, six and more within a few minutes. In cleaning the spec-
imens afterward I found nine specimens of H. Carpenteriana in the
stomach of a single Glandina, some of the Helix yet alive-—Dr. Fr.
Stein, Indianapolis, Ind.

EDWARD RICHARDS MAYO, AGED 82 YEARS.
Died, in Boston, Feb. 12th, of pneumonia.

Mr. Mayo was probably the oldest student of conchology in this
country, being a few weeks older than his friend Dr. Wesley New-
comb. He was born in Roxbury, Mass., now a part of Boston. His
occupation was book-keeping, and the last forty years of his life
were spent with two firms—the great dry-goods house of A. & A.
Lawrence & Co., and the law office of S. W. Dexter. Whena
young man he took up the study of shells, and his interest in them
continued to the last. In the halcyon days of the American clipper
ships and whalers, Mr. Mayo was among the first to systematically
purchase the shells brought as curiosities.

He was personally acquainted with Drs. Gould, Lewis, Stimpson,
Anthony and other well-known conchologists, who frequently had
occasion to study, the contents of his cabinet. He had also an
extensive correspondence with collectors in many countries. His
collection was particularly rich in foreign shells, of which he had
several thousand beautiful specimens.

Mr. Mayo was a very modest man, unselfish, and to his younger
fellow-students a useful friend, giving freely of his extensive infor-
mation and of his specimens, and encouraging them in their pursuit
of knowledge. To many readers of the Nauritus the news of his
death will bring a feeling of personal loss.

Epwarp W. Roper.

~~

PN AES.

VOL. Iv. APRIL, 1891. No. 12.

MOLLUSKS OF THOMPSON’S LAKE, ILLINOIS.
BY W. S. STRODE, M. D., BERNADOITE, ILL.

The beautiful Anodonta suborbiculuta of Say has a sparse distri-
bution and is rarely found in considerable numbers.

I know of but one locality in Illinois where it is to be found in
abundance. ‘his place is a still beautiful lake, five miles long by
one in breadth, with an average depth of from five to eight feet; the
bottom a mixture of black mud and sand; the shores and a hundred
acres or so at each end covered with a growth of pond Lilies.

For a half century this lake has been a great fishing resort.
With seines five hundred yards long, trammel and funnel nets,
hook and line, spears, etc., immense quantities of fish are annually
taken from its waters; great Buffalo, Cat-fish, Shovel-fish, Jack-
salmon and a half dozen kinds of Sunfish, Bass, Pike and Pickerel.

State Geologist Worthen (deceased) seems to have been the only
naturalist who discovered the conchological richness of the lake,
and he kept the discovery to himself, collecting large quantities of
the Ano. suborbiculata Say and corpulenta Cpr. and sending them
to collectors and museums all over the world.

In the summer of 1890 I made a careful search for the Unionide
and found it containing but four species: Unio anodontoides Lea,
and parvus Bar., and Ano. suborbiculata Say, and corpulenta Cpr.

But the abundance of the two Anodontas make up for the lack
of species. In some places the bottom of the lake seemed to be lit-
erally paved with the suborbiculata. With a six-tined potato-dig-

134 THE NAUTILUS.

ger I would sometimes bring up five or six at a haul; and if the fish-
ermen happened to be making a draw with the great seine, a half
barrel of them would sometimes be drawn out at once,—many of
them great beautiful adult shells nearly as large as a common dinner
plate, the epidermis all intact, the stillness of the water and freedom
from acid causing but little erosion. The younger shells in their
beautiful iridesence, seem to have caught the tints reflected from
the green woods, the blue sky and sparkling stars.

The other Anodonta, the corpulenta was not so plentiful in the
deeper water that the suborbiculata seemed to prefer, but nearer the
shores in shallow water, more or less shaded bv the broad leaves of
the water lily, many of them could be found. The umbones of this
mussel, as found in this lake, more nearly approach perfection than
in any other species.

Associated with this mollusk, among the water lilies, were great
numbers of Vivipara contectoides Binney and intertexta Say and
also more or less of the Physa heterostropha Say.

In collecting and handling these fragile shells much care must be
taken as they break as easily as egg shells. When removed from
the water I would pile them up in one end of the boat, and cover
them up from the sun with a wet blanket. When transferred to
my bugev (for I had to drive twenty miles to Bernadotte) I would
first line the bottom of the bed with wet grass, on which I arranged
the mussels and then again covered them up well with the wet
blankets. On reaching home they were at once transferred to a
large tub containing water. They must be cleaned without the use
of hot water and immediately given a good bath of glycerine, and
then kept in a cool place.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ANCTUS AND OLIVA.!

BY JOHN FORD, PHILADELPHIA.

Anctus Pilsbryi Ford. Fig. 1.
See THE NAUTILUS iv, p. 81, 1890; Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. 1891, p. 81.
Shell rimately umbilicated, the axis imperforate; ovate-conical,
spire acute, apex black ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last some-

1 Reprinted by permission, from Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891, pp. 97, 98.

¥)

. THE NAUTILUS. 135

-
~

what contracted near the base. Aperture extremely nar-
row, oblong; lip flatly reflected, the central half of its
length provided with a flange extending towards the in-
ner or columellar lip, from which proceeds a correspond-
ing convexity, thus giving to the aperture a form much
like the traditional key-hole. Color grayish-white, painted

Fig.r. longitudinally with brownish and black lines.

Length of shell 23, diameter 93 mill. Width between flanges 1,
width of flange on outer lip 2 mill. Colur of lip white; aperture
slightly shaded within. Habitat, Brazil.

Anctus angiostoma Wagner (capueira Spix), Fig. 2,and A. Pilsbryi
are the only living species of the genus known, and both are in color
pattern and general form very much alike. In the for-
mer species, however, the apex is not black and shining
as in the latter nor are the apertures at all alike save in
general outline. Indeed, that of A. Pilsbryi is absolutely
distinct from any other known to the writer. This alone
would justify its specific separation.

Fig. 2. The figures were drawn from photographs of the shells
and may therefore be accepted as correct.

The species has been named in honor of my friend Mr. Henry A.
Pilsbry, Conservator of the Conchological department of the Acad-
emy and present Editor of the ‘‘ Manual of Conchology.”

Oliva cryptospira Ford. Figs. 3, 4.

Shell cylindrical, slightly enlarged near either end, producing an
obese appearance. Salmon-colored, with a few dashes of white
accompanied by faint zigzag brownish lines showing through the
enamel, the latter being somewhat thickened and more orange in
color on the basal fasciole. Spire short, with sutures entirely con-
cealed by a heavy callus. Edge of lip and interior of aperture white.
Length of type specimen 2} inches. Greatest diameter 1 inch.
Habitat, Moluccas.

This shell is probably well known to veteran collectors, since it
has been posing for many years as a variety of O. irisans Lamarck,
from which species, however, it is in fact distinct.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

No figure was given with Lamarck’s description of O. irisans,
but a figure probably intended for the same
shell appears in Reeve’s “ Conchologia Iconica,”
Vol. 6, Pl. 6, fig. 8a, where it is classed with
typical O. irisans Lam. That this figure does
not agree with Lamarck’s description in any
essential features is quite apparent.

It seems, however, to have been accepted by
my late friend, Mr. Tryon, as well as by Reeve,
for a form of (. irisans, since it was copied for
the “ Manual” without remark; although sey-
eral specimens exhibiting characters similar to
those shown in the figure—but which belong to
O. eryptospira only—were at the time in the
Academy’s collection. Whether thesespecimens
were accidentally overlooked, or the distinctions

Figs: noted deemed too trifling for special designation,
is a question that cannot now be answered.

In consequence of this uncertainty, the responsibility of correcting
the error of classing this form with O. trisans, Gf
error it be), is accepted rather reluctantly al-
though in the firm belief that the change will ben-
efit the student, as well as, in some slight degree,
the cause of Science, also.

Fig. 4.

WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA SHELLS.
BY E. H. HARN, BLAIRSVILLE, PA.

The following is a list of species which I have collected in West-
ern Pennsylvania. It may be of interest for the sake of locality :

Selenites concavus Say. Pupa armifera Say.

Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Pupa contracta Say.

Zonites laevigatus Pfr. Ferussacia subeylindrica Linn.
Zonites ligerus Say. Succinea obliqua Say.

Zonites intertextus Binn. Succinea avara Say.

Zonites inornatus Say. ' Succinea Totteniana Lea.
Zonites nitidus Mull. Campeloma rufa Hald.
Zonites arboreus Say. Planorbis bicarinata Say.

———————

cd

THE NAUTILUS. LB

Zonites indentatus Say. Planorbis (? var.) Harni Pils.
Zonites milium Morse. Carychium exiguum Say.
Zonites fulvus Drap. Unio aesopus Green.
Zonites suppressus Say. Unio alatus Say.
Zonites multidentatus Binn, Unio circulus Lea.
Patula solitaria Say. Unio clavus Lam.
Patula alternata Say. Unio crassidens Lam.
Patula perspectiva Say. Unio cylindricus Say.
Patula striatella Anth. Unio gibbosus Barnes.
Patula lineata Say. Unio fabalis Lea.
Helix labyrinthica Say. * Unio iris Lea.
Helix hirsuta Say. Unio Kirtlandianus Lea.
Helix monodon Rack. Unio ligamentinus Lam.
var. fraterna Say. Unio multiradiatus Lea.
Helix palliata Say. Unio mytiloides Raf.
Helix tridentata Say. Unio obliquus Lam.
Helix albolabris Say. Unio occidens Lea.
Helix Pennsylvanica Say. Unio parvus Barnes.
Helix exoleta Binn. Unio phaseolus Hindr.
Helix dentifera Binn. Unio pustulosus Lea.
Helix thyroides Say. Unio rectus Lam.
Helix profunda Say. Unio securis Lea.
Helix pulchella Mull. Unio subovatus Lea.
Helix pulchella Mull. Unio subrotundus Lea.
var. costata Mull. Anodonta undulata Say.
Helix nemoralis Mull. Margaritana marginata Say.
Pupa fallax Say. Margaritana rugosa Barnes.

Margaritana undulata Say.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

I have read with much interest the article in the January Nauti-
Lus by Prof. Keep and its supplement by Henry W. Winkley in
the February number and am tempted to add a short article on the
edible mollusca of Rhode Island. I think in point of numbers of
species, as well as individuals, Rhode Island will excel any state in
the Union. As we have seen California has but five species and
Maine only four regulars and two occasional, while Rhode Island
can show eight every day and five irregular as below.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Mya arenaria Linn. Rhede Island is the metropolis of the clam
both in production and consumption. The Rhode Island clam bake
is a peculiar institution known all over the country. From June
to September every day sees hundreds of bushels consumed at the
various shore resorts, called here “‘ down the river ;”’ and there are sey-
eral places in Providence where steamed clams are served in the
shell every day in the year. . The beds are inexhaustible and the
more they are dug over, the faster they seem to propagate.

Ostrea Virginica Gmel. and Ostrea borealis Lam. are both very
abundant and are consumed in great quantities. O. Virginica are
brought here from the South in schooner loads and planted in the
bay to grow, while O. borealis, the finest oyster in the world, is na-
tive to our shores.

Venus mercenaria Linn. is also very abundant and can be seen in

b

our markets at all times.

Mactra solidissima Chem. is abundant on the ocean shores and is
used by the natives for making chowders.

Pecten irradians Lam. There are about two hundred boats en-
gaged in seallop dredging and each boat is allowed by law to take
only twenty-five bushels per day from September Ist to April 1st,
making only five thousand bushels per day for seven months in the
year. The adductor muscle only is eaten, while the rest of the ani-
mal (the “rim,” so called) is thrown away. If cats are allowed to
eat the rims their ears drop off. This fact is well known to all scallop
dredgers and a good many earless cats can be seen at Pawtuxet and
East Greenwich at any time, caused by eating scallop “rims” of
which they are very fond.

Mytilus edulis Linn. is also a common article of food, both boiled

“ec

and pickled.

Littorina littorea Linn. is very abundant and is relished by En-
glish people who had become accustomed to them in the old country.

Ensatella (or Ensis) Americana Gould is quite plenty and is eaten
by the dwellers on the shore.

Buceinum undatum Linn. and Pecten tenuicostatum M. & A. are
found only on the ocean shores and at Block Island and are eaten
whenever they can be obtained, but they are not very plenty here.

Neverita duplicata Say and both the Fulgurs, carica and canalieu-
latu are occasionally thrown into a clam bake, and I have seen them
eaten, but never indulged personally. I should think they would
prove rather tough.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

The fresh water clams, Unio and Anodon were formerly eaten by
the Narragansett Indians, but I never knew of any white man hun-
gry enough to try them.

ON PUPA RUPICOLA SAY, AND RELATED FORMS.
BY DR. VY. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

This group of American Pupa is most interesting, but little known
as yet. Asin Europe the Pupa group Torquil/a reaches its maximum
development in numbers and forms in the countries around the
Mediterranean, so in America the group of Pupa rupicola inhabits the
West Indies and the mainland bordering the Gulf of Mexico, the
Mediterranean of America. The American forms ranging under this
group are much smaller than those of the Eastern continent—scarcely
any exceeding 3 millimetres in altitude—and probably there are
fewer species ; yet scarcely less interesting are they, and well worthy
of special study.

A very prominent feature of this and related groups is the
apertural lamellae, of which I prefer saying more in another article
specially on this subject. As the lamellar characters are nearly the
same in the forms to be considered, and even some variations are
found almost alike in all, we need not describe them specially in every
species, as they are only of secondary value in differential diagnosis.
It must be stated here, however, that a general characteristic is the
particular development of the apertural lamella, which is long and
more or less complex, and another the diversity of the inferior
palatal being more or less distant from the margin, and of decidedly
different direction and shape—in part of different morphological
value.

In the following I intend communicating only a few systematic
faunistic notices concerning those species inhabiting our country,
not to give full descriptions and synonymy, leaving that for a
“revision ’’ of the North American Pupidae. Some of our forms
have so universally been misunderstood that a rectification, as far as
possible, will be justified.

Pupa rupicola Say.

It is characterized by its turriculate shape, with rather pointed
apex, pale straw color, with thickened, white lip; aperture with

140 THE NAUTILUS.

little marked sinuosity at the outer upper angle; lamelle: apertural,
more simple than in some other species ; inferior palatal placed and
shaped as usual.

This well defined species has been found from South Carolina and
Florida to Louisiana, always near the coast. I have not seen it from
the West Indies—Synonymy and references will be found with the
following :

Pupa procera Gould.

When Dr. Gould published this species,’ he knew it only from
Baltimore specimens. Subsequently it was considered identical with
P. rupicola Say. Atter having examined and compared many hun-
dreds, even thousands of examples of both species, I came to the con-

clusion that they are quite distinct; and I never saw a doubtful or.

intermediate specimen. The author’s description leaves no doubt
as to the identity of the species.

P. procera is characterized by its cylindrical, rather strong shell
with obtuse apex, the uniformly brownish horn to chestnut color,
and the form of the aperture ; one peculiar feature which has been
pointed out by Gould,’ is the deep seated and rather transverse in-
ferior lamella in the palatal wall.

In Binney Terr. Moll. II, p. 339, under the head P. rupicola, the
description is of P. procera, and so are the figures of the aperture ;
the same is in W.G. B. Bulletin No. 28. In Gould (W. G. Bin-
ney edit.) Mass. Invertebr. 1870, under P. rupicola Say, the descrip-
tion is of P. procera, while the figure represents rupicola. ‘There is
no doubt but that Mr. W. G. Binney, as well as Pfeiffer and others,
had not a sufficient number of good specimens before them, of one
or either species, or they would have arrived at a different conclu-
sion.

Our species is the only one of the subgenus living remote from
the sea in the interior of the continent. It is distributed over a
great part of our country. Its area is from New England and
South Carolina to Minnesota and Texas, and in this whole region it
is remarkably constant. Only some Iowa and Minnesota examples,
from Winona, are somewhat smaller and more delicate, the aper-
tural lamella showing a more marked configuration.

1 Monograph of . . . Pupa, Boston Journ. III, p. 401, pl. 8, f. 12; IV,
pl. 16, f. 12, and p. 355.
aMlice

‘

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Pupa hordeacea Gabb.

There has also been much uncertainty about this form, since under
its name no less than 8, and possibly more, different ones have been
sent out by the author himself, and the descriptions published of it
did not agree at all.’ Yet it has been decided to let the name stand
for a species related to procera, but having the shell larger (averag-
ing alt. 3:0 diam., 1:3 millim.), the aperture of a different, some-
what rhombic shape; the crest behind the palatal margin is more
or less white, corresponding to a rather strong callus; the palatal
wall just behind the crest is considerably flattened, and the base
rather compressed, keel-like.

P. hordeaceu is decidedly variable ; among the typical form there
are numerous albino specimens ; some show hardly a trace of a lam-
ella on the palatal wall; from certain parts of its range, there are
examples more conical and somewhat lighter colored, approaching
P. servilis Gould. The species is found in Texas, New Mexico and
Arizona. As already mentioned, it comes very near P. procera on
one side, and shows much resemblance to servilis on the other,
while it has a well characterized “ strain” of its own. But with these
interrelations, it is all the more interesting to the naturalist who de-
sires something else than simply filing so and so many “ well defined”
species only.

Pupa hordeacella Pilsbry.

There is hardly a controversy about the synonymy of the species.
It is characterized by its size, averaging the smallest of the group
on the continent, the thin shell, its distinet striation, the flattened
last half of the body whorl, the base being comparatively broader
and more rounded than in its congeners and by the thin apertural
margins. But it is also variable to a considerable degree ; as to
size, the smallest I have seen measuring 1:4, the largest 2-4 millim. ;
as to color, from pale horn to light chestnut ; and pure albinoes are
quite common in some places. The smallest specimens generally
have a remarkably lesser number of whorls comparatively.

Its area of distribution, as far as known, is from Florida through
Mississippi and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona.

1 Since the original description (Am. Journ. Conch. IT, Oct., 1866, p. 331)
was inaccessible to me, Mr. Dall had the very estimable kindness to forward me
a copy of it and of the figure ; from both it would be absolutely impossible to iden-
tify the species.—Conf. also W. G. Binney, Bulletin 28, p. 173.

142 THE NAUTILUS.
Pupa servilis Gould.

A West Indian species, which has been reported from Louisiana
and Texas; whether it is really living on the continent I am unable
to decide. Among the many collections examined I never found it
from our country.

I prefer the above name, since the description given with it corre-
sponds exactly with the form taken for it, while that of P. pellucida
Pfr. does not at all agree with the same, but quite well—as far as
it goes—with some other forms from the West Indies.

Pupa

For completeness I wish to give short notice here of a very interest-
ing form, collected at our limits, at Hidalgo, Texas, by Mr. J. A
Singley. It resembles much the P. servilis of Gould, in size and
appearance. But by careful examination a few features are found
quite new and seen in none of the other continental forms of the
group, viz., the presence of an infra-apertural lamella, between the
“apertural” and the columella, and the inferior palatal lamella
being very long and of particular shape. Both these characters I
have seen also in some forms from Curacoa, in the collection of Mr.
W.G. Mazyek. Although this Pupa must be considered as specific-
ally distinct, I prefer not naming it. before, if possible, comparing
other, probably related ones, from Central America and the West
Indies.

A few words must be added concerning the geographical distribu-
tion of the species in question.

P. rupicola and procera I have seen together only in one instance,
in a lot from “South Carolina,” where there was one example of the
former among a number of the latter. But it was much to my satis-
faction, a thing I had long looked for. It is evident that reports of
P. rupicola Say, having been collected in the interior of the continent,
say North and West of a line drawn from South Carolina to Louis-
iana, possibly also a part of southern Texas, are with all probability
to be referred to P. procera Gould.

P. rupicola and hordeacella have been collected together in many
places of Florida (by Messrs. Dall, Stearns, Hemphill, Webster, A.
G. Hinkley, et. a/.), and in Mississippi (Pass Christian, by Mr. Bryant
Walker), while at and near Charleston, South Carolina, the former
seems to be alone (Mr. W. G. Mazyck.)

In middle Texas (Lee Co., Mr. Singley) P. hordeacella, hordeacea
and procera are found together; in lots from Comal County, (drift,

THE NAUTILUS. 143

also collected by Mr. Singley) the same three were represented, but
procera insmall number. Among about 60 specimens from Hidalgo,
Texas, (Mr. Singley, coll., sent by Mr. Wm. A. Marsh) there were P.
hordeacella, hordeacea in a form somewhat differing from the type,
and the species mentioned above ; P. procera wanting.

From New Mexico I have seen P. hordeacea and hordeacella.
Texas seems to be the center of distribution of the group under con-
sideration on our continent, and there is no doubt but that more
valuable things will be.found in that state and the neighboring
territories.

My own collection now contains about 65 numbers (75 vials) of
the forms named above (except P. servilis) from the continent, and
many more I have seen in other collections.

The title of this article may appear to be not fully appro-
priate, in so far as the species named there is the one, or one of the
furthest removed from the common type of the whole group. Yet
P. rupicola Say is the oldest and best known name, and, I think,
the choice of it may be justified.

[CONTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

SANTA BARBARA, CAL., Fes. 3, 1891.

To the President of the American Association of Conchologists :
Dear Sir:

In response to your circular card of November 7, notwithstanding
the probability that you may consider my response as coming too
late, I venture to make a few remarks:

I regret to see the evident tendency among conchologists who are
coming into print, to make radical and uncalled for changes in no-
menclature.

I have noted more particularly those relating to our West Coast
shells.

We, who have been for the past twenty-five or thirty years, ac-
customed to the names by which our mollusks have been known,
fail to see the necessity, or utility of making so many changes, espec-
ially by those not resident, nor especially interested in our local con-
chology, which renders our standard publications next to useless,
places difficulties in the way of young students, puzzle and annoy
our older naturalists, and have a tendency to fence in the field of

144 THE NAUTILUS.

knowledge from many who would enter, if the way was not so beset
with the thorns of synonyms and unnecessary divisions of genera.

If we were laboring along under buge and glaring inconsistencies,
we would meekly submit to correction.

It would seem, that the only persons benefitted by this state of things
are, those who make and support these changes in order to increase
their catalogues of species and varieties * ** * * by the addition of
the so-called new varieties and the adoption of new names for old
and well known species ; or, those teachers of science who are in re-
ceipt of salaries and can thus afford to devote their whole time to
one subject, or those who are anxious to air their knowledge by the
use of hard names and the division of well known genera into as
many sub-genera as possible.

The one great object of the teacher should be to make the road as
easy as possible to his pupils and followers, whereas the real ob-
ject of many would seem to be exactly the reverse, and instead of
removing the stumbling blocks and smoothing the rough places,
some of them seem intent upon making a hard road still more dif_-
cult.

For example—the name Helix is getting to be pretty well known
as the scientific name for Snails, and in the index to ‘“‘ Land and
Fresh Water Shells of North America” by Binney and Bland, pub-
lished in 1869, we find 341 specific names including recognized spe-
cies and synonyms, under the generic name of “ Helix,” whereas in
later publications we find this simple genus has been divided into
thirty or forty sub-genera, the names of which convey no idea to
the student, who is confronted by the substituted and, to him mean-
ingless words, such as He/minthoglypta, Micrarionta, Euparypha, ete.
as applied to the poor innocent Snails, of which my esteemed friend
Dr. Stearns says, “ there is neither propriety nor advantage in their
use.” I note also, that some of our writers * * * * * * *
* © while proposing to cut down the number of species and vari-
ties of the Land Shells of other faunal regions, are hard at work
manufacturing names for additional species and varieties in their
own region, Yea verily, “ Consistency thou art a jewel.” * * *

To illustrate what we may expect if this genus, species, and
variety making continues, I will instance the’ way in which some of
the small provinces and countries manufacture varieties of postage
stamps for the express purpose of selling them to stamp collectors.

1 The number of subgenera attributed to Mr. Binney is liberally estimated.
Mr. B. never used the names Helminthoglypta or Micrarionta.—ED.

THE NAUTILUS. ill

In some of these countries the amount realized from sales to collec-
tors exceed the amount of revenue derived from their use for postal
purposes, and when they desire to increase their revenue, they strike
off a lot of “ New Issues,” or, by printing a different value on the
“ Old Issues,” and placing an additional charge upon them meet
with large sales. They even go so far as to deliberately make errors
in these so-called “Surcharges” and thus create a demand for these
manufactured “rarities,” which seems to me to be a parallel case
with some dealers and others interested in the Conchological Ex-
change.
Lorenzo G. YATES.

GENERAL NOTES.

The Boston Society of Natural History has purchased from Mr.
Gulick a valuable series of several hundred Hawaiian Achatinella.
Those from the island of Oahu, are to be mounted on a large model
of that island, made by J. H. Emerton. They will occupy their
respective localities on the mountains and in the valleys, and will
illustrate the progression and variation of species from the various
centers. I have suggested to the Curator that a similar model be
made to show the distribution of the Patula strigosa group taking
Hemphill’s fine series as a basis —E. W. Roper, Revere, Mass.

p eermetnn yer = Fe mye a

a |

oe
‘

.

re

al Fige:

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOL. V.

MAY 1891 to APRIL 1892.

PHILADELPIIIA = \u

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

u

5
‘> ® a
“ rs oe aie ae 7

INDEX

ee Nee TT eS. VOL,

INDEX TO TITLES.

<~

Acmezea candeana vs. Acmzea antillarum

85
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. forma typicus 31
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. forma maculatus, Ckll. 3]
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. forma nigra 32
Agriolimax agrestis L. sub. sp. hyperboreus 30
Agriolimax agrestis L. synopsis of the principal Faraone of 70
American Association of Conchologists —. ‘ <1 | d0G0 80)
Anodonta corpulenta Cpr. destruction of. : &9
Antipodean oysters. ; ‘ : : ‘ : : 116
Australian slugs ; : ; : : ; i]
Baculites compressus, on the young of : . : ; 19
Bulimulus Ragsdalei, (Plate IT fig. 3) : : é : 39
Bythinia tentaculata 3 ; . : : : a bees.
Carychium exiguum mexicanum, n. var... : : ipa Cp)
Chondropoma caymanensis, n. sp... ; 4 : ; 83
Colonization of fresh water shells : : ‘ : 133
Cytherea texasiana, n. sp. 134
Do mollusca show change of dima in New Hinpland’ on 115
Donations to the United States collection : : 80
Donax of Eastern North America . c ; : : 125
Edible mollusks, ete. : : : : 2
Edible shell notes : : ; ‘ : 25
EKutivela, new subgenus of Meretris : 27
Exchanges . : : : : 46, 71, 95, 108, 119
Familiar mollusks, Rote on : : : : : . 52
Florida Helices , : ; : : : : : 119
Fluminicola Merriami, n. sp. . ‘ : ; f ; 143
Fissurella picta, note on. : : : : . 82

Fissurellidz of the United States ‘ : : : 4 102
ill

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Fissurellidee, additional U.S. species : gree . 113
Food of snails. ; : ; ; ; ‘ : : 107
Food of Limneide . , : 94
Galapagos Islands, some types new > ‘the ane 8 the : 97
General notes. : : 11,23, 40, 71, 82, 93; 107, 21S
Goniobasis Crandalli, (Pl. WU, figs. ia 5) ; : 39
Helix Hardfordiana Cooper, s IE - 12, 13, 14.) d 40
Helix xanthophaes, n. sp. : ; : : 38
Helix (Plagioptycha) Maspardi? n. 8 : : . : 83
Helix aspersa in California ; . , 2 : tL
Helix jejuna st. : : é : ‘ ; 5 : 119
Hewston, Dr. Geo., (obituary.) : : ; : : 71
Hyalina, description of a new species A ; ; : 10
Jay, John Clarkson, (obituary.) : ; : ; P 95
Land shells of Vancouver Island ; : : : 91
Land shells of Cayuga Lake Valley ; : . ee i
Land shells of New Jersey : : : . 141
Leidy, Dr. Joseph, (obituary). : : : : 12
Leucorhynchia Tryoni Pils, n. sp. . : : 1 are 91
Limacella 5 ; : : 3 : 5, 21, 53
Limax agrestis L. in Galifornia : : . ; : 101
Limax agrestis L. on, the Pacific coast ; : 92
List of the land and fresh water mollusca colleeed in
Jamaica. : . ; : 52

List of species eollected on the Is ‘lanes St. Thomas, St. Kitts,
Barbados, Jamaica, and at Pensacola, Fla., with pre-

fatory notes . : 6d
List of shells collected on Pay: al Talenls, aces) me on the

Madeira Islands, with prefatory notes . : ; 49
Loeal variation : : : 83
Marine mollusks from the Southers Coast of Bawa ‘ : 42
Marine pliocene beds of the Carolinas : , : 128
Meretrix (Eutivela) perplexa Stearns, n. s. - : > 28
Meretrix (Eutivela) Iheringi, Dall.n.s. . : 3 ; 29
Mollusks of San Francisco Co., Cal. ? : : . OA, 94
Mollusks in Portland, Oregon market E ; - : 58
Mollusks of Spoon River, Ill. . : : : : 61
Mollusks, new species of —. , 142

Mollusks of Dorcheat Bayou, anal ae Bis teneau, Tee 5 109
Mollusks as catfish food : : : ; : 2 124

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Newcomb, Dr. Wesley, (In Memoriam.) . , ‘ : 121

Note on Mr. Pilsbry’s “ Article IV” . : 5 : : 53
Orizosoma, new subgenus of Streptostyla. ’ 9
Paludina japonica, for sale in the San Francisco @hiness

Markets. . : : ; : 4 5 : : 114
Paludomus Palawanicus, n. sp. : ‘ ; ‘ : 17
Patella Boninensis, n. sp. . : : 3 : 79
Patula Cooperi, sinistral. . : ; : : : : 85
Philomycus. , : ‘ : , 4, 21,53
Physa osculans, var. Eeteeanronsia n. var. : : : 9
Planorbis trivolvis, ete. : ; : . 94, 95
Polygyra (Triodopsis) Mullani, var. Blneyee, n. var. é 47
Potamopyrgus? Bakeri, n. sp. j : : 5 : 9
Preliminary notices of new Mexican shells. ; : ; 8
Prophysaon pacificum. ; : : ; ol
Prophysaon andersonii, var pallida a VOL: : 31
Publications Received. : : : : 24, 72, 120, 128
Pupa syngenes. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2) : : 3 : ; 39
Pupa muscorum, Notes on. : ; : : 2 ; 45
Pupa Holzingeri Sterki, in Ohio. : : ; ; : 93
Pyrgulopsis? Patzcuarensis, n. sp. . : : : 5 )
Scutellina, use of the generic name. . : : : : 88
Shells of the Erie Canal. . : A : : : 23
Slugs from British Columbia. — . : : : : : 30
Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiensis, n. sp. : : : 9
Tebennophorus, on the genus. . P : : : . 4,21
Terebratulina (unguicula Cpr. var?) Kiiensis. (Pl. I,

figs, 4,5). : : : : . 18
Terebratulina unguicula, Gyr. typical CPT figs)6, 7). < 18
Terebratula Stearnsii. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2, 3) : ; : 19
Terebra Stearnsii, n. sp. Japan. : : : ; ‘ 93
Testacella Maugei in Philadelphia. . : : : : 85
Thylacodes medusze, n. sp. Japan. . . : : . 93
Unio Pilsbryi, n. sp. Arkansas. : : 4 : : 1
Unio Pleasii, n. sp. Arkansas. 2

Unionide in the Southeastern U. S. Means of acces

tion of 4 5 5 : : : 15
Unio Singleyanus, n. sp. Florida, ; : : : 29
Unio Ferrissii, n. sp. Florida. : : : : : 30

Unionide, On the Byssus of — . : : : : ites 0

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Unionide of Eastern Texas, Critical notes on . : ‘ ihe
Unio radiatus and Unio luteolus, Distinguishing characters

of 3 , ; y ; , ; A ‘ Pay A el (>
Unionide, Notes on ; : ; P s 3 : 86
Unio Oseuri, n. sp. Florida. . : : : ‘ 124
Vaginulus Schivelyee. (PI. II, figs.6,7,8) . : ‘ 39
Vallonia, Notes on North American forms of. P : 100

Vivipara, New variety of A 5 :
Zonites Shimekii. (PI. II, figs. 9, 10, 11) ‘ : 39
Zonites Brittsii, n. sp. : : : : : 99

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Adams, Chas. C.

Bailey, Albert.

Banks, Nathan.
Beauchamp, Rev. W. M.
Brot, Dr. Aug.
Cockerell, T. D. A.
Dall, Dr. Wm. H.
Dean, Geo. W.
Dore, Harry E.
Farrer, W. J.
Fox, Wm. J.
Johnson, C. W.
Lind, Dr. G. D.
Marshall, Wm. B.
Marsh, Wm. A.
Pilsbry, H. A.
Raymond, W. J.
Rivers, J. J. :
Rush, Dr. Wm. H.
Simpson, Chas. T.
Stearns, R. E. C.
Sterki, Dr. V.

Strode, Dr. W. S.
Taylor, Rev. Geo. W.
Vaughan, T. Wayland
Walker, Bryant
Webster, Geo. W.

Winkley, Rev. Henry W.

Wood, Williard M.
Wright, Berlm H. .
Yates, Dr. Lorenzo G.

4, 30, Das 70

10, 18, 26, 49, 97, 125, 134
ee eae aL

58

141

; 32

d2, 80, 102

107

133

229

4,8, 21, 39, 45, 74, 79, 85, 88, 1, 99, 102, 141, 142

54, 101
111
49, 65
15, 86
; Tretia
73, 84, 90, 94, 95, 101, 118, 135
61, 89
Sieo2
109, 189
93
119
pnGos, Lie
54, 94, 114
124
fea
vil

HoEVEeON AMPLE US:

VOL. v. MAY, 1891. No. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF UNIO, FROM ARKANSAS.

BY WM. A. MARSH.

Unio Pilsbryi.

Shell quadrate, somewhat oblique, plicate, striate, slightly inflated
before, compressed behind, very inequilateral, obtusely angular
before, sub-biangular posteriorly, valves thick before, thin behind,
beaks small and flat. Epidermis dark reddish-brown, without rays.
Cardinal teeth compressed, oblique, grooved, double in both valves,
lateral teeth long, slightly curved, solid, anterior cicatrices deep,
pit-like, granular, posterior cicatrices not very distinct, confluent,
nacre dull white.

Habitat. Little Red River, Arkansas.

Remarks. This species bears some resemblance to U. perplicatus
Con., which is abundant in the same stream, but differs in being
much flatter, beaks very much smaller, the growth lines much closer ;
it also differs in being coarsely striate over the entire surface of the
shell; in its undulations it is very different, the plications being very
small, and much broken up; in fact, semi-nodulous; from U.
undulatus Barnes, which is also abundant in the same stream, it
differs entirely in outlines, in the manner and disposition of its folds,
color of epidermis, nacre, teeth, etc., ete.

I name this shell in honor of Mr. H. A Pilsbry, Conservator
Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., who
first called my attention to its specific value. Specimens may be

2, THE NAUTILUS.

seen in the United States Collection of the American Association of
Conchologists, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Unio Pleasii.

Shell smooth, oval, slightly elliptical, very inequilateral, valves
rather thin, somewhat compressed, regularly rounded before, obtusely
angular behind, beaks very small and flat, undulations very minute.
Epidermis greenish-olive, usually covered with green capillary rays
posteriorly, sometimes rayless. | Cardinal teeth small, erect, cren-
ulate, single in the right, and double in the left valve, sometimes
tripartite in left valve; lateral teeth short and slightly curved, an-
terior cicatrices deeply impressed, posterior cicatrices very slightly
impressed, confluent ; nacre varying from pale rose to pale salmon,
often silvery white and iridescent.

Habitat. Little Red River, Arkansas.

Remarks. In general form this shell bears some resemblance to
Unio spatulatus Lea, but differs from that shell in being a much
smaller and thinner shell, very much more compressed ; its cardinal
teeth are entirely different ; it is not spatulate in form, and is very
much more inequilateral ; the nacre ditfers entirely ; the very peculiar
character of the females of this species must distinguish it from all
others; they are deeply emarginate, very oblique, and sharp pointed
posteriorly, bearing some resemblance to the females of Unio
conradianus Lea.

I name this shell after my friend, Mr. Ellwood Pleas, of Indiana,
who collected this species, with many other rare shells, in the interior
of Arkansas. Typical specimens of both male and female are in the
American Association Collection in Philadelphia.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS, ETC., HERE AND THERE.

Mr. Carpenter’s article in the last number of THe Naurius, is
fully as entertaining and profitable as his previous communications.
It may be his last is a trifle more thrilling, and when this is supple-
mented by the usual spice of discrepancy, the picturesqueness
is enhanced and the thoughtful reader is for awhile diverted from
the plodding habit of careful definition and rational interpretation,
and led unconsciously to soar far and wide on the reckless wings of
fancy, and revel free and easy, in the salubrious atmosphere of
fiction. The author’s loyalty to Rhode Island is certainly commend-

THE NAUTILUS. 3

able, and his belief that that illustrious commonwealth is the
Banner State of the Union, in the matter of Oysters, Clams,
Scallops and earless Cats, and such creature comforts, is heartily
appreciated. I am prepared to wager—in vulgar parlance to bet—
a bowl of “ clam-chowder” against a “pan-roast,’’ with Mr. Car-
penter or any other conchologist brother, that the mollusks referred
to are abundant and nowhere of better quality than in Rhode Island,
and whether I lose the bet or not, in the spirit of fraternal sympathy,
to pay the bill; but here, let us “drop a stitch,” as the old ladies
do sometimes in their knitting, and pick it up further on; let us
leave the realms of romance and come down to the simple facts of
terra firma,

If Mr. Carpenter will kindly turn to Mr. Keep’s article in the
January Nauriuus, he will perceive two facts. First, the title is
“Mollusks of the San Francisco Markets.” Not the Edible
Mollusks of California. Second fact; nowhere in Mr. Keep’s paper
does the word California occur.

Yet Mr. Carpenter, in the last three lines of his article, on page
137 (of the April Nauriius), says: “ As we have seen, California
has but five species and Maine only four regulars and two occa-
sional, while Rhode Island can show eight every day and five irreg-
ular as below.” The careful reader will look in vain to see any
such statement in Mr. Keep’s paper, and the species enumerated
named therein, are such as are usually on the stalls in the San
Francisco markets.

In addition to those named by Mr. Keep I have occasionally
seen, and have purchased, Mucoma nasuta, Saxidomus aratus,
Acmea patina, Platyodon cancellatus and Haliotis rufescens. The
big Cephalopod Octopus punctatus is frequently met with, especially
in the Clay Street market, and is a common article of food among
the Italians and Portuguese. Another cephalopod, a small ten
footed species or squid, is frequently, if not usually, purchasable in
the Chinese markets, and dried Abalones or Haliotis meats, are a
regular article of food in Chinatown. I have supplemented Mr.
Keep’s five species with others that pertain to the San Francisco
markets, and do not propose to extend the list by going outside of
the territory of that city, and up and down the seven hundred and
more miles of the sea board of California, to name the twenty-five or
thirty other species, that may fairly be regarded as “edible clams”
and sufficiently abundant as to warrant their inclusion in a list of

4 THE NAUTILUS.

species available for food supply, and therefore of commerical
importance. Nor have I mentioned species that are “ occasionally
thrown into clam-bakes,” or others that “ were formerly eaten by the
* * - Indians.” A comparison in harmony with Mr. Keep’s paper
requires a list of those species of mollusks that are ordinarily on
sale in the markets of Providence and Newport, and this is what
Mr. Carpenter should have given.

The space occupied by this criticism, ete., is perhaps out of pro-
portion to the importance of the matter criticised; so I will only
take up the stitch previously dropped and in closing express my
surprise and astonishment at the effect of Rhode Island “scallop-
rims,” on Pawtuxet and East Greenwich cats, tabbies or tommies,
not specified, and marvel greatly over the possibility of turning
mules into horses by the same kind of fodder.

Another and more serious matter is hinted at, for the mollusks of
California, Maine and Rhode Island are referred to as “regulars”
and “irregulars.” This has the flavor of war. I have never seen
any military clams on the West Coast. I presume the “regulars”
belong to the standing army, and the “irregulars,’ are to be
regarded as militia only.

R. Ee’ Crs:

April 7th, 1891.

ON THE GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS BINNEY, OR PHILOMYCUS, RAF.
BY H. ASEILSBRY.

A recent discussion of this genus in the pages of the valuable
English magazine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, is proba-
bly of sufficient interest to American conchologists to justify us in
reprinting the several articles.

Article I. (Ann. Mag. NV. H.; Nov., 1890.)

Not:s on Slugs chiefly in the Collection at the British Museum. By T. D. A.
COCKERELL.

THE GENUS Limacella, BLAINVILLE.

While working on the slugs at the British Museum I came across the type spec-
imens of Limacella lactiformis, Blainville. The two examples are in a bottle with
the label “ Zimacella lactescens,’ and another label, apparently written by Dr.
Heynemann, “Original zu Fig. 1, Taf. 7. Fér. Hist. Nat.” They are true

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Philomycus, presenting no generic difference from the well-known species of that
genus. Heynemann (1884) has referred them to 4vion, but he could not have
examined them sufficiently, and was no doubt misled by the figure in Man. de
Mal. (1827), pl. xli. That they are really Blainville’s types need not be doubted,
as they agree with his figures in outline, and his original description, notwith-
standing that he misunderstood the characters of the slug, is sufficient to show that
he had not an Avion before him. He refers to the absence of a shell and the
genital orifice at the base of the right tentacle. The outline of the figure, and
especially the anterior portion of the mantle, suggests at once a Philomycus. The
supposed 47ion-like mantle indicated in the figures is really due to an outline of
some of the internal organs, visible on account of the transparency of the slug.
The figures in Journ. de Phys., November, 1817, show how the mistake began, fig.
4 having even a sort of spiral coil in the middle of the anterior part of the mantle,
The figure of Z. edfortiana in Man. Mal. is the same outline, but apparently
patched up from an Avion ater, with altogether fictitious rugze on the back,
Férussac’s figure is afier one of those in Journ. de Phys., and is fairly recognizable.

Altogether I think it must be held that Blainville described and figured his
genus Zimace//a sufficiently for recognition, and as it antedates Phz/omycus by
three years, the name must be used. Lzmacel/a, Brard, 1815, need not be con-
sidered, as it is identical with Zzmax, Linné, 1767. Thesynonymy of Lzmacella,
Bl., will accordingly stand :—

LIMACELLA, Blainville.

1817. Limacella, Blainville, «« Mém. sur quelq. Moll. Pulm.’ Journ. de Phys.
Dec. 1817, p. 443 (text), and Nov. 1817, figs. 4, 5.

1820. Philomycus, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nat. p. 10.

1820. Zumelus, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nat. p. 10.

1824. Meghimatium, v. Hass. Bull. Univ. Sci. iii. p. 82.

1842. Zncilaria, Bens. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 486.

1842. Zebennophorus, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 171.

1864. Pallifera, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 8, fig. 5, pl. 11. fig. 6.

It does not seem necessary to recognize more than one genus here, though v.
Ihering (Nachr. d. m. Ges. 1889) recognizes three—Philomycus, Pallifera, and
Meghimatium. Pallifera may be conveniently retained as a subgenus.

The species of Z7mucel/a are as follows :—

Limacella lactiformis, Blainv.

1817. Limacella lactiformis, Blainv. Journ. de Phys. Dec. p. 444.
1821. Limacellus lactescens, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. pl. vii. fig. 1.
1825. Limacella elfortiana, Blainv. Man. de Mal. et de Conch. p. 464.

This appears to be distinct from any species since recognized. The British
Museum types may be briefly described as follows :—42 millim. long; respiratory
orifice 7 millim. from anterior border of mantle. Sole, lat. 7 millim. Entirely
greyish-white; mantle pellucid, semitransparent, finely granulose. Sole slightly
ochreous, unicolorous. A distinct groove round the edge of the foot. Liver pale
chocolate.

Gray im 1855 (Cat. Pulm. p. 158) has referred this species to PAz/omy'cus.

lor)

THE NAUTILUS.

Limacella carolinensis (Bosc).

Limax carolinensis, Fér. Hist. 77, pl. vi. fig. 3.

There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum from Virginia
(Dr. J. Wyman), agreeing excellently with Férussac’s figure. This slug is cylin-
drical, curved, and zarrow (in alcohol) ; sole narrow; ground-colour and colour
of sole pale yellow, back thickly marbled with brown-grey, and with ¢wo longitu-
dinal series of dark egg-shaped spots. Jaw bright-coloured, not ribbed. (De-
scription from Brit. Mus. specimens.)

Dr. Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat.) also describes Z. carolinensis.

Limacella nebulosa.

? Eumelus nebulosus, Raf. Ann. of Nat. 1820.

Tebennophorus carolinensis, Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S. vol. ii. p. 20.

This and the last have hitherto been included together under the one name
carolinensis, and it is not without misgivings that I venture to separate them
here.* Yet, from the specimens which I have examined, there would certainly
seem to be a specific distinction between the northern and southern forms referred
to carolinensts in the Eastern United States and Canada. The British Museum
contains specimens of zebz/osa as follows :—

(1) From Mr. W. G. Binney, labelled 7: carolinensis.—Ochreous, marbled
with black above, the marblings rather inclined to be in three longitudinal
series. Sole unicolorous.

(2) W. Canada (Dr. Maclagan).—Pale yellow, marbled above with brownish-
grey, the markings being a broadish dorsal and narrower lateral brownish-
grey bands, with irregular spots over the rest, except sides near foot. Sole
unicolorous.

(3) Amhurstburgh, Canada West (Dr. O. W. Maclagan).—Like the last, but
mottling grey and more diffuse; two narrow dorsal and narrowish lateral
bands, rather obscurely indicated in grey. Grey mottling thicker. Ground-
colour pale yellowish.

Comparing carolinensis with nedulosa, we note :—

(2) The Virginia carolinensis——Sole narrow, yellowish, pale, without trans-
verse strize; body smoothish.

(6) nebulosa, 0. 1 above.—Sole broad, brown, with strong transverse striz ;

body rugose.

Or, taking measurements :—

(2) The Virginia cavolinensis.—Long. 35 millim., sole, lat. 3 millim.

(4) nebulosa, no. 1 above.—Long. 35 millim., sole, Jat. 74 millim.

(c) nebulosa, no. 2 above.—Long. 36 millim., sole, lat. 8 millim.

Rafinesque described five supposed species belonging to Phzlomycus and
Eumelus in 1820 as guadrilus, oxurus, flexuolaris, fuscus, and hvidus. They

* Mr. W. Binney writes (2 Zz¢¢. Sept. 9, 1890) :—‘‘ I am rather sceptical about
there being two species . . . . as you say .. . .—there zs a big species of Zeden-
nophorus confounded with carolinensis, but having a ribbed jaw.”

THE NAUTILUS. 1

will probably prove to be varieties of xedslosa or carolinensis, but they have not
yet been identified.
* x x % x% *% % % x % x % %

Limacella dorsalis (Binney).

Philomycus dorsalis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, iv. 174.
Pallifera dorsalis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. 1864.

N. E. United States. Jaw ribbed.
Limacella Wetherbyi (W. G. Binney).

Pallifera Wetherbyi, W. G. Binney, Ann. Lyc. of Nat. Hist. of New York,
1874, xi. 81, pl. ii. figs. 1, 2.
Kentucky. Jaw ribbed.
Limacella Hemphilli (W. G. Binney).

Tebennorphorus Hemphilli, W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land-Shells, 1885, p.
247; Third Suppl. Terr. Moll. U. S. 1890, pl. vi. fig. H.

Georgia and North Carolina. Jaw ribbed.

Article II. (Ann. and Mag. N. H., Feb., 1891.)

Critical Notes on the Genus Tebennophorus and the recent literature relating to
zt. By Henry A. PiLspry, Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The slugs of this genus have been commented upon lately by a number of
English and continental authors, who have arrived at very different results, it has
occurred to the writer that a presentation of the subject by one who has studied
the species in their native forests would not be without interest.

Firstly, regarding the proper name for the genus. We will consider the several
designations in the order of their publication.

In 1817 Blainville proposed a genus Limace/a with the following characters :

“ Body limaciform, entirely naked, provided with a foot as wide as itself, but
separated by a groove.

‘‘Orifices of the organs of generation widely separated and communicating be-
tween each other by a furrow which occupies the entire right margin of the body.”

Blainville refers to his plate ii. fig v, illustrating the type species, L. /actiformis.

A moment’s reflection will convince any competent malacologist that the above
description does not indicate 7ebennophorus, a slug in which the genital organs
have acommon outlet. It cannot be supposed that Blainville has made a mistake
in observation, because in the same paper he describes at length the external
anatomy of Veronzcella, and correctly locates the orifices. The figure given is
equally non-committal; so much so that Mr. Cockerell (who supposes Limacel/a
to equal Zedennophorus) really cites ‘‘ figures 4, 5’’ instead of 5 only*—his inabil-
ity to tell Blainville’s figure of Zimaccl/a (fig. 5) from that of Veronzcel/a (fig. 4)

* That this is not mere inadvertence on Mr. Cockerell’s part is demonstrated by his
remarks on Blainville’s fig. 4 on p. 380 of the ‘ Annals’ for November, 1890.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

being evidence enough that the former is not generically recognizable. As to the
fact that Mr. Cockerell has found a couple of slugs under the name “ Limacella
lactescens”’ in the British Museum, which he saffoses are the types of Z. Jactz-
Sormis, it is absolutely irrelevant to the subject. What evidence is there beyond
the merest guess work that they are Blainville’s types? And even if they were
(a most improbable hypothesis !), their mere existence does not constitute pudlica-
tion. We have nothing whereby to judge Zimaced/asave the original figures and
description, and these certainly indicate a type of slug different from Zebennophorus.

It may also be noted that the name Limace//a is preoccupied, having been used
by Brard in 1815. If we care to be really consistent we must use Zimace//a in
place of Agriolimax !

The second name for the genus is Pi/omycus, Rafinesque. This genus, says
its author, ‘‘ differs from Z7max by no visible mantle, the longer pair of tentacula
terminal and club-shaped, the shorter tentacula lateral and oblong.’ Rafinesque
describes four species and says there are many more in the United States. Not
one of those he described has been identified with any certainty, and only two
species of 7ebennophorus occur in the regions visited by him. Rafinesque also
describes the genus Lumeles—* differs from imax by no visible mantle, the four
tentacula almost in one row in front and cylindrical, nearly equal, the smallest
pair between the larger ones.” Of this genus he describes two species, one of
which, 2. zedulosus, has been recognized by Mr. Cockerell, whose penetration
and facilities have enabled him to identify new or old species which have escaped
the observation of specialists on the American fauna.

We will not comment on these Rafinesquian genera; those who find slugs
corresponding to them should of course use the names. Lzmeles is especially
remarkable, and we would invite the attention of conchologists who hunt slugs
(in old collections of museums and elsewhere) to the unusual arrangement of the
tentacles in this genus, and to the fact that a number of Rafinesque’s species are
still at large.

The genus Meghimatium, v. Hasselt, 1824, was founded on a species of this
genus from Java, and was quite recognizably described. The names Zedenno-
phorus, Binn., and /rcilaria, Benson, were both proposed in 1842, the probable
priority being in favour of the first.

Morse in 1864 established the genus Pad/ifera for a species with ribbed jaw.

This review shows that several names for the genus, more or less certainly
applying to it, were proposed anterior to 1842, the date of Zebennophorus. Of
these names PAz/omycus and Meghimatium are the only ones available, Aumeles
and Limacella being clearly inapplicable. Since continental authors generally
have adopted the name Pilomycus, it seems advisable to retain that designation
for the genus if Zedbennophorus must be rejected. .

(To be continued.)

PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF NEW MEXICAN SHELLS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The shells here described were collected by the expedition from
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and will be fully
described and illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy.

THE NAUTILUS. Y

Orizosoma, new subgenus of Streptostyla.
Shell perforated, the columella thickened, simply concave, almost
imperceptibly sinuous above.

Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiensis, n. sp.

Shell ovate-turreted, ratber thin, smooth, the base deeply indented
and minutely umbilicated; whorls 6, the three earlier distorted ;
aperture narrow, 3 the length of the shell, outer lip sinuous; colu-
mella thickened, concave. Alt. 9°8, diam. 4°8 mill.

Cave at Tabi, Yucatan.

Carychium exiguum mexicanum, n. yar,

Shell cylindrical; whorls 43; aperture equalling or a trifle ex-
ceeding 3 of the total length. Outer lip thickened at and below the
middle by a very heavy deposit of callus upon its face; columellar
fold subobsolete. Surface delicately striated. Alt. 1:8, diam.*8 mill.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Physa osculans var. Patzcuarensis, n. var.

Shell thin, obconic, broad above, narrow below; spire small,
acute, whorls 4, rapidly enlarging ; columella long, vertical, slightly
sinuous; color light brown or whitish. No internal lip-rib ; surface
smooth. Alt. 15, diam. 11 mill.

Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico.

Holds the same relation to Ph. oseulans Hald. that aneillaria +
Parkeri hold toward Ph. heterostropha. The rationale of these
bulging, broad-topped forms of Physa is discussed in my paper in
Proc. A. N.S. Phila.

Potamopyrgus ? Bakeri, n. sp.

Shell slender, elongated, composed of 53 very convex whorls;
aperture ovate, its length contained more than three times in the
length of the shell. Surface marked by delicate growth-lines, hav-
ing low, inconspicuous longitudinal folds, sometimes quite regular
and well marked on the upper whorls, and encircled by numerous
fine, subobsolete spiral striz. Alt. 4, diam. 1°9 mill.

Yautepec, Mexico.

Has much the general aspect of Tryonia protea Gld. It is named
in honor of Mr. Frank C. BAKER who collected the specimens.

Pyrgulopsis ? Patzcuarensis, n. sp.

In general form like P. nevadensis Stearns. Whorls acutely
keeled in the middle, convex above the keel, the last whorl obtusely

10 THE NAUTILUS.

shouldered above the median keel. Covered with an olive epi-
dermis. Surface marked by delicate growth-lines and excessively
fine, close spiral strie. Alt. 5-2, diam. 3 mill; alt. of apert., 2,
width 1°3 mill.
Lake Patzcuaro, West Mexico.
This species is very different from other American Amnicoloids.
(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HYALINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.!

Dr. V. Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, has of late years been
giving special attention to the minute forms of Pulmonata, Vertigo,
Pupilla, Hyalina, ete. In 1886 he collected a small Zonites, of the
section Hyalina or Conulus, which, being submitted to several
naturalists, appeared to be a new species, although of remarkably
small size. In 1887 a few more specimens were obtained, which
he has submitted to me with the request that I describe them.

Shell minute, thin, yellowish translucent, brilliant, lines of growth
hardly noticeable, spire depressed, four-whorled ; whorls rounded,

rn base flattened, somewhat excavated about the cen-
ter, which is imperforate; aperture wide, hardly
oblique, not very high, semilunate, sharp edged,
the upper part of the columella slightly reflected ;
upper surface of the whorls roundish, though the
spire as a whole is depressed. Max. diameter 0.044
inch (line a—s, Fig. 1); alt. 0°026 inch.

This little shell is clearly not the young of a
Pupilla or of any of our other small Zonites. It
is certainly the smallest American species. #.
parvula Rang, from Cape Verde Islands, has a
little less diameter, but is higher in the spire.
H. pygmea and H. minutissima Lea are decidedly
larger, besides belonging to a different group. It
is probably one of the smallest species known, and remarkable for
its imperforate umbilicus. :

1 From Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. xi, 1888, p. 214,

THR NAUTILUS. 11

It was collected on a grassy slope, inclining to the northward,
and covered with grass, moss, and small bushes, and so far has not
been found anywhere else. Its permanent place in the system will,
of course, be determined by an examination of the soft parts, which
remains to be made.

GENERAL NOTES.

Owing to continued illness in his family, Mr. CAMPBELL, President
of the American Association of Conchologists, has been unable to con-
tribute the monthly reports on Association affairs. He hopes to
resume them in the June issue.

Mr. C. W. Jounson, Junior Editor of the Nautiius, and Mr.
Wo. Fox, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, have spent the
month of April in that paradise of land snails, Jamaica. They will
return about the middle of May, and doubtless bring with them
hosts of shells and insects.

The personal interest felt by younger students in their predeces-
sors in science, is our excuse for clipping the following from a re-
cent letter:

“Tn the March number of the Nauriius, Mr. Roper said that
Mr. Mayo was probably the oldest student of conchology in
America. Mrs. Mary B. ALLEN Kine, of Rochester, N. Y., is
92 years old, having been born in January, 1799. She has studied
and collected shells before Mr. Mayo (whom she met at one time)
did; and has corresponded with most of the U. 8. Conchologists.
She was elected a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science in 1886, at the Buffalo meeting.” —A. M. Kk.

AUSTRALIAN StuGs.—Mr. Charles Hedley exhibited and offered
some remarks on specimens of Vaginula leydigi, Simroth, and V.
hedleyi, Simr., two interesting slugs from Brisbane, recently added
to the mollusean fauna of Australia (vide Zoologischer Anzeiger,
1889, p. 551; and Abstr. in Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1890, p. 21).
These slugs are very abundant in the Brisbane botanical gardens,
occurring also in lawns and gardens in that part of the city which
was formerly scrub land. After a shower they may be collected in
abundance, crawling rapidly over the asphalt paths and the grass.
V. leydigi is much commoner than JV. hedleyi, which it resembles in
shape, size and habits, but from which its coloration distinguishes it
in all stages of its growth, the former being a blackish-brown with

12 THE NAUTILUS.

a tawny yellow dorsal stripe, the latter a dark form without any
stripe. These molluscs are the first real representatives of their
genus found in Australia, the only Vaginula previously known
here, V. australis, Heyneman, belonging to that trigonal group
which embraces V. prismatica, Tapparone-Canefri, from Dutch
New Guinea, V. towrannensis, Souleyet, from Cochin-China,
and V. trigona, Semper, from the Philippines, constituting a
natural but as yet unnamed genus. He also took the opportunity of
pointing out that he had submitted specimens of Limax queens-
lundicus, Hedley (P. R. 8S. Q., Vol. V, p. 150, pl. 5), to Dr. Sim-
roth, who had determined them to be Agriolimax levis, Miiller.
This species is probably the slug (Journ. des Mus. Godeff., XII, p.
159) mentioned under the name of L. rarotonganus, Heyn., as occur-
ring in Australia. Few if any land molluscs range so widely, since,
under different names by various authors, this form has been re-
corded from Europe, North and South America, the West Indies,
Madagascar, and many islands of the Pacific—From advance proof
sheet Proce. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Australia, Dec., 1890.

I ES, OS Cy ee
Dr. JosepH Leipy.
SaaS

Professor JosEPH Letpy, M. D., LL. D., the eminent scientist,
died at his home in Philadelphia on April 30th, 1891. Dr. Leidy
was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1823. His ancestors on both
sides were Germans, from the valley of the Rhine. His taste for
natural history was exhibited at a very early age, and when a mere
boy he collected and studied minerals and plants. His father pro-
posed for him the career of an artist, but so absorbed was the boy
in anatomical and natural history studies that, with the encourage-
ment of his mother, at the age of seventeen he began the study of
medicine, graduating in 1844. In 1845 he was appointed Prosector
to the Chair of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr.
Leidy’s first scientific work was a paper on the anatomy of Litorina,
published by the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1844 he
began, at the instance of Dr. Amos Binney, to study the anatomy
of laud snails. The result is seen in his beautiful anatomical draw-
ings in the first volume of Binney’s “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” and in
the chapter on special anatomy written by him. In 1845 Dr.
Leidy was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. He has been closely connected with this institution

THE NAUTILUS. iil

in various official positions ever since, and has been its President
since 1880. Dr. Leidy published very extensive memoirs on verte-
brate paleontology, on Rhizopods (a truly magnificent quarto vol-
ume), on the anatomy of Insects, and especially on Entozoa and
Vermes generally. Indeed, nearly every branch of zoological lit-
erature has received valuable additions at his hands. His work is
so many-sided that in the broadest sense of the word, Dr. Leidy
may be called a Zoologist. He was an honored member of many
scientific societies in both hemispheres, and had received substan-
tial tokens of the value of his work from the Boston Society (Wal-
ker Prize, $1000), the Geological Society of London (Lyell Medal),
and other learned bodies.

In his private relations Dr. Leidy was of a most kind and help-
ful disposition. He had an almost morbid dislike of contention of
any kind. The loss to American Zoology is irreparable.

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STEARNS’ JAPANESE BRACHIOPODA.

PEoeN AUREUS.

VOL. v. JUNE, 1891. No. 2.

ON THE MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION OF UNIONIDZE IN THE
SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON, WASHINGTON, D. C.

In the March number of the Nauritus Mr.S. Hart Wright in some
notes on the distribution of Unionide in the Southeastern United
States thinks it remarkable that many of the species of Georgia and
the Carolinas should be found in Southern Florida, and that they
should pass from one stream to the other. I think when we fully
consider all the conditions of environment of these mollusks it will
be easy to understand how they have migrated.

The region is one of excessive rainfall. Over a wide area of
territory bordering on the Gulf and the Atlantic it is nowhere less
than 45 inches a year, ranging up to 75 inches in the vicinity of
Cape Hatteras. North of latitude 30° the most of this moisture
falls during the winter and early spring. South of somewhere near
that line the regular dry and rainy seasons of the tropics set in, and
nearly all the precipitation occurs in June, July and August. Of
course these conditions vary somewhat with different seasons and
under different circumstances, but as a rule in any part of this area
the greater amount of the annual rainfall occurs within a limited
period, producing extensive floods.

It is well known that all the region indicated, or at least a wide
belt of it extending along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, is exceedingly
low and flat, consisting for the most part of level, sandy plains,
rising as a rule but a few feet above, and alternating with swampy
streams.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Having thus outlined the physical conditions of their environment,
it may perhaps be well to speak of the manner in which the
Unionid migrate from one locality to another.

The number of young produced by the species of this family is
simply enormous. Lea counted some 600,000 perfectly formed
embryos in the ovaries of an Anodonta undulata, and estimated that
a female Unio multiplicatus contained no less than 3,000,000 shells.

It is believed that these young bivalves sometimes attach them-
selves to fishes and are thus carried from place to place; no doubt
others are taken up in mud on the feet or feathers of aquatic birds,
and may survive a short transit through the air, and certainly
they might be swept from stream to stream across the country dur-
ing the time of floods, when almost the entire surface of that level
area is covered with water, in many places flowing with a rapid
current. During the rainy seasons in South Florida I have repeat-
edly seen the whole country a sheet of water, with myriads of fish
swimming in every direction among the palmettoes and over the
fields. That the Unionide are carried out over the land is, I think,
proved by the fact that I have found Unio obesus existing in great
numbers in low places and drains in the piney woods of South
Florida, at quite a distance from any stream, where there was not
a drop of water outside of perhaps three months of the rainy season,
and where during the remaining nine months of the _year they
must have lain dormant in slightly damp sand. I have dug these
unios alive out of such sand banks in such places, and during the
dry season, by the bushel.

It is a well-known fact and one which seems to me much more
strange than the migration of unios across such a country, that
artificial ponds and reservoirs often become densely peopled with the
Naiades, even when their outlets are altogether too insignificant in
size to be a residence for these molluscs. In such cases it would
seem most probable that aquatic birds had been the means of such
distribution, and possibly in rare instances they may have been lifted
from their original homes and carried by cyclones.

But once having reached the lower part of the St. Johns River, I
cannot conceive of any difficulty mollusks would encounter in
spreading toward its sources. The stream is really little more than
a freshwater estuary for a long distance from its mouth, and has but
a few feet of fall throughout its entire length. Let any of the
Unionide be placed in any part of a stream and if the conditions

nd

THE NAUTILUS. 17

are favorable they will migrate against the current as well as with
it. Any one who has ever collected these mollusks at all extensively
will notice their furrows on sandy or muddy bottom, often extending
for forty or fifty feet, and made apparently without any regard to
the direction of the stream. I am led from my observations to
believe that most of the unios if placed in favorable conditions
would migrate over considerable stretches of water in a comparatively
short period.

PALUDOMUS PALAWANICUS, n. sp.

BY DR. AUG. BROT, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.

T. imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solidula, fusco-olivacea non-
nunquam obscure flammulata. Spira breviter exserta, subintegra,
sed superficialiter erosa ; anfract. 43-5, rapide crescentes, valde con-
vexi, vix infra suturam submarginatam paulo planulati, sub lente
tenuissime spiraliter striati et striis incrementi subgranosa decussati,
striis infra suturam et ad basin postioribus, filiformibus. Anfractus
ultimus magnus, basi striis elevatis filiformibus nonnulli distantibus,
ornatus. Apertura ampla, late ovata, intus fusco-brunnea, margine
dextro subserrato, vix incrassato, intus albo limbato; columella
incrassata, alba, callo parietali albo crasso.

Operculum ?

Alt. 19 mm., lat. 17 mm.; apert. alt. 13 mm., lat. 10 mm.

Habit. I. Palawan, Philippines (legit E. L. Moseley).

Shell globose with a short exserted spire, moderately thick,
dusky-olivaceous, sometimes with irregular translucent interrupted
flames. Spire short, almost entire, but superficially eroded. Volu-
tions 43—5, very convex, slightly flattened under the suture, which is
finely marginated, covered with fine spiral unequal striz, and
decussated by the lines of growth; last whorl globose, with some
distant filiform striz at the base and along the suture. Aperture
wide, ovoid, inside dusky-brown, sometimes with one or two narrow
pale bands; columella thickened, white; outer lip obscurely ser-
rated, slightly thickened inside, white at the margin.

This interesting new shell, although the operculum is unknown,
belongs certainly to the genus Pa/udomus and is, I believe, the first
species of the genus mentioned from the Philippines. It cannot be

18 THE NAUTILUS.

confounded with any other; it might be compared only to Paludo-
mus lacunoides Aldrich, from Borneo, but that species is larger,
heavier, has a more elevated spire, less tumid volutions, and is
entirely smooth, not to speak of the characteristic peculiar structure
of its umbilical area.

The Paludomus Palawanica was collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley
in a brook about ten miles from Puerto Princesa in the Island
of Palawan, Philippine Archipelago.

TEREBRATULINA (UNGUICULA CPR. VAR?) KIIENSIS, DALL
AND PILSBRY.

? T. unguicula Cpr. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 201, figs. 1-4.

? T. caput serpentis, var. unguiculata Day. Trans. Lin. Soc. iv, p. 25, 1886.

Terebratulina sp. Dav. Challenger Brach. p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 10, 1880.

Habitat: Phillippines, in 82 fathoms N. E. from Mindanao,
Chall. Exp. ; Coast of Province Kii, Japan, Stearns; N. W. coast
of America, various authorities including Carpenter, Dall, Whit-
eaves, ete.

Among the shells collected by Mr. Stearns in Japan, and
sent to Mr. Pilsbry for identification, is a coarsely radiately
striated Terebratulina which has been carefully studied, but in the
absence of more material, cannot be finally pronounced upon. It
appears to be the adult of a form of which a young specimen was
submitted by Dr. Davidson in 1879 to Mr. Dall for examination
and which had been collected by the Challenger Expedition. It
was not named at that time in view of the fact that it was obviously
young, and the number of nominal East Asian Terebratulinas ob-
viously too great for the known species.

This shell is sculptured like 7. wnguicula Cpr. and the larger the
specimen, the more wnguicula seems to resemble the Japanese form.
T. unguicula under the name of caput-serpentis has been recognized
already in Japan, by Davidson.

The present form differs from the largest wnguieula with which
we have been able to compare it in the following particulars. It is
larger and proportionately somewhat wider and the beak propor-
tionately shorter, much such differences as would come about by
increased size in such a species as wnguicula. If more material
should prove that the supposed variety cannot be connected with
unguicula, the varietal name can be taken as specific. The specimen

THE NAUTILUS. 19

noted measures 44 mm. in total length ; 38:5 mm. in the length of
the hemal valve; 40 mm. in maximum width and 21:5 mm. in
maximum diameter. It is waxen white with extraneous brown
stains and has no anterior flexure. Davidson’s figure of Tr. Crossei
(Trans. Lin. Soc. IV, pl. 3, fig. 6) resembles it, but is more faintly
sculptured and less transverse.— W. H. D. and H. A. P.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE I.
Figs. 1, 2,5. Terebratula Stearnsii Dall & Pilsbry.
“ 4,5. Terebratulina var. Kiiensis Dall & Pilsbry.
Be Ont. : unguicula Cpr., typical, a large specimen.

ON THE YOUNG OF BACULITES COMPRESSUS SAY.
BY AMOS P. BROWN, PHILADELPHIA.

The young of Baculites compressus Say has been recently dis-
covered by me in some cretaceous marl from the vicinity of Dead-
wood, South Dakota. Associated with them in the same material
were several species of Baculites, Scaphites and Inoceramus. The

young Baculites were of the form shown in figures 1 and 2 and varied
in length from 1 to 3 em., with a diameter of 0'4 to2 mm. Other
larger fragments with the spiral end broken off were found from

20 THE NAUTILUS.

1-5 to 6 em. in diameter. An examination of the form of the septa
and suture lines showed the forms to belong to the Ammonitide,
and by the examination of an extensive series it was possible to
determine the genus and species.

The shell originates in a spiral of two to two and one-half turns,
ranging in breadth from 0°8 to 1 mm. thence it extends in a straight
line, tangent to the spiral (figure 1) or sometimes slightly reflexed
(figure 2). The straight portion of the shell rapidly increases in
diameter from 0°58 to 0°40 mm. at the spiral, to about 1°5 to 2 mm.
at 2 em. length. Many shells were covered by the nacreous shell
substance, some being preserved entire, figure 2, while in others the
shell had been dissolved away leaving the suture lines exposed as
in figure 1. On breaking away the pearly exterior of forms like
figure 2 it was found that the last chamber occupied about one-half
the length of the shell. The shell of the outer whorls somewhat
envelops the inner so that from the outside view the exact form of
the spiral cannot be measured ; it was found, however, to closely
approximate the mathematical curve known as the hyperbolic
spiral. That the spiral origin of this shell was not smaller than
that of allied genera was demonstrated by grinding cross sections of
the shell of Scaphites Conradi Morton ; the first two turns of its
spiral being 1 mm.in breadth. The siphon in Baculites is excentric
and was found to lie near the outer margin of the spiral, being
easily seen in the fractured spirals.

The species was determined from an examination of the form of
the sutures which may be traced from the simple form of that of
figure 1, through forms of gradually increasing complexity shown
in figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, the latter being the typical sutures of the
adult of Baculites compressus Say. In figure 5, an individual of
6 mm. diameter, the suture of the adult form is already well out-
lined, the specific distinction, the two deep sinuses on the right
hand, being well marked.

I have been unable in the literature of the subject to find any
reference to this spiral termination of Baculites, and believe the
observation to be new. That this spiral termination has not been
formerly observed is not strange in view of its small size and frag-
ile character, it being probably broken off long before the shell
had attained adult size; and it would only be preserved when as in
the present instance the shells were preserved in their immature
condition. This observation tends to prove that Baculites origi-

THE NAUTILUS. Al

nated from a coiled form, and is not as supposed by some palzeon-
tologists the original form of the Ammonitide, but is rather to be
louked upon as an uncoiled form developed from originally coiled
parents.

ON THE GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS BINNEY, OR PHILOMYCUS, RAF.

(CONTINUED. )
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Article III. (Ann. Mag. N. H., March, 1891.)
Letter from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell to Eds. Ann. Mag. N. H.
The Genus Limacella.

On pp. 184-186 of the February number Mr. Pilsbry has some remarks on the
genus Zebennophorus or Limacella, to which I may perhaps be }-ermitted to reply,
taking his several points in order.

(1) That plate of Blainville’s has certainly received bad treatment. The figures
have been inaccurately copied ; Férussac quoted it wrongly ; and now, as
Mr. Pilsbry has shown, I also have erred with regard to it! There are two
figures iv., labelled respectively 1 and 2. Fig. 21s obviously Veronicella,
but fig. 1, for which alone my reference was intended, looks like Limacedla,
though from Blainville’s text it is clearly intended for Veronicel/a also. I
quite agree with Mr. Pilsbry that fig. iv. no. 1 might or might not from its
appearance be of the genus under discussion ; and as it is stated to be Ver-
onicella, there apparently remains no doubt that my reference of it to Lim-
acella was erroneous. I am still of the opinion, however, that fig. v. rep-
resents the genus Americans writers call 7esexnophorus.

(2) There is, I think, no doubt about the slugs I described being Blainville’s
types; nor are these the only British-Museum slugs described by Blain-
ville. The Museum is mentioned in the original paper.

(3) It is very difficult to say whether inaccuracy of description, when there is no
doubt what was intended, ought tocondemna name. [If so, there will have
to be considerable slaughter of the genera described by early authors, or,
for that matter, by some recent ones. Phtlomycus, which Mr. Pilsbry
thinks might be adopted, was also inaccurately defined. So farasis known
there is no slug in existence really agreeing with the original descriptions
of Limacella or Philomycus taken literally.

(4) Limacel/a, Brard, if it is anything, is Zzmax of modern authors, not Agrio-
imax. But a genus founded for the shed/s only of species of the Linnean
Limax cannot be recognized as valid, and the only authors who have
adopted it are Dr. Jousseaume (1876) and Dr. Turton. The former
writes Limacella for Limax auctt., and Limax for Arion; while Dr. Tur-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

ton (1831) kept the name for the shells of Zzmax and allied genera, though
spelling it Zzmacellus, We are told, for instance, that Lzmacellus parma,

Brard, is “found in the Limax maximus,’ as though it were a sort of

parasite !

(5) I think it nearly certain that my Zimace//a nebulosa is Rafinesque’s species
£. nebulosus ; but if so, of course that author described itincorrectly. Mr. ,
Pilsbry will observe that I have given the reference with a query.

While on the subject, it may be well to mention that there is a figure and de-
scription of Zimacella lactiformis (as E-lfortiana) in Knight’s ‘ Pictorial Museum
of Animated Nature,’ vol. ii. and fig. 2598. The figure is very bad, being a rough
copy of that in Man. de Mal.; but the generic description, so far as it goes, is
accurate. T. D. A. COCKERELL.

3 Fairfax Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick, W.,
February 3, 1891.

Article IV. By H. A. Piuspry.

In concluding I wish simply to emphasize a few points upon
which both Mr. Cockerell and myself have already touched.

(1) That Blainville’s figures are so poor that Mr. Cockerell could
not tell his Veronicella from his Limacella, but repeatedly confused
them in his first article. Blainville’s description most certainly
indicates Vaginulus rather than Tebennophorus, as anyone can see
by reading the translation of it given in my article. We can allow
for some inaccuracy in descriptions by early authors, but we cannot
suppose that when they say “black” they mean “ white.”

(2) As to Limacella, Brard. The name as used by Brard covers
species of both Limax and Agriolimax. Since the Limaces are
already provided with a name, why should we not adopt “ Lima-
cella” for the other species, namely the Agriolimaxz, as has been
done in scores of similar cases? Still I do not care to advocate the
use of “ Limacella” for any group, as no definition worthy of accept-
ance has been given of it.

(5) As to the Limacella nebulosa (Raf.?) Ckll., I do not see how
it is to be separated from carolinensis as that species is figured by
Férussac. The characters given by Mr. Cockerell are wholly
insufficient. Why does he not tell whether the jaw is ribbed or
smooth? We would then have some clue of value. Measurements
taken from variously and generally badly contracted museum spec-
imens of slugs are practically of but little use.

9

THE NAUTILUS. 25

(4) Mr. Cockerell truly says that Philomycus like Limacella was
inaccurately defined by Rafinesque. It would be well for us to
adopt Fischer’s course, and write “ Philomycus Férussac, 1821.”
Férussac fixes the identity of the genus with certainty by including
the species carolinensis, which he describes and figures very well.

Nore. The writer desires to make a more careful study of the
species of Philomycus (Tebennophorus), and will be glad to receive
specimens. They are best if prepared by drowning in a vessel of
water from which air has been excluded. Transfer to alcohol (or
whiskey) and water, the former slightly in excess. They may then
be sent safely by mail in an ordinary box, if removed from the
spirit and wrapped in paper or muslin wet with spirit—H. A. P.

GENERAL NOTES.

Mr. Henry Hempai tt has left San Diego for a summer in the
north.

SHELLS OF ErRtE CanaL.—Taking advantage of the annual
spring cleaning of the Erie canal, I spent one day in April of the
present year collecting mollusks between [lion and Utica with the
following results :

Unio Tappanianus Lea, - : : 4 300 specimens.
Unio rubiginosus Lea, , : : : 15 e
Unio luteolus Lam., —. , , é : it
Unio complanatus Sol., : : ; 38 i
Margaritana marginata Say, : : : 1 =
Margaritana undulata Say, : , u 18 ss
Margarituna rugosa Barnes, : : 28 .
Anodonta edentula Say, ; ; : : 24 Hf
Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, . ; 4 6 he
Anodonta Lewisii Lea, : : : . 9] es
Physa heterostropha Say, : : “ : 150 as
Campeloma decisum Say, . : , 46 s
Goniobasis Virginica Gmelin, 3 : : 379 s
Vivipara contectoides W.G. Binney, . ; 5 c
Planor bis trivolvis Say, : : : 8 “
Spherium striatinum Lam., . . : . 12 zi

bo

Limnea catascopium Say,
All were collected without a dredge ei aiber Bailey, Chepachet
New York.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

The late Epwarp R. Mayo of Boston left no will, but his chil-
dren have generously donated his valuable conchological collection
to the Boston Society of Natural History —E. W. R.

CoLLEcTION FOR SALE.—We learn that the Collection of Dr.
Hartman is for sale, together with his Conchological Library and
other works on Natural History. The Collection embraces about
8000 species of Marine, Terrestrial and fresh-water shells of the best
quality, many of which are rare and difficult to obtain. All parts
of the world are represented in this Collection, which has taken a
period of forty years to accumulate. They are all correctly named
and many are mounted. Inquiriesshould be addressed to Dr. W. D.
Hartman, West Chester, Penna.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Mo.uusca OF Santa BARBARA Co., CAL., etc., by Dr. Lorenzo
G. Yates. A useful contribution to our knowledge of the distribu-
tion of West Coast shells, is this extensive local catalogue. We note
a number of errors in nomenclature, such as the retention of the
name “ sanguineus” for the common Leptothyra, etc., but such defects
do not really diminish the usefulness of the list. The following are
described and figured as new: Venus Fordii Yates, Vertagus Lordi
Yates, Vermiculus Fewkesi Yates. -

BEAks OF UNIONIDH * * or ALBANY, N. Y., by Wm. B. Mar-
shall (Bull. N. Y. State Mus. II, p. 170). <A careful and well
illustrated study of the undulations of the beaks in Unionide, with
especial reference to the distinguishing marks of the various species.
This excellent work should be studied by all interested in Unionide,
and extended by observers in various parts of the country. We
have elsewhere expressed the opinion that excellent group characters,
as well as specific characters are furnished by the beaks —H. P.

oc)

(ene IN cone

VOL. v. JULY, 1891. No. 3.

EDIBLE SHELL NOTES, FOR THE NAUTILUS.
BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

In addition to the species of edible mollusks in the San Francisco
markets heretofore noted by Professor Keep and myself, a recent
letter from Mr. W. M. Wood of San Francisco informs me that
“ Tivela crassatelloides is very often sold in the San Francisco
markets especially the ‘California Market’ so-called. I bought
quite a lot of them a couple of weeks ago. | They were of huge size
about six inches in length. I observed they had some five hundred,
or so behind the counter, for sale. The proprietor of the fish stall
told me they were brought up from the vicinity (shore) of San Luis
Obispo county. Near Fort Point (on the entrance to San
Francisco Bay) known as ‘ Fort Winfield Scott’ the soldier’s boys at
the Presidio go out near the fort and dig Schizotherus Nuttalli, with
which their mothers make clam-chowder or clam-pies. In fact I
have collected them myself.’ What good mothers!

Schizotherus Nuttalli beats any clam yet discovered for chowder,
soup or pies. It is nearly like an oyster in consistency, has a very
small foot, the proportion of hard or tough muscle being much less
than in Mya arenaria ; the mere memory of the soups and chowders
I have eaten at various times, where Schizotherus was the grand
staple, is like a gleam of sunshine through a London fog, and worth
having; it is a noble and estimable clam. The California Indians,
as well as those further north around Puget Sound, know them well
and like ’em. In this conchological respect, I appreciate the red
man’s malacological taste and judgment. Schizotherus burrows

26 THE NAUTILUS.

pretty deep, and sometimes weighs over a pound, which considering
that the shells are usually rather thin and consequently light in
weight, shows that the soft parts or edible portion is a jolly good
junk of nutritious aliment, fit for the best conchologists on earth,
and their friends also, without regard to age, sex or condition. Un-
like Mya arenaria and Panopea generosa, the end of the double
siphon tube or sleeve is protected by two hard, valvular pieces. The
siphons are not as long in proportion as in Mya arenaria nor does
it ever reach the dimensions of Panopea ; the latter sometimes attains
the weight of fifteen or sixteen pounds, and from tip of extended
siphons to the opposite end, measures three feet. It will easily be
seen, that it is no small job to dig out one of these deep burrowing
fellows. The “meat,” is very nice when parboiled and fried in
batter, and as tender as a humbird’s eye. Bathymetrically their
station is so low or deep, that is to say usually that they are not
to be procured except at very low tides. Around Puget Sound they
are called “ Geoducks,” and they are really a delicious article of
food, and a truly noble bivalve.

Tivela crassatelloides makes a good chowder or soup and is justly
held in high esteem, being highly estimable and of good character
among its fellows of the edible mollusca, but it is more of a “mus-
cular Christian” than the others, and not so well adapted for frying
or for pies. It is abundant at many places along the southerly
coast of California, and at low tide can be plowed up in great
numbers.

Washington, June 9, 1891.

ON A NEW SUBGENUS OF MERETRIX, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO
NEW SPECIES FROM BRAZIL.

BY W. H. DALL.

The shells which have passed under the name of Sunetta Link
(1807, type Donax scripta L.) and Tivela Link (type Venus corbi-
cula L.),—otherwise Meroé of Schumacher (1817) and Trigona
Megerle (or Pachydesma Conrad), so far as the hinge is concerned
occupy in the Meretricine much such a place as Venus (mercenaria
and its allies) occupies in the sub-family Venerine of the Veneride.
In both the subligamentary area is elevated and corrugated or trans-
versely striated so that in some cases it is hardly to be termed a
tooth. In both Sunetta and Tivela the shell is nearly equilateral as

~~

THE NAUTILUS. 27

regards the beaks, sub-trigonal and with a small rather rounded
pallial sinus indicating short siphons. Both have compressed and
inflated species; in both the epidermis in fresh specimens is con-
spicuous.

Sunetta differs from such species of Meretrix (or Cytherea) as M.
ovum Hanley chiefly by the impressed lunule, excavated escutcheon,
and crenulated margin of the valves. In both the subligamentary
ridge is transversely striated. Allowing for the mechanical differ-
ences due to the differences in form of the cardinal margin, the hinge
is essentially the same, and both have the shallow pallial sinus.

On the other hand in Tivela we have the cardinal margin and
also the entire basal margin of the valves of Meretrix, while the hinge
differs in that the subligamentary ridge or furrow is radiately
coarsely rugose, instead of transversely regularly striate. There are
flat species and inflated species as in Sunetta.

On the southeastern coast of South America there seems to be a
group hitherto unrecognized which to the general characters of
Tivela in regard to form, pallial sinus and hinge, unites the crenulated
margin of Sunetta. To this section the name of Eutivela may be
applied.

Tivela (or Puchydesma) crassatelloides Conrad, of California, has
the gills small, double on each side (W-fashion) dark flesh-color ; the
heart is orange colored, pulsating once in ten seconds; the mus-
cles are reddish, the mantle dark flesh-color with the edge waxen,
wrinkled transversely; the foot is hatchet-shaped, livid, with a
swollen, wrinkled flesh-colored basal edge, the sides below the body
compressed, vertically wrinkled and granulose; the body is livid
flesh-color, the liver brown, the organ of Bojanus yellow; the palpi
are small, single and bifid on each side; both siphons are white with
black dots at the end, the incurrent granulose and the excurrent
shorter, plain-edged and smaller ; they are joined together for nearly
all their length. The intestine is white and there is at the entrance
of the stomach a curious cartilaginous translucent hollow organ
through which the food must pass, difficult to describe in words, the
lid or upper part of which has the form (——,) ofa bracket, while
the whole is somewhat T-shaped, or perhaps vasiform. The whole
thing is about 6 mm. in longest diameter and resembles an internal
mandibular apparatus more than a gizzard; at least its size would
seem to be insufficient for an organ of the latter kind. I have not
been able to examine specimens of the smaller Tivelas with the soft
parts or to get any light on the features of the soft parts of Sunetta.

28 THE NAUTILUS.
MERETRIX (EvUTIVELA) PERPLEXA Stearns, n. s.

Shell waxen-white, porcellaneous, covered with a greenish-yellow
epidermis recalling that of Iphigenia brasiliensis or Mactra ponder-
osa Jan. The surface under the epidermis is smooth or marked with
lines of growth only. The figure sufficiently illustrates the other
characters of the shell. The specimen figured measures 45 mm. long
by 33 in height and 23 in diameter. There is an impressed
lanceolate lunule 15 mm. long
and about 4.5 mm. in greatest
width. Asin Tivela there isa
prolongation forward, between
the beaks, of the dark epidermal
coating of the ligament; forming
a blackish lanceolate area in
front of the beaks about 5 mm.
long, resembling the dark area

EEE a EMpic haat, in Arca. This and the rugose
subligamentary ridge are reminiscences of the period when the ances-
tors of Tivela had a more archaic type of hinge. There is no
defined escutcheon.

The soft parts in alcohol present several differences when com-
pared with Tivela crassatelloides. .

The gills are double, as in that species, but proportionately much
larger and broader ; the edges of the mantle are double with a groove
between them ; in both species they are open from the sinus to the
anterior adductor ; there are no papill or granulations in £&. Lher-
ingi; the foot is elongated, linguiform, and sharp-edged, without
sulci or granulations; the palpi are large and distinctly paired on
each side instead of being partially fused ; the siphons are extremely
short but rather large, the incurrent with several ranks of rather
elongate tentacular processes, the excurrent with a single row of
obvious papille; the siphons have blackish maculations toward
their ends and are joined for most of their length on the adjacent
sides. From the dark color of the tissues in alcohol, they were prob-
ably reddish or, at least, not white in life.

On a single shell of many, are two small brown macule, so that
the species may sometimes be colored with brown markings. But
the differences of proportion and of solidity which seem to be very
constant, forbid us to unite the present species with EF. Lheringi.

This species was dredged by the U. 8S. S. Albatross in several
places off the mouth of the Rio La Plata in 10-15 fathoms, muddy
bottom, associated with Pectunculus and sundry Nuculide.

THE NAUTILUS. 29
MeretrIX (Evtiveta) ImErrINGI Dall, n. s.

Shell thinner, more equilateral and more elongate than FE. per-
plexa, waxen-white with more or less interrupted rays of brown ex-
tending from the beaks toward the margin, modified by whitish zig-
zags. The exterior is smooth, with a well marked epidermis and
faint, obscure radiations corresponding to the interior marginal cren-
ulations. The interior of the
beaks and the cardinal re-
gion on both sides of them
below the margin more or
less marked with purplish
brown. The lunule is nar-
row lanceolate and faintly
impressed. The figure illus-
trates the characters of the’
single valve upon which the
species is founded, which measures 41 mm. long, 27 high, while
the double diameter would be about 18 mm.

It is named in honor of Dr. H. von Ihering, from whom it was
received, and by whom it was collected on the beach near Santa
Caterina in southeastern Brazil in about latitude 26° south.

Eutivela Theringi Dall.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF UNIO FROM FLORIDA.
BY WILLIAM A. MARSH.

Unio Singleyanus.

Shell smooth, oval, slightly depressed, inequilateral ; valves rather
thick, squarish before, rounded behind; beaks smail and flat ;
epidermis yellowish-brown, shining, with or without rays, usually
rayless. Cardinal teeth crenulate, oblique, single in right valve,
double in left. Lateral teeth short and straight ; anterior cicatrices
small, deep, not confluent, posterior cicatrices confluent, slightly im-
pressed ; nacre white, iridescent.

Habitat. A small creek near Pilatka, Florida. A

Remarks. Seven shells of this species were sent to me by T. L.
Cunningham a number of years ago. This species belongs to the
parvus group, but differs very much from any other member of that
group in the yellowish color of its epidermis, in its peculiar outline
and much flattened form of the females. Some specimens are coy-

30 THE NAUTILUS.

ered with rays, others without rays and having a bright yellow shining
epidermis. In general outline it approaches U. marginis Lea, but is
not pointed anteriorly like that species and differs altogether in the
color and texture of the epidermis.

I name this shell after my friend Mr. J. A. Singley of Texas, a
gentleman who has done very much towards collecting the mollusca
of that state.

Unio Ferrissii

Shell oblong, inflated, smooth before, slightly plicate posteriorly,
rather thick and solid, epidermis dark green or black and shining,
with green capillary rays, sometimes rayless, squarish before, pointed
behind, umbonial slope raised, obtusely rounded. Cardinal teeth
compressed, thick and solid, oblique, single in right valve, double in
left, striate. Lateral teeth short and slightly curved, anterior cica-
trices not confluent, very deep, posterior cicatrices distinct, nacre pink
and iridescent.

Habitat. A small ereek near Pilatka, Florida.

Remarks. Several years ago I received two shells of this species
from Mr. J. B. Upson, at the time I supposed them to be a variety
of U. Anthonyii Lea, but having some doubts as to their be-
longing to that species, I sent them to Mr. Chas. T. Simpson of the
Smithsoniau Institution, who after a very careful examination, pro-
nounced them distinct. They differ from U. Anthonyti Lea in being
a much smaller species but more inflated and solid, less wide, more
cylindrical; they are not angular over the posterior slope, with a very
different epidermis and nacre and much heavier teeth.

I name this shell after my friend Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss of Joliet, a
gentleman who has done much towards bringing to light many in-
teresting species from our own state.

THE SLUGS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
BY T. D. A. COCK ERELL.

Mr. H. F. Wickham sent me some slugs from Victoria, Vancou-
ver Island, in November, 1889; and the Rey. J. H. Keen recently
sent some slugs from British Columbia to the British Museum, so I
have been able to examine sufficient material to offer a list of the
slugs of that province, with notes :

(1) Agriolimax campestris subsp. hyperboreus (Westerlund).
Mr. Binney sent me a specimen of this collected at Comor, 140

9

THE NAUTILUS. Sl

miles north of Victoria (Taylor). It is figured in 5rd suppl. Terr.
Moll. U.S., PI. viii, fig. f. On p. 205 of his 3rd suppl. Mr. Binney
refers to a slug from British Columbia, apparently LZ. hemphilli W.
G. Binney. Limax hemphilli is, I think without doubt, a variety
of Agriolimax Berendti (Strebel), and was hardly to be expected so
far north.

In my copy of Pl. viii. of Mr. Binney’s 3rd Suppl. Terr. Moll.,
figures of Ag. hemphilli and Ag. montanus have some appearance of
dark lateral bands, owing to the ink having run in printing. All
the four forms of A griolimax figured on that plate resemble Ag. levis
in general appearance, and of course, have no dark bands. — I found
them to differ slightly in the position of the longitudinal line or
groove on the margin of the foot, and the figures given of the foot-
margins were intended to show this difference. It will be seen that
in montanus the line is near the upper edge of the margin, in occ?-
dentalis it is lower, in hyperboreus it is about median, and in hemp-
hill it is nearest the lower edge. I have not, however, examined
this character in a sufficient number of specimens to say whether
it is of really of classificatory value.

(2) Prophysaon pacificum Ckll.: Victoria, Vancouver Island
(Wickham). Figured in Binney’s 8rd Suppl. Terr. Moll. U.S.,
Pl. vii. In this work, Pl. vii, fig. e, is the jaw of P. humile, and
fig. f that of P. pacificum: these names are unfortunately transposed
in the plate, on p. 225. P. pacificum was described from two speci-
mens, one of which is now in the British Museum, and the other in
the U. 8. National Museum.

(3) Prophysaon andersoni (Cooper) var. hemphilli (B. & B.):
British Columbia, six specimens (Rev. J. H. Keen).

(5b) Prophysaon andersonii var. nov. pallidum. Paler, ochre-
ous, the bands on mantle evanescent, reticulation on body not dark,
back not darker than sides, neck pale. Two specimens from British
Columbia (Rev. J. H. Keen), the largest 46 mill. long (in aleohol).
One has the tail cut off, in the same way as has been described in
other species of the genus. All the eight examples of Prophysaon
sent by Mr. Keen have the sole strongly wrinkled.

(4) Ariolimax columbianus (Gould) forma typicus. Without
black spots. British Columbia, two specimens (Rev. J. H. Keen).

(4b) Ariolimax columbianus forma maculatus Ckll. This spotted
form seems to be rather more frequent than the type.’. Mr. Keen’s

1 Ariolimax subsp. californicus forma nov. maculatus is a precisely sim-
ilarly spotted form of the Californian subspecies. There is an example in the
British Museum from Mr. W. G. Binney, 45 mm. long.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

sending contains four specimens. Mr. Wickham sent me two from
Victoria: one being immature, only 21 millim. long; in this small
specimen the sole was not visibly divided into tracts. There is also
a specimen of f. maculatus in the British Museum from Vancouver
I. (Lord I. Russell; coll. by the Boundary Commission), which is 63
mill. long (in alchohol), tail well keeled for 18 millim.; a large spot
on mantle ; sole with median area smooth though wrinkled, lateral
area rough; jaw dark, with 15 ribs,

(4c) Ariolimax columbianus forma noy. niger. Entirely black,
except the sole, which is rather olivaceous. One specimen,
57 mill. long (in alch.), from British Columbia (Keen).

Mr. H. F. Wickham was so good as to send me some notes on the
Victoria slugs, as follows: “The very large slugs [ A. columbianus
f. maculatus] from Victoria are found in the heavy woods on the
island in rather damp situations, especially around and in the cracks
of rotten logs. In damp weather I have seen them crawling around
on logs and on the ground. The little ones [P. pucifiewm] from
Victoria also occur under logs, but I got them in much damper
places, especially under logs in ditches by the roadsides, and few or
none in the woods” (in litt., Dec. 12, 1889.)

LIST OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA COLLECTED
IN JAMAICA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON & WM. J. FOX.

The following is a list of the mollusca obtained on our recent trip
to Jamaica, during a part of April and June. As the species are
extremely local in there distribution, and our collecting confined to
the eastern part of the Island, and time largely occupied in collect-
ing insects, this list, represents but a small part of the Island
fauna.

Collections were made near Kingston, Bogwalk in the Parish of
St. Catherine, Morant Bay, Manchioneal, Port Antonio, Hope Bay
and Swift River. At Kingston, Orthalicus undatus was abundant
on the trees, ascending to the height of ten or twelve feet; as it was
very dry weather, they were all tightly closed with an epiphragm,
and so firmly attached to the bark that it required considerable force
to remove them. Helix invalida, Cylindrella brevis and Tudora
armata were also numerous. Though the shells were quite plentiful
we did not succeed in finding a living Sagda Jayanus. At Port
Antonio, Tudora auguste, Cyclotus Portlandiensis and Hyalosagda

THE NAUTILUS. 33

similis, were the most abundant species, while near Hope Bay, Helix
acuta, Cylindrella alba and Lucidella aureola predominated. We
desire to express our thanks to Mr. Henry Vendryes of Kingston,
for his kindness in directing us to collecting grounds, for valuable
information regarding distribution, and for specimens.

List oF SPECIES.

Oleacina ( Varicella) leucozonias Walch. Portland? This species
was given to me by a gentleman in Port Antonio.

Oleacina procera C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. Two specimens.

Oleacina nemorensis C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal.

Oleacina similis C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Oleacina (Melia) propinqua C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and
Swift River.

Oleacina perplexa C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Swift River.

Oleacina leviuscula. Near Hope Bay and Swift River.

Zonites (Proserpinula) discoidea C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay.

Zonites opalina C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Helix (Sagda} Jayanus C. B. Ads. Long Mt. Kingston and
Bogwalk.

Helix (Sagda) connectans C. B. Ads. Long Mt. Kingston.

Helix (Hyalosagda) similis C. B. Ads. Morant Bay, Port
Antonio and Swift River.

Helix (Hyalosagda) Haldemaniana C. B. Ads. Morant Bay,
Manchioneal.

Helix (Microphysa) turbiniformis Pfr. Bogwalk and Port Antonio.

Helix (Microphysa) peraffinis C. B. Ads. Port Antonio.

Helix (Microphysa) vortex Pfr. Port Antonio.

Helix (Microphysa) diminuta C. B. Ads. Port Antonio.

Helix (Microphysa) perdepressa C. B. Ads. Kingston.

Helix (Lucerna) acuta Lam. Near Hope Bay.

Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. nobilis C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. ingens C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal.

Helix (Lucerna) valida C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay.

Helix (Lucerna) invalida C. B. Ads. Near Long Mt., Kingston.

Helix (Lucerna) sinuosa Fér. Bogwalk.

Helix (Dialeuca) subconica C. B. Ads. Bogwalk, Port Antonio
and Hope Bay.

Helix (Dialeuca) nemoraloides C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Helix (Dialeuca) nemoraloides var. gossei C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Helix ( Cysticopsis) tumida Pfr. Bogwalk.

Helix ( Cysticopsis) tenerrima C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

9

3) THE NAUTILUS.

Orthalicus undatus Brug. Kingston.

Stenogyra octona Linn. Common in all the localities.

Stenogyra octonoides C. B. Ads. Common in most of the localities.

Cylindrella elongata Chemn. Bogwalk.

Cylindrella alba C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Swift River.

Cylindrella rubra C. B. Ads. Swift River.

Cylindrella Dunkeriana Pfr. Bogwalk.

Cylindrella brevis Fér. Near Rockfort and Kingston.

Cylindrella sanguinea Pfr. Bogwalk.

Cylindrella rosea Pfr. Near Manchioneal and Port Antonio.

Cylindrella lata C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Leia Maugeri Wood var. striatula C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Pupa fallax Say. Kingston.

Pupa contracta Say. Near Hope Bay.

Succinea latior C. B. Ads. Common in all the localities.

Suceinea angustior C. B. Ads. Morant Bay.

Vaginulus sloanti Fér. Port Antonio.

Vaginulus occidentalis. Port. Antonio.

Planorbis affinis Ad. In a spring near Rockfort and Kingston.

Amnicola? sp.? Brackish water near Kingston.

Hemisinus lineolatus Wood. Rio Cobre at Bogwalk.

Ampullaria fasciata Lam. Rio Cobre at Bogwalk.

Geomelania procera C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Port
Antonio.

Adamsiella Grayana C. B. Ads. Bogwalk.

Tudora armata C. B. Ads. Roekfort and Kingston.

Tudora fecunda C. B. Ads. Rockfort and Kingston.

Tudora maritima C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal.

Tudora fascia Gray. Bogwalk.

Tudora Anguste C. B. Ads. Port Antonio.

Tudora Anguste var. rufilabrum. Swift River.

Cyclotus Portlandiensis Chitty. Port Antonio.

Helicina megastoma C. B. Ads. Port Antonio and Hope Bay.

Helicina neritella Lam. Port Antonio and Hope Bay.

Helicina depressa Gray. Bogwalk.

Aleadia solitaria C. B. Ads. Port Antonio.

Lucidella aureola Fér. Bogwalk, Port Antonio and Swift River.

Lucidella nana Pfr. Port Antonio and Hope Bay.

Stoastoma chittyana C. B. Ads. Port Antonio and Hope Bay.

THE NAUTILUS. 30
[CONTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
JUNE 23, 1891.

Owing to long continued illness in the family of the President and
absence of the Secretary in Jamaica, we have been unable to
communicate our usual monthly notes to the Nauritus. For the
same reason correspondence has been delayed and the affairs of the |
Association, so far as the President and Secretary are concerned
have dragged somewhat. Members have been very indulgent and
their kindness is appreciated.

The Association still grows. In fact, its rapid growth has
astonished its projectors and has shown that such an organization
was needed. American Conchologists were unacquainted with each
other and in many instances had no one with whom to confer in
their studies. | Now they have at their command scores of willing
associates, ready to extend them aid in solving disputed problems or
in acquiring knowledge. Those members who have corresponded most
perceive how valuable the Association has been. Before long we
will not only have almost every American Couchologist enrolled,
but many students and beginners will be induced to take up the
study and collection of shells.

Next month we will resume the publication of the lists of new
members, donations to the United States Collection ete.

Members desiring to donate shells to the United States Collection
would do well first to send their lists of species to the President who
would will mark off the species already received and thus save
duplication. Send all shells to the President, care of Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

The annual election of officers of the Association took place, by
correspondence, upon the Ist Wednesday of June, and the ofticers
assumed their duties upon June 15th. Except a few scattering
votes, by the officers and others, the present officers received all the
votes polled, and were therefore re-elected for another year. They
wish to return their thanks for the many kind words of approval of
their conduct and for the great interest taken by the members in the
election. The positions involve much hard work and the giving of
much time to the affairs of the Association but the work is lightened
by the ready assistance and co-operation of the members.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

A new edition of the pamphlet “ List of Members” of the Associa-
tion, is in preparation. So many new members have been elected
since its publication (October 1, 1890), that a new edition is much
needed. As soon as completed a copy will be sent to every
member.

Members desiring to propose new members should do so at an
early date, so that their names may be included in the new “ List
of Members.”

Miss C. A. Shepard of New Britian, Conn. and C. A. Hargrave,
Danville, Ind. are Associate Editors of “ The Observer” a natural
history monthly, published at Portland, Conn.

James H. Ferris, recently elected a member, is Editor of the Daily
News. Joliet, Ill. He has chosen for his subject, the Land and
Fresh Water Shells of [linois.

William MeCormick, Palm Beach, Fla. is spending the summer
North, and stayed, en route, some days in Philadelphia.

John Ritchie Jr., Boston, Mass., has fortunately recovered from a
serious attack of typhoid fever. Accompanied by his wife, he spent
nearly a week in Philadelphia during the present month, coming
and returning by steamer.

Francisco E. Blanes, Key West, Fla., is now on a visit to Cuba.

I. Greegor has finishes his winter’s business in St. Augustine, Fla.
and is now at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. | He stopped in Philadelphia
for a few days on his way home.

Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, Santa Barbara, Cal. has changed his
subject to “ West Coasts shells.” Harry E. Dore, Portland, Oreg.
a new member, has chosen the same subject. Willard M. Wood,
San Francisco, Cal., a new member, has chosen “ California
Mollusca” as his subject.

W.S. Teator, Upper Red Hook, N. Y., recently paid a visit to
Philadelphia.

Rey. Joseph C. Carrier is Professor of Natural Sciences in the
College of St. Laurent, near Montreal, Canada.

WANTED. The June number of The
Nautilus, Vol. 1LLE 1889. "en cents
per copy will be paad.—¢. W. Johnson, Manager
of the Nautilus, Philadelphia.

THE NAUTILUS, 1891. PE itr

PILSBRY, ON NEW AMERICAN MOLLUSKS.

Wipe N Bi his.

VOL. v. AUGUST, 1891. No. 4.

ON HELIX HARFORDIANA COOPER, AND OTHER SHELLS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The accompanying plate’ illustrates a number of species described
originally in Tur Nauriius and elsewhere, as follows :
Figs. 1, 2, Pupa syngenes.

Pupa syngenes Pils., Toe Nautiztus IV, p. 3, May, 1890; Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 296.

This is the first sinistral Pupa described from America. It is
from Arizona.
Fig. 3, Bulimulus Ragsdalei.

B. Ragsdalei Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 63, 296 ;
Tue Navriuus [V, p. 122, March, 1890.

Northern Texas.

Figs. 4, 5, Goniobasis Crandalli.

Gon. Crandalli Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 301.
Mammoth Springs, Arkansas.
Figs. 6, 7, 8, Vaginulus Schivelye Pils.
Bermuda.
Figs. 9, 10, 11, Zonites Shimekii.
Z. Shimekii Pils. THE Nautiuus, IV, p. 3, May, 1890, Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 297.
This species has been familiar to me for some years, under the name
of Zonites limatulus. It agrees with that form in the number of

z Reprinted by permission from Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls and sculpture, except that the Shimekii is more strongly, reg-
ularly ribbed above. It differs from lJimatulus in being far more
robust, more elevated, with rounder mouth and narrower, deeper
umbilicus. Upon comparing specimens of the two species, I am sur-
prised that they were ever confused; for, except in sculpture, the
Z. Shimekii is far more like Z. nitidus than to Z. limatulus. The
specimens described and figured were collected by Prof. B. Shimek,
of Iowa City, Iowa.

This form is interesting as being the only well-defined species of
Loess fossil which seems to have become extinct; although there are
a number of others, such as Helicina occulta and Patula strigosa var.,
which survive in greatly reduced numbers in a few limited locali-
ties, or only in a distant part of the country.

This species is rather widely distributed throughout the Loess
formation of Iowa and eastern Nebraska. The name is bestowed
in memory of the many happy days spent together by Prof. Shimek
and the writer, then college classmates, hunting fossils and shells.
Fig. 12, 13, 14, Helix (Polygyrella) Harfordiana.

Deedalochila Harfordiana Cooper, Amer. Journ. of Conch., vol.
V, pt. 4, 196, plate 17, fig. 8. See also tom. cit., p. 214.

Helix (Dedalochila) Harfordiana Coop., Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology, 2d Series, vol. III, p. 130, pl. 27, figs. 55-57.

Polygyra Harfordiana Coop., W. G. Binney, Manual of N. A.
Land Shells, p. 114, fig. 81, but not the description !

Not Triodopsis Harfordiana Cp., W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U.
S. ete., V, p. 309, fig. 203, 1878.

This shell has been so much misunderstood and so incorrectly
figured that I feel impelled to refigure it and to offer a few sugges-
tions concerning the systematic position of the species. It was dis-
covered in the year 1869 by Mr. W. G. W. Harford in the “ Big
Tree” district, Fresno County, California. The locality is an ele-
vated one, lying 6500 ft. above the sea level, in lat. 37°.

In thus devoting space to the consideration of this question of
systematic position, I do not wish to be understood to attach any
great importance to those divisions of our Helices which some
authors call sections, some subgenera, and still others designate as
full fledged genera. Iam fully aware that many of these divisions
coalesce ; we can no more trace the separating line between their
species than we can unmix mingled milk and water. Thus, the
species Texasiana, triodontoides and Levettei bridge the space between

THE NAUTILUS. 4l

Polygyraand Triodopsis ; Mullani, appressa, etc., form passages from
Triodopsis to Mesodon ; and through germana with its allies on either
side, Mesodon flows into Stenotrema. The recognition of the fact
that these sections are all varying manifestations of one type, and
that a native American one, lead me to associate them under the
oldest name, Polygyra, in my check-list of our land shells."

So much for the one side. And on this side there is full as much
danger in holding extreme views, as on the side of excessive analysis.
Let us not profess sweeping views on coalescence of minor groups
until we have the species which actually show transition ; and (to
pass from generalizations to a special case), it may be noted here
that while the species of the Polygyra+ Triodopsis+ Mesodon-+ Steno-
trema group, invariably have a reflected lip, the two species belong-
ing (as I claim) to Polygyrella have a blunt lip, not in the least ex-
panded or reflexed. I prefer to keep very different things apart.

Dr. Cooper’s original description is excellent, but the figures are
bad. The latter are copied by Tryon in the Manual of Conchology.
Binney described a wholly different shell in his two publications—
a shell which has, he states, an expanded lip. In his Manual of
American Land Shells the species is said by him to have four whorls
and is placed in Polygyra. Still later (8rd Supplement to Terr.
Moll. V.) Mr. Binney seems to entertain a suspicion that the Tvio-
dopsis Roperi Pils. (which he places in Polygyra!) is the same spe-
cies. An examination of the type would doubtless have convinced
Mr. Binney that it is, as Dr. Cooper states in his original descrip-
tion, most intimately allied to Polygyrella polygyrella. Figure 81
ofthe Manual of American Land Shells is incorrect in showing
the parietal tooth too far within the aperture. The original figures
have the same defect.

With Polygyrella polygyrella, this species agrees in general form,
color, sculpture and texture, as well asin the form of the aperture
and the blunt, not at all expanded lip. In texture and character of
the lip, both species are very different from Polygyra and Triodopsis ;
the species of these last two sections having the lip expanded and re-
flexed.

The section Polygyrella may be defined thus :

Shell disk-shaped, the spire nearly flat, periphery rounded, even
in the young; umbilicus wide within, showing all the whorls.
Texture somewhat vitreous and subtranslucent ; ribbed-striate above,

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 193. _

492 THE NAUTILUS.

polished beneath; color yellow, yellowish-green or light brown.
Whorls six to eight, narrow, slowly widening, the last a trifle descend-
ing in front. Aperture subtriangular, oblique; peristome blunt,
not expanded, thickened within, with or without lip teeth ; parietal
wall bearing a stout, triangular, erect entering tooth.

The species may stand as follows:

(1.) No lip-teeth; body-whorl with several internal pairs of

denticles visible through the base. H. polygyrella.
(2.) Peristome with two lip-teeth ; no denticles inside the body-
whorl. H. Harfordiana.

Dr. Cooper’s ingenious supposition that the internal denticles
of H. polygyrella are “swallowed” lip teeth I find to be erroneous,
as they are formed quite a distance within the whorl, not at the
edge of the advancing lip.

H, Harfordiana has been found only at the spot named above,
and only two specimens are known; that figured on the plate ac-
companying this paper, and one other, a young shell, in the collec-
tion of Dr. Cooper. The earlier whorls are broken in the type spec-
imen.

ON SOME MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE SOUTHERN COAST
OF BRAZIL.

BY DR. W. H. DALL.

In the preliminary report on the mollusca obtained on the voyage
of the Albatross around Cape Horn (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XU,
No. 773, pp. 219-362, 1889) I enumerated a number of Antillean
mollusks which were found to extend their range from the coast of
the United States to the eastern shores of Brazil, to the Abrolhos
Islands and even further south. Subsequently a few others, also
from the Albatross collection, were noted as extending to Brazil, in
Bull. 37, U.S. Nat. Museum. Since then I have received from Dr.
H. von Ihering, of Porto Allegre, a small collection of very poor,
beach-worn material, largely in fragments, but still identifiable,
which still further enlarges the range of some of the species, and
adds to the list of species some of the common forms of the United
States coast which had not before been suspected to reach such
southern latitudes. It is probably that the great volume of fresh

THE NAUTILUS. 43

water issuing from the Rio La Plata acts as an effective barrier
against the more southern extension of shallow water species which
may reach to its northern point of entrance; so that we may expect
that few, if any, of these northern stragglers will be found south of
Montevideo.

In the following list will be found the names of the species received
from Dr. von Ihering and a few, not hitherto noted, from the Alba-
tross collection, the whole embracing between fifty and sixty species,
a good many of which have not hitherto been identified from the
region in question, and two of which appear to be new to science.
The northern range of most of the species common to the northern
Antilles and to the coast of the United States will be found entered
against the name of the species in Bulletin 37 above referred to.
In some cases the identity of the species has hitherto been obscured
by the southern specimens having been separately named ; as in the
ease of Tagelus platensis Orb. which is positively indistinguishable
by any character from 7. caribeus.

The localities are Santa Caterina near San Francisco, in about
Lat. 26° S.; Rio Grande do Sul in S. Lat. 32° 30’; and the mouth
of the Rio La Plata near Montevideo and Tozitos in about S. Lat.
30°.

Ostrea virginica Gmelin var. puelechana Orb. Santa Caterina.

O. cristata Born. Santa Caterina.

Placunanomia rudis Brod. Santa Caterina.

Modiola suleata Lam. Rio Grande do Sul.

Mytilus canaliculus Hanley (edulis of E. A. Smith). Rio Grande
do Sul.

Mytilus magellanicus Reeve. Montevideo.

Arca candida Chemnitz. Santa Caterina.

Area martinii Recluz. Santa Caterina.

Area imbricata Bruguiére. Santa Caterina.

Arca americana Gray. Santa Caterina.

Area incongrua var brasiliensis Orb. Santa Caterina.

Lucina jamaicensis Lam. Santa Caterina.

Divaricella quadrisuleata Orb. Santa Caterina.

Chama congregata Conrad. Santa Caterina.

Cardium brasiliensis Lam. Santa Caterina.

Cardium muricatum L. Santa Caterina.

Dione circinata Lam. Santa Caterina.

_ Dione purpurata Lam. (+ ligula Anton). Rio Grande do Sul.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Cytherea rostrata Koch (+ tehuelea Orb.) Santa Caterina.
Anomalocardia macrodon Desh. Santa Caterina.

Tivela mactroides Born. Santa Caterina.

Tivela fulminea (Val.) Philippi. Santa Caterina.

Tivela ventricosa Gray. Rio Grande do Sul.

Kutivela perplexa Stearns, n.s. Off Rio La Plata, 113 fathoms.
Eutivela iheringi Dall, n.s. Santa Caterina.

Donax rugosus Lam. Rio Grande do Sul.

Donax owenii Gray. Montevideo and Maldonado.
Iphigenia brasiliensis Lam. Santa Caterina.

Tagelus gibbus Spengler (+ T. platensis Orb.). Rio Grande do Sul.
Soletellina rufescens Chemn. Santa Caterina.
Sanguinolaria rosea Lam. Santa Caterina.

Tellina versicolor Cozzens. Santa Caterina.

Macoma constricta Bruguiére. Santa Caterina.
Mactra brasiliana Lam. Santa Caterina.

Mactra scalpellum Deshayes. Santa Caterina.

Mactra symmetrica Deshayes. Santa Caterina.
Mactra byronensis Gray. Montevideo.

Mactra? isabelleana Orbigny. Santa Caterina.
Mactra alata Lam. Santa Caterina.

Labiosa canaliculata Say. Santa Caterina.
Mesodesma mactroides Deshayes. Rio Grande do Sul.
Pholas campechiensis Gmelin. Santa Caterina.
Barnea costata Linné. Santa Caterina.

Pisania variegata Gray. Santa Caterina.

Murex senegalensis Lam. Santa Caterina.

Purpura hemastoma Linné. Santa Caterina.

Litorina irrorata Say, var. columellaris Orb. Santa Caterina.
? Paludestrina australis Orb. Montevideo.

Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Santa Caterina.

Polynices brunnea Link. Santa Caterina.

Sigaretus maculatus Say. Santa Caterina.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. Santa Caterina.

Acmeea onychina Gould. Santa Caterina.

Fissurella rosea Gmel. Santa Caterina.

Glyphis cayennensis Lam. Santa Caterina.

THE NAUTILUS. 4)

NOTE ON PUPA MUSCORUM LINNE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

There has been considerable discussion regarding the proper name
of this species, some authors preferring the name “ marginata Drap.”
In all disputed questions regarding Linnean names, we may turn
with confidence to Hanley’s book “The Shells of Linnzeus.” Han-
ley bestowed a vast amount of study on the actual types of Linnzeus’
own collection. He says of this species:

“Turbo Muscorum. This shell (pl. IV, fig. 6) still remains in the
collection, is enclosed in a paper inscribed in the hand of Linnzus,
and is the sole species in the entire cabinet which at all agrees with
the diagnosis. It is a curious edentulus variety of the Pupa mar-
ginata of Draparnaud, to which species it had been assigned by Nils-
son, in his valuable treatise upon the land and fresh-water shells of
Sweden, a work especially illustrative of the Helices and Turbines
of the ‘Fauna Suecica.’ From a sentence in the last mentioned
work, ‘aperture ovate-acuminata, mucrone obtuso’ we are led to
imagine that our author was aware of the frequent presence of a
denticle in the mouth of the shell, although in the ‘Systema’ he had
termed it edentulous. None of the Linnean examples, however, are
provided with a tooth; yet in England, where this Pupa is most
abundant, it is rarely that we obtain an example which is not thus
furnished.”

Hanley figures the type shell of Linnzeus ; and we have, it seems,
little excuse for rejecting the name muscorum in favor of the later
marginata, The following tabulation of the varieties of this species
I take from a MSS. of T. D. A. Cockerell :

“In the number of teeth or lamelle in the aperture of the shell,
this species presents a beautifully graduated series from none at all
to three, as follows :

a. edentula Moq-Tand. No teeth. Colorado, Massachusetts,
Europe.

b. unidentata Stabile. One tooth on parietal wall.

ce. bigranata Rossm.—sterri v. Voith. Two teeth. This form
is figured by Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 78,
fig. 40.

d. blandi Morse. Three teeth, one being on columella.

“ Bigranata and blandi are often considered as species apart from
marginata, but I think on wholly insufficient grounds.”

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Cockerell is not responsible for the name muscorum as applied
to this shell. The first variety, edentula Moq.-Tand., is of course
equal to the typical muscorum.

NOTES AND EXCHANGES.

The following extract from a letter written to the Ed. by Dr. W.
D. Hartman, will be of interest:

“JT have just learned through Mr. Rossiter, of the Island of
Noumea, that Mr. de Latour and his son (from whom I have
received so many new shells from Aura Island, New Hebrides) have
been murdered by natives; Mr. Garrett was wont to tell me of the
great danger to be encountered by these collectors in these islands
from the natives. When he was collecting in some of these islands
he was obliged to be a walking arsenal and would never trust a
native behind his back for fear of being stabbed and dragged off
into the bushes and eaten.

I much regret the loss of de Latour as a collector. The last box
he collected was lost in a vessel that was wrecked, and after float-
ing about on the ocean was wafted to shore, and was found and
sent to Mr. Rossiter.”

Some of the shells contained in this box were figured in Dr.
Hartman’s last paper inthe Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.—Ep.

Waynrep.—Atlantie and Gulf Coast Shells in exchange for land
and fresh-water shells of the Mississippi Valley—Elwood Pleas,
Dunreith, Indiana.

We learn that our valued correspondent, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell,
has been appointed Director of the Natural History Museu at
Kingston, Jamaica. Mr. Cockerell has many warm friends among
the conchological fraternity of America, who will be glad to hear
that he has been called to a field so rich for the Naturalist.— Ed.

Correspondence inyited, with view to exchange of Conchological
specimens. Desiderata: Florida, Texas, California and West Indian
land shells. Offers: British, European and South African land,
fresh-water and marine.—C. L. Smout, 40 Braybrook Road, Hast-
ings, England.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Potyeyra (Triopopsis) MuLLANI var. OLNEY .—Shell very
much depressed, the spire nearly flat; aperture transversely oval,
the upper and basal lips parallel; peristome completely revolute,
more curled over than in any other form I have seen; basal lip with
a white callus but no tooth; no trace of a tooth on the outer or
upper lip; parietal wall having a small tooth. Alt. 6, diam. 13
mill.; oblique alt. of aperture 63, width 84 mill., measured outside
of peristome. ‘The specimens are from Spokane, Washington, sent
by Mrs. Mary P. Olney.—2H. 4. P.

THE ConcHovoaist is the title of a new periodical published at
Leeds, England. It is issued quarterly and is devoted for the
greater part to the mollusks of Great Britian. The second number,
just issued, contains the following articles: Note on the locality of
Helix mandarina Gray, by E. A. Smith; The glacial Period and
British non-marine mollusca, H. E. Quilter ; The Land and Fresh-
water mollusca of Oxfordshire, W. E. Collinge; Adventitious Pro-
tection in Fresh-water mollusca, C. Clare Fryer; On the Burrowing
Habits of Testacella, C. D. Horsman. The Conchologist is edited
by Mr. W. E. Collinge, of Leeds, England. We wish it success.

On SOME NEW * * West AMERICAN SHELLS, ETC., by Wm.
H. Datu. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, p. 173-191; three plates.)
The dredgings of the Albatross, as well as a number of West Coast
collectors, Mr. J. J. Rivers, Miss Ida M. Shepard, Mrs. M. Burton
Williamson and others, have contributed the shells described and
illustrated in'this paper. The species of Eupleura, both East and
West, are first discussed and figured. Nassa californiana Conr.,
originally described as a Miocene fossil under the generic name of
Schizopyga by Conrad, has been found living from Drake’s Bay to
Cerros Island, 25-65 fms. Fusus Kobelti Dall, F. Harfordi Stearns,
Trophon triangulatus Cpr. and clementia subdiaphana Cpr. are fig-
ured for the first time. Trophon Cerrosensis, Cancellaria Crawfordi-
ana and Tellina Ide, spp. nov., are figured and described. The
paper concludes with brief descriptions of the following: Benceinwm
strigillatum, taphrium, molinia frielei, strombella middendorffi, fragi-
lis, melonis, chrysodomusithius, periscelidus, phenicens, eucosmius,
hypolismus, acrosnius, halibrectus, Trophon scitulus, disparilis, punc-
trella (galeatea var. ?) major, solenya johnsoni, calyptogena pacificu
(new genus and species of carditide), Limopsis vaginatus. All are
West Coast forms, mostly from Alaska. We hope that illustrations

48 THE NAUTILUS.

of these will follow shortly. Trophon triangulatus is a fine species,
resembling “ Chorus” Belcheri, but smaller, without the basal groove
and tooth. It has probably escaped the notice of Dr. Dall that
Beleheri is not a chorus at all, the type of that genus being C. gigan-
teus Lesson, of Chili, a shell that looks like a big smoothish
monoceros.—H. A. P.

List or N. A. Lanp AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS RECEIVED FROM
THE U.S. Dept. oF AGRICULTURE, WITH NOTES AND COMMENTS
THERON by Robert E.C.Srearns. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.) The
species noticed in this paper were mainly collected in Texas, Ari-
zona and Wyoming. Helix humboldtiana Val., a Mexican species,
is added to our fauna, the single specimen being from Altuda, Texas,
at an elevation of 5000 ft. Dr. Stearns erroneously places this in
the section Pomatia; but it by right belongs to the Arionta brother-
hood, in Fischer’s section of Arionta called Odontura. H. (Poma-
tia) aspersa, the common European edible snail, is in the National
Museum from Puebla, Mexico. The members of the Academy of
Science’s expedition to Mexico also found this shell very abundant
around the City of Mexico, doubtless imported, as the species is an
excellent traveller and successful emigrant. Dr. Stearns has been
able to connect the Bulimulus Ragsdale: with B. dealbatus by inter-
mediate examples, showing a gradual transition from the strongly
ribbed to the smooth form. Under the old name B. alternatus are
placed as synonyms, B. schiedcanus, B. patriarcha, B. marie and
B. mooreanus. Iam quite disposed to accept this arrangement of
our Bulimuli, and would add at least two of the Mexican so-called
species to the list of synonyms under alternatus. A large number of
new localities are quoted for other and well-known species.—H. A. P.

Goce N Sorte US.

VOL. v. SEPTEMBER, 1891. No. 5.

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED ON FAYAL ISLANDS, AZORES; AND
ON MADEIRA ISLANDS; WITH PREFATORY NOTES.

BY WIGLTAM-H. RUSH M.D. U.S. NAVY.

While serving as medical officer on board the Pennsylvania
Nautical School-Ship Saratoga during the practice cruises of the
year 1890 and the Spring of 1891, advantage was taken of the
opportunities thus presented to collect any molluskan forms of animal
life that by a little trouble and some searching could be found. No
special outfit was provided other than the usual collecting box, with
its forceps and knife, and the rake. Surface towing nets, made of
the common bobinet, were used when sailing to collect the pelagic
forms. Two dredges were kindly loaned by the Smithsonian
Institution but no opportunity presented for their use.

During the cruises of the Summer of 1890, ‘stops were made at
Horta, Fayal Is. Azores; at Southampton, England, where no
attempt at collecting was made although a few H.( Trichia) rufescens
Pennant were taken at Netley Castle; and at Funchal, Madeira.

During the stay at Horta two trips were made to the small fresh
water pond in the extinct crater in the mountains, for the purpose
of procuring a supply of Pisidium Dabneyi De Guerne; but not a
single specimen rewarded the visits. The journeys were made on
the back of a small donkey, which knowing animal, as soon as the
higher parts of the mountains were reached, selected the deep ruts
in which to walk, often leaving the rider, unless with special attention
upon his part, stranded ; and the pleasures of the journey were not
materially increased by the community of fleas inhabiting the hang-

50 THE NAUTILUS.

ings and cushions of the saddle. To reach the edge of the crater it
took four hours; the donkey with the guide, and his yelling com-
panions, were then left to amuse themselves while the descent
into the crater was made.

The crater is said to be seventeen hundred feet deep, and its sides
are very steep so that the actual time of descent was quite small,
but the amount of time, patience, wear and tear consumed in com-
ing up was considerable.

At Funchal, Madeira, the ascent to the mountains was made in a
vehicle upon runners and drawn by oxen over roads laid with very
small paving stones and often in patterns of ornamental designs.
Upon arrival at the desired elevation, the oxen were detached,
allowed leisurely to make their way down, and the vehicle was
pulled to one side of the road to await the time for making the
return trip. That time having arrived the sledge is pulled into
position, a man, holding the steering rope attached to the fore cor-
ner, stood upon each side, and then, with a shout, a push and a
little confusion of the respiratory rhythm, away the whole affair
goes amidst a great scattering of sparks, clouds of dust and a con-
fusion of noises; but in an incredibly short time the trip was made
that previously had taken the oxen a couple of hours to do.

List of Species Collected.

Argonanta argo L. A living specimen kindly presented by
Mr. Dabney, Consul at Horta, Fayal Is.

Purpura (Stramonita) hemastoma L.

Triton nodiferus Lam. Two living specimens.

Ranella (Lampas) scrobiculator Linn. One dead.

5. Fusus rostratus Oliv. Dredged in 800 fms. near Graciosa Is.
by the yacht L’Hirondelle, Duke of Monaco, kindness Mr.
Dabney.

Nassa (Hima) incrassata Strom.

7. Mitra fusca Swainson. Is smaller but agrees in internal and
external coloration with the specimen labelled M. Adansonii
Phil., in Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences.

8. Olivella nivea Gmel. Pico Is.

9. Columbella mercatoria Linn.

10. Columbella (Nitidella) levigata Linn. Pico Is.
11. Trivia pediculus Linn. Pico Is.
12. Bittium reticulatum Da Costa. Pico Is.

—

99 bo

oe

THE NAUTILUS.

. Littorina (Melaraphe) striata King.

Littorina (Melaraphe) czerulescens Lam.

Fossarus ambiguus Linn.

Rissoa (Cingula) cingulus Mtg.

Leptothyra carinata Cantr., var. peloritana Cantr.
near Graciosa Is.

Monodonta sauciata Koch. Madeira Is.

Haliotis coccinea Rye.

Patella vulgata Linn. Horta and Funchal.
Patella Azorica Linn. Horta and Funchal.

. Bulla striata Brig. Pico Is.
Hyalinia (Polita) cellaria Mill. Horta and Funchal.
Hyalinia (Polita) erystallina Mull. Horta and Funchal.
Hyalinia (Polita) atlantica Mill. Horta and Funchal.

Helix (Patula) rotundata Mill.
Helix (Acanthinula) monas Morelet.
Helix (Caracolina) barbula Charp.

Helix (Vallonia) pulebella Mull. Horta and Funchal.

Helix (Placentula) fictilis Lowe. Funchal.
Helix (Placentula) vespertina Morelet.

Helix (Plebecula) nitidiuscula Sby. In the public garden at

Funchal.

Helix (Leptaxis) undata Lowe. Funchal.

Helix (Leptaxis) Drouetiana Morelet.

Helix (Leptaxis) Azorica Alb. Young specimens.
Helix (Pomatia) aspersa Miller.

Helix (Cochlicella) ventricosa Drap.

Buliminus (Ena) vulgaris Morelet.

Buliminus (Ena) Hartungi Morelet.

Buliminus (Ena) delibutus Morelet.

Buliminus sp.

Cionella (Zua) lubricus Mull. Horta and Funchal.
Pupa (Leucochila) fuscidula M. & D.

. Pupa (Leucochila) microspora Lowe.

Pupa (Leucochila) fasciolata M. & D.

. Pupa (Leucochila) umbilicata Drap. Horta and Funchal.

Balea perversa L.
Pedipes afra Gmel.
Dentalium sp. 800 fms. L’Hirondelle.

. Strigilla carnaria Linn. Pico. Two odd valves.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

51. Pisidium Dabneyi De Guerne. Kindness Mr. Dabney.
52. Pinna rudis L.

Where no locality is mentioned in the list, Horta, Fayal Islands,
Azores, is to be understood.

NOTES ON FAMILIAR MOLLUSKS.
BY W. M. BEAUCHAMP.

It is the custom to call Melantho rufus Hald., a variety of M.
decisus Say, and there are some good reasons for this. It is more
than a mere color variety, however, as those familiar with its habits
know very well. The shell is usually grayer and more polished
without, besides the rich purple within. It requires warmer water
than M. decisus, and in New York is restricted to favorable localities,
while the other has a very wide range. Those who have taken the
animal from the shell, find that it has a greater muscular adhesion,
not separating readily. The young mollusks have well marked
features from the very first. Thus far in New York, I have found
the shell only where canal boats have been.

Some have also thought Valvata tricarinata and sincera Say,
varieties of one species. There is little to suggest this in the forms
or habits of these little shells. The outer appearance is very differ-
ent, they have not the same haunts, nor do they eat the same food.
If they are ever found together, it is in death rather than in life, as
far as my experience goes.

Bythinia tentaculata Linn, has become very abundant since I
first reported it many years ago. In portions of the Erie Canal it
has driven out Goniobasis livescens and Virginica, merely by eating
up their food. It prefers canal waters to any other, as many species
do.

In the Erie Canal I collected Pleurocera subulare Lea, but with
this I found P. intensum and pallidum, of the same author, which
seem only varieties of the former. Mr. Tryon agreed with me in
this. The variations are by no means as great asin Gon. Virginica
Gmel.; in fact there seems little difference beyond the color and mark-
ings. :

I have had Margaritana margaritifera Linn from tributaries of
the Mohawk river, but nowhere west of these in New York. It is

THE NAUTILUS. 53

likely to oceur elsewhere, as the Unionidae are not the worst of
travellers. I once found a number of Anodonta Benedicti, which
had been thrown ashore by the waves on Onondaga lake, raising
themselves on edge and working their way to the water. Can any
one point out an invariable feature distinguishing Unio radiatus
and /uteolus ? The distinctions do very well for some, but others
seem a good deal mixed. Has not every collector some which he
has not named ?

Shells are not abundant in Colorado, and I took pleasure in show-
ing the actions of Helix Cooperi W. G. B. to some there who had
never seen a snail. This snail is abundant in Williams’ Cafion,
near Manitou, but I found it nowhere else, perhaps for want of time.
In Cheyenne Cafion I collected some very small snails, which I
unfortunately lost before identification. Conditions there are sel-
dom favorable but something might be done by a zealous naturalist.
For myself I confess that other things proved more attractive for
the time. In the East, rocks are better collecting grounds, which
reminds me how greatly Helix albolabris, on rocky islands, differs
from the same shell in more fertile lands.

A NOTE ON MR. PILSBRY’S “ ARTICLE IV.’’

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA,
KINGSTON, JAMAICA.

It is very unfortunate that so much discussion should seem nec-
essary about Limacella or Philomycus, but I am obliged to add still
a few remarks to remove what seems to be a slight misunderstanding.
(1) Limacella Brard. My slug notes are not just now at hand, but
I think I may safely assert that when Limacella was proposed in
1815, the Limax of modern authors was not specially provided with
aname. The Linnean Limax included Arion, Limax, Agriolimax
and even an Kolis. The first mentioned species in the Linnean
Limax is what we now call an Arion (A. ater). Brard’s first Lima-
cella, | believe was Limax maximus of modern authors. Thus, if we
were to adopt a very strict rule of priority, we might write as fol-
lows :

Limax Linn. (=Arion Fér.)
Limacella Brard (=Limax A uctt.)

54 THE NAUTILUS.

As indeed was done by Dr. Jousseaume. But Linné did not specify
types in his genera, and there are good reasons for believing that he
did not regard the first mentioned species specially as the type.
Accordingly, Férusac having next proposed Arion for another
division of Limaz L., we may adopt his name, and the residue (leay-
ing out Eolis, the true affinities of which had been recognized mean-
while) namely Agriolimax of modern authors, remains as Limax L.
Thus we get:

Timax L. = Agriolimax Mérch.

Arion Feér.

Timacella Brard = Limax Auctt.

I do not adopt this arrangement, because I do not consider that
we can recognize Brard’s name, but this is the logical result if
Timacella Brard be adopted.

(2). Philomycus (or Limacella) nebulosus. It is hardly fair to say
that I give no characters for this, as I expressly state that it is the
T. carolinensis of Binney, the anatomy, jaw, and other characters of
which are well described in the Terr. Moll. U.S. I believe still that
it is distinct from true carolinensis, but I rejoice that Mr. Pilsbry is
going to make a more careful study of these slugs, and if he finds
after examining ample material that I was mistaken, nobody will
more readily accept the fact than myself.

MOLLUSKS OF SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY.

BY WILLIARD M. WOOD, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., AND WM. T.
RAYMOND, OF OAKLAND, CAL.

The following species have been collected by ourselves, with the
exception of Alexia myosotis, Limnea nuttalliana, obrussa, Physa
diaphana, Planorbis ammon and Ancylus fragilis, which are given
on the excellent authority of Dr. Cooper and others. While the
list is undoubtedly incomplete, we believe it indicates fairly well the
molluscan fauna of this County. There is no evidence that Can-
tharus gemmatus and Scala grenlandica have been found living
here. Their occurrence on our beaches is probably accidental.

THE NAUTILUS. 00

PELECYPODA.

Ostrea lurida Cpr.

Placunanomia macroschisma Desh.
Pecten hastatus Sby. (valves).

Hinnites giganteus Gray (valves).
Mytilus edulis Linn.

Mytilus edulis Linn., var. glomeratus Gld.
Mytilus Californianus Conr.

Adula stylina Cpr.

Anodonta Oregonensis Lea (Nuttalliana Lea).
Kellia Laperousii Desh.

Cardium corbis Mart.

Pisidium occidentale Newe. (abditium Hald.)
Tapes staminea Conr.

Tapes staminea, var. diversa Sby.

Tapes staminea, var. ruderata Desh.
Tapes tenerrima Cpr.

Petricola carditoides Conr.

Tellina Bodegensis Hds, (valves).
Saxidomus aratus Gld.

Macoma nasuta Conr.

Matoma inquinata Conr.

Macoma inconspicua B. & S. (valves).
Angulus modestus Cpr. (valves).

Angulus salmonea Cpr. (valves).
Schizothzrus Nuttallii Conr.

Standella Californica Conr. (valves).
Lyonsia Californica Conr.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxicola Baird.
Cryptomya Californica Conr.

Mya arenaria Linn. (introduced).
Saxicava arctica Linn. (? pholadis L.)
Siliqua patula Dixon.

Pholadidea penita Conr.

Pholadidea penita var. parva Tryon.
Zirpheea crispata Linn. (valves).
Xylotrya setacea Tryon (pennatifera Blv.)

56 THE NAUTILUS.

GASTROPODA.
A. pulmonata.

Selenites Vancouverensis Lea.

Limax campestris L. var. occidentalis Cooper.

Limax campestris L. var. zonatipes Ckll. (MS) new variety.
Limax Hewstoni Cooper.

Zonites cellarius Mill. (introduced).

Ariolimax Californicus Cooper.

Punctum conspectum Bland.

Helix Californiensis Lea.

Var. Nickliniana Lea, (also albino form).
Helix arrosa Gld. (Common in Marin county).
Helix armigerus Ancey.

Helix loricata Gld.

Pupa Californica Rowell.

Succinea Oregonensis Lea.

Alexia myosotis Drap. (introduced).
Limneea palustris Mill.

Limnea palustris var. proxima Lea.
Limneea palustris var. Nuttalliana L.
Limneea palustris var. Rowellii Tryon.
Limneea palustris var. umbrosa Say.
Limneea palustris var. Traskii Tryon.
Limneea Adelinae Tryon.

Limneea humilis Say.

Limnzea humilis var. ferruginea Hald.
Limnzea obrussa Say (desidiosa Say).
Limnzea bombycina Lunge (introduced).
Physa Gabbi Tryon.

Physa Gabbi var. D’Orbignyana Lea.
Physa Gabbi var. Traskii Lea.

Physa diaphana Tryon.

Physa virginea Gld.

Planorbis tumens Cpr.

Planorbis ammon Gld.

Planorbis opercularis Gld.

Planorbis vermicularis Gld.

Ancylus fragilis Tryon.

THE NAUTILUS.

B. Ctenobranchiata.

Pleurotoma Carpenteriana Gabb. (fragment).
Olivella biplicata Sby. (dead).

Cantharus gemmatus Rve. (one only dead).
Nassa fossata Gld.

Nassa mendica Gld.

Columbella (Amycla) carinata Hds.
Columbella (Amycla) carinata, var. gausipata Gld.
Ocinebra lurida Midd. ;
Ocinebra interfossa Cpr.

Cerostoma foliatum Gmel.

Purpura saxicola Val.

Purpura saxicola, var. ostrina Gld.

Purpura saxicola, var. emarginata Desh.
Purpura lima Mart. (canaliculata Desh.)
Purpura crispata Chem., var. septentrionalis Rve.
Monoceros engonatum Conr.

Scala crebricostata Cpr.

Scala groenlandica Perry. (one only, dead).
Odostomia gravida Gld.

Litorina planaxis Nutt.

Litorina scutulata Gld.

Lacuna porrecta Cpr.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Pomatiopsis intermedia Tryon.

Assiminea Californica Cooper.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt.

Lunatia Lewisii Gld. (dead).

Acmza mitra Esch.

Acmeea pelta Esch.

Acmezea persona Esch.

Acmea persona, var. umbonata Nutt.
Acmeea testudinalis L., var. patina Esch.
Acmea testudinalis var. scutum Esch.
Acmeea testudinalis var. Cumingii Rve.
Acmea spectrum Nutt.

Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad.

Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. (dead).
Glyphis aspera Esch.

Fissurella voleano Rve. (dead).

oO

ba |

58 THE NAUTILUS.

POLYPLACOPHORA.
Cheetopleura Hartwegii Cpr.
Tonicella lineata Wood.
Ischnochiton Cooperi Cpr.
Mopalia ciliata Sby.
Mopalia ciliata, sub-species lignosa Gld.
Mopalia ciliata, sub-species Hindsii Sby.
Mopalia wossnessenskii Midd.
Katherina tunicata Wood.
Nuttallina scabra Rve.
Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. (young).

MOLLUSKS IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON, MARKET.
BY HARRY E. DORE.

Prof. Keep’s article in the January number of Tae NavuriLus
on the Mollusks in the San Francisco market interested me very
much as it was in direct line with observations and notes made by
me here in Portland a little more than a year ago.

The small number of species which are usually exposed for sale
is as noticeable here as it isin San Francisco though not so much
to be wondered at for we are 120 miles from the ocean and further
still from points whese the mollusks are to be found, but I find that
occasionally something out of the ordinary run is sent to the fish
dealers, as for instance: about three years ago the deep sea fisheries
were first attempted and the schooner “Geo. H. Chance” started
outside the Columbia River Bar from Astoria for fish. Through
lack of experience the nets were thrown too deep and were badly
cut by the large pectens, Amusiwm caurinum Gld. allowing many
of the fish to escape. In the first shipment to Portland were about
two dozen large fine examples of this beauty, nearly all of which
I was fortunate enough to secure at a moderate price. I have never
seen it in the market since. At another time I secured one very
large and perfect example of Lunatia Lewisii Gld. sent with bivalves
to the market.

In this connection I will state that I remember when a boy and
living in San Francisco that Macoma nasuta Conr. was commonly
sold in the market ; it was very abundant on the mud flats near Long

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Bridge in Mission Creek at that time. It is probably not sold there
now or Prof. Keep would have included it in his list.

There are practically but four species of mollusks sold commonly
in the Portland fish markets:

Ist. The native oyster, Ostrea lurida Cpr. which is so abundant
on Puget Sound and Shoal Water Bay. Nearly all of the oysters
sold come from either Olympia, Wash. or Oysterville, on Shoalwater
Bay, Wash. The few eastern or transplanted oysters sold here
are shipped from San Francisco. There are also a great many
canned oysters sold here.

2d. The hard shell clam has an excellent representative in Sazi-
domus squalidus Desh., which may prove to be merely a variety of
S. nuttalli Conr. These come from Puget Sound and are very
abundant, have a large, heavy shell and can be found at all times
in the fish markets. They are cheap enough to be indulged in by
all, selling for one cent apiece or even less.

3d. Tapes staminea Conr. is also very common. ‘The variety sent
here is larger and fuller than the variety usually sold in San Fran-
cisco but not as finely sculptured.

4th. Mya arenaria Linn. as well as Tapes staminea are sent here
from Shoal Water Bay, Wash. It was introduced here from the
Eastern States and grows to a very large size.

By the above it would seem that Portland depends upon her
neighboring state for her supply of shell fish. There is, however, a
source of supply in Oregon which will become better known and
its shell fish product more eagerly sought for in the near future—
this is Yuquina Bay. Occasionally there are shipped to Portland a
few sacks of Ostrea lurida and several boxes of the rock oyster,
Pholadidea penita Conr. Newport, at the entrance to the bay, is
the home of this fine piddock which attains large size and is excel-
lent for eating.

Machera patula Dixon and Cardiwm corbis Mart. are also occa-
sionally offered for sale in the Portland markets; and the Chinese
eat the squid which is sometimes shipped here.

The edible mussel, Mytilus edulis Linn. seldom finds its way so
far inland ; but still we seem to have our share of mollusks.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

(CONTRIBUTED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

SEPTEMBER 9, 1891.

Though the usual notes have not appeared for some time in the
Nautius, the work of the Association goes on. Judging from the
correspondence received, there has been much activity among the
members during the last summer and much valuable material has
been collected. Quitea number of new members have been enrolled,
and the new “ List of Members,” which will contain all their names,
will be ready not later than September 30th and probably by Sep-
tember 20th. If there are any new names to be proposed send them
to the Secretary.

Two of our members, Chas. W. Johnson, Secretary of the Associa-
tion, and Wm, J. Fox, brought back with them from their Jamaica
trip last spring a large amount of valuable material, collected by
them in that island. Most of it has been presented to the Academy
of Natural Sciences and the Wagner Institute, Philadelphia.

Prof. Benjamin Sharp, Corresponding Secretary of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, was a member of the Peary Expedition to
Greenland. He returned home on the 7th inst.

George T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis., recently paid a visit to
Philadelphia and inspected the U. 8. Collection. He expressed
himself as much pleased with its progress. He has been on vacation
for the benefit of his health.

President Campbell paid a flying trip to Washington in the early
part of August and was the recipient of much courtesy from Profes-
sor Dall, of the Smithsonian Institute. Prof. Dall is up to his eyes
in work, and is one of the busiest of our members. A painstaking,
conscientious student, he does everything well and stands among
the foremost of living conchologists to-day. The Government is
fortunate in having such a man at the head of its conchological
work.

Vice-President Ford has been summering along the New Jersey
Coast and discovered several “finds” of living Naticas, Fulgurs,
Solens, ete. He got tired collecting them, the specimens were so
numerous. There is no man in the United States, who can clean,
prepare and mount shells as beautifully as Mr. Ford. His private
collection, a labor of love for more than thirty years, is one of the
finest in the country.

Hs. NeUTILUS.

VOL. Vv. OCTOBER, 1891. No. 6.

MOLLUSKS OF SPOON RIVER, ILL.

BY DR. W. S. STRODE, BERNADOTTE, ILL.

Spoon river is a tributary of the Illinois. Fora hundred miles
from its junction with that stream its average width is about one
hundred and fifty feet. It is a clear, swift-running stream, pursuing
a sinuous course through a valley a half mile wide. Its banks are
fringed by willows that here and there sweep the current in rhythmi-
cal response to every passing breeze. Overshadowing this border
are silver-leafed maples, elms, and intertwining undergrowth, and
beyond, towering above all like gigantic sentinels, stand the monarchs
of the forest—giant sycamores.

No systematic study of the mollusks of this river has ever been
made. Prof. Jno. Wolf, an aged naturalist of Canton, Ill., has
made some researches, and probably knows more of the mollusks of
the Illinois and Spoon Rivers than does any other living man, but
he has written little of his discoveries.

Some of the Unios found, attain a size and perfection of form
rarely equalled by shells of the same species found elsewhere. This
perfection is due to the fact that each species finds in the variety of
deep and shallow water, swift and sluggish currents, deposits of
black mud, blue clay, sand, rock, and gravel, or a mixture of all
these, the environment most suitable for perfect development.

Specimens of U. multiplicatus have been found over eight inches
in length, and weighing three pounds. Margaritana complanata also

62 THE NAUTILUS.

grows very large, one specimen found two years ago being nine
inches long. :

A half a mile below the milldam at Bernadotte there is a noted
mussel bed where for many years the fishermen have resorted for
bait for their trout lines; here in a few minutes an ample supply of
big fat mussels was to be had, and a catch of the toothsome channel
eat assured. If an eel was desired the.red meat of a trigonus was
thought to be almost a sure means of luring the slippery Anguillide.
Here within a space of two feet square I have taken at one time
such species as Unio plicatus, ventricosus gibbosus, asperrimus,
pustulosus, tuberculatus, anodontoides, and Marg. rugosa. <A little
higher up in deeper water and muddier banks U. multiplicatus,
and Marg. complanata were plentiful. A little lower down, where
there was much sand, the U. occidens and anodontoides could be
found by tracing the path made by them in moving about. A
half mile further down stream are great ledges of rocks that in
places project far out over the water. This is a favorite resort for
pic-nics, fishing parties, and experts at throwing the gig or fish-spear
can sometimes obtain fine buffalo or catfish that are disporting
under the shadows of these immense rocks.

At this picturesque point are to be found in considerable numbers,
U. trigonus, gracilis, pustulosus, tuberculatus, and Jlevissimus.
The latter, up to date, I have not succeeded in finding in-any other
location on the river.

Above the dam, where the water for a distance of five miles is
from eight to fourteen feet deep, the Ano. grandis and the little U.
parvus are the main shells. Here also are to be found many Sphe-
rium solidulum, and Paludina integra. The Physa heterostropha
and Somatogyrus subglobosus I find below in more shallow water.

On a large moss-covered rock I found at one time last fall large
numbers of Pleurocera DLewisii, and in a few minutes gathered an
oyster-can full. Visiting the locality again a few days later not

one could I find, nor could I again locate them during the season.

The pearl craze struck this village last fall and wagon loads of
the larger species were carried ashore and eagerly opened with the
expectation of finding pearls that would at once enrich the pos-
sessor. ‘The mussel bed before mentioned was almost annihilated.
The final summing up showed about one hundred pearls of various
sizes and colors. These were sent to Geo. F. Kunz, gem expert with
Tiffany & Co., N. Y., who reported them of little or no value.

THE NAUTILUS.

T append a list of the mollusks that I have found to date.

Unio multiplicatus Lea. Unio ventricosus Barnes.
plicatus, LeS. ~ luteslus Lam.
anodontoides Lea. ligamentinus Lam.
rectus Lam. lacrymosus Lea.
gracilis Barnes. cornutus Barnes.
alatus Say. elegans Lea.
pustulosus Lea. zigzag Lea.
tuberculatus Barnes. Marg. rugosa Barnes.
metanevrus Raf. complanata Barnes.
trigonus Lea. Anodonta grandis Say.
coccineus Lea. edentula Say.
fragosus Cond. plana Lea.
verrucosus Barnes. Paludina integra Say.
parvus Barnes. Physa heterostropha Say.
occidens Lea. Somatogyrus subglobosus Say.
gibbosus Barnes. Spheerium solidulum Prime.
laevissimus Lea. Pleurocera lewisii Lea.
asperrimus Lea.

LOCAL VARIATION. ,

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A good title for nature would be “ Unity differentiated,” and the
words may be used not only of the whole, but of any part. Take
as examples, the cell with its modifications, the class mollusca
and its species, (an excellent comment on the variations as contribu-
ted by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, to the February Naurizus and
reminds the writer of a few which are noted below.)

A large continent is a grand field for the evolution of many varie-
ties. Yet small areas often afford excellent examples of local varia-
tion. I mention a few as seen in this State.

Examples of Fusus Jslandicus Gmel., from Eastport, Old
Orchard or the Sheepscote now are before me. Specimens with
about the same number of whorls vary greatly in size, being 3,
32, and 12 inches respectively. The color variations are also
marked.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

At Eastport numerous specimens of Chiton marmoreus Fabr.
are found. In the midst of two hundred individuals distinctly
marked with shades of red, one specimen was found whose color was
a clear blue, a striking contrast in a species where there is much
similarity.

Buecinum undatum Linn. is famous for its color variations. Its
form is strikingly modified. Two specimens before me have the fol-
lowing characters. Length 23, divergence 75°, and length 4 inches,
divergence 50°. They are from near Eastport and Old Orchard
respectively. The deep water specimens near Old Orchard are apt
to be elongated. At the northern end of Grand Manan, (near East-
port) a variety occurs which has no waves, and is thus deprived of
the very characteristic which gives the name undatum to the species.

Purpura lapillus Lamarck, is also famous for its variation in
color; black, white and orange may be found, with multitudes of
mixtures. The variation in thickness is conspicuous. Asa rule this
may be explained by its surroundings. Individuals on the open
coast, exposed to the surf, are thick shelled, and in sheltered bays a
thin shell suffices. I was much puzzled last summer to find them.
extremely thick at a point ten miles from the sea on the Sheepscote
river. The situation being most sheltered I could not account for
this extra strength. There is a possible explanation in the climate.
The temperature at the sea shore is very much warmer than ten
miles inland. Perhaps there is a protection against the cold in this
case, where the surf is certainly not responsible.

The fauna of the Sheepscote river has an unusual combination.
As mentioned in a previous article, oysters are found living at a
point some fifteen miles inland. There are representations of a
more southern fauna a few miles nearer the sea, Pecten tenuicostatus
Mighels & Adams is very abundant: To return to the example
mentioned, 7. e. Purpura lapillus and its dwelling place, we may
observe another variation. The removal of a long pile from the
bridge gave me a chance to examine the mollusca attached to it.
Mytilus edulis, Linn. was conspicuous, also Saxicava and others.
Those living in the deep water were delicate in color and texture,
resembling forms found in warm water. Directly over these,
between tide marks, occur specimens, as above noted, of extremely
thick shells. These are but chance examples to illustrate a varia-
tion which is as great as that seen in the human race. Could we
perfect our knowledge of the lower forms we could name them as

THE NAUTILUS. 65

individuals as we do men, and feel that each had some marks even
though slight, to distinguish him from his companions.

LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED ON THE ISLANDS ST. THOMAS, ST.
KITTS, BARBADOS, JAMAICA, AND AT PENSACOLA, FLOR-
IDA ; WITH PREFATORY NOTES.

BY, SWIG EAM SES TR USEGe Me EDs Use. aN.

The first four months of 1891 were spent by the Pennsylvania
School Ship Saratoga in cruising in the West Indies, the stops being
at Bridgetown, Barbados; at Basseterre, St. Christopher’s Island ;
at Charlotte-Amalia ; at Kingston, Jamaica, and at Pensacola, Fla.
At Bridgetown, St. Leonard’s Chureh-yard and St. Agnes’ Ceme-
tery were the chief resorts. In the former were seen many speci-
mens of Bulimus oblongus, Mill, all buried, to within a whorl or
two of the apex, in the damp ground next to the vaults and under
the roots of trees. They appear to be night prowlers as the sexton
stated that he had often observed them walkiny at night, especially
when moonlight. Their eggs were discovered around the roots of
trees upon the surface of the ground, but none were found buried
with the animal in the burrow in the earth.

In the latter cemetery were taken specimens of Helix, Streptazis,
Stenogyra and Bulimulus.

A narrow-gauge railroad crosses the island from Bridgetown to
the eastern coast and advantage was taken of it to make a trip to
Bathsheba Beach.

At all the other islands carriage hire was too expensive and the
time at my disposal too short for any extended trip, so footing it
was resorted to as the only way to reach reasonably near hunting
grounds. In this manner the deep gorges up in the mountains of
St. Kitts, at an elevation of one or two thousand feet, were visited,
and the delightful view from that elevation, the cool continuous
trade wind, and the beautiful forms of vegetation almost caused the
object of the journey to be forgotton. However, many specimens of
Bulimulus, Helicina, Helix and Amphibulima were taken.

On Jamaica, Long Mt. and Rockfort, both near Kingston, were
visited at the suggestion of Mr. Henry Vendryes. At Mona House,

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Long Mt., thousands of dead specimens of the genera Helix, Cylin-
drella, Cyclotus, Choanopoma, ete. were observed, but only a few liv-
ing Lucidella aureola Fér., were found. At Rockfort Orthalicus
undatus Beck were seen eestivating and a supply obtained, each
epiphragm being carefully preserved.

At Pensacola two cemeteries were visited. In the older one Helix
(Dedalochila) pustula Fér., were tolerably abundant, and a few
Hyalinia. In the newer one Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say, var. Mobi-
liana Lea, were seen in great numbers. As the soil is very sandy
and as it had rained the night before, each shell was covered with a
small heap of sand. They were found on the head and foot stones
and on posts. They had crawled up from one to two feet from the
ground.

The following are the lists for the regions visited :

West Indian Islands.

Where no locality is mentioned it is to be understood that the
specimens were found equally abundant at Barbados, St. Kitts and
St. Thomas. No marine forms were collected at Kingston, Jamaica.
Hyaleea limbata D’Orb. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean.
Hyalza gibbosa Rang. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean.
Cleodora pyramidata D’Orb. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean.
4. Styliola subula Quoy and Gaimard. Surface N. Atlantic
Ocean.

Styliola, (Hyalocylix) striata Rang. Surface N. Atlantic
Ocean.
6. Cuvieria columella Rang. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean.
7. Murex (Chicoreus) brevifrons Lam. St. Thomas.
8. Murex (Chicoreus) pomum Gmel. St. Thomas.
9. Purpura patula Linn.
10. Purpura hemastoma Linn.
11. Purpura undato Lam.
12. Purpura deltoidea Lam.
13. Ricinula (Sistrum) nodulosa Ad. St. Thomas.
14, ‘Triton nobilis Conrad. Purchased at St. Thomas.
15. Triton (Simpulum) pilearis Linn. St. Thomas.
16. Fasciolaria tulipa Linn.
17. Fasciolaria distans Lam.
18. Leucozonia cingulifera Lam. Bathsheba.
19. Cantharus Coromandelianus Lam. Bathsheba.

ee

cA

20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
74
28.
29.

9

oVU.

31.

32

ms

30.
54.
30.
36.

7

ol.

38.
39.
40.
41.
42,
43.
44,
45.
46.
AT.
48.
49.
50.

51.
02.

9

v0.
54.
55.
56.
o7.
58.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Phos Guadeloupensis Petit. St. Thomas.

Nassa, vibex Say. St. Thomas.

Mitra Barbadensis Gmelin. St. Thomas.

Olivella sp. St. Thomas.

Columbella mercatoria Linn. St. Thomas.

Columbella (Nitidella) leevigtata Linn.

Columbella (Nitidella) cribaria Lam. St. Kitts.
Columbella sp. Barbabos.

Conus mus Hwass. Barbados.

Pleurotoma (Drillia) fuscescens Gray. Barbados. Semi-fossil.
Strombus pugilus Linn. Purchased at St. Thomas.
Strombus gallus Linn. Purchased at Barbados.

Cassis flammea Linn. Purchased at Barbados.
Cypreecassis testiculus Linn. Barbados.

Vermetus varians D’Orb. St. Thomas.

Eulima Jamaicensis C. B. Ad. St. Thomas.

Littorina nodulosus Gmel.

Littorina muricatus Linn.

Littorina ziczac Chem.

Littorina meleagus Beck. St. Thomas.

Littorina sp. Barbados.

Modulus lenticularis Chem. St. Thomas.

Planaxis lineatus Da Costa.

Planaxis nucleus Lam.

Litiopa bombyx Rang. On gulf-weed, N. Atlantic Ocean.
Cerithium (Lampanella) minimus Gmel.

Cerithium (Lampanella) minimus vas se temstriatum Say.
Cerithium (Lampanella) atratum Born. St. Thomas.
Rissoina (Schwartziella) Chesnelii Mich. St. Thomas.
Rissoina sp. St. Thomas.

Choanopoma interruptum Lam. Two dead and _ badly
weather-worn specimens, Long Mt.

Tudora fecunda Ad. All dead, from Long Mt.

Cyclotus Jamaicensis Ch. All dead, from Long Mt.
Helicina sp. St. Kitts.

Helicina Antillarum Sby. St. Kitts.

Helicina induta Shuttl. St. Thomas.

Helicina convexa Pfr. Bridgetown.

Lucidella aureola Fér. Long Mt.

Nerita fulgurans Gmel.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

59. Nerita tessellata Gmel.
60. Nerita peloronta Linn.
61. Nerita versicolor Gmel.
62. Neritina virginea Linn. St. Thomas.

63. Phasianella (Tricolia) umbilicata D’Orb. St. Thomas.

64. <Astralium (Lithpoma) tuber Linn.

65. Astralium brevispina Lam. St. Thomas.

66. Livona pica Linn.

67. Chlorostoma maculostriatum C. B. Ad. St. Thomas.
68. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. St. Kitts.

69. Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. St. Kitts.

70. Chlorostoma excavatum Lam.

71. Chlorostoma sp. St. Kitts.

72. Fissurella (Cremides) nimbosa Linn.

73. Fissurella (Cremides) nodosa Bom.

74. Fissurella (Cremides) barbadensis Gmel.

75. Glyphis listeri VOrb. St. Thomas.

76. Glyphis alternata Say.

77. Subemarginula octoradiata Gmel. St. Thomas.

78. Acmea cubensis Rve. Barbados.
9. Acmeza candeana d’orb. St. Kitts.
80. Acmeza punctulata Lam. St. Thomas.
81. Lepidopleurus pectinatus Say. Barbados.
82. Lepidopleurus productus Rve. St. Thomas.
3. Lophyrus marmoratus Chem.
84. Lophyrus squamosus Linn. and vars.
85. Lophyrus fasciatus Wood.
86. Lophyrus assimilis Rve.
87. Lophyrus ? viridis Spengl. St. Thomas.
88. Acanthopleura piceus Gmel.
89. Atlanta peronti Les. Surface N. A. Ocean.
90. Oxygyrus keraudrenti Rang. Surface N. A. Ocean.
91. Bulla striata Brug. St. Thomas.
92. Aplysia sp. St. Thomas.
93. Aplysia sp. St. Thomas.
94. Streptaxis deformis Fér. Bridgetown.
95. Hyalinia incisa Pfr. St. Kitts.
96. Hyalinia indentatus Say. Pensacola, Fla.
97. Helix (Microphysa) vertex Pfr. St. Thomas.
98. Helix (Microphysa) subaquila Shuttl. Barbados.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Helix (Microphysa) sincera ad. Long Mt.
Helix (Microphysa) perdepressa ad. Long Mt.
Helix (Sagda) jayanard. Long Mt.

Helix (Deedalochila) pustula Fer. Pensacola, Fla.
Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say var. Mobiliana Lea. Pensacola.
Helix (Doreasia) similaris Fer. Bridgetown.
Helix (Lucerna) sinuata Mill. Long Mt. dead spec.
Helix (Lucerna) acuta Lam. var. lamarckii Fer. Long Mt.
Bulimus oblongus Mull. Barbados.

Bulimulus multifasciatus Lam. St. Kitts.
Bulimulus exiles Gmel.

Amphibulima patula Brug. St. Kitts.

Orthalicus undatus Brug. Rockfort, Jam.
Orthalicus zebra Mull. Bridgetown.

Stenogyra beckiana Pfr. Bridgetown.

Stenogyra octona Ad.

Stenogyra subula Pfr. Long Mt.

Stenogyra octonoides Ad. Bridgetown.

Stenogyra leviusculus Ad. Jamaica.

Cylindrella brevis Pfr. Long Mt.

Cylindrella minuda Ad. Long Mt.

Succinea augustior Ad. Rockfort.

Succinea barbadensis Pfr. Bridgetown.

Succinea approximans Shuttl. St. Thomas.
Succinea sp. St. Kitts.

Melampus pusillus? Gmel. St. Kitts.

Pedipes mirabilis Muh]. Bathsheba and St. Kitts.
Physa jamaicensis Ad. St. Thomas.

Macoma constricta Burg. St. Kitts.

Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmel. St. Kitts.
Donax denticulatus Linn. St. Kitts.

Venus cancellata Chem. St. Thomas.

Venus granulata Gmel. St. Thomas.

Chama lazarus Linn. St. Thomas.

Lucina trigerina L.

Arca gradata Brod.

Arca nor D’Orb. St. Thomas.

Arca fusca Brug. Yg. of St. Thomas.

Arca barbata Linn. Ye. of St. Kitts.

Mytilus exustus Linn.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

159. Perna alatus Gmel.

140. Lima scabra Born. St. Kitts.

141. Semele decussata Gray. St. Thomas.
142. Semele orbiculataSay. St. Thomas.

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF AGRIOLIMAX
AGRESTIS (L.)

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

As this species is now quite extensively naturalized in America,
and varies considerable, it is of interest to ascertain what varieties
exist on this continent, and whether they are identical with those of
Europe. The following table has been prepared as a guide to the
identification of the more usual forms. In some cases varietal
names have been interpreted rather more widely than used by their
original authors, but a certain amount of modification must be
allowed under varietal groupings, just as examples of a species must
be admitted to diverge from the original type.

A. Without Spots.

(1) Ashy or pale ochreous” - - - - - *typicus Less & Poll.
(2) Reddish-ochre - - - - - - rufescens Less & Poll.
(3) Reddish-ochre above, white beneath . - *succineus Westerlund.
(4) Yellowish-amber, tentacles bluish-brown - - xanthosoma Fischer.
(5) Purplish or lilac-brown - - - - - - Zilacinus Mogq.
(6) Grey, rather dark - - - - - - - - griseus Ckll.
(7) Greyish-white, mantle darker - - - - - ctneraceus Moq.
(8) Whitish or nearly white - - - - - - *albidus Picard.
(9) Albino - - - - - - - - - - albus Cll.
(10) Very dark brown - - - - - - - - tristis Moq.
(11) Black - - - - - - - . - niger Butterell.
B. Spotted or blotched.
(12) With numerous black or blackish points - - - punctatus Picard.
(18) With grey or blackish mottling - ' *sylvaticus Moq. (non Drap.)

(14) Often reddish; spots blackish, inclining to reticulation on body
*reticulatus Moq.
(15) Grey, with black spots or mottling, tentacles fuscous *varians Westerlund.
(16) Grey, with black markings tending to coalesce, tentacles dark
. nigricans Westerlund.
(17) Reddish-ochre, with obscure brownish mottling or brown spots.
*obscurus Moq.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

The varieties marked with an asterisk have been found in Amer-
ica. I have seen no American varieties that differ at all from those
of Europe. Vars. sylvaticus, varians and succineus were sent to me
by Mr. H. F. Wickham, who collected them at Portland, Oregon.
This is, I believe, the first record of the species from the Pacific
coast, but Mr. W. G. Binney informs me that he has ZL. agrestis
from San Francisco.

NOTES AND EXCHANGES.

WESTERN RANGE OF BytHINIA TENTACULATA.—This intro-
duced European species is rapidly spreading in America, having
already invaded a large part of Canada and New York. It has
recently been found by Wm. H. DeCamp, M. D., in Black Lake,
Ottawa Co., Michigan. Dr. DeCamp has deposited specimens in
the collection of the American Association of, Conchologists.

HELIX ASPERSA IN CALIFORNIA.—Apropos of the remarks in
the August Nautilus on Prof. R. E. Stearns’ “ List,” recording this
snail from Puebla, Mexico, reminds me that I have some fine speci-
mens of Helix (Pomatia) aspersa, collected in a garden in the city
of San Jose, Santa Clara County, California, some twelve years ago;
they were doubtless introduced by some of the European resi-
dents of that place. Lorenzo G. Yates, Santa Barbara, Cal., Sept.
1891.

ExcHANGE.—W hat am I offered in exchange for a collection of
California Land, Fresh-water and Marine shells containing 65
species and numbering 130 specimens? Have plenty of duplicate
sets of the above collection. Address, Williard M. Wood, C. C.,
2817 Clay Street, San Francisco, Cal.

DR. GEORGE HEWSTON
Diep Sept. 4, 1891.

Dr. George Hewston, well-known to most American conchologists
for his great interest in shells, died Sept. 4, at his residence, 1132
Sutter street, San Francisco, California, from Bright’s disease of
the kidneys. He was born at Philadelphia on Sept. 11, 1826,

72 THE NAUTILUS.

graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and for a short
period was demonstrator of anatomy in the Philadelphia College
of Medicine. Dr. Hewston removed to San Francisco in 1860 and
has practiced medicine there ever since. In addition he served one
term as a member of the Board of Supervisors and at the time of
his death was second Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences
and Past Grand Master of Apollo Lodge, Independent Order of
Odd Fellows. Dr. Hewston was for many vears an enthusiastic
collector and student of shells. Several species discovered by him
bear hisname. Dr. Hewston leaves a widow, two sons and daughter,
as well as a large circle of friends and correspondents to mourn his
loss.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY oF Missourr. By F. A.
Sampson. Published by the Geological Survey of Missouri. Mr.
Sampson has given to the compilation of this bibliography the labor
of several years. The result, an 8vo. of 178 pages, leaves little to
be desired, and will be found indispensable to the student of the
geology or paleontology of Missouri. Under each title, a brief
résumé of the contents, or list of species described in each publica-
tion, is given. The amount of investigation and labor required for
the production of such a volume can be appreciated only by those
who have attempted similar projects. Mr. Sampson is to be con-
gratulated upon the completion of his work—H. A. P.

List oF SHELLS CoLLECTED ON THE West Coast OF SOUTH
AmeERIcA, etc. (From Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus. xiv, pp. 307-339).
By Robt. E. C. Stearns, Adjunct Curator, Dept. of Moll., U. 8. Nat.
Mus. <A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the distribu-
tion of West American mollusks, with critical notes in Dr. Stearns
inimitable style. A new species, Tectarius atyphus, from Manta,
Equador, is named but not described —H. A. P.

te IN Ae US:

VoL. v. NOVEMBER, 1891. No. 7

A BYSSUS IN UNIO.

BY DR. VY. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

In the early morning of Oct. 2nd, while collecting “ mussels” in
the Tuscarawas river, I found a young specimen of Unio ligamentinus
Lam., 27 mill. long, with a thread-like byssus 8 inches long, at the
distal end attached to a smallstone of about 8 mill. diameter. The
whole thing was wound up, wrapped in a paper and put in the
pocket. Several hours later, when I had time to look at it, the
thread was dry, brittle, and broke, becoming detached from the stone.
Thus the object was put in water with some glycerine and carbolic
acid, for microscopic examination, for which I found leisure two
days later.

The thread was now rather dark-brown in coloration, while, when
fresh, it had shown different shades from horn color to light-brown ;
as far as seen in the shell—4-5 mill_—it still was colorless. Irregularly
eylindric or somewhat flattened, it had a diameter varying from
0:18-0:26 mill. The distal end, where it had been attached to the
stone, was flattened and split into several irregular flat filaments,
while the proximal end, which now slipped out of the shell as soon
as I laid hold on it with the pincers, was thickened to ashort bulb of
0:42 mill. in diameter.

The inner or main part of this byssus is composed of hundreds of
finest fibres, of different diameters from about 0:0015-0:007 ; but
many of them still show more or less distinct longitudinal striation.
Eyen at the proximal or bulb end I could not see any other forma-
tion. Outside of this cord of fibres there is a cortical layer of a

74 THE NAUTILUS.

different structure; it shows a somewhat irregular, more or less
oblique and waving, but in general transverse, i. e. circular stria-
tion. These undulations are almost everywhere of two different
kinds; larger, averaging in width from 0°01 to 0°022 mill., and
smaller, between them, about 0°004, also only 0-007 mill. In many
places the two systems are not distinct, and in others the undulations
are mingled with similar figures of quite irregular form and distribu-
tion. On the youngest part, that is the inner end near the bulb,
there is nothing of this transverse striation, but in its place a
rather thick layer of spindle cells of about 0-006 mill. diameter,
more or less transversely arranged, which become the longer and
narrower as they are farther from the bulb, and it is evident that
the circular striation is derived from these cells. Some acetic acid
added brought to appearance the endoplasts (nuclei) in some of the
cells, but not very distinctly; probably the object was not fresh
enough.

It is to be expected that more such specimens will be found, also
of other species of Unionide; for U. ligamentinus is hardly the only
one to have a byssus long after the embryonic stage. And some
points, in which my examination was not sufficient, may then be
better ascertained.

CRITICAL NOTES ON EASTERN TEXAS UNIONIDZE.
IBYs Hi. VAS PILSBRY.

A collection of Uniones lately obtained by the writer from Mr.
W. L. McDaniel of Tyler, Texas, has given new localities for a
number of species, as well as occasion for notes on their synonyms
and relationships.

The species of the southern Mississippi River, described originally
from Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, will mostly be found in
eastern Texas, and constitute nearly the entire naiad fauna of that
region. There are besides these, a few forms common to the whole
Mississippi drainage, and found also in the Alabama basin, and a
few peculiar to Texas and Mexico, the latter becoming more and
more numerous as we travel southward.

Most of the characteristically Texan species belong to Mississippi
River types, a circumstance which first struck me when working up

THE NAUTILUS. 75

the Uniones collected by myself in Texas, during two visits some
years ago.

In the matter of synonyms I have mentioned only such indispu-
table facts as have forced themselves to my notice while identifying
the specimens in hand. Far more extensive name duplication
exists in many cases.

It has been obvious to me for years that Lea’s system of sections
founded on contour, for the classification of Unionide, is hopelessly
and radically wrong. It builds up false groups in about nine cases
out of ten. Lea doubtless knew this as well as we, intending his
system merely to be a convenient working guide. In this case, as
in most others, the natural system will supercede the artificial, as it
will, when well worked up, be found vastly more convenient.

One of the main characters of the new system will be the sculpture
of the beaks, which is greatly varied in the different types, and
remarkably constant specifically. The importance of collecting
young with old specimens cannot be too strongly impressed upon the
field naturalist. The character of being winged over the hinge-
ligament is of minor importance. Lea’s alate group including a
number of very diverse types.

Among the more prominent groups represented in the collection
here commented on, are the group of U. plicatus; the group of U.
parvus (including parvus, Bealei, Texasensis, Sayi, camptodon, etc.,
etce.); the group of U. pustulosus, (including Houstonensis, and
nodiferus below, and a number of northern species); the group of
U. alatus Gneluding purpuratus, ulatus, levissimus, etc., etc.)

The species are as follows:

U. plicatus Les. Leon Cr., Lee Co., Texas. Conimon and
typical at least as far south as the Colorado River at Austin.

U, trapezoides Lea. Sabine River, Shelby Co., and Neches River
near Tyler, Texas. Say’s name interruptus has priority, despite
Lea’s assertion to the contrary, but it had better be dropped on
account of the earlier interruptus of Rafinesque, Conrad, et al.

U. perplicatus Conrad. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler,
Texas. Apparently distinct from the numerous plicate Uniones
of Texas, many of which are mere varieties.

U. Chunii Lea. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler, Texas.
Belongs to the trigonus group, but is far less angular. It is very
variable.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

U. castaneus Lea. Neches River near Tyler, Texas. A compact
little shell, described originally from Alabama. Specimens from
“ Ouichita, Kansas” are also before me. Mr. Simpson called my
attention to the identity of these specimens with the Alabama
species.

U. Houstonensis Lea. West Yegua Creek, Lee Co., Texas. A
smooth species of the U. pustulosus group. It is somewhat allied to
U. petrinus Gld., an unfigured species of which U. Bollii Call is a
synonym.

U. nodiferus Conrad. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler,
Texas. Lea unites this with his Schoolcraftii, but it is apparently as
distinct as most of the pustulosus group.

U.asper Lea. Kickapoo Creek, Henderson Co., and Neches River
at Tyler, Texas. This Janus looks on one side toward apiculatus
Say, and on the other in the direction of Jachrymosus Lea and
fragosus Con. Some queer episodes will sometime be revealed in the
family history of the “ apiculatide.” The mingling of blood has
been something scandalous.

U. tuberculatus Barnes. Neches River near Tyler, Texas. Some
specimens have the tubercles arranged very distinctly in V-shaped
rows, as in Unio apiculatus Say. In fact, tuberculatus belongs to
this same group, despite its different contour. This shell is found
throughout the Mississippi (including Ohio and Missouri) drainages,
as well as in the Alabama River. Some southern specimens have
the nacre pink, a character I have never observed in Northern
shells.

U. Berlandierii Lea. Colorado River near Austin. This is very
closely allied to U. Tampicoensis and U. Tecomatensis of Lea.
Belongs to the group of U. crassidens Lam.

U. purpuratus Lam. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler,
Texas. Stands between alatus and coloradoensis. Lea gives the
correct synonymy.

U. Hydianus Lea. Kickapoo Creek, Henderson Co.; Neches
River near Tyler, and Texarkana, Texas. An apparently distinet
species of the /uteolus type. Varies in color from black to yellow
or red rayed with green. The males and females are notably dis-
similar in form, as in U. luteolus, etc. Compare U. approximus
Lea.

U. Bealei Lea. Near Forney, Texas. Closely allied to U. Texas-
ensis Lea, but the teeth are much more compressed.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

U. Texasensis Lea. Wimberly Lake, Lee Co., Texas. Allied to
U. parvus, U. Bealei, ete. Lea’s U. Bairdianus is a synonym.

U. Sayi Tappan. Texarkana, Texas. Allied to camptodon, but
easily separable from the types of that species. U. subcroceus Con.
seems to be the same.

U. camptodon Say. Water works reservoir, Tyler, Texas. I do
not propose to go into the tremendous and involved synonymy of
this member of the U. parvus group. Typically the camptodon is
distinguished by the form of the hinge-line, which is decidedly
curved under the beaks. Forms very similar are found from the
Ohio River to East Texas and to Florida.

U. declivis Say. Sabine River, Shelby Co., Texas. More angular
posteriorly than U. symmetricus. U. geometricus of Leais asynonym,
as Lea himself ascertained,

U. symmetricus Lea. A species allied to declivis Say, but less
angular. It has much the general appearance of the common
eastern U. complanatus. The synonymy of symmetricus includes U.
porrectus Conrad, U. manubius Gould, and (according to Mr.
Simpson) U. Jamesianus Lea. Mr. Simpson kindly compared spec-
imens with the types of symmetricus, confirming my identification.
The localities are Blackfork Creek, near Tyler, Texarkana, and
West Yegua Creek, Lee Co., Texas.

U. subrostratus Say var. Rutersvillensis Lea. Texarkana;
Wimberly Lake, Lee Co., Texas. The extensive synonymy of this
species has been worked out by Prof. R. E. Call, (Bull. Washb.
Lab.)

U. anodontoides Lea. Blackfork Creek near Tyler; West Yegua
Creek, Lee Co., Texas. Exhibits no variation from the common
Mississippi and Ohio River types.

Anodonta Stewartiana Lea. Neches River near Tyler. Belongs
to the A. corpulenta group. A. virens Lea is probably a synonym,
and H. Linneana Lea is closely allied.

ON THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF UNIO RADIATUS
AND UNIO LUTEOLUS.

BY GEO. W. DEAN, KENT, OHIO.

In the September Nauritus, Rev. W. M. Beauchamp has the
following queries: ‘Can any one point out an invariable feature

78 THE NAUTILUS.

distinguishing Unio radiatus and luteolus? The distinctions do
very well for some, but to others they seem a good deal mixed.
Has not every collector some which he has not named?”

After long familiarity with /uteolus in many streams and reservoirs
and having several suites of radiatus from different localities, and
seeing it plentiful in the Susquehanna River at Muncy, Pa., the
thought has not come to me that they were even closely related; nor
do I think they are. Sometimes there is an indescribable something
plainly discernible to the eye of an expert that separates species,
but there is no such difficult or intangible distinction in this case
and I think I can make the distinctions plain to Mr. Beauchamp.

I can emphatically say that I have nothing at all like either species
that is not easily named.

As a first distinction I give the form of the female of luteolus which
at maturity becomes very broad and inflated at the posterior end and
truncated, while forward it remains narrow and very small, com-
paratively. This characteristic I have not seen in radiatus and do
not think it exists. The difference between the male and female is
so great in Juteolus that Anthony thought them distinct and gave to
the male the name of U. distans.

Another and very marked difference is in the epidermis. In
luteolus it is, in its perfect state, polished and hard as glass, giving
to the radiating stripes a distinctness rarely seen in the genus.
While the lines of growth in radiatus are very much larger, giving
the surface to the naked eye more the appearance of velvet or fine
plush also giving to the radiating stripes a corresponding dimness.
Of course these distinctions in the epidermis come out only in cleaned
shells or young specimens naturally clean; they would not be
noticed in mature shells as taken from the water. But even in this
state I should readily distinguish either species as it came to the
light. If there is such a thing as an intermediate specimen, I
should like to see it and would agree to put it in the right place at
sight.

As a third distinction, the range of color in the nacre of radiatus
is very great, whilst in /uteolus, as far as I have seen, it is uniformly
light-blue. I have heard of /uteolus with pink nacre but have never
seen one. I do not know either whether these two species are ever
found together.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

A NEW JAPANESE LIMPET.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the pages of the Naurr~us some months ago, the writer
described a new species .of Patella collected in Japan by Mr.
Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Mich. It was with great surprise that
still another large and apparently undescribed species was received,
in a recent sending from the same source.

The new species, which it is proposed to call PATELLA BONINENSIS,
was seen and purchased by Mr. Stearns at the Third National
Exhibition at Tokyo, in 1890. It belongs to the subgenus Heleion-
iscus, as far as shell-characters enable one to judge.

The shell is large (90-100 mm. in length, 40 in alt.), solid, erectly
conical, of a somewhat soiled buff color. It is sculptured with from
48-53 riblets, which vary from crenulated to markedly tubercular.
The interior has a snow-white muscle-scar, surrounded by a broad
brown zone, outside of which there is a silvery zone of equal width,
the extreme edge being narrowly bordered with brownish or yellow.
The central callus is creamy with a dark border of umber-brown.
From each of the lateral angles of the ‘“ head-piece” of the central
spatula, diverges a brown streak.

The nearest ally of this species is apparently the Patella nigri-
squamata of Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, vol. 8, pl. 2, figs. 3a,
3b, a species reported by Reeve from Australia, but of which I have
specimens from the Province of Concepcion, Chili. Reeve’s species
differs in having the central spatula of the interior constantly much
smaller, haying no diverging streaks, etc.

The Japanese know this species as Yome-gaisara or “ Bride-cup
shell.”

The species of Patella now known from Japan may be tabulated
as follows:

Shell more or less silvery or tridescent inside (Helcioniscus.)
Conical, having about 50 strong, close, elevated riblets, alternating or subequal
[in size.
Large, light buff; border of the inside narrow, yellowish, P. Boninensis Pils.
Variegated with brown; border of the inside conspicuously black-blotched,
P. Stearnsit Pils.

Conical, having several smaller riblets in each interval between the larger ribs,

P. pallida Gld.
Ribs fine or obsolete.

Solid, with radiating dark lines; spatula brown or orange; ribs obsolete,
P. nigrolineata Rve.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Thin, with very finely beaded riblets or strize, P. amussitata Rve.

Thin, with very fine strize, not beaded, P. toreuma Rve.
Shell porcellanous inside, opaque, not iridescent (Scutellastra.)

Depressed, having strong irregular ribs, P. stelleformis Rve.

[ComMMUNICATED. ]

DONATIONS TO UNITED STATES COLLECTION.

Owing to illness in Mr. Campbell’s family, he was unable for
several months, to pay much attention to the United States Collec-
tion, but since September 10th, work has been fully resumed and
the collection is making its usual rapid strides. It would be im-
possible in the limited spaced granted to us in the Nautiius to
acknowledge all the shells sent since the date of the last acknowl-
edgment, but the following will give an idea of them.

I. Greegor, Jacksonville, Fla.—
Ranella Californica, Hinds; Oliva litterata, Lam. and Nassa vibex, Say.
F. E. Blanes. Key West, Fla.—

An interesting lot of Key West Shells including Marginella guitata, Dillw.,
and pellucida, Pfr.; Cyprzea cinerea, Gmel.; Olivella nivea, Gmel. and
floralia, Duclos; Natica lactea, Guild, and canrena, Linn.; Ianthina com-
munis, Lam.; Nerita tessellata, Gmel. and versicolor, Linn; Glyphis listeri,
D’Orb.; Astralium longispinum, Lam.; Murex Salleanus, Adams; Conus
verrucosus, Hwass; Strophia incana, Binney; Helix cereolus, Miihl. and
numerous others.

Prof. Josiah Keep, Mills College, Cal.—

Punctum conspectum, Bld. and Pedicularia Californica, Newc.

H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.—

Helix Kcemeri, Pfr.; Corbula undifera, Meek, cretaceous of Wyoming.
J. J. White, Palm Beach, Fla.—

A number of marine species from Lake Worth, Fla. including Arca Noe,
Linn. ; Columbella mercatoria, Linn. ; Cassis sulcosa, Born; Ovulum gibbosum,
Linn.; Astralium tuber, Linn.; Iphigenia Brasiliana, Lam. and Echinella
nodulosa, Pfr.

W. S. Teator, Upper Red Hook, N. Y.—

More than 30 species of land and fresh-water shells, including Helix pulchella,
monodon, labyrinthica, palliata and hirsuta; Succinea obliqua, avara, ovalis
aurea; Limnzea humilis, columella, palustris and catascopium; Zonites
fuliginosus and nitidus; Planorbis bicarinatus and campanulatus. The
Succinea obliqua Say are magnificent specimens, the largest we have ever
seen, and beautifully cleaned.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Chas. LeRoy Wheeler, Cape May, N. J.—
Purpura hemastoma, Linn., dredged at Cape May, not known there hitherto
and the largest specimens we have seen; Venus mercenaria, Linn.; Modiola
modiolus, Linn.

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia, Pa.—

Pholas Pacifica, Stearns ; Unio ligamentinus, Lam.; Tellina Gouldii, Cpr.

Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U. S. N., Philadelphia, Pa.—

Atlanta Peronii, Les.; Xylotrya fimbriata, Jeff.; Oxygyrus Keraudrenii,
Rang; Litiopa bombya, Kien.; and a fine series of Pteropoda, including
Hyalzea limbata, tridentata, longirostris, gibbosa and labiosa ; Cleodora pyra-
midata, Lessonii and spinifera; Cuvieria columella, Rang and Diacria tri-
spinosa, Les.

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.—
Fasciolaria gigantea, Kiener, (a real giant) ; Oliva idonea, Conr. (Miocene) ;
Oliva araneosa, Lam.; Strombus costatus, Gmel.; Terebratella Sayii, Morton
(cretaceous, N. J.)

Geo. T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis.—
A suite of the finest and largest Limnzea megasoma Say we have ever seen,
(Oconto, Wis.)

Dr. J. J. Brown, Sheboygan, Wis.—
Unio Canadensis, Lake Ellen, Wis.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia, Pa.—

A fine lot of recent and fossil shells from Florida and Md., including the
Fulgur described by Prof. Heilprin as rapum, Heilpr.; Fulgur contrarium,
Conrad (Pliocene); Arca plicatura, Conrad (Pliocene) ; Arcaidonea, Conrad
(Miocene) ; Fasciolaria scalarina, Conrad (Pliocene) ; Mitra lineolata, Heilpr.
(Pliocene); Panopzea Americana, Conrad (Miocene); Panopza Floridana,
Heilpr. (Pliocene); Acanthopleura picea, Gmel.; Melampus coffeus, Linn. ;
Helix varians, Mke.; Cardita Floridana, Conr.; Perna ephippium, Lam.;
Conus proteus, Hwass; Avicula alaperdicis, Reeve.

Dr. Wm. H. De Camp, Grand Rapids, Mich.—

Goniobasis livescens, Mke. (a fine series showing varieties) ; Goniobasis
depygis, gracilior and brevispira; Planorbis bicarinatus, Say ; Anodonta sub-
gibbosa, Anth.; Physa integra, Hald.

Henry A. Ward, Rochester, N. Y.—

Spondylus princeps (fine large, white specimen.)
John Shallcross, Philadelphia, Pa.—

Spondylus princeps (fine large, red specimen.)
Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University, Cal.—

Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.; Chlorostoma ligulatum, Mke.; Helix Traskii,
Newc.; Scalaria Hindsii, Cpr.; Bittium armillatum, Cpr. (Post-pliocene) ;

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Margarita lirulata, Cpr. (Post-Pliocene) ; Mytilus ungulatus, Linn.; Macoma
nasuta, Conr.; Donax flexuosus, Gould; Solen rosaceus, Cpr.; Acmza
Spectrum, Nuttall; two very interesting specimens of Haliotis Cracherodii,
Leach, showing pink iridescent tints inside; and others.

Chas. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa.—
Triton Oregonensis, Redf.; Arca ponderosa, Say and Americana, Gray;
Lithophagus appendiculata, Linn.; Ancylus filosus, Conr.; Alexia myosotis.
Drap. and a magnificient specimen of Turbinella regina, Heilprin, from the
Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida.

Rev. H. W. Winkley, Saco, Maine.—

Lacuna vincta, Turton; Nucula proxima, Say; Margarita helicina, Fabr. ;
Melampus lineatus, Say; Murgaritana margaritifera, Linn.; Limnzea desid-
iosa Say—all fine specimens.

Total to date 329 genera, 706 species, 855 trays. (Hight large
display cases are already devoted to the collection.)

All of the above have been mounted and placed in the collection.
Others have yet to be mounted and will be announced in future.
Owing to the rapid growth of the collection, it would be well for
members, wishing to contribute to the collection, to send lists in
advance to the President of the Association and he will check offthe
species already received and thus avoid duplicating.

All shells should be addressed to John H. Campbell, care of
Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Streets, Philadelphia,
where he and his Philadelphia associate members assemble once a
week, to superintend the naming, preparation and placing of them in
the collection.

NOTES AND EXCHANGES.

Aw ExcHanGe Cotumn will be opened in our next number.
Subscribers wishing to exchange shells may insert their notices free,
the limit of length being 40 words.

Mr. C. W. Jonnson, Business Manager of THe Nauritus, has
been collecting fossils in the Carolinas for the past several weeks.

Nore on FissuRELLA picta Gmel. In looking over the plates
of Martyn’s beautiful book, Universal Conchology, (London, 1784),
I noticed on plate 64 a splendid figure of the above-mentioned
species, under the name Patella personata. All authors seem to
have overlooked this figure heretofore, including myself, for I had
not seen it when I called the species picta in the Manual of Con-

THE NAUTILUS. 83

chology, xii, p. 144. There remains now nothing to do but to restore
Martyn’s name to this fine shell—H. A. Pilsbry.

TESTACELLA 1N PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Robert Walton has found
during the summer, the European Testacella maugei Fér. ina green-
house at Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia. From their being so
numerous and the green-house an old one in which no new plants
have been introduced for some years, we would infer that they have
been living there for some time. The specimens brought by Mr.
Walton were from very small to extra large ones—C. W. Johnson.

NEw SPECIES OF SHELLS.—At the regular meeting of the Academy.
of Nat. Sci. of Phila., Tuesday Nov. 3, Mr. Pilsbry offered descrip-
tions of and remarks on the following new species of West Indian
land shells; Choanopoma caymenensis, a shell having the general
form and characters of C. newtoni Shutt., 5 whorls remaining ;
sutures impressed, remotely beaded, whorls encircled by spaced, un-
equal spiral lirze, the longitudinal strize very close, every 8th one on
the body-whorl stronger ; light-yellowish, having zigzag longitudinal
chestnut streaks. Umbilicus moderate, lip formed as in C. newtoni,
except that the columellar edge is fluted. Alt. 16, diam. 9 mm.,
alt. of apert. 6 mm.; measured outside peristome. Caynem Is.

Helix xanthophaés, the smallest known species of Hemitrochus,
measuring only, alt. 67, diam. 8mm. It is subglobose, obtusely
carinated, narrowly rimate. Whorls 4. Surface shining, striat-
ulate. Obliquely streaked with reddish-chestnut on a pale, yellowish
ground, with or without a dark peripheral zone, bordered below
with light. Locality Inagua. Helix (Plagioptycha) Maynardi,
allied to H. Brownii Pilsbry, but not carinated, having thread-like
strize, banded with chestnut above the periphery, and having numer-
ous lighter brown bands above and below. Umbilicus nearly covered
by the reflexed baso-columellar lip, which has a heavy callus
within. Alt. 8, diam.133 mm. Bahamas.

ParuLa CoopeRl, sInistTRAL.—Mr. Leslie M. Cockerell, writing
from Norwood, San Miguel Co., Colorado, informs us that he has
found a sinistral specimen of the above. This is a rare malforma-
tion in America, but it occurs more frequently in P. cooperi than in
most species, as several cases are on record.—H. A. P.

ReEcENT CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE.—Mr. R. B. Newton, in
the Systematic list of British Oligocene and Eocene Mollusca, London,
1891, has made a number of changes in generic nomenclature, the
principal of which are as follows:

84 THE NAUTILUS.

For Pecturculus Lam. 1799, is substituted Avinea Poli, 1795.

For Hindsia Desh. 1858 (not of A. Ad., 1853) is substituted
Hindsiella Stol.

For Cyprina Lam. 1818, is substituted Arctica Schum, 1817.

For Terebellum Lam. (not of Linn.) is substituted Seraphs Montf.

For Triton Montf. (not of Linn.) is substituted Lampusia Schum.,
1817.

For Pteronotus Swains. 1840 (not Gray, 1838) is substituted Tri-
plex Humph., 1797.

For Leiostoma Swains. 1840 (not Lacépéde, 1802) is substituted
Sycum Bayle.

For Lampania Gray, 1847, is substituted Batillaria Bens., 1842.

For Pomatias Hartm. 1821 (not Studer, 1789) is substituted
Hartmannia Newton, 1891.

For Proserpina Sowb. 1839 (not Hiibn., 1816) is substituted
Despena Newton, 1891.

For Cylichna Loven, 1846 (not Burm., 1844) is substituted
Bulinella Newton, 1891.

A portion of these changes may prove unnecessary, as in the case
of Proserpina, where Mr. Newton’s new name must be suppressed in
favor of one of the several subgeneric names already proposed under
Proserpina. Some others hang upon such preoccupation as Cyprinus
for Cyprina, and it is still doubtful whether these should be con-
sidered equivalent as names. A further review of the work will
appear later.

IN THE ADDUTOR MUSCLES OF UNtIoNID®.—The newly formed
parts, anterior, and posterior, are easily distinguished from the
older parts by their coloration, being lighter, even whitish. This is
found most marked in spring and early summer when new growth
is going on rapidly; but also in fall I have seen it in different
species—Dr. V. Sterki. ;

_ Iy Evrops, a sMALu Fisu, Rhodeus amarus, is known to deposit
her eggs, by means of a long, flexible ovipositor, through the mantle
opening, in the cavity of fresh-water mussels, Anodonta, where they
are hatched, and remain until developed sufficiently to live without
protection. Is anything like this known from our continent >—By
the way, we know that young Unionide attach themselves on the
fins, etc. of fishes, after leaving the branchial uteri of their mothers.
But observations of this kind are, probably, seldom made, and it
would be of value to report on each instance observed. Malacologists
living in the neighborhood of fisheries could do good work in this
direction.— Dr. V. Sterki.

ee N MeTILUS.

VOL. Vv. DECEMBER, 1891. No. 8.

ACMZA CANDEANA VS. ACMZA ANTILLARUM.

BY HH. A. PIESBRY.

So difficult a group are the limpets that their nomenclature has
been in a condition little better than chaotic from the earliest times.
Years ago the West American species were studied by CARPENTER,
whose genius reduced them to comparative order. It was, however,
left for DALL to point out, with penetrating insight, their generic
relationships.

The species of the Gulf of Mexico have never been studied with
the same facilities as those of West America. Dall, in his ‘ Blake’
Report, enumerates the forms he had seen, with critical notes on
their nomenclature; and the writer has this year given a somewhat
elaborate account, founded upon the specimens in the Philadelphia
Academy and the Smithsonian Institution collections.

In the case of A. Candeana however, the earliest publication of
the species, under the name Lofttia Antillarum, has been overlooked
by all. In this case, as elsewhere, we can only find safety amid the
flood of conflicting names, by taking our stand upon the solid rock
of priority.

Sowerby’s figure of Lottia Antillarum is an excellent and char-
acteristic picture of this species in its finest development.

The synonymy will stand as follows:

Lottia Antillarum SowerRBy, Genera of Shells, fig. 4. (Issued
before 1831.)

Lottia Antillarum Sowrersy, A Concholog. Manual, p. 59, fig.
251, 1859. (A somewhat different color-form.)

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Lottia Antillarum Sowb., Reeve, Conchol. System., pl. exxxvii,
f. 4 (printed from same plate as Sowerby’s Genera) 1842.

Patella tenera C. B. ApAms, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8 (1845).

Patella tenera Ad., REEVE, Conch. Icon. fig. 104.

Patella Candeana Ors., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 199, atlas pl. 25,
figs. 1-3.

Aemea Candeana Orb., DAL, Catal. Mar. Moll. 8. E. U. S., p.
159.

Acmea Candeana Orb., Prrspry, Manual of Conchology, xiii, p.
38, pl. 5, figs. 91-95, and pl. 42, figs. 92-95.

? Patella (Acmea ?) elegans Putiipr1, Abbild. u. Beschreib. iii,
p. 34, Patella p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1846).

? Not P. antillarum Sowb., Purirprr, Abbild. iii, Patella pl. 2,
fig. 12.

Acmea Antillarum is found throughout the West Indies, from the
Bahamas and Southwest Florida to Tobago.

NOTES ON UNIONIDE.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

The November number of the Nauritus seems to be devoted
mostly to Unios, and to me is an exceedingly interesting issue.

Lea’s classification of the Unionide was almost wholly an artifi-
cial one, and I believe he instituted it for convenience in working,
just as Linnzeus founded the artificial system of classification in
botany. Both these great pioneers in science recognized the natural
systems, and probably used these as makeshifts. All through the
latter part of his writings, Dr. Lea acknowledged the fact that the
Unionide were divisible into natural groups. To some capable
student of the future is reserved the task of determining these
groups and assigning the species to them. The accomplishment
of this will be well worth a working lifetime of careful and honest
study.

Mr. Geo. W. Dean claims to be able at sight, to refer to its
proper species any specimen of either Unio luteolus or radiatus. I
confess that this is more than I can do, and I have handled many
thousands of specimens of both, collected from the entire territory
inhabited by these familiar forms. The distinguishing features

THE NAUTILUS. 87

given by Mr. Dean are excellent. There is generally that intangi-
ble something which is apparent to the experienced eye by which
they may be separated, a difference more particularly in the texture
of the epidermis than anything else; but even this difference is not
always visible to my eyes, and I have handled many specimens that
were so puzzling and close that I have been obliged to ask, “‘ Where
did they come from?” before ] even dared to guess what they were.

Generally /uteolus is solider, more inflated, wider posteriorly and
narrower anteriorly, as well as smoother than radiatus, but not
always. A specimen of radiatus in Dr. Lea’s collection from Lake
Champlain, collected by Dr. Ingalls (Museum No. 85035), is very
solid, and as much inflated as U. hydianus, is narrow before, and
broad behind, and can only be distinguished from Juteolus by the
color and texture of the epidermis.

It was one of the great objects of Dr. Lea in making his collection,
to get material from all the different parts of the territory through
which the species were distributed, to get all the variations possible,
and carefully preserve the name of the collector, and the record of
the place in which they were obtained. Had he never done any-
thing more than get together in this way this unequalled collection
—requiring, as it did, the educating and training of a corps of able
assistants in various parts of the world—he would have deserved
the gratitude of students of conchology for all time to come.

In this collection are varieties of radiatus of every possible form,
from a great number of localities; they vary from flattened and
almost lenticular, to oval, quadrate, elongated, obovate and inflated.
One of these shells from Newton Creek, N. J. (85058) which is
labelled Unio radiatus, has a smooth yellowish epidermis, save
when eroded, and I should unhesitatingly pronounce it M. luteolus
if it had come from Ohio or Indiana.

Are luteolus and radiatus ever found together? From the fol-
lowing table it will be seen that although U. luteolus is a Mississippi
drainage species, and radiatus belongs to the waters that flow into
the Atlantic, the habitats of these species considerably overlap.
This last includes only a few of the localities of specimens in the
Lea collection.

Unio radiatus. Unio luteolus.
Saratoga Lake, N. Y. Niagara Falls, N. Y.
eroy..N-. Y. Mohawk R., Erie, N. Y.

Little Lakes, Lycoming Co., N. Y. Genessee R., N. Y.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Genessee R., N. Y. Cohoes Falls, Hudson R.
Ottawa, Can., Rideau Canal. Seneca Lake, N. Y.
Montreal, Can. Oneida Lake, N. Y.

St. Lawrence R., Thousand Isles. Moose R., Hudson Bay.
Camden, S. C. Lake Winnipeg.

Oguchee R., Ga. Athabaska Lake.
Savannah R. Great Slave Lake.

Charles Co., Indiana! Small Lakes, Mackenzie R.

Red River of the North.
New Mexico.

I have collected Unio luteolus in Eastern Colorado, and it is in
the General Collection of the National Museum from Mississippi
and Texas. It probably ranges from the Artic circle to the Gulf of
Mexico, and from the Rocky Mountains east to the Atlantic, except
in the southeastern states lying east of the Appalachian Chain. A
small form occurs in Canada and the more northern states, which is
quite solid, and has a dark, rather rough, brown epidermis, often
without rays, sometimes almost black, and in form and texture is
is strikingly like some specimens of U. Downiet from Southern Ga.,
but has uot a lurid nacre as the latter has. This was named Unio
borealis by A. F. Gray, and differs sufficiently from the type to be
considered a distinct species, but it connects insensibly through
forms found in Wisconsin and Michigan with the western shells.
One of these in the collection of Dr. Lea (85045) from Montreal,
was referred by him to radiatus. Other forms of this protean spe-
cies are so close to ligamentinus that it is almost impossible to sepa-
rate them and this is true of certain specimens of radiatus.

ON THE USE OF THE GENERIC NAME SCUTELLINA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The name Scutel/ina was proposed by Gray in 1847, to replace
Scutella of Broderip, preoccupied by Lamarck for a genus of Echi-
noderms. It has apparently escaped the attention of malacologists
who have written upon this small but excessively interesting group,
that Agassiz, in 1841, used the name Scutellina for a genus of Echi-

noderms allied to Scutella Lam. This generic term is still in use, -

appearing in the latest publications relating to that group. It

Pee Qe

THE NAUTILUS. &9

therefore becomes necessary to substitute a new generic name for
the mollusecan Seutellina, and since the root of that word has become
associated with the Echinodermata, a change to something totally
different may be advisable. As a substitute, therefore, I offer the
term PHENACOLEPAS, “a deceptive limpet.”

The synonyms are as follows:

Scutella Bropertp, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 47 (in part).

Not Scutella Lamarck, An. s. Vert. ii, p. 7 (1816).

Seutellina GRAy, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 168, and of authors generally.

Not Seutellina AGAssiz, Monogr. d’Echinodermes, Second Monog.
des Scutelles, p. 98 (1841).

DESTRUCTION OF ANODONTA CORPULENTA CPR. AT THOMPSON’S
LAKE, ILL.

BY W. 8S. STRODE, M. D., BERNADOTTE, ILL.

Recently while on a collecting trip to Thompson’s Lake on the
Illinois River, I was greatly surprised at the immense number of
dead mussels that lined the shores from one end of this body of
water to the other.

A windrow of them extended a little beyond the water’s edge
clear around the lake a distance of not less than ten miles.

Upon going on to the lake in a boat I found that dead shells, with
the animal still in them, were also floating all over its surface.
There was absolutely thousands of them and it certainly amounted
to extinction of a very beautiful and interesting species, the Ano-
donta corpulenta of Cooper.

The other Anodonta, the suborbiculata of Say, for which this lake
is headquarters, did not seem to be affected and there were not more
dead ones to be seen than in previous years.

I immediately set about to ascertain the cause of this wholesale
destruction of the corpulenta.

On enquiring of Captain Schulte and other fishermen who owned
the lake, they had but one theory as to the cause, and that it was
the common northern bull-head catfish, Amiwrus nebulosus L. S.,
that was doing the mischief.

They explained that this fish would attach his wide mouth over
one end of the shell and suck until the muscular power of the mus-

90 THE NAUTILUS.

sel was exhausted, the shell relax, when the juices would be with-
drawn, after which the animal would die.

On further enquiry I could find no one that had ever caught
Mr. Catfish in the act, and I was not altogether satisfied with this
theory.

This lake, in common with the Illinois, Mississippi and nearly all
of the western rivers, is at lower ebb than ever before known in the
history of the country. From accounts in the daily papers there is
great mortality among the fish of the Mississippi River, and immense
numbers are dying as a result of this low water.

Might not this be the cause of the death of the mollusks in this
lake? Is the same phenomena observed in other bodies of water?
Let us hear from other points. Or, have the catfish in this lake,
like an egg-sucking dog, learned a trick and are making the most
of it.

ON THE BYSSUS OF UNIONIDZ. II.
BY DR. V. SEPERKT.

Some time since I succeeded, not without hard work, in finding
three more specimens of Unio with a byssus, one U. luteolus Lam.,
15 mm. long, one U. (prob.) ligamentinus, only 9mm. long, and U. ?
8mm. Unfortunately I had not leisure to make an examination as
exact as I wished; yet to my account in the last NautiLus I can add
the following: the threads were for the most part colorless, or only
slightly brownish. On the parts examined I found the cortical layer
little developed. The byssus were more or less branched ; ona piece of
one about three inches long, I counted seven branches. Of the forma-
tion of these I can give an idea best by comparing them with a grass
stalk: the branches sprung out from like leaves with short sheath, the
latter with circularly arranged fibres, apparently not derived from
the inner part of the “stem,” but at a short distance, the branch, first
flat, like a leaf, further off growing more or less cylindrical, was
entirely composed of longitudinal fibres, which consequently are
formed for themselves by apposition and the main thread is not
split.

Later I had a chance to get some other very young mussels, among
which was one only 3°5 mm. long, the smallest I have found so far,

THE NAUTILUS. 91

and none of them hada byssus. Possibly it was detached while
being caught and washed—with other materials—in the net.

A NEW SPECIES OF LEUCORHYNCHIA.
BY H. A. BELSBRY-

Leucorhynchia Tryoni Pilsbry.

Shell having the contour of L. Crossei Tryon, but larger, the um-
bilical tongue of callus much smaller. The margin of the umbilicus
has several strong lobes or teeth. Surface smooth except the first
half of the base, in front of the aperture, which shows about eight
radiating grooves. Color white.

Alt. 2°8; diam. 3°8 mm.

Collected at Singapore by Dr. S. Archer.

Four specimens are before me. This group is considered by
Fischer a subgenus of Teinostoma H. & A. Adams. Leucorhynchia
was founded by Mr. H. Crosse in 1867, for a species from New
Caledonia. In 1888, Mr. Tryon, in his monograph of Teinostoma
described a second species as T. (Leucorhynchia) Crossei.

The subgenus now consists of three species which may be distin-
guished as follows:

Umbilical lobe of callus large ; surface smooth,

Periphery carinated, LI. Caledonica Crosse.

Periphery rounded, L. Crossei Tryon.
Umbilical lobe small; base radiately grooved,

Periphery rounded, L. Tryoni Pilsbry.

LAND SHELLS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.

BY G. W. TAYLOR, ST. BARNABAS RECTORY, VICTORIA B. C.

. Selenites Vancouverensis (Lea).
. Selenites sportella (Gould).
Limax agrestis Linn.

. Limax hyperboreus Westerlund.
. Vitrina Pfeifferi Newcomb.

. Hyalina arborea (Say).

. Hyalina milium (Morse).

WIAA PwnNe

92 THE NAUTILUS.

8. Hyalina Binneyana Morse.

9. Conulus fulvus (Miller).
10. Pristiloma Lansingi (Bland).
11. Pristiloma Stearnsi (Bland).
12. Ariolimax Columbianus (Gould).
3. Prophysaon Hemphilli Bland & Binney.
14. Prophysaon Pacificum Cockerell.
15. Patula striatella (Anthony).
16. Patula asteriscus (Morse).
17. Punctum minutissimum (Lea).
18. Punctum conspectum (Bland).
19. Lysinoe fidelis (Gray).
20. Mesodon Columbianus (Lea).
21. Mesodon devius (Gould).
22. Stenotrema germanum (Gould).
23. Pupilla corpulenta (Morse).
24. Vertigo simplex (Gould).
25. Vertigo ovata Say.
26. Ferussacia subcylindrica (Linn.).
27. Succinea Nuttalliana Lea.
28. Succinea Oregonensis Lea.
29. Succinea rusticana Gould.
30. Onchidella Carpenteri W.G. Binney.
31. Onchidella borealis Dall.

32. Carychium exiguum (Say)?

LIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

BY G. W. TAYLOR.

In the October number of the Naurrius, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell
writing of Limaz agrestis, recorded its occurrence at Portland, Oregon,
and remarked that he believed this to be “the first record of the
species from the Pacific Coast.” However two years ago I myself
noticed the introduction of the species into this part of the world, in
a little paper on “The Land Shells of Vancouver Island” published
in the Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 3, p. 84, ete. (December, 1889.)

I believe that I first observed this slug about seven years ago in
the Victoria gardens, and it has since developed into a dreadful
pest. There cannot I think be any doubt as to the species being an

THE NAUTILUS. 93

introduced one as it has not yet been noticed in any part of
Vancouver Island other than in Victoria, and the specimens
resemble British ones in every respect save that the milky slime is
not nearly so copious. The principal varieties occurring here are
those that Mr. Cockerell would call sy/vaticus and varians. I have
appended to this note a list of the Terrestrial Mollusca of Vancouver
Island as at present known to me. Further information concerning
their occurrence may be found in my paper above referred to, a copy
of which I shall forward with pleasure to any conchologist who may
desire it, so long at least as my stock holds out.

GENERAL NOTES.

Pura HouzrncGerti STeRKI, IN OnI0. Three, specimens of this
Species occurred among other small species collected last spring at
Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. A comparison with specimens
received from Dr. Sterki leaves no doubt in my mind as to the
identification — Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

Unio compLANATUS Sou. IN NorTHERN Micuican. In the
Navtitus for June 1889 (vol. 3, p. 16) I recorded the discovery of
an isolated colony of this species at Ocqueoce Lake, in the northern
part of the lower peninsula, and queried as to how it got there.
Since then I have found the species in the St. Mary’s river at Lime
Island, Michigan. The occurrence of the species at this locality
would seem to make it probable that it will be found quite generally
distributed through the upper peninsula and also affords an expla-
nation for the existence of the Ocqueoe colony.—Bryant Walker,
Detroit.

New JAPANESE SHELLS. Terebra Stearnsii, n. sp. Shell large,
much elongated, having 22 whorls remaining, the apical portion
(probably + the entire length) being broken off. The whorls are
narrowly but distinctly shouldered just below the suture. The sur-
face of the body-whorl is divided into three subequal parts by two
spiral grooves, and below the lowest of these grooves there are sey-
eral others. Base cut by about 15 unequal impressed lines ; growth-
striz faint. Whitish, with a single series of brown spots. Total
length 105, breadth 173 mm.; length of aperture 12, breadth 7
mm.

Thylacodes meduse n. sp. Shells large, generally clustered,
resembling Thylacodes polyphragma Sassi, of the Mediterranean, but

94 THE NAUTILUS.

the sculpture (consisting of spaced longitudinal cords, the intervals tri-
striate), continuous around the whole circumference of the cylinder.
Aperture circular, its diameter averaging 13mm. _ For illustrations

see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891.—H. A. Pilsbry.

Foopor Linn. Our fresh-water snailsare generally believed
to be herbivorous. But they greedily feed upon animal matter when-
ever and wherever they find such ; on insects, worms, mollusks (even
their own species), flesh of any kind, even when living. A Limnea
palustris was seen last summer having a small leech (about 3 em.
long and 4 mm. wide) in his mouth; he slowly drew it in and rasped,
while the victim was moving and winding about in vain efforts to
escape. This I observed for about half an hour, but had not seen
how the snail had caught the worm. Afterward the Limnza held
the leech, its anterior part projecting and constantly moving, firmly
in his mouth, not rasping, now resting, now creeping about as usual,
for an hour and a half more. At that time I had to go away and
when I came back no leech was to be seen; whether it was eaten or
dropped I do not know.

When these animals are grazing on stones, glass walls in the
aquarium, on leaves, or on each other’s shells, they always find a
good supply of small animals besides alge, etc., as anyone knows
who has examined those “ pastures.’— Dr. V. Sterki.

ADDITIONAL MoLuusks OF SAN FRANcIsco County. Since the
list by Mr. Wm. J. Raymond and myself was published in the
September number of Toe Nautitus, I have found five more species
as follows:

Limax agrestis Linn.

LTimax maximus Linn.

Prophysaon Andersoni J. G. C. var. marmoratus Ckll.

Acmeea fenestrata Nutt.

Mopalia Wossnessenskii Midd. var. Swansii.

Making the total number found up to date, 126 species. But two
specimens of Limax maximus have I collected, they being apparently
young specimens.-— Williard M. Wood.

PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say, and also other related forms, has a
peculiar way of moving on or in sand; he goes “a step,” as far as he
conveniently can, with the shell deep down and close to the head ;
then he pushes it forward and upward, thus shoving the sand away,
and making room for another “step.” It is more than probable

THE NAUTILUS. 95

that this digging is done not merely for locomotion—for he could do
it much easier—but in search of food—Dr. V. Sterki.

SoME OBSERVATIONS on how snails move their odontophores, may
be of interest, and more should be done in this direction. Limnaide
feeding on glass are easily observed, if not by the naked eye, then
with a good glass. In Planorbis the radula is narrow, and is moved
from behind forward—as seen in quite a number of species. Physa
moves its wide, expanded radula from the sides toward the middle,
not forward. Limnea moves it forward, but not as decidedly as
Planorbis, and at the same time somewhat from the sides to the
middle. These different ways will be found to correspond with the
formation of the teeth in the different genera.—Dr. V. Sterki.

EXCHANGES.

Mr. A. W. Hanuam will be glad to correspond with members of
the American Association of Conchologists with a view to exchang-
ing land and fresh-water shells. Address, Bank of British North
America, Quebec, Canada.

WantrEep—Zonites from any locality in exchange for British
Land and Fresh-water shells—Robert Walton, Charles St., Lower
Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa.

Norruwest Louisiana land and fresh-water shells for exchange.
Wanted, other shells— 7. Wayland Vaughan, Mt. Lebanon, La.

ANODONTA SUBORBICULATA Say. I have fine specimens of this
beautiful Anodonta, as well as many other Unionide for exchange.

—W.S. Strode, M. D., Bernadotte, Illinois.

JAPANESE SHELLS. A large variety of Marine, Fresh-Water and
Land Shells of Japan and of the Bahamas, my own collection,
printed list—To exchange for species not now in my cabinet from
any part of the world; rare American Unionide, Strepomatide etc.,
desired.— Frederick Stearns, Detroit, Michigan.

OBITUARY.
DR. JOHN CLARKSON JAY.

Dr. John Clarkson Jay, a son of Peter Augustus Jay and grand-
son of Chief Justice John Jay, a distinguished member of the First

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Continental Congress, died at his home, “ Rye,” at Rye, Westchester
County, N. Y., on Sunday, being in the eighty-fourth year of his age.
The immediate cause of his death was senile gangrene. Mr. Jay
was graduated from Columbia College in 1827, and afterward took
his diploma as M. D. Upon his marriage with Laura Prime, a
daughter of Nathaniel Prime, a well-known banker, he left the
practice of medicine and for a short time was engaged in the bank-
ing business, but in 1845 retired from both business and professional
pursuits, to live at the country seat at Rye, on Long Island Sound,
left to him by his father’s will. This beautiful residence gave him
full occupation, as it embraced upward of 400 acres of land.

Dr. Jay was well known in the scientific world as a specialist in
Conchology, and his collection of shells was for many years the most
noted in the United States. It was purchased several years ago by
Miss Catharine Wolfe, and presented by her to the American
Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Jay was for many years a trustee of Columbia College, was
one of the early presidents of the old New York Club, and was one
of the founders of the New York Yacht Club. He was a Republican
in politics, and one of the early members of the Union League Club
of this city. An Episcopalian, he was a moderate Churchman,
strict in his own religious observances, but not in the least intolerant
as to the views of others.

Dr. Jay was also actively interested in the Lyceum of Natural
History (now the New York Academy of Sciences) and was its
Treasurer from 1832 to 1843. At this time he was a man of twenty-
five or thirty, of light complexion, open and pleasing countenance,
and somewhat nervous temperament. During his more vigorous
years Dr. Jay was much interested in aquatic sports and was the
owner of a famous yacht called “ Coquille.’ The valuable addition
to the treasures of the Natural History Museum purchased by Miss
Wolfe is now known as the Jay Collection. The shells gathered
during the expedition to Japan under command of Commodore
Matthew C. Perry were submitted to Dr. Jay and he wrote the
article on them that appeared in the Government Reports. Dr. Jay
was the author of “ Catalogue of Recent Shells,” which was published
here in 1835; “ Descriptions of New and Rare Shells,” and of later
editions of his Catalogue, in which he enumerated about 11,000 well-
marked varieties and about 7,000 well-established species.

~\)

Ve N Bers:

VOL. V. JANUARY, 1892. Now:

ON SOME TYPES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Dr. G. Bauer has recently made some energetic and praiseworthy
explorations in the Galapagos Islands, with the view of obtaining
material for a discussion of the origin of their fauna. Among
other things obtained was a series, small but extremely interesting,
of the land shells of the various islands of the group. This collee-
tion in all probability is not exhaustive, but it seems by far more
complete than any yet made at this point and a full report upon it
is in preparation by the writer. Among the mollusks, which com-
prise a large number of races of Bulimulus (of the sections Pleuro-
pyrgus, Nesiotus, Raphiellus, etc.) and Succinea (S. Bettii E. A. S.)
are four minute forms each of which introduces a wholly new group
to the faunal list of Galapagos land shells. Preliminary descriptions
of three are appended ; the fourth is a Pupa of the usual Antillean
type.

Helicina (Idesa) nesiotica n. s.

Shell small, depressed, four-whorled, with periphery rounded, base
moderately arched, and peristome not thickened nor reflected; epi-
dermis of a bright reddish-chestnut, polished, but with very evident
and regular incremental lines, base with a thin white callus merg-
ing into the lower lip without notch or angle; spire depressed,
suture very distinct, not channelled; operculum smooth, whitish,
angulated only at the upper extreme; alt. of shell 2:3, max. diam.
3.5 mam,

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Found on leayes of plants on Chatham Island at an elevation of
1600 feet above the sea.

No species of this family has been reported from the Galapagos
before. The type is not unknown in the Panamic region but is said
to be absent from the west slope of the Andes.

Leptinaria chathamensis n. s.

Shell small, horn-colored, with a blunt apex and six rounded
whorls; suture very distinct, surface polished, delicately marked
with lines of growth; base rounded, widely umbilicated; aperture
with the margin hardly thickened ; rounded in front and at the
suture; pillar broad, thin; body with a single elevated thin, sharp
lamina, extending spirally inward from a point a little behind the
peristome and nearly equidistant from the inner and outer lips.
Alt. of shell 3:0, max. diam. 1°6 mm.

Chatham Island, on ferns at 1600-2000 feet above the sea.

Somewhat analogous forms are found in the mountains of the
Panamic region.

Zonites (Hyalinia) Baueri n. s.

Shell small, horn-colored, polished, with four whorls; periphery
subangular or rounded; dome of the base more elevated than that
of the spire; suture distinct ; surface with delicate incremental lines
and finely grooved throughout by sharp but microscopic spiral striz.
Aperture rounded-lunate without sharp angles, wider than high ; lip
sharp, unreflected, throat unarmed; base minutely perforate; alt.
of shell 1°5, max. diam. 2°2, min. diam. 1°6 mm.

South Albemarle Island on weathered bones of tortoises.

The single specimen of this very interesting form may not be quite
adult, and therefore the slight tendency to angulation on the
periphery may be lost in the full-grown shell. The absence of any
form of Helix or Zonites has been commented on by most of those
naturalists who have treated of the Galapagos shell fauna and it
was certainly a most extraordinary deficiency from any point of
view. This discovery of Dr. Bauer’s removes the most striking
anomaly of the fauna.

In addition to the above Dr. Bauer obtained specimens of an un-
described Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) which had also been collected
by Dr. Habel on his visit to. the Galapagos in 1868. Dr. Habel
presented the writer with specimens on his return and these have
been named in manuscript by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns B. (Pleuro-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

pyrgus) Habeli. This species is distinguished from B. (P.) Chem-
nitzioides by its nearly smooth polished surface, light-brown spiral
bands on a white ground and usually more slender form. It has
about fifteen whorls, a blunt apex and rounded base. It measures
18:0 by 3°5 mm. It was also collected on Chatham Island by the
U.S.S. Albatross on her late voyage from Norfolk to San Francisco.
It does not appear among shells enumerated by Wimmer from the
Habel Collection in his catalogue of the Galapagos mollusk-fauna.

A NEW SPECIES OF ZONITES FROM ARKANSAS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Zonites Brittsii n. sp.

Shell imperforate, depressed, obtusely angled at the circumference,
about equally convex above and below. Color yellowish-green,
somewhat translucent, becoming light straw-yellow and opaque on
the last fourth of the last whorl. Surface shining, having oblique
strize under the sutures, the growth lines being quite light on the
rest of the surface; base seen under a lens to be very densely con-
centrically striated. Whorls 6. Base slightly indented at the axis.
Aperture slightly oblique, depressed-lunar, the outer and basal walls
lined with a heavy, opaque-white calcareous layer.

Alt. 5, greater diam. 8°5, lesser 7°77 mill. Aperture, oblique alt.
4, width 5°6 mm.

Hot Springs, Arkansas.

This species was collected by Mr. Jonn H. Brirrs, and sent by
him to the collection of the American Association of Conchologists,
where the types may now be seen. ‘They were submitted to the
writer by the President of the Association.

The more prominent characters of this shell are its imperforate
base, depressed, almost quoit-like form, the base closely concentric-
ally striated, the shining surface, and the contrasting colors of the
last whorl.

Mr. Britts sent also, specimens of the rarely found 3-toothed form
of Helix appressa Say, from Booneville, Mo., and a number of other
interesting shells.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN FORMS OF VALLONIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

According to the investigations of Dr. v. Ihering’ this group

is to be separated from Helix and regarded as a genus, for anatom-
ical characters. The study of these forms seems to have been some-
what neglected in our country. These are some distinct and char-
acteristic forms and probably more will be found. Those known to
me at present are shortly pointed out in the following, in order to
direct the attention of conchologists to them and have them col-
lected wherever and whenever possible, with records of the natural
features of their habits.

1. V.pulchella Miller, the common form of the old and new
continents. Here it seems to be remarkably constant in its appear-
ance throughout the country, while on the other hand, slightly but
constantly different forms may be found in neighboring places.
Besides the smooth surface it is characterized by the slowly increas-
ing whorls, the inner ones being comparatively large, and the last
not so peripheric as in most of the other forms.

2. V.costata Miller. The typical form seems to be not gener-
ally distributed, in North America. It deserves specific rank, be-
side pulchella, and differs from the latter not merely by the rib-strize,
but by the more depressed spire, the more rapidly increasing whorls,
the last one being more peripheral, so that a costata may be recog-
nized, even when the ribs are wanting; generally it is also some-
what smaller; thus I found them in Europe as well as in this coun-
try. And the fact that the two forms keep distinct side by side, on
both continents, is in itself a strong evidence in favor of their being
different species. In some localities the one is found predominant,
or exclusively, in some the other, and frequently they are found
together.

3. From Illinois (Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss), lowa (Prof. B. Shimek
and Mr. Geo. W. Webster) and Kansas (Mr. Frank J. Ford) I have,
in 1890 and ’91, obtained a peculiar form: it is decidedly smaller
(in bulk about 3 of pulchella), strongly costate, the umbilicus com-
paratively wider than in costata, especially widening towards the
See by the last whorl receding to the periphery, so that the

1 Les Relations Naturelles des Cochlides et des Ichnopodes, Bull. Scient.
1891, p. 214.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

aperture is very narrowly coherent with the penultimate whorl, and
the aperture is circular, almost continuous, with a strongly thick-
ened lip. The first whorls are remarkably small, the last grows
rapidly in width and is more predominating than in the other forms.
The spire is flat, but the whorls are well rounded above and the
suture is very deep.

4. Ina lot of minute shells, kindly sent for inspection a few
days ago by Mrs. Judge Geo. Andrews, collected in damp moss on
rocks at the Cliffs on Holston river, near Knoxville, Tennessee,
there were a few specimens of a form nearly related to the preced-
ing, and of the same size, yet with peculiar characters: the umbili-
cus is very wide, the “ribs” less strong, the last whorl compara-
tively narrower, widening more gradually; the peristome is con-
tinuous, somewhat “ free” and the margin only slightly expanded,
thin with no lip-thickening.

5. Mr. Theo D. A. Cockerell sent me two specimens of V.
cyclophorella Ancey, from West Cliff, Colorado. They are of about
the size of a typical costata, densely rib-striate, the spire is higher
umbilicus a trifle narrower, the whole shell more compact in its
appearance. The whorls are more slowly and regularly increasing,
such as it is in pulchella, and the peristome is only slightly “reflected ;”
thin without a thickened lip.

Whether, and in how far, these forms are to be regarded as distinct
species, or partly rather as well marked varieties, will and can be
decided only after careful comparison of much more extensive
material from different parts of the country. The soft parts also
will have to be examined.

New PHILADELPHIA, Onto, Dec., 1891.

LIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. IN CALIFORNIA.

BY W. J. RAYMOND.

In the Naurixus for October and December are notes concerning
the earliest recorded appearance of this slug on the Pacific Coast,
from which it appears that Rev. G. W. Taylor first observed it
about seven years ago in Victoria, and recorded its presence there,

1 Containing also, Pupa contracta, curvidens, and Vert. Bollesiana.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

in the Ottawa Naturalist for December, 1889. I believe that the
species was brought into Oakland about the same time as into
Victoria, or, perhaps, a year or two earlier ; certainly in 1884-5 it
had become very abundant here, in gardens. In the Proce. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Second Series, Vol. I, p. 13 (issued Dec. 31, 1887) Dr.
J.G. Cooper published my observations on the presence of this Limax
in Oakland, and predicted that it would become a pest to gardeners,
as in fact it has done. This is the earliest published record of which
I have knowledge, and the specimens, sent to Mr. Binney at that
time, are probably those mentioned at the close of Mr. Cockerell’s
article. This slug is now gaining a foot-hold in San Francisco, for
Mr. W. M. Wood has lately submitted specimens, from that city, to
me, for examination, and has added the species to the San Francisco
County list.

CATALOGUE OF FISSURELLIDZ OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND C. W. JOHNSON.

A complete catalogue of the shells of the United States has long
been desired by the many collectors who devote their energies espe-
cially to American mollusks, and naturally wish to know just what
species are to be had. Mr. Campbell has already in these pages
catalogued the Haliotide, and from time to time other groups will
be taken up by various members of the American Association of
Conchologists.

The Fissurellide of our area may be easily known by these
peculiarities: the shell is limpet-like, and has either a perforation at
or near the apex of the cone, or a slit or notch in its front edge.
There are many anatomical characters also, peculiar to the family.

The group has been divided into three subfamilies, as follows :

I. Apex of shell entirely removed by the perforation, which is
bounded inside by a callus-rim which is not truncated be-
hind. Central tooth of the radula narrow. Shell entirely
external, FIssSURELLIN.

Il. Shell as in Fissurelline, but hole larger. Central tooth of
radula very broad, not narrowed above. Mantle wholly or
nearly concealing the shell. FIssURELLIDINE.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

III. Apex of shell subspiral, not removed ; or if it be removed, the
hole-callus inside is truncated or has a pit behind; or
there is a plate inside, as in Crepidula. Central tooth of
radula wide, EMARGINULINE.

Subfamily I. Fissurelline.

There is only one genus, Fisswrella.

A. Summit of the shell near the middle; basal margins level, not
elevated at the ends, Subgenus Fissurella.

a. Edge of shell not crenulated, dark-bordered inside-true,
Section Fissurella.
b. Edge of shell crenulated, not dark bordered inside, section,
Section Cremides.
B. Shell flattened, shield-shaped, the narrow hole in front of the
middle; ends of shell elevated, Subgenus Clypidella.

Genus 1. FissureLiLaA Brug.

1. F. volcano Reeve. Santa Cruz, Cal., southward.

(Section Cremides H. & A. Ad.)

2. F. barbadensis Gmelin. Charlotte Harbor, Fla., southward.
One of the commonest West Indian shells, easily known by its
almost circular perforation.
3. F. nodosa Born. Florida Keys.
The ribs are nodular, orifice oblong.

(Subgenus CLYPIDELLA Swains.)

4. F. pustula Lam. Cape Lookout, southward.
5. F. fascicularis Lam. Florida Keys.
The anatomy of these is not known. Collectors should preserve
specimens of the animal.
Subfamily II. Fissurellidine.

A. Mantle entirely or nearly covering the shell; hole large.
a. Edges of shell nearly level, beautifully crenulated,

Lucapina.
b. Edges of shell elevated at each end, blunt at the sides, not
crenulated, Megatebennus.

B. Mantle not enveloping the shell.
a. Perforation about central, the shape of the shell,
Lucapinella.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Genus 2. Lucaprya Gray, 1857.

6. L. crenulata Sowb. Monterey to San Diego, Cal.
The largest and most beautiful of the American Fissurellide.
DL. adspersa Phil. Key West, Florida.
(Fissurellidea fasciata Pfr. of authors.)
8. DL. cancellata Sowb. Tortugas.
The edges of the hole are bluish-black.

~I

Genus 3. MEGATEBENNUS Pilsbry, 1890.

9. M. bimaculatus Dall. Monterey, Baulinas Bay, Purissima and
Lobitas, Cal.
(Clypidella bimaculata of collectors.)

Genus 4. Lucaprineua Pilsbry, 1890.

10. L. callomarginata Cpr. Lobitas and San Diego, Cal.
11. LZ. limatula Reeve. Key West, Florida.

Subfamily HI. Emarginuline.

A. Apex absorbed by the hole, which is bounded inside by a pos-
teriorly-truncated callus, Fissuridea.
B. Apex absorbed or remaining; anal fissure either a hole or a
slit in the front margin; no hole-callus, but having a more
or less developed septum back of the hole or slit.
a. A perforation at apex or on front slope, Puncturella.
C. No internal hole-callus or septum ; apex not absorbed.
a. Having a distinct slit in front, and a slit-band extending

from it to apex, Emarginula.
b. Having a hole on the front slope, Rimula.
c. Slit short ; no slit-fasciole, Subemarginula.

Genus 5. FissurtDEA Swains, 1840.

This name was proposed for a highly arched species from the
Philippine Is. It has hitherto been regarded as a subgenus of Fis-
surella. Its synonymy is as follows:

Fissuridea Swains., Malacol., p. 856, 1840, type F. galeata Helbl.

Glyphis Carpenter, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 225, type G. aspera Esch.

Not Glyphis Agassiz, 1843, nor of Gibbes, 1848, a genus of fishes.

12.

13.
14.

15.

16.

THE NAUTILUS. 105
(Atlantic and Gulf coast species.)

F, Listeri Orb. Florida Keys.

A strongly latticed species, related to the F. grewa of the
Mediterranean Sea.

F, fluviana Dall. Florida Straits, 76-100 fms.

F. alternata Say. Chesapeake Bay, southward.

Dead specimens have been collected at Cape May, N. J. by
Prof. C. LeRoy Wheeler, but the species is not found there
living.

F. Tanneri Verrill. Off Delaware Bay to Hatteras, in 104-142
fms.

F. minuta Lam. Turtle Harbor, Fla.

According to Deshaves, this is not the minuta of Lamarck ; We
believe, never-the-less that it is. If not, however, it will be
called F. granulata Anton. It is often called by Reeve’s
later name, gemmulata.

Several other small species, allied to minuta will probably be

found in Florida, such as F. variegata Sowb., F. arcuata Sowb., ete.

Le.

18.

19.

20.

( West coast species. )

F’. aspera Eschscholtz. Sitka to Monterey.

The common West Coast form.

F. saturnalis Carpenter. Santa Barbara and San Diego, Cal.

This has been known universally as “Glyphis densiclathrata
Reeve,” but I am informed by Dr. Dall and Dr. Stearns
that Reeve’s shell is a young F. aspera.

(Fossil species.)

F.. redimicula Say. Miocene. Yorktown and James River,
Va.; Patuxunt River, Md.

Allied to F. alternata, but with far finer sculpture, and the
hole nearly round. F-. catilliformis Rodgers (Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc. n. ser. vi, pl. 26, f. 4, 1839) seems to be a syn-
onym.

F. alticostata Conrad. Miocene. St. Mary's, Md.; James
river, Va. (See Foss. Sh. Med. Tert. Form. p. 28, pl. 44, f.
19.)

The type is in the Acad, N.S. Phil. coll. Typically quite dis-
tinct from redimicula, but transition forms collected by Mr.
Johnson in Va., seem to unite the two.

23.

24.

26.

THE NAUTILUS.

F, Marylandica Conrad. Miocene. Calvert Cliff, Md.

Types in Acad. Coll. Allied to F. tenebrosa Con., of the Ala.
Eocene. (See Fos. Med. Tert. p. 79, pl. 45, f. 4.)

F.. nassula Conrad. Miocene. St. Mary’s, Md.

Type in Acad. Coll. Distinguished from the following species
by its larger size,more depressed form, etc. The riblets are
notably equal, close, and not conspicuously latticed. (See
Foss. Med. Tert. Form. p. 78, pl. 44, f. 8.)

F.. Griscomi Conrad. Miocene. Stow Creek, betw. Salem and
Cumberland Cos., N. J. (See Foss. Med. Tert. Form. p. 78,
pl. 44, f. 8.)

Type in Acad. Coll.

F. tenebrosa Conrad. Eocene. Claiborne, Ala. (See Foss.
Med. Tert. Form. p. 39, pl. 14, f. 9.)

Type in Acad. Coll.

F. Mississippiensis Conrad. Eocene. (See Jour. A. N.S. P.,
2d ser., p. 113, pl. 11, f. 2.)

Allied to F. tenebrosa in sculpture, but the hole is quite differ-
ent. Type in Acad. Coll.

F. Carolinensis Conrad. Miocene.

A very distinct species, of which Mr. Johnson has collected

specimens on the Cape Fear River, N.C. (See Kew’s Rep. Geol.
Surv. N. C. I, 1875, p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 1.)

27.

28.

29.
30.
oe
32.
33.

34.
30.
36.

Genus 6. PuNcTURELLA Lowe, 1827.

P. noachina Linn, Circumpolar, extending south to Cape
Fear in deep water.

P. galeata Gld. Puget Sound.
Dr. Dall has lately described a mammoth variety of this
species (var. major), from Bering Sea; it will probably occur
in Alaskan waters.

P. Cooperi Carpenter. Catalina Id., Cal.

P. cucullata Gld. Puget Sound to Monterey.

P. cireularis Dall. Florida Strait. 539 fms.

P. eritmeta Verrill. Off Rhode Island, 1451 fms.

P. erecta Dall. Off N. Carolina, 107 fms.

Genus 7. Emarernuta Lam., 1801.

E. compressa Cantraine. ~ Fla. Strait in deep water.
E. bella Gabb. Monterey, Cal.
E. radiata Gabb. Eocene. California.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

We have not seen this species.
37. E.arata Conrad. Eocene. Claiborne, Ala. (See Foss. Tert.
Form. p. 44.)
A magnificent species, having some characters of Subemargin-
ula.

Subgenus Riwuxa Defrance, 1827.
38. R. frenulata Dall. W. Fla. and Keys.

Genus 8. SUBEMARGINULA Blainv., 1825.

39. SS. octoradiata Gmel. ‘Tortugas.
40. S. Rollandii Fischer. 8. Fla.
41. SS. emarginata Blainv. Florida Keys.

42. Cemoria crucubuliformis Conrad. Miocene of Cal.

We have not been able to find this species among Conrad’s
types. Its generic position is of course doubtful.

43. Cemoria oblonga H. C. Lea. Miocene. Petersburg, Va.
Type in Coll. A. N.S. P. (See Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
1843, p. 247, pl. 35, f. 37.)

We would consider this tiny shell a Rimula were it not that
there is no anal fasciole extending from fissure to apex, and
for the callus around the hole inside. These features cause
us to believe it a very young Fissuridea (“ Glyphis”), prob-
ably F. alticostata Conrad.

The authors will be glad to have any criticisms on this list, and
also any extensions of the geographic or geologic range of the
species.

GENERAL NOTES.

Foop or Swarts. Have kept since last May a dozen Helix albo-
labris in confinement. Have fed them 53 species of plants of which
number they have refused to eat but five species, as follows: Achil-
lea millefolium L.. Brunella vulgaris L., Vernonia nove boracensis
Willd., Xanthium Canadense Will. and a species of Euphorbia.
They generally prefer the tenderest plants but refuse some that are
tender and eat of others that are hard and stringy. They refuse the
stalk and leaves of young growing maize but dig down and eat the
germinating kernels. I kept them in a box with soil in the bottom
and wire on the top. The corn was planted in the soil and grew to

108 THE NAUTILUS.

the height of three or four inches. I shall continue these experi-
ments next summer.—Dr. G. D. Lind, St. Louis, Mo.

Mr. ELtwoop Puieas, of Dunreith, Indiana, has returned from
a very successful collecting trip in Alabama. He secured about
100 species of marine shells from the Gulf, nearly 20 species of land
shells, about 50 Strepomatidee and 50 Unionidee. About 250 spe-
cies of fossils were collected, many very large and choice specimens
among them.

EXCHANGES.

ExcHANGE.—Land, fresh water and marine shells from France
and all other regions—shells also purchased readily. Species of the
genus Pecten solicited— Mr. Bavay, Grand rue, Brest, France.

For Excuance.—tThe beautiful Anodonta suborbiculata Say and —

corpulenta Cp. from Thompson’s Lake, Il]. Also many fine Unios
from Spoon River, Ill. Fine Helix multilineata Say, and others.
Will exchange for any species, not in my collection, land or sea.—
Dr. W. 8S. Strode, Bernadotte, Ill.

A FEW NEW AND RARE SHELLS for exchange for other rare shells.
Clementia subdiaphana Carpenter, Nassa californiana Conrad, Sur-
eula carpenteriana Gabb, Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall.—J. 8.
Arnheim, 8 Stewart St., San Francisco, Cal.

ExcHANnGE.—Offered British shells, land, fresh water and marine,
for other shells not in my collection —E. R. Sykes, 15 Doughty St.,
London, W. C., England.

Wanrep.—Pacifie Coast land and fresh water shells, slugs in-
cluded. Will give British land and fresh water and marines, or
Virginia land and fresh water species. Address, Capt. W. J.
Farrer, Box 45, Orange, Va.

OrreRED— Helix profunda, tridentata, albolabris ; Zonites fulgi-
nosus, inornatus, ligerus; Patula perspectiva, alternata ; Selenites
concavus ; Physa heterostropha ; Spherium striatum; Ancylus fuscus.
Wanted, United States land and fresh water shells.—S. H. Stupa-
koff, E. E. Pittsburgh, Pa.

WanvreD.—Zonites from any locality in exchange for British land
and fresh water shells.—Robert Walton, Charles St., Lower Rox-
borough, Philadelphia, Pa.

Wanrep.—Vallonia from all localities—Dr. V. Sterki, New
Philadelphia, O.

Pee N BOTILus.

ee = = — = —— = —

Vot. v. FEBRUARY, 1892. No. 10.

MOLLUSKS OF DORCHEAT BAYOU AND LAKE BISTENEAU,
LOUISIANA.

BY T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN.

Dorcheat Bayou might, with some degree of propriety, be called
ariver. It is the largest stream crossed by the V. S. and P. Rail-
Road between Shreveport and Monroe.

It rises in Nevada County, Arkansas, flows across Columbia
County, in that state, into Webster Parish, Louisiana. Toward the
southern portion of Webster Parish, it widens out, and forms Lake
Bisteneau, which extends out of Webster Parish, forming the bound-
ary between Bienville and Bossier Parishes, and empties into Red
River, between Bossier and Red River Parishes.

I do not know precisely the length of Dorcheat. Its width and
depth are both variable, depending upon the flooding rains. When
I collected there in June, during low water, in same places one could
wade across without getting in water much over knee deep. The
stream was from twenty to fifty feet wide, I should judge. My
collecting was done near the railroad crossing. Here Dorcheat had
well defined banks, often composed of white sand or pebbles. These
pebbles are very note-worthy. In some places, they form the bed
of the bayou, and are fine places to collect from. \

Lake Bisteneau is almost thirty miles long. Its width varies
from thirty to sixty feet in summer to one mile in winter. There
are no well defined banks to Bisteneau, the land sloping down
gradually to the water’s edge. The bottom of this body of water is
abominable; one often mires almost to his waist in the nasty mud.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS.

This is a striking contrast to the firm, pebbly bottom of Dorcheat.
My collecting was done near Port Bolivar in Bienville Parish.

Before the railroad was built from Shreveport to Monroe, in high
water steamboats ascended Lake Bisteneau and Dorcheat Bayou to
the steamboat landing two miles from Minden, in Webster Parish.

This stream, Darcheat and Bisteneau really being one stream, is of
considerable interest on account of its shells. Of these it has a fair
number of species. There are some interesting facts presented as
regards the differences in the mollusks of the different portions of
this same stream; for instance: I could not find a single specimen of
Unio hydianus, castaneus, nigerrimus or turgidus in the portion of
Bisteneau that I examined, while all are very abundant in Dorcheat.

The specimens of castaneus were nearly all much thickened ante-
riorly, something that was not noticed in specimens of costaneus col-
lected elsewhere. The nigerrimus were larger and thicker shells
than any other specimens found here. The specimens of nigerrimus,
hydianus, castaneus and anodontoides, in Dorcheat, were found usu-
ally where they had bored into the sloping banks, about at the
water's edge. ‘The other specimens of Unio were found mostly on the
rocky bottom. I have only one mississippiensis from Dorcheat. It
was given me in a large lot of shells from there.

The anodontoides from Lake Bisteneau were large, heavy shells.
It was the most abundant species of Unionide there. The bottom
of Bisteneau in many places was almost covered with Campeloma
decisa, and Vivipara subpurpurea. Ammnicola cincinnatiensis was
very abundant.

The following is a list of the species with their localities.

Unio anodontoides Lea. Bisterneau, Dorcheat.

Unio boykinianus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio castaneus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio chunti Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio gracilis Bar. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.

Unio houstonensis Lea. Bisteneau.

Unio hydianus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio lachrymosus Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.

Unio mississippiensis Con. Dorcheat.

Unio multiplicatus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio nigerrimus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio purpuratus Lam. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.

THE NAUTILUS. jal

Unio pustulatus Lea. Bisteneau.

Unio pustulosus Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Unio texasensis Lea. Bisteneau.

Unio trapezoides Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Unio trigonus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio tuberculatus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio turgidus Lea. Dorcheat.

Unio zigzag Lea. Bisteneau.

Margaritana confragosa Say. Bisteneau.
Anodonta imbecillis Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Anodonta stewartiana Lea. Bisteneau.

Anodonta tetragona Lea. Dorcheat.

Spheerium transversum Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Campeloma decisa Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Vivipara subpurpurea Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat.
Physa heterostropha Say. Bisteneau.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Bisteneau.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anthony. Bisteneau.

(Extract from Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. 2d. Ser., Vol. III.)

A NEW VOLUTOID SHELL FROM MONTEREY BAY.

BY J. J. RIVERS.

Scaphella (Voluta) Arnheimi.

Shell regularly formed, elongate-ovate; body whorl more than
two-thirds as long as the spire; the spire an inch long, and made up
of six whorls, the terminal nucleus being very small, pointed and
oblique, which latter character places this species in the section
Scaphella of Dall.

Ground color obscure yellow, covered by a layer of chalk-like
deposit. The body whorl has some coarse longitudinal elevations
and depressions, remnants of former lip extensions, and there are
two large patches of dark rusty red at a wide interval which do not
appear to form an interrupted band. The aperture is elegantly
formed and measures 1—% inches long by ¢ inch wide. The inner
lip is regularly outlined on the columella; columellar plaits four,

Lab * THE NAUTILUS.

sharply oblique, the last one strongest, forming a prominent ridge
parallel to the canal. The upper outlines of the mouth meet in a
sharp angle, but the base has a well defined bifurcation. The whole
of the aperture and the edge of the outer lip are heavily coated with
enamel of a yellowish tint, and rust stained. Size 34 inches long,
and 1% inches wide. Animal without operculum.

Dredged in Monterey Bay, California.

MORE ABOUT UNIO LUTEOLUS AND U. RADIATUS.

BY GEO. W. DEAN, KENT, OHIO.

I must admit after reading Mr. Simpson’s notes in the December
Navrixus that Unio radiatus is too erratic for my abilities. A
species that takes on every possible form I apprehend would baffle
any expert.

A specimen exactly like /uteo/us and wholly unlike radiatus as I
know it, although in the Lea collection labelled radiatus with the
locality Newton Creek, N. J., would, I fear, get into my collection
in the tray with /uteolus.

Locality is certainly important but with me does not overshadow
everything else, and labels have told me so many lies that I have
not the respect for them that I otherwise should have. With me
the shell is the central idea, not the locality or the label. These are
usually aids in determining species—not always.

Mr. Lea named a shell, now found in the Mahoning, Unio sub-
ovatus, though from what locality his types came I do not know.
It is now known to be the mature male of U. occidens Lea. The fol-
lowing are, I think, all occidens: U. ventricosus Barnes, U. ovatus
Say and U. cariosus Say. ;

Another Mahoning River shell Mr. Lea named U. kirtlandianus.
This is probably a variety of that protean species U. subrotundus,
Lea.

It is a beautiful shell when young and may very properly retain
the name as a variety.

I am in favor of weeding out the surplus names as fast as possible,
but I apprehend that both /uteolus and radiatus will remain good

THE NAUTILUS. tiles

and well defined species, all attempts to connect them proving
failures.

I recognize the existence of abnormal sports and possibly hybrids
and albinos, ete. These I did not contemplate, nor did I consider
very young or old and eroded or decayed specimens. Barring these
I still think I could find a dividing line sufficiently distinct.

I have not seen the dark colored U. borealis Mr. Simpson mentions
but the types were furnished to Mr. Gray by Mr. Latchford of
Ottawa, Canada and were taken from the Ottawa river. Mr. Latch-
ford has given me a good suite of like specimens. They seem dis-
tinct enough for a good species but it is a close relative of luteolus,
so close indeed that very young specimens are not easily separated.
The glass, however, shows the lines of growth a little coarser and the
shell consequently a little rougher.

My mind still dwells on the wonderful vagaries of the Unio
radiatus as described by Mr. Simpson. I should have some dread
of looking over the Lea collection with him for fear of getting so
confused that I should not know my wife unless I had her labeled
and was sure of her locality.

ADDITIONAL U. 8S. FISSURELLIDE.

We are informed by Mr. T. H. Aldrich that two species were
omitted from the Catalogue of this family published in the last
NAUTILUS, Viz:

GLYPHIS ALTIOR Meyer and Aldrich.—Eocene, Ala. Jour. Cin.
Soc. N. H. 1886, p. 41, pl. 2, figs. 16, 16a, 16b. Described under
the genus Fissurella.

PUNCTURELLA JACKSONENSIS Meyer.—Eocene, Jackson, Miss.

Bericht der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu
Frankfort a. M., 1887, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 15.

The types of both of these species are in the collection of Mr,
Aldrich.— H. A. P. & C. W. J.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

PALUDINA JAPONICA MART. FOR SALE IN THE SAN FRANCISCO
CHINESE MARKETS.

BY WILLIARD M. WOOD, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

While on my way down town to business from my residence
one morning, about nine o’clock, I found it necessary to pass
through Chinatown in order to reach a certain store where I
desired to leave an order, and while walking through the narrow,
crowded, ill-smelling streets of that portion of the city, which by
the way, contains some twenty-five thousand Chinese, my attention
was called to a very large flaring red sign, upon which were Chinese
letters, hung in front of a Chinese vegetable and butcher shop. I
stopped a few moments to glance down toward the bottom of this
sign, and saw a good sized wooden bucket. This was filled up to
the top with dirty looking water and little brown shells.

I examined one and found it alive. Now was my chance to
obtain a Japanese species for my cabinet; a species which I had
never seen alive in this State before.

I found the proprietor of the shop and said to him, “ Where did
you get these, John?” ‘Me no sabbe,” was his reply. Then I
ventured to ask him for how much he sold them, and again came
his reply, ‘“‘ Me no sabbe.” Just then a Chinamen who was stand-
ing by, turned around, and evidently saw that we could not make
each other understand, for he stepped up to me and said in very
good English, “What you want? I tell him. I speak English.”

By this fellow acting as interpreter, I found out that the shells in
the bucket were the first lot brought alive from Japan. He in-
formed me that they were called by the Chinese “Teen Law.” I
immediately asked him for the translation of this name. It means
Field Shell.

He went on to tell me that these shells were very good to eat, and
he had just bought some, intending to take them to his wife. She
would throw them into boiling water, letting them remain for a few
moments. Then they were to be taken out, the operculum removed,
and the foot separated from the soft body, salted, peppered and
eaten.

Having asked all the questions I desired, I thanked the inter-
preter and then purchased some, for which I paid the small sum of
ten cents per dozen.

THE NAUTILUS. OLS)

I visited the aforesaid Chinaman the next day intending to buy a
few more of the shells, but was told that so eager were the Chinese
in this city to eat the delicious meat of these shells that all of them
had been sold in a very short time after arriving from the Steamer.

Not knowing the exact name of this species, I forwarded a few to
my ever-helpful friend, Mr. Wm. J. Raymond of Oakland, Cal., who,
comparing them with some of his Asiatic Paludinide, found them to
be identical with a pair of specimens under the name of Paludina
Japonica, Mart.

While preparing some of the shells for my cabinet, I discovered
that each specimen contained inside, from twelve to eighteen young
shells, about the size of a small Sweeinea.

I have kept two of the larger specimens alive ina tumbler full of
water, changing it every two or three days, and often putting in a
piece of cabbage leaf for them to feed upon.

A gentleman who recently arrived from Japan, tells me that
children of the poorer classes go out in the rice fields, near Yokohama
and gather the shells, selling them for a few cents a quart.

As this was the first shipment to America of this species alive, and
it being also an additional species offered for sale in the markets of
San Francisco, I write the above, hoping that the same will be
recorded in the ‘“‘Nautitus” and will be of some interest to its
readers.

DO MOLLUSCA SHOW CHANGE OF CLIMATE IN NEW ENGLAND?

BY REY. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A few days ago I received from Connecticut a series of shells
which I was asked to identify. The specimens being in all proba-
bility a species of Goniobasis, | was not only unable to identify,
since I know little or nothing of that genus, but also I had never
known an instance of that genus being found in New England. If
it is common in Connecticut will someone kindly inform me, and if
not, may I ask observers if there is a tendency among shells to
migrate in a northerly direction ?

Reasons for the above question are as follows: A change of cli-
mate is claimed for New England, said change bringing a warmer

116 THE NAUTILUS.

temperature and is probably due to the removal of forests. It is a
well-known fact that species formerly common on the coast of
Maine are now extinct, or nearly so, but these would indicate a
colder temperature of the sea.

In support of the changed climate of the land, botany has revealed
some proofs. The writer had just published a note on this subject
in “The Observer” when the above named shells were received,
and hence the question naturally arose, is this species a new-comer
from the south? I should be glad to hear from others, for I see no
reason why the mollusca may not give interesting facts as well as
plants or other animal forms.

[SELECTED. ]

ANTIPODEAN OYSTERS.

If I have a deep and lasting affection for anything in this world,
it is for oysters. Wherever I go, one of the first inquiries I make is
as to the oyster supply. If that is all right, I can look at the rest
of things through rosy spectacles. I find a bivalvular view of life is
always a cheerful one. I have made many strange acquaintances
among oysters in the South Pacific, but never had any great difficulty
in adapting myself to my company. You remember how wisely and
feelingly dear old Tom Moore sang on that point :

Tis sweet to know that where’er we rove
We are sure to find oysters delicious, if dear;

And when we are far from the beds that we love,
We have but to make love to the beds we are near.

I may not have quoted the lines quite correctly, but they are near
enough. The chosen Paradise of the oyster-eater is the North Island
of New Zealand, for there the oysters are not only delicious but
ridiculously cheap. Along theseashore in the lonely, sheltered friths
and inlets about Auckland, every rock consists of a mass of oysters
clustered together in a wonderful manner, but easily detached and
opened when you know how. ‘The best oyster-opening machine is a
Maori girl with a brad-awl. The Auckland rock oysters have long,
deep, ragged shells, but the oysters themselves are very small, plump,
and beautifully shaped, very sweet and not at all coppery or watery.
They are equally good raw, stewed, fried, frittered, or in a pie or

q

THE NAUTILUS. 1A

timbale. If you want to get them in perfection, however, you should
sail down to the Island of Waihéké, in the Frith of Thames, fifteen
miles from Auckland, a veritable Fairyland. Have your fairy on
hand with her brad-awl; pick out a rock just awash at high tide;
sit under a tree-fern, or in the shade of the sail of your boat ; swallow
the oysters alive as they come from the nymph’s deft hands in their
pearly, cup-like shell; give each just one bite, to bring out all the
flavor, as it goes down; and offer up pzeans of praise to the Giver of
all good things. Charles Kingsley declared a genuine Havana cigar
was a thing to thank God for, and Charles Lamb wanted a form of
grace to be said after reading an interesting book. The soul of man
ascends to Heaven in gratitude, without a shadow of profanity, after
assimilating a peck or so of Waihéké oysters. They are the most
ethereal of all food. From time immemorial the Maoris have come
from all the neighboring parts, and even from long distances, every
summer, to feast on oysters in a particular bay at Waihéké. I have
been there often. It is worth a pilgrimage from the other end of the
earth. In the middle of New Zealand there are the famous Queen
Charlotte Sound oysters, round and flat, and very firm in flesh, with
just that sub-flavor of copper which some connoisseurs set such a
value on, but which I confess I am not very partial to. Not but
that I can eat a couple of dozen of Queen Charlotte Sound oysters
with pleasure at any time—when Auckland rocks are not to be had.
In the far south, at Stewart’s Island—Providence has been very
gracious to those people—superb oysters of quite a different kind are
obtained in vast quantities, just when Auckland rocks are out of
season. Stewart’s Island oysters are large, round, flat, symmetrical
oysters, which look simply splendid on the half-shell, and have a
grand flavor and plenty of it, which makes them invaluable for
cookery. <A timbale or soufflé of Stewart Island oysters is something
to make your hair curl, But nothing can shake my devotion to the
Auckland oysters. It is founded on a rock. Jam quite safe in say-
ing that the biggest edible oysters in the world are found at Port
Lincoln in South Australia. They are as large as a dinner-plate,
and the same shape. I have seem them more than a foot across the
shell, and the oyster fits his shell so well he does not leave much
margin. It is a newsensation, when a friend asks you to lunch at
Adelaide, to have one oyster set before you fried in butter or egg
and bread-crumbs. But it is a very pleasant sensation, for the

118 THE NAUTILUS.

flavor and delicacy of the Port Lincoln mammoths are proverbial
in that land of luxuries. I mean, when they are cooked. Many
people eat them raw, cutting off pieces with a knife and fork. I
draw the line there. I was going to tell you about the Sydney
oysters, in New South Wales, on the other side of the Australian
Continent; but I must refrain. The memories are too tender. As
Mr. Guppy said: “There are chords in the human heart.’”—
Edward Wakefield in Once a Week.

GENERAL NOTES.

SHELLS IN Prye Forests.—In “Some Notes on American Land
Shells,” Prof. A. G. Wetherby states that ‘‘it is not worth while to
search under or about pine logs for snails . . . and such I have
ever observed to be the case in Tennesse, Kentucky and North
Carolina; and the scarcity of land shells in forests almost or exclu-
sively pine, is a fact well known.” This statement has been of espe-
cial interest to me, having collected mollusca in Switzerland for
years. There pine—especially fir—are the principal, and to a great
extent exclusive, components of the forests in the valleys, and to a
great percentage in the mountains, both Alps and Jura, and many
of these forests are rather rich in snails. I can state from remem-
brance that almost all the land mollusea living in forests at all are
found also in pine woods; and on the very trunks, logs, etc. of the
same wood I collected Limaz, Vitrina (as high as 5 feet from the
ground), Helix (personata, obvoluta, etc.), Buliminus montanus
sometimes higher than can be reached by the hand; B. obscurus ;
Clausilia, different species, ete-—Dr. V. Sterki.

Lanp SHELLS IN Pink Woops.—As a supplement to Dr. Sterki’s
observations, we must say that our collecting in pine districts both
North and South, has given the impression that Prof. Wetherby’s
conclusion is correct as far as the Eastern U.S. is concerned. We
have always found land shells rare in pine woods. In the Catskill
Mts. where the writer collected during the past summer, the land
shells ascend only as far as deciduous trees grow, none being found
in the coniferous belt—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

Mr. Cuas. T. Srupson left Washington last month for a collect-
ing tour in Florida.

THE Puysa seem to be a rather difficult object of study,
as they present various aspects in different ages and from different
places. They should be carefully collected and Jabelled and com-
pared from a locality in the various seasons, as far as possible —
Conf. Mr. Stearn’s article in Naurimus LV, 5.—Dr. V. Sterki.

Froripa Hexices.—We collected 500 well developed Helix
jejuna on the tops of grass and weeds where they had taken refuge
from the water a foot or more in depth. We also found a small
form of Vertigo ovata and V. ovulwm Sterki, also Helix auriculata
and a variety of Helix Postelliana in great abundance. The
water had driven them out to where they were easily found.— Geo. W.
Webster, Lake Helen, Florida.

In Zoe, vol. I, p. 134, Mr. Henry Hemphill has given a list of
the West Coast mollusks which he has himself eaten, or known to
be eaten by others. “ All four of the Abalones, rufescens, corru-
gata, fulgens and Crachrodii, are edible, and their fine flavor has
long been known to the sailors, fishermen and ranchers along the
coast of California.”

Hetix JeJUNA is found in the pine woods of Florida, and, so far
as I know, is the only snail found in high pine timber.— Geo. W.

Webster.

A specimen of Pleurotomaria Adansoniana Crosse & Fischer,
lately found on the Island of Tobago, West Indies, has been pur-
chased by Mr. R. F. Damon, of Weymouth, England. It is the
largest specimen of the species known. Mr. Damon has published
a life-size figure of this magnificent specimen.

EXCHANGES.

Maring, land and fresh-water shells to exchange for the same from
other localities. Lists exchanged. Would also exchange shells for
works on conchology.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, Somerville,
N. J.

For EXCHANGE.— Land, fresh-water and marine shells from East

and South-east Fla., for shells from other localities —Geo. W.
Webster, Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Florida.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

I sTrLL HAVE a few more sets of California land, fresh-water and
marine shells to exchange for other Pacific Coast and Eastern
species, ete. Kindly send lists to— Williard M. Wood, 2817, Clay
St., San Francisco, Cab

VALLONIA WANTED.—Dr. V. Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio,
desiring to make a critical study of the American forms of this
groups, solicits specimens of Va/lonia from all parts of the Country.
Named sets will be returned to each person contributing specimens.

The editor heartily recommends collectors to communicate with Dr.
Sterkii—Ed. Nautilus.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, III,
Sept. 1, 1891, contains the following conchological papers:

Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Nevada near Lat.
38°, by W. J. Raymond, with appendix by Dr: J. G. Cooper.
A valuable paper, giving the altitudes at which many species were
found, with other useful notes. Im an appendix Dr. Cooper gives
additional notes on the same subject and describes and figures
Spherium Raymondi n. sp., S. lentieula Gld., S. partumieum Say, S.
truncatum Linsl., Ancylus caurinus Cp., A. fragilis Tryon, Planorbis
subcrenatus var. disjectus n. var., with many useful comparative
notes. As a generic term for the “ calyculate ” species of Spherium,
Dr. Cooper proposes Primella. This name becomes a synonym of
Calyculina Clessin, founded upon the same peculiarity. Planorbis
subcrenatus, v. disjectus is a form like Ingersoll’s P. plexatus, having
the inner whorls on a different plane from the last one.

On land and fresh-water shells of Lower California, by Dr. J. G.
Cooper. The following species are described: Bulimulus inscendens
W. G. B. var. Bryanti, Rhodea california Pfr. subsp. ? ramentosa.
The last is an extremely interesting discovery, as the genus has been
supposed to be entirely South American, the Californian citations
of earlier authors having been discredited by many.

CATALOGUE AND SYNONYMY of the recent species of Muricide,
by Frank C. Baker. The species of Muricine are enumerated in
this paper by Mr. Baker, with notes on their distribution, variation,
ete.

Ur, WESLEY NEWCOMB

Vee N Berius.

VOL. Vv. MARCH, 1892. No. 11.

IN MEMORIAM—DR. WESLEY NEWCOMB.

Dr. Wesley Newcomb, the last of the old school of conchologists,
died at his home in Ithaca N. Y. on the 26th. of January at the
advanced age of 84 years. His name belongs on the roll of honor
as one of a distinguished group of American Naturalists, who made
themselves illustrious by their services in the development and
advancement of the study of Natural History in this country, and
their contributions to scientific knowledge. Among those who may
be specially regarded as Dr. Newcomb’s contemporaries, the names
of Gould, Binney the elder, C. B. Adams, P. P. Carpenter, Bland,
Conrad, Lea, Anthony, Couthouy ete., at once occur. While Lea
and Jay were among the last to pass within the folds of

‘a * the low green tent,”’
before Dr. Newcomb, sad as it was, no doubt, to him, to note the
loss of one old friend after another, he was happy in this, that his
prolonged life, brought him in contact with many kindred spirits
among the younger men and workers of the present, and he had the
knowledge of their friendship and regard as a consolation.

In his early life he was more fortunate than many of his scientific
friends. He had the conspicuous advantages of excellent teachers
and a good education. He first attended the Academy at White
Plains N. Y., and afterwards the Rennselzer now the Polytechnic
Institute, at that time in charge of one of the best of the earlier
scientists, Professor Amos Eaton; subsequently at the Jefferson
Medical College, Philadelphia, and last at the Castleton Medical
College, Vermont, where he graduated most creditably. Asa pupil

of Professor Eaton, he was, to use his own expression “ forced into
(21)

2, THE NAUTILUS.

the study of she//s,” in order to intelligently study fossils, of which
otherwise he would have learned but little that was satisfactory.
Living or recent shells were then termed “ Concha Marina”—a
lumping together amusingly indefinite and vague as seen in the
light of to-day. To quote him further “I fancied recent shells
would furnish a key to Paleontology and I expected in a few weeks
of study to master the science of conchology.” The result was
somewhat disappointing; he found as all true students have found,
whatever the path of study, that fresh vistas, eternally new, are con-
stantly opening, and that with increased knowledge comes a wider
and more distant horizon, and so like others who have the love and
thirst and courage of learning, undaunted he kept right on.

His father, Simon Newcomb, of the fifth generation of the family
in America, the first being Andrew who came to this country in
1635, was a physician. The son it will be noticed followed the
father’s profession. In 1838 he was fortunate in making a marriage
that was in every way congenial; his wife a most estimable woman,
his companion and friend for 54 years, survives him. After prac-
tising medicine in Albany, and a prolonged visit to the Antilles in
1846-7, in 1849 he went to California, thence to the Hawaiian
islands in 1850, where he resided for five years. Here the oppor-
tunity for studying the interesting shells of the Achatinellidae was
open to him, and he added over a hundred species to the number
previously known. His exhaustive series of these beautiful forms
is probably the finest extant, and the conclusions reached by him
are without doubt more nearly correct, than those of other authors
who have published on this rather difficult group.

In 1856 he returned to New York. In 1857 he went to Europe
and past of the time had Dr. Gould for a companion. In London
he had the pleasure of meeting many of the leading naturalists of
the old world, Reeve, Gray, Sowerby, Adams, Hanley, Owen and
others, and Deshayes, Kiener, Bernardi, Hupé and others in
Paris. On his return to the United States he went to California in
1858 and established himself as a physician in Oakland, where he
became well and agreeably known and soon had an ample practice.
Here as elsewhere he continued his conchological studies, ever
enthusiastic and ever ready to assist others as he had been from the
beginning and was unto the end, all the while adding to his collee-
tion, already magnificent, and one of the finest and best arranged
in the world. His generous encouragement to collectors as well as

THE NAUTILUS. 123

occasional field-work himself, resulted in his adding several new
species of Land, Freshwater and Marine forms to the molluscan
fauna of the West Coast.

In 1867 the Newecombian collection was purchased by Mr.
Cornell for the University that bears his name. Doctor Newcomb
soon followed it to Ithaca and its re-arrangement and installation
in the Museum of said institution, received his personal attention.

The same liberality that characterized his dealings with brother
conchologists and collectors in the past, and the comprehensive
system of exchanges established years before, notwithstanding the
serious gaps that death had made in the list of his correspéndents,
continued to yield good fruit, and the collection after it had ceased
to be his property, still received his fostering care, and was enriched
by numerous and valuable accessions.

Dr. Newcomb was no closet naturalist wise in books yet unfamiliar
with the things themselves. His erudition was inclusive and
covered both. Twice he visited Europe, the chief object of his first
visit being the further study of his profession; thrice he collected
on the reefs in the Bay of Panama and southerly to Ecuador ; also
at many places in the United State of Colombia, Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, Honduras and San Salvador. In 1846-7 before briefly
referred to, he collected on twenty-one of the West Indian islands
from Santa Cruz to Demerara, and subsequently at San Domingo,
Hayti and Key West, also one winter on the Gulf coast of Florida
where he made a large collection on the shores and by dredging the
Sarasote Bays. In 1870 he was appointed sanitary expert to the
San Domingo expedition by President Grant, the voyage being
made on the U.S. 8. Tennessee, and the following year, he was made
one of the commissioners, to examine and report on the Sutro Tunnel,
Nevada.

Dr. Newcomb was an honorary and corresponding member of
many scientific societies at home and abroad. His numerous papers
covering the period from 1849 to 1866, have appeared in their pub-
lications.

From the above it will be seen, how active was his life, and how
enthusiastic his love of Nature. This love possessed him to the last.
Of his character nothing can be said but praise. All who knew
him will bear testimony to his noble sincerity and great goodness of

124 THE NAUTILUS.

heart, unconsciously exhibited in numberless acts of kindness,
generosity and benevolence.

So closed a life well rounded with fullness of years, of good will
and of generous service. R Bers

A NEW FLORIDA UNIO.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, LAKE HELEN, FLORIDA.

Unio Oscari, n. sp.

Shell smooth, oblong, subcylindrical, greatly inflated; abruptly
rounded anteriorly below and subangular above; basal margin
subemarginate, posterior margin truncate and biangular, dorsal
margin slightly arched; valves solid and not thick; beaks not
prominent and always eroded; epidermis reddish-brown, darker
toward the umbos and in the juveniles with fascicles of broad green-
ish and narrow orange-colored rays; umbonial angle rather sharp ;
posterior slope depressed in adults but broad; sides deeply grooved
near the umbonial ridge with concentric rounded furrows; cardinal
teeth very broad but depressed and not thick, oblique, very vari-
able but usually double in the left and single in the right valve;
lateral teeth curved and double in left valve; cavity of the beak
nearly obsolete, cavity of the shell deep; cicatrices well impressed,
the anterior distinct, posterior confluent, dorsal under the base of
the posterior branch of the cardinal tooth; nacre purple and some-
what iridescent.

Diam. °8, length 1, breadth 2°4 in. (extreme).

Habitat. A creek from Lake Osceola, at Winter Park, Florida.

Collections of G. W. and O. B. Webster, B. H. and Dr. S. H.
Wright, Museum Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila. and National
Museum.

Remarks. Over 100 specimens of all ages of this well marked
and beautiful species were taken by the Messrs. Webster and sub-
mitted for examination. They are remarkably uniform in char-
acter and most nearly related to U. Aheneus Lea, from which it
differs in having a smoother and nearly polished epidermis, cavity
of the shell very much deeper and the lateral teeth shorter, heavier
and wider.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

It must not be confounded with U. Hazelhurstianus Lea, which
has a rougher, blackish epidermis, greater breadth and not so in-
flated.

We take pleasure in naming this species for the discoveror, Mr.
Oscar B. Webster, of Lake Helen, Florida.

ON THE SPECIES OF DONAX OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Genus Donax Linné.

The name Donaz is derived according to most authorities from a
Greek word meaning a reed or pole, perhaps in allusion to the
radiating strie which might recall a tuft of reeds. This word is
derived from the feminine verb doneo, to wave or shake, and the
author of the genus has regarded the resulting noun as feminine,
forming the terminations of his adjective specific namesin a. Some
later authors have taken the derivative Latin Donaz a reed, or,
secondarily, a slender fish (Pliny), as the original form and have
regarded the word as masculine. It would seem best to fellow the
original usage. In the endeavor to identify some species of this
genus from the Tertiaries of North Carolina it has been necessary
to review the recent species of the genus from the eastern coast of
the United States and the result may be summarized in the follow-
ing table.

DONAX §&.S.

A. With a distinctly sculptured lunule.
a. Strisze punctate, lunule smaller than the truncation.
D. denticulata Linné. Texas, Bahamas, West Indies to Rio Janeiro.
b. Strize simple, lunule co-éxtensive with truncation.
D. rugosa Linné. Extra-limital, West Indies to Rio.
B. Without lunule, striz simple.
1. Sharply truncate.
a. Riblets of the truncate area simple.
D. striata Linné. Extra-limital, Antilles, Colon.
D. Roemeri Phil. Short, triangular. Galveston to Vera Cruz.
D. variabilis Say. Longer, sculpture feeble. Hatteras to Galves-
tom W 212?

126 THE NAUTILUS.

b. Riblets granular or vermiculate.
D. texasianu Phil. Small, shape of variabilis. Galveston to Vera
Cruz.
2. Posterior end more rounded, sculpture feeble.
a. Shell compressed.
D. fossor Say. Olive with blue rays. New Jersey to Mayport,
Florida.
D. incerata Hanley. Small, subovate, very flat. Extra-limital,
Bahamas.
b. Shell inflated.
D. tumida Phil. Small, very stout, polished. St. Augustine to
Texas and Vera Cruz, Mexico.

TpHIGENIA Schumacher.

T. brasiliana Lam. Lateral teeth obsolete. Indian River, Florida
south to Rio Janeiro.

Donax protractus Conrad is an extremely large and senile speci-
men of D. fossor. D. variabilis presents similar modifications when
very old, becoming abnormally long and arcuate. D. parvula Phil.,
is the very young D. fossor. D. Lamarekii Desh., is identical with D.
striata Linné. D. angustatus Sow. is a well-grown D. fossor, not
quite so old as the type of protractus. D. elongatus Sow. and Han-
leyana Phil. (fide Sow.) equal rugosa Linné, non Sow. The writer
has received adventitious specimens of D. californica Conr., D. navi-
cula Rve. and D. punetostriatus Hanl. from Florida, as indigenous
to that coast. The following species are known in the fossil state
from the eastern United States: D. idonea Conrad is supposed to
be Miocene and was described from a valve cast up on the coast of
North Carolina and supposed to be from a submarine bed of fossils ;
D. emmonsii Dall (Emmons Geol. N. C. p. 298, fig. 227 which has
been misplaced in the text) from the later tertiaries of Cape Fear
River; D. equilibrata Dall, same locality, collected by Mr. C. W.
Johnson ; D. fossor Say occurs in the Pliocene of Florida and South
Carolina; D. variabilis in the Pleistocene of South Carolina. The
Miocene references to these two forms are in need of confirmation
and the variabilis of the Pliocene of Tuomey and Holmes is D.
fossor. The Eocene forms referred by Conrad to the genus Egeria
are doubtfully related to Donax. D. cequilibrata may be briefly
characterized as follows: shell longer in proportion to its height
than in any of our recent species, rounded in front, the posterior

THE NAUTILUS. LG

end rostrate and pointed; truncated area impressed, its borders not
carinated and ill defined, rostrum faintly grooved, the rest of the
shell polished, with obsolete impressed lines; inner margin denticu-
late; hinge teeth well developed, laterals strong and near the cardi-
nals; pallial sinus rounded and extending a little in front of the
beaks; the latter are well-defined, not prominent and nearly central.
Lon. of shell 17, Alt. 8°9, diam. 6 mm.

MOLLUSKS AS CAT-FISH FOOD.
BY CHAS. C. ADAMS, 806 EMPIRE ST., BLOOMINGTON, ILL.

In the Nauriwus for Dec., 1891, Dr. W.S. Strode spoke of the
destruction of Anodonta which some thought was the work of cat-
fish. :

Speaking of the food of the cat-fish, Ictelurus nebulosus, L. S. in
Vol. Il, p. 461, Bull. Ul., St. Lab. Nat. Hist., he says: “ Mollusca
make one-fifth of the entire amount of the food—more than one
half of them Spherium. This genus made nearly all the food of a
large group taken from the Illinois River at Pekin in September,
1882, and also of two other specimens taken in the Illinois River at
Peoria in Oct., 1887. Univalves were rarely present, amounting to
only two per cent. of the food, taken, however by eight of the spec-
imens. These included the usual forms— Valvata, Melantho, and
Amunicola, taken with two or three specimens of Physa. Examples of
Pisidium were rarely noted, and two had eaten Unios.”

Speaking of Ictelurus punctatus, Raf., p. 456, he says; “ Molluscan
food was a decidedly important element, being found in fifteen of
the fishes and amounting to fifteen per cent. of the whole. Several
specimens had taken little or nothing else—notably six secured at
Havana in Sept., 1887, and one at Peoria in Oct., of the same year.
The Mollusca were about equally divided between gasteropods and
lamellibranchs, the former largely Melantho and Vivipara,
the latter usually Unio or Anodonta.”

“ Notwithstanding the number of bivalves eaten by these fishes,
no fragment of a shell was ever found in their stomachs, but the
bodies of the animals had invariably been torn from the shell while
yet living as shown both by the fresh condition of the recently
indigested specimen and likewise by the fact that the adductor

128 THE NAUTILUS.

muscles were scarcely ever present in the fragments. Indeed, in
only a single bivalve had the posterior adductor been torn loose.
The Unionidze were usually large and thin—probably in most cases
Anodonta.

“T have been repeatedly assured by fishermen that the cat-fish seizes
the foot of the mollusk while the latter is extended from the shell,
and tears the animal loose by vigorously jerking and rubbing it
about. One intelligent fisherman informed me that he was often
first notified of the presence of cat-fish in his seine, in making a
haul, by seeing the fragments of clams floating on the surface, dis-
gorged by the struggling captives.”

“Still more interesting and curious was the fact that the univalve
Mollusca found in the stomachs of these fishes were almost invari-
ably naked, the more or less mutilated bodies having only the oper-
cles attached. How these fishes manage to separate mollusks like
Melantho and Vivipara from the shell, I am scarcely able to imag-
ine, unless they have the power to crack the shells in their jaws as
a boy would nuts, and then pick out the body afterward. Certainly
the shells are not swallowed, either whole or broken.

“The number of Mollusks sometimes taken by a single cat-fish is
surprising. As high as one hundred and twenty bodies and opercles
of Melantho and Vivipara were counted in a spotted cat-fish taken
at Havana in September of last year.”

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tertiary Mouiusks or Fiorrpa, by W. H. Dall. Part II.
On the Marine Pliocene Beds of the Carolinas. (Trans. Wagner
Institute, 1892.) In connection with his studies of the Calovsa-
hatchie Pliocene fauna, Dr. Dall found it necessary to consider the
other east American faunas supposed to be of the same age. The
area where Pliocene might be expected to occur is bounded on the
north by part of Virginia, and extends southward along the coast to
South Florida. In his studies of the Carolinian fauna, which
Heilprin has called “ Carolinian or Upper Atlantic Miocene,” Dr.
Dall was “forced to the conclusion that the fauna catalogued and
illustrated by Tuomey and Holmes in their ‘ Pleiocene Fossils of
South Carolina’ was not a true fauna at all, but a confusion of
several distinct faunas, of which one was of true Miocene age, like

THE NAUTILUS. 129

the Virginia Miocene, while another might reasonably be regarded
as genuine Pliocene, and the stratigraphical equivalent in South
Carolina of the Caloosahatchie beds of Florida.

_“ These views having been communicated to Mr. Joseph Willcox,
of Philadelphia, that gentleman, with the assistance of Mr. Chas. W.
Johnson, Assistant Curator of the museum of the Wagner Free Insti-
tute of Science, undertook to contribute to the solution of this inter-
esting problem. In the autumn of 1891 Mr. Johnson, under the
direction of Mr. Willcox, after conferring with the writer, under-
took the search for genuine Pliocene beds in South Carolina. It
was thought that the search would be most likely to be successful on
the Waccamaw River and vicinity, a majority of Tuomey’s really
Pliocene species having come from that region, while the seaward
position of it relative to known Miocene of the State enhanced this
probability.”

The sections obtained by Mr. Johnson during his investigations,
and the collections obtained, enable Dr. Dall to “assert with confi-
dence that—1, the presence of genuine Pliocene beds has been
established in both the Carolinas; 2, the Pliocene of Tuomey and
Holmes has been shown to be a confusion of species belonging to at
least two horizons; and 3, that the classifications based upon the
supposed characteristics of this non-existent fauna may now be con-
signed to oblivion, or at least removed from the geologic pathway
in which they have been so long a stumbling-block. That their
biological anomalies enabled the writer practically to predict this
result is satisfactory testimony to the value of paleontology in geo-
logical work—a value which some modern writers have too hastily
called in question.”

The general conclusions reached upon the conditions from the
close of the eocene to the present time are of such general interest
that we cannot forbear quoting them in full:

“Tne close of the Eocene was marked by a movement in elevation which raised
Central Florida as an island above the level of the sea, separated by a wide strai-
from the continental shore-line of Georgia. At the same time a change of condi-
tions took place by which the character of the fauna was subjected to a notable
alteration. Mummutlites and Orbitoides, genera which had formed until then most
conspicuous members of the fauna, together with other foraminifera of smaller
size, disappeared entirely, with numerous molluscan genera, and were replaced by
others, notably Oréztolites. The fauna was a subtropical assemblage similar to
that of the Central Antilles, and this continued for a time to be its character.
Orogenic changes elsewhere intervened, and, probably by modifying the course of

130 THE NAUTILUS.

the ocean-currents, affected the character of the Floridian fauna even more pro-
foundly than did those changes which terminated the Eocene.

“¢ The period between the inception of the Miocene and the modification of its
original fauna covered the deposition of the beds comprising the Chattahooche
group of Langdon and the Tampa group of Dall, and, from the fact that its warm=
water fauna is best displaved in the Chipola beds of Northwest Florida, along the
river of the same name, may be called the Chifola epoch. During this epoch sub-
tropical mollusks, such as Cymza and Volufa, flourished as far north as New
Jersey. The temperature-indications of the fauna do not differ essentially as far
as our knowledge goes, from those of the previous Jater Eocene fauna. At no
succeeding epoch do we find subtropical or tropical mollusks extending northward
to such a distance from their present range. If any of the leaf-beds of Greenland
are really Miocene, these facts authorize the suspicion that the period when wal-
nuts ripened on the shores of the Arctic Sea may have been synchronous with the
warm Chipola epoch of the early Miocene.

«¢ Whether an eastward deflection of the Gulf Stream, connected with elevation of
the Great Carolinian Ridge, or some other undetermined cause, offered the oppor-
tunity, a colder inshore current seems to have crept southward along the conti-
nent, penetrated the strait between Georgia and Florida, and washed the northern
shores of the Gulf of Mexico. With it came the cold-water fauna appropriate to
its temperature. This fauna began early in the north, nearly the whole mass of
the New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia Miocene being of this character. Souih-
ward the mass relative to that of the Chipola epoch gradually diminishes, being
less in the Carolinas and least in the Floridian region. With this fauna were
introduced the conspicuous forms which are known as characteristic of the Mio-
cene of Maryland and Virginia, the large Pectens and Arcas, Venrws and Ecphora.
Profusely developed about Chesapeake Bay, where it is found in those beds to
which Darton and the writer, independently, came to apply the name of Chesa-
peake, the period in which it flourished may appropriately be designated as the
Chesapeake epoch. The fauna introduced at this time has left lasting traces on
the fauna of the Gulf of Mexico even to the present moment, but never reached as
far south as the Florida Keys or the southern portion of the peninsula. The
faunal change was decidedly the most important mutation which is traceable in
the fossil vertebrate faunas of the Gulf and Floridian region during the whole of
Post-Eocene time.

“The Chipola epoch here, in general, was a period of very slow and gentle ele-
yation, followed at or near its close by a slight depression equally gentle.

“ The Chesapeake epoch in the South was in the main a period of quiescent
deposition, and was closed by a very important movement in elevation. In the
Central American region (notably Costa Rica), the Miocene rocks were elevated
to a height of 12,000 feet above the sea. The Panamic connections between the
Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean were definitely terminated, and the connec-
tion between the continents of North and South America finally brought about.
On the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico the elevation was more moderate,
but considerable, and by it the island of Florida was united to the Georgian
mainland and the previously existing strait permanently closed. This event, in
the classification proposed by the writer, terminates the Miocene.

THE NAUTILUS. ital

“«The products of erosion resulting from the rising of the land were probably
those laid down as the Grand Gulf beds of Hilgard and the Altamaha Grits of
Georgia. The water in which they were deposited was for the most part fresh or
brackish, and the littoral subsidence so gradual as to practically exclude the sea
and its fauna.

‘©The Pliocene of Eastern America, as understood by the writer, begins with
the culmination of the movement in elevation just described, and ends with the
beginning of the Glacial period.

“The elevation on the continent resulted in the immediate increase of fluvial
erosion, and the continued and accelerated creation of perezonal formations simi-
lar to the above-mentioned Grand Gulf-beds, especially the Lafayette or Appo-
mattox formation of McGee. The discharge of immense quantities of sediment
must have rendered the shores less adapted to profuse molluscan life than they
had been during the Chesapeake epoch. At all events, the Chesapeake fauna
seems to have receded, and to have been gradually followed up by the warm-
water fauna which succeeded the Chesapeake and is preserved in the Caloosa-
hatchie beds. As the peninsula of Florida has preserved an unbroken record of
this era, it would seem appropriate to apply to it the name of the Floridian epoch,
and slightly modifying Prof. Heilprin’s use of the term, to refer all deposits of
similar paleontologic contents to a single assemblage in the system under the name
of the Floridian group.

It is probable that the South American vertebrates, such as Glyptodon, which
found their way northward after the union of the continents, did not immediately
reach the Floridan peninsula; but, whatever their migrations, it is certain that
during the Middle Pliocene they made their appearance in that region. Their
bones, sandwiched between fossiliferous rocks of Pliocene age, establish this fact
beyond controversy.

The invertebrates appear—in Florida, at least—to have flourished peacefully, and
the extinction of some of the most conspicuous forms of the fauna appears to have
been brought about by a movement in elevation which raised their favorite shallows
above the sea—an elevation not necessarily of many feet in altitude. At all
events, a majority of those species which live preferably in moderate depths of
water, as opposed to littoral forms, still persists in similar situations, unmodified to
any notable extent.

The orogenic independence and singular tranquillity of the area which orginally
formed the island of Florida, contrast strongly with the disturbances in elevation
or depression of which both continental and Antillean geology give evidence. It
would seem almost as if Florida had rested on the axis of the disturbances, and
the tilting northward and southward been minimized at that point.

For the beds exhibited in South Carolina along the Waccamaw, above the
Cretaceous marl, as sectionized by Tuomey and Johnson, the name of Waccamaw
beds may be adopted. For those which are found along the estuary of the Neuse
River the local Indian name of Cvoatan beds may be used. Both, as will subse-
queatly appear, may be referred to the Floridian group or epoch. The relations
of our later Tertiaries may be broadly summarized as follows :

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Later Eocene.
Vicksburg group (Jackson, Vicksburg and Salt Hill formations).
Ocala group (Nummulitic beds of Florida).

MIOCENE.

Chipola Epoch.
Chattahoochee group (Hawthorne and Ocheesee beds).
Tampa group (Shiloh marl, Tampa and Chipola beds).

Chesapeake Epoch.
Chesapeake group (Maryland, Virginia, etc.).
Grand Gulf group (Grand Gulf beds, Altamaha Grit, ete.—Epoch of elevation
begun and in progress).

PLIOCENHE.
Floridan Epoch.

Lafayette group (Lagrange beds, Orange sand, etc.; culmination of elevation).
Floridian group (Caloosahatchie, De Soto and Waccamaw beds, etc.).:

PLEISTOCENE.
Glacial Epoch.

A FOURTH SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIFTH VOLUME OF THE TER- -

RESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS OF THE UNITED States, by
W.G. Binney. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxii, no. 4). Mr. Binney’s
series of Supplements has become one of the established Institutions
of our Conchological World. This last number is no less interesting
and useful than its predecessors. It contains a resumé of systematic
work in this department from the date of the 5d supplement to July
1, 1891. Most of the descriptions of new forms have already
appeared or been noticed in the Naurrius, except the following:
Glaudina decussata var. Singleyana W. G. B., Central Texas ;
Zonites shepardi Hemphill, Santa Catalina I.; Z. carolinensis Ckll.,
Mts. of N. C.; Z. diegoensis Hemphill, Julian City, San Diego Co.,
Cal.; Polygyra 7-volva var. Floridana Hemph., Oyster Bay, Fla. ;
Pupa coloradoensis Ckll., and a number of new color-varieties of
Patula and Aglaia.

Mr. Binney gives generic diagnoses of the genera Pristiloma and
Punctum, groups which he had formerly referred to Microphysa.
Much useful matter has been added to our knowledge of the West
Coast Slugs, the figures and anatomical details being especially
acceptable. The four plates illustrate the new species and varieties
described. There are also numerous figures in the text. We con-
gratulate Mr. Binney on the completion of this supplement, and
hope that he will, in due time, give us still another.

VOL. v. APRIL, 1892. No. 12.

NOTES ON THE COLONIZATION OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS.

BY WM. B. MARSHALL, N. Y. STATE MUSEUM, ALBANY, N. Y.

In the American Journal of Conchology, vol. iv, 1868, p. 245, Dr.
James Lewis said:

“With a view to derive useful information for experiments in the
colonization of species of mollusca, it may be well to remark that,
in continuation of experiments heretofore attempted, in June, 1868,
a considerable number of species of mollusca were transported from
the Mohawk River to the outlet of Schuyler’s Lake, in Otsego
County (about 18 miles south from Mohawk). The species which
were deposited there are as follows: Melantho integra DeKay, M.
rufa Hald., Trypanostoma (Mel). subulare Lea, Goniobasis niagar-
ensis Lea, Somatogyrus isogonus Say, Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth.
and Bythinella (?) obtusa Lea.

“Tfin future years any of these species should be detected in any
portions of the Susquehanna River, it may be presumed they are
derived from stock colonized in the outlet of Schuyler’s Lake.
Experiments made, having in view the establishment of Vivipara
contectoides Binney, (Pal. vivipara Say), in the Mohawk River and
Erie Canal, do not seem to have been successful. It is, however,
thought desirable to continue these experiments, as the results of
them may possibly be such as, in some instances, to throw light on
the causes which influence the production of varieties. Contribu-
tions of living molluses for this purpose are much desired by the
writer.”

(133)

Iss! THE NAUTILUS.

It would be gratifying to know the results of these experiments.
Dr. Lewis’ language implies that the species which he deposited in
Schuyler’s Lake in 1868 did not inhabit the Susquehanna nor any
of its tributaries previous to that year. Perhaps some of the readers
of the Nauriius have specimens of some of these species taken from
the Susquehanna. If so they may be able to show that Dr. Lewis
was mistaken in supposing that the species did not inhabit the Sus-
quehanna; or that his experiments were successful.

So far as Vivipara contectoides is concerned, his attempt to
colonize it in the Mohawk River and Erie Canal has been eminently
successful. The species is firmly established in both the canal and
river, and has spread many miles from the place of its introduction.
Beautiful specimens are abundant in the neighborhood of Albany,
occurring in the Erie and Champlain Canals and in the Mohawk and
Hudson Rivers. The specimens found here do not show any varia-
tion from specimens taken in the natural habitat of the species.

Incidentally it may be remarked that Dr. Lewis’ experiment
emphasizes the importance of carefully prepared local lists of
species ; and the importance of recording the dates on which spec-
imens are collected. There is no doubt that the geographical
distribution of many species of mollusca is being more or less
influenced by human agencies. ‘This is especially true of fresh-
water species. Canals have been dug in various parts of the
country, connecting the waters of streams which differ widely in their
faunze. Other canals are in the course of construction and many
others are projected. It is probable that some species of fresh-water
shells will thus be afforded the means of extending their habitats.

In future years it will be desirable to know, for a given locality,
what species are indigenous and what species have been introduced.
In order to obtain this knowledge it is absolutely necessary that
there should be exhaustive lists or collections of the species of the
given locality made before the operation of man’s disturbing
influences.

ON AN UNDESCRIBED CYTHEREA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO.

BY W., He DALE:

Cytherea texasiana, n. s,
Shell resembling in general features ©. convexa Say, but larger
more elongate in proportion and with a more delicately sculptured

VYHE NAUTILUS. 135

surface. Shell moderately inflated, beaks not very prominent, sur-
face white, the young nearly smooth but gradually becoming finely
concentrically wrinkled toward the margin and the wrinkles wavy
or more or less interrupted; lunule large, similarly sculptured,
bounded by an impressed line but not depressed ; there is no defined
escutcheon ; epidermis thin, pale, closely adherent and smooth ;
interior chalky white, polished; pallial sinus angular and deep;
margins smooth; sockets of the hinge deep, hinge teeth normal,
slender; the anterior tooth small but well defined.

Shape of the shell very nearly a true oval, the height greatcst
about midway between the two ends; base and ends evenly rounded.
Lon. of shell 67:0; alt. 49°0 diam. 32:0; beaks behind the anterior
end 20:0 mm.

This fine species is No. 291 of my list in Bull. 37, U. S. Nat.
Mus., where it was referred with doubt to a fossil species which
proved to be of a different character. It was first collected by
Wurdeman during the earliest Coast Survey work on the Texan
coast (about 1856) and has since been sent to the National Museum
from Galveston by R. R. Gurley of the U. S. Fish Commission and
later by J. H. Singley of the Texas Geological Survey. Itis a
Dione of the section represented by D. Sayana or convexa and must,
when in really fine condition, be a very elegant species.

A FEW OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING DEATH OF FRESH WATER
MOLLUSCA.

BY DR. V. STERKI. ’

In the last number of the NautiLus Dr. Strode reports the death
of Anod. corpulenta Cpr., in Thompson’s Lake, Ill. To his case I
would add a few observations of a similar nature, though not so strik-
ing, which may, in some way, help to elucidate the question.

A few years ago, at exceptionally low water, I found in the
Tuscarawas River, numerous Unio subrotundus Lea, dead, in their
natural positions, buried in the gravel, the valves slightly gaping.
The soft parts were in a more or less advanced state of putrefaction,
partly dark colored. This last fall I noticed the same phenomenon
in the same place; it was amidst the river bed, around some small
low-water banks, in very shallow and comparatively quiet water,

136 THE NAUTILUS.

while quite near, in deeper and running water, the mussels were
alive and healthy as usual. There is hardly a doubt as to the
cause of death in this instance: fish certainly did not kill them,
nor any other animal; but evidently it was the sun heating the.
bottom and the water, probably also changing the latter, and in
addition, promoting the development of bacteria, etc. causing
disease.

As to the wholesale destruction related by Dr. Strode, the case is
somewhat different, since there was a lake 5 miles long, but very
shallow, as the doctor says in the April number, and Anod. corpu-
lenta lived near the shore. May we not draw the conclusion from
these facts, that the long continued heat and evaporation, directly
and indirectly, probably were the eause of that terrible dying? On
the other hand, we may think that one species is more delicate, more
predisposed to and less resistant against certain destructive agents.
It is too well known that the past late summer and fall were
exceptionally dry, and I presume that not only millions of fish as
well as Najades and other fresh-water animals fell its victims in a
great part of the country—from drying up as well as from deteriora-
tion of the water—but also of the minute and delicate land snails a
great percentage probably perished.

In October past I visited a few small ponds, sloughs, where the
water had dried up for the most part in some, still standing 1-13
feet deep in others. Most of the aquatic plants, thrifty in spring
and early summer, were rotten or in poor condition, a dark, sooty
mass covering the bottom, evidently the remnants of decayed organic
matter. Of mollusca, there were very few alive, and to my surprise,
the Limneide were almost all dead, while in one place numerous
Amnicola were living, in another Valvata:tricarinata: is it not
strange that “ pulmonata” could not survive where branchiata were
doing well?

Again in November I found on Tuscarawas river, a small mud
hole, about 5 feet long, the water two feet deep, on the bottom a
thick layer of that dark, soot-like mass. There were a number of
Melantho, evidently in good health, while I could not detect a single
specimen of Limnea, Planorbis, Physa or Ancylus.

These observations were made somewhat hastily, and might have
been more exact; yet I think they are not without some interest.

a |

THE NAUTILUS. 13

THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE VALLEY.

BY NATHAN BANKS.

Cayuga Lake is one of a series of lakes in central New York.
The region around its upper end is very interesting, not only on
account of its beautiful and varied scenery but also because of its
rich flora and fauna. The hills are high, and there are numerous
streams which have worn deep gorges in the hillsides. At the head
of the lake is a large marsh. Not far from the lake (about ten
miles from Ithaca) are several Sphagnum bogs. The varied natural
conditions favor an augmentation of species; and, I think fora
locality in the northern part of the U.S., the following list is mod-
erately large. Some of the smaller species are not represented,
perhaps because I did not look sufficiently close for them. Many
notes were made on local variation, distribution and the habits of
the more common species. The fresh water shells were also col-
lected and made a good showing. In the list I follow nearly the
arrangement of Pilsbry’s list.

1. Selenites concava Say. Common.

©2. Limax maximus Linn. Uncommon.

-3. Limax flavus Linn. More common.

4, Limax campestris Binn. Quite common.
5. Vitrina limpida Gld. Rare.

6. Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Common.

7. Zonites friabilis Binn. Rare.

8. Zonites levigatus Pfr. Uncommon.

9." Zonites intertextus Binn. Frequent.
10. Zonites ligerus Say. Uncommon.

11. Zonites inornatus Say. Frequent.

12. Hyalina nitida Mull. Not uncommon.
15. Hyalina arborea Say. Very common.

14. Hyalina radiatula Alder. Frequent.

15. Hyalina indentata Say. Frequent.
716. Hyalina limatula Ward. Uncommon.

17. Hyalina minuscula Binn. Frequent.

18. Hyalina milium Morse. Rare.

19. Hyalina binneyana Morse. Rare.

20. Conulus fulvus Drap. Common.

21. Gastrodonta multidentata Binn. Frequent.

22. Tebennophorus carolinensis Bose. Common.

23. Tebennophorus dorsalis Binn. Frequent.

24. Patula alternata Say. Very common.

725. Patula perspectiva Say. Uncommon.
“ 26. Patula striatella Anth. Frequent.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

27. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Common.
28. Punctum minutissimum Lea. Common.
29. Mesodon thyroides Say. Common.
30. Mesodon albolabris Say. Very common.
31. Mesodon dentiferum Binn. Rare.
32. Mesodon sayii Binn. Uncommon.
33. Stenotrema hirsuta Say. Very common.
34. Stenotrema monodon Rack. Very common.
3). Triodopsis tridentata Say. Very common.
36. Triodopsis palliata Say. Frequent.
37. Vallonia pulchella Mull. Very common.
38. Strobila labyrinthica Say. Uncommon.
39. Pupa corticaria Say. Frequent.

AQ. Pupa rupicola Say. Uncommon.
41. Pupa armifera Say. Common.
42. Pupa contracta Say. Cominon.

43. Pupa simplex Gld. Rare.
44. Pupa milium Gld. Uncommon.
45. Vertigo ovata Say. Uncommon.
46. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Frequent.
47. Vertigo bollesiana Morse. Uncommon.
48. Vertigo pentodon Say. Frequent.
49. Ferrussacia subcylindrica Linn. Frequent.
50. Succinea avara Say. Rare.
51. Sueccinea obliqua Say. Common.
52. Succinea ovalisGld. Frequent.
53. Carychium exiguum Say. Rare.

T include Carychiwm on the list because I have always found
it, though in damp places, quite removed from bodies of water. It
was usually found on the roots of various plants that grew in damp
places. The Succinea avara was found but once, and not far from
water; the S. ovalis usually near the lake shore. Ferrussacia was
frequent under leaves in very damp places. V. pentodon was the
most common Vertigo, often on'the exposed roots of cedar. Pupa
simplex was found but once, and in a very wet locality. P. con-
tracta and armifera were common in various places; but P. con-
tracta was found in more places than P. armifera. PP. corticaria
was always seen on trees. Strobila was found in places where P.
armifera and contracta were common and E. multidentata was occa-
sional. Vallonia pulchella could be found both in wet places and
under dry stones, high up on hills. Triodopsis tridentata was
everywhere but YZ. pailliata was usually found in damp and shady
glens. WS. hirsuta and monodon anywhere under stones and pieces
of wood. Mesodon albolabris was larger on the hillsides than in
the valleys. In some small localities M. thyroides was more com-

ee

THE NAUTILUS. 139

mon than M. albolabris. M. dentifera was only seen in very dark,
cold, wet swamps, in places where J. palliata seemed to flourish
best. M. sayii was found on hills in dry places. I have noticed a
curious habit of economy in some specimens of M. thyroides. On
watching them crawl alternately over very rough and glazed paper,
I saw that while moving over the rough paper the whole length of
the foot was upon the paper; but on glazed paper the animal would
only touch the paper in two or three points, keeping two or three
parts of the foot free from the paper. Thus, the track of the snail
over the glazed paper consisted of a series of spots of dried slime
where the foot had touched, while the intermediate spaces were per-
fectly clean. H. lineata was usually found in wet and rocky places.
P. striatella was found in similar locations, while P. perspectiva was
found under logs and chips of wood in dry places far removed from
bodies of water. P. alternata hibernates in large communities ; forty-
four specimens, over a year old, were found under a single over-
turned rotten stump. T. carolinensis usually in rotten logs, but
sometimes climbing trees. 7. dorsalis in very wet places. H.
indentata, radiatula and nitida were most abundant in damp places.
Z. inornatus usually in the valley, while Z. levigatus and intertextus
were most common on hills and rocky places. Vitrina was only
found on a low island in a pond, almost at the water’s edge. L.
maximus was sometimes seen quite a distance from buildings. 8.
concava was most common in rocky situations.

A FEW QUERIES AND NOTES.

BY T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN.

In the discussion of Messrs. Simpson and Dean, relative to the
distinguishing characteristics of Unio radiatus Barnes, and Unio
luteolus Lamarck, one point seems not to be brought out, that would
surely interest all lovers of Najades. Are there ever any variations
that show the gradual vergence of the hard, highly polished
epidermis of /uteolus into the rougher epidermis of radiatus ?

Of hydianus, a close relative of luteolus, I can say: to-day, I
examined over 250 specimens (I counted the specimens), from four
streams in Northwest Louisiana, to see what variation there might
be in the character of the epidermis. In nearly every specimen, the
epidermis was perfectly smooth, glass-like, throughout. In a few

140 THE NAUTILUS.

large somewhat overgrown specimens, towards the margin of the
shells, the epidermis was somewhat rough, corresponding to the lines
of growth ; but then, not in the least presenting any such appear-
ance as shown by U. radiatus.

As showing how variable in form U. hydianus is, the following
measurements from two female specimens may be of interest.

First specimen, length 61°5 mm., height 42 mm., diameter 36 mm.
Second specimen, length 55 mm., height 33 mm., diameter 20 mm.

The great amount of this variation may be made clear to the eye,
by laying off on a line the length of the first specimen, on a line per-
pendicular to the first, lay off the diameter of the first specimen ; on
the same lines as axes, lay off the corresponding dimensions of the
second specimen.

In this day of scientific enlightenment, men have come to look
upon chance as having no place in Nature—but all is the outcome
of certain definite causes, which may often act in a complex manner.
Accordingly our friends in the botanical world have tried to explain
to us the origin and use of the varied beautiful forms and colors
that we find among flowers; the entomologists try to explain to us
the origin and use of various colors—some sombre, some gaudy—that
we find in the insect world. A certain amount of study has been
put upon the origin and use of colors among marine molluses ; and
dynamical causes have been proposed for structures found among
marine molluscs. Has anyone ever tried to account for the radia-
tions in our Unionidae ? or for the magnificent purple nacre of the
Uniones purpuratus, graniferus or verrucosus? What is the origin
and use of the pustules, found in the many groups of Unionide ?
What is the origin and use of the plications in our various plicate
Unionide ? Also, have the adult Unionide been found to have any
natural enemies, that feed upon them? Do turtles ever eat mussels,
might be asked.

These are questions that no one is paying any attention to, seem-
ingly, and surely offer room for much work among students of
Unionide.

We HAVE LATELY RECEIVED specimens of Helix vendryesi n. sp.
from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Kingston, Jamaica. The new
form closely resembles H. sloaneana, but is more depressed than
usual in that species, is more carinated, and of a very handsome
dark purple-brown color. — It is from Montego Bay, Jamaica.—H,
Y; Wa

a

THE NAUTILUS. 141

MORTALITY IN MUSSELS AT ORANGE, VA.

BY W. J. FARRER, ORANGE, VA.

Referring to Mr. Strode’s paper in the December number of the
Nautivuvs, I, too, have been lately much puzzled at finding dead
mussels in large quantities in the ponds about this place; hundreds
may be picked up each morning on the edges of one pond, especially
that belonging to a grist mill. U. hyalinus and A. williamswi seem
to be the principal sufferers, for although A. edentata, M. undulata
and U. complanatus abound in the same pond, only a few empty
shells of these latter are found and they seem to have been cleaned,
out by raccoons; the other two species are always found with the
animal entire and for the most part full of spawn. This, as well
as the other ponds about, has been unusually low throughout the
last two months and with Mr. Strode I think low water and not
catfish, accounts for the bivalve mortality.

I may mention that in the same pond large numbers of cat-
fish have died throughout the summer and autumn; some I took
in a dying state had a growth of fungus on the body.

LITTORAL LAND SHELLS OF NEW JERSEY.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The Atlantic shore of New Jersey is so sandy that few land snails
find suitable conditions there. I have seen specimens of only the
following species from the immediate neighborhood of the coast,
restricting this to a strip of say one or two miles inland.

Helix (Mesodon) thyroides Say.

All the eastern New Jersey specimens are thin and light,
resembling the buceulenta form more than the typical thyroides.

Those from Asbury Park are toothless, have the umbilicus half
covered, and measure from 17 to 19 mm. diameter.

Specimens from Point Pleasant, N. J., collected by Messrs. F. H.
Brown and Witmer Stone are even smaller than those collected by
myself at Asbury Park. Compared with the typical thyroides these
specimens are much smaller, generally more globose and conoidal,

142 THE NAUTILUS.

although this character is variable. The umbilicus is about half
closed. Specimens measure:

a. Alt. 12, diam. 163 mm.

b. Alt. 103 diam. 17 mm.

A very small tooth is developed in some examples. The shells
correspond more closely to the southern variety bucculenta than to
the usual thyroides of the north. It appears, indeed, as Mr. Stone
has suggested to me, that this form is a member of the Carolinian
fauna, which extends far to the northward in eastern New Jersey.
Helix (Mesodon) albolabris maritima Pils.

Many specimens from the vicinity of Cape May, N. J., have been
examined, collected by Mr. Witmer Stone and Prof. C. LeRoy
Wheeler. They exhibit but little variation. I have also seen spec-
imens from a locality in Long Island, N. Y., and a form which Mr.
Bryant Walker tells me is quite similar, has been found in Michigan,
inhabiting a locality having much the same physical oe as the
sand hills of Cape May.

Zonites arboreus Say.
The writer has collected this at Asbury Park.
Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. ‘

A small specimen was found at Asbury Park.

PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF NEW FORMS OF FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Vivipara georgiana var. altior Pilsbry.

Shell pyramidal, elongated, composed of 63 to 7 whorls, separated
by deep sutures. The whorls are flattened or sunken around the
upper portion, convex below, giving a decidedly cadaverous appear-
ance to the shell. Some specimens have a scaliform appearance.
The surface is marked with growth-lines and irregular wrinkles,
but some specimens show distinct spiral lire. All of the specimens
seen (50 in number) are bleached, but some show faint traces of
reddish bands. The umbilicus is narrow, often a mere chink.

Alt. 46, diam. 25 mm.

Alt. 48, diam. 24 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

From an aboriginal shell-heap on the left bank of Hitchen’s
Creek, near the entrance of the St. John’s River into Lake George,
Florida. Collected by Mr. C. B. Moore.

The great variability of these shells and their distorted aspect
inclines me to place them as a local variety of V. georgiana,
but they are so very different in appearance from that species, that
in the absence of intermediate examples, I am inclined to regard
them as an individualized race deserving a name.

Fluminicola merriami Pilsbry and Beecher.

Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly but distinctly and deeply
umbilicated. Spire low-conic, acute; whorls 4, slightly shouldered
below the sutures, the upper-lateral portion rather flattened, periph-
ery and base convex. Surface smooth, horn-colored. Aperture
oblique, ovate, angled above, broadly rounded below ; upper portion
of the inner lip adherent to the body-whorl, lower portion arcuate,
without a callous thickening.

Alt. 3, diam. 23 mill. '

Collected from a warm spring (temperature 97° F.) in Pahrana-
gat Valley, Nevada, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, and submitted to the
writer by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns.

This species differs from F’. fusca Hald., in the much more distinet
umbilicus, thin texture, and the non-thickened inner lip.

Specimens may be seen in the National Museum (no. 125,626)
and the Academy of Natural Sciences collections. F. merriami will
be figured in the mdnograph of American Amnicolide now in
preparation by Mr. C. E. Beecher and the writer.

GENERAL NOTES.

A correction. In the March Naurriwus, p. 127, line 13, instead
of he says read Prof. Forbes says.—C. C. A.

ExcHances.—We purpose to devote one of the inside cover
pages, hereafter, to offers of exchange, and all subscribers are
invited to offer their duplicates and call for their desiderata therein.
Exchanges will be inserted free of charge, but they should not
exceed five lines in length. Eds.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEw GENUS of Helicinide has been described by Commandant
LL. More et, in the last number of the Journ. de Conch. It is like
Helicina in form, and in absorbing the internal whorl-walls, but
differs in having several plice or folds upon the parietal wall.
This type, which is named Calybium, is from Laos, (Indo-China).

The operculum is unguiform, with terminal nucleus. It appar-
ently represents there the Proserpina and Ceres of tropical America.

The type is C. massiei n. sp., a form measuring over three-fourths of

an inch in diameter.—H. A. P.

Dr. W.H. Datu, of the Smithsonian Institution, is about to leave
Washington for California, where he will engage in field-work for
three months.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Srupres AMONG Mo.tiusks—Instinct AND GENERA, by Henry
Hemphill. (Zoe., Jan., 1892). The author discusses certain
apparent anomalies in the structure of land mollusks, freely criticis-
ing the conclusions reached by the anatomical school of investigators.
He elaborates the idea formerly advanced by himself, that snails
display instinctive impulses in the building and decoration of their
shells. ‘‘ The shell bears the same relation (mechanically) to the
animal, that the web does to the spider.” While we are obliged to
disagree totally with Mr. Hemphill’s conclusions, the paper is still
in some respects suggestive.

Tue American Narturauisr for January, 1892, contains an
article upon the shell-bearing mollusea of Portage Co., Ohio, by
Mr. Geo. W. Dean. An annotated list of the species is given. The
proof-reader is not quite as punctilious as we could desire, in the
matter of spelling names, and one or two difficult species are prob-
ably wrongly identified, such as Physa ampullacea Gld.; but the
list is generally useful. Bythinellu nickliniana is reported from
Portage Co., a locality west of any we have hitherto noticed.

The Naturalist is now published by Messrs. Binder & Kelly, of
Philadelphia, the editors being Professors Copr and KINGSLEY, as
in the past. The editors and publishers purpose to make this once
excellent magazine even better than it has been in the past.—

HT, le

T Fae:

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOLE.

MAY 1892 to APRIL 1893.

PHILADELPHIA:

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

TN DX.

TO

fee NAW TIBUS, VOL VI

INDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Acanthopleura and its subgenera : : : 104
Acmeea saccharina, note on ; : ; 89
Additional shells from the coast of Poithern Bravil : : 109
American Association of Conchologists : ; ~) OF AG
Amnicoloid genus ese with the description of a new
species : : : : : : : 61
Amphitomura (s. g. non). : : ; : 105
Annotated list of Alabama land Mollusca : 5 : 76
Anodonta Mearnsiana Simpson, n. sp. : 134
Appearance of an Asiatic Anodonta in the Ghee mark-
ets of San Francisco . ; : : 51
Bifidaria, a new subgenus of Pupa_.. 99
Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) Habeli Stearns (a: sa 86
Bulimus, description of a new species : : : 116
Calliostoma Crumpii (n. sp.). (PI. I, fig. 3). : 105, 133
Campolemus (n. g.) - : j ; : k : 96
Cantharidus iris (young) . ; , : 132
Chlorostoma gallina Forbes var. arse Sigarne n. var. 86
Clementia subdiaphana Cpr. in San Pedro me ; : 116
Jollecting notes . : : ‘ : ; : oT
Conulus Sterkii, note on. : 2 , : 3 106, 118
Crepidula, of Atlantic coast : ; 40
Crepidula, additional notes on. : : : A ; 52
Cypreea, a new fossil ; ; : 50
Cyprea Squyerii, n. sp... : : ; , 51
Cypreea chrysalis Kiener_ . : : : ; : 119

Cyprza amphithales Melyv. ; : : : ; 119

il

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Cytherea convexa, noteon . : : 52
Cyprea cruenta Gmel. var. Giedeme! (n. SA Pl. I,
figs. 4 and 5) : 112, 133
Exchanges, . 12, 24, 36, 60, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132
Extracts from a bettoe of Dr. Wm. H. Rush 81
Goniobasis virginica in Connecticut 36
Gould’s types and mss. 95
Gould’s types of Nassa and Colunibella 47
Gould’s types North Pacific Exploring mo 84
Helix Sargenti, n. sp. (see page 48) 8
Helix Sargentiana J. & P. 48
Helix alauda var. weeksiana, n. var. 94
Helix nemoralis in Wisconsin : 151
Helices of the Biologia Centrali Mervicen nae on, 117, 128
Helices of New Zealand, Observations on the 04, 121
Helices colonized in Herkimer Co., N. Y. 126
Helicoid Group Charopa and allied forms 67
Helicina occulta in Western Pennsylvania 24
Hyalina leviuscula, n. sp. 53
Japanese Limpets 69
Lichtenthaler, G. W. 131, 141
Littoral land shells of New Tees 19
Littorina (Tectarius) galapagiensis Eiearns, n. sp. 87
Littorina (Tectarius) atyphus Stearns, n. sp. 88
Lyogyrus Dalli Pilsbry & Beecher, n. sp. 62
Lyogyrus, notes on : 83
Maugeria Gray ; 104
Mesodon andrewsi in Missouri 90
Mesotomura (n. nov.) : 105
Nanina (Ariophanta) Tierivics n. sp. "(PL TE eee i 2) . 90, 133
Nitidella incerta Stearns, n. sp. . 88
Notes on “ New Mollusks of St. Halen” 96
» Notes on Dr. von Ihering’s Observations 127
Onchidium Lesliei Stearns, n. sp. : 87
Origin of the Land Fauna of Queensland, ‘Auaeralia : 124
Panda, note on the group 9
Partula, catalogue of the genus . 73, 97
Patula strigosa Gould in Arizona 1
Physa heterostropha Say 20
Placostylus alienus, n. sp. 116

THE NAUTILUS. Vi

Planorbis multivolvis , : ; : ; ; . 36, 136
Post-pliocene shells. : : : 103, 119
Provancher, Abbé (obituary) —. : 9
Preliminary list of N. American Mapes : : : ; 2
Preliminary descriptions of new Molluscan forms, ete. : 85
Shell bearing mollusea of Michigan, . : 138, 31, 42, 68, 185
Shell collecting at Eastport : : , : 49
Shell of William’s cafion, Colorado . : : : ; 102
Slugs injuring coffee : : é 127
Some remarks on New Jersey cone shells d : ; ; 25
Spirula fragilis found at Gay Head, Mass. : : 119
‘Succinea, notes on the North American species . : pet 7)
Subulina octona in Philadelphia ; : perl FP : 107
Unionidez, On a revision of the American . 4 hOL OO
Unionidz of Florida and the Southeastern States, mate on 118
Unio coruscus Gould, notes on . : : 3 ; : 126
Unio muddle. : } : ‘ : ; 118
Unio subluridus Simpson . «el. AES Petia phen ea 2
Uvanilla regina Stearns, n.sp. . . : 3 : : 85
Veronicella Sloanii var. coffee, n. var. : ; é f 128
Ward’s, a visit to ee : : : : : 91

Zonites Sterkii Dall in Bivignna : ; : g ‘ 118

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. H.
Binney, W.G. .
Campbell, John H.
Cockerell, T. D. A.
Crandall, O. A. .
all Wane FH
Elrod, Morton J.
Farrer, W. J.
Ford, John
Hartman, W. D.
Hedley, Chas.
Ihering, H. von
Johnson, C. W.
Marshall, Wm. B.
Pilsbry, H. A.
Raymond, Wm. J.
Roper, Edward W.
Rush, Wm. H.
Sampson, F. A.
Sargent, H. E.
Simpson, Chas. T.
Stearns, Robt. E. C.
Sterki, V. .

Stone, Witmer,
Taylor, Rev. Geo. W.
Walker, Bryant .
Williamson, Mrs. M. Buco.
Winkley, Rev. Henry W. .
Wood, Williard M.
Woodworth, J. B.
Wright, S. Hart

Wright, Berlin H.

90°

95

: 50:
21, 29, 127
. 20, 108
52, 84, 109
141

; 36.

. 25, 112.
73, 97

124

121

8

19, 47, 126

aS 9, 54, 61, 67, 104, 105, 116, 117, 128, 129.

13%

49

24, 81

90, 102

: 76.

37, 78, 134, 148

1,;85

2, 83, 09, 206

40:

A ; . 69,89
, 13, 31, 42, 68, 94, 135.
116

. 80:
80, 113, 126.

vi

Brite ne

va ee ite en
hs Pe Ad Tt

Tee N BUTILUS.

VOL. VI. MAY, 1892. No. 1.

PATULA STRIGOSA GOULD, IN ARIZONA.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The National Museum has recently received from Mr. Marcus
Baker, of the U.S. Geological Survey, numerous specimens (Mus.
no. 123,576) of the above snail shell collected by him at Coon
Mountain, in Arizona. From Mr. Baker I have learned the fol-
lowing: ‘Coon Mountain, from which these shells came, is a name
locally applied to a possible volcanic crater, situated some ten miles
south of Canyon Diablo, Arizona. Itis near lat. 35° N., long. 111°
W. The crater is some 500 or 600 feet deep, ranging from 5200
feet above sea level at the bottom, to 5700 feet at the crest of the
rim. Within the crater is bedded sandstone, limestone (Aubrey)
and talus slope. The region is excessively arid. The dead shells
are found scattered along the interior slopes of the crater, more
especially on the south side. Almost all are dead. I think I found
a single living one, in the course of a week’s working about, in this
vicinity. I do not remember finding any outside of the rim. Many
of the specimens were fresh, most of them dead and bleached.”

Compared with examples from more northerly regions where this
form abounds, and exhibits, as is well-known, extraordinary vari-
ability, these Coon Mountain specimens are rather under size or
dwarfed. They are also rather flat than elevated, and some of them
are more or less angulated at the periphery. The fresher examples
are slightly rufous, with two narrow revolving bands on the body
whorl.

bo

THE NAUTILUS.

This species has heretofore been found, I believe, in New Mexico.
Mr. Baker’s collection carries it farther to the south than before
reported.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN PUPIDE.
(NORTH OF MEXICO.)

BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

It will take several years more before we can attempt a revision
and approximately complete a list of this most interesting group of
our land mollusca. The past few years have brought us a good
number of new forms, and yet we have to expect, not only more
such but also a more extensive knowledge of their geographic
distribution and local variations. Strange as it may appear, the
specimens extant in the many museums and private collections I have
examined, represent only a very limited parc of our country. There
are areas of 100,000 square miles from which none of these miuute
denizens are known, or only a few from single spots. Very little, in
some places nothing, has been collected in the South Atlantic and
Gulf States, excepting Florida and Texas; in Kentucky, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon; some more, but
still very insufficiently, in a part of the New England States, Pennsy]-
vania, except the southeastern region, Michigan, Maryland, Ten-
nessee, Arkansas up to Iowa and Nebraska, Montana, Washington,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, not to speak of British
North America, a part of whose regions are, however, better known
in this regard than some of the oldest states of the Union. Com-
paratively, most has been done in Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
Ohio, Florida, parts of Texas, and California; sufficient to give us
a fair knowledge of the distribution of not even a majority of the
species, in any one State!

It appears, therefore, advisable to give a preliminary list of the
species and forms described and cited as from our continent. In
many instances it is impossible, as yet, to say whether a certain
form is to be considered a species or a variety, for want of
sufficient material; and future critics will have to decide. In all
such cases I prefer, here, leaving the question open, and simply filing
the names, and giving localities representing areas of distribution.

9

THE NAUTILUS. : o

There are two groups whose members deserve our special attention
and study; that of P. muscorum L.and that of Vertigo decora Gld.
and their allies, and especially of these, any specimens from known
localities will be of much value.

A number of forms must be added here, not yet published, as
known only from one or few specimens each, most of them, in all
probability, being good species. But it must be borne in mind that
varieties and local forms very often are of a higher interest than
new species for systematic zoology and zoogeography.

The present article has, consequently, two aims: first, to show what
is known, at present, of species and varieties and their distribution ;
second, to point out those parts of the continent where collecting
and as far as possible strenuous and careful search is most needed.
Any conchologist who has a chance of visiting parts of those “blanks”
will be sure to do good work, especially by using expedient methods
of collecting: sifting from dead leaves, moss, grass; brushing off
rocks, stones, logs, stumps, pieces of bark, old chips, etc. Fine
sifted drift on rivers, brooks, ete., should be carefully gathered
wherever possible, and the results will, almost everywhere, be richer
than expected, not only in Pupidz but also in Hyalina and other
small and minute land shells.

I am‘indebted to Messrs. H. A. Pilsbry, Edw. S. Morse, Theo. D.
A. Cockerell, Henry Hemphill and many other fellow-malacologists
all over the country for kindly sending me specimens and valuable
notes ; to all of them my hearty thanks,

A few notes will be found at the end of the list.

Srropita Mse,!

Str. hubbardi Brown. Gulf States.
Str. labyrinthica Say. Eastern Prov.

Pura Drap.

Subg. Pupilla Leach.

P. muscorum L. (type). Northeastern U.
var. 2? Nevada.

P. blandi Mse. Rocky Mountains.

P. signata Mouss. Rocky Mountains.
hebes Ane, Rocky Mountains.
sublubrica Anc. Rocky Mountains.

|

4 THE NAUTILUS.

P. sterri Voith. (?) Rocky Mountains.

P. sp. Rocky Mountains.

P. sterkiana Pilsb. South (and Lower) California.
P. syngenes Pilsh.’ Arizona.

Subg. Leucochila Alb. & Mart.
P. fallax Say. All east and S. W. to Arizona.
P. modica Gld. Ga., Fla.
Subg. Columella Mart. (Edentulina Cless.).

P. edentula Drp.’ (simplex Gld.). All N. A. except southwest.
v. alticola Ing. Rocky Mts.
var. Wash., Alaska.

Subg. Bifidaria Sterki.*
Sect.
P. arizonensis (Gabb) W. G. B. Colo., N. M., Ariz.
v. saxicola Ckll. Colo.
P. corticaria Say. E. of Rockies, except extreme south.

Sect. Albinula Sterki.

P. armifera Say. All N. A.

P. contracta Say. All N. A. East of Rockies.

P. holzingeri Sterki. Ohio to Manitoba, N. M., Kas.
v. fordiana Sterki. Kas.

Sect. Bifidaria s. str.

P. hordeacea Gabb. Tex. to Ariz.

P. procera Gld. R. I. to Minn., 8. C. to Tex.

P. hordeacella Pilsb. Fla. to Ariz.

P. rupicola Say. S.C. and Fla to La.

P. servilis Gld. La. ?

P. (riograndensis Sterki mss.). Hidalgo, Tex.

Sect. Vertigopsis Ckll. mss.

P. pilsbryana Sterki. N. M., Ariz.

P. curvidens Gld.° All N. A. east of Rockies.
v. gracilis Sterki. R. I., Ohio, Tenn.
y. floridana Dall. Fla.

P. pentodon Say. All N. A. east of Rockies.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Subg. Isthmia Gray.’

P. calamitosa Pilsb. South (and Lower) Cal.
P. hemphilli Sterki. South (and Lower) Cal.
P. clementina Sterki. San Clemente Id., Cal.

Subg. Angustula Sterki.'
P. milium Gld. All eastern N. A.

Subg.
P. dalliana Sterki. Lake Co., Cal.

Vertigo Mill
Subg.

V. variolosa Gld. Fla.
V.sp. San Diego, Cal.

Subg. Nearctula Sterki.

V. californica Row., type. Cal. (near San Francisco).
var. elongata Sterki. San Clemente Id.
var. catalinaria Sterki. San Clem. and Catalina Ids.
var. diegoensis Sterki. San Diego.
var. trinotata Sterki. Monterey.
var. cyclops Sterki. Placer Co.

V. rowelli Newe. Cal.

V.decora Gld. North.

V. corpulenta Mse. Rocky Mountains.

V. castanea Sterki. Lake Co., Cal.

V. borealis Mor. Alaska.

V. ingersolli Ane. (californica Ing.). Colo.
var. haydeni Ane. Cunningham Gulch.
var. accedens Anc.

V. coloradensis Ckll. Colo.

V. hoppei Moell. Greenland, Anticosti.

VY. columbiana Sterki mss. Wash., different places.
var. utahensis Sterki mss. Utah. ;

Subg. Vertigo s. str.

V. binneyana Sterki. Manitoba to N. M.
V. pygmeea Drp. Northeast.
var. callosa Sterki. Ohio.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

V. rugosula Sterki. South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Cal.
var. ovulum Sterki.” Fla.
V. ovata Say. All N. A.
VY. ventricosa Mse. Northeast to Ohio.
V. gouldii Binn. Northeasc to Mont.
approximans Sterki. Tl].
V. bollesiana Mse. Maine to Ind., Va. and Tenn. (also West
Indies.
var. arthuri v. Mart.
V: sp. _-Tex.
V. sp. N. Mex.
V. tridentata Wolf. Me. to Ohio and Minn.
parvula Sterki. Ohio.
V. oseariana Sterki. Fla., Tex., Tenn.

9

Hotosprra Alb. & Mart.

H. roemeri Pfr. Tex. (Mex.).
var. minor Ckll. mss.

H. goldfussi Mke. Tex. (Mex.).

H. arizonensis Stearns. Ariz.

Srroputa Alb.

Str. incana Binn. S&S. Fla.

Pupa krausseana Reinh. ?
Vert. arctica Wall. ?

1. The proposition to place Strobila under Pupide will hardly
meet with much opposition ; it seems to be its nearest natural posi-
tion. The soft parts agree with those of Pupidz, and so does the
shel], except its more depressed form which, however, can be no
objection if we compare it with Hypselostoma, etc. Acanthinula,
too, we might range here, as also Morse did,* for the American
species.

2. This speties is evidently related to P. australis Ad. & Ang.

3. There are, among the common low form, high specimens with
narrower penultimate and wider last whorl, found everywhere
occasionally in this country as well as in Europe; and thus P. alti-

* Pulmonifera of Maine, p. 32.

THE NAUTILUS. ‘

cola Ingersoll is not even a true var. here, just as var. gredleri
Clessin on the old continent. The most beautiful specimens of
this formation I have seen are from Maine, in the collection of Mr.
Edw. S. Morse.

4, This subgenus—in mss. for nearly two years—will be charac-
terized in another article in the NauriI.us.

5. P. curvidens is very variable. The two extreme forms, gracilis
and floridana, would unhesitatingly be regarded as widely distinct
species, if not connected by intermediate forms; the latter comes
nearest P. pentodon, the former resembles some forms of P. hordea-
cella Pilsb.

6. These species resemble the European forms so much in out-
line and general aspect that it seems best to range them in this
group or subgenus, although the apertural folds are much more
developed.

7. The subgenus has been criticised by my esteemed friend, Mr.
Pilsbry* as being identical with Vertilla Moq.-Tand. If this were
the case, it would of course, be worse than useless. Vertil/a was
established for the European Vert. pusilla Mill. and Venetzii Charp.
(angustior Jeffr.), on account of their being sinistral. But the two
are quite different in structure, for while the former is simply a
Vertigo reversed, the latter, together with one similarly built, P.
(Vert). milium Gld., constitute a peculiar group, which I have
called Angustula, mainly characterized by the long and high gular
lamella and some other peculiarities.

8. It is difficult to draw a limit between Pupa and Vertigo and
may prove to be impossible; if so we will have to regard and
treat the latter as a subgenus of Pupa, as many prominent Euro-
pean conchologists do. And it appears more natural standing in a
line with Torquilla, Pupilla, Bifidaria, and its groups co-ordinate as
sections with those of the subgenera named.

_ 9. This interesting form has been detected in eastern Florida,
Volusia Co., by Messrs. Geo. W. and his son Oscar B. Webster, of
Lake Helen. These gentlemen spent several weeks in collecting
this and other small mollusca, making a trip of over a hundred
miles, and they first called my attention to this Vertigo. It is
decidedly different from rugosula in several points, and, as I have
seen no intermediate forms so far, it may prove to be distinct.

* NAUTILUs ITI, p. 84.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Although in shape and apertural parts much like V. ovata Say,
ovulum is quite distinct, but it should be compared carefully with V.
antivertigo Drap., of Europe.

A NEW AMERICAN HELIX.

BY C. W. JOHNSON AND H. A. PILSBRY.

A collection of shells made during the past winter at Woodville,
Jackson Co., Alabama, by Mr. H. E. Sargent, and submitted to us for
determination, contains numerous specimens of a large Helix, which
proves to be undescribed. The species is a member of the section
Triodopsis but it does not exhibit the characters typical of that
group, 7. e., a three-toothed aperture, but rather belongs in the
neighborhood of the Helix appressa of Say, a species which lacks
the upper lip tooth of Triodopsis. The new species may be
described as follows:

H. Sargenti n. sp.

Shell depressed, imperforate, lens-shaped, carinated. Surface
strongly rib-striate, the striation disappearing toward the center of
the base ; under a lens the surface between the rib-like striz is seen
to be finely granulated. The aperture is wide, oblique; lip broadly
reflexed, flattened, the basal lip bearing a long lamella, as in H.
appressa. Upon the parietal wall there is a strong, high curved
tooth, like that of H. elevata but longer. There are 6 whorls. The
color is light russet above, paler or whitish below.

Alt. 11, diam. 24 mm.

Alt. 12, diam. 24 mm.

Alt. 9, diam. 22 mm.

This species differs from H. appressa in its larger size, stronger
striation, the granulated instead of spirally striate microscopic
sculpture, the strong carination, etc. It is allied in shape and
sculpture to H. carolinensis Lea, but differs in totally lacking the
upper lip tooth, in being flatter, more concave below, ete. The
young shells differ markedly from young H. appressa, being flatter
above, acutely carinated, and-broadly umbilicated.

Figures will be published later, illustrating this unusually large
and strongly characterized species.

a

THE NAUTILUS. i)

Among other species Mr. Sargent found at Woodville the follow-
ing interesting forms: Patula cumberlandiana, Helix exoleta, H.
stenotrema, H. spinosa, H. major, Zonites levigatus, Z. gularis, Z.
intertextus, Z. internus, ete.

NOTE ON THE GROUP PANDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During the course of some studies upon certain Australian land
shells, sent by the well-known conchologist Dr. J. C. Cox of Sydney,
N.S. W., my attention was drawn to specimens of Bulimus atomatus
Gray. Upon examining these shells under a lens, I at once noticed
the minute sculpture and peculiar color-pattern characteristic of the
two species hitherto included in the section PAanpa,—H. falconeri
Rve. and H. maconelli Rve. A consideration and comparison of the
shells impresses me with the belief that Panda has heretofore been
misunderstood and wrongly grouped. Iam disposed to regard it
now as a development from the Bulimoid branch of the Helicide,
instead of from the Helicoid stem. The diagnosis of Panda must
be enlarged to include elongated forms, (Bul. atomatus and perhaps
some other Australian species), but it will not require much change
otherwise. The prominent features of the group, as far as the shell
goes, are (1) the entirely simple, non-thickened, non-expanded lip,
reflexed at the columella, (2) the sculpture of minute, close incised
lines, and (3) the painting of fine close wavy brown lines on a
yellowish ground. This last character is not invariable, for clear
yellow examples of most if not all of the species occur.

The character of the lip and embryonic whorls separate Panda
from Helicophanta and the other sections formerly grouped by me
under the generic name Macroén. It will be noted that I formerly
included it in that place with doubt, on account of these peculiarities.

OBITUARY.

THE ABBE PROVANCHER.

It is our painful duty to record the death, in his 72nd year, of
the Abbé Léon Provancher, who for many years, despite great dis-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

couragements and disadvantages, ]abored zealously and assiduously
to develop and disseminate a knowledge of the natural history of
Canada, and especially of his native province. He was born in
1820, at Becancour, Quebec, and for some years was Curé of. Port-
neuf, and one of his earliest entomological writings was a list of the
Coleoptera of that district. Compelled by enfeebled health to
relinquish the regular and more active duties of the ministry, he
removed to Cap Rouge, near Quebec, and devoted his remaining
time and strength almost entirely to the study of the natural
sciences. In 1869 he commenced the publication of the Naturaliste
Canadien, and notwithstanding many discouragements, completed
in 1891 the 20th volume, when its issue was reluctantly abandoned,
through the Quebec government refusing to continue the ‘seanty
annual grant it ‘had received. In 1858 Provancher published an
elementary treatise on botany and in 1862 his Flore du Canada.
Subsequently he devoted his attention chiefly to entomology, and in
1874 commenced his Faune Entomologique du Canada, of which he
completed three volumes.* Proyancher was also, especially latterly,
an enthusiastic conchologist, and as such became known by corre-
spondence to many of the principal conchologists of the States.
His last publication was a monographic illustrated treatise, Les
Mollusques de la Province de Quebec, embodying the results of the
author’s researches in Canadian conchology.

The occasional inaccuracies of Provancher’s conchological work
will be excused when we consider the great disadvantages under
which he labored. His death is a loss that will be felt long by the
small band of Canadian Naturalists.

NEWS AND NOTES.

Eprror or Nauritus, Dear Sir: Thinking that the following
extracts from a letter sent me a short time ago by a Western friend,
would prove of interest to your readers, I take the liberty of offer-
ing them for publication.

The writer says: “I notice that much has been said in the NAv-
TILUS lately about the recent discovery of Unios having a byssus.
In reference to. this matter it would not be irrevelant for me to state

--¥See article by W. H. H. in the Canadian Entomologist, May, 1892, from
which the preceding is taken.

THE NAUTILUS. 1]

that I found, nearly fifty years ago, Unio lapillus, Say, fabalis Lea,
attached by a white, silk-like byssus to a fragment of an old shell.
This fact I mentioned afterwards to John Bartlett, an old collector,
whereupon he related tome the following story:

“A., a collector of shells, residing in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Kk.
also a collector, residing in Cleveland, Ohio, were quite intimate.
K. found the above mentioned species attached (as I did) by a bys-
sus, whereupon he, K., wrote to A. at Cincinnati, stating the fact,
and inviting him up to Cleveland, promising if he came, to go out
with him and show him the wonder. A. was not long in respond-
ing to the invitation, and the two wept out together and saw the
shell attached by a byssus, sure enough.

“ A. returned to Cincinnati soon afterwards and at once wrote to
his London correspondent that he, A., had discovered a Unio
attached by a byssus, and that he had invited his friend K., of
Cleveland, to come down, and had taken him out to see the wonder.

“Soon after this K., being in correspondence, as it happened,
with the same London party, wrote to him that he, K., had made
this wonderful discovery in Cleveland, and had taken his Cincin-
nati friend out to seeit. A., it seems, was ignorant of the fact that
KX. was in correspondence with the same London party, and so got
himself inextricably trapped.

“My friend informed me that A. went by the name of ‘Old
Byssus’ for a long time afterwards.

“So much for a lack of truth and candor. When the byssus was
first discovered by myself, I, in my innocence of the facts just related,
wrote to A. about it. He at once replied that it was not a new
thing. It had been found before. Jexchanged with A. quite a
number of years after this and received some good things from him.
Peace to his ashes! He is gone now, as are also most of the old
collectors of Cincinnati.”

These are the extracts and my only regret in sending them is the
fact that I do not feel at liberty to give the name of the writer.

Very truly,
J. F.

Dr. R. E. C. Srearns, adjunct curator of the Department of
Mollusks at the National Museum, has left Washington for the
West Coast, for a season’s rest.

Mr. Henry Hempuiuy will spend the summer in Idaho.

113; THE NAUTILUS.

A. B. Kenpia, D. D. has changed his residence from 11 Hanson
Place, Brooklyn, to 287 Williams St., East Orange, N. Jersey.

Gro. T. MArsron has removed from Dupere, Wis., to Quincy,
Illinois.

Mr. Freperick Srearns of Detroit, Michigan, who has been
spending the winter in the Sandwich Islands, has sailed for Japan,
where he will travel during the summer.

FRIEND Prrspry: Will you not suggest in the Nauritus that
any conchologist travelling about the country should make it a point
to call upon his brother collectors, if he goes near their homes? I
hope no member if the A. A. C. who comes to Boston, will fail to
visit me at Revere, only six miles away. Surely introductions are
unnecessary in our little cirele—Edward W. Roper.

We heartily endorse this suggestion, friend Roper!

EXCHANGES.

Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers.

] HAVE SEVERAL hundred unusually fine specimens of Limnea
megasoma Say, to exchange for specimens of Spherium and
Pisidium.— George T. Marston, care of State Savings Loan and Trust
Co., Quincy, Lil.

W AnTED.—Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and
Fresh-Water, both U.S. and Foreign.—C. Browne, Framingham,
Mass.

Wantep.—To Exchange Northern Alabama Land and Fresh-
water Shells for shells from any other locality. Send lists and
receive mine.—H. E. Sargent, Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala.

Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells to exchange for a pair of
good singing Canary birds. I will send my exchange list to any
one that has such to exchange, or for shells that are not in my collec-
tion — Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, Somerville, N. J.

Wantep.—Arca and Zonites, from any locality, in exchange for
British land and fresh-water shells—-Robert Walton, Charles St.,
Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa.

baie NSU TILUS:

VOL. Vi. JUNE, 1892. No. 2.

THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

In the ten years which have elapsed since the last catalogue of
Michigan shells was published, many species have been added to
the fauna of the State and our knowledge of the distribution of
others has been very largely increased. While it is not probable
that in the future the number of species will be largely added to,
there yet is abundant opportunity for our local collectors to add to
what must be admitted to be, on the whole, a meagre knowledge of
the exact range of the different species within our borders. Every
local list, carefully compiled, has its value; and if the publication of
this paper shall, by its incompleteness, serve.to provoke the publica-
tion of the information already in the possession of the different
collectors scattered over the state, it will have accomplished not the
least of the purposes of its compilation.

The first catalogue of Michigan shells was published by Dr.
Abram Sagar, Zoologist of the Geological Survey, in 1839, and
enumerated seventy-six species.

The second, by Dr. Manly Miles, State Zoologist, was published
in the “ Report of the Geological Survey for 1860.”

The third was compiled in 1868 by Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand
Rapids, and was published as one of the “ Miscellaneous Publica-
tions of the Kent Scientific Institute.”

In 1879 the writer published a fourth list in the Journal of
Conchology, Vol. 2, p. 325.

(13)

14 THE NAUTILUS.

The fifth and last general catalogue was published in 1881 as
“ Miscellaneous Publication No. 5 of the Kent Scientific Institute,”
and was compiled by Dr. W. H. De Camp, of Grand Rapids. Dr.
De Camp has very kindly furnished me with a manuscript continu-
ation of his catalogue to December, 1891, and I have made frequent
use of it for this paper. Species cited upon his authority and not
included in his original paper as published, will be understood to
be quoted from this supplement.

In 1859 Mr. Currier published a “ List of the shells collected in
the Grand River Valley,” and in 1865, “ A Catalogue of the Mol-
lusea of Grand Rapids, Michigan,” (Am. Jour. of Conch. I, p. 292.)
As Mr. Currier’s catalogue of 1868 undoubtedly embodied all his
researches up to that time, the few particulars in which these earlier
lists differ from it do not require special mention, and references
hereafter made are to that publication.

In the “Report of the United States Fish Commission for
1872-3,” Mr. Sidney I. Smith, in a “Sketch of the Invertebrate
Fauna of Lake Superior,” gives a list of the mollusks of that region
which, while it is largely a compilation from the publications of
Binney and Gould, includes the result of a series of dredgings made
under the direction of the United States Lake Survey, and is espe-
cially valuable in showing the depths at which the various species
were found.

Preliminary reports of the same dredgings are to be found in
Vol. 2 of the “ Report of the Secretary of War for 1871,” and in
the “ Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts” for December, 1871.

A local list of the species found near Ann Arbor, Washtenaw
county, was published by Mr. C. E. Beecher and myself in the
“ Proceedings of the Ann Arbor Scientific Association for 1875-6.”

In addition to these lists many scattered references to Michigan
species occur in the American Journal of Conchology and in the
various writings of Binney, Gould, Lea, Tryon, Prime, Conrad and
Call. |

In compiling the present catalogue I have endeavored to include
every species which has at any time been cited as an inhabitant of
the State. Where any such species is not represented in my own
collection I have given the authority for the citation.

In addition to my own collections, which have been mostly made
in the southeastern and northern portions of the state, I am indebted
to Dr. W. H. De Camp and Mr. L. H. Streng, of Grand Rapids,

THE NAUTILUS. 115)

for many specimens from the western part of the state; to Dr. M.
L. Leach, of Wexford, for a great deal of valuable material from
the central and northern portions; and to Mr. Jerome Trombly, of
Petersburg, for the local species of Monroe County.

Dr. V. Sterki has very kindly examined all the Pupidsz in my
possession, so that there can be no question as to the species of this
family so far as they are cited from my own collection.

It is greatly to be regretted that so littie is known of the shells
of the upper peninsula. It is practically a terra incognita to the
conchologist. With the exception of Gould’s citations in A gassiz’s
“ Lake Superior” and 8. I. Smith’s paper above referred to, I have
not been able to find any published information in regard to the
fauna of that very important portion of the State. Some very
inconsiderable collections from a few points along the St. Mary’s
river comprise all my personal knowledge in this particular.

As no localities are given as a rule in the earlier catalogues, it is
impossible to say what information, if any, their compilers had on
this subject.

In view of this condition of affairs it might have been better to
have limited the title of this paper to the lower peninsula. As it is,
however, it will be understood that unless otherwise specified, all
remarks as to distribution are confined in that portion of the state
south of the Straits of Mackinac.

Selenites concavus Say. Throughout the lower peninsula and
‘probably further north, as it occurs at Lime Island in the St. Mary’s
river.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Traverse City and Lime Island in the St.
Mary’s river are the only localities yet recorded for this species.

Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Southern part of the State.

Z. ligerus Say. Not uncommon in the southern part of the
State.

[Z. inornatus Say. Cited by Sagar and Miles, but does not appear
to have been found by more recent collectors. |

Z. cellarius Mull. A few specimens were found several years ago
in a green-house in Detroit.

Z.nitidus Mull. Abundant everywhere.

Z. arboreus Say. Abundant everywhere.

Z. radiatulus Alder. Common but not as abundant as « rdoreus.

Z. indentatus Say. Common everywhere.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Z. limatulus Wd. Cited by De Camp from Traverse City ; also
by Miles and Currier.

Z. minusculus Binn. Generally distributed through the state.

Z. milium Mse. Islands in the St. Mary’s river.

Z. binneyanus Mse. Cited by Binney from Tawas City. I have
found it from Traverse City north to Lime Island. It is probably
confined to the northern part of the state.

Z. ferreus Mse. ‘Traverse City and Petoskey.

Z. exiguus Stimp. Generally distributed through the northern
part of the State.

Z. fulvus Dr. Common everywhere.

Z. suppressus Say. Rare. Cited by Binney but does not appear
in any of the catalogues. Dr. M. L. Leach sent me specimens from
Fenton, Genessee County, a few years ago.

Z. multidentatus Say. Rare. Petoskey is the only locality
known to me. Cited also by Currier and De Camp.

Patula alternata Say. Abundant everywhere.

P. alternata alba. This form occurred quite commonly with the
type at Lime Island and Mackinac Island. Specimens from both
localities exhibit all gradations from the typical coloring to the
pure albino.

P. solitaria Say. An inhabitant of the southern portion of the
state; very rare in the southeastern part, where in some localities it
is extinct ; more common in the western part.

P. perspectiva Say. Throughout the State.

P. striatella Anth. Common everywhere. ;

P. striatella alba. Mackinac Island is the only locality where I
have found this form.

[ P. asteriseus Mse. This species was cited in my catalogue of
1879 by mistake. J am not aware that it has yet been found in
the state. ]

P. lineata Say. Common everywhere.

P. harpa Say. Petoskey is the only locality thus far recorded.

Punctum pygmeum minutissimum Lea. Appears to be generally
distributed through the state, but is easily overlooked on account of
its small size.

H. clausa Say. Cited by Sagar and Miles but not by any recent
collector. :

H. multilineata Say. Common in the southern part of the state.

H. multilineata alba. Associated with type but not common.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

H. multilineata unicolor. Cited by Currier and De Camp.

HI. thyroides Say. Common throughout the state.

H. thyroides bucculenta Gld. Cited by De Camp.

H. albolabris Say. Common everywhere.

H. albolabris dentata. Occurs occasionally with the type.

H. albolabris martima Pils. Traverse City. Specimens of this
well marked form were sent to me by Dr. M. L. Leach, which
appear to be identical with examples from New Jersey. It has
been persistent in its present form for ages, as it is found unchanged
in the marl-beds upon which the living specimens were found. Dr.
Leach thus describes the habitat of the species: ‘“ The locality is
limited, containing only a few acres on and around the marl-bed
where their remains in connection with fluviatile shells are found in
a fossil condition. I find only now and then one of the same
variety anywhere else and that always not far away.”

A single specimen collected by Dr. Leach at Black Lake, Presque
Isle county, is probably referable to the same variety. This would
indicate a range across the entire northern part of the lower
peninsula.

Hi, exoleta Binn. Common in the southern part of the state.

Hi. elevata Say. Rare, if found at all in the state. The Grand
Rapids collectors have not found it, nor have I. Cited by Sagar
and Miles whose citations are followed in later catalogues. It
occurs in recent deposits near Ann Arbor, but is now extinct there.

H. profunda Say. Occurs commonly through the southern part
of the state.

H. profunda alba. Occasionally associated with the type.

H., sayii Binn. Cited in most of the catalogues but appears to
be rare and confined to the northern part of the state. Black Lake,
Presque Isle County, where it was collected by Dr. Leach, is the
only locality I know of.

H. hirsuta Say. Common everywhere.

H. monodon Rack. Common everywhere.

H. monodon fraterna Say. Not as common as the type.

HI, leaii Ward. Southern part of the state, common.

H. tridentata Say. Appears to be generally distributed through
the state as it is cited in all catalogues.

H. fallax Say. More abundant than tridentata, judging from my
own experience.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

H. palliata Say. Probably throughout the state although I have
seen no specimens from localities north of Gratiot County.

H. palliata alba. Cited by Currier.

H. inflecta Say. Southern part of the state.

HI. pulchella Mull. Common in the southern part of the state.
The costate form does not appear to have been found in the state as
yet. It occurs on Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, and no doubt
will eventually be found within our borders.

H. labyrinthica Say. Everywhere in greater or less abundance.

Pupa fallax Say. Cited by Miles. Ann Arbor is the only loeal-
ity from which I have it.

P. corticaria Say. Cited by De Camp from Kent County.

P. armifera Say. Southern part of the state.

P. contracta Say. Everywhere. Common.

Vertigo decora Gld. Cited by De Camp from Kent County.

V. ovata Say. Generally distributed over the state.

[V. gouldii Binn. Cited by Miles and De Camp. My own cita-
tion of 1879 was an error based on a specimen now referred to
tridentata. |

V. bollesiana Mse. Very generally distributed through the state.

V. ventricosa Mse. Cited by De Camp from Kent County.

V. tridentata Wolf. Ann Arbor.

V. pentodon Say. Common.

V. eurvidens Gld. Oakland and Macomb Counties.

V. edentula simplex Gld. Not common but ranges generally
over the state.

V. milium Gld. Southern part of the state.

Ferussacia subcylindrica L. Generally distributed over the state.

Suecinea aurea Lea. Cited by De Camp from Kent county.

S. avara Say. Abundant everywhere. Also cited as S. vermeta
Say, by Miles, Currier and De Camp.

[S. campestris Say. Cited by Sagar, but evidently a mistake for
S. obliqua which does not occur in his list. Miles gives obliqua but
also gives campestris, probably quoting blindly from Sagar in this
as in other instances.

S. obliqua Say. Common all over the state.

S. ovalis Gld. Abundant everywhere. This species is oceasion-
ally infested by a species of Leucochloridium similar to the L.
paradoxum Carus, found in the S. putris L. of Europe and figured
by Baudon in Jour. de Conch. V. 27, pl. X, fig. 6. In the same

THE NAUTILUS. 19

journal (V. 28, p. 205) is published a note from the late Thomas
Bland, recording a similar occurrence in a specimen of S. obliqua
Say.

S. ovalis deeampii Tryon. Described originally from Marshall in
this state.

S. ovalis peoriensis Wolf. A number of years ago, at the sug-
gestion of Dr. James Lewis, I sent examples of a Succinea, common
in this vicinity, to Mr. John Wolf, of Canton, Illinois, who identi-
fied them as a form he had named as above. JI am not aware that
a formal description has ever been published. It is a well marked
form, easily separated from ovalis, and occurs abundantly in all
parts of the state. It is closely allied to S. decampii Tryon and
may be identical, but differs in color and lacks the black margin
said to be characteristic of that species.

S. ovalis higginsii Bld. Specimens from Alpena received from
Dr. W. A. Nason and said to have been identified by Dr. James
Lewis, are the only ones I have seen from this state. The speci-
mens referred to lack the parietal tooth supposed to be characteristic

of the form.
( 70 be continued.)

LITTORAL LAND SHELLS OF NEW JERSEY.

BY WM. B. MARSHALL.

H. A. Pilsbry’s list of shells, published under the above title, in
the April Naurinus, is deficient by at least one species. In
August, 1890, I collected one specimen of Succinea avara Say at
Cape May, N. J. The exact locality was on the ocean front, at 8th
Avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May
Point, and was not more than 200 feet from the line of high tide.

Mr. Pilsbry says, ‘‘ The Atlantic shore of New Jersey is so sandy
that few land snails find suitable conditions there.” It is very true
that land snails are very uncommon along the shore, but, in my
opinion, their rarity is due to some cause other than the nature of
the soil. The chalky dead shells of mollusks and crustaceans, which
are abundant in the vicinity of the shore, furnish the snails a ready
supply of lime; and the wild pea vines which grow in tangled

masses, covering large areas of ground, afford a succulent article of
diet.

20) THE NAUTILUS.

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Is there such a species as that described by Say? If so, what is
it? I am led to make this inquiry after a study of this genus for
several years. The first question will of course be answered unani-
mously in the affirmative, but how many will agree as to the main
characteristics of the species? I have examined during the last
year many lots labelled P. heterostropha Say, and have not found
two lots alike. They include all forms from the cylindrical P. gyrina
Say, to the shouldered P. ancillaria Say, and‘have any number
of whorls from three to six. Most of them were labelled by ama-
teurs, who have no means of identifying the species except by fol-
lowing a rather meagre printed description ; and it can hardly be
expected that all should agree. Very few collectors have oppor-
tunity to see type specimens, and it is very annoying to have to
send every “find” to some noted conchologist for identification.
Besides, I find about as much diversity of opinion regarding Physze
amongst our professors as amongst amateurs, hence, I write this
article for the purpose of procuring a correct description of this
species. Say describes the shell as “subovate, having four whorls,
the first large, the others terminating rather abruptly in an acute
apex; aperture large, somewhat oval, three-fourths the length of
the shell, or rather more.” These are the only characteristics given
that are not common to many other shells. Binney, in “ Land and
Fresh Water Shells of N. A.,” part 2, page 84, gives two figures:
Fig. 144 from Say’s type and Fig. 145 from Say’s figure, which are
about as near alike as a bean anda pea. Which shall we follow?
The description is silent as to the form of the spire whorls and sut-
ures, but from the fact that Fig. 144 shows convex whorls and
impressed sutures, and from the other fact that Binney, after hay-
ing seen the type specimen, placed in its synonymy P. philippw
Kuster, P. cylindrica Newcomb, P. fontana Hald. and P. plicata
De Kay, all of which have somewhat convex whorls and impressed
sutures, it is fair to presume that these characters belong to the
shell under consideration.

Add this presumption to the- description given by Say, and we
have a very fair description of what is generally considered one of
onr most common shells, and which ought to be easily identified by

THE NAUTILUS. ss 21

any person who will hold strictly to the distinctive characters
mentioned. But unfortunately Mr. Binney has placed P. fontana,
having only three whorls, P. plicata, having four to five whorls, and
two other species having five whorls each, and two species having
flattened whorls, in the synonymy of this species, which has four
convex whorls. There never can be a systematic classification of
species until we cease to mix forms in this manner. The nwmber
and form of the whorls are the most reliable characters upon which
a species can be based. It is one of the laws of nature that every
animal, every bird and every insect, of the same species, builds its
house in the same form. So the structures of every snail shell of
the same species must be substantially the same as to texture, and
number, and form of whorls. They may vary in color, height of
spire, form of aperture and other characters that may be affected by
aceident or environment, but as to the structural form of its own
skeleton it must follow its progenitors. So I conclude that every

ry

adult member of the same species must have the same number of
whorls.

Coming back again to the main question. What is Physa hetero-
stropha Say? It isa shell subovate in form, having fowr whorls,
spire whorls somewhat convex, sutures impressed, spire elevated, ter-
minating in an acute apex, aperture large and oval, but not inflated.
The spire whorls are more convex than in P. gyrina Say and not so
much as in P. showalteri Lea or P. halei Lea. It holds an inter-
mediate place between the flattened and most convex whorls. It is
never cylindrical, and the type is not inflated nor ventricose.
Varieties may be slightly inflated but never so much as to resemble
P. vinosa Gld. or P. sayti Tappan, which are frequently taken for
this species.

If [ am not correct, will some person who has seen the type speci-
men, revise and correct the description herein given ?

NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.

BY 1, D. A.’ COCEBRELI.
For some time past I have been accumulating notes on the North
American Succinee, hoping to be able to classify them more pre-

22 ( THE NAUTILUS.

cisely than has hitherto been done. As I have no longer time or
opportunity for this work, I venture to put together the following
notes, on the chance of their proving useful to other students. The
genus is a most difficult one, and until someone will elaborately
monograph the American species as Baudon has the French ones,
we seem hardly likely to arrive at any satisfactory arrangement.
With regard to the opinions given below, it is to be understood that
they are nothing better than opinions, founded on the material
examined. Further study with more abundant material would very ,
likely cause some of them to be altered.

The American species of Succinea may be divided into four sec-
tions, three of which have received subgeneric names.

Sect. 1. Amphibine.
—= Amphibina (Htm.) Morch.

(1.) Succinea pfeifferi Rossm. Many of the American forms of
ovalis Gould are not to be separated from the European
pfeifferi, while others, also hardly distinct from ovalis, might
in the absence of intermediates be supposed to represent a
peculiarly American species. The American forms of Suc-
cinea, both in this and other groups, are very closely allied,
but at the same time seem more constant in their slight
peculiarities than those of Europe. In Ann. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist., March, 1887, I referred ovalis to pfeifferi, and
nothing since has appeared to prove otherwise.

(1a.) S. pfeifferi var. brevis Pascal. This variety was originally
called brevis, but afterwards unnecessarily changed by
Baudon to brevispirata, because there is a S. brevis in Central
America. I received a characteristic specimen, collected by
Mr. D. B. Cockerell at Toronto, Canada. In shape, this
variety is very like S. higginsi, and probably the two will be
found to intergrade.

(2.) S. higginsi Bland. Probably a variety or subspecies of pfeif-
feri, but a specimen marked higginsi, which I saw in the
Binney and Bland Collection, at the American Museum of
Natural History,' seemed to have affinity with S. elegans,
while another in the same collection resembled pfeifferi very
closely.

me this collection when I was in New York.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

(3.) S. haleana Lea. <A specimen in the Binney and Bland Collec-
tion, from Alexandria, La., marked “ halei Lea, type,” seems
to me to be specifically identical with ovalis Gould.

(4.) S. retusa Lea. Said to be a variety or subspecies of ovalis, but
so far as I was able to judge from a specimen in the Binney
and Bland Collection, it is a valid species allied to S. elegans.

(5.) S. concordialis Gould. Myr. J. A. Singley sent me this from
Lee Co., Texas. It is allied to pfetffert, but more pellucid
and shiny; thin but rather strong; color, very pale horn. I
have also seen a specimen in the Binney and Bland Collec-
tion.

(6.) S. forsheyi Lea. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col-
lection is from Rutersville, Texas, the original locality. It
is shiny and very near to pfeifferi.

(7.) S. nuttalliana Lea. Mr. J. H. Thomson sent me five specimens
collected in Wyoming in 1877, which no doubt belong to
nuttalliana. ‘They are shiny, with lines of growth well
marked; in shape, like pfeifferi, varying towards avara ;
color, like avara. A specimen in the Binney and Bland
Collection, from Portland, Oregon, is similar.

(8.) S. elegans Risso. Mr. D. B. Cockerell sent me specimens found
by rivers and streams at Toronto, which I could not distin-
guish specifically from the European elegans. At the same
time, they are equally close to S. haydeni which may, I think,
be considered a variety or subspecies of elegans. A speci-
men of haydeni in the Binney and Bland Collection tends
to confirm this opinion.

(9.) S. hawkinsi Baird. This I have not seen, but it is apparently

very close to elegans.
( Zo be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

‘In the July number of the Nauriius it is proposed to begin a
series of articles upon the collection and preservation of shells.
Notes bearing upon these subjects will be welcome.

“k * * While at Maldonado, Uruguay, I succeeded in finding
Helix costellata D’Orb, under dead leaves in damp localities. While
in the bay I procured about twenty dredgings with very good results,
having at least three species of Corbula, and about fifty other

24 THE NAUTILUS.

species of various genera. As we are to return to that place from
time to time I will be enabled to add to them. The next few days
I shall try to hunt up the H. elevata D’Orb, and the fresh-water
species surrounding Montevideo.—Dr. William H. Rush, in letter to
Ed.

He icina occuLTa Say, has been re-discovered Jiving in western
Pennsylvania at Wildwood and at Cayuga, on the Allegheny River,
Allegheny Co., by Mr. S. H. Stupakoff of Swissvale, Pa.

THE OLD, OLD story !—A number of fine pearls, some of them of
considerable value, were found recently in mussel shells on the
shoals in White river, near Seymour, Ind. One man realized $75
from his find in a few weeks.—Phila. Public Ledger.

EXCHANGES.

(Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers.)

CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE FossILs, minerals, agates, marine and
fresh-water shells, to exchange for rare marine shells, cloth-bound
books or agates.— Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Mont.

Herkimer County LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to ex-
change for desirable species from other localities. Send lists and
receive mine.—Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y.

I HAVE SEVERAL hundred unusually fine specimens # Limnea
megasoma Say, to exchange for specimens of Spheriwm and
Pisidium.— George T. Marston, care of State Savings Loan and Trust

, Quincy, Ll.

W anrep.—Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and
Fresh-Water, both U.S. and Foreign—C. Browne, Framingham,
Mass.

Waynrep.—To Exchange Northern Alabama Land and Fresh-
water Shells for shells from any other locality. Send lists and
receive mine.-—H. E. Sargent, Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala.

Marre, Land and Fresh-water shells to exchange for a pair of
good singing Canary birds. I will send my exchange list to any
one that has such to exchange, or for shells that are not in my collec-
tion.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, Somerville, N. J.

Wanrep.—Area and Zonites, from any locality, in exchange. for
British land and fresh-water shells—-Robert Walton, Charles St.,
Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa.

THE NAUTILUS, 1892. PLATE I.

WALKER, MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN,

ar *
i ra
+ or
t
Lit
.
ar =
: ‘ 3 -
v .
* : ”
oe ow SS ly hee 1% ae > aie Mena enesuent BST ocd Sneed deconte
+
ive A.
*

Tae N@urTiLus.

VOL. VI. JULY, 1892. No. 3.

SOME REMARKS ON NEW JERSEY COAST SHELLS.

BY JOHN FORD.*

Of the thousands of visitors to Atlantic City, Cape May and
adjacent seaside towns, perhaps not one-tenth part give a thought to
the myriads of living creatures other than human that sport in the
surf, dally in the pools or hide in the sheltering sands. Yet it is
not unlikely that the most superficial examination of these lowly
forms would convince the observer that even seaside resorts may
yield nobler pleasures than those of a physical nature only.

How many of these persons, I wonder, know that the despised
Sea Nettles (Medusee) often exhibit forms of surpassing beauty,
rivaling in structure the most delicate of laces! And who of all
the vast crowd think it worth while to note the wonderful variations
in structure of the many species of crabs, shrimp, sandhoppers and
other crustaceans dwelling between tides, and in some instances, in
sands above the surf? Yet few if any phases of animal life, not
even the transformation of a caterpillar to a butterfly, are as

* Editor of Nautitus,
Dear Sir:

The thought has occurred to me that many of the Nauritus readers would be inter-
ested, now and then, in articles less technical and scientific than those usually pre-
sented in its columns. In order to test the matter I take the liberty of offering for
insertion the subjoined chat regarding New Jersey Coast Mollusks and a few of
their neighbors. Very truly,

JOHN FORD.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

remarkable as the periodic metamorphoses of certain species belong-
ing to this order. Near the water’s edge, when the tide is low,
many other interesting creatures may be seen, including the sea
anemones with their parti-colored crowns of tentacles; and pretty
plant-like forms (Corallines) whose chief representative on the New
Jersey coast is the so-called
fox or squirrel-tail Sertu-
laria argentea Johnson.
To most persons this ap-
pears to be an ordinary sea
plant, but the careful stu-
dent knows that in each of
the tiny cells adorning the
undried specimen, dwells
one of the little architects
and builders of the whole
graceful structure.

None of these creatures,
however, are more worthy
of observation or study
than are the native mol-
lusks, reference to which is
the chief purpose of this
article. These dwell on
the entire coast in count-
less numbers, but they are
seldom exposed in quantity
except by southeastern
storms or gales which,
striking the beach breast
on, often tear up and carry

Fulgur canaliculata. large masses of sand with
their unfortunate occupants beyond the reach of succeeding tides.
It is not unusual for hundreds of tons of mollusks to be thus forced
from their homes and left to die of starvation and exposure. Quite
a number of the native species are edible. The first of these in
the order of demand is, of course, the oyster, Ostrea virginica ;
next, the hard shell clam, Venus mercenaria; third, that precious
favorite of all New York aldermen, the soft shell clam, Mya aren-
aria. He who has not eaten a dish of these on Coney Island beach

lod

THE NAUTILUS. ai

would be deemed by the said New York magnates a “very unfor-
tunate man” indeed. Less delicate in flavor than the latter species
are the common sea clams, Mactra solidissima, when not more than
half grown. Sea mussels, Mytilus edulis, are
also considered palatable though they are not
very highly relished in this vicinity. In New
York and New England, however, they are
much esteemed by epicures.

Among the fishermen of Long Island Sound
the large Conch, Fulgur carica, is often
utilized for soup. But the writer knows by
experience that this is not the kind of food a
delicate palate will long for.

Another edible species, and one far more
toothsome, is the little periwinkle, Litorina Lit-
orea, a species probably introduced from
Europe. Until recently they were quite rare

Mytilus edulis var. A
pellucidus. south of Raritan Bay, but at present a fine

colony may be seen on the flats a little west of the Inlet House at
Atlantic City. The pretty species, Litorina irrorata, a more south-
ern form, also edible, appeared in large numbers on the bay side,

near Longport, N. J., about three years ago, but

the conditions surrounding them changed shortly

afterward and the colony disappeared quite as

quickly and mysteriously as it came. A few spec-

imens may still be secured on the adjacent flats

but they are much less perfect than were those
' of the colony referred to.

Many of the shells produced by the several
species mentioned are well worthy of a niche in Litorina litorea.
the collector’s cabinet, especially so if taken alive and in situ.
Otherwise the more recent additions to the lip-edges are apt to be

injured by the action of the surf.

But there are hosts of other native shells besides
those referred to, that may be profitably utilized by
lovers of Nature’s handiwork. Among the most
prominent of these are the large pear-shaped Conch,
) 3 Fulgur canaliculata ; the several species of Pholades,
w=” Including the largest known form, Pholas costata,
Litorina irrorata. Which often secretes itself in the hardest limestone ;

28 THE NAUTILUS.

the canoe shells, Modiola plicatula; the razors, Solen americanus and
S. viridis ; the arks, Arca pexata and A. transversa ; the boat shells,
Naticaheros and N. duplicata ; the cup and saucer shells, Crepidula
plana, C. fornicata and C. glauca; the ladder shells, Scala hum-
phreysti and (rarely) S. lineata;
the scallops, Peeten irradians, the
adductor muscles of which are
J largely used for food, thousands of
gallons being sold annually by the
coast fishermen. In addition to
these there are several small species
belonging to the genera Columbella,

Pholas (Zirphza) crispata.
Nassa and others, making the entire number living between Brig-

antine Inlet and Cape May about fifty species. At no special point,

even on the most favorable occasions, can all of these
be obtained. A large share, however, may at times be
secured on the sea and bay shores near Longport, at
Townsend’s Inlet, Five Mile Beach and the Inlet two or
three miles northeast of Cape May. But there is no
locality known to the writer where species are so plenti-
ful as at Anglesea; here, during a short visit last sum-
mer, thirty-nine species were secured by him.

Nearly all of these were found living on a small cu. yum
peninsula about a half mile south of the Anglesea _ phreysii.
Hotel. Fulgur carica, the largest of our coast shells, were unusu-

Pecten irradians. Arca pexata.

Solen americanus.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

ally abundant, many of them being per-
fect in form, and exhibiting in the aper-
tures the rarest shades of crimson, pur-
ple and orange. Excellent specimens of
Natica duplicata were also found here in
situ, these offering a new revelation
to the collector as he saw, when
lifting them from their beds, fine jets of
water spouting in every direction from
the edges of each large saucer-shaped
foot. Both of these species were carried
to the hotel and boiled—the former
about ten minutes the latter two or three
minutes. This made the removal of the
animals an easy matter, leaving the lus-
tre of the shells and color of the aper-
tures uninjured. It should be remem-
bered that the peninsula referred to is
only free from water when the tide is
nearing its lowest stage; also that the
tide is low there at about the same hour
it is high in Philadelphia.

In conclusion it may be well to inform
the young collector that in the search for
sea shells at least three adjuncts are neces-
sary—a trowel for digging purposes, a
water-tight jar for preserving living speci-
mens and a good sized basket for large
shells. With these in hand, and a taste
for the work, there is no reason in the
world why he shouldn’t be both success-
ful and happy.

NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.

/

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

(Continued from last number.)

(10.) S. sillimani Bland. This also may have to be united with
elegans. Mr. L, B. Elliott sent me a specimen, pale horn

30 THE NAUTILUS.

color, fragile and thin, colleeted at Denver, Colorado. There
is a similar specimen in the Binney and Bland Collection.

(11.) S. salleana Pfr. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col-
lection, from Alexandria, La., is white, and allied to S.
elegans.

(12.) S. wilsoni Lea. Mr. Singley sent me this from Brevard Co.,
Florida, and I make the following note: pfeifferi group;
may be a good species; amber color, rather shiny, more
obtuse and swollen than most pfeiffert. Agrees with Lea’s
description, but spire shorter than in his figure.

(13.) S. effusa Shutt. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col-
lection is from Spring Garden Lake, Fla. A good species,
allied to pfeifferd.

Sect. II. Neritostome.
— Neritostoma (Klein) Morch.

(14.) S. putris L. 8. obliqua is generally not to be distinguished in
anything from this. I found putris in 1887 close to the
Cave of the Winds, at Niagara Falls. There is also a speci-
men from Niagara in the Binney and Bland Collection,
marked ob/iqua. Mr. Singley sent me specimens of obliqua,
collected in Carleton Co., Ontario, Canada. They approach
S. virescens Jeffreys (non Morel.) rather than putris, the
color being pale greenish-horn. One form, which may be

considered typical, was 16 mill. long, spire 53 mill. long, -

texture like putris. The other, which represented a variety,
was 15 mill. long, spire 3} mill. jong—a more globose shell,
which can probably not be separated from S. virescens Jeff.,
of Europe. Say’s var. ovalis is very near to this.

(15.) S. totteniana Lea. I received this from Mr. Singley, collected
by Mr. E. W. Roper at Revere, Mass. It is, I think, a good
species—an extreme form allied to virescens. Shell yellow-
ish-green, inflated and thin, whorls rounded, mouth broad,
spire short.

(16.) S. grosvenorit Lea. Specimens from Lee Co., Texas, were
kindly submitted to me by Mr. Singley. They comprised
two forms, one greenish and the other, which may be called
var. rufescens, reddish and more globose. The species is a good

———

THE NAUTILUS. 31

deal like putris, but smallish and spire longer; whorls con-
vex. It seems to be a good species. I have also seen it from
Alexandria, La., in the Binney and Bland Collection.

(17.) S. stretchiana Bland. I have seen this from San Francisco,
Cal. (G. W. Michael), sent by Mr. Singley. It seems to be
a small species of the putris group, allied to S. parvula
Drouét, of Europe. Reddish-horn, not very shiny, striate,
spire rather large. In the Binney and Bland Collection,
one from Washoe Co., Nevada, looks rather like avara, at
least in color; but another from Oregon is brown and
resembles the putris group. There is a form major Ancey,
ms. (sine deser.), nearly twice the size of the type, recorded
by Yarrow, from Pagosa, Colo.

THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

Carychium exiguum Say. Common everywhere.

C. exile H.C. Lea. Although not as common as C. exiguum,
the localities where this form has been found indicate that it will be
found generally distributed over the state.

Limnea stagnalis L. PI. I, fig. 6.

Occurs all over the State, often in great abundance. An extreme
form, in which the body whorl is obtusely angulated, and the aper-
ture much enlarged, from Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is
shown in fig. 6.

LL. stagnalis jugularis Say. PI. I, figs. 1, 2, 3.

I think this form is entitled to varietal rank. It is not as com-
mon as the typical form and seems to occur usually by itself. Fig-
ures 1, 2 and 3 from Black Lake, Presque Isle County, may be
referred here ; but the expansion of the lip, especially of fig. 1, is not
typical, and is probably due to some peculiar local conditions. All
the specimens from this locality are a pure translucent white. The
Physa fragilis of Mighels is probably a similar case in another
genus.

L. stagnalis sanctemarie. PI. I, figs. 4 and 5.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

This form from the Neebish Rapids of the St. Mary’s River is
well characterized by its small size, and the flattening of the upper
part of the body whorl, which gives a mammilliform appearance
to the short, rapidly acuminating spire. The relative size of this
variety and the typical Z. stagnalis is shown by comparing figs. 4
and 5 with fig. 6.

LI. ampla Migh. Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is the
only locality I know of for this species. Specimens from there,
submitted to the late Dr. James Lewis, were so named by him. In
the form in which it is found in Michigan, it seems doubtfully dis-
tinct from LD. emarginata Say.

I. decollata Migh. Cited by Currier and DeCamp. I have with
some hesitation referred specimens from Mullet Lake, Sheboygan
County, to this form.

I. megasoma Say. Occurs in great abundance in the Higgins
River, Roscommon County; also found at different localities in the
St. Mary’s River. It seems to be confined to the northern part of
the state.

LL. refleca Say. PI. I, fig. 8.

Generally distributed over the state, and as usual in the genus,
exhibits a considerable degree of variability. In some forms it is
difficult to distinguish from L. palustris Mull. LL. wmbrosa Say is
cited by De Camp as distinct. Fig. 8 is a specimen with a remark-
ably expanded lip, from the River Rouge, Wayne County.

L. reflexa zebra Tryon. Occurs frequently, associated with the
type, and is easily connected with it in any considerable number of
specimens.

L. refleca exilis Lea. The specimens on which the citation of
this form in the catalogue of 1879 was based, are referred to the
type by Mr. Pilsbry. They differ sufficiently from the large form
usually found, as figured by Haldeman (Monograph pl. 8), although
the whorls are not as flattened as the typical exilis from the Western
States requires.

L. reflexa kirtlandiana Lea. This form is not entitled to more
than varietal rank. Specimens from the original locality in Ohio
agree very closely with examples from southern Michigan. Speci-
mens from the St. Mary’s River are more slender and more fragile, _
and are nearer to Utah examples received under this name from
Mr. Hemphill.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

L. reflexa scalaris. Pl. I, fig. 7.

Spire elongated, whorls rounded and suture deeply impressed.
This form, which occurs occasionally, associated with the type, in
the marshes at the mouth of the Rouge River, Wayne County, I
cited without sufficient consideration, in my catalogue of 1879 as
var. distortus Rossm.

I. columella Say. Southern part of the state but not abundant.

L. lanceata Gld. This may prove to be a form of L. reflewa. It
is cited in all the catalogues, but I believe wholly because the origi-
nal specimens came from the north shore of Lake Superior. Spec-
imens from Belle Isle, Detroit River, are said by Pilsbry to be close
to Gould’s types in the Academy’s collection.

L. palustris Mull. Found everywhere in great abundance and
variety. A striped form similar to D. reflera zebra is sometimes
found. Limnophysa fragilis Linn., cited by De Camp, would seem
to belong here. Dr. De Camp informs me that the L. intertexta of
Currier, cited in his catalogue but never described, is a form of this
species.

L. palustris michiganensis. PI. 1, figs. 9 and 10.

This form is similar to variety D, as figured by Haldeman in his
Monograph pl. 6, fig. 7, but is much smaller, the length being but
half an inch. It is very delicately striate and under the glass
shows many very fine spiral lines cutting the striz. The aperture
is just one-half the length of the shell. The lip is thickened by a
rib within the inner margin, which shows itself as a white band on
the outer surface. Spire acute, suture impressed, umbilicus small.

Haldeman’s figure above cited, if reduced nearly one-half, would
be an excellent representation of this variety; except that the
whorls are more rounded and suture more deeply impressed than in
this form. Figure 9 is from Ecorse and figure 10 from Greenfield,
Wayne County. I am indebted for examples from Oregon to Mr.
Pilsbry, who informs me that it ranges west from Michigan to
Washington.

L. binneyi Tryon. Cited by De Camp from Houghton Lake.

L. haydeni Lea. Cited by De Camp from Houghton Lake.

L. traskii Tryon. Cited by De Camp from Newaygo County.

L. contracta Currier. Higgins Lake, Roscommon County is the
only locality known for this curious form, It is either a semi-fossil,
extinct species or an inhabitant of deep water, as only dead speci-
mens have ever been found as I have been informed.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

LL. emarginata Say. A very abundant species through the north-
ern part of the state and of great variety. Its most characteristic feat-
ure being a thick heavy shell, usually pure white and usually quite
opaque, sometimes translucent. Specimens from Higgins Lake,
Roscommon County, exhibit great variety in the form of the aper-
ture which is frequently much expanded. Specimens from Sault
St. Marie approach very close to Haldeman’s figures of his L. ser-
rata (Mon. pl. 2, fig. 6-8).

LL. catascopium Say. An abundant and characteristic species of
the Great Lakes, and their connecting rivers. Specimens from the
north acquire the thick solid shell so common in emarginata.

LL. caperata Say. Cited by Miles, Currier, Smith and De Camp.

LL. cubensis Pfr. This form, hitherto known as ZL. umbiticata
Ads., has a range over the whole of the State.

LL. pallida Ad. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp.

LL. desidiosa Say. Very common everywhere.

LL. humilis Say. Very common and variable.

LL. galbana Say (?) The form thus doubtfully designated, if not
the living representative of Say’s fossil species, has never been
described. It has been found in Emmet, Grand Traverse, Alpena
and Oakland Counties, and would thus seem to have a wide range
through the state. It is a well marked form and seems to be sub-
ject to less variation than is usual in this genus.

L. bulimoides Lea. Cited by De Camp, “ found in ae
probably introduced by plauts.”

L. gracilis Jay. Reed’s Lake, Kent County, is the only Michi-
gan locality known for this species.

Physa lordi Baird. Northern part of the state. P. parkeri
Currier, from Houghton Lake, is generally considered a synonym.

P. aneillaria Say. Generally distributed over the State, and
exhibits a great degree of variability.

P. sayi Tapp. Very common. Cited by Currier and De Camp
as var. Warreniana Lea. Specimens from a small pond near
Traverse City, collected by Dr. Leach, are remarkable for the ten-
uity of the shell and the expansion of the outer lip. In some
instances the newly formed lip was so thin as to be completely
reflected back on the outside of the shell. Whether the local influ-
ences in this case were similar to those which, according to Prof.
E. 8. Morse, produced the Physa fragilis Mighels I cannot tell ;
but the two forms would seem to be identical.

THE NAUTILUS. BAD)

P. vinosa Gld. Originally described from specimens collected on
the north shore of Lake Superior, this species has been cited by
Miles, Currier, Smith and De Camp without further knowledge of
its occurrence. Recently, however, specimens from the Detroit
River and St. Clair Flats have been referred to this form by Mr.
R. E. C. Stearns, of the U. S. Nat. Museum.

P. anatina Lea. Although not cited from the western part of
the state, its occurrence in Washtenaw, Macomb, Lapeer and
Grand Traverse Counties show that it has a general distribution
through the eastern and northern part of the state. Mr. R. E. C.
Stearns, speaking of specimens from the Clinton River, Macomb
County says: “ Your specimens are the brightest and handsomest I
have seen.”

P. pomilia Con. Cited by De Camp as var. Showalteri Lea. I
am indebted to Mr. Streng for specimens from Grand Rapids.

P. gyrina Say. Very abundant and in great variety of form.

P. gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Very common everywhere.

P. elliptica Lea. Cited by De Camp, as are also P. oleacea Tryon
and Febigeri Lea, which are considered as synonyms by Tryon.

P. heterostropha Say. Common everywhere and in almost infi-
nite variety.

P. brevispira Lea. Specimens from the Detroit River have been
identified as this species by Mr. Pilsbry.

P. deformis Currier. This species, originally described from
Grand Rapids, is cited also by De Camp in his catalogue. Dr. De
Camp writes: “I do not believe that this is a distinct species.”

Aplexa hypnorum LL. Common everywhere.

A. hypnorum tryont Currier. Distinguished by its larger size and
deeper coloring.

A. integra Hald. Generally distributed through the state and
quite common. I follow Tryon in including Lea’s P. niagarensis
asasynonym. Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, however, informs me that
our Michigan species is niagarensis and that Haldeman’s integra is a
southern species not extending further north than Indiana. The
Michigan form agrees, however, with specimens received as P.
integra from the late Dr. Jas. Lewis.

To be concluded.

oi)
lor)

THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

GONIOBASIS VIRGINICA IN Conn. The collection of the Ameri-
ean Asso. of Conchologists has received specimens of the above spe-
cies collected by Rev. Geo. D. Reid, from the Connecticut River, at
Deep River, Conn. This is not far from the mouth of the river,
and is, we believe, the eartermost locality reported for any species
of this family in the United States. The specimens are large and
well-developed, averaging over an inch in length. Both the smooth
form and the spirally lirate var. multilineata occur.

Mr. Wintrarp M. Woop, of San Francisco, California, has
gone ona collecting trip to Monterey Bay, where some new and
rare species have recently been found. He will remain there dur-
ing the month of July.

PLANORBIS MULTIVOLYIs.—I have lately received several speci-
mens of Planorbis multivolvis Case, collected in the Island of New-
foundland, by a friend engaged on a surveying staff. They were
found in the neighborhood of Brathurst Lake. I have not seen the
Michigan form, but Mr. Bryant Walker, to whom I submitted my
shells, tells me the Newfoundland specimens are “rather smaller
and thinner but identical in form.”— W. J. Farrer, Orange, Va.

EXCHANGES. *

CoLLEctrors who desire to dispose of North American Land,Fresh-
water aud Marine shells for those of California, will do well by
sending their exchange lists to Williard M. Wood, 2817 Clay

Street, San Francisco, Cal.

Pacirrc Coast, marine, land and fresh water shells, for land and
fresh water shells of the West Indies and South America, G. W.
Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ills.

Fosstts from the Silurian, Devonian Sub-carboniferous and Car-
boniferous, to exchange for other fossils, especially of the Creta-
ceous and Tertiary; send lists and receive mine. C. S. Hodgson,
Albion, Til.

Ate N ABTLus.

VOL. VI. AUGUST, 1892. No. 4

COLLECTING NOTES.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

During a brief vacation last Christmas, Mr. John B. Henderson,
Jr., of Washington, and the writer made a flying visit to the west
coast of Florida, in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, for the purpose of
collecting shells; and I have thought that perhaps a few notes on
our work might be of interest to the readers of the NauriLus.
The country throughout this region consists of ordinary sandy pine
land, interspersed here and there with ponds and hammock or hard-
wood tracts of from an acre or so to several miles in extent. This
region in general is one of the flattest on the globe, and as a con-
sequence the sea is in most places quite shallow and thousands of
acres of mud flats are often laid bare at very low tides or during
“ Northers,” affording wonderfully rich collecting grounds for the
naturalist. We fitted ourselves out with a five or six ton sail-boat
accompanied by a skipper and a good-natured cook, and with two
weeks provisions, a gallon of alcohol, a dredge, and several large
note books which were to be filled with original observations and
discoveries, we sailed away as eager for adventures as Lord Bate-
man.

I want to say to anyone who attempts to collect marine shells or
animals, that first and foremost it is all important to use the dredge.
This implement is so simple, so easily constructed, and is so efficient
that the merest tyro never ought to try to get along without it. A full
description of one and its mode of working can be found in Wood- |

38 THE NAUTILUS.

ward’s Manual of Conchology, and one that brings the matter down
to date will soon appear in a forthcoming paper by Dr. Dall on
collecting. We threw overboard our dredge in the warm bright
waters of Tampa Bay as the boat was brought up into the wind, and
awaited results. There is a certain kind of excitement about the
operation ; the jar and tremble of the rope as the implement—far
down out of sight—scrapes over the bottom, gathering in the treasures
of the deep, produces a sensation akin to that which an angler feels
when he gets a bite, or a sportsman when he sights game and
“draws a bead.” And this feeling reaches a fever heat when the
dredge is hoisted slowly, leaving a cloudy wake in the water, and its
contents are dumped into the screen.

Starfishes, echini, perhaps a big horseshoe crab or two, and,
mingled with living mollusks and fishes there may probably he dead
shells inhabited by various forms of hermit crabs, fish, sea-worms
and a dozen other kinds of life, many of which may be puzzling
even to an experienced naturalist. There is something wonderful
about all this, and entirely different from shore collecting; the
animals are taken in their homes, caught in the very act of carry-
ing on their ordinary avocations, and it is not to be wondered at
that they seem to havea kind of surprised appearance when they
are tumbled out indiscriminately on deck. There is always an
element of uncertainty about dredging that furnishes a mild excite-
ment akin to that of gambling. One throw, or a half dozen in
succession, may turn out to be “water hauls,” bringing up nothing
but mud or possibly sea urchins, and the “just once more before we
go away ” may bring up half a hundred species, some of them rare,
and all desirable.

The vicinity of Tampa Bay is rich in marine species and is classic
ground to the conchologist and the collector, it having been worked
over by Agassiz, Conrad, Stimpson, Spinner, and other noted men
who have passed on, and Drs. Stearns and Dall, Velie, Calkins, and
others who are still with us; and often a run along the shores of
some of the outer keys, or about the muddy, sandy bays, will reveal
shells enough to turn the head of even a steady-going experienced
conchologist. And at such times it always happens that when the
collector gets every bucket, and sack, and basket, and both bands
loaded down to the last limit with things that are good enough in
all conscience, and is miles away from his boat, he begins to run
upon numbers of such marvelously rare and beautiful things that

THE NAUTILUS. 39

he is tempted to throw away every thing he already has and begin
entirely anew.

Prof. Hornaday spoke the truth when he said that “the collector’s
life is a constant race for specimens.” In the few brief days we had
at our command we felt that we must “make hay while the sun
shone.” But dredging, though very delightful at first, when followed
up for eight or ten hours consecutively gets to be a good deal like
work, and hard, heavy, wet work too. So we did what I should
advise all collectors in similar circumstances to do ; we went ashore
during low tides and searched sometimes the sandy bays, the limited
areas of rocky shore to be found about that region, or the open
beaches ; and during high tide we dredged. One rocky bed laid
bare at low tide in Terraciea Bay was marvelously rich in Trito-
nidea tincta, Cerithium floridanum, Semele reticulata, Murex nuceus,
Cumingia tellincidea, Nassa consensa, Muricidea multangula, Uro-
salpine perrugatus, and some other forms not often found on the
sand,

Mrs. Mean’s injunction “while yer a gittin’ git a plenty” espe-
cially applies to the collector. One is prone when he sees anything
in great abundance to feel as though it was very common and was
hardly worth taking. Even the sight of a very rare mollusk in
quantities somehow lowers its value in one’s estimation. But the
old collector who has let such chances go a few times, and after-
wards where his entire stock of the same thing has run out, regrets
his folly, learns to take all he can get of anything that isgood. One
may find a species thrown up to-day by millions on a certain shore,
in excellent condition, and the next week, and for years afterwards,
he ‘may not run across a dozen individuals of the same. I had lived
near Tampa Bay for four years and collected industriously, but
throughout my whole residence I never found a hundred specimens
of Olivella mutica, dead or alive. During our visit the dredge
brought them up living, glittering like dew drops, by the handfuls.
We dredged over and over the ground on which I once obtained in
quantities of Venericardia tridentata and flabella, Parastarte
triquetra, and Pandora trilineata, and scarcely found a specimen,
while on the same ground we got a great many Tubonillas, an
abundance of Conus peali, and a half bushel or more Areca trans-
versa, not a specimen of which I had ever found there before; and
on a sand flat that used to gladden my eyes with Conus floridanus
not a single one could we find.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

The shell mounds—the Kitchen middens of prehistoric tribes—are
usually overgrown with tropical scrub, and are rich in land shells
as well as mosquitoes and sand flies ; and on one of these at Shaw’s
Point I rediscovered Zonites dallianus which I first found there
three years ago, and, at the time, supposed to be the very different
Zonites minusculus. In places the brackish water was swarming
with Cerithium minimum, and musearium, Melampus coffea, Macoma
constricta, Natica duplicata and its companion Melongena corona,
Lnucina Jamaicensis, Cerithidea scalariformis, Modiola plicatula, var.
semicostata, Mytilus hamatus, and the two Cyrenas, floridana and
carolinensis. The ponds were alive with Physa heterostropta var.
pomilia, Succinea luteola, which seems about as completely aquatic
as any of the pond snails, Planorbis tumidus, which is a form of the
protean and widely distributed trivo/vis ; and on the keys several of
the Polygyras were abundant.

Our ten days of collecting came to an end all too soon, for although
we had worked very hard and gathered in some 200 species and
perhaps 25,000 specimens, we had not had time to write a half
dozen notes, and we had only made a beginning at what we wanted
to accomplish. We packed our material and bid good-by reluct-
antly to the land of palmettoes, warm breezes and sparkling waters,
carrying with us bright, happy memories that will only grow pleas-
anter as time passes away.

ON ATLANTIC CREPIDULAS.

BY WITMER STONE, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

During the summer of 1891 while at Cape May, N. J., I made a
considerable coijlection of Crepidulas of all ages and varieties with
a view to studying the relationship of the several species found on
the New Jersey coast; and some of the possibilities suggested by an
examination of this material may prove of interest.

We have on this portion of -the Atlantic seaboard four nominal
species, of which three, C. fornicata, conveaa and glauca, grow upon
the outside or convex surfaces of the shells upon which they occur,

THE NAUTILUS. 41

while one, C. plana, grows upon the inside or concave surface. The
curvature of the surface upon which the Crepi-
dulas grow has naturally produced a similar
curvature in their own shells as it would other-
wise be impossible for them to retain their hold.

We therefore find that the three species first
| mentioned are convex in shape, while C. plana
is concave.

With this fact before us the question naturally
arises: why is not C. plana a mere form of C,

Crepidula fornicata. — fornicata produced from eggs of the latter spe-
cies which happened to be deposited on the inside of the host shell?
A series of specimens collected with their hosts, however, shows that
young fornicata is sometimes found on the inner
or concave surface of Natica and Fulgur and
retains all the characters of the species, being
easily separated from the young of plana. The
fact, however, that none but very small fornicatas
are found in such positions, seems to show that
the tendency to a conyex form makes it impos-
sible for them to retain their hold for any length
of time on a concave surface. In other words, Crepidula plana.
the tendency towards convex and concave shells has now become a
fixed specific character.

As to the original ancestry of C. plana there does not seem to
me any doubt but that either this species has descended from a shell
of the C. fornicata style or better perhaps that both species have
developed from a free snail which formed the habit of attaching
itself to other shells and whose characters have been gradually
altered to suitits habits. Some of the individuals have thus adapted
themselves to the convex and some to the concave surfaces of their
hosts, and so eventually produced two distinct species. This theory
_ is strengthened by studying the Crepidulas from other parts of the
world, for my friend Mr. Pilsbry, tells me that on nearly every coast
where a convex Crepidula is found there is also a concave species
corresponding to our C. plana.

As regards our three convex Crepidulas, C. glauca and C. convexa
are undoubtedly much more closely related to each other than either

42 VHE NAUTILUS.

is to C. fornicata, as has been already noticed by
Mr. Pilsbry. In both of them the beak projects
almost directly forward and stands clear above
the margin, while in C. fornicata it is very much

Ss to one side and rests directly on the margin. This
Crepidula glauca. seems to be caused by the concentric additions to
the shell being very unequal—i. e. wider on one side than on the
other—in the latter species. The outline of the posterior margin of |
the “deck” or septum in C. fornicata is also different.

The difference between C. glauca and convexa is entirely one of
shape and is apparently due primarily to the character of the surface
on which they live, as C. glauca occurs on large shells where the
curvature is slight and C. convexa on small, very conyex shells such
as Nassa obsoleta, where considerable curvature is necessary to enable
the Crepidula to bring the entire margin of its shell in contact with
the surface of its host.

Whether this difference of shape is to be regarded as a specific or
subspecific character is a question dependent entirely upon the
extent to which this adaptation to two styles of surface has
proceeded. If shells of intermediate form occur, then C. £
convexa is merely asubspecies. Among those which I have §
thus far examined I have seen no intermediates.

The fact that we have at least two distinct convex C. convexa.
Crepidulas upon the New Jersey coast naturally suggests the pos-
sibility that we may have had at one time, two concave species ; one
developed from the same stock as C. fornicata, as already described,
and the other in a similar manner from the C. glauca stock. The a
similar environment and degenerate nature of “inside growers” |
would tend to obliterate the original specific differences, so that the |
two might easily have become merged into what we know as C.

plana. ;

Anatomical investigations might throw additional light upon
these questions, and a careful study of the genus will well repay
anyone who has the requisite material at hand.

THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHICAN.*

BY BRYANT WALKER.

U. anodontoides Lea. Cited by De Camp from Monroe County.
Also by Call.

* The first installment (land mollusks) of Mr. Walker’s catalogue of Michigan
mollusks will be found in the June NAvuritus; the second, aquatic gastropods, in
the July number.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

U. asperimus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. The
latter in a recent letter says: “I do not believe that it belongs to
the State.”

U. canadensis Lea. Three Mile Lake, Oakland County, identi-
fied by the late Dr. James Lewis.

U. cariosus Say. Cited by Sager and Miles; evidently an error,
as the species does not occur so far west. The citation is probably
based on some form of U. occidens Lea.

U. ceelatus Con. Cited by Sager and Miles. In all probability
a case of mistaken identity.

U. circulus Lea. Common in southern part of the State. Speci-
mens from the River Rouge are referred to U. lens Lea by Dr. De
Camp.

U. coceineus Hild. Apparently quite common. A specimen
from the Detroit River has a pink nacre.

U. complanatus Say. Northern part of the State. For an
account of the re-discovery of this species in this State, see the
Naovtitus III, p. 16 and V, p. 93.

U. cornutus Bar. Cited by Currier and De Camp. Dr. De
Camp writes me that this species, formerly common in the Grand
River, has entirely disappeared.

U. cuneolus Lea. Cited by De Camp from Monroe County.

U. donacifornis Lea. Mouth of Otter Creek, Monroe County,
collected by Jerome Trombly. Cited also by Call.

U. elegans Lea. Southern part of the State. Monroe and Kent
counties.

U. ellipsis Lea. Detroit River and Grand Rapids.

U. ellipsiformis Con. The type specimens are stated by Conrad
to have been received from Michigan. Were it not for the explicit
statement that the beaks were simple, the figure and description
would apply to U. spatulatus Lea. It would seem possible that it
was described from specimens of that form in which the undulations
of the beaks, usually quite light, had so nearly disappeared as to
escape attention. The species has not been found by recent
collectors.

U. fabalis Lea. The River Rouge near Detroit. Cited also by
Sager and Miles.

U. gibbosus Bar. Abundant all over the State. A small variety
is found in the Detroit river, in which the nacre varies from a deep
purple to pure white. There is almost always, however, a trace of
purple along the hinge.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

U. glans Lea. The Clinton river at Pontiac, where it was first
found many years ago, is the only locality known for this species in
the State. Its occurrence there I have been successful in verifying.

U. gracilis Bar. Common. Specimens from the River Rouge,
Wayne County, are the largest I have ever seen. Those from the
Detroit River are much smaller, showing the unfavorable character
of their surroundings.

U. iris Say. Cited by Sager, Miles, Currier and DeCamp. ‘The
latter, however, in a recent letter queries whether the Michigan
specimens can be distinguished from U. novi-eboraci. Call (Cat.
Unionidee Miss. Valley) credits the species to Michigan.

U. kirtlandianus Lea. Cited by Call from the Grande River (loe.
cit.).

U. levissimus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp.

U. Leibii Lea. Detroit River, identified by Dr. Jas. Lewis; mouth
of Otter Creek, Monroe County, collected by Jerome Trombly.

U. latecostatus Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grand River,
Kent County. A specimen received from him agrees in form and
in arrangement of the folds with Lea’s figure and description. It
does not, however, seem to differ from U. undulatus except in the
more highly developed character of the folds.

U. ligamentinus Lam. Southern part of the State. Cited also
by De Camp as U. erassus Say. A form with pink nacre occurs on
the Grand River (see Lewis, Am. Jour. of Con. IV, 81).

U. luteolus Lam. Very abundant everywhere and exceedingly
variable in size, color and shape. De Camp cites U. siliquoides
Bar., from Grand River as distinct. The nacre is occasionally
more or less tinged with pink toward posterior portion.

U. multiradiatus Lea. Appears to occur generally through the
southern part of the State. It is very abundant in the Huron
River at Ann Arbor, Mich. A dwarfed form occurs in the Detroit
River. The female has the edge of the mantle prolonged in long
feelers, similar to those figured by Lea (Observations II, pl. xv, fig.
49) in the female of U. radiatus Lam.

U. nasutus Say. Occurs all over the State. Specimens from the
Detroit River are small and quite thin.

U. negatus Lea. Sheawassee River, Genesee Co., where it was
discovered by Dr. M. L. Leach, who writes that the only specimen
he found was sent to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences
and was there identified as this species. It is now in the museum

THE NAUTILUS. 45

at Bay View, Petoskey, Michigan. Among a large lot of U. rubv-
ginosus sent to me by Dr. Leach from the same locality was
another specimen, which in the suleate or rather heavily imbricated
character of the surface resembles Lea’s description of this species.
It is, however, more inflated, and although somewhat eroded, lacks
the peculiar beaks described by Lea. If not distinct, it certainly
is a very peculiar form of U. rubiginosus.

U. novi-eboraci Lea. Abundant everywhere. A form without
rays from this state was described as U. opalinus by Anthony, but
is not considered as distinct by Lea in his last synopsis. Dr.
De Camp sends me the following note on Anthony’s species.
“ McNeil found the only specimen of this and sent it to Anthony. It
was from Ottawa county, and McNeil says he thought it was a
malformed U. gibbosus Bar. I have hunted the same stream and
never found one.”

U. occidens Lea. Generally distributed through the southern
part of the State.

U. parvus Bar. River Rouge, Wayne county.

U. penitus Con. Cited by Sager and Miles, probably a mistake
as the species is a southern one.

U. perplexus Lea. Cited by Sager and Miles.

U. phaseolus Hild. Cited in most of the catalogues. Sheboygan
County is the most northern locality known to me. Specimens from
the Detroit river are smaller than usual, very strongly arcuate and
darker colored without spots.

U. plicatus Les. Western part of the State, extending as far
north as Muskegon. I have not found this form in the eastern part
of the State. Michigan specimen seem to be smaller than those from
more southern localities.

U. pressus Lea. Common all over the State.

U. pustulatus Lea. River Rouge, Wayne county.

U. pustulosus Lea. Cited by Sager, Miles and Call.

U. radiatus Lam. Cited by De Camp from Grayling, Crawford
County, and as U. distans Anth. by Currier and De Camp. Were
it not for the occurrence of U. complantus Sol., in the northern part
of the State, (a species which is usually considered as confined to the
Atlantic drainage), I should question whether there was not some
mistake in the above citations. Gould in Agassiz “ Lake Superior”
however, cites this species from the north shore of that lake, and it
is quite possible that it has extended from Canada into our northern

46 THE NAUTILUS.

borders. I notice that in the Nautiius for November, 1891, p. 78,
Mr. G. W. Dean says that Anthony’s distans is the female form of
U. luteolus Lam. Call (loc. cit.) also refers U. distans to luteolus.
Lea, however, refers it to radiatus.

U. rangianus Lea. Fighting Island, Detroit river, and the River
Raisin, Monroe Counties, are the only localities where this species
has yet been found to my knowledge. Credited to Michigan by
Call (loe. cit.)

U. rectus Lam. Not uncommon in the southern part of the State.
A form from the Detroit river was described as U. Sageri by Conrad
and another variety from the Huron river, Livingstone county, as
U. leprosus by Miles. Specimens from the River Rouge, Wayne
county, are fully as wide as any from the Ohio river, but longer,
more compressed and not so heavy, the nacre being either white or
purple. Detroit river specimens are only about half as large as
Rouge river examples, with the nacre tinged with purple toward the
hinge, or occasionally of a beautiful salmon color.

U. rubiginosus Lea. Common in the southern part of the State.

U. Schooleraftii. Lea. Not a common species, but cited in nearly
all the lists.

U. spatulatus Lea. Very abundant in many localities.

U. subovatus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. Spee-
imens sent to correspondents as U. ventricosus Bar., have been
referred by them to this form.

U. subrotundus Lea. Cited by Sager and Miles only. As it has
not been found by later collectors it is to be considered a doubtful
inhabitant of the state.

U. sulcatus Lea. Detroit river. Specimens from that locality
were described as U. perobliquus by Conrad.

U. Tappanianus Lea. “ Have this from Monroe County, Mich-
igan, that agrees well with Lea’s figure and description ; but think
it the same as siliquoides, only a variety of luteolus. The beaks are
eroded on the specimens I have, so that I cannot decide well on the
undulations” —De Camp. I know nothing of the occurrence of this
species in the State, beyond the above note from Dr. De Camp,
which seems to leave the identification somewhat in doubt.

U. tenuissimus Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grande river,
Also by Miles and Currier.

U. trigonus Lea. Cited by De Camp from Black Lake, Ottawa
county ; also by Miles and Currier.

THE NAUTILUS. AT

U. triangularis Lea. Southern part of the State.

U. undulatus Bar. An abundant species in suitable localities in
the southern part of the State. Dr. De Camp sends me a specimen
which I think should be referred to this species, labelled U. atro-
costatus with the following note: ‘This I found in Black Lake,
Ottawa county, I think plicatus and latecostatus distinct ; but would
hardly say this of atrocostatus were it not for finding it only in the
still water of the lake, while the other almost universally inhabits
rivers with current.”

U. ventricosus Bar. Very abundant all over the State and
extremely variable. In many localities it attains a large size.
Detroit river specimens are small and with comparatively thin
shells.

U. verrucosus Bar. Southern part of the State.

( Zo be concluded.)

GOULD’S TYPES OF NASSA AND COLUMBELLA.

BY W. B. MARSHALL.

Tryon has expressed the belief that the types of several species
of Nassa and Columbella described by Dr. A. A. Gould were
destroyed in the Chicago fire. .

Among others he mentions the following :—Nassa beata, Loo
Choo Is.; Nassa optata, Sydney, N. S. W.; Nassa spurca, St.
Simon’s Bay; Columbella minuscula, Ousima; Columbella zonata,
Kagosima.

Referring to the types of Nassa, Tryon said “ Most of the above
are from the collections of the North Pacific (U. 8.) Exploring
Expedition; they have not been figured and the type specimens
were destroyed in the great Chicago fire. Some of them might be
identified with other described species, but it is better not to do so.
I think, under the circumstances.’

In a note under his description of Colwmbella (Seminella) minus-
cula, Tryon said “ Unknown to me. ‘The types of this, the preced-
ing and following species described by Gould are believed to have
been destroyed at Chicago by fire.”

The types of the five species mentioned above were not destroyed.
They are now in the collection of the New York State Museum at
Albany and are represented as follows :—

1 Manual of Conchology, (I) iv, p. 63.
2 Ibid. v, p. 171.

48 THE NAUTILUS.,

Nassa beata by six specimens.

Nassa optata by one specimen.

Nassa spurca by four specimens.
Columbella minuscula by three specimens.
Columbella zonata by two specimens.

GENERAL NOTES.

Errata. For “ Helix sargenti” in the May Navuriuus, p. 8,
read “ H. SanGenTIaAna J. & P.’; the former name having been
used for a species from the Bahamas, belonging to the section
Plagioptycha.

Those familiar with the life work of the late Dr. Joseph Leidy
will be interested to know that the two microscopes which he used
for years and from which he obtained such valuable results have
been placed in the hands of Messrs. Williams, Brown and Earle,
Philadelphia, to sell, by Mrs. Joseph Leidy, and they will be pleased
to show them to anyone desiring to see them. They were brought
in 1875 and were in almost constant use down to the date of his
death, and they show how careful a student he was, in that they
are in perfect order and very little soiled or scratched.

The following extract from a letter to the Editor from Dr. W. H.
Dall, writtef upon his recent return from the West Coast, will be of
interest to our readers. * * ** “My work this time was chiefly
stratigraphical. I was able to determine the position of the Wallala
beds as continuously conformable with, and below the upper
Cretaceous Chico beds. Also to discover that earlier collectors have
been mixing the genuine Pliocene and Postpliocene faunas in their
collections, the two being often conformable, closely adjacent, and
in similar mostly unconsolidated beds.

In mollusks I found that the Periploma diseus and Trophon tri-
angulatus haye been found near San Pedro on several occasions
lately. At Monterey I got several specimens of Pedicularia cali-
fornica Newcomb, which lives on a red Gorgonian. Monterey as a
collecting ground is already greatly injured, and will probably be
nearly ruined before long, on account of the Hotel del Monte, the
new town of Pacific Grove and the increased population of old
Monterey, all the sewage of which is turned into the bay in front of
the town. Beaches which formerly would afford several hundred
species are now nearly bare, or offensive with stinking black mud.
Old collectors will learn this with regret. The San Pedro collectors
are very active and enthusiastic and doing good work.”

y#

ae NEUTILUS.

VOL. VI. SEPTEMBER, 1892. No. 5

SHELL COLLECTING AT EASTPORT.
EDWARD W. ROPER.

The August number of the NAurrius was awaiting me on my
return from a collecting trip to Eastport, Maine, with Messrs. B. H.
Van Vleck and R. T. Jackson, of Boston, and I could fully appreci-
ate Mr. Simpson’s excellent article on dredging at. Tampa Bay.
Eastport is likewise “classic ground” to naturalists, and seldom a
year passes that boatman Jerry Sullivan does not have an opportu-
nity to take some ardent collector in his trim sloop. ‘“ Uncle”
Jerry has been a resident of Eastport over forty years, and has
coiled the dredge rope for Agassiz, Verrill, Fewkes and other well-
known scientists. He knows the fluctuations of the strong tides, the
depth of water, and what is of most consequence, the character of the
bottom, which enables him to keep away from rocks which might
cause the loss of the dredge.

While not equal to subtropical Florida as a collecting ground,
Eastport, for a northern locality, is rich in species and individuals.
Our dredgings were in water from fourteen to eighteen fathoms
deep, and Mr. Simpson’s statement that it was “hard, heavy, wet
work,” was certainly not overdrawn. Sometimes the dredge came
up full of stones. and gravel, with which were huge starfishes ten
inches across the rays, curious leathery Boltenias, large red shrimps,
sponges, such beautiful shells as Trochus occidentalis, Margarita
undulata and Admete viridula, and perhaps the long-named

50 THE NAUTILUS.

brachiopod, Terebratulina septentrionalis. The best brachiopod
ground, however, has been ruined, by the dumping upon it of blue
clay dredged from Luber Narrows.

The best hauls were made on a moderately soft bottom of mingled
mud and sand, which was literally filled with dead and living shells
of Cyclocardia borealis, Astarte undata, Astarte crebricostata, Cardium
pinnulatum, Sipho pygmeus, Dentalium striolatum and many others.
Here also were obtained numerous brittle stars, Ophiopholis, and the
Astrophyton Agassizii, which came up clinging to the outside of the
net, nearly as often as inside. When the dredge landed in soft mud
it brought up such shells as Leda tenuisulcata, Nucula tenuis, Cre-
nella glandula, Yoldia sapotilla and Cryptodon Gouldii.

Shore collecting at Eastport is sure to prove successful. Ordinary
tides rise and fall eighteen feet, and at low tide a large area of shore
is uncovered. Purpura lapillus, Aemea testudinalis and the various
Littorinas, common all along the New England shore, are here of
much larger size than in Massachusetts. Buccinum undatum is
everywhere seen at low water mark, and bunches of its yellow egg
cases are fastened to the rocks in abundance. Underneath stones
are myraids of crawling things not well known to a conchologist,
but nevertheless interesting. In the larger rock pools every stone
hides specimens of Chiton marmoreus and Chiton albus, Saxicava
rugosa and Margarita helicina are common and the bottom may
fairly bristle with the spiny sea urchins.

The enthusiastic collector will understand my pleasure when a
eritical examination of my gathered treasures revealed. about
seventy-five species of shells, fifteen of which had not previously been
represented in my cabinet. My companions, more interested in
other invertebrete forms, were also quite successful. Add to this,
the fact that we were in the coolest place in the country, wearing
light overcoats many evenings while everybody at home was swelter-
ing in torrid heat, and we may look back to our Eastport trip as
favored by fortune and replete with pleasure.

AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY—A NEW FOSSIL CYPREA,

JOHN H. CAMPBELL.

Mr. Homer Squyer of Mingusville, Montana, in collecting during
the present summer, additional specimens of cretaceous mollusea in

THE NAUTILUS. Dil

the Fox Hills Group (upper Missouri) made an exceedingly impor-
tant “find.” Among the species found by him, was a Cyprea
absolutely new to science, and which may turn out to be the oldest
Cyprea known to be in existence. The two fossil cyprzeas from
California (Bayerquei and Matthewsonii) and the Cypraa (Mortoni)
from the New Jersey marl beds are the only species of the family
published as belonging to the cretaceous period; and Prof. Whit-
field of New York some time since found a cast of another species
(to be described by him) in New Jersey, which he considers to be
cretaceous. Thestratum (Tejon group) in which the two California
species were found, is now considered to be tertiary, and the- two
New Jersey species may possibly turn out to be tertiary also, and in
that case, the species just found by Mr. Squyer would be the earliest
species of the genus Cyprea known. Next month we will describe
and figure it more particularly, as we have this month only space
enough to note the fact of its discovery, and assign it provisionally
a name which we suggest should be Cyprea Squyerit.

The type shell of the species (only perfect one found) has been
forwarded by Mr. Squyer to the Collection of the American Associa-
tion of Conchologists.

APPEARANCE OF AN ASIATIC ANODONTA IN THE CHINESE
MARKETS OF SAN FRANCISCO.

BY WILLARD M. WOOD.

Several weeks ago, I was invited to take lunch at a Chinese
restaurant, with Mr. Sue Locke, an interpreter.

While on the way, this gentleman, who knew I was greatly
interested in the study of conchology, informed me that before going
to the restaurant, he would show me a new shell which had just been
brought from China. Upon this information, I questioned him, and
found that it was a fresh-water species.

After passing through a number of narrow streets, we reached a
very small Chinese merchandise store. The first object that
attracted my attention, was a medium sized fresh-water aquarium
containing a number of gold and silver fish.

_ Upon close examination, I found the bottom to be thickly lined
with the species Paludina Japonica Mart., and two varieties of

52 THE NAUTILUS.

same; and also a species of Anodonta, of which I have not, as yet,
learned the name.

By my friend acting as interpreter, I discovered that but very
few have been sent here. Upon the last steamer from China, several
dozen were brought by the sailors, who disposed of them to Chinese
merchandise dealers, in Chinatown.

I purchased a few at the price of fifteen cents apiece, and started
for the restaurant; but we stopped on the way, once again, as my
friend desired to take me to the home of one of his acquaintances to
show me another species of Anodonta. I was very much astonished
upon observing this specimen.

The shells I had been looking at were all less than three inches
in length, while this specimen of another species, was almost
six inches. I tried to secure it but failed. The Chinaman would
not part with it. He said, “Me keepee. Him livee heep long
time. No die.”

As these shells may be bought exceedingly cheap in China, as J
was informed, I shall try and have a number sent me.

NOTE ON CYTHEREA CONVEXA SAY.

BY Wi. Hoag:

Quite a number of conchologists have referred to Conrad’s state-
ment (Medial Tert. Form.) that the well known name of our east
coast species is preoccupied by Brongniart, but have hesitated to
accept the name Sayana proposed by Conrad since no reference to
chapter and verse was made by him to substantiate his observation.
Having long sought the reference and at last found it, it seems well
to put it on record. In Cuvier’s “ Ossemens fossiles” volume II,
pt. 2 contains an essay by Cuvier and Alex. Brongniart entitled
“ Bssai sur la géographie minéralogique des environs de Paris.” It
contains 278 pages, 4to, with maps and copper plates and was
published in 1811. A number of species are figured from the Paris
basin, among them Cytherea convexa, pl. 8, fig. 7. This shell long
remained doubtful but has been practically identified by Renevier
and Deshayes with the Cyrena semistrata of Deshayes, described in
1831. Say’s C. convexa was described early in 1824 (Journ. Acad..
Nat. Sci. iv, 140). Another Cytherea convera was described by

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Hoffmann (Karsten, Arch. 1831, t. 8, p. 385) subsequent to that of
Say. Owing to the slight tinge of doubt which still remained, Des-
hayes’ specific has been universally retained for the Cyrena except
by Herbert and Renevier (Foss. nummul. suppl. p. 59, 1854). All
things considered it would seem best to adopt Conrad’s name Sayana
for the well known shell to which it has been applied and which
extends its range from Prince Edward’s Island to Indianola, Texas,
and has existed unchanged since the Miocene.

HYALINIA LEVIUSCULA N. SP.
BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

A few years ago while looking over a parcel of fine drift from the
Guadalupe river, gathered at New Braunfels, Texas, I found a small
Hyalinia which was evidently new; but upon the few specimens at
hand I did not like to publish it. Now, a few weeks ago, Mr. J. A.
Singley had the kindness of forwarding me several thousand small
shells picked out of a lot of the same drift materials." Among them
there are several dozen specimens of this form, besides nearly as many
Hy. singleyana Pils., hundreds of Hy. minuscula Binn. and a few
Hy. milium Mse.

Our species is of the size and general appearance of Hy. minu-
scula, for which it doubtless has been taken, but differs from that
species in being more depressed. The spire is entirely flat or very
little elevated. The whorls are markedly wider, from the nucleus,
in specimens of the same size }—1 less in number, very gradually
increasing, and flatter above and below. The surface appears
smooth and polished, and only with a strong magnifier radiating
lines are seen, much like those of Hy. radiatula Gray, but also pro-
portionately much finer. The umbilicus is rather wider in the
adult, and the curvature of the whorl] to the umbilicus is quite
abrupt, appearing almost angular. The shell is colorless, glossy
while fresh, and when weathered, appears more milky white, while
minuscula then is more chalky.

This form is certainly not a variety of Hy. minuscula which may
be regarded as a “ species” at the arbitration of a systematist, but

1 They are so interesting that a list of them with some notes will be worth
publishing in the ‘‘ NAUTILUS.”

54 THE NAUTILUS.

entirely distinct. Although the differences from that species seem
not striking at first sight, they are well marked after careful com-
parison, as anyone will be convinced by close examination of the
two forms. Hy. texana resembles more Hy. singleyana Pils., which
however is sufficiently different by its much smaller size. The two
evidently represent a natural group, and doubtless will show
peculiar anatomical characters. It is to be hoped that Mr. Singley
or another Texan conchologist will succeed in securing fresh spec-
imens for examination.

Since writing the above, specimens have been received from
Hidalgo, Texas, and from Henry County, Indiana. It will probably
be found at intermediate localities also.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICES OF NEW ZEALAND.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The first species of New Zealand land snails made known to
science were described many years ago, by Dr. J. E. Gray of the
British Museum. A number of forms were described later by
Pfeiffer; and most of these were illustrated by Reeve in his big
volume on Helix in the Conchologia Iconica. Reeve took the
liberty of renaming the species to which Pfeiffer had given the
names of letters of the Greek alphabet. These changes have been
adopted by some authors, but as they were wholly unwarranted the
propriety of returning to the original Pfeifferian designation is now
conceded by most students. The most elaborate contributions
to our knowledge of the New Zealand land snails have been made
by Prof. Hutton, whose work upon this fauna will only become the
more highly valued aud appreciated as the subject is more widely
known and studied.

Mr. H. Suter has lately made very valuable and substantial addi-
tions to New Zealand Malacology. I am indebted to him for numer-
ous specimens and drawings and much useful information still
unpublished.

The most prominent element in the New Zealand Helix fauna is
the ancient and widely distributed genus ParuLA; this is represented
by numerous small species belonging to the section Charopa of Albers.
The world-wide distribution of this type of snail causes us to regard it

THE NAUTILUS. aY5)

as a heritage from so early a fauna that the place of its origin and the
paths of its distribution will probably never be known with certainty.
There is a peculiar modification of Patula found only in New Zea-
land, to which Hutton has given the sectional name Thera. New
Zealand has also received Paluloid snails from the Endodonta stock,
this group being a special development of Patula confined to
Polynesia. The New Zealand members of the subgenus Endodonta
belong to two groups of species, one of which contains P. cryptobi-
dens, P. timandra, P. jessica ; to the other group Mr. Suter has
given the name Maoriana; these are minute discoidal forms hay-
ing numerous folds within the aperture. This group can only be con-
sidered a mere section of Endodonta, the species being closely
allied to minute forms of Kndodonta found in New Caledonia, ete.

Another Helicoid genus represented by numerous species is
Laoma of Gray. This group is characterized by the small, thin, coni-
eal or depressed shell with thin simple lip. The jaw is composed of
numerous separate squarish plates, being very much like
that of our northern genus Punctum. The teeth also are peculiar ;
these composite jawed Helices are probably to be regarded as an
excessively ancient and primitive type but their affinities are with
Patula rather than with the so-called Goniognatha. No species
known to belong to Laoma has been discovered outside of New Zea-
land. Hutton’s genus Phrixgnathus must of course be united to
Laoma but the name may be retained as a section to contain species
without teeth in the aperture.

A third genus of New Zealand Helices is also, as far as we now
know, confined to those Islands; this is the genus GERONTIA of
Hutton. I use that name to comprise snails haying the animal and
dentition of Patula except that the tail is provided with a mucus
gland. The jaw is thin and delicate and varies from striated to
ribbed. The shell is thin, somewhat translucent and its surface is
striated or ribbed, sometimes hairy or occasionally smooth. The
spire varies from low conical to nearly flat; and it is a notable fact
which has hitherto escaped observation that whatever be the sculpt-
ure of the mature shell, the apical or embryonic whorls are spirally
striated. This is an unusual feature and recalls to my mind that
strange Tasmanian Helix, Anoglypta launcestonensis. The snails

1The name Zhera is already in use for a recognized genus of Geometric
moths, dating from 1831. As asubstitute, Aeschrodomus may be used. This sec-
tion of Patz/a includes 1. alpha Pfr. and #. beta Pfr., the first being the type.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

of the genus thus defined have been distributed by New Zealand
authors into the following groups which they regard as genera:
Gerontia Hutt., Therasia Hutt., Thalassia Alb., Pysra Hutt.,
Pyrrha Hutt., Phenacohelix Suter, Patulopsis Suter, Amphidoxa
Alb. and Calymna Hutt. These sections or subgenera are founded
upon various modifications of the shell or jaw, but they have not
sufficient distinctness to rank as genera, unless we understand that
term in a much more restricted sense than it has been used by the
majority of conchologists or zoologists generally. These minor
divisions are however natural groups and they are useful if we do
not overestimate their importance. The sections or subgenera of
this genus may stand as follows, the sequence of names being
chronological.

Gerontia Hutt., 1885 (Type G. pantherina Hutton.)

Therasia Hutt., 1884, (Type C. celinde Gray.)

Calymna Hutt., 1884, + Amphidoxa Hutt. not Alb. (Type C.
costulata Hutt.

Pyrrha Hutt., 1884, (Type P. cressida Hutt.)

Phenacohelix Suter, 1891 (Type H. pilula Rve.)

Allodiscus Pils., 1892 (Type H. dimorpha Pfr.).—Pysra Hutt.,
1884, non Stal, 1876.

Suteria Pils. 1892 (Type H. ide Gray).—Patulopsis Suter, 1891,
non Strebel, 1879.

Thalassohelix Pils. 1892 (Type+H. zelandie Gray).= Thalassia
Hutton (? and of Albers,) not Thalassia Chevrolat, 1854. (Coleopt.)

It will be noticed that Amphidoxa has been dropped or rather
united to Calymna. The true Amphidoxa has not been found else-
where than upon the island Juan Fernandez and the neighboring
South American Coast. I have compared specimens with the New
Zealand shells and find that there is not the slightest ground for
supposing them congeneric. I am disposed to believe that the New
Zealand Thalassias do not belong to the same genus as the Austra-
lian subrugata Pfr., the type of Thalassia Albers. The other
departures from the usage of New Zealand authors are sufficiently
explained in the above list.

1 The genus Phacussa of Hutton is included by Suter. It may prove that the
Zonitoid aspect of the dentition of that form isa secondary modification and not
truly Zonitoid. In this case the group will be included among the present forms ;
otherwise it must remain in Zonitidas, where Hutton placed it.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

I will not comment here upon the genus Carthea of Hutton; its
affinities may be with the oriental Bulimuli, but certainly not with
the South American group Rhabdotus where it has lately been
placed.

In conclusion we find that the faunal relations of New Zealand
as far as they are shown by the groups above considered are as fol-
lows: (1) with the primitive fauna of Australia still surviving in
South Australia and Tasmania it is strongly allied by the predom-
inance of Patula as well as of Paryphanta, Rhytida, etc., and also
by the absence of the later elements of the Australian fauna, EHadra,
Chloritis, Papuina, Helicina, ete., which are, as Mr. Hedley has
shown, a recent influx from the Papua-Molucean region. (2) from
Polynesia it has received the Endodonta-like groups as well as prob-
ably Tornatellina and Pupa. The presence of Placostylus shows a
third relationship to New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and
more anciently with the Solomon group, but this Bulimoid genus
also extends eastward to the Vitian group.

With all deference to the opinions of such eminent zoologists as
Prof. Hutton and Dr. von Ihering, Iam unable to see that the
New Zealand fauna is in any way allied to that of South America,
except that in both the Old and the New worlds certain archaic
forms haye been preserved in these most southern extensions of
land.

[CoMMUNICATED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

The Association has recently issued a new and revised list of
members, under date of July 18, 1892. It contains the names of
175 persons, located in various points of the United States, Canada
and Cuba and it is expected before a great while that the concholo-
gists of Mexico, Central and South America, will also be enrolled.

The growth of the Association has been very gratifying and now
that the officers have resumed active work, it will no doubt forge
ahead very rapidly. The rule requiring the choice of some special
subject or branch of conchology, has been a valuable one and a large
body of trained specialists will shortly be the result.

It is suggested that it would be an interesting event, if the mem-
bers would hold a convention at Chicago next summer during the

58 THE NAUTILUS.

World’s Fair. Doubtless most of the members will visit the Fair
and if they could time their visits so as to meet their fellow members
and hold a convention, it would enable them to become personally
acquainted with each other, besides learning much from the eminent
scientists among their number, through the medium of papers
prepared for the occasion. The president would be glad to hear
from the members upon the subject and if the idea is favorably
received, a committee could be appointed to arrange a program.
Send in your suggestions, ladies and gentlemen!

Another suggestion is made that a.Committee be appointed to
classify and revise the nomenclature of the American Unionide.
Every one, who has paid any attention to this great family, is
annoyed at the great number of synonyms that encumber the litera-
ture of the subject and as we have several members who are students
of the Unionidee, it would be a good idea to enlist their service in
the work. What say you, Messrs. Simpson, Hargrave, Fry, Mead,
Lebman, Monell, Nell, Strode, Trombley, the two Wrights, Whitte-
more, Wheeler, Shepherd, Marshall, Marsh, Gorby, Brady, Vaughan
and Witter?

A word about naming shells. Some members like Prof. Dall,
Ford, Simpson and Pilsbry are overworked, while others have little
opportunity to help their fellow members. The trouble is that the
gentlemen named and others like them are all amiable and would
like to oblige everybody, but they have an enormous amount of
work on hand, and it taxes their time too much to name large lots
of miscellaneous shells, which could be distributed around among
the members. The writer knows that they would protest against
this, if they knew what we are saying about them, for they are too
good natured to complain, but nevertheless we would make a sugges-
tion to members, who desire their shells to be named properly.
When you get a miscellaneous lot of shells, divide them first into
univalves and bivalves. Then, if you can, separate them into land,
fresh-water and marine, or as near as you can come to such a division.

Then take your list of members and turn to your index of subjects
and find out who are studying the different branches. Then write
and ask such specialists, if you will send your shells to them for
naming and we venture to say, that they will gladly respond as that
is one of the objects of the Association. Let us take a few instances.

1. If you are a beginner and do not know the genera, pick out one

THE NAUTILUS. 59

of each genus as near as observation will permit and drop a postal
card to the president and he will tell you to whom to send them.

2. If you are further advanced and want thespecies in any special
families named, say Strombide send to Mr. Ritchie, of Boston; say
Nasside to Mr. Browne, of Framingham, Mass; say Pupide to Dr,
Sterki, of Ohio; say Olivide to Mr. Ford, of Philadelphia; and so
on to the end of your list and you can have your whole collection
named in a few weeks. The only charge to you will be postage or
expressage both ways.

%. If you have any advanced questions to solve, or names to dis-
cuss, or other knotty points, then write to men like Prof. Dall,
Simpson, Stearns, Pilsbry, Binney, Cooper, Whitfield, Claypole,
Schuchert, Sterki, Johnson, Lee, Keep, Yates, Marsh and many
others. The Association has enough of trained specialists to answer
almost any questions relating to conchology.

The collection of American shells being made by the members of
the Association is already a wonderful success. The Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has given us every facility for
caring for the specimens and there are already eight large museum
cases almost filled by specimens sent by the members. There are
about 1000 species already mounted and labelled and the specimens
in most instances are superb, the senders generally taking a pride
in sending only the finest shells that can-be obained. The placing
of fossil species along with the recent ones adds especial value to
the collection and makes it, so far as we know, the only zoological
collection of the mollusca in America. It is already one of the
finest special exhibits of natural history in America, and with the
continued zeal and enthusiasm of the members, it is certain to be
in a few years, the finest special exhibit in the world.

In sending shells for the collection, members should bear in mind.
1st. That none but members of the Association can contribute spec-
imens. 2nd. None but fine specimens from definite localities will
be accepted. 8rd. The exhibit is kept separate and apart from the
general collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 4th,
Every species is labelled with the name and locality of the shells,
the name and exact address of the member sending it and the date
when it is placed in the collection. 5th. Seud all specimens
intended for the collection addressed to the president of the Associ-
ation, care of Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Sts.,

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Philadelphia. He and his brother officers and some of the mem-
bers assemble there once a week, open the packages, verify the
names, label and mount the specimens and place them in the cases.

In the next issue of the Nauritus we will begin again the work
of acknowledging the receipt of all shells sent during the month
by the members.

EXCHANGES.

(Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers.)

WANTED to exchange British and Tropical Mollusca for U. S.
Mollusea of all kinds. Please send lists first and receive mine.
None of the commonest species required —B. Tomlin, 59 Liverpool
Road, Chester, Eng. .

Wanren, Helices, in exchange for land and fresh-water shells.—
Edw. G. Vanatta, 1608 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

W anTep.—Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and
Fresh-Water, both U. 8. and Foreign —F. C. Browne, Framingham,
Mass.

CoLiEectors who desire to dispose of North American Land,
Fresh-water and Marine shells for those of California, will do well
by sending their exchange lists to Willard M. Wood, 2817 Clay
Street, San Francisco, Cal.

Pactric Coast, marine, land and fresh water shells, for land and
fresh water shells of the West Indies and South America, G. W.
Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ills.

Fosstus from the Silurian, Devonian Subcarboniferous and Car-
boniferous, to exchange for other fossils, especially of the Creta-
ceous and Tertiary; send lists and receive mine. C. S. Hodgson,
‘Albion, Ill.

CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE FOSSILS, minerals, agates, marine and
fresh water shells, to exchange tor rare marine shells, cloth-bound
? t=) ?
books or agates. Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Mont.

HERKIMER County LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to
exchange for desirable species from other localities. Send lists and
receive mine. Albert Baily, Chepachet, N. Y.

eae NEoricus.

VoL. VI. OCTOBER, 1892. No. 6

ON THE AMNICOLOID GENUS LYOGYRUS, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF
A NEW SPECIES.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Some years ago the writer had occasion to examine the dentition
of the type species of Gill’s genus Lyogyrus', and to show that it is
not allied to Valvata as supposed by all earlier systematists, as well
as by Tryon’ and by Fiscuer’ ; but that it is undoubtedly a mem-
ber of the family Amnicolide (Hydrobiide of Fischer), and in
fact, is not far removed from the genus Amnicola. The same
results have been independently obtained and fully confirmed by
Mr. Charles E. Beecher* whose preparations and unpublished draw-
ings of the radula of Lyogyrus pupoides show conclusively the true
systematic position of this interesting genus.

Iyogyrus may be shortly described as a fresh-water Rissoid hay-
ing the shell of Amnicola’, the operculum of Valvata and the denti-

1 Pilsbry, in the Conchologists Exchange, vol. ii, p. 113, 1888.
2 Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. ii, p. 274, 1883.
3 Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 735, 1885.

* Beecher in MS. et “itt.

5 In some localities Z. pupoides has the entire latter half of the body whorl
free from the preceding whorl; but in the great majority of specimens this char-
acter is less marked than in the form originally described by Gould; and very
often the peristome is actually in contact with the body-whorl for a short dis-
tance, asin anormal Valvata. The original V. pupoidea is an exaggerated and
extreme phase of a species varying much in degree of compactness. It is there-
fore obvious that the character of having the last whorl free from the preceding
whorl is not a generic or even a constant specific characteristic,

62 THE NAUTILUS.

tion of Bythinella. To the one species hitherto known we now
add the following :
Lyogyrus dalli Pilsbry & Beecher, n. sp.

The shell is umbilicated, smooth, nearly lusterless, of a somewhat
transparent horn color. In contour it is globose-turbinate with a
short spire and decidedly obtuse apex. The 32 whorls are quite
convex, separated by deep sutures ; last whorl ventricose, being well
rounded in every part. The aperture is somewhat oblique, almost
circular, its posterior angle being indistinct and obtuse. The peri-
stome is continuous and thin, not sinuous, not thickened nor
expanded ; but the inner lip is a trifle dilated, and adheres to the
body-whorl above the umbilicus; the latter being a deep and rather
widely open perforation.

Alt. 2°6, diam. 2°5 mm.

The operculum is usually retracted about the quarter of a volu-
tion within the mouth ; it is a shining, yellowish, thin and corneous
circular disk composed of many close whorls, the nucleus being
subcentral.

The dentition is practically the same as in L. pupoides. The
basal denticles are situated higher on the tooth than in Amnicola,
and only one on each side is well developed, the outer denticle
being more or less obsolete, but rather stronger in L. dalfi than in
pupoides.

Locality, Wekiva River, Fla. (C. E. Beecher).

This species was obtained in considerable numbers by Mr.
Beecher in Wekiva River. It may be recognized by its globose
contour, resembling the typical Amnicola porata of Say on a small
scale; but it is more globose and has a wider umbilicus than any
of our other Amnicolas. Of course a glance at the operculum
(which is retained in the shell, as usual in this family), tells one at
once that the shell is no Amnicola ; for itis multispiral like the oper-
culum of Lyogyrus pupoides Gld., the only species of the genus
hitherto known. It will be remembered that Ancey described a
Lyogyrus lehnerti some years ago, but this turns out to be a mon-
strosity of Amnicola limosa Say.

This species is named in honor of Dr. W. H. Dall, of the Smith-
sonian Institution, who has contributed so largely to our knowledge
of the mollusks of Florida.

Illustrations of shell, operculum and dentition will be given in
the Monograph of American Amnicolidz, now in preparation by
Mr. Beecher and the writer.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

A FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES ON CREPIDULA.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY, SACO, ME.

In the August Nautrtus Mr. Witmer Stone makes the statement
concerning C. fornicata and C. plana that “the tendency towards
convex and concave shells has now become a fixed specific char-
acter” and the general description of C. plana grants to that spe-
cies an existence on the interiors of other shells and a consequent
concave form.

There is a colony of warm water shells in the waters of North-
umberland Strait, between Prince Edward’s Island and the province
of New Brunswick, and this colony is of interest not only for the
species which are so cut off from their fellows in the south, but also
for a series of interesting Crepidulas. The writer has gathered
many specimens of both C. plana and C. fornicata, but in no case
was C. plana on the interior, and I recall no concave specimen of
either. The specimens of C. plana were in some cases far more
convex than the average C. fornicata. To one who has examined
this colony the distinction between these species can have no help
from convex or concave characters, yet both species are distinct, and
while I have no doubt that they are from a common ancestor, it is
impossible to count the dwelling place as responsible for the differ-
ence. May I also add that there is in my collection from the
region named a specimen of C. fornicata which is white, yet bears
undoubted characteristics of C. fornicata.

THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN.
BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

Margaritana complanata Bar. Quite abundant and of large size
in the Rouge river. Cited also by Currier and De Camp and no
doubt occurs generally over the southern part of the State.

M. deltoidea Lea. Common all over the State. The small size,
peculiar as usual to Detroit river specimens, is also characteristic of
specimens from Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie.

M. Hildrethiana Lea. River Rouge, Wayne county. Cited also
by De Camp from Monroe county, and without locality by Sager
and Miles.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

M. marginata Say. Common in the southern part of the State.
The range toward the north of many of the species commonly met
with in the lower portion of the State is quite unknown, and to be
determined with any degree of accuracy will require a large amount
of extensive and careful field work.

M. rugosa Bar. Common all over the lower peninsula, and some-
times attains considerable size. Detroit river specimens are smaller
and thicker than those from the warmer waters of the interior of the
State.

M. undulata Say. Cited by Sager, and, no doubt, erroneously.

Anodonta Benedictii Lea. Generally distributed. In the south-
ern part of the State it often attains considerable size. Detroit river
specimens as usual are smaller than the average.

A. corpulenta Coop. Cited by De Camp from Berlin, Ottawa
county. Immature specimens from the Canal, at Grand Rapids,
are referred to this species by Mr. W. B. Marshall.

A. decora Lea. A. inornata Anth., described from specimens
from Slawson’s Lake, Michigan, is referred to this species by Dr.
Lea. Cited as A. inornata by Currier and De Camp; otherwise
does not appear to have been found in the State.

A. edentula Say. Common everywhere and exceedingly variable
in size, shape and color.

A. edentula rhombica Anth. This form, described by Anthony,
is entitled to varietal rank; but can be too easily connected with
the typical form to be considered specifically distinct.

A. ferruginea Lea. Cited by De Camp from the upper peninsula.

A. Ferussaciana Lea. Cited by Sager, Miles, Currier and De
Camp.

A. Footiana Lea. Abundant everywhere and in great variety of
form. A. McNielii of Anthony is considered synonymous by Lea.

A, fluviatilis Dillw. Cited by Miles; also by Sager and Miles, as
A. cataracta Say. Cited by De Camp from Pentwater, and as A.
cataracta Say, from the Grand river.

A. Footiana opalina Anth. A most beautiful form, well entitled
to distinction as a color variety.

A. fragilis Lam. A very common species and in some of its
many varieties one of our most beautiful ones. A. flava, glandulosa,
imbricata, irisans and pallida of Anthony and A. subcarinata of
Currier are considered as synonyms by Lea. I have no doubt but
that some, at least, of these forms are entitled to varietal rank ; but

THE NAUTILUS. 65

have not sufficient authentic material to justify making such dis-
tinction at present.

A. imbecilis Say. Southern part of the State.

A. lacustris Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grand River.

A. maryatana Lea. Cited as such by De Camp from Pentwater.
A. subinflata Anth., described from Michigan specimens and A.
Houghtonensis Currier, from Houghton Lake, Roscomraon County,
where it still is found in abundance, are referred here as synonyms
by Lea.

A. modesta Lea. Originally described from a specimen collected
near Kalamazoo; this species has been found in other localities in
the southern part of the State. It is closely related to A. subcylin-
dracea Lea.

A. ovata Lea. Specimens referred to this species indicate a gen-
eral range over the State. A. swhangulata Anth. is considered syn-
onymous by Lea.

A. pepiniana Lea. Cited by Miles. Also by Gould from the
north shore of Lake Superior. I am indebted to Dr. De Camp for
two specimens from Crooked Lake, Emmet County, which he refers
to this species and which agree fairly with Lea’s figure. They may,
however, be young A. Footiana. Another specimen received from
him, collected in Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is probably
a half-grown A. Houghtonensis Currier. .

A. plana Lea. Southern part of the State. This is the largest
Anodon we have, and attains considerable magnitude in favorable
localities.

A. salmonia Lea. Southern part of the State. Specimens from
Maple River, Clinton County, are much larger and heavier than
those from Ohio.

A. Schafferiana Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp.

A. subcylindracea Lea. Common everywhere and very variable.
Some forms seem to exhibit sufficiently persistent peculiarities to
justify giving them varietal rank.

A. subgibbosa Anth. Originally described from Black Lake,
Holland, Michigan. It also occurs in Mono and Muskegon Lakes
at Muskegon, where it is not uncommon.

Spherium simile Say. Common all over the State.

S. aureum Prime. The types are supposed to have been brought
from Lake Superior by the Agassiz expedition. Cited by De Camp
from Charlevoix County.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

S. solidulum Prime. Houghton Lake, Roscommon County ; iden-
tified by Dr. James Lewis.

S. striatinwm Lam. Very abundant everywhere and equally
variable.

S. rhomboideum Say. Appears to be generally but not abun-
dantly distributed through the southern part of the State.

S. fabale Prime. Not common but ranges over the State.

S. occidentale Prime. Quite common.

S. emarginatum Prime. The types are said to have come from
the region of Lake Superior. Cited by Currier and De Camp;
but apparently on the strength of Prime’s statement.

S. flavum Prime. Types from Sault Ste. Marie. Cited by Cur-
rier (‘‘ Lake Superior’) and De Camp.

S. partumeium Prime. Cited by Currier and De Camp from
Lake Superior, apparently from the statement given by Prime in
his original description. The citation from Houghton Lake in my
catalogue of 1879, is erroneous, as the specimen does not agree with
examples, supposed to be authentic, received from other localities.

S. sphericum Anth. Grand Traverse County and Fenton, Mich-
igan, identified by H. A. Pilsbry. Other examples from the latter
locality are referred to S. secure by E. W. Roper (Nauritus, iv,
p- 40).

S. transversum Say. Rouge River, Wayne County. Cited by
De Camp from Grand River, Kent County.

S. secure Prime. Generally distributed through the State.

S. secure crocea Lewis. \ Traverse City ; see Roper, NAuTIus, iv,
p. 40.

S. truneatum Lind, Generally distributed through the State.

S. vermontanum Prime. Cited by De Camp.

S. rosaceum Prime. Cited by De Camp.

S. stamineum Con. Western part of the State.

S. tenue Prime. Cited by De Camp.

Pisidum virginicum Bet. Cited in all the lists and apparently
distributed over the State.

P. adamsi Prime. Cited by Prime from Holly. Cited also by
Currier and De Camp.

P. compressum Prime. Abundant everywhere.

P. abditum Hald. Common everywhere.

P. abditum abyssorum Stimp. Common in Lake Superior at a
depth of from 4 to 159 fathoms according to Smith. Originally
described from Lake Michigan specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

P. rotundatum Prime. “ Lake Superior,’ Prime and Currier ;
eited also by De Camp.

P. variabile Prime. Apparently ranges over the State as I have
it from Wayne, Washtenaw and Roscommon Counties. Cited also
by De Camp.

P. ventricosum Prime. Cited by Miles and De Camp.

P. noveboracense Prime. Cited by De Camp from Cass County.

P. equilaterale Prime. Detroit and Rouge Rivers, Wayne
County.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICOID GROUP CHAROPA AND ALLIED
FORMS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

A striking illustration of the vast breadth of the intellectual
horizon open before the zoologist is the fact that notwithstanding the
large number of scientists, only comparatively rarely do two or
several workers publish simultaneously and independently upon
absolutely the same aspect or branch of the same special subject.
When such a coincidence happened in the times of our predecessors
it often gave rise to jealous rivalry, as in the case of Conrad and
Lea, and earlier, Say, Rafinesque and Hildreth. In these newer
days, cases of simultaneous discoveries in science should, and usu-
ally do, lead to an opposite result—to the most helpful and happy
friendship and sympathy between naturalists, even though half the
globe separates them.

These thoughts are brought to my mind by receiving, in the last
Australian mail, proof-sheets of an article by my friend, Charles
Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N. S. W., entitled
“ Observations upon the Charopide.” In this article Mr. Hedley
discusses many of the points considered in my “ Observations on
the Helices of New Zealand,” published in the September N auTILus ;
and also extends his notes to the Australian and Polynesian forms.
I cannot refrain from quoting from his paper these passages :

“Widespread throughout Australia and Polynesia is a group of
land shells which, varying greatly among its members, yet appears
clearly distinguishable from other orders by the small size of its
species, their cancellated sculpture, in which stout ribs are a promi-

68 THE NAUTILUS,

nent feature, flame painting, straight sharp peristome, which
describes a convex then a concave sweep on approaching the right
insertion, and a projecting semitransparent callus, which buries the
sculpture of the whorl on which it encroaches. For this group I
provisionally accept the title Charopide, assigned by Hutton, 1884
(Trans. N. Zealand Inst. xvi, p. 199), extending, however, the
limits indicated by that writer. His vague diagnosis runs as fol-
lows: ‘Animal heliciform with an external shell; tail with a
mucus gland.’ No type is nominated by the author of the family,
and I therefore suggest that the type of Charopide would naturally
be the genus Charopa Albers, whose type species is C. coma Gray.”
Mr. Hedley proceeds to quote the original descriptions of the
groups Charopa Alb., Pitys Beck, Endodonta Alb., Libera Garr.,
Gerontia Hutt., Pyrrha Hutt., Psyra Hutt., Therasia Hutt., Thera
Hutt., Phacussa Hutt.; mentioning also Laoma Gray, Maoriana
Suter, Simplicaria Mouss.; concluding that ‘‘ From the above
review of the genera proposed, it will be seen that the student of
the Charopide is better supplied with divisional names than with ~
definitions.” And finally: ‘‘’To summarise: I would consider that.
Patula has no existence in the Pacific; that the southern species
usually referred to that genus are not even of the Helicide family ;
that these species can most conveniently be referred to one or other
of the genera enumerated above, which genera may be grouped
under the sabfamily Charopide, a division of the family Zonitide.”
It will be noticed that Hedley includes in Charopide most of the
forms which in my article were placed as sections under Patula and
Gerontia. The similarity of the shells of these two groups is
remarkable, but the information furnished by Hutton upon the
animals denied to the New Zealand Patulee—=Charopa, a mucus
gland upon the tail, and therefore I did not feel justified in uniting
the two groups, as I could see no reason for sundering Charopa from
the genus Patula. If, however, Charopa and its allies, Pitys, Endo-
donta, etc., possess a mucus tail gland, I would unhesitatingly fol-
low Hedley in his separation of Charopa from Patula, and in
grouping it with Gerontia (s. dat.). Unfortunately only dried
specimens are accessible to me, and the evidence furnished by
authors is so conflicting that we may well suspend judgment. In
the rank given to the group by Hedley I find myself unable to
fully concur. The presence of a caudal gland and furrows along
the foot margin are rarely if ever of more than generic importance.

THE NAUTILUS. : 69

Very closely allied genera vary in this respect, as in the case of
Arion, Ariolimax, Prophysaon, Anadenus, Anadenulus, ete.; or in
the case of Cionel/a, which has no mucus pore, and Ferussacia,
which possesses this gland. It is hardly needful to multiply
instances—the Zonitide and Helicide are full of such cases,
although many of them are not yet to be found in the conchological
text books. The fact seems to be that this caudal gland is simply
a local exaggerated development, in a convenient place, of the mucus
secreting, glandular structure to be found over nearly the whole
upper surface of the foot; and it is likely to be developed independ-
ently in different groups. Its presence in different groups is, in my
opinion, no proof of genetic connection. I would therefore retain
Charopa, as well as the forms grouping around Gerontia, in the
Helicidse, on account of their dentition, which is not, it seems to
me, in any respect Zonitoid.'

The connecting links between Charopa, Simplicaria, Pitys, Mao-
riana, Endodonta and Libera seem to be too numerous to allow us
to regard these as separate genera; indeed, they are scarcely of
subgeneric rank, unless the examination of the animal reveals dif-
ferences more fundamental than those now known.

JAPANESE LIMPETS,
BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, VICTORIA, B. C.

The Japanese Patellidze were tabulated by Mr. Pilsbry in the
November number of the Naurrzus and the table was reproduced
with one slight alteration in the Manual of Conchology, vol. 13, p.
131, issued a couple of months later. Strangely enough, Mr.
Pilsbry omits from his table in both instances one of the commonest
species, namely, Helcioniscus encosmius Pilsbry.

A very fine series of this limpet was sent to me a short time since
by the Rey. H. Loomis, of Yokohama, and I have also received it
from Japan through Messrs W. H. Harrington and Frederick
Stearns. The specimens sent by the last named gentlemen were

1 Some recent authors speak of the “ families”? Patulide, Trochomorphide>
Cochlostylide, etc. It would be well for them to attempt to give a family
definition before using such terms.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

labelled amussitata while genuine amussitata came as toreuma. I
am by no means satisfied in my own mind, however, that the two
last named are not one and the same species.

H. encosmius is a very distinct and easily recognized species and
varies very little compared with other species of the genus. The
figures in Reeve (Conch. Icon. pl. xvi, p. 36) are good and so are
all those in the Manual of Conchology (vol. xiii, plate 71).

Mr. Pilsbry in the Manual points out that Reeve applied the
name P. variegata to two different species. The first described in
Conchologia Systematica which appears to equal rota of Gmelin
and the other in Conchologia Iconica twelve years later, this last
being the species Mr. Pilsbry now names H. encosmius on the
ground that the name variegata is preoccupied by Blainville for an
unidentified species from Botany Bay.

So far, so good, but Mr. Pilsbry next proceeds to quote asa syno-
nym for his encosmius, H. variegatus Dall, Amer. Jour. of Conch.,
vi, p. 277, but this was Reeve’s first variegatus = rota Gmel., as —
Dall himself surmised. Consequently Dall’s localities (which
Pilsbry has copied) are clearly incorrect when applied to encosmius-

My own impression is that the true H. encosmius Pilsbry (—vari-
egatus Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. xvi, f. 36) is a species restricted to
Japanese and Chinese waters, while the localities “Suez (Fischer)
and Red Sea and Gulf of Akaba (Smithsonian Cabinet),”’ given
by Dall and copied into the Manual are correct for rota Gmel. (=
variegatus Rve., Conch. Syst. ii, pl. 136, p. 1).

The remaining locality given in the Manual, viz., “ Australia”
(Rve.), is also, I think, an error, although I have received from
dealers specimens of encosmius which they assured me had come
from there.

I should have mentioned above that although Dr. Dall in his
paper in the American Journal of Conchology is writing evidently
of rota, not of encosmius, he quotes both of Reeve’s figures as
though referring to the same species.

[CoMMUNICATED. |

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

' PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 28, 1892.
Since the publication of the list of members, there have been
admitted to the Association, the following new members:

THE NAUTILUS. 71

Mrs. Anita F. Douredoure, 2203 Spring Garden St., Philadel-
phia, Pa. Subject—Cypreide.

Miss E. H. Pitman, Box 295, Bristol, R. I. Subject—Mollusca
of New England.

John W. Palmer, Union League Club, Chicago, Il]. Subject—
(not chosen yet).

Warren W. Herman, 149 Emerson St., Boston, Mass. Subject
—(not chosen yet).

Wm. H. Weeks, Jr., of Brooklyn, N. Y. has chosen for his sub-
ject of special study, the genus Bulimus.

In reference to the suggestion of a Convention of the members to
be held at Chicago next summer, there have been but few responses
as yet. The idea, however, will probably grow, and the members
may become interested in it. Itis merely a suggestion as yet and
of course, will amount to nothing unless the majority of members
think it a good thing. Let us hear from the members.

John H. Thomson of New Bedford, Mass., writes: “TI like the
suggestion of a Congress of Conchologists at the World’s Fair
next year.”

Dr. W.S. Strode is in full accord with the idea as may be seen
from the following letter :

Lewistowy, IIl., Sept. 7, 1892.
JoHN H. CAMPBELL, Esq.

Dear Sir.—Y our idea suggested in last Naurinus to have a
Convention during the World’s Fair of the “Amer. Asso. Con-
chologists” is just the thing. I am heartily in favor of it and
think it would double the pleasure of a visit to Chicago, at least in
my case, to meet the Conchologists face to face, and form an
acquaintance that has been hitherte only on paper. Let’s have it
by all means and then thoroughly discuss, review and possibly
revise our loved shells. If this can be done, I would not miss going
to the World’s Fair, for anything. Yours truly,

W.S. STRODE.

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, of University P. O., Cal., has pre-
pared and published (by Smithsonian Institution) “ An Annotated
List of the Shells of San Pedro Bay and Vicinity.” It is a valu-
able list and highly creditable to the author. We have had occa-
sion already, to use it in connection with the collection of the Amer.
Association and find it of the greatest value. Several new species
of Prof. Dall’s are described and figured.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Want of space in this issue of the Navurrius will postpone the
publication until next month of the acknowledgment of shells
received for the “ American Collection.”

The officers of the Association would like to hear from the mem-
bers in reference to the purposes, objects and workings of the Asso-
ciation. Suggestions are always received with much pleasure as it
aids them in their work. A short resumé of work performed dur-
ing the past summer by each member would make an interesting
article in next Naurrius, and we have no doubt that Messrs.
Pilsbry and Johnson will gladly throw open its columns for that
purpose, as they have already done for this series of articles on the
Association. J. HOG:

NOTES AND NEWS.

Errata. In the September Navritus, p. 54, in fourth line
from top, read “ leviuscula” in place of “ texana.” There is no H.
texand.

Tur Untontp& of Spoon River, Fulton Co., Ia., are enumerated
and intelligently discussed by Dr. W. S. Strode in the American
Naturalist for June.

Eprror Naurrius:—I see that in Mr. Cockerell’s article in the
July number, page 31, “Notes on the North American Species of
Succinea,” he says, “ (17) S. stretchiana Bland. I have seen this
from San Francisco, Cal. (G. W. Michael), sent by Mr. Singley.
It seems to be a small species, ete.”

During the seven years that I have been collecting in this county
I have never found nor have I heard of the above species being
found here. The only Succinea to be found in this county, to my
knowledge, is S. oregonensis. If Mr. Michael or Mr. Singley have
any of the said species to spare, will they kindly send to my address
a few of them for examination and comparison as also the exact
locality whence they were obtained and oblige. I doubt whether
Dr. J. G. Cooper and Wm. J. Raymond, two gentlemen who have
collected species from this county during the past fifteen years or so
have ever found S. stretchiana Bld. here.

Yours truly,
Williard M. Wood,

Tue NautTILus.

VOL. VI. NOVEMBER, 1892. No. 7

CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS PARTULA.

BY W. D. HARTMAN, M. D.

In the following pages is offered an arrangement of the species of
the genus Partula into groups according to their natural affinities.
The number now known is nearly a hundred species. Specimens of
nearly all of which I have personally examined, either in my own
collection, in the magnificent collection of HARPER PEAsg, or in the
museums of Paris, Geneva, etc. A description of the animal is also
given. |

In the next paper the geographical distribution of the leading
forms will be discussed.

The animal is terrestrial and viviparous, the body covered by a
mantle as in Helix, blunt before, tail long and gradually tapering.
Tentacles four, retractile, the upper having the eyes at their tips,
collar and labial processes largely developed, no mucous pore, distinct
locomotive disc, or parallel furrows alongside of the foot; anal and
respiratory orifices in the collar opening on the exterior angle of the
shell; organs of generation united, the orifice behind and below the
right eye peduncle, matrix ample and occupying much space in the
body cavity, often containing several shells of two or three
whorls, beside eggs arranged in succession as developed. Theembryo
shells exhibit spiral rows of fovea beginning at the apex, which after
extrusion are continued asspiral strise. The jaw is very transparent
and of a light horn color, slightly arcuate, and more or less atten-
uated at the ends; the whole anterior surface of the jaw is furnished

74 THE NAUTILUS.

with delicate narrow, separated ribs which break the continuity of
either margin and run obliquely to the median line where they form
a triangular space of ribs of unequal length, which do not reach the
lower margin; the number of ribs on each side of the median line,
vary in the same species, as well as in the different species, the whole
number in each jaw varying from fifty-five to ninety-six ; the lingual
membrane is broad and the denticles vary in size in the different
species some being narrower than others. Shell dextral or sinistral,
varying from oblong ovate, to conic ovate, and from solid to thin
and translucent or hyaline. Labium often flat, and widely reflected,
occasionally revolute or concave, aperture ovate, or auriform, more
or less contracted by the wide and often dentate columella. Surface
with minute spiral strize which are punctulate at the apex.

This genus may conveniently be divided into two subgenera:
Partula (in the restricted sense) and Diplomorpha. The species of
true Partula I divide into two divisions and thirteen groups, each
of which is named for a characteristic species.

I. Aurtrorm Division.
1. Faba Group.

P. faba Martyn. P. navigatoria Pfr.
P. citrina Pse. P. planilabra Pse.
P. vittata Pse. P. fusca Pse.

P. radiata Pse.

2. Auriculata Group.

P. auriculata Brod.
P. compacta Pse.
P. thala Garrett.
P. bilineata Pease.

3. Dentifera Group.

P. dentifera Pfr.

P. formosa Pse.

P. califera Pfr.

P. imperforata Pse., MS.
P. virginea Pse., MS.

P. dentifera,

THE NAUTILUS.

4. Lutea Group.

P. lutea.

P. lutea Lesson.

5. Umbilicata Group.

P. umbilicata. P. hebe.
P. umbilicata Pse. P. crassilabris Pse.
P. gibba Pfr. P. hebe Pfr.
P. bicolor Pse.
6. Otaheitana Group.
P. otaheitana Brug. P. lignaria Pse.
P. vanikorensis Q. & G. P. producta Pse.
P, mooreana Hartm. P. nodosa Pfr.
P. lineata Less. P. stolida Pse.
P. suturalis Pfr. P. filosa Pfr.

P. otaheitana. d a garrettii Pse.
7. Teeniate Group.

P. minima Hartm.
P. regularis Hartm.
P.micans Hartm.
P. corneola Hartm.

Pcanteriensis: P. woodlarkiana Hartm.
P. teniata Morch. P. hastula Hartm.
P. micans Pfr. P. clara Pfr.
P. carteriensis Q. & G. P. hyalina Mod.
P. attenuata Pse. P. Hartmani Smith.
P. cinerea Albers. P. flecuosa Hartm.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

P. lyrata Mouss. P. concinna Pse.
P. levigata Pfr. P. Cozi Angas.

P. pellucida Pse. P. kubaryi Hartm.
P. simulans Hartm. P. pellucida Pse.

( To be concluded.)

ANNOTATED LIST OF ALABAMA LAND MOLLUSCA.

BY F. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA.

Those familiar with the scarcity of land mollusca in the northern
prairie States will appreciate the pleasure which one experiences in
coming from Minnesota to Northern Alabama.

With headquarters upon the top of Cumberland Mountain in
Jackson Co., it has been my pleasure during the past five months to
do some collecting of land mollusca, the result of which may be of
interest. The topography of the region is quite varied. The
summit of the mountain is comparatively level, rather sandy and
covered with timber. About half way down we come to the
“ benches” which are covered with lime-rocks. In most cases the
flat rocks are piled one upon another forming excellent retreats for
the smaller forms. At the foot of the mountain the “coves” are
level and in places covered with heavy open timber.

The following list is doubtless far from complete, as but a small
portion of the region outside of a radius of two miles from Wood-
ville has been searched.

1. Selenites concava Say. Large form. Common, mostly on
benches.

2. Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Frequent on benches.
3. Z. levigatus Pfr. Common on benches.
4. Z. ligerus Say. Large form, Few very fine.
5. Z. intertextus Binn. Few on top.
6. Z.arboreus Say. Common on top. <A peculiar form with
strong striation above.
7. Z. radiatulus Gray. One example.
8. Z. indentatus Say. Few on benches.
9. Z. wheatleyi Bld. Few on benches.
10. Z. milium Morse. Few between rocks.
11. Z. capsella Gld. Three specimens.

12. 7%. Sterkii Dal!. Few between rocks.

16a.

45,

THE NAUTILUS. 77

Z.fulvus Drap. Very few on benches.

Z. gularis Say. Common on top.

Z. internus Say. Very common on top and benches.

Z. sp. (2?) possibly a new species.

Zonites suppressus Say.

Patula alternata mordax Shutt. Frequent on benches.

P. Cumberlandiana Lea. Very common on benches.

P. perspectiva Say. Common on benches among dead leaves.
Helicodiscus lineata Say. Very few on benches.

Punctum pygmeum Drap. Few.

Helix clausa Say. Few.

H. thyroides Say. Common in coves.

H. albolabris major Binn. Common on top.

H. exoleta Binn. Very common. Large with thick shell,
(specimens from Chattanooga, Tenn. have very thin shell.)

H. elevata Say. One example. (Beautiful purple-banded
var. taken at Chattanooga, Tenn.)

H. hirsuta Say. Common on top and benches.

H. stenotrema Fér, Common on benches.

H. stenotrema var. globosa, n. var. Very common between
rocks.

H. spinosa Say. Few on benches.

H. tridentata Say. Frequent.

H. fallax Say. Frequent.

H. inflecta Say. Common on top.

H. Rugeli Shutt. Scarce on sides under rocks.

H. appressa Say. Very large and fine. Common on top and
benches.

H. Sargentiana J. & P. (sp. nov.) common on rocks.

H. obstricta Say. Few on benches and in coves.

H. pustuloides Bld. Scarce, only six specimens taken.

H. dorfeuilliana Lea. Few in valley.

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Quite common.

Strobila labyrinthica Say. Common under bark.

Pupa corticaria Say. Very common.

Pupa armifera Say. Two examples in drift.

Pupa contracta Say. Common.

Pupa curvidens Gld. Common.

Pupa curvidens var. gracilis Sterki. Few.

Succinea avara (?) Say. Few young.

id THE NAUTILUS.

48. Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Common.
49. Carychium exiguum Say var. exile Ad. Few.
50. Helicina orbiculata Say. Common.

ON A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN UNIONIDZE.

CHAS. T. SIMPSON, WASHINGTON, D. C.

In looking over the September Naurixus I was greatly interested
in the article on American Association of Conchologists, and heartily
agree with the suggestion that the nomenclature of our American
Unionide needs revising. But to do this properly will be an her-
culean labor, one that will require time, hard study, and infinite
patience, as well as a love for the work.

In the first place most of the literature on the subject is out of
print, and much of it, such as the New Harmony Disseminator,
Nicholson’s Encyclopedia and the like, is so rare as to be practically
out of the reach of the average student. It is scattered in a very
large number of publications and it will take a considerable amount
of careful research to hunt up what has been written on the subject.

Much of this literature is in a terribly confused condition, and there
are many disputed points which will require the nicest judgment to
satisfactorily settle. Lea read the descriptions of most of his species
before scientific societies, claiming that such reading was a bona fide
publication, and dated them from that time; Conrad held that no
species could be considered published until a description had been
printed and circulated. There was a further dispute between them
as to dates, Lea holding that of publication of the part or separata
in which his descriptions were printed was valid, while Conrad
claimed that the date should be given when the whole volume was
issued. There are many disputed points between Say and Lea as to
their species. Lamarck described his Unionidz in Animaux sans
Vertebres, in Latin, giving each species from ten to fifteen words,
without figures, and their identification largely rests on the fact that
Dr. Lea afterwards examined the types.

Rafinesque, in his Monograph of the Bivalve Shells of the Ohio
River, described and figured a large number of Unionidze, but the
descriptions are brief and unsatisfactory, and the figures are unrecog-
nizable. Certain conchologists have considered his work valid, and

THE NAUTILUS. 79

have attempted to identify his shells, others reckon him a quack and
claim that he should not be recognized. So far as I know, few or
none of his types are in existence, and those that have attempted to
identify his species have not been able to agree among themselves.
- His work, like a tax-title deed, will always leave a cloud on what it
was intended to cover.’

The material itself forms an exceedingly difficult study, even if
the literature was in a satisfactory shape. In North America alone
there are in the neighborhood of 800 commonly recognized species of
this family, very many of which are extremely close, and nearly all
are quite variable. Only a small part of this territory has been at all
carefully worked ; even in New York, Mr. Wm. Marshall is making
the most commendable efforts to record their distribution and find
out what species belong to the State, a work which has never yet been
done.

In the belt of country in the south known as the “ Pine Region,”
extending from Virginia to beyond the Mississippi, and from the
Atlantic and Gulf to the “ Hill Country ” specific lines among the
Unionide seem to be almost obliterated, owing largely, perhaps, to
the sameness of configuration of the surface, and the uniformity of
soil and climate. The British Possessions outside of Canada are
for the most part a terra incognita, and of the eighty or more
nominal species found in Mexico and Central America for the most
part we know almost nothing.

We ought to have a knowledge of the anatomy of each species,
but that is impossible at present, as few local collections are found
over wide areas of our country, and of many forms only the type
shell is known. . It is enough to thrill the blood of a conchologist to
read over the list of those earnest collectors who gathered in the
treasures of our streams for Lea, and caught from him his grand
enthusiasm ; it reminds one of the roll call of some glorious company
of soldiers who perished in battle. Anthony, Barrett, Boykin,
Buckley, Budd, Clark, Downie, Edgar, Elliott, Emmons, Estabrook,
Forshey, Hallenbeck, Jewett, Kirtland, Law, Leconte, Lewis,
Lindsley, Lyon, Moores, Neisler, Pybas, Ravenel, Showalter, Spill-
man, Tait, Tuomey, Vanuxem, White and others of whom I believe
not a soul remains living. There is no such corps of collectors of
Unionid to-day, and it will probably be a long time before there
is again.

" Rafinesque’s types are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.— Ep.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

I think it is recognized by all who have at all carefully studied
the family that Dr. Lea’s arrangement, classifying by the presence
or absence of a dorsal wing, by sculpture and form, is largely
artificial and that some more natural system should be adopted. I
believe that the subgenera of Rafinesque, Swainson, Agassiz and
others are of little value; it seems to me that an arrangement into
groups around certain characteristic and fairly typical species is the
most natural that can be made. But while there are large numbers
of species among which the strongest relationship is at once apparent
there are many others which seem to stand on the border land, and
which may as well be placed in one section as another; others, by
the characters of certain specimens, appear to have an affinity in one
direction and by those of others to belong elsewhere, while there
are some nondescripts that do not fit anywhere.

It is my intention to publish some time in the future a Geographic
and Systematic Catalogue of the Unionide of North America, but it
will require years of patient study to prepare it. I also hope at
some time to be able to monograph our species.

So far as the South American forms are concerned our material
and knowledge are so limited it seems to me it would be almost
unwise to attempt at present to do anything with them. Dr. von
Thering is doing excellent work with the Unionidee of this region
and probably has a better understanding of the subject than any
man living.

ON THE REVISION OF THE UNIONIDZ.

BY S. HART WRIGHT AND BERLIN H. WRIGHT, PENN YAN, ENS Ye

Eprror Nauritus :—In the September number of Tore NAvutiLus,
the specialists in Unionide are asked to reply to asuggestion that a
Committee be appointed to classify and revise the nomenclature of
the American Unionide.

It is well known that the history of this branch of Conchology is
somewhat tainted with personal bitterness and rivalry. The nomen-
clature is in consequence slightly chaotic ; and the synonymy though
not more extensive than in the Helices, or in Botany or Ornithol-
ogy and many other sciences, still needs sifting out. A classifica-
tion too, still better than Lea’s if possible, should be brought for-

THE NAUTILUS. 8]

ward. The determination of priority of names is a delicate matter
in many of our Unionide, and it should be settled officially by a
Committee on lines of equity, rather than by an individual. The
same is true also, in discarding a so-called species, and in elevating
a synonym to take the first rank.

We have so many species of Unionidee in North America, that
extremists, both at home and abroad, look upon the list as one that
is over-loaded. A revision by Committee should command general
acquiescence. It is not true that owr nomenclature is burdened like
that of Europe.

NOTES AND NEWS.

THe address of Mr. John Ford will be in future Holmes Station,
B. & O. R. R., Delaware Co., Pa.

Dr. W.S. StropE has removed from Bernadotte to Lewistown,
Ill, where he will hereafter be permanently located.

Extracts from a letter to the Editor from Dr. Wm. H. Rusu,
dated U. S. S. Yantic, Montevideo, Uruguay, March 11, 1892.—
“Since being here I have been able to do very little and have not
seen a native land shell. One trip out to the suburbs of Montevideo
only yielded some Helix lactea. At Buenos Ayres I found the
British Cemetery overloaded with Helix pomatia. In the swamps
around Buenos Ayres I found an Ampullaria very common, which
is, | think, australis, and while up at Palermo Park I found another
which I took to be canaliculata. Further collecting around the
swamps led me to believe that they are the same species. The col-
oration of the animal varies from a very dark brown to a light
mahogany brown; the coloring of the animal also leads to corre-
sponding variation in the color of the shell. Both forms are
banded. I saw many in the act of copulation, a light with a dark
individual, ete. I tried to preserve a lot of their eggs, but so far I
have not met with any success. Planorbis perigrinus is also very
commen; also a species of Puludestrina. While walking down the
Boca one Sunday afternoon I observed quite a crowd collected
around a man standing on the curbstone. Upon approaching I saw
that he was opening a bivalve which was being eaten by the people,

2 THE NAUTILUS.

(o')

just as we eat oysters at home, excepting that he had scalded them
first. Before I left I had secured fifty nice specimens, and learned
the locality, which is Mar del Plata, a summer resort on the coast
of Argentina. I can find no figure of it in d’Orbigny, and from
Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology I judge it to bea
Lutraria.

“ Helix lactea is extremely common in the markets at Buenos
Ayres, and I suppose it can be accounted for by the numerous
Italians there.

“JT want to mention that while coming down here we were boarded
when three hundred miles off the coast of Brazil (lat. 30° 09’ 07” S.,
long. 45° 36’ 39” W.) by a swarm of decapods, they flying from
the water and landing on our deck and in the chains. Our deck is
at least twelve feet above the water, and to get upon it they had
to go over the hammock nettings. I secured fifteen specimens
of various sizes. There were hundreds more but they were injured
so much by their fall as to be of no value. I enclose a hasty trace-
ing from a water-color sketch I made from the largest one.”

THe Unionrp of Spoon River, Fulton Co., Ill., are enumerated
and intelligently discussed by Dr. W. S. Strode in the American
Naturalist for June.

Tue Recorps of progress in American zoology which the
American Naturalist publishes from time to time are a total failure
as far as mollusks are concerned. The most prominent feature of
the record is the omission of important papers. Our contemporary
should not judge American malacology by the handful of papers
that chance to fall upon his desk.

AT THE MONTHLY meeting of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, Australia, June 30, 1892, a paper was read entitled “On
the Genus Perrieria,’ by C. Hedley, F. L. §. This paper deals
with the rectification of nomenclature; it points out (1) that the
type of Coeliaxis is and must remain, not exigua Ad. & Ang., as
misquoted by Fischer and Tryon, but layardi Ad. & Ang., as insti-
tuted by the founders; (2) that eaigua was based in error upon
specimens of australis; (3) that australis and layardi are generically
incompatible; and (4) that australis (= ewxigua) is rightfully com-
prehended under the genus Perrieria Tapparone-Canefri.

An apropos addition to this “ clearing up” may be made here.
Ancey, in the Conchologist’s Exchange, September 1887, p. 39,

THE NAUTILUS. 83

proposed the name Bathyawxis for Coeliaxis layardi Ad. & Ang.,
which is, as Mr. Hedley has stated, the type of the genus Coeliaxis!

SPECIES IDENTIFIED. From L’Abbé P. A. Bégin, Sherbrooke,
Prov. Quebec, Canada. 1, Goniobasis livescens Mke, var. 2,
Physa ancillaria Say. 8, Limnea catascopium Say. 4, Spherium
striatinum Lam. 5, Aplexa hypnorum Linn. 6, Planorbis bicar-
inatus Say. 7, Campeloma integra Say, young specimens. 8, Physa
heterostropha Say. 9, Ferussacia subcylindrica Linn. 10, Helix
albolabris Say.—H. A. P.

ConcnoLocists who do not already possess-a copy of Tryon’s
“STRUCTURAL AND SysTEMATIC ConcHoLoey ” should procure it
now. This work is indispensable to the collector who wishes
to gain an intelligent idea of the affinities or structure of shells, or
to classify a collection. The plates illustrate thousands of species
representing all of the genera and subgenera, and the text contains
interesting chapters on geographical and geological distribution,
structure, classification, etc. It is the most complete text book on
the subject in the English language.

Nore on Lyoeyrvus. In our article upon this genus in the
October NAuTILUS, we intended to mention all of the described
species. Mr. Ford has called our attention to the fact that Lyogyrus
Brownii Carpenter was omitted,—an oversight naturally very
annoying to the author, and of course purely unintentional. This
form was described some years ago by Mr. H. F. Carpenter, the
well-known writer upon New England and especially Rhode Island
shells. It is allied to LZ. pupoides Gld., differing from that species
in having the body-whorl not free from the preceding, or only
slightly so, whilst in the typical pupoides it is decidedly separated.
The two should be carefully compared with a large mass of material,
in order to ascertain whether they intergrade. In both, the spire
is very much higher and more conical than in the LZ. DalliiimH.

AAP.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING MOLLUSKS AND OTHER USEFUL
Hints FOR THE CONCHOLOGIST, is the title of a pamphlet of fifty-six
pages, issued by the U. S. National Museum, and which can be
obtained by application to the Director of that Institution. The
author, Dr. Wm. H. Dall, has embodied in it a large amount of most
useful information on methods of collecting mollusks of all sorts,
land, fresh-water and marine, the chapter on dredging and the con-

84 THE NAUTILUS.

struction of dredges and other apparatus being especially full and
timely. More space should have been given to the methods of pre-
servation of the soft parts and naked mollusks, those in yogue among
collectors being very crude and by no means up to the times.
Altogether the brochure will be found very useful to active collect-
ors.

Gou.p’s ‘NortH Pacrric EXPLoRING EXPEDITION’ TYPES.—
“Apropos of Mr. Marshall’s note in the August NauriLus it may
be as well to state that practically all Gould’s type specimens of the
“ Wilkes” and “ Ringgold and Rodgers” exploring expeditions are
to be found in the National collection. They were of course Govern-
ment property, but Dr. Gould who described them, for the most part
gratuitously, was permitted to retain as remuneration, duplicate spec-
imens for his own collection now at Albany. So of those species of
which there were duplicates there may be said to be two sets of
types. The uniques are in the National Museum. How Mr. Tryon
came to confuse these specimens with those illustrating the mollusk-
fauna of the eastern coast of the United States, which, with sundry
alcoholic specimens, were destroyed while loaned to Dr. Stimpson
at Chicago, I do not know; but that they did not go to Chicago and
are at present in my official custody is indubitable—Dr. Wm. H.
Dall, Curator Dept. Moll., U. S. Nat. Museum, in letter to Ed.

EXCHANGES.

Wantep. Fine specimens of Lobsters, Crabs, Fiddler crabs,
Prawns, Shrimps, Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells. Offered
specimens of Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells. Please send list
and I will do the same in return.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164,
Somerville, N. J.

OrreRED. Land and Fresh-water shell from East Indies and
Ceylon, in exchange for Land and Fresh-water shells, from West
Indies, California, and Central America— Miss Linter, Arragon
Close, Twickenham, Middlesex, Eng.

Wanrep, Land Shells. Offer, twenty species of Kansas Fresh-
water Shells, including the rare Unio Aberti and Physa solida Lea,
and Land Shells and Cretaceous fossils-—Frank J. Ford, 314
Wabash Ave., Wichita, Kansas. }

‘Paee N@prius.

VOL. VI. DECEMBER, 1892. No. 8

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MOLLUSCAN FORMS FROM
WEST AMERICAN REGIONS, ETC.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Uvanilla regina Stearns.

Shell conical, imperforate, black or purplish-black ; whorls six to
seven, concave, longitudinally somewhat obliquely plicated, the
plice more or less projecting at the suture, and on the edge of the
basal whorl, producing an undulating or crenulated effect. Other-
wise sculptured by incremental strize which traverse the surface and
cross the plic at right angles. Base concave, radiately, closely and
prominently striated, more conspicuous, flattened, coalescing, and
sinuously curving at the edge. Commencing at the point where the
outer lip joins the body whorl, a shallow groove follows parallel to
the periphery and extends toward the aperture, without interrupting
the basal sculpture. Aperture obliquely subangulate, black-rimmed
and crenulated on the thin edge of the outer lip; nacreous, silvery
white toward the edge, bright lustrous golden yellow within and
around the umbilical region which latter though deeply pitted is not
open. Columella white, calloused, arcuated with a moderately
developed rib bounding the umbilical depression, and terminating
in a single tubercle. This rib is paralleled by a shallow furrow
terminating in a notch just below the tubercle, and by an exterior
or outer ridge, part of the way double, of a brilliant orange color ;
this orange-colored rib is also exteriorly bounded by a shallow

86 THE NAUTILUS.

furrow which becomes obsolete toward the aperture. The base of
the shell otherwise exhibits faint revolving sculpture.

Dimensions: Altitude, 36 mm., diameter maximum, 34 mm.

The above combines the sculptural features of the Japanese
Chlorostomas and West Mexican Uvanillas, more particularly U.
olivacea. It is a much handsomer shell than the latter and the most
northerly form of the group yet detected on the West Coast.

Chlorostoma gallina Forbes var. multifilosa Stearns,

Shell imperforate, large, solid, turbinate globosely conical,
elevated; whorls five-and-a-half to six-and-a-half, rounded; suture
simple not channeled ; apex obtusely pointed, eroded and yellowish ;
color nearly black; sculpture consisting of numerous spiral or
revolving closely set narrow rounded ridges or cost, alternating
with fine incised whitish lines or grooves. Aperture rounded
oblique, interior pearly, outer edge rimmed with black and finely
crenulated by the projecting ends of the modified whitish grooving.
Columella arcuated with two blunt tubercles near the base and a
shallow umbilical pit above; base convex.

Dimensions: Altitude, 36 mm., diameter maximum, 34 mm.

The above differs from the typical gallina in the absence through-
out of any longitudinal markings or sculpture and from Hemphill’s
var. tincta by the lack of the “streak of yellow on the base just
below the columellar teeth,” also by the conspicuous ribbing and
grooving of the entire surface, while in tincta as described, “the
spiral grooves” are “ generally scarcely visible above.”

While strongly characterized, the example before me can hardly
be assigned to a higher than varietal rank.

The two forms above described were collected by Captain George
D. Porter at Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower California.

Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) Habeli Stearns.

Shell slender, elongated, thin, smooth and shiny, slightly umbil-
icated, with thirteen to fourteen gradually increasing whorls; whorls
slightly convex and longitudinally obtusely plicated ; suture distinct ;
aperture ovate and slightly reflected at the base of the columella.
Color ashen white, slightly rufous, with hints of a narrow reddish
band beneath the surface glaze.

Dimensions (of largest example): Long, 17°5 mm., diameter,
3°o mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

This form is much more slender than P. chemnitzoides Fbs., which
is well represented by the figures 6a, 6b, plate IX, Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1850. Aside from the differences in color and sculpture,
the surface of Forbes’s species is dull in fresh, unrubbed, perfect
specimens; the ribs in the latter species are comparatively sharp,
thread-like, regular, and somewhat distant, the interspaces being
perceptibly wider than the ribs are thick.

Two perfect examples, U. S. Steamer Albatross. The U. S.
National Museum also contains specimen collected by Dr. 8. Habel
several years ago, as well as examples of Forbes’ species.

Chatham Island, April 4th, 1888.

A brief description of the foregoing was included in Mr. Dall’s
paper, “On some types new to the fauna of the Galapagos Islands”
in Tue Navrivus, January, 1892, which also contained descriptions
of Helicina (Idesa) nesiotica, Leptinaria Chathamensis, Zonites
(Hyalinia) Baueri. Reibisch' who has recently published a paper
on the Fauna of the Galapagos Islands, was probably not aware of
Dall’s article, as he has apparently redescribed the same forms.

Orchidium Lesliei Stearns.

Form rounded ovate, nearly as broad as long. Dorsum coria-
ceous, nearly black, shiny, closely irregularly reticulated, with finely
incised lineation, and otherwise characterized by somewhat distant
flatly rounded papille. Underside, dingy yellowish white ; margin
of mantle wide, nearly smooth; edgeof samesimple. Anal opening
posterior, near edge of mantle and somewhat produced. Respiratory
orifice smaller, in median line with and in front of anus. Sexual
orifice anterior on the right side, under the edge of the large oval
hood or collar. Labial palpi thin, largely expanded.

Charles Island, April 8th, one example; Albemarle Island, April
10th, 1888, two specimens between tide-marks. United States
Steamer Albatross.

Littorina (Tectarius) Galapagiensis Stearns.

Shell small, rather solid, ovate-conic, angulated in outline; five to
six and a half whorls. Whorls covered with obtusely rounded
rather coarse nodules; of these the peripheral series is the strongest,
the next preceding less prominent, while the other girdles of nodes
are less conspicuous. The peripheral is closely followed by a

1 Die Concholiologische Fauna der Galapagos-Inseln, von Paul Reibisch, Ges
Isis in Dresden, 1892, Abh. 3, 20, pp. 2 plates.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

parallel series just below, and the basis is marked by succeeding
rows of less prominence. Aperture rounded, ovate, and of a dark
chocolate color; columella broad, excavated and produced below.
Exterior dull chocolate, brown above, paler below, with still paler
nodules.

Dimensions: Altitude, 7°50 mm.; latitude, 5° mm.

While in its general faciés it much resembles both Antillean and
Indo-Pacific forms hitherto described, a comparison with such as
most nearly approach it, indicate its non-identity.

James Island, one example, Albatross collection.

Nitidella incerta Stearns,

Shell small, rather solid, acutely ovate, spire elevated, pointed ;
whorls six to seven, moderately convex, with inconspicuous revoly-
ing grooves; upper whorls delicately sculptured with close set
rounded longitudinal ribs. Apex obtuse. Aperture nearly half
the length of the shell. Outer lip somewhat thickened with five to
seven denticles on the inner side. Columella with a single rather
prominent plait or tubercle just below the middle. -Surface colored
by five to six brownish-red bands, alternating with as many white
ones on the body whorl.

Dimensions: Length, 6°02; length of aperture, 3; breadth,
2°75 mm.

The above is based on a single perfect example collected by Dr.
Habel. It is nearer to Carpenter’s millepunctata than to any other
west coast form, but exhibits color and other differences,when placed
side by side with that species for comparison.

Galapagos Islands (special island not stated), Dr. Simeon Habel.

Littorina (Tectarius) atyphus Stearns.

Shell small, ovate subturrited, witb five whorls; the basal
traversed spirally by five principal obtuse keels or ribs, broken into
nodules; of these the peripheral are the strongest. Between these
and below the lower of the stronger keels, fainter keels are percepti-
ble; the penultimate whorl shows three rows of nodules; of these
the two upper are the more prominent, and the lower one is sutural
and inconspicuous. Color dull ashen chocolate above, lighter below
the periphery of the basal whorl, and mottled below the lowest keel.
Aperture rounded ovate, dark colored; columella somewhat exca-
vated and of a pale chocolate tint. Near the base of the columella

THE NAUTILUS. 89

the hint of a lightish band may be seen from the edge of the outer
lip, inward.

Dimensions: Altitude, 6°25 mm.; latitude, 4° mm.

Manta, Ecuador; collected by Dr. W. H. Jones, United States
Navy. This is the first example of the genus detected on the west
coast of the American Continent. Published by name only in my
list as below.’

NOTE ON ACMZA SACCHARINA (LINNE.)

BY REV. GEO. W. TAYLOR.

I have lately had an opportunity of examining several hundred
specimens of Acmea saccharina (Linne) and have come to the
conclusion that it is a species that varies comparatively little, and
that Mr. Pilsbry is wrong in supposing (see Manual of Conchology,
vol. XIII, p. 50) that A. stel/aria Rve. or A. octoradiata Hutton or
his own A. perplexa are forms of it.

A. saccharina is nearly always distinctly seven rayed. It is
common on the Chinese and Japanese coasts but has not been noticed
by me in collections from the South Pacific Islands.

A. stellaria Rve. is an eight rayed species. It was described I
think from New Holland; my own specimens are from Raratonga
and I suppose it to be a species of the South Pacific fauna. Reeve’s
figures are very good and are copied by Pilsbry, pl. 36. The shell
figured by the same author on pl. 61, fig. 65 is also of this species as
Mr. Pilsbry surmised (Manual of Conchology, XIII, 99).

Acmea perplexa Pilsbry seems to me to be abundantly distinct
from either of the above named species. It is described as with
seven rays but figured with eight which is the correct number.’ It
is a well marked species quite unlike any other Acmea known to me.
My specimens were collected in New South Wales from which
locality, by the way, I have shells which I refer to Aemea marmorata
T.-Woods, which much more nearly resembles saccharina than does
apy specimen of perplexa I have seen.

2Vide Proc. U. S. Natural Museum, Vol. XIV., p. 326. “ List of shells col-
lected on the west coast of South America, principally between latitudes 7° 30’
S., and 8° 49/ N,” etc., 1891.
3 Mr. Taylor is correct in stating that 4. perplexa is always 8 rayed. The
statement that it had but seven was an error.—ED.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

If my views are correct the synonymy of the above mentioned
species will stand thus:
Aecmea saccharina (Linne). Habitat. China and Japan.
= lana Rve.
= stellaris Q. & G. (non Rye.)
= stella Lesson. .
Acmea stellaris Rve. (non Q. & G.). Habitat. South Pacific -
Islands.
= ? octoradiata Hutton.
Acmea perplexa Pilsbry. Habitat. Australia.

A NEW LAND SHELL FROM SUMATRA.1

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Nanina (Ariophanta) Dohertyin. sp. Pl. I, fig. 1, 2.

Shell thin, waxy pellucid, light green, corneous, subimperforate,
whorls six, suture slightly margined, impressed, bordered below with
a narrow white line, body whorl acutely carinated and ridged, pro-
duced at aperture into a flattened spade-like terminal; spire high.
Aperture subtriangular, lip reflected strongly, almost completely
covering the umbilicus.

Locality, Marang, on Southwest coast of Sumatra.

Nore. This shell is doubtfully placed in Ariophanta. It
resembles Nanina nasuta Metcalfe described from Borneo but is
much higher, lacks the band of that species, and is differently
produced. Received from Wm. Doherty, Esq. who states that when
alive it is green with a singularly delicate epidermis, and is arboreal
in its habit. Its color makes it almost invisible. Six specimens
received. :

MESODON ANDREWSI IN MISSOURI.

BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO.

I send for inspection a shell found by me in St. Francois County
in southeast Missouri. While arranging my “ Missouri collection ”

1The illustrations of this species will appear in our next number.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

I was struck with the very evident differences between it and the
albolabris among which I had placed it. The latter all have but
little over five whorls, with aperture somewhat contracted by being
flattened toward the plane of the base. ‘This shell has the globose
form, the rounded aperture, the swollen last whorl, elevated spire,
nearly six whorls and all the characteristics of Mesodon Andrewsi.

I have before me a specimen received from Mr. Binney with his
label showing that it was one of the original lot from which
Andrewsi was named. The Missouri shell does not materially
differ from it in any respect. It is very slightly larger than the
North Carolina shell, but not so large or solid as Andrewsi from
Talula Falls, Georgia, also received from Mr. Binney.

H., Andrewsi is a species of the Cumberland subregion, but other
species of that region extend to Missouri, as for instance Stenotrema
labrosum Bld., and I have no doubt of the correctness of my identi-
fication, though it makes an unexpected extension of the habitat of
this species.

A VISIT TO WARD’S.

One stormy night in November the Editors and Manager of
Tue NavtIiLus, and their friend the Vice-President of the Amer-
ican Association of Conchologists, found themselves en route for
Rochester, N. Y., via the famous Lehigh Valley route. The object
of their pilgrimage was to see the largest Natural History Establish-
ment of its kind in America,—Pror. WArRp’s. Dawn of the next
day found us still far from our journey’s end, near Ithaca, and in
sight of the classic walls of Cornell College, where Nrewcoms
labored so many years. From here, we rode for miles along the
beautiful shores of Cayuga Lake, lying like some shining serpent
between its dark Devonian and Silurian cliffs. Then breakfast at
Seneca; and finally Rochester was reached where we were hospitably
received by Prof. Ward, and by his able assistants Messrs. Crump,
DeLaney, Baker and Walton. After the usual amount of talk
incident upon the meeting of a half-dozen lovers of shells, we started
on a tour of inspection, an account of which I will give in the words
of one of our number.

“ Here is a grand treat, not only for the lover of nature but also
of art, for the preparation of objects of natural history (where accuracy

92 THE NAUTILUS.

is of the first importance) is indeed a most difficult art, requiring
not only a skillful artisan but a scientist as well. Ifa museum is a
collection of prepared specimens, here is a collection of museums in
course of preparation. This work is carried on by a force of from
forty to fifty in a group of twelve or fourteen large buildings, each
devoted to a special department. Our time being limited we could
only take a glance at most of the departments. The nearest build-
ing to Prof. Ward’s residence contains the minerals. A rich collee-
tion of meteorites many of them cut in sections. A splendid series,
of the many varieties of Quartz. Many interesting forms of the
calcite group, including long stalactites, etc., also beautiful spec-
imens of apatite, garnet, malachite, stibnite, etc. In the next building
is the geological department ; and here we see a specimen which isa’
treat to both the paleontologist and conchologist: this is the
Cerithium giganteum from the Paris Basin (eocene) with a perfect
aperture. The entire shell is about a foot long, the aperture being
expanded like that of a Stromb. A great series of beautiful Ammo-
nites many of them cut and polished, makes the collector of recent
shells envy the paleontologist and wish that even one species had
survived with its near kinsman the Nautilus. Here, too, are
polished slabs showing sun-cracks, the cracks filled with calcite,
great slabs four to eight feet in length covered with ripple-marks,
while near at hand is the modelling room, where casts and restora-
tions of rare and unique fossils are prepared. A cast of a great
Glyptodon is in course of construction. In an adjoining room an
Trish elk is almost ready for the museum, also a beautiful piece of
work for an archeological museum, a model of the ‘Serpent
Mound’ of Ohio.

“The relief-maps represent a great deal of careful and accurate
work. This is the class of maps that should be in every museum,
college, and school. Prof. Ward is now at work on a large relief-
map of New York State for the State exhibit at Chicago. The
department of human anatomy contains many examples of exquisite
workmanship. MHastily going through the department of taxi-
dermy we note the large mounted elephant with its young, arranged
in a very natural and attractive manner; the Indian and American
buffalo, side by side; the many species of Cervide; the large groups
of monkeys; superb specimens of the Bengal tiger, male and female.
‘The skunk family’ in and around their burrow, as natural as life,
is both instructive and amusing; and the hundreds of other spec-

THE NAUTILUS. 93

imens all show the highest art in taxidermy. Above the mammals
are the birds, which our limited time did not permit us to examine.
The adjoining room is the osteological department. Specimens from
the elephant and hippopotamus to the small rodents and birds show
as near perfection as it is possible to obtain in this difficult branch.
In the room above this is a large collection of mammalia skulls.”

The invertebrates have long claimed a large part of Prof. Ward’s
attention; and the magnificent series of corals, sponges, echino-
derms and crustaceans, attest alike to the fruitfulness of his journeys
abroad and to the skill of his workmen at home.

In spite of the attractions of other departments, our time was
mainly spent in the “ Shell House.” The upper story of this build-
ing is occupied with asuite of rooms containing Prof. Ward’s special
collection of invertebrates, the mollusks being arranged in table-
cases along the sides and down the middle of two largerooms. The
plan of this collection is to have every genus represented by char-
acteristic species, and to have the very best specimens of each species
that can be obtained. The result is a strikingly beautiful as well as
an uncommonly instructive collection. For the past decade or
more, Prof. Ward has been giving special attention to the
mollusks ; and the results of many a journey half round the globe are
here shown. Abalones and limpets from California and the north-
west coast ; Cyprzeas, Murices, Olivas, Pleurotomas from Panama;
Chitons, black Trochi, Cancellarias, etc., from Peru, and limpets of
the Nacella type from Magellan and Chili, secured during a trip
around South America, represent part of the conchological plunder,
while bones of the great fossil edentates, and magnificent minerals
galore also were secured. The fruits of other journeys are seen in
the splendid suites of Magilus and Leptoconchus, from Mauritius ;
Strombus, Cones, Cassis, Cyprzas, Tridacna, Malleus, Aspergillum
and many others from the Indian Ocean ; and besides these, desir-
able species have been selected from the dealers of London, Paris
and Berlin. Not the least part of the pleasure in looking over this
collection is the fund of anecdote and adventure connected with
many specimens secured by Prof. Ward in unfrequented corners of
the world.

The work of classifying this great collection has been well per-
formed by Messrs. Crump, Delaney, Baker and Walton; the last
named gentleman having supplied exquisite colored drawings of
Nudibranchs and other naked mollusks.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

The lower floor of the same building is Prof. Ward’s stock of
mollusks and invertebrates, one of the largest stocks of shells in the
world, classified in labelled drawers, for the convenience of pur-
chasers.

Again we are homeward bound, and are passing the time in show-
ing, by turns, the specimens secured, and praising or criticising one-
another’s acquisitions; but in one thing we all agree—that the
instruction and pleasure of seeing Prof. Ward’s shells, and the enjoy-
ment of a day spent in the company of the Professor and his able
lieutenants, is well worth a visit to Rochester.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Nores on Unto tutreotus Lam. In Tor Navritus for Nov-
ember last Mr. Geo. W. Dean in distinguishing this species from
U. radiatus adduces the uniform color of the nacre of the luteolus.
This is as a rule quite true.. But specimens from the northern part
of this State occasionally have the posterior part of the interior
tinged with a very delicate pink. In a quite peculiar local form of
small size found by Dr. M. L. Leach in Crystal Lake, Benzie County,
the tendency is quite marked and nearly every specimen has the
rosy tinge to the nacre. I have never, however, seen a specimen in
which the whole of the nacre is thus colored, as occurs in U. radiatus.
—Bryant Walker.

STROBILA LABYRINTHICA VAR. VIRGO. We have received from
Rev. H. W. Winkley of Saco, Me., specimens of a Strobila differing
from labyrinthica in being somewhat larger and more depressed, and
translucent-white in color, the lip and lamellze opaque-white. This
variety was found by Mr. Winkley near Sebec Lake, Piscataquis
Co., Maine.—Pilsbry.

A NEW COLOR-VARIETY OF HEeLIx ALAUDA Fér. Mr. Franciscos
E. Blanes has lately found, at Maisi, Cuba, a variety of the above
species which he proposes to name var. Weeksiana, in honor of Mr.
W. H. Weeks, Jr., of Brooklyn, N. Y. The variety has the follow-
ing characters:

H. ataupa color-var. WerexstaNa Blanes. Form globose-
trochoid with the whorl very strongly deflexed at the mouth. Color
pure white with faint oblique pink streaks. Lip bright pink; aper-
ture yellow inside.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Mr. C. A. Wurrremore has been elected curator of the museum
of the Kent Scientific Institute, one of the oldest scientific societies
of Michigan.

Gouup’s Types AND Ms. That which was burnt at Chicago at
the big fire was not Gould’s types of North Pacific Exploring Expe-
dition but his complete MS. and notes, absolutely ready for publica-
tion. As conchological executor of Dr. Gould, his family gave me
his MS. I kept this of North Pacific Expedition in my fireproof till
Stimpson begged me to send it to him at Chicago, where it was

burnt.— W. G. Binney.

Eps. Nautrius: I notice in Mr. Simpson’s article on the revision
of the American Unionide that he believes that not a soul of those
of whom he gives a list as collectors in Lea’s time remains living.
I can say for one that Moores is still living and has been for the
past eighty years and five months —H. Moores, Columbus, Ohio.

A NEW SPECIES OF ENNEA has been dedicated to Rev. A. B,
Kendig, of Brooklyn, N. Y—E. Kendigiana Rolle, described in the
last number of the German Malacozoological Society’s Nachrichts-
blatt. It is from Senegambia.

A Reprint OF THE “ ConcHoLocists ExcHance.” Many sub-
scribers to THe Naurinus desire to obtain the ‘ Conchologists
Exchange, but are unable to do so because it is out of print. The
proprietors of Tore Nautiius have been requested to reprint the
Exchange ; and if a sufficient number of orders for the reprint can
be obtained to pay the cost of it, they purpose to issue it in the same
form as the present journal, indicating the original pagination. The
cost of the reprint will be 75 cents for the two volumes. Those who
wish to secure them should address the manager of Tor Nauriuus.

Mr. Hedley wishes it to be noted that he now regards the shell,
jointly figured and described (P.L.S.N.S.W. (2), vi, p. 558) by Mr.
Musson and himself under the name of Pupa anodonta, as a second
species of the genus Heterocyclus, instituted by Crosse (Journ. de
Conch., Vol. xx, 1872, p. 156) for the reception of H. perroquini
Crosse, from New Caledonia. This genus is considered by Fischer
(Manual de Conchyliologie, p. 735) equivalent to Lyogyrus, a
member of the Valvatide.

Part 1, of Vol. xv, of the Trans. Royal Soc. of South Australia,
lately issued, contains nine plates illustrating Australian Tertiary
mollusks described by Prof. R. Tate. There are several very large

96 THE NAUTILUS.

and peculiar Cypreas and Conus among the number. Trichotropis
and Scalaria are also well represented.

New Mo.uusks or St. Hetena. Mr. E. A. Smith of the British
Museum has lately described the Jand shells of the island St.
Helena’, enumerating 27 species, of which 11 are new, and illustrat-
ing them with excellent figures. The prominent characters of the
fauna are a group of thin Bulimuli, the very variable and curious
B. aurisvulpina, which has been known for over a century, and a
group of Patula-like shells very similar to the Pacific group Endo-
donta. Besides these, a novel form is described under the name
Tomigerus (2) perexilis. We can scarcely believe that this belongs
to the South American section Tomigerus. It seems to be a distinet
genus of Pupide comparable to Boysidia and Hypselostoma, but dis-
tinct from either; and deserving of a separate generic name. We
therefore propose to callit CampoLaMus. ‘The following characters
may be assigned to the group: TT. dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, parva,
anfr. ult. valde ascendens, pone labrum constrictus et scrobiculatus ;
apertura ovata, superne sinu circulari instructa.

EXCHANGES.

Wantep. Works on Land Shells, and rare North American
and Foreign Helices. Orrrerep, Mesodon dentiferus, Sayit, Acan-
thinula harpa, ete.—A. W. Hanham, Bank of British North Amer-

ica, Quebec, Canada.

WANTED, by purchase or exchange,—good specimens of Anodonta
Ferussaciana Lea, size immaterial provided beaks are perfect.—
Bryant Walker, 18 Moffat Bld, Detroit, Mich.

To EXCHANGE in large or small] quantities. Anodonta suborbi-
culata Say and Anodonta corpulenta Cooper, also about 40 species of
the fine Spoon river Uniones and univalves.—-Dr. W. 8S. Strode,
Lewistown, Ill.

Excaance. Unios heterodon Lea, lanceolatus Lea, Tappanianus

Lea, Anodonta Williamsti Lea and Marg. undulata Say (pink var.)
for other Unios not in collection. W. T. Farrer, Orange, Va.

1P, Z. S. Lond. 1892, p. 258.

ae? Near iCus.

VOL. VI. JANUARY, 1893. No. 9

CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS PARTULA.

BY W. D. HARTMAN, M. D.

(Concluded from November number.)

The genus Partula proposed by Baron Férussac in 1819, is
restricted to certain small land shells inhabiting the Pacific Islands,
The species are found throughout all the groups of these islands,
and as far west as New Guinea, which seems their limit. North of
the equator they are found at the Caroline, Pelew and Ladrone
Islands, and recently the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands have
afforded severai new species. They have not been found at the
Sandwich Islands, New Zealand or Australia. In the Viti group,
Mr. Andrew Garrett has discovered that some species are restricted to
a single valley, each of which has its specific center, and the range of
many species is quite circumscribed. In the Marquesas group some
species are found on top of the highest mountains, like many other
land shells. The species are either arboreal or terrestrial; hybrids
are often found, and they occur between arboreal and terrestrial
species. Some hybrids appear to possess a certain degree of fertility,
and Mr. Garrett informs us that ten species in the Viti group have
produced local varieties. The shells of some species are stout and
solid, while others are thin and attenuate. Many species have a
tooth-like projection from the inner margin of the peristome giving
the aperture an auricular appearance; nearly one half of the
species possess this button-like tooth on the parietal wall. In-
dividuals of some species are entirely sinistral while others are

4)

98 THE NAUTILUS.

wholly dextral, others again are either dextral and sinistral. They
all possess fine spiral striee, which are decussated by oblique ones
giving the surface a waved appearance.

8. Decussatula Group.

P. decussatula Pfr. P. magdalina Hartm.
P. bellata Hartm.

9. Turgida Group.

P. turgida Pfr. P. arguta Pse.
P. annectens Pse. P. minuta Pfr.

10. Rosea Group.

P. rosea Brod. P. calypso O. Semp.
P. varia Brod. P. assimilis Pse.
P. virgulata Migh. P. subgonocheila Mouss.

P. newcombiana Hartm.

P. rosea.

11. Ganymedes Group.

P. ganymedes Pfr. P. gonocheila Pfr.
P. inflata Rve. P. repanda Pfr.
P. actor Albers.

P. ganymedes.
IJ. Butrrorp Division.

+

12. Guamensis Group.

P. gquamensis Pfr. P. obesa Pse.
P. abbreviata Mouss. P. rufa Less.
P. conica Gld. P. bulimoides Less.

P. guamensis.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

13. Macgillivrayi Group.

P. macgillivrayi Pfr. P. turricula Pse.

P. caledonica Pfr. P. radiolata Pfr.

P. carnicola Hartm. P. eburnea Hartm.
P. paterna Hartm. P. proxima Hartm.
P. eximia Hartm. P. pyramis Hartm.
P. albescens Hartm. P. auraniana Hartm.
P. alabastrina Pfr. P. compressa Pfr.

Subgenus Diplomorpha Ancey.

The jaw, lingual dentition and genitalia are like Partula. The shell

does not possess spiral strize.
D. layardi Braz. D. delatowri Hartm.

D. coxi Hartm. D. peasei Cox.

BIFIDARIA: A NEW SUBGENUS OF PUPA.

BY DR. VY. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO.

In the “ Preliminary List of North American Pupide’’' the name
of this subgenus has been published, but without further note except
that it was in my mss. for a few years. Since then I have obtained
other species belonging to it, and became more and more convinced
that it is really a natural group, and one of the richest in species.

The forms ranging under it are small, few exceeding 3 mm. of
altitude (P. armifera Say, hunana Grdl.). In shape they are rather
various; cylindric, turriculate, conic, ovoid. The color is a lighter
or deeper horn, to chestnut on one, to colorless, i. e. whitish or
glossy-albino on the other side; in some the coloration is rather con-
stant while others show all these variations, e. g., P. hordeacea Gabb.
The surface is smooth, polished, or finely striate or, though rarely,
with fine ribs; heavily ribbed forms have not come to my notice.
A prominent feature lies in the formation of the apertural lamelle,
or plice, especially in the one on the parietal wall; it is (with few
exceptions) large and more or less distinctly complex, designated in
the descriptions as “ complex, twisted, bicuspid, bifurcate, emarginate,

1The Nautilus, VI, p. 4 and 7.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

medio excavata, bifida,” etc., and from this character the name of the
group has been derived. A close examination of the different forms
as well as of immature examples leaves no doubt that it is in fact
composed of two different lamellz, the parietalis (inner, deeper) and
supraparietalis (outer, or “ angular”), almost separate, side by side
in some species (recondita Tapp.-Can.), united to almost a simple
one in others (most of P. rupicola Say), comparatively small in P.
curvidens Gld. and pentodon Say, as here the supraparietal is very
small or almost obsolete.

The columellar, equally constant, is generally also somewhat com-
plex. The typical inferior and superior palatal plicee are always
present, though sometimes quite small, and are, as a rule deep seated,
never reaching the margin; in some species one or the other of them
is in a peculiar oblique position (P. contracta Say, P. recondita).
Generally there is a “tooth” or short fold at the base, in some
species present or absent. Additional dentiform or lamelliform
plicze, sometimes very small, but characteristic, are found in many
species; one on the parietal wall, between the “ parietal” and the
columella, constant (P. armigerella Reinh.) or inconstant (P. eurvi-
dens Gld.), one above the upper palatal (P. armifera Say) one
between the two palatals, inconstant (P. pentodon Say, curvidens
Gld.)

As there isno rule without exceptions—-and in natural science these
“ exceptions ” are always highly interesting !—some, or even all, of
the typical folds may be absent in species which we have reasons to
range under this subgenus (P. corticaria Say, arizonensis W. G. B.).
But in general they are remarkably constant throughout the whole
group which extends over North, Central and the northern coast of
South America, the West Indies and Bermuda, Eastern Asia, and
the islands of the Pacific and Indian Seas. Europe has no recent
forms ranging in the group; but there is a fossil one, P. damellidens
from the miocene of Tuchoritz, Bohemia, closely allied to our P. con-
tracta Say. .

The species have been ranged under different subgenera, such as
Pupilla, Leucochila, which neither comprise the whole group, nor
are homogeneous in themselves, and which can only gain by the
removal of these forms.

There are several distinct groups of which peculiar characters, the
range of distribution and the species will be stated in the following."

1Conf. Nautilus, VI, p. 4. The species enumerated there will be omitted
here; and so will other species which I do not know well enough as to their
identity, or their position.

THE NAUTILUS. 101
1. Section: Privatwla. North America.
Shell cylindric; lamellze few and small or none.
Type: P. corticaria Say.
Section: Eubifidaria (Bif. s. str.). America, Polynesia.
Shell cylindric to turriculate ; lamellee typical.
Type: P. hordeacea Gabb.
P. barbadensis Ktist (W. I.)
P. grevillei Chitty (W. I.) and numerous others.
P. exigua Ad. Mauritius.
Section: Boysidia.' Asia, Polynesia.
Shell conic ; aperture very peripheric; lamelle typical.
Type: P. hunana Grdl. (China.)
P. strophostoma Mlldff. (Philippines. )
4. Section: Albinula. America, Asia, Polynesia.
Shell oblong or conic-ovate or cylindrical, colorless (contains
rather various forms and should be divided in groups.)
Type: P. contracta Say.
P. armigerella Reinh. (China.)
P. recondita Tapp.-Can. (Japan.)
P. pediculus Shuttl. (Japan, Samoa.)
P. artensis Montrz. (New Caledonia.)
© P. meridionalis Mildff. (From description ; China.)
5. Section: Vertigopsis. North America.
Shell small, vertigo-like, albino; parietal lamelle rather short
and almost simple; palatals near the margin.

Type: P. curvidens Gld.

to

wy)

s
ae

* OK

So much for the shells. Of the soft parts very little is known
as yet. But it is probable that further investigations will prove the
relations shown by the shells, which in general yield true evidences

of the natural position of their bearers.

1 Beettger, in v. Mcellendorff (Jahrb. Mal. Ges., 1884, p. 180, 181) proposes
the subgeneric name Gredleriella; but Gredler himself sent me specimens with
the above. Dr. v. Mcellendorff ranges the group next to Scopelophila (P. Aokedli
Rssm. and Rossmesslert Schm.); but the resemblance is only external, from the
conic shape of the shells. In the configuration of the apertural parts and especially
the lamellee it closely resembles P. contracta Say, while in Scopelophila they are
of quite a different type and wholly marginal.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

SHELLS OF WILLIAM’S CANON, COLORADO.

BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO.

Fifteen years ago and again the past summer, I collected shells in
William’s Cajion at Manitou. On the first visit I asked a specimen
dealer if there were any land shells in the vicinity. He said there
were no living ones; that he had hunted for specimens over the
mountains for years, but had never seen one, though there were
dead shells on the side of the mountain near by. I found the dead
shells, and also plenty of living Patula strigosa, in numbers more
abundant than at the latter visit. At that time I had not noticed
that Binney’s Manual gave P. hemphilli as occurring at the same
place, else I would have made diligent search for it, though I do not
think it will be found there. It seems hardly probable that the
young of strigosa were mistaken for hemphilli, though the shells of
four whorls are strongly carinated like hemphilli, while the mature
shells of five whorls do not show any carina. Cockerellin Naurtitus;
Vol. III, p. 102, thinks the finding of hemphilli in the Cafion needs
confirmation.

Cockerell states that these shells are typical cooperi. They are
certainly less elevated than Fig. 152 of Binney’s Manual. They are
more like Fig. 155 except that they have the two bands shown in
Fig. 152, and are not carinated at the commencement of the body
whorl. Some of them have the heavy raised cullus connecting the
extremities of the peristome.

On the rocky ledges by the road side in the Cafion, I gathered a
number of small shells, all of them being dead. Had the day not
been excessively hot I might probably have found living ones.

The following will show the species and the number found of
each :

15. Patula strigosa cooperi W. G. B.

9. Zonites arboreus Say.

8. Vallonia pulchella costata Miiller.

8. Ferussacia subyclindrica Linn.

5. Pupa undetermined.

1. Pupa hordeacea Gabb.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

POST PLIOCENE SHELLS.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

While at Belten, Texas, a short time ago, I discovered great
numbers of semi-fossil shells embedded in the clays that were prob-
ably formed during the early quarternary period. They are
distributed through the clay from two to six feet below the surface
and may be seen sticking in the banks at any place along the valley
of Nolan Creek where a gully has been washed out. The land is
covered with large trees, but the best evidence of the age of the
formation is seen in the bed of the creek where the water has worn a
channel in the solid limestone rock over which it flows from two to
three feet deep. The clay and soil of the valley must have been
deposited there before or about the time the creek formed its pre-
sent channel, many, many hundred years ago. The clay has
preserved the shells, in nearly as good condition (except as to color)
as when buried; and those found at the greatest depth are in the
best condition.

T collected the following species :

Bulimulus dealbatus Say.

Bulimulus schiedianus Pfr.

Zonites friabilis W. G. B.

Zonites—probably an undescribed species.

Patula alternata mordax Shutt.

Helix Remeri Pfr. var. umbilicus closed.

Helix Remeri Pfr. var. umbilicus closed and toothless.

Helix Texasiana Moricand.

Helix Mooreana W. G. B.

Helix Leaii Ward.

Helix Berlandieriana Moricand.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Planorbis bicarinata Say.

Planorbis—probably an undescribed species.

Limnea umbilicata Adams.

Physa Halei Lea.

Physa—probably an undescribed species.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

ON ACANTHOPLEURA AND ITS SUBGENERA.

BY H. A.-PILSBRY.

In studying the species of this abundant group of Chitons, the
writer found the scheme of subgenera adopted by the late Dr, Car-
penter and published by Dall’ to be in several respects both insuffi-
cient and faulty. These defects are partly due to the fact that
Carpenter’s studies on this portion of the Chitons were left incom-
plete by his untimely death, and partly to his rather lax usage in
questions of nomenclature.

Acanthopleura, as a whole, is much more closely allied to Tonicia
than to any other genus. It has no close alliance with the other
genera grouped by Carpenter in “ Acanthoidea.” It agrees
with Tonicia in having certain areas on the valves studded
with minute eyes, which possess a crystalline lens, and are not
especially different from lower mollusk eyes generally. Acantho-
pleura differs from Tonicia in having these eyes scattered about the
bases of the tubercles on the shell, instead of being arranged in
radiating series asin Tonicia. The eyes are visible under a good
hand lens as minute shining black sunken dots or transparent jewel-
like raised drops.

Carpenter supposed the West Indian species, Ch. piceus, to be the
type of Acanthopleura ; but in Guilding’s original paper no species
of that group of forms is mentioned by name. A critical review of
the subject compels us to accept Ch. spinosus Brug. as the type of
Acanthopleura. The subgenera will stand as follows:

(1) Acanthopleura Guild., (restricted. )

Valves somewhat immersed ; posterior valve having a very long
insertion-plate, cut into numerous teeth by short slits; intermediate
valves with one or two slits; sinus smooth; girdle covered with
long spines. Type Ch. spinosus Brug. Francisia Cpr. is a
synonym.

The immersion of the valves gives the tail-valve, when detached,
the appearance of that of Katherina tunicata.

(2) Maugeria Gray, (restricted. )

Posterior valve having the pectinated insertion plate, cut into

numerous teeth by slits similar to those of the head-valve. Median

1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 284.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

valves 1-slit; sinws smooth, not toothed; girdle densely, closely
clothed with short calcareous spinelets. Type Ch. piceus, of
West Indian coasts. This group is Acanthopleura of Cpr., not
Guilding.

(3) Amphitomura (s. g. nov.)

Posterior valve having the insertion-plate very short, with blunt,
crenulated edge, interrupted only by a single mopaloid slit on each
side ; median valves 1-slit; sinussmooth; girdle as ins. g. Maugeria-
Type Ch. borbonicus Desh. The tail-valve alone differs from
Maugeria, but this character is so significant and so strongly
developed that the necessity of separating the two subgenera is
obvious.

(4) Mesotomura (n. nov.)

Posterior valve having the long insertion plate deeply pectinated
outside, its edge interrupted only by a single median-posterior slit ;
median valves 1-slit; sinus denticulate; girdle sparsely set with
spike-like spines. Type C. echinatum Barnes. Corephium Gray,
1847, not Browne, 1827, is a synonym.

Mention should be made of the curious fact that Gould’s Ch.
incanus and the similar Japanese species ©. japonicus Lischke, have
been by all authors referred to Acanthopleura. An examination
shows them to differ wholly in the characters of the tail-valve, the
incanus, ete., having a smooth crescentie callus in place of the
insertion-teeth. It therefore belongs in the immediate vicinity of
Onithochiton, from which it differs in the spiny girdle and rough
exterior. The group may be called LioLopHura, Ch. japonicus
being the type.

A NEW TROCHID FROM JAPAN.
BY HH. A. BEBSBRY-

Calliostoma Crumpii, n. sp. (pl. I, fig. 3.)

Shell closely resembling C. argenteonitens Lischke (Manual of
Conchology xi, pl. 63, fig. 832) in contour, color andtexture. Differ-
ing from that species in the more convex whorls of the spire, the
deeply channelled suture, and in sculpture. The body-whorl is
rounded, and has a girdle of prominent tubercles at the periphery ;

106 THE NAUTILUS.

above this is another similar girdle of tubercles, occupying the place
of the supra-peripheral series of knobs in C. argenteonitens. The
deep, channelled suture is bordered by a necklace of beads. The
base has six encircling carin, like those of argenteonitens but more
distinctly beaded. The whorls of the spire show the two prominent
series of tubercles, and the subsutural row ; the beads of the latter
sometimes duplicated. Aperture round, oblique, the outer lip slightly
expanded ; columella and parietal lips regularly arcuate, pearly,
Interior silvery, with the reflections of opal. Alt. 31, diam. 26,
oblique alt. of aperture 17 mill.

Habitat, Japan.

This is one of the most exquisitely beautiful shells of this family.
It differs markedly from C. argenteonitens in having a double row
of prominent bosses or tubercles. The opaline hues of the nacre
shine faintly through the thin, duller whitish outer layer; and the
aperture is iridescent with the most intense red and emerald reflec-
tions. The specimen is from the collection of Mr. Shelley G. Crump,
of Pittsford, N. Y., who is making a special study of Trochide and
Turbinide, and in whose honor the species is named.

It should be noted that Yrochus moniliferus Lmk. placed in
Calliostoma in my monograph of this family in the Manual of
Conchology, really belongs to the subgenus Eutrochus, but Fischer
has instituted a section Lischkeia for it. A very fine typieal spec-
imen of this species is in the collection of Mr. Crump.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Nore on Conutus srerkit Dall.—In Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus. vol.
xi, 1888, p. 214, Dall published the description of a n. sp. of
Hyalinia which he called H. sterkii. The description was copied in
Nautius V, p. 10, without a name. The figures represent fairly
well the form, except Fig. 3 which shows the spire too high. As
Mr. Dall justly supposed, it is a true Conu/us, which genus has since
been confirmed as being distinct from Hyalinia by anatomic char-
acters (Dr. v. Ihering and others). In 1891, I examined jaw and
radula of a dried specimen, softened, and could not obtain the radula in
its totality ; now, as there is no hope to have any fresh examples before
next year, I publish the general result. The jaw is of nearly exactly

YHE NAUTILUS. 107

the same shape as that of Con. fulvus, only the upper edge more
equally rounded, 0,036 mm. wide, while that of fulvus measures
0,024. (Specimen from New Philadelphia). Radula: the central
tooth iscomparatively large, tricuspid; laterals 5, tricuspid, similar to
the central; marginals 8 (and probably more) tricuspid, formed as
in C. fulvus. The shell presents, under the microscope, the same
peculiar aspect as that of fudvus.—Sterki, New Philadelphia, O.

Mr. Hueu Futron has recently purchased the collection of the
late A. Morelet, containing a large number of rare species, especially
land shells of Africa and adjacent islands.

Suputina ocrona, a West Indian snail, has been detected by
Mr. Robert Walton, in a green-house at Roxborough, Philadelphia.
It seems to be well established there, having been found for several
years, in considerable numbers.

Mr. T. Waytanp VAuGHAN, the well-known Texas and
Louisiana Conchologist, is studying at Harvard University.

THE PROPOSAL TO REPRINT the “ Conchologists Exchange,”
noticed in our last issue, has met with quite a favorable reception ;
but the number of subscribers is still insufficient to warrant its
publication, The reprinting and price will depend entirely upon
the number of subscriptions.

Mr. T. T. Wooprurr, of Boston, has recently purchased the
collection of Dr. Tryon, of Buffalo (3000 species), which he intends
to display in the West.

During the past month, the Conchologists of Philadelphia have
had the pleasure of meeting quite a number of the Conchological fra-
ternity from other cities. Early in the month Professor O. B.
JOHNSON, of Seattle, Wash., stopped a few days at Philadelphia and
later at Washington, on his way southward. Mr. Jonn Ritrcure,
Jr., of Boston is in Philadelphia to stay several weeks. Mr. W. J.
Raymonp, of Oakland, Cal., who is studying Physics at Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, was with us a day or two, the guest
of Mr. Ford. Messrs. Stimpson and HenpeErson, of Washington,
D. C., spent a few days with their friends in Philadelphia, and
also made a flying trip to New York City, during the holidays. Mr.
S., as usual, would admire nothing so much as the dingiest sort of
clams. Mr. I. Greecor, of Jacksonville, Fla., was also in the city
early in the month. Mr. 8S. Raymond Roberts spent New Year day
at the Academy with his old associates. And finally, our friend

108 THE NAUTILUS.

C. E. Beecuer, of Yale College Museum, called upon us for only
about ten minutes, but we hadtime to ask, how was his collection of
recent Brachiopoda coming on? And to hear that he had about
80 out of the 150 or so known species, and is still trying for more.

Dr. J. S. Newserry, who has been professor of Geology and
Paleontology in Columbia College, New York City, for twenty-two
years, died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 7, 1892.

EXCHANGES.

Will some of the members of the A. A. of C. kindly send me some
LIVING species of Helix for my snailery? Zonites not wanted, as
they cannot survive the trip across the continent. The favor will
be fully appreciated and receipt of specimens acknowledged.—
Willard M. Wood, 2817 Clay St., San Francisco, Cal.

SHELLS and books to exchange. Send lists, and receive mine.—
Chas. Le R. Wheeler, Damascus, Pa.

WANTED, by purchase or exchange,—good specimens of Anodonta
Ferussaciana Lea, size immaterial provided beaks are perfect.—
Bryant Walker, 18 Moffat Bld., Detroit, Mich.

Wantep. Works on Land Shells, and rare North American
and Foreign Helices. OFrrerep, Mesodon dentiferus, Sayii, Acan-
thinula harpa, ete.—A. W. Hanham, Bank of British North Amer-
ica, Quebec, Canada.

To EXCHANGE in large or small quantities. Anodonta suborbi-
culata Say and Anodonta corpulenta Cooper, also about 40 species of
the fine Spoon river Uniones and univalves.—Dr. W. S. Strede,
Lewistown, Ill.

ExcHANGE. Unios heterodon Lea, lanceolatus Lea, Tappanianus
Lea, Anodonta Williamsii Lea and Marg. undulata Say (pink var.)
for other Unios not in my collection—W. T. Farrer, Orange, Va.

‘ae Nevricus.

VoL. v1. FEBRUARY, 1893. No. 10

ADDITIONAL SHELLS FROM THE COAST OF SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In the Navurivvs for August, 1891, (V, p. 43) the writer enumer-
ated fifty-five species of marine mollusks from the southern coast of
Brazil, mostly collected by Dr. H. v. Ihering, which greatly
extended the known range of many familiar species of the eastern
coast of the United States. .A second list is now presented which
considerably enlarges the number of North American and Antillean
species known to extend to the region mentioned. Among the land
and fresh-water species, Zonites arboreus Say was a surprise, as well
as a shell which appears not to differ from Vertigo antivertigo of
Europe.

Columbella lyrata Sby. described from the Bay of Panama had
previously been identified by Dunker among species from Santa
Caterina, Brazil, and is now sent from Bahia by Safford. C. terpsi-
chore, which is a common species in Ceylon and has been received
from several Indo-Pacific localities, was reported from Barbados
_ by Cuming and now turns up at Bahia. Labiosa lineata Say is a
surprise from San Paulo, and so is Lucinopsis tenuis Recluz. Several
of the Patagonian forms are shown to extend further north than was
supposed. The species now reported were chiefly collected by Dr.
v. Ihering at San Paulo (S. P.) on the tropic of Capricorn, Monte-
video (S. Lat. 35°), Rio Grande do Sul (R. G. S.) in S. Lat. 32°,
30’, Santa Caterina (S. C.) in S. Lat. 26°, and Bahia in S. Lat. 13°

110 THE NAUTILUS.

30’. Others were sent by Ensign Safford, U.S. N. from Maldonado,
Uruguay, and Bahia. In this connection attention may be called to
the list of shells from Fernando Noronha in the Linnean Society’s
Journal (Zool. xx, pp. 483-503, 1890) by Mr. Edgar A. Smith of
the British Museum. This list is not a long one but the same tend-
ency is obvious there, as in our present lists, for the Antillean species
to range far southward. Thorough dredging along the coast would
doubtless greatly enlarge the lists both of local and Antillean species.
In the following list, which is strictly supplementary to that of 1891,
some of the species are extended southward from their most southern
previously known range nearly three thousand miles! A few species
were sent by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S. N., in May, 1892, which were
dredged in Maldonado Bay near the mouth of the La Plata in 3-6
fathoms mud. Those belonging to the northern fauna have been
added to make the supplement as complete as possible.

Ostrea eequinoctialis Orb.? worn, R. G. 8.

Plicatula ramosa Lam. 8. P.

Spondylus croceus (Chemn.) Reeve S. P.

Pecten (Janira) ziczac Lin. S. P.

Margaritiphora radiata Lam. 8. P.

Mytilus canaliculus Hanley S. C.

Mytilus exiguus Dkr. 8. P.

Arca candida Chemn. S. P.

Area auriculata Lam. S. P.

Arca incongrua var. brasiliensis Orb. 8. C., R. Y.S., S. P.

Arca Orbignyi Kobelt (rhombea auct.) 8. P.

Leda electa A. Ad. 8. P.

Chama arcinella Lin. S. P.

Cardium muricatum Lin. S. P.

Venus subrostrata Lam. 8. P.

Venus circinata Lam. §. P.

Venus purpurata Lam. R. G. S.

Venus pectorina Lam. S. P., fossil.

Meretrix rostrata Koch. 8. P.

Meretrix texasiana Dall? S. P.

Tivela mactroides Born S. C.

Tivela Iheringi Dall, S. P.

Tivela bicolor Gray, var. S. C.

Lucinopsis tenuis Recluz 8. P.

Petricola robusta Sby., Bahia.

THE NAUTILUS.

Heterodonax bimaculata Lin.

Tagelus gibbus Spgl., Maldonado.

Tellina striatula Lam. 8. P.

Macha Cumingiana Dkr. S. P.

Mactra brasiliana Lam. S. P.

Mactra exalbida? worn, 8. P.

Mactra cleryana Orb. short var. 8. P.; long var. 8. C.
Mactra patagonica Orb. R. G.S.

Labiosa lineata Say, S. P.

Corbula caribseea Orb., Maldonado, Rush.

Azara prisca von Martens, (fossil) S. P.

Azara ochreata Hds., Montevideo.

Azara labiata Gray, Montevideo.

Barnea costata Lin. S. P.

Dentalium (? eburneum Desh. worn) S. P.
Cylichnella biplicata Lea, Maldonado, Rush.
Bulla striata Brug. 8. P.

Terebra cinerea Born, S. P., Bahia.

Terebra patagonica Orb. 8. P.

Olivancillaria auricularia L., Maldonado, R. G. S.
Olivancillaria var.? pallida Swains., M. Bahia.
Olivancillaria contortoplicata Rve. R. G. 8.
Olivancillaria Deshayesiana Duclos, R. G. S.
Olivella mutica Say, var. petiolita Duclos, Bahia, 8. P.
Scaphella angulata Lam. R. G. 8.

Lencozonia ocellata Gmel. Bahia.

Anachis terpsichore Leathes. Bahia.

Anachis lyrata Sby. Bahia.

Columbella mercatoria L.- Bahia.

Bullia (Buccinanops) cochlidium Kiener, R. G. 8.
Ocinebra Haneti Petit, Montevideo.

Purpura hemastoma L., Maldonado.

Purpura heemastoma var. Consul, Lam. R. G. S.
Purpura hemastoma var. inerma Rye. S. C.

Purpura hemastoma var. Floridana Conr. S. C., Bahia.

Scala Orbignyi Nyst. R. G.S.
Janthina exigua Lam. S. P.
Dolium galea Lin. R. G. S.
Simnia deflexa Sby. S. P.
Strombus pugilis L. 8. C.

111

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel. R. G. S., Maldonado (Rush.)
Crepidula fornicata Lin. R. G.S.

Sigaretus maculatus Say, S. C.

Acmea onychina Gld., 8. P. Maldonado.

Astralium olfersi Troschel, 8. P.

Astralium latispina Phil., 8. P.

Omphalius viridulus Gmel. var. brasiliensis Mke. S. P.
Omphalius patagonicus Orb., Maldonado.
‘Lucapinella adspersa Phil. S. P.

Fissuridea barbadensis var. rosea Gmel. 8. P.
Fissuridea patagonica Orb., Maldonado.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF CYPREA.

BY JOHN FORD.

Cyprea cruenta Gmel. var. Greegori n. var.

Shell depressed, orbicular-oval in form, heavily calloused on the
sides and ends. Callus on the sides light salmon in color, with irre-
gular purple-brown spots, having a blotchy appearance. Dorsal
surface similar to that of crwenta, but lacking the whitish spots typ-
ically present in that species. Base spotless, salmon colored, darkest
in the interstices. Teeth on outer lip very strong, long and whitish ;
on inner lip finer, with the exception of the anterior fold, and the
adjacent tooth, both of which are very prominent. Space between
the anterior fold and the following tooth wide and bright red;
posterior teeth of inner lip prolonged outward upon the base.

Dimensions of an average specimen: length 14, breadth § inch.

Ata glance this shell appears somewhat related to C. caurica
Linn., but a careful examination will show that it is entirely distinct
from that species, the columella of cawrica being more concave, and
the anterior fold bifid in character; the following tooth of cauriea
also is less prominent, and the form and color of the species
altogether different.

This variety differs from C. cruenta in being smaller, more
rounded in form, entirely lacking spots on the base, and in the
peculiar variations of the teeth as described above.

While most students would probably consider var. Greegoria
distinct species, I am inclined to believe it too closely related to C.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

eruenta for unquestionable specifie distinction. The form has not
been known, at least to American collectors, until very recently.

The shell bears the name of my good friend Mr. Isaiah Greegor,
of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, an untiring collector and student of
shells.

THE UNIO MUDDLE.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

For the past fifteen years my father and myself have been making
a study of the family Unionidze and have ‘brought together some-
thing like 700 species. Like many others we have often been greatly
perplexed to know where to place a form, being frequently reminded
of what a celebrated paleontologist once wrote me regarding a
certain gastropod. “It is but if it had lived a little
longer it would have been

Several years ago we brought to New York the results of four
years hard collecting in South Florida, several bushels of Unios.
The perplexing part of the work was commenced, having in hand a
figure or description or both of almost every species of the family.
All of the shells belonging to the trossulus group were placed upon
alargetable. There was U. amygdalum Lea, lepidus Gould, modioli-
formis Lea, and trossulus Lea. Then with the figures and descrip-
tions of these species before us, we selected a few perfectly typical
individuals of each species and undertook the task of dividing the
mass of material into four groups corresponding with the above-
named species. There were not less than 500 individuals, all cleaned
and taken alive. Many days were spent in this work. At the close
of the day we would congratulate ourselves that they were correctly
divided and the next day on reviewing the work make many
changes, until, at last, we gave up in despair and have never dared
to send many of them out—only the extreme forms being thus far
used. :

Then the work of dividing the others in the same manner was
undertaken. Typical specimens of various ages and differing sexes
of the following species were selected. U. Buckleyi Lea, Jayanus
Lea, Anthonyi Lea, Buddianus Lea, aheneus Lea, Blandingianus
Lea, coruscus Gould (comparison having been made with the type at
Albany), fuscatus Lea, Jewettii Lea, minor Lea, Monroensis Lea

9

114 THE NAUTILUS.

(here let me say that I have traversed every inch of the shore of L.
Monroe, dredging in scores of places in the lake and adjacent
streams and never found a perfectly typical specimen of this species),
occultus Lea, and papyraceus Gould, the last a specimen loaned from
the Newcomb collection. When we finished, thousands of specimens
remained that could not well be placed with any of the groups.
These were divided into groups and further search made among the
various authorities at hand to discover their identity. After elim-
inating all possible, many interesting forms remained, represented by
large numbers of individuals. These we desired to classify and use
in exchanges, and names we must have for them. We reasoned thus:
The water system of South Florida is in no way connected with
Georgia or the States north, the rivers flowing northward instead of
southward ; many of these forms are found in isolated lakes or
ponds; large numbers of our known species described by Lea,
Conrad and others from a single individual, sometimes a single valve
only and rarely more than a small suite being at hand; some of the
oldest known species have never been found outside of the original
station. These facts justify us in erecting into species such well
marked forms as are well represented in these unknown lots.
Accordingly this was done and now I am censured for not haying
given the matter sufficient study. Will those who claim to know,
tell us through the Nauriius how they arrive at such definite and
positive conclusions regarding the genuineness of some of my own
and other’s species? Will the censor name the exact characteristics
of any species? Information of this sort will be hailed with wild
delight by all working naturalists, and the name of the discoverer will
always be held in grateful remembrance by all lovers of science. We
wait.

I believe there can be no safe middle ground. It is either true
that there is but one species in the family or else most of the
described species must stand as good.

In the U.S. the Anodon graduates by imperceptible stages into
the Margaritana and that into the Unio.

We once found a lot of shells in a Pennsylvania stream that both-
ered us greatly, and the jate Dr. Wesley Newcomb pronounced them
a cross between An. undulata Say, and U. pressus Lea. Exteriorly
they were the latter but interiorly the former. This suggests the law
of hybridization. Distinguished authorities tell us that members of
the same species only are fertile; the crosses in some rare cares prov-

THE NAUTILUS. ils

ing fertile only for a generation or two. Crosses of widely differing
forms or races are very fertile, but sterility is the law with members
of the same family but of differing species. Has this test been
applied to the family Unionidze? This seems to be the only way
the true boundaries of species will be fixed.

It can be asserted without fear of suecessful contradiction that the
members of this family (Unionidz) are connected in such a manner
that it is impossible to draw a limit to any species. The same is
true in many other families, recent and fossil, as the Ammonites,
snails, sponges, etc. Is it not true that species are mutabie, similar
conditions and surroundings only yielding like forms? Dr. New-
comb, to settle a dispute, reared from a single pair, five species (?) of
Achatinella, their surroundings being varied to produce the desired
change. The most cautious recent investigators incline to the theory
of mutability of species. The wild dog has descended from the wolf ;
the domestic dog in all its forms from the wild dog; the domestic
cat from the wild cat and the pet guinea-pigs from the wild guinea-
pig of Brazil. The domestic forms of these will not pair with
ancestors, the new species being evolved by differing conditions.

Hence it is that almost every branch of Zoology is burdened with
synonymy and is in great confusion. The only practical course for
the purpose of classification and study of Natural History is to
admit that the principal well characterized forms are species. There
is no other course open to us and I have concluded from this pro-
cess of reasoning that Lea’s, Conrad’s and others’ names, where based
on well characterized and differing forms as exhibited in numerous
individuals, will have to stand as “good species” in spite of the
dictum of individuals. This must be the case or the very founda-
tion of all Natural Science will be destroyed and systemization be
impossible. It, therefore behooves us to exercise much caution in
our strictures upon the work of others especially where we have not
the means of knowing the facilities possessed by the one with whom
we differ.

Regarding the classification of the family Unionide, I think Dr.
Lea’s Synopsis a pretty close approximation to what we want. By
making some changes it becomes a most useful adjunct to the
cabinet. It enables the student to hunt down a species by the pro-
cess of elimination very expeditiously. I have found some changes
and additions expedient. The habitat is entered opposite each
species as also a reference to the work, page and plate where it is

116 THE NAUTILUS.

described, together with marginal notes of allied species, and all the
species described since the last edition was published are entered in
their proper place as indicated by the author. A new edition of
this work is what we need and not any sweeping change in the
arrangement of species.

ON CLEMENTIA SUBDIAPHANA CPR. IN SAN PEDRO BAY.

BY MRS. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

To a collector interested in the geographical distribution of shells,
the occurrence of species in distinct areas, is full of interest, even
though it may modify his preconceived notions regarding defined
limits of certain species.

In Dr. Wm. H. Dall’s work, “On some New or Interesting West
American Shells,” (From Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV), he
reports the dredging of Clementia subdiaphana Cpr., near San
Francisco Bay, in 24 fms. The writer says, “the locality whence
the specimen was obtained is 600 miles farther south than before
reported.” The habitat of this species was Vancouver Island and
Puget Sound, until Dr. Dall dredged it from Port Etches and south-
ward on the Alaskan coast. A small valve of Clementia subdiaph- -
ana has recently been collected in San Pedro Bay, by Mrs. Laura
H. Trowbridge. Mrs. Trowbridge found it on the beach and sent it
to me for identification. As nothing like it had been collected in
San Pedro Bay, to my knowledge, I sent the interesting specimen to
Dr. Dall for determination. He writes; “looking over some
material now on hand, I find young specimens from among my
dredgings of 1875 at Catalina Island, and a young one dredged in
1890 off Santa Barbara by the Fish Commission, thus fully confirm-
ing the extension southward.” This extends the species 500 miles
farther south.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Placostylus alienus n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical, with conical spire, very solid, the body-
whorl buff, spire tawny. Whorls 43, convex. Aperture slightly
exceeding half the total length of the shell, somewhat oblique,
oblong ovate, whitish inside becoming orange toward the lip; per-

THE NAUTILUS. 117

istome very heavily calloused within, the callus orange; face of the
lip convex, thickened, a little expanded; columella arcuate, reflexed,
having a strong fold above the middle, produced by a strong cres-
centic ridge which encircles the columella immediately behind the
reflexed columellar lip. There is a shallow peripheral sulcus upon
the latter third of the body-whorl.

Alt. 29, diam. 143 mill.; alt. of aperture 162, width 10 mill.,
inclusive of peristome.

Habitat, New Hebrides.

This species was sent to me by Dr. J. C. Cox of Sydney, N.S. W.
Australia. It seems to be quite distinct from any of the described
forms. In some characters it resembles the genus Diplomorpha,
and Dr. Cox suggests that it may belong to that group; but the
balance of characters seem to me in favor of Placostylus.

Dr. Cox writes “I have only recently received this, to me, quite a
new species of shell, and fancy it belongs rather to the genus Diplo-
morpha than to Bulimus. I have one specimen with a thin brown
epidermis on it, another with the mouth quite pale colored.”

NOTES ON THE HELICES OF THE BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.
BY H. A. PEDS ERY:

Dr. von Marten’s work on the land shells of Middle America,
now in course of publication in Godman and Salvin’s magnificent
work, Biologia Centrali-Americana, promises to rank as one of the
great faunal works of our time. Coming after Crosse and Fischer’s
elaborate and beautiful volume, it is naturally more complete, and
to a great degree supplements the work of the French authors.

The last parts of the Biologia issued contain a portion of the
account of the Helices, and as a résumé of the principal points of
classification will be of interest to specialists, the writer has ventured
to briefly pass them in review.

v. Martens recognizes ParuLA as a genus, and in it he includes
the sections Thysanophora and Microconus.

In the genus Hetrx the following subgenera are adopted:
Acanthinula, Vallonia, Trichodiscina, Practicolella, Arionta, Pom-
atia, Lysinoé, Oxychona, and Solaropsis. In the subgenus Acan-
thinula are included the minute, conical-globose, narrowly umbil-
icated forms for which the writer some years ago proposed the name
Ptychopatula. These formsseem to me to be nothing more than nar-

118 THE NAUTILUS.

rowly perforated Patule, having no especial relations to Acanthinula.
The jaw and dentition of A. granum Strebel are like the thin-shelled
Mexican Patulas, not at all like Acanthinula. The subgenus Tri-
chodiscina Martens (—Trichodiscus Strebel, preoc.) includes the
forms grouping around H. coactiliata Fér. The very peculiar
species H. macneili Crosse is included with doubt. If it really
belongs here, the name Averellia Ancey, 1887 (type H. maeneili)
will take precedence over Trichodiscina. In 1889 the writer from
a study of specimens collected by Gabb, referred this species to
Cepolis, although not without doubt.

(Zo be continued.)

NOTES AND NOTICES.

ZONITES STERKII Dall.—lI collected this species last Spring near
Mt. Lebanon, La., under damp leaves. Dr. Sterki kindly deter-
mined the specimens for me— ZT. Wayland Vaughan.

Nores oN THE UNIONID& OF FLORIDA AND THE SOUTHEASTERN
Srates, by Charles T. Simpson, Aid in the Dept. of Mollusks, U.
S. National Mus. (82 pp., 26 pl. extract from Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. XV). In this critical study of the mussels of the southeast
drainage we find much to commend. Mr. Simpson discusses their
distribution, dividing our area into two regions, one the Mississippi
Valley with the Texas and eastern Mexican area as a subregion, the
other region comprising the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico
from the Mississippi to Florida, and the Atlantic drainage north to
Canada, and also including the St. Lawrence (Great Lake) drain-

age. In this second region, the specific forms are comparatively few _

and much less diversified in character than in the Mississippi drain-
age. One of the most ubiquitous types is Unio complanatus, which
extends, with variations, throughout the system.

Lea’s well-known classification of Unio is criticised and designated
as “artifical and not in accordance with all the facts of nature ;”
and in this conclusion we heartily join Mr. Simpson. The arrange-
ment of Lea was a temporary expedient only, and bears about the
same relation to a natural system that the arbitrary systematic
botany of Linnzeus bears to the modern natural system of plants.
The species are classified into “groups” by Mr. Simpson; and
under each one are given the synonyms, as he understands them,
with notes on distribution, and the salient specific characters of each
are pointed out. These notes, with the characteristic and generally

THE NAUTILUS. 119

very good outline figures of all the species, will be of the greatest
use to students of the Uniones of this region. The synonymy given
under some species, such as U. buckleyi, obesus, ete. is rather alarm-
ingly extensive, and some of his conclusions may cause our Unio-
specialists to hurl (verbal) missiles at Mr. 8.’s devoted head, “just
to show there’s no ill feeling;” but the Uniologist must learn
to dodge these little things or take them in good part, as they are
all incident to the pursuit of a noble science. One new species, U.
subluridus, is described, from Orange Springs, Volusia Co., Fla.
We are sorry to see that by some oversight., Mr. S. has given to
Lea the beautiful Anodonta of the Florida lakes. It was previously
described by Thomas Say, and attains a much larger size than the
figures given by Lea or Simpson.—H. A. P.

CypR#®A CHRYSALIS Kiener.—This species, which apparently has
not been seen by REEVE, SowERBY and RoBerts, who quote their
descriptions from K1ENER, is commented upon and described by
MEeELvILL in the October number of the Journal of Conchology,
issued last month. He places the species between irrorata Sol. and
quadrimaculata Gray ; and it is considered by him a good species,
possessing some of the attributes of the C. fimbriata Gmel. var.
microdon Gray, some of C. (Naria) irrorata Gray, and others of
quadrimaculata Gray, but differs from all in the produced extrem-
ities.

CyPpR#A AMPHITHALES Mely. is also discussed in the same paper,
a more perfect specimen than the type having been obtained from
Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. This species has the characters of
Cypreovula, combined with those of “ Luponia” algoensis. It has
lately been figured by Sowerby in “The Marine Shells of South
Africa,” pl. 5, figs. 94-96.

Posr PLIocENE SHELLs.—In the January Naurivus, p. 103, a
list of semi-fossil shells from Belten, Texas, is given. The Zonites
mentioned without specific name is a large form of Z. indentatus
Say. The Planorbis is trivolvis; and the Physa is a very slender
form, like a small Apleaa hypnorum, or the slenderest sort of a Ph.
pomilia Con. It seems to be new, but is represented in Mr. Cran-
dall’s collection by a single specimen.

SPrRULA FRAGILIS FOUND ON THE BEACH NEAR Gay HEApD,
Mass.—The stranding of Spirula fragilis on Nantucket has been
described in Binney and Gould’s Invertebrates of Massachusetts.
It may be of interest as showing the further distribution of this little

120 THE NAUTILUS.

cephalopod to note two specimens of the dried internal shells of this
species found by Dr. Aug. F’. Foerste and myself on the sandy beach
between Gay Head light-house and Squibnocket, in August, 1889.
The specimens lay on the surface together, above high tide mark,
are the only examples which I have seen from the island of Martha’s
Vineyard. One of the specimens, which I have lately deposited in
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, was broken
anteriorly and the protoconch was missing.—J. B. Woodworth.

Cambridge, Mass., January 21st., 1895.

Newsparer Concnotocy.—The gloriously free daily press of
this country does not often discuss scientific matters, but when it does,
facts are apt to be mangled. The following clipping is not so bad:
“Tt is generally supposed to be a sign of wet weather when snails
go about without their shells. | One species of snail never takes its
walks abroad except when rain is at hand. Some climb trees two
days before a down fall, setting upon the upper side of the leaves if
a storm is to be of short duration, but taking shelter on the under
side if it is to last some time. Still other snails turn yellow before
rain, and blue when it is over.”

Mr. JoHN WALTON, formerly of Ward’s Natural Science
Establishment, Rochester, N. Y., is now employed as Artist in the
Biological Department of the University of Chicago, and his address
in future will be Science Hall, University of Chicago, Chieago, Ill.

THE DEATH OF RICHARD OwEN, the great anatomist, has been
announced.

Mr. Isaac MARTINDALE, well-known as a botanist and entomol-
ogist, and treasurer of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, died at his home in Camden on January 10th. |

AT THE ANNUAL election of the Conchological Section Academy
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the following officers were chosen :
Director, W. S. W. Ruschenberger; Vice Director, John Ford;
Secretary, Edw. J. Nolan; Treasurer, S. Raymond Roberts; Con-
servator, Henry A. Pilsbry.

EXCHANGES.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to exchange for shells from
any other locality —Morris Schick, 2349 Fairhill St., Philadelphia,
d etek

To excHANGE: Fine fossils for Foreign or rare North American
Helices. Also wanted, “ Manual of American Land Shells” by
W. G. Binney, 1885.—C. S. Hodgson, Albion, Illinois.

hae N@rius.

VOL. VI. MARCH, 1898. No. 11

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICES OF NEW ZEALAND.

BY DR. H. VY. IHERING.

Upon this matter Mr. Pilsbry has communicated two papers in
the Nauritus for 1892 (pp. 54-57 and 67-69). <A curious con-
firmation of his observations upon simultaneous discoveries in
science is the fact that I published the same ideas as Mr. Pilsbry,
at the same time, in a paper finished by mein 1891." In that paper,
p. 487, I stated that:

Maoriana Suter is synonymous with Strobila ;

Phrixqgnathus Hutton is synonymous with Punctum.

And that these genera, and also the (so-called) Microphysa, and
the other allied New Zealand genera are Patulide. Mr. Pilsbry
having made the same disposition of them in his paper, p. 55.

Mr. Pilsbry, again, (p. 69) has offered the same opinion upon the
systematic value of the mucous pore as I have done on p. 401 of my
paper, and has even used the same examples, to which I added
Zonites with, and Zonitoides without mucous pore. I trust that
Messrs Hedley and Suter will recognize from the study of my paper,
that the ideas of Semper on the Zonitide are extremely erroneous;
and that they will therefore agree with Pilsbry and myself, in dis-
carding Semper’s conclusions.

1H. v. Ihering Morphologie und Systematik des Genitalapparates von
Helix, Leipzig, 1892. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoolog. Bd. 54, p. 886-420 and Taf,
18, 19.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

I agree completely with Mr. Pilsbry in regarding the numerous
“genera” of the Charopide instituted by our Australasian confréres
as subgenera of Patula. Thus Patula is a completely cosmopolitan
genus. The true Helicide do not exist in New Zealand. In
my paper already cited, I have restricted the family Helicide (p.
426) to the genera having a dart sack or sacks (belogonous). These
are the following:

1. Xerophila (Held.) v. Ih.

. Fruticicola (Held.) vy. th.
. Helix (L.) v. Ih.

. Campylea (Beck) v. Ih.
. Gonostoma Held.

. Doreasia (Gray) v. Ih.

7. Cochlostyla Fér.

The genus Helix comprises Tachea, Pomatia, Iberus, Macularia.
The Helices of U.S. are not belogonous and form my genus Neo-
helix (p. 482), corresponding in general to what Mr. Pilsbry called
Polygyra. But as Mr. Pilsbry’s genus also included Gonostoma
and Vallonia, these genera are not synonymous. It is not at all
convenient to give the name Po/ygyra to the section Polygyra and
also to a greater group which each zoologist defines in a different
manner. The genus Neohelix is a very natural one, but its system-
atic position will not be evident until the origin and affinities of the
genus are demonstrated, and this, I believe, will be made out by
farther anatomical and embryological studies.

I provisionally give the name Parahelix (p. 492) to all Helices
which are not Helicide or Neohelix. Theanatomy of the Parahelix
group is almost unknown.

The family of Helicide is not represented (excepting the imported
genera) in the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains; and there seems
no paleontological evidence that they formerly existed there. The
genus Campylea extends from Europe and Asia to California,
Central America and eastern South America. These South Amer-
ican Helices without doubt are pliocene immigrants. No Helicide
are found in Australia, New Zealand or Polynesia. Nor in Chile
and La Plata tertiary beds no true Helicide occur. There can be
no doubt that the family Helicide is a palearctic one, which in
tertiary time extended to America.

I agree in general with the observations made by Mr. Pilsbry on
the relations of the New Zealand fauna; but I believe that Mr.

Ico Ot & © bo

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Pilsbry did not take into consideration the disposition of some cos-
mopolitan genera in certain points. Thus Pupa is represented but
by one species in New Zealand, and Succinea not at all; and not-
withstanding there are perhaps no two genera of Nephropneusta
more cosmopolitan than Pupa and Sueccinea. The genera Physa,
Planor bis, Limnea, Ancylus (with Latia), Cyclus, Pisidium, Neritina,
Helicina, Melania are cosmopolitan but have disappeared with time
in some localities. Some genera now confined to one locality were
once cosmopolitan like Partula, now Polynesian only, but found in
the European eocene by Oppenheim and in the Florida miocene by
Heilprin. Other genera may have been more restricted in distribu-
tion as I presume with the Chilinas of Archiplata, which shall be
discovered I assume some day in mesozoic beds of Australia or New
Zealand. It is to be studied which are the genera or families of
Nephropneusta which once spread cosmopolitan over the globe.
I can name Patula, Succinea, Pupaand perhapssome Zonitide, Bul-
imulus with Partula, Bulimus with allied genera.

If we compare the molluscan fauna of South America and New
Zealand, it is evident that it is impossible to expect to see the rela-
tions as very close. Both have undergone enormous modification
since they were disconnected in the beginning of the tertiary period
according to the theories of Mr. Hutton and myself. The archiplatan
province of South America has in the later tertiary received
immigrants from North and Central America (such as Campylea) and
from the Archamazonian province (as Streptaxis, Ampullaria, Glaba-
ris, ete.). New Zealand on the other hand, received immigrants from
the adajacent islands and from Australia, and this Australian
element is perhaps in part Asiastic. The genera common to Archi-
plata and New Zealand thus may be very few. Anyone who studies
land shells from Archiplata, excluding the northern immigrants will
be astonished by the extreme poverty of the fauna. And what remain
as presumably autochthonous, are such genera as Pupa, Succinea,
Patula, Bulimulus, Bulimus.

I am quite aware that these facts are not sufficient to prove the
ancient connection of Archiplata and New Zealand; but it should
also be stated that no facts contradictory to such connection have
been adduced. The argument can be conclusive only when we know
better the paleontological history of the fauna. What is known
to-day is in favor of my theory, as I have demonstrated in relation
to the fresh-water shells. Also the fossil marine shells will probably

124 THE NAUTILUS.

give the same result. Is it not a curious fact, that in the Patagonia
eocene occurs a true Struthiolaria, a genus not elsewhere encountered
either recent or fossil but in New Zealand? A1] these questions can
only progress when the relations of the fossil faunas of Australia and
New Zealand are compared with those of South America.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE LAND-SNAIL FAUNA OF QUEENSLAND,
AUSTRALIA.!

. BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

In a former article I dealt with the internal distribution of the
mollusea of British New Guinea. A few remarks on the external
relations of this fauna have since suggested themselves. Wallace’s
line, so conspicuous a severance among the vertebrates, appears to
be quite blotted out when the distribution of animals is regarded
from a molluscan standpoint. No sharp break occurs between the
Malayan fauna as exemplified in Borneo or the Philippines and in
New Guinea. All the characteristic Malayan forms, Atopos, Xesta,
Helicarion, Microcystina, Trochomorpha, Obba, Chloritis, Cochlostyla,
Pupina and Diplommatina, are common to both regions.. The
Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa, etc., appear by the light of the Papuan
shells to be inhabited by an eastern extension of this Malayan fauna,
which has also overflowered into Queensland.

One of the most remarkable facts yielded by an analysis of the
Australian land molluscan fauna is that the operculate snails are
confined to a narrow strip of land along the Queensland coast.
Proceeding southward from Torres Straits, they diminish gradually
till the last outpost of the invading army is reached about the Clar-
ence River. The sole apparent exception to this rule is Truncatella,
which spreads to Tasmania and South Australia; but as this genus
is strictly littoral and evidently migrates not by land but by sea, it
cannot be considered as a disturbing factor in my generalization.
Contrasting the fauna of Queensland with the more typically
Australian and probably archaic fauna of Tasmania, Victoria and
Western Australia on the one side, and that of New Guinea on the
other, it will be seen that this foreign aspect of the operculate genera
Pupina, Helicina and Diplommatina is shared by the inoperculate

1 From an article in Proc. Lin. Soc. N. 8S. Wales, Australia.

age ho ie

wits

. )
ee ee

THE NAUTILUS. 135

forms of Atopos, Hadra, Chiloritis and Pupuina ; Atopos prismaticus ~
of Papua claiming affinity with A. australis of Queensland; Hadra
broadbenti with H. fraseri; Chloritis chloritoides with C. porteri;
and Papuina naso with P. macgillivrayi. The species actually
common to both regions are few; B.macleayi inhabits both countries,
T. annula only finds a place in the Queensland catalogue by court-
esy, while Pupa pedicula, S. gracilis, T. ceylonica, T. valida, and
Leptopoma vitreum are widespread throughout Polynesia. From
these premises it may be deduced that the Queensland mollusk fauna,
though isolated sufficiently long to have lost specific identity with
that of Papua, has nevertheless been derived from it. __

The shallow sea of Torres Straits now severs this continent from
the adjoining island. Were its bed raised but seven fathoms, the
two countries would be united, while an elevation of ten fathoms
would form a wide bridge between them. When the marine life
east and west of Torres Straits is better known, it will be of interest
to observe whether the influence of an ancient isthmus is still visible
in any divergence between the fauna inhabiting the two areas.

Further to the westward, the coasts of Australia and New Guinea
again converge, being separated by an arm of the Arafura Sea,
which gradually shoals from a central depth of 40 fathoms and
stretches for about 150 miles between Cape Wessel in the northern
territory and Cape Valsche on the opposite shore of Dutch New
Guinea.

In the Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia, Vol. v.,
pp. 47-56, Professor Tate enumerates the land and fresh-water
mollusca of tropical S. Australia [North-central Australia] it is
remarkable that whereas a third of the landshells of Papua and a
sixth of the landshells of Queensland are operculate, his census
includes no operculate landshells whatever. Thus at the remote
date when the ancestors of the present Queensland mollusk fauna
migrated from New Guinea across the ancient isthmus that I suppose
to have bridged Torres Straits, the Arafura Sea appears to have still
presented an impassible barrier between the two countries. The
former elevation of land in this region, if uniform from east to west,
may therefore be calculated at more than seven and less than forty
fathoms.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

HELICES COLONIZED IN HERKIMER C0O., N. Y.

BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL.

Mr. Albert Bailey recently sent me specimens of Helix elevata,
Helix Mitchelliana, Helix profunda and Helix exoleta from localities
in Herkimer Co., N. Y. The following notes bearing upon the
occurrence of these species in Herkimer county are extracted from
a letter received from Mr. Bailey :—

“T think it will be necessary for me to explain the presence of
certain Helices in Herkimer Co., N. Y. Several years ago (about
20) Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, colonized several species from
Ohio in a branch of the ravine leading from Ilion to Cedarville.
The specimens sent you are the offspring of the imported species.
Of Mesodon exoleta Binn., I have collected many specimens—in fact
they have become numerous. Vesodon Mitchelliana is also quite
plentiful. Of Mesodon elevata I have found only nine specimens.
Of Mesodon profunda I have six perfect specimens and some
immature. Of Mesodon multilineata I have not succeeded in finding
any. I have had the good fortune to find one reversed or left
handed Mesodon exoleta.”

NOTES ON UNIO CORUSCUS GOULD.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

In the Proce. of the National Museum, Vol. xv., page 419, Mr.
Chas. T. Simpson, of the Smithsonian Institution, makes some notes
on this species and others which he considers identical with it. He
classes my beautifully rayed chestnut U. fryanus with the rayless,
pitehy-black species, which Dr. Gould described in Proc. Bost. Soe.
Nat. Hist., 1856, p. 15, as U. coruscus. The description says “ epi-
dermide piceo,’ or tar-like, “solida,” or solid, “transverse ovata
ad dorsum lata,” or transversely ovate and broad behind. The
habitat is given as the “St. John’s River, near Beresford, Florida.”
The author remarks that it might be taken for a young U. buckleyi
Lea, but is more solid, less angular and darker colored, stronger
hinge.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

I have tried hard to find out just what shell Dr. Gould described,
have compared shells with the original type and have collected over
every foot of ground in the vicinity of Lake Beresford, where the
types were found. The original is a wedge-shaped, pitchy-black,
rayless and very solid shell and in but one particular, resembles my
handsomely rayed, oval, thinnish shell, with a light chestnut epider-
mis. The single point of resemblance is the nacre, which in both is
brilliantly copper colored and iridescent. The type shell at Albany
is truncated anteriorly, and very abruptly so, according to my fig-
ures which are most faithful representations of the different views
of Dr. Gould’s type specimen, and the dorsal margin is much more
strongly arched than in any of my U. fryanus. I will add that my
shell was not described from a small representation, but I have
fully a half bushel as near alike as two pins; and I will add
further that no man can find my shell in Lake Beresford or in that
vicinity. Neither can it be said that they have become extinct
there as no vestige of them occurs on Hontoon Island, at the
entrance to Lake Beresford, where there is a perpendicular cut or
enbankment, fully fifteen feet high, through a mass of Unios.

True it isthat U. fryanus can be connected by intermediate forms
with U. coruscus Gd. So also I can just as perfectly connect Mr.
Simpson’s U. swbluridus, which he bas just described from Florida,
with any one of a half dozen Florida species.

SLUGS INJURING COFFEE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Mr. Walter W. Wynne, of Brokenhurst, Mandeville, Jamaica,
sends me some slugs which injure his coffee trees, together with the
following interesting notes: ‘I first noticed this pest in 1888; it
was brought to my notice by seeing numbers of brown leaves on
the trees, all at the ends of the primaries. I was very much afraid
the leaf disease had come here; however, on examination I found
the new growth was, in every case, barked, and after some search
found it was done by the slug. Since the discovery I have hardly
left off my ‘picking gang,’ which turns over the rocks and stones,
dead tree-trunks, etc., where the beasts lurk in daytime; I have also
put heaps of lime at the tree roots, which helps to keep them away

128 THE NAUTILUS.

and at the same time does the trees good. On the whole, though, I
think the best plan is to plant bananas or plantains, which I am
doing, as they are the especially favorite food of the slug, and by
carefully searching the bananas, ete., great numbers can be found.
The people remember a plague of these slugs some twenty years
ago.’

Mr. Wynne has gone into the question of remedies so carefully
that there is little to add from the practical standpoint. It would
probably be a good plan to encircle the trees, near the ground, with
a thick ring of some obnoxious substance, such as coal tar or cart-
grease. This could be done quite cheaply, and the slugs would be
prevented from ascending the trees.

These slugs belong to a species called Weronicella Hoag They
were first noticed by Sir Hans Sloane, and afterward named s/oanii
by Cuvier. I have seen a specimen, collected by Sloane, preserved
in the British Museum. The typical form is white or whitish, but
Mr. Wynne’s specimens constitute a variety, which may be called

‘eronicella sloanti var. coffee. This variety is over three inches
long when adult, and about an ineh and a quarter broad. Above
it is dark brown, obscurely mottled with darker, but beneath white,
more or less tinged with yellow. The foot or sole on which it walks
is very much narrower than the body.

Institutewf Jamaica, Jany. 26th, 1893.

NOTES ON THE HELICES OF THE BIOLOGIA CENTRALI AMERICANA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

[ Continued from p. 117.]

The new section, Praticolella, is proposed by von Martens to.
replace Praticola Str. & Pffr., preoccupied. H. griseola and H.
berlandieriana are united and both are well figured. The use of the
subgeneric name Lysinoé for the Aglaia and Odontura of previous
authors, is a needed reform and was adopted some years ago by the
writer. The Mexican species of Arionta, described a year ago by
R. E. C. Stearns, is not included.

In his rehabilitation of the subgenus OxycHona, Dr. v. Martens.
neglects to state that he follows the arrangement originated by the
writer three years ago, and discussed at length in the Manual of
Conchology (2), V, p. 128.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Oddly enough, v. Martens says that “perhaps also the Brazilian
Al. bifaseiata and H. lonchostoma may find their natural place in
this subgenus.” The “perhaps” might well have been omitted in
view of the fact that H. bifasciata is the type of the group! The
curious H. sigmoides of Morelet is placed with doubt in SoLarop-
SIS.

The genus PotyGyra is adopted in the sense in which it is
understood by myself and later American writers. Two new spe-
cies of Polygyra are described and figured.

Of the genus SrRoBILA an interesting form, S. salvini Tristr., is
described and figured. It is from N. Guatemala and resembles our
S. labyrinthica, but the umbilicus is much wider.

The part concludes with the genus Lasyrintuus. ‘This group
will prove to be a subgenus or section only of the genus Caracolus,
as defined by me in 1889. The anatomical characters of Caracolus
and its sections, Lucerna, Dentellaria, etc., have been discussed in
the Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., during the past year.

NOTES UPON DR. v. IHERING’S OBSERVATIONS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The paper upon New Zealand Helices by our distinguished South
American correspondent calls to mind a few thoughts which may be -
of interest to those who have read the previous articles.

It may be stated here, although: the matter of no consequence,
that my two articles upon this subject were published respectively
two and one month prior to the issue of the zweiter Theil of v. Iher-
ing’s paper’ (the portion containing his remarks upon New Zea-
land forms), although there is no doubt that the latter was written
before mine, in fact during 1891. Our essential agreement upon
certain points is a great satisfaction to me because it is a strong
recommendation of the truth of those views. Especially is this the
case in the estimation made by each of us of the systematic value of
the mucous pore in Zonitide, and in the reliance upon characters of
the generative system for the foundation of generic groups of Pul-
nonates. In regard to the mucous pore the writer wrote emphatic-
ally some years ago, that it could not be a family character, and in
some cases is not even generic. Should we make a new “family”

1 Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool.. 54, drittes Heft. Ausgegeben den 4, Oct-
ober, 1892. Received at Philadelphia, Oct. 25, 1892.

130 THE. NAUTILUS.

for Pecilozonites, which has the dentition, radula, etc., of Zonites,
but no mucous pore? Or for Streptostyla ligulata because it has a tail-
pore while some of the other Streptostylas with very similar shell and
anatomy have none?

Passing over Dr. v. Ihering’s limitation of the family Helicide,
which I can readily prove to be untenable, I may be excused for
making some mention of the new genus Neohelix. Several years
ago, when I recognized the essential identity of Polygyra, Triodopasis,
Mesodon, etc., 1 selected the first of these as a generic name for the
whole, because it was the oldest name proposed. In common with
the vast majority of modern naturalists, I recognize the rule of
PRIORITY as absolute. Were it otherwise I could change Dr. v.
Thering’s Neohelix to “ Paleohelix” on the ground that he includes
H. townsendiana Lea in it, that species being really a Lysinoe!' Or
on the ground that Neohelix is a misnomer, for they are not “new”
helices at all, but a much older, more archaic type than the genuine
Helix of Europe! The latter, indeed, are the new Helix, being the
most highly specialized of all Helices.

As to v. Thering’s group “ Perahelix,’ formed to include “ all
Helices not Helicide or Neohelix,” it seems to me to be an entirely
unnecessary addition to nomenclature; for it would include forms
in no way related to one another. The anatomy may be unknown
‘to Dr. v. Ihering, but, as may be seen by glancing over my paper
on the genera of Helices, it is not unknown to some others. It is as
if one were to propose a “family” to include all carnivora not
belonging to Felide or Canide.

In respect to the former wide range of Partula, it should be said
that Oppernheim’s “ Partula” are Buliminus, and Heilprin’s are Bul-
imulus ; both groups exist in the same regions to-day. A word on
the former connection of New Zealand and South America. The
only elements the two faunas have in common seem to be either (1)
cosmopolitan genera, all of which probably date back to the Car-
boniferous period, or (2) genera of like ancient origin, but which
have been replaced in the Tropics and the North by the more mod-
ern types developed by the more active competition. At the same
time, I offer this simply as an opinion, which may stand or fall. In
any case, the hypothesis of Prof. Hutton and Dr. von Ihering is of
great interest, and cannot fail to stimulate investigation of this most
important question.

‘vy. Ihering probably meant 77. piychophora Brown, a Mesodon formerly
confused with the other species.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

G. W. LICHTENTHALER.

To-day the news has reached me from California, of the death in
San Francisco, February 20th, of GzorcE W. LicutEnrHa er, late
of Bloomington, Ill. He was an enthusiastic conchologist, and his

‘name is well known among lovers of shells, throughout the country.
Deeply interested from the start in the success of the American
Association of Conchologists, he contributed largely to its special
American collection. Many of the labels in that collection, especi-
ally of West Coast shells, bear his name. But not alone in public
was his generosity shown. Many of our younger conchologists can
testify to the practical help received from him in the early stages of
their study. He was a quiet, unassuming man, and it is fitting that
we should express in words the sense of loss which we all feel.

I first met him in 1878 on the Pacific Coast, where he spent the
winter for many years accompanied by his wife, travelling from San
Diego to Puget Sound, in search of the forms of marine life which .
were their special objects of study. His wife died not many years
after the period of which I speak, deeply mourned, and since then
he has travelled alone. I last saw him in Oakland about a year
ago.— Wm. J. Raymond.

NOTES AND NOTICES.

ANNOUNCEMENT.—Conrad’s “ Fossil Shells of the Tertiary For-
mations of North America” will be republished as soon as 100 sub-
scriptions can be obtained at $3.00 each. The republication will
consist of No’s 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the original edition, 1832-33, and
the so-called reprint of No. 8, 1835. The various changes made in
the text of each of these parts in different editions will be given in
full. Those desiring copies of this work should confer at once
with Mr. G. D. Harris, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

The Wagner Free Institute of Science will doubtless republish
Conrad’s “ Medial Tertiary ” under somewhat similar conditions.

HELIX NEMORALIS IN Wisconstn.—While in Baraboo, Sauk
Co., Wis., last fall, a little boy gave me a handful of Hediz shells, that
he said he picked up in the summer, while his father was plowing.
They were all dead excepting one, which seemed to be of a different
species and new to me. Through the kindness of Mr. Bryant
Walker, I found the shell to be of the European species, Helix
nemoralis Miiller. It was so late in the fall I could not go out and

132 ‘THE NAUTILUS.

look for more specimens, but hope to be able to do so in the spring,
If I succeed in finding more will report it, believing that some of the
readers of the Nie we would be interested in the find, from this
locality.— Nettie A. Rowley, Evansville, Wis.

CANTHARIDuS IRIS Martyn.—It is not generally known, we
believe, that the young of this handsome New Zealand shell is
umbilicated ; but a specimen 18 mill. in length in the collection of
Mr. Shelley G. Crump shows this to be the case. The umbilicus is
narrow and like that of an Eutrochus. The shell is evidently quite
normal, and would serve quite well for a “new species” of Eutro-
chus, the periphery being sharper than in adult C. iris. Under a
lens the surface of this specimen, as well as of some others in the
Philadelphia Academy collection, is seen to be finely pitted, as if
eroded by an Eschara. We say as 7f, for no trace of foreign growth is
visible on the shell. It would be interesting to know the cause of
this sculpturing.—H. A. P. & C. W. J.

Dr. Wm. H. Datt’s second volume upon the tertiary mollusea
of Florida, etc. has appeared. A full notice of the numerous impor-
tant additions to our knowledge of this fauna contained therein will
be given next month.

An interesting paper.read by Mr. Joseph Willcox before the
Delaware County Institute of Science, entitled “On THE EvyoLuTIoN
OF THE EARTH AND THE HEAVENLY Boptes,” has been published
in pamphlet form. The course of cosmic and terrestrial evolution
is graphically described in the light of the latest researches; it
would be difficult to find elsewhere the same amount of reliable infor-
mation presented in such compact and readable form.

EXCHANGES.

Wantep.—Fossils, especially Trilobites, also Murex and Zonites,
any locality, and shells not in my collection. Offered—British
Land and Fresh Water and U.S. Land and Fresh Water shells.—
Robert Walton, Houghton St., Roxborough, Phila., Pa.

Marre, Land and Fresh Water shells, fossils, minerals, to
exchange for marine shells or reliable works on marine mollusea.—
Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Montana.

Wanrep.—Unios and other fresh water and land shells, in
exchange for those of southern Wisconsin. Please send list and
receive mine.—WNettie A. Rowley, Evansville, Wis.

———aEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEyeyeeeeEee

THE NAUTILUS

VOL. VI.

PEt

Tne Naurtivus.

VOL. VI. APRIL, 1898. No. 12

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS.

Nore.—In the December, January and February numbers, plate II is referred
to erroneously as pl. I. All the figures of this plate are slightly magnified, being
one and one-third times natural size.

Nanina (Ariophanta) Dohertyi Aldrich. Pl. II, figs. 1, 2.

This species was described in the December no., p. 90.
Bathybembyx Crumpii Pilsbry. PI. II, fig. 3.

This species was described in the January no., p. 105, as
Calliostoma Crumpii. In the last number of the “ Journal de Con-
chyliologie” (Paris), Mr. Crosse proposes the name Bathybembyx to
replace Watson’s genus Bembyx (preoccupied). In it he places B.
cola Watson, B. argenteonites Lischke, and also, with doubt, B. alwine
Lischke. The last species should, I believe, be left in Calliostoma.
The others form a natural group of very beautiful shells, character-
istic of the Japanese fauna. These shells are closely allied to
Solariella, but larger and imperforate. They seem very nearly
related to Dall’s subgenus Turcicula, differing only in the very thin
(or lacking) epidermis. The species here figured is perhaps the most
beautiful of the three now referred to Bathybembyz.

Cyprza cruenta var. Greegori Ford. PI. II, figs. 4, 5.
Described on p. 112, February, 1893.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW ANODONTA.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

Anodonta mearnsiana.

Shell rhomboid, compressed anteriorly, inflated posteriorly, gener-
ally smooth and shining, covered with rather sulcate growth lines,
moderately solid in structure, having a thin epidermis, which is
easily worn off, and varying from yellowish to olive-green in color;
beaks sculptured with some half dozen undulations, which are acute
posteriorly, and rounded anteriorly. The female shell exhibits a
considerable degree of inflation extending from some distance back
of the beaks to the posterior-ventral region, and with the male shell
occasionally shows a couple of slight sulcations running from the
umbones along the dorsal slope.

The upper part of the anterior curve is rather more prominent
than the lower; the ventral region is sometimes slightly emarginate
in the center of the females ; and there are occasional slight traces
of biangulation posteriorly in the shells of both sexes. Nacre asoft
silvery color, inclining to alurid brownish in the quite shallow cavity
of the beaks; and near the rather straight hinge line; the brown
patch or scar at the end of the nearly concealed ligament rather
elongated ; cicatrices rather distinct.

Mantle large, thin, not heavily bordered, brownish in the region
of the fringes and anal opening, whitish elsewhere; fringes few,
fleshy, and rather pointed. Branchize moderate, the inner slightly
larger, and darker than the outer; branchial opening large,
furnished with a few rather short, fleshy papille. Palpi elongated,
pointed at the posterior, united for three-fourths of their length.
Foot solid, rugose. Anal opening large, not furnished with papille ;
super-anal opening small, removed to some distance above the anal
opening.

Length from anterior to posterior ends 85, breadth 45 mm.;
diameter 25 mm. San Bernandino Ranch, Mexican Boundary
Line, Arizona.

A large number of shells and a few specimens preserved in alcohol
were sent some time ago to the U.S. National Museum by Messrs.
Mearns and Holzner of the International Boundary Commission.
Externally the shell closely resembles certain forms of Unio com-
planatus, but it is in general a smoother species, and has a more
delicate texture. Much as it differs from the ordinary Anodonta

_ 7

tn

THE NAUTILUS. 135

angulata I believe that species to be its nearest ally ; the two forming
a group peculiar to the Pacific drainage of the United States, and
quite distinct from Anodonta wahlametensis, californiensis, nuttalli,
oregonensis, kennerlyi, and youkonensis, which undoubtedly group with
Anodonta cygnea, and which may have descended from that protean
species, and reached North America by way of a former land pass-
age in the neighborhood of Bering Strait. A dorsal view reveals
a striking resemblance between the present species and Anodonta
angulata ; both have the area of greatest inflation about one-third
the length of the shell from the posterior point, from which they
gradually narrow to near the anterior end, where they become more
rapidly compressed to the point, the beak sculpture is similar; the
general outline of the shells is much alike, and there is quite a strong
resemblance in the texture and the nacre. Anodonta angulata in
the Museum collection (Mus. no. 104,165) from Northern Calfornia,
shows a remarkable fading out of the peculiar keel common to that
species, and another specimen (no. 104,166) from Los Angeles shows
still less of this character, and in a photograph taken by Mr. Hemp-
hill from a specimen in his collection it is wanting altogether, while
the two sulcations on the posterior slope show quite plainly.

At the same time, the species under consideration differs sufficiently
from Anodonta angulata in texture, and the form of the inflation of
the posterior region in the female to separate it at once specifically
from that form." This new species will be figured when the large
amount of land and fresh-water material from the western United
States collected by the Biological Survey of the Agricultural
Department is worked out, and the results published.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.”

Aplexa sp. A small species about the size of Lea’s Physa hor-
dacea and apparently related to it, was found in a small lake lying
between Torch Lake and Grand Traverse Bay in Antrim County.

1So far as I know no description of the soft parts of Avodonta angu-
Jata has ever been published.

*The following portion of Mr. Walker’s paper should have appeared
in the August NAuTIvus.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

It is quite different from any other species found in the State, but in
present chaotic condition of the synonymy of this genus it does not
seem advisable to run any risk of duplicating some previous descrip-
tion.

Planorbis lentus Say. Cited by Miles, who probably had a large °
form of trivolvis before him.

P.trivolvis Say. Abundant everywhere. P. corpulentusSay and
regularis Lea usually referred to this species are cited as distinct by
DeCamp. The latter is doubtfully cited by Currier.

Specimens exhibiting the distorted appearance caused by a change
of plane in the growth of the whorls as described by Ingersoll in his
P. plexata occur not infrequently in some localities.

P. truncatus Miles. This peculiar and well marked form appears
to be confined to Michigan. Described originally from specimens
collected from Saginaw Bay, it seems to have escaped further notice
until 1887, when it was discovered in the Elk river, Antrim County.
These specimens are quite typical and not only confirm the validity
of the species, but extend its range across the entire northern part of
the State.

P. bicarinatus Say. Common everywhere.

P. bicarinatus corrugatus Currier. Perch Lake, Kent County. A
well marked form characterized by its costate surface. Specimens.
from Long Lake, Grand Traverse County, exhibit the same tendency
but not to the extent shown by the shells from the original locality,

P. bicarinatus major. Specimens from Crystal Lake, Benzie
County, from their perfection and size are worthy of being separately
noticed. They are larger, pinkish-white in color, with the caring on
both surfaces elevated into a keel which is white. The superior
carina extends to the lip and modifies the shape of the aperture,
which is a more or less expanded and darker in color within. The
outer lip is somewhat thickened and white.

P. multivolvis Case. The rediscovery of this long lost species by
Dr. M. L. Leach, in Marl Lake, Roscommon County, has been
recorded in the Journal of Conchology, V, p. 330. The hump on
the last whorl opposite the aperture as figured in Land and Fresh-
Water Shells pt. II, fig. 186, is not a characteristic of the normal
shell, as but a small percentage of several hundred specimens.
exhibit any tendency toward it. When it does occur, it bears the:
appearance of being an abnormal extension of the last whorl being

THE NAUTILUS. 137

more or less irregular in form, and usually deflected from the plane
of the rest of the whorls.

P. campanulatus Say. Common everywhere. An occasional
specimen has a hump on the last whorl opposite the aperture as
described by Case in P. multivolvis.

P. campanulatus minor Currier. Distinguished only by its
smaller size. Perch Lake, Kent County.

P. albus Mull. Commonly distributed over the State.

P. exacutus Say. This species which is found in all parts of the
State, varies considerably in size and color.

P. deflectus Say. While not a common species, it undoubtedly
ranges over the whole State.

P. parvus Say. Common everywhere and varies considerably
under local influences.

P. costatus DeTar and Beecher. A minute costate form said to be
from the neighborhood of Ann Arbor. I know nothing of it.

Segmentina armigera Say. Common everywhere.

S. wheatleyi Lea. (?) Found in great abundance several years in
the suburbs of Detroit. Has not been noticed elsewhere in the State.
This form if not Lea’s Wheatley? is easily separated from the typical
S. armigera by its thickened lip, which decidedly contracts the
aperture.

Ancylus fuscus Ad. Although cited in all the catalogues from
that of Miles down, this species does not seem very common. Belle
Isle, in the Detroit river is the only locality where I have found it.

A. rivularis Say. Cited by DeCamp.

A. parallelus Hald. Northern part of the State.

A. diaphanus Hald. River Rouge, Wayne County. Also cited
by DeCamp.

A. tardus Say. The most common species we have, judging from
my own experience.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Commoneverywhere. The forms bicar-
inata Lea, unicarinata DeKay and simplex Gld. are cited as distinct
by DeCamp.

V. sincera Say. Very abundant in favorable localities all over
the state. The form known as striata Lewis, or Lewisi Currier, dis-
tinguished by its coarser strix and larger size, is cited as distinct by

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Currier and DeCamp; the iatter, however, now considers it a
strongly marked form of V. sincera. V. humeralisas cited by Miles,
is undoubtedly a form of this species.

Lyogyrus pupoidea Gld. Cited by DeCamp.

Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney. The only reference to the
eccurrence of this species in Michigan, that I know of, is that made
by Binney (Land and Fresh-Water shells II, p. 24). It does not
appear to have been found by any of our local collectors and must
be considered a very doubtful member of our fauna.

Campeloma ponderosa Say. Cited by Sager, Miles and Currier,
but does not appear in any of the later lists and must be considered
a doubtful species in Michigan. “Ihave never seen it from this
state as I found it in Alabama. It is not a northern species.” W.
HH. DeCamp.

C. decisa Say. Common and variable. Sinistral specimens are
cited by DeCamp as var. heterostropha DeKay.

C. decisa flava Currier Mss. Specimens from Long Lake, Grand
Traverse County are so named by Mr. Pilsbry. A very beautiful
form of this common species.

O. decisa melanostoma Currier Mss. A small form from Grattan,
Michigan, was sent to me under this name by Mr. Streng.

C. integra Say. Common everywhere.

C. rufa Hald. Generally distributed over the State, but not as
common as C. integra and decisa.

C. gibba Currier. I know nothing of this form beyond the
description by Currier aud Dr. Jas. Lewis’ critical remarks thereon
in the American Journal of Conchology (III, p. 112 and LV, p. 81.)

C. Milesii Lea. Originally described from Antrim County. The
reference of specimens from the Detroit river to this form has been
approved by Mr. Pilsbry.

C. obesa Lewis. Quite common throughout the State and
frequently of large size.

C. subsolida Anth. Cited by DeCamp. Specimens from the
Boardman river, Grand Traverse County, identified as this specimen
by Prof. R. E. Call are referred to decisa by Tryon and Pilsbry.

Lioplax subcarinata Say. Dr. Leach informs me that a single
specimen from Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, was referred to
this species by Mr. Tryon.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Bythinia tentaculata L. The recent discovery of this species at
Holland, Michigan, by Dr. DeCamp was noticed in the Naurius
for October, 1891. I am indebted to him for specimens.

Somatogyrus isogonus Say. Cited by Miles and Currier. Stimp-
son’s anatomical studies of this species for his ‘‘ Researches upon the
Hydrobiine” were made from Michigan specimens. (Loe. cit., p.
22). DeCamp cited it in his catalogue on Currier’s authority but
writes : “I do not believe that it exists in this State. Have for many
years examined the ground where Currier said he found the spec-
imens sent Stimpson, but have never found anything but young of
‘Campeloma decisa.”

Amnicola porata Say. Common all over the State. A. pallida
Hald. and limosa Say, which are cited in different lists as distinct,
are now I believe generally considered forms of this species.

A. cincinnatiensis Anth. Not as common as the preceding spec-
imens, but ranges over the whole State.

A, decisa Hald. Cited by DeCamp.
A. grana Say. Common in the southern part of the State.
A. lustrica Pils. Common and somewhat variable. The late Dr.

James Lewis, many years ago, characterized specimens from the
Huron river at Ann Arbor as “ largest I have ever seen.”

Bythinella attenuata Hald. Cited by DeCamp, to whom ae am
indebted for specimens from Grand Rapids.

B. tenuipes Coup. Cited by DeCamp, who writes me: “TI sent
living specimens to Tryon and he sanctions their identity.”

B. Binneyi Tryon. Cited by DeCamp.

B. Nicklinana Lea. Cited by DeCamp.

B. obtusa Lea. River Rouge, Wayne County. Also cited by
DeCamp from Kent County.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Common in the southern part of the
State.

P. cincinnatiensis Lea. Cited by Beecher in the list of Ann
Arbor shells. I have received specimens from Petersburg, Monroe
County collected by Mr. Jerome Trombly.

Pleurocera subulare Lea. Southern part of the State. Common.

P. subulare intensum Anth. Collected by Dr. Leach in Mono
Lake, Muskegon. Cited also by DeCamp.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

P. neglectum Anth. Cited by Miles and DeCamp. Mr. Streng

has kindly sent me specimens from Grand River, Kent County.

P. elevatum Say. Grand River, Michigan, received from Mr.
Streng.

P. labiatum Lea. Cited by DeCamp.
B. pallidum Lea. Cited by DeCamp.

Goniobasis livescens Mke. Very common and considerably sub-
ject to local variation.

G. livescens cuspidatus Anth. This form occurs abundantly in the

Maple River, Clinton County, where it was collected by Dr. Leach.

Cited by DeCamp from Kent County, and collected by Streng at
Berlin, Ottawa County.

Goniobasis Milesiti Lea. Huron River, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
This form originally described from Tuscola County specimens, is
probably a local variety of the preceding species.

G. translucens Anth. Grand River, Kent County, collected by
DeCamp. It is doubtful whether this species is more than a banded
variety of G. livescens Mke.

G. brevispira Anth. Collected at Mono Lake, Muskegon by Dr.
DeCamp and identified by Pilsbry.

G. pulchella Anth. Cited by Miles and DeCamp.

G. gracilior Anth. Cited by DeCamp from Round Lake, Peto-
sky, Michigan.

G. Niagarensis Lea. Cited by Miles.

G. Virginica Gml. Cited by Sager and Miles. Clearly an error
as the species does not occur west of the Alleghanies. As P. sub-
ulare is not given in either of these lists, it seems probable that
that is the species referred to.

Unio alatus Say. Southern part of the State. Muskegon is the
most northern locality known to me. Specimens from the Detroit
river are but half the size of those from the Rouge river, one of its
tributaries in Wayne County. The same dwarfing effect of the
colder water of the Detroit river is noticeable in nearly all of the
species found there.

ADDENDA.

On page 66, line 14, for S. partumeiuwm Prime, substitute S. Jayan-
um Prime, and add the following :

oe
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Soy os a 1A
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i
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GEOR A, LI GEeINT ARE RS

THE NAUTILUS. 141

S. partumeium Say. Very abundant everywhere and quite
variable.

GEORGE W. LICHTENTHALER.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY.

The familiar face of George W. Lichtenthaler, one of the best
known of American conchologists, and one of the most earnest and
energetic collectors of natural history specimens, will be seen no
more. He passed away at San Francisco on Tuesday, February
20th., death being caused by fatty degeneration of the heart. He
was 60 years of age.

Mr. Lichtenthaler was born in Pennsylvania, and came to Bloom-
ington, Ill. at the age of twenty-two. For five years he was a drug
clerk, then bought out the stock, conducted business for himself for
seventeen years, after which he retired with a snug fortune. During
this time he imbibed a taste for natural history, and after his retire-
ment devoted his entire time and the proceeds of his large estate to
the gathering and collecting of shells, ferns, and algze. Mrs. Lich-
tenthaler died nine years ago, leaving no children. After her death
Mr. Lichtenthaler turned his mind more than ever to his chosen
work. His wife’s death was a great blow to him, and he was no
doubt greatly moved to collecting to forget hissorrow. His affection
for her is shown in his desire that the vast collection should be given
a name that would incorporate the name of “ Rebecca S. Lichten-
thaler.”

Mr. Lichtenthaler was an amateur collector, never having sold
specimens, or labored for hire. It was a labor of love. If he could
not exchange he would give of his duplicates to those who would
make use of them. Many people of this community treasure collec-
tions from distant climes given by him, and many a lad with a love
for nature has had this love fanned into a flame through his encour-
agement, and has gone from the presence of this great-hearted man
not only with a greater love for nature’s works, but with a
liberal gift of shells or other specimens carefully preserved. Many
a case has he recounted to me, sitting by my fireside, of boys he has
helped to knowledge and position, by pointing the way and lending
substantial aid.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Had he desired, he might have been famous as a traveler, by put-
ting his observations in print. But he disliked and shunned public-
ity, and we know of nothing he has written. He was one of those
workers who cared little for making new genera or species, and who
collected not wholly for himself, but also for his fellow workers, and
for public museums. In his travels he has been in nearly every
country in the world, has been several times along the entire west
American coast, was at home in the Sandwich Islands, has traversed
the coast of Europe from North Cape to Gibraltar, and has been up
and down both coasts of Africa, as well as around the Indian Ocean.
In these travels many of the rarest species known to science were
brought together, and are left among his great collection.

He was one of the early members of the “ American Association
of Conchologists,” being enrolled as a member, May 15th, 1890. His
special study was shells of the Pacific Coast. He was an active and
enthusiastic member, and did much toward its promotion. His gift
of Pacific Coast shells to the collection of the Association was a large
and valuable addition.

Few men have as wide a personal acquaintance with men of
science as he had. Devoting all his energy and time to travel and
collecting, and having been all over the American continent, he met
them everywhere. His retiring disposition led him to make little
mention of his achievements and his great work was not known to
many of the people of his home. But to a few of his friends and
acquaintance who could appreciate his work he unburdened his
heart, and would recount his travels and experiences, and give
descriptions of museums and countries for hours at a time. He was
an interesting conversationalist, and would relate his experiences
in a manner that always commanded attention.

His main work wasin conchology. His collection embraces many
highly polished specimens, and he spared no expense to have always
the finest and best that was to be had. While on a trip to Francea
few years ago he heard of an English firm who cut gastropods lon-
gitudinally to show their spiral arrangement, and he has case after
case of shells of this exquisite workmanship. All his specimens are
authoritatively correct, having been labelled by the highest author-
ities, and we are glad to announce to the conchologists of the middle
and western United States that he has left the collection where it
will be accessible to the public for comparisons.

“Sedat x aie

Oe ~~

THE NAUTILUS. 143

His collection embraces shells, crustaceans, echinoderms, corallines,
corals, fossil shells and plants, minerals, ferns, and marine alge.
There are six to eight thousand species of shells, and at a low estim-
ate twenty-five thousand specimens, from all parts of the world.
There are eight hundred species of marine alge, and four hundred
species of ferns. The latter include a nearly complete collection of
the ferns of North America, a complete collection from the Hawaiian
Islands; also many from India, China, Japan, Australia, New Zea-
land, South America, Europe, ete. He stated that he had two
species not in any other collection.

This vast and valuable collection he leaves without reserve to the
Illinois Wesleyan University, in Bloomington, where his life has
been spent, where his bride was wedded and laid to rest; and here
his many friends will be permitted to again look through it, but
without his guiding hand and eloquent description. This gives the
Illinois Wesleyan University his life work, and endows it with one
of the finest conchological collections in the West. It will be
known as the “‘ George W. and RebeccaS. Lichtenthaler Collection,”
and will enshrine their names not only in the hearts of their friends,
but also in the hearts of many students who will receive inspiration
from his work, as many have done from his life.

NOTES AND NOTICES.

Correction.—In the February No. the date of Mr. Martindale's
death was by error given as Jan. 10, instead of Tuesday Jan. 3d.—
Bay.

Pror. B. Surmek, of the State University of Lowa, is collecting
invertebrates and cryptogamous plants in the interests of that institu-
tion in Nicaragua.

Conrap’s MepraL TertrAry.—The Wagner Free Institute of
Science of Philadelphia, Pa. proposes to reprint the book on The
Medial Tertiary Fossils of the United States by T. A. Conrad, if
150 subscriptions can be obtained at $3.50. For circular apply to
the Institute.

UNIO CoRUSCUS, SUBLURIDUS, ete.—In looking over Mr. Berlin
H. Wright’s “Notes on Unio coruseus Gould,” in the March
Nautiuus I see that he acknowledges that his U. fryanus can be con-

144 THE NAUTILUS.

nected by intermediate forms with U. coruscus; and he states that
he can as perfectly connect my U. sublwridus with any one of a half
dozen Florida species. Not long ago Mr. Wright sent me for
inspection the shells he identified as subluridus, and I saw at once
that he had made a total mistake as to the species ; as these specimens
were undoubted U. buckleyi, quite inflated, somewhat keeled, and
rather smooth, shining shells, and no more like my species than is
U. obesus. Individuals of Unio buckleyi, coruscus, lugubris, hazel-
hurstianus, and other species of the buckleyi group vary from being
absolutely smooth and rayed, a young or adult stage generally to
dull colored, and even rough externally, a condition quite common
in old specimens.— Chas. T. Simpson.

CoLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE.— We learn that the collection
of Rev. A. Dean, numbering about 3500 species, is offered for sale,
as Mr. Dean is about to remove from his home at Muncy, Pa. The
American land shells are richly represented by a nearly complete
series, including almost all of the rarer species. The west African
and Sandwich Island forms are also well represented, as well as an
unusually large proportion of interesting foreign marine shells.

We are in receipt of “The Microscopical Bulletin” published by
Queen & Co., which contains a Bargain list or Clearance sale of
microscopes, objectives, ete. Any one desiring these should send for
the February Bulletin to Queen & Co., Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

Mr. B. B. Woopwarp has lately published (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. Feb., 1893) a classification of the Pelecypoda, in which the
families of bivalves as given by Fischer are rearranged in accordance
with Pelseneer’s scheme founded on the morphology of the gills,
The table of families is very useful as it gives the gist of Pelseneer’s
ideas at a glance. In his review of the various recent classifica-
tions Mr. Woodward does not mention that of Dau, being
apparently ignorant of it. It is much to be regretted that those
who set forth new classifications should not first acquaint them-
selves with the work of their predecessors.

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