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THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXI
JULY, 1917, to APRIL, 1918

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Scieiices
PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History
Boston

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Ne a)
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ede elt SS A al

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acella haldemani (Desh. ) 121160 ip wy, AAP aR RR MORE AEE 92
PeNGRE EST EWE SPECIES GOL sy h)5 ats Hie cierc e) , 6 ard sieve ware a 'e lai 142
Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry, n. sp. .............-.--- 44, 87
Amnicola bakeriana nimia Pilsbry, n. var. ........... 45, 87
med ClAarKeL-EMADEY, Ts SPs cs. 4 c+ seeing ce ae 45, 88
AMTICO AY ONECIOA. EMS WITY TL. "BDs art We. elere bores 5 eich a aie ae 46, 88
Aramcolids from Oneida Lake; N.Y... 2)... ss. 44, 87
APP Maroons Ol MtIPPINES so). sc oc.k soe ete ase «shay 142
PASTETOPER ANTE 1h GUNTER 1 89040) 0 a9 68a 3 ilo; arate: sca, Wie Si eyo le x8 35
Ampullaria slobosa var. simistrorsa,......)...2.20---55- 36
Aner ids Of Oneida ake IN GY oe od.2 0h. 2.005) eine erg oa 90
Ancylidz, revision of the classification of North American 1
PRTACUAB PENAL LOM ATARI So) tet oho cts, oa tity dd bee eet me dae 8
PSE TEU TEMORDS MUTT is) cis vik cle. a diaials tela 0a aves, o) 4 Bias & Vai 5, 6
A AVC NaS wih 21 VTS A I a OS PC 4
Pe VLINS TRING US) CISA CAM ee cc's ceiver oeie idm = oily see Niele 3
UIA. HIS WWRLKOT 2 0) oi, hyo ai we 60 siejerwa snes 8
mewn fiyiaria pay (plas HOOD) spk sos ic. 2 es) cui 3
Vai Ga alas ie Ue as a Sa Rg oil Oe) aR Pe a 114
PE TRAIGEA Te UNTEIUSSM Gra ysis oa x ek add as osc hea Weak aya atiar Sealab, aa. 121
Arkancia wheeler Walk. (6 Ortime. <4... cs been ae 112, 1271
arkansas: molluses of Clark Cov. 60 Us den enn de 109
USL AMEE GCHAR EA MOAR B eh oe) Sod aMaig'e lites, aiken ek cowlat/ gala aa. Bh 10
PGES (Wilt te URAELY 90. SED e) (a) cy elo esajeras'e aslo ira elalaly oy aoa 11
ReMi ee! NEPA EPI i ese ite Wah se aia oie oaae a ahaa ad 34
Boreal land and freshwater shells, notes on ............ 12
Pera OL A TISCEALIA, .< zine d stin wis ene < ol Lee wate Ot cuales Sees 140
Maranelomalewisit Walker si. sou 0-/s.+ s.0sio<s saisinia vis esis 116

Carychium exiguum floridanum, n. subsp. (pl. 8, f. 4,6). 73
iii

iv THE NAUTILUS.

NT . b s Sig S blue aic's pine os ae ROR 43
OPCS. LIOR. ive p wine vind x50 sake wh eke eine 42
Cerithopsis anaitis n. n. for C. helena Bartsch not Boettger 72
Chondrus Reichenbach 1828, replaces Modicella Ads. 1854 81

Cireinaria vancouverensis from Unalaska.............. 13
Clark, William Bullock (obituary) .............e-ee0- 68
Collecting shells in a corner of the Sierra Nevada ...... 31
Crenodonta perplicata 0m! Mics sis noe eanw od onede 122
Cuba, collecting days about the Naval Station, Guanta-
TinmNO TSOV: .. dod sb 0's bb tue La Vos bP olee olwe alae ktae Went 41
Cumberlandia monodonta Say...............2eeeeeees 121
Drupa foliacea Conrad (pl. 9, f. 1, 2,3)............... 100
Drupa moras tem (pl. 8. 2. 10). sea cee pea eae 102
Drupa tubereulata Blainv. (pl. 9,:f> 4D) 055.5 hence 102
Drnpa-vitiensis Puls, (pl.'9, £. 3) ies 4..4a te Boe nd nee 99
Drupa walkere Pils. and Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f. 4)...... 99
Paymelin Verrall |: ., ss aos sake wae Pd oe ee 131
Epiphragmophora callistoderma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. (pl.
MEAL) in cb wih ci ph om Eaig ey Se pante wipeeieceltcde ERnaee eaten 33, 93
Epiphragmophora fidelis, albimistic .................. 72
Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn., var. .............. 33
Epiphragmophora veatchii, station of ................- 144
BCE VAG ULUY ORTEGA TOAY soso cck sinless § © oie o,4 atallaleie< Beate 118
Ferrissia (Laevapex) diaphana Hald. (pl. 2, f. 4)...... 3
Perrinsia rivularie Say (pli 2, 3,38) . 2145s. shee] alee see 3
Berrissiinis Walker, Ti, ‘SUDIAM. 5 i65 core lau abides «> eee 2
Penneroln, TAANMIORL eo is hip evs B82 eee oes aa 2
Florida, a list of shells from the east coast of .......... 53
Friday Harbor, Washington, a summer’s collection at... 95
Fusconaia, a new type of the Nayad genus ............ 58
Hnsconais, barnemsne Lea o.oo by» be chis be bee eee 59
HPueccaain overkenais Call: |. oo. cc Sos ae Ee eee ee
Fusinus sandwichensis Sowb. (pl. 9, f. 8).............-. 100
Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. ..............0-- 114
Gratacap, Lonis Pope (obituary) ".\. s\ski<th ¢0.0ma ental 135
Goniobasis livescens Menke 3... 5. 1c. us cqie Ces sh eee 88
Gonionasis lawrencel Lies |. 0)... 5 visu oe & eee 117
Gundiachia ancyliformis Pfr). 5)s°..5 4.25 shoe. nee

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 10-16, pl. 3,
sai

Helix hortensis at Digby, Nova Scotia ...............-. 58
Helix nemoralis in Knoxville, Tenn................. 107, 133
Ischnochiton conspicuus, notes on the variation of ...... 37

Ischnochiton pilsbryanus Berry = I. (L.) nipponica
Berry ois .fs hoy spo bss va ees ee eee 144

THE NAUTILUS. V

PRTC NCSU PANEED Semon claheyel is) ely c!'\c) lu ert) s4\s\2 eo) eee 4.00 6 2 4
Kennerivia rorresterensis. To SPs.) insinse co 6c specs sec se> 134
MAST eMURCE RM ets al a\'ats sc, eisielia\s) $16 4.608 esi «ata es 0,8 3

Lampsilis minor and L. villosa, distinctive characters of. 15
Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomac River. 40

anc elamatnensis' Hann, (pl 2) 8. 2)... ek wee oe
Tare arelmices Moen (pt. 2 fDi ee eee ca eee os 2
Lymnea emarginata mighelsii from Alaska ............ 12
Dyaneine of Oneida bake: NY Ys vii. sce hens’ «aes 92
Prachoceramits Tess) GUNG. oi) t oo, 6 5's ec 2 ens ols cee ste 0.8 2 43
Mrcroniya: Menose: Nigerrimg Dea! 8 es ose s12 sao wore eee 118
Mollusca of Clark County, Arkansas ..........h60.080 109
Mollusea of Oneida Lake, N. Y., further notes on the... 81
Mopalia imporcata lionotus, n. subsp. ...............-.. 126
POSOUNYe PAS INCE Ura RAs Vie. StsSnccaft S <ipy lc ate ora! « 4:'s-050, sie aya Biay’ 125
Mopala' muscosa laevior, 'n.’subsp. .........6...s00ese 126
MirpeamcieLdispre Col 9.5) Qe ei oe aid dave a Gee 99
Naiades, new genera and species of Central American... 47
Nayades, the anatomy of two African ................. 75
Ma ASA Sly cntayae Ny Cite fia scareranehera' a oie «tape otainizew, bast 47
Mecounpa targjuhar: Pisbry) We SPs fs ysis cue swe cee eo « 50
Nesopupa, prigualandiea MiG Pol... eae ee eee eee 51
Nodmamardouclasme. a Unio: si. eis 2 ase eee eles « 128
Nortomearolinta Tame SMOUS 1.853) el. ayes seye nee wee wie (ail
Note on the relation of snail fauna to floods ............ 64
LS DUES RAR CORA ALY WRITS 1S J et Se oa a 35, 71, 107, 144
Nova. scotia, collectine at Ditby 00). Ss eek oe eens 57
MN CEEOM CRE OME GIO Te i) Ye cc SO anes shoe Wicaherde) ele ate dae Wialsias 71
Oreohelix handi Pilsbry & Ferriss, n.sp. ...........-- 31, 94
Peristernia thaanumi Pilsbry & Bryan, n. sp. (pl. 9, f.
PPMP IR Ma Peleus e, ore eae ee ey tana Gen usta CANS matty sl sieved ea ied sia a 101
fewer OF Oneida Take, Woe Ye) als Seg bad. oe eee ae ees 89
Franormidse of Oneida Lake, Ny Yo so cais esc ce aed ee 90
Paton: SAMipsoml ANCE Y. Y's 7s) < 6 Ls soem o as saw etal gees 114
Plecotrema cubense from the mainland of Florida ...... 55
Evia Meret CULO Exar) Sha is) wales aipuae nleeie atepsesudreie aca s)$ 3
Polygyra albolabris maritima in Massachusetts ......... 108
Polygyra obstricta carolinensis Lea .................-6. 116
On EA: BIT BE DORGAN)? | Ale. oa aie tbo) + aig Sibel Qe a, wi etatw Grae 36
Polygyra columbiana from Unalaska .................. 13
Polygyra texasiana tillandsiw Cockerell, n. var. ........ 36
ESOT ys COLIC THOM %, Lio (tele ese widde Zc. e Ss cunt gierg ava eteyehal yi aes 36
Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson, n. sp. (pl. 7, f. 1, 2)...... 48
MBMGATONS TEGEIVOEO) .).'12). sclaredine aves <.saaeane 34, 69, 108, 140
Beichenbech: 8: AOGLOPIS: i) <srcia ox a ah 6 la w'ehath are ela Gal Nar 79

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Rhodacmea cahawbensis Walker, n. sp. (pl. 1, f.4-6).... 7
ETS Ft 5 ed ee Se 8
Rhodacmea filosa Conrad (pl. 3, f. 2) ...........+ee00- 6
Rhodacmea gwatkiniana Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f.3,7,9).. 9
SOCAN RNTERIOUL) WN GURL sis Vales dihipie vie 0 pce» cee 8

Rhodacmea rhodacme Walk., n. sp. (pl. 1, f. 1, 2, 8; pl.
By Ra) isin pies ORAS Rete Woe ele ee oh Wkib his alelie ine bie

Bnoanemes. W alkor, 3s Wes sae side cisco ocisie beena hoe 5
Rnodaowmidrwins, ' ta. SAVERS» 5 5.5045 vin iets spade nekaSe n> 5
Rnocosephala ' Walker, 31, Bech. .s 0 see wsls spe elena lee 8
Sampson, Francis Asbury (obituary) ...............6. 137
Shells collected at Anaheim Bay and vicinity .......... 103
Pisaretus, bs ney Californian |. \.s). vee san xtc iinet ele othe 13
Sinum californicum Oldroyd, n. sp. ..........-+.2eee0- 13
Sonorella rooseveltiana Berry, n. sp. .......-...0ee00- 14
Spatha Kamerunensis Walker 5 « «5 ao .a's.0:0+.¥ cnoileee~ vile 77
SoA WHLDEIO FCPAUIRS ... ba ss fess ous, 's simp eB epee yas 77
Sphaeriidex, notes on reproduction and growth in certain. 16
Spnapruar or Oneida Lake Ml. Ys... 5 5'- ssls.0>s peep rene
Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pils. & Ferr.......... 114
PRD ORPIGE, POULIN CLIEBE "cA 55s eG 60.8 noon be cee Sec poe a 93
Thysanophora caeca Guppy (pl. 8, £.3)...............- 75
Thysanophora dioscoricola C. B. Ads. (pl. 8, f. 2)....... 75
Thysanophora macneilli Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 8, f.1)....... 74
Prmehyoermon Lowel, 21.500, s\n). 5s bs so ee Fee pe tee 127
WR CHLOE TA TAUAS: 5\5..5 59 ened xcs ass dining SEA ole he ea ee 75 -
Limo tétralasmus ‘Say (pl. 05: 2.4) «18 oe kines eae teen 49
imoenide ot Oneida Dake MW: i... secs bediea te eee 83
Unios, on the rate of growth of pond .................- 49
Vallonia cyclophorella septuagentaria Pils. & Ferr., n.
POBEE NEN Stans eALERTS ENE ntnl bts v-eioc eo ace MEER TOT AVR SLR Re tehE aaa ene 95
Valvata tricarinata perconfusa Walker, n. n. ........ ‘es
Val vecicee OF Oneida Linke, INN. cre atta ee oh wns shoe eka ee 89
Vitrea radiatula circumstriata Taylor ................ 115
Wavarrum. (8 POMPNBdO 0 i)o bs sye.tssosls » eis ieee wc eile eons 105
Vavineride of Oneida Wake, NY on. ol cineesntonpp ier 86
Viviparus malleatus and contectoides in Mass. ......... 107
Wralkerolat ‘Elamrnball oils: cs! 0% site v.08 Gibevo lai le stoves ee ee 2
Winkley, Rev. Henry W. (obituary) ............-e000- 136
Zaehrysia emarginata Pir. (p74. 7) Aise.>srine eh ae eee 79

Zachrysia ramsdeni Pils., n. sp. (pl. 7, f. 5,6) .......... 78

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

eye TCT Et yd a a 2 81
pee eer a) Pet er Sa oo e/a, ow id casa sila oo d/o salen 144
EpemPpE RREEI SED nh eh) e a (eas) ds ow ew a alge ela alina'e 107
SOUS EL. LEST AR ae Reba ieee a te eee Ae 71
LE ts SA Bae leo Ck 14, 144
eemence WI MANOEL ERs Acr et 5 Sehr. a < dS ofa's. de cared awnete 99
eg Sen We tss dete Spee hl ss sets x see 37, 103
IRTP COR et re ae cia eis Se ss 4 dae tue 73
REE ET a el eek atid cao og 36, 108, 133
wD Sha sad or eA Bg 10, 12, 34, 93
Lo DISSES SEDGE a PA 31
2 TEAST La 6 Peg Be nih ee 47, 49
PUES: LU DS ae ee en 16
Pree ETT RO ie Ts a) sk thd Sia el nl de wale eee 2 137
2A 8 CTT 2 oS oe A 41
oD SETTERS GS Meteo SRC Paap ee Oe A 107, 186, 140
eee hin eis yey es as Cu eae SMe a ek 72
i /Tiys sy TU CARS Pe 9 ay eR Sen A Bae a 40
EE ATG 2 a 13
CE TIM CAS UB Pe PEP vO cena EY aE 95
Rie iaieemitt APO i 2 ose sha eg'e aos ic 08, 75, 78, 93, 99, 128
PSE EAE ADL Pro ance al vacua odin "ue ot 44, 50, 125
LEPTIN ad ot a ote 2) SUM ds sae eae 64
perp. Oalisaat DYER Ss i. able Sale os dec nteleeeaie 57, 105
LETS WEP Oo" ok © EN SAAT Sei ic EPA ee fa 71
URS EP UE Ree otras en rear ok eee) eee OS Coil. taal Ae 15
Dreger eA) o-oo ees ss casula kd cetais Aimtote nel) a/ar's 1, 35, 51, 53
Th Si SYS ON CR I SA PE Re CU arenes i Oe 109
PELL #01 5 ES Coy A RRA Ne Re ad 134

pol LOSSES EP RC SI le oe OL el ea LE 131

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THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXXI. JULY, 1917. No. 1

4& REVISION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN
PATELLIFORM ANCYLIDAE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The North American patelliform species of Ancylidae can be
conveniently and naturally arranged in eight genera and sub-
genera according to their shell characters. These can again be
grouped into three subfamilies characterized by the peculiarities
of the radula and jaw.

It was hoped that a study of the soft anatomy might reveal
other peculiarities co-ordinating with those of the radulae, and
for that purpose with the kind assistance of correspondents in
England, South Africa and this country a very considerable
amount of alcoholic material, representing nearly all of the
characteristic groups, was collected, some of which will be very
difficult to replace. This material was placed in the hands of
a distinguished zoologist, who undertook to work it up. After
appropriating and using the material thus obtained, it was a
matter of bitter disappointment, after having waited for three
years for the completion of the work, reported from time to
time to be in progress, to be informed by the gentleman that
he should not proceed further with the work as he did not think
that it would ‘‘ pay for the trouble considering the more impor-
tant anatomical details that await study among other families
of mollusks.”’

Under these circumstances the subfamilies represented in our

2 THE NAUTILUS.

fauna must for the present be based wholly upon the peculi-
arities of the radula and jaw.

The arrangement of the Ancylidae proposed by Hannibal,
(Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., vol. x, 1912, p. 147), is not based upon
any distinctions of systematic value. The genera and subgenera
arranged under the different subfamilies are entirely heterogen-
eous and in several instances genera and their subgenera appear
in different subfamilies. The whole arrangement is absolutely
futile and must be entirely disregarded.

The arrangement that I would propose is as follows:—

I. Subfamily Lancin%, Hannibal.

Jaw as in Lymnaea with two accessory plates. Radula also
Lymnaeid in character. Central tooth unicuspid or tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid with large quadrate bases, marginals comb-
like, the cusps extending beyond the base.

This group was proposed, but without any definition, by
Hannibal (Navt., vol. xxviii, 1914, p. 24).

Genus Lanx Clessin.
Lanz Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylinen, 1880, p. 10.
Type, Ancylus newberryi Lea. Example, Lanz patelloides
(hea)é » (Pl. 2,etigeak.

Subgenus Walkerola Hannibal.
Walkerola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 149.
Type, Lanz ( Walkerola) klamathensis Hannibal, Pl. 2, fig. 2.
Conchologically Walkerola appears to bear the same relation to.
Lanz that Levaper does to Ferrissia.

Genus FisHEROLA Hannibal.
Fisherola Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 151.
Type, Fisherola lancides Hannibal.
Nothing has been published on the soft anatomy. It is
placed here on account of its size, shape and habitat.

II. Subfamily Ferrtssi1n=, n. subf.

Jaw segmented in plates. Radula with a bicuspid central,
laterals obliquely reflected with from two to five small cusps.

THE NAUTILUS. |

arranged somewhat like the teeth of a comb, marginals also
comb-like, cusps not (usually) extending to the basal line.

Genus Ferrissta Walker.

Ferrissia Walker, Naut., XVII, 1903, p. 15.
Type, Ancylus rivularis Say. Pi. 2, fig. 3.

Subgenus Levapex Walker.

Levapex Walker, Naut., XVII, 1903, p. 15.

Type, Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. Example, Ferrissia
(Levapex) diaphana (Hald.). Pl. 2, fig. 4.

For reasons stated elsewhere (Naut., XXVI, p. 117), I can
not follow Hannibal in subordinating Ferrissia to Levaper. I
agree fully with Gwatkin (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), that
Ferrissia represents the most primitive type of radula, so far as
yet known, in the Ancylide. The world-wide distribution of
the genus is evidence tending in the same direction. Levapex
is restricted to America and is, to my mind, clearly an offshoot
from the more ancient Ferrissia stock. In addition to its pecu-
liar shell characters, there is some evidence tending to show a
slight divergence also in the character of the lateral teeth, but
hardly sufficient to justify its generic distinction.

Genus GuNDLACHIA Pfeiffer.

Gundlachia Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. fur Malak., VI, 1849, p. 98.
‘Type, Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfr. Pl. 3, fig. 1.

Poeyia Bgt., (1862), and Kincaidella Hann., (1912), are
synonyms, being based on immature or non-septate stages, but
the latter name may be retained for the group with striate apices.

Gundlachia, like Ferrissia, includes two groups characterized
by the presence or absence of radial sculpture on the apex.

I have examined all of the described species except G. cre-
pidulina Guppy from Trinidad and G. lucasi Suter from New
Zealand.

Sub-genus Gwndlachia s. s.

Apex smooth, except for light concentric wrinkles. Type,
Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfr., Cuba.
The following species also belong in this group:

4 THE NAUTILUS.

G. bakeri Pils., Brazil; hinkleyi Walker, Guatemala and Ajal-
marsoni Pfr., Honduras and Texas.

Sub-genus Kincaidella Hannibal.

Apex radially striate. ,
Kincaidella Hannibal, Pr. Mal. Soc., London, XII, 1912,
p. 148. Type, Ancylus fragilis Tryon—Gundlachia californica

Row.

Californica Rowell, (March, 1865), has priority over fragilis
Try., (June, 1863), if the date given by Binney, (L. and F.
W. Sh., II, p. 149), is correct.

Kincaidella also includes the following species:

G. beddomei Pett. (MSS.), and petterdi John. from Tasmania;
neozelanica Suter from New Zealand; U’hotelleriei ‘‘ Bgt.’’ Walker
from Egypt; a species as yet undescribed from Cape Colony, S.
Africa; californica Rowell, meekiana Stimpson, stimpsoniana 8.
Smith and undetermined species from Starved Rock, Ill. and
Mobile, Ala., from the United States.

The generic position of Ancylus woodsi John. from Tasmania
would seem to be somewhat uncertain, (see Hedley, Navr.,
IX, p. 66), but, if not a Kincaidella, it is a Ferrissia, as the
apex is radially striate.

It is interesting to notice that Gundlachia s. s. is apparently
restricted to the countries bordering the Gulf of Mexico and
seems to be a purely American group, similar to Levapex, while
Kincaidella, like Ferrissia s. s., has a range extending quite
around the globe. Ifa natural rather than an artificial system
of nomenclature could be used, Kincaidella would represent the
older and really typical group and Gundlachia s. s., as a more
recent off-shoot from the original race, would become a sub-
genus.

I have not seen Troschel’s description of the radula of G.
ancyliformis mentioned by Hedley, (Naut., IX, p. 62). The
radule of the three American species that have been figured,
californica, meekiana and hinkleyi, are all very similar to each
other and quite different from that of either Ferrissia or Leva-
pex. That of G. neozelanica Suter as figured in T. N. Z., XXVI,
pl. 14, fig. 5 is similar in the small number of cusps on the:

THE NAUTILUS. 5
side teeth, but differs in having them longer and sharper, those
of the marginals extending beyond the base. This characteristic
difference in the raduJa would seem to definitely establish the
generic validity of the group.

III. Subfamily Ruopacmern», n. subf.

Jaw composed of numerous segmented plates. Radula with
a long, slender central, unicuspid or faintly bicuspid, and with
the base widely expanded in some species: the first lateral very
large with an enormous mesocone, the blade-like cusp extend-
ing beyond the base, the ectocone is back of the mesocone, en-
tirely separated from it and has several small cusps; there is no
endocone. The four laterals are similar in shape but diminish
rapidly in size toward the margin, these are succeeded by two
or three transition teeth, smaller and with more or less imper-
fect cusps. The marginals are very small, rapidly decreasing
in size toward the outer edge, with large quadrate bases, wider
than high, vestigial, the cusps being nearly, if not quite,
obsolete.

The rows of teeth are more or less V-shaped and with the
immense laterals and minute marginals present a remarkable
appearence quite unlike any other group belonging to the family.

Gwatkin, (J. of Con., XIV, 1914, p. 147), has already com-
mented upon the resemblance of the radula to that of Brachypo-
della.

All of the species known to belong to this group have the
apex of the shell tinged with pink.

Genus RHODACMEA, DN. g.

Shell patelliform, conical, elevated or depressed, apex tinged
with pink. Radulaand jawasinthe subfamily. Soft anatomy
otherwise unknown.

Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad. Pl. 3, fig. 2.

The species belonging to this genus are not confined to the
Coosa drainage as Gwatkin supposed, but are also found in both
the Tennessee and Ohio systems.

As in Lanz and Ferrissia, two well marked groups are repre-

6 THE NAUTILUS.

sented in this genus, the one with an elevated and the other
with a depressed shell.

Section Rhodacmea, s. 8.

Shell elevated. Radula with a unicuspid central, which has
the base triangularly expanded; laterals with the cusp of the
mesocone extending but little beyond the base and not over-
lapping the base of the central tooth.

Type, Ancylus filosus Conrad.

I. Reopacmea Fritosa (Conrad).

Ancylus filosa Conrad, F. W. Shells, 1834, p. 57.

When I wrote of this species in 1904, (Naut., XVIII, p. 75)
I had not seen any specimens from the Black Warrior River,
Conrad’s original locality. The specimens then before me as
was stated, were not typical in that they lacked the ‘‘ numerous,
radiating, prominent lines’’ described by Conrad. Since that
time a considerable amount of additional material has been
received from Mr. H. H. Smith, which fully confirms the origi-
nal diagnosis. One set from the Black Rock Shoals of the
Black Warrior River are rather thin, of a light translucent green
color with the apex tinged with rose and are very strongly radi-.
ately striate, the ribs extending from the apex to the periphery.
The largest specimen measures 4.25 x 3x2 mm. These shells
are undoubtedly typical.

Similar specimens are before me from the Coosa River from
several localities, viz., two miles above Coosa Valley, St. Clair
Co.; Ten’ Island Shoal near Lock no. 2; Leota Shoal; Three
Island Shoal, Wilsonville, Shelby Co.; and Vincent Shoal, two
miles above Upper Clear Creek. Also from Tallassahatchee
Creek, four miles east of Childersburg; Beaver Creek at Greens-
port and Canoe Creek.

All the shells from these localities are quite typical in form,
but are uniformly thicker and more heavily striated than the
Black Warrior specimens. This heavily striated form seems to
be the characteristic expression of the species in the Coosa and
its tributaries. The Cahawba River specimens from Lewis and
Call mentioned in my former paper, while lacking the strong

THE NAUTILUS. 7

Tadial striae, are in texture and shape like the typical shells
from the Black Warrior. While this smoother form quite
probably represents a local race worthy of recognition, as it has
not been found by more recent collectors and no exact localities
for it are known, it hardly seems advisable to do more than to
call attention to its peculiarities until more definite information
as to its precise range can be had.

RHODACMEA CAHAWBENSIS, n. sp. Pi. I, figs. 4-6.

Ancylus filosus Walker, Naut., XVIII, 1904, p. 76, pl. vi,
figs. 1-6.

Shell elevated, obtusely conical, broad oval, somewhat wider
behind the apex than before it; apex obtuse, siightly behind
the longitudinal centre of the shell, scarcely, if at all, turned
toward the right side, apical sculpture entirely eroded in all
specimens seen; yellow horn color slightly tinged with green,
apex rose color; anterior slope convex toward the apex, straighter
below; posterior slope nearly rectilinear; lateral slopes slightly
convex, the left. being more oblique than the right; lines of
growth strong and irregular, slightly rippled by radial lines,
which sometimes become obsolete radial striez.

Length 4.5; width 3.5; alt. 2.5 mm.

Types, (no. 43453 Coll. Walker), from the Cahawba River,
Gurnee, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes
in the collections of the Acad. of Nat. Science, Philadelphia,
George H. Clapp and John B. Henderson. Also from Cahatchee
Creek and Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby Co., Ala. The single
specimen from the latter locality shows subobsolete radial stria-
tion very much like the ‘‘ Coosa River’’ specimens in the Lewis
collection which in my former paper I referred to jilosa, but
which I now think belong to this species. The fact that the
heavily striated jilosa is quite characteristic of the Coosa, where
this species has not been found by Mr. Smith in his extensive
collections, makes me doubt whether the Lewis shells really
did come from the Coosa itself. Unfortunately no exact locality
is given by Lewis and the question must remain undetermined.

This species is more closely related to the elatior Anth. of the
Tennessee drainage than to any of the known species of the

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Alabama system. Compared with that, it is smaller, narrower,
with a more obtuse apex, the posterior slope is straight and
not convex and the lateral slopes less oblique than in that
species. The tinted apical area seems smaller than in the other
species of the genus and is frequently lost entirely from erosion.
The radula has not yet been examined,

RHODACMEA ELATIOR (Anthony).

Ancylus elatior Anthony, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., VI, 1855, p. 158,
pl. v, fig. 20.

No additional information in regard to this species can be
given at this time except that the radula of a specimen from
the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala., collected by Hinkley
agrees with that of jilosa in the characters of the central and
lateral teeth. A very considerable collection from the Tennes-
see made by Mr. H. H. Smith has not yet been worked over
and may add materially to our knowledge of the species when
critically examined.

RHODACMEA HINKLEYI (Walker).

Ancylus (Ferrissia) hinkleyi Walker, Naut., XXI, 1908, p.
139, pl. Ix, figs. 11-13.

The species listed from the Tennessee River at Florence, Ala., .
as ‘‘ Ancylus rhodaceus Walker’’ by Hinkley in 1906, (Nauvrt.
XX, p. 40), but not described, is the same as that subsequently
described under this name in 1908. The radula of the Tennes-
see River specimens agrees with those of jilosa and elatior in
sectional eharacters.

Section Rhodocephala, n. sect.

Shell depressed. Radula with a faintly bicuspid central
which has the sides of the base straight and not expanded;
laterals with the cusp of the mesocone extending far beyond
the base and overlapping the base of the central tooth.

Type Rhodacmea rhodacme Walker.

RHODACMEA RHODACME, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 1, 2 and 8.
Shell depressed, conical, obovate, the greatest width being

THE NAUTILUS. 9

just behind the apex, apex subcentral, only slightly behind the
centre, obliquely elevated, acute, spine-like, somewhat turned
toward the right side, finely radially striate, apical depression
small, oval and situated on the left side of the tip of the apex;
pale green with the apical region deeply tinged with rose color;
anterior stope very slightly convex; posterior slope oblique and
nearly rectilinear below the base of the apex; lateral slopes
slightly convex and about equally oblique; growth lines regular,
fine and distinct, the apical striae extend down over the upper
part of the shell giving a shagreened appearance to the surface
as they intersect the growth lines, but become mere ripples
toward the margin.

Length 5.25, width 4, alt. 1.25 mm.

Types, (No. 20371 Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River at
Williamsville, Shelby Co., Ala., collected by A. A. Hinkley.
Cotypes in the collection of Mr. Hinkley. Also from the Coosa
River above Wetumpka (Hinkley) and at Leota Shoals; Fort
William Shoals; Shoal two miles above Coosa Valley; Vincent
Shoal two miles: above Upper Clear Creek and Peckerwood
Shoals (H. H. Smith).

All of the Smith shells were found on or under stones, which
is apparently the usual habitat of the species, differing in this
respect from filosa, which is almost invariably found on living
Pleuroceride.

I have adopted for this species the very appropriate name
suggested by Dr. Pilsbry soon after its discovery.

The peculiar depressed shell of rhodacme with its spine-like
apex and characteristic radula differentiate it very sharply from
the species included under Rhodacmea s..s. and justifies the
establishment of a special section for it and similar species.

RHODACMEA GWATKINIANA, n. sp. PI. I, figs. 8, 7 and 9.

Shell rather small, depressed conic, oval; apex nearly cen-
tral, somewhat turned to the right, acute and spine-like, finely
radially striate; apple-green with the apex tinted with old-rose
color; anterior slope slightly convex; posterior slope oblique
and nearly straight below the projecting apex; lateral slopes
straight below the base of the apex and equally oblique; growth

10 THE NAUTILUS.

lines rather coarse and irregular, the entire surface covered with
low, coarse, rather distant radial striae extending to the edges.

Length 3.5, width 2.5, alt. 1 mm.

Types, (No. 43454 Coll. Walker), from Butting Ram Shoals,
Coosa Co., Ala., collected by H. H. Smith. Cotypes in the
collections of T. H. Aldrich, George H. Clapp and John B.
Henderson.

All of the specimens were found on living Pleuroceride.

This beautiful little species, which groups with rhodacme in
its depressed shape and spine-like apex as well as in its radular
characteristics, differs from it in its small size, more regularly
oval shape and the greater development of radial strize over the
surface.

It is named in remembrance of the late Rev. Prof. H. M.
Gwatkin of Cambridge, England, to whom I am indebted for
practically all of the radula preparations used in this paper and
who was the first to observe and point out the remarkable char-
acter of the radula in the different species of the genus.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the slide representing the
radula of Lanx patelloides. All of the other radule figured
were prepared by Prof. Gwatkin, and all of the figures were

drawn by Mrs. Lydia M. H. Green formerly connected with the. .

U. S. National Museum.

A NEW SPECIES OF ASTARTE FROM ALASKA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In 1865 Dr. Philip Carpenter described from a single speci-
men a species of Astarte from Puget Sound, to which he gave
the specific name of compacta. This type remains in the collec-
tion of the National Museum as number 4509.

This species has remained extremely rare, only three or four
others, some eroded and doubtful, have come to hand during

the half-century which has passed. This is probably due to.
the fact that the right locality had not been dredged, for the-

THE NAUTILUS. Hy

species of this genus are usually very abundant in their chosen
places.

Recently Mr. G. Willett, warden of the Forrester Island res-
ervation in southern Alaska, has succeeded in getting an excel-
lent shell-collection at this isolated spot; among the shells thus
obtained was a good series of Astarte compacta. With this, and
for a time confused with the latter, is what seems to be a new
species of Astarte, which Mr. Willett in arranging his collection
was the first to discriminate. He had the kindness to send me
his fine mounted series of both species for examination, the re-
sult of which is not only that a new species is identified, but
it is shown that A. compacta as well as the new form belong to
the typical section of the genus, both forming at intervals cren-
ulation of the inner margin of the valves. The only specimens
of A. compacta previously available happened to be in the stage
without crenulations.

The new form is best described by a comparative diagnosis.

ASTARTE WILLETTI, 0. sp.

Shell small, of a yellowish-brown externally, milk-white in-
ternally ; the external sculpture of small concentric waves is
more regular and constant than in compacta ; the form is more
oval and the beaks more anterior than in that species, and wil-
letti appears to attain a larger size. In compacta the lunule is
relatively narrower and longer than in the new species. In the
interior the hinge of the latter is better developed than in com-
pacta, all three teeth being usually represented, while in com-
pacta the posterior and particularly the anterior cardinal is fre-
quently obsolete or absent. The shell substance of A. compacta
is more translucent and bluish, and the crenulations of the valve
margin when present are distinctly smaller and less conspicu-
ous than in willetti.

The measurements of two forms are as follows, the largest
specimen of a series of some twenty-five specimens being selected
in each case.

Height. Length. Diameter.
A. willetti 14 16 8 mm.
A. compacta 12 12 6 mm.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

The specimens were dredged in about 50 fathoms. The um-
bones in A. willetti are 6.0 mm. behind the anterior end of the
shell; 4n A. compacta about 5.5 mm., the result being that the
latter has a more triangular outline. The type of A. willett? is
number 216364 of the catalogue of mollusks of the U. S. Na-
tional Museum.

NOTES ON BOREAL LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS.

BY WM. H. DAULL.

The National Museum has received a small lot of fresh-water
shells from Dr. T. E. Winecoff, stationed at Fort Yukon,
Alaska, nearly on the Arctic circle, which are of more than
ordinary interest. They were collected from a small pond near
the fort and the large Lymnaea abounded in such numbers as
to give a pinkish tint to the water in which they were, accord-
ing to the collector. The species are:

Lymnaea appressa Say, rather small for the species, and of a
brownish tint not unlike the usual color of L. palustris.

Iymnaea palustris Miller. Ordinary type and size.

Lymnaea emarginata mighelsii Binney. Not known so far
northwest.

Planorbis trivolvis Say, medium size, abundant.

Planorbis crista Linné, one specimen. Nearest known locality
is Carberry, Manitoba.

Pisidium vesiculare Sterki, one specimen.

During a cruise in Bering Sea last summer, Mr. G. Dallas
Hanna touched at St. Mathew Island in the northern part of
Bering Sea. From small ponds in the island he obtained the
following species:

Aplexa hypnorum Linné.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Valvata mergella Westerlund.

Pisidiwm scutellatum? Sterki.

Succinea chrysis Westerlund.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

Several times during the last few years I have received the
two forest snails Polygyra columbiana and Circinaria vancouver-
ensis from Unalashka. At first I felt confident that some error
had occured in labeling, as during my visits at that locality,
1871 to 1880, there was no grove or forest to shelter them and
assiduous collecting failed to reveal their presence. However,
in 1899 I found the transplanted Sitka spruce planted on one
or two of the islets in the bay had made an extraordinary growth,
and as these snails are always associated with the spruce and
fresh specimens have been lately received from the locality, I
can no longer doubt that the introduction of the species and its
acclimation have been successful. The Circinaria are small and
of a dark olive-green, the Polygyra normal.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN SIGARETUS.

BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD.

SINUM CALIFORNICUM, N. sp.

Shell white, convex, spirally striate above, with epidermis of
a rusty yellow; a thin columellar callus reflected nearly over
the umbilicus showing only a faint trace of umbilicus; interior
snow-white. This has been called Sigaretus debilis Gld., but it
is not like the specimens from Lower California. It differs
from S. concavum in not being as convex, and the interior being
white, and the early whorls are much smaller, and from S. debile
in being convex and larger. SS. debile is very flat, the early
whorls are smaller and fewer. Length of shell 38 mm., breadth
18 mm., height 18 mm.

The type comes from San Pedro, California. The type and
nine specimens are in the Oldroyd collection at Stanford Uni-
versity. Others are in the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum,
from localities ranging from Monterey, Cal., to Todos Santos
Bay, Lower Cal.

14 THE NAUTILUS.
A NEW SONORELLA FROM ARIZONA.

BY S. S. BERRY.

Mr. George Willett has sent in specimens of a Sonorella from
Gila County, Arizona, which do not seem referable to any of the
described species. A diagnosis is accordingly offered below.

SONORELLA ROOSEVELTIANA new species.

The shell is depressed. In the type the spire is low conoidal,
but in some specimens is higher, while in others is raised but
little above the level of the principal whorl ; umbilicate, the
umbilicus contained about eight times in the major diameter ;
very thin and fragile. Whorls 44 to 44. Embryonic whorls a
little less then 14, the initial half-whorl very finely, irregularly,
radially, wrinkled-costulate, the wrinkles becoming finer and
more wavy in the following whorl, where they are crossed by
a series of fine, delicate, raised lines, passing obliquely down-
ward and forward from the summit of the whorl] to the suture,
the sculpturing sometimes showing with beautiful regularity
over most of the whorl. Yet when aseries of shells is examined
the finer sculpturing shows great variation. Frequently the ~
incised lines are more or less interrupted, especially near the
summit, into elongate papillae which later coalesce. Some-
times lines or papillae are evident running in a direction counter
to those just described and intersecting them. Above the sum-
mit, where the wrinkly lines of growth come closer together,
the appearance is more granular and less distinct, but occasional
traces of similar lines apparently pass obliquely downward
(actually upward on account of the depression of the whorl at
the suture) and backward from the superior suture to the sum-
mit. In most of the specimens the fine wrinkling becomes al-
most granulose. The next whorl-and-three-quarters show irre-
gular growth-lines crossed obliquely by lines of minute papillae,
though I can make out no bristles with the aid of such magni-
fying power as happens to be by me. The last whorl is appar-
ently smooth except for the lines of growth. This whorl is
moderately wide and descends slightly in front. The aperture

THE NAUTILUS. 15

is subcireular and very oblique. The peristome is thin, its
margin only slightly thickened and scarcely at all expanded or
reflexed except at the base. There is an excessively delicate
parietal callus. The type measures, alt. 8, major diam. 16.5,
lesser diam. 14 mm. ; diam. of umbilicus 2 mm. ; aperture § x
8 mm.

Largest specimen, alt. 11, major diam. 19 mm.

Smallest adult, alt. 7, major diam. 15 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 3733 of the writer’s coilection. A paratype
is Cat. No. 117086 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil-
adelphia, and another is in the collection of George Willett.

Type Locality : Roosevelt, Gila County, Arizona; in rock
slides on north slopes, 2200 ft. altitude. 31 specimens exam-
ined, taken by Mr. George Willett, December 15, 1914, and
November 1916.

Remarks: Although the shell characters of this modest species
offer no very striking peculiarities, I have been unable to iden-
tify it with any of the sixty or so described members of the
genus. There is apparently no end to the Arizonan Sonorellas.
As compared with the other species of which I have seen speci-
mens, S. rooseveltiana seems more than usually thin and fragile.
The general porportions of the shell, as the spire, aperture, and
so on, are quite variable.

Some of Mr. Willett’s shells have found their way into other
collections as S. coloradoensis Stearns, from the figures a quite
different species.

Redlands, California.

THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF LAMPSILIS MINOR AND
L. VILLOSA. ;

BY T. VAN HYNING.

In sending out specimens of the Unionidae of Florida from
the Florida State Museum, we have stated of Lampsilis villosa
B. H. Wright, and Lampsilis minor Lea, that it was impossible
to differentiate with certainty all of the adult specimens; this

16 THE NAUTILUS.

being due to the eroded umbones, but with young specimens
showing umbonal sculpture, it was an easy matter. Simpson
says in his Descriptive Catalogue for both species, that the um-
bonal sculpture was not seen; hence no description. This
museum has numerous specimens of young and adult of both
species recently collected, and the young show the umbonal
sculpture of both species to be composed of about four coarse
ridges; in minor they are circular and in villosa V-shaped looped.

Mr. Frierson, in a letter of November 27, '16, writes that he
has discovered how to differentiate the adults of these two
species. He calls attention to an additional small muscle scar
(cicatricula?) at the upper end of the anterior muscle scar
(cicatrix) in minor.

I have just found time to go over the specimens in this
museum and open them up, and separate them according to
Mr. Frierson’s discovery, and I am now prepared to give some
additional information. In the majority of specimens a glass
is required to see the small scar referred to, and then in the
majority of specimens the small scar, instead of being separate,
is but an extension of the larger one, which makes it still
harder to determine. Simpson says, of minor, ‘‘ anterior scars
deep,’? and of villosa ‘‘muscle scars scarcely impressed.’? In
opening a shell, the deep scar in minor is at once noticeable from
the shallow one of villosa. Minor is a heavier, wider, and shorter
shell than villosa, and the anterior distance from the umbo is
shorter in minor.

Florida State Museum.

NOTES ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN CERTAIN VIVIPAROUS
MUSSELS OF THE FAMILY SPHAERIIDAE.

BY RALPH J. GILMORE.

The present study was undertaken in an effort to determine
the nature of the reproductive process in certain common forms
of the family Sphaeriidae. For a long time incubation of the
young has been known to occur in European forms, but no in-
vestigation has been made of related forms from America.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

HistoricaL. Jacobsen (1828) noted the fact that embryos
of Cyclas develop in sacs. He observes that ‘‘each ovary is
composed of a number of small cylindrical sacs or capsules.
When impregnated, these sacs increase in bulk and gradually
protrude from the abdomen. By this protrusion they are intro-
duced into the gill cavity but still retain connection with the
interior membrane of the ovary. These capsules contain the
eggs and the young are developed in them. Each one contains
but one egg or young one. As soon as the young has reached
a certain size, the capsule bursts and the young is ejected into
the gill cavity. We find in the gill cavity at one and the same
time, capsules and young both large and small.’’ Apparently
the only part of Jacobsen’s observations which is correct, is the
fact that the young develop in sacs. Later authors fail to con-
firm his work. Oskar Schmidt (1854) investigated the anatomy
of Cyclas calyculata. Franz Leidig (1855) studied the anatomy
of Cyclas cornea. Stepanoff (1865) was the first to point out
the brood pouch of Cyclas in its true relation. His observations
were confirmed in 1885 by Ziegler. However, the work of
both of these men was directed mainly toward segmentation and
development of the embryo and their observations on the brood
pouch were mere casual notes. In one of his plates Ziegler
shows a diagrammatic figure including a small portion of a
brood pouch. De Bruyne (1898) in a work on phagocytosis
figures a brood pouch. Poyarkoff (1910) published a prelim-
inary note on the incubation of embryos of Cyclas. This was
followed in 1911 by a paper on the same form by Schereschewsky.
Both of these authors gave considerable attention to the cellular
structure of the pouch, its origin and function. The only work
that has been published on American forms is that of Drew,
who in 1894 described the anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum.

MarerIAL. The material for this work was collected during
the summer and fall of 1913, from ponds and streams in the
neighborhood of Ithaca, N. Y. Two forms were observed,
Calyculina truncata and Sphaerium sinile.

Calyculina truncata is one of the smallest of the Sphaeriidae.
It averages about eight millimeters long, and seven high. The
shell is very fragile, rhombic ovate, the posterior part very

18 THE NAUTILUS.

squarely cut off, the anterior broadly rounded. The surface is
smooth and shining with very fine lines of growth. The color
is light yellowish green or greenish horn. It occurs in clear
fresh-water ponds or the sheltered parts of rivers, usually em-
bedded in soft sticky mud, the siphons protruding just above
the surface. Very often it may be seen climbing about on sub-
merged vegetation. The seasons of greatest apparent abundance
are the spring and early summer months. It quite frequently
occurs in ponds which are dry throughout the greater part of the
year.

Sphaerium simile is one of the largest species of the family.
An adult specimen may be eighteen millimeters long and thir-
teen millimeters high. The shell is rather solid, almost equila-
teral, transversely oval (Fig. 10), the anterior and posterior
margins almost equal, The surface is shining, pale green, with
coarse growth-lines in young specimens but in older ones it is
dull, dark brown to black with only those growth-lines evident
which mark the ends of growth, periods. It prefers clear, cold
streams but may be found in quiet pools of rivers and lakes.
It buries itself in soft mud or debris usually an inch or more
below the surface. It communicates with the water above
through a small hole in the mud. I have no record of this
form occurring in places which are not well supplied with water
throughout the year.

MernHops. During the early part of the work, expanded
animals were fixed in hot water or hot mercuric chloride.
This method had one great advantage, in that it allowed very
litte contraetion of organs. But for cell structure the following
was found to be better. The animals were prevented from
completely closing the shell by a small piece of wood inserted
between the valves. In this condition they were placed in cold
saturated mercuric chloride with two to three percent of glacial
acetic acid. They were kept in the fixer for twenty-four hours.
The acidity of the fixer removed nearly all of the calcium salts
of the shell. The remainder was removed by one half to one
percent of hydrochloric acid in sixty-seven percent alcohol.
The entire animal was imbedded in paraffin. Serial sections
were cut from six to ten microns in thickness. Delafield’s

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Haematoxylin and orange G. in ninety-five percent alcohol were
‘used as stains.

In order to establish the relation of the brood pouch to the
gill filaments and water spaces a wax model of parts of a gill
was constructed from drawings made on an Edinger machine.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The animal is hermaphroditic. The
‘reproductive organs are situated beneath the pericardium and
behind the stomach (Figs 1, 2, 8,4). They consist ofa pair
of racemose glands, the anterior part of which produce sperm
and the posterior eggs. A common genital duct continues
backward, opening into the cloacal chamber of the inner gill
near the opening of the kidney.

Plate V, Fig. 2, represents the essential parts of an egg fol-
licle. Each follicle is lined with a single layered epithelium
‘supported by a very heavy basement membrane. Eggs develop
by the enlargement of certain cells of the lining epithelium.
When a developing egg has grown to four or five times the size
-of the neighboring cells it is pushed out of its position by a
pedestal-like growth of the basement membrane. Thus pro-
jected into the lumen of the follicle, it continues to develop until
mature, when it drops off.

The sperm-producing follicles (Fig. 3) are irregularly spher-
ical and arranged about their common duct like the parts of a
raspberry. ach follicle is made up of a mass of sperm mother
‘cells about its outer part and either fully formed or young
sperm cells near the center. The center is hollow and com-
municates with the common sperm duct. This duct (Pl. V,
Fig. 3) extends a short distance backward where it receives the
product of the egg follicle, continuing from that point to the
exterior as a common genital duct.

Regarding maturation and fertilization Stepanoff (1865) ob-
serves, ‘‘ When the egg has reached a certain size it separates
more and more from the wall of the basement tissue until it at
last becomes free, in the inner part of the follicle and later falls
into the outlet of the sex glands. The separation is affected by
the increase of the yolk mass and the resulting weight of the
egg. Eggs thus fallen into the duct become surrounded by a
mass of fully formed sperm, so that, without doubt, fertilization

20 THE NAUTILUS.

occurs in this place.’? Schereschewsky says, ‘‘ Fertilization
takes place in the gill chamber.” In the majority of the speci-
mens of Calyculina and Sphaerium ripe sperm and eggs were
found to occur in the same individual. None of the specimens
had eggs in the genital duct.

BREEDING Seasons. The breeding season probably continues
through the greater part of the year. Observations on this
point have been very meager. Animals taken in November and
December of 1913 were found to contain, in newly formed brood
pouches, eggs some of which were unsegmented and others in
very early cleavage stages. Considerably over fifty adult speci-
mens have been sectioned. All were found to contain young
in several stages of development.

Gitts. Before considering the structure of the brood pouch
it will be necessary to look into the structure of the gills. The
gills are four in number, an outer and aninner pair. The outer
is much smaller than the inner and falls short anteriorly by
about a fourth of its length. Each gill has two lamellae. The
outer lamella of the outer gill is attached to the mantle; the
inner lamella of the outer gill is attached to the outer lamella
of the inner gill and the inner lamella of the inner gill is at-
tached to the body. It is the outer lamella of the inner gill
which contains the brood pouches.

The lamellae are made up of gill filaments (Figs. 7, 8, and
11). <A typical filament may be compared to a rubber tube
sharply bent on itself to form a letter Y. Each filament of one
lamella is therefore continuous with one of the other lamellae.
The open part of the letter Y represents the cloacal chamber.
All water which passes between the filaments finds its way into.
this chamber and from thence to the exterior. In the anterior
and posterior parts of the gill the cloacal chamber is very much
reduced (Figs. 8 and 11).

Each filament is a hollow tube which in frontal section ap-
pears as an irregular ellipse (Figs. 8 and 11). The outer part
is made up of a single layer of heavy cells, strengthened by
chitinous rods (Fig. 8). The inner part is a single layer of
flattened cells forming a very thin membrane. The hollow

THE NAUTILUS. 21

part of a filament is the blood space. This blood space may be
rossed by an irregular loose network of web-like threads.
These probably serve to prevent the membrane from collapsing.
In the ventral part of the gill, except at the ventralmost part,
the blood spaces of the two lamellae are kept separate as is shown
(Figs. 5, 7 and 11).

At irregular intervals adjacent filaments are joined by inter-
filamentary junctions (Figs. 7, 8 and 11). Small ribbon-like
bands of fibrous chitin may join several filaments for a short
space. These by holding the filaments together give definite
shape to the lamellae which would otherwise be a tangle of
tubes. Another type of junction (Fig. 8) is made by the direct
fusion of the elements of two adjacent filaments. This is the
more common form of junction in the dorsal part of the gill.
At the most dorsal part the filaments lose their identity entirely
and fuse to form large blood spaces.

Between the filaments are water spaces which communicate
with the mantle chamber on the outside and the cloacal cham-
ber on the inside. Water is kept flowing from the mantle cham-
ber to the cloacal chamber and the excurrent siphon by cilia.
The outer surface of the filaments is covered with short cilia, the
sides have a narrow row of longer ones.

CIRCULATION OF THE BLoop. The most important function
of the gills is the purification of the blood. Blood leaves the
ventricle by two main arterial trunks, the one supplying the
anterior and the other the posterior part of the body. These
vessels end in blood spaces which have no definite wall. The
spaces of the greater part of the body pour their blood into the
inner lamella of the inner gill (Fig. 5). Passing first ventrally
in this lamella, it turns at the bottom of the gill and comes up-
ward through the outer lamella. In the dorsal part of this
dJamella the filaments fuse to form a large sinus which becomes
the auricle and empties into the ventricle. The outer gill de-
rives its supply of blood from the mantle and such parts of the
body as are near by. Blood enters the outer lamella, crosses to
the inner lamella and enters the heart by the same channel
that carries blood from the inner gill. It should be noted that
the brood pouches are admirably located. For they are bathed

22 THE NAUTILUS.

by blood which has just left the alimentary tract and later
received its supply of oxygen.

Broop Poucn. Fig. 8 represents a fully formed brood pouch
as seen in frontal section. The pouch has two distinct walls, an
outer and an inner. ‘These are direct continuations of the
heavier portions of adjacent gill filaments. The outer wall con-
sists of a thin one-celled membrane made of flat expanded cells.
This wall is, in every respect, similar to the membranous part
of the gill filaments. The inner wall is also made up of a single
layer of cells. A part of this wall is similar to the outer wall
though the major portion is composed of very thick glandular
cells. Between the outer and the inner walls is a blood space.
This space is a modification of the spaces of the two filaments
to which the two walls are attached (Fig. 11). Numerous web-
like cross threads occur in the blood space. These are similar
to those which are found in the spaces of typical filaments.
They furnish another proof that the two walls are mere modifi-
cations of filaments. The brood pouch may contain but one
embryo (as in Fig. 8) or it may enclose a number (as in Fig.
11). A pouch may involve two filaments and only two (as in
Fig. 8) or it may be constructed from the parts of several.
The inner wall of such a pouch is thrown into folds which di-
vide it into communicating chambers. These folds probably
represent the contributions of the several filaments.

Just how the pouch originates is still an open question.
Stepanoff (1865) and Schereschewsky (1913) believe it to be a
modification of gill filaments. In Calyculina and Sphaerium
all the available evidence points to such an origin. The wax
model shows the pouch to be a modification of ordinary fila-
ments. The same filaments enter into the structure of the
pouch throughout its extent.

Poyarkoff (1910) offers this theory for the origin of the pouch:
‘‘When the embryo comes into contact with the gill filaments,
it is surrounded and enclosed by leucocytes. Later these ar-
range themselves in two layers forming the brood pouch.’? He
considers ‘‘the incubation of embryos in Cyclas as a case of
ectoparasitism accompanied by the formation of a follicle at
least in part, perhaps altogether mesodermal.’’ Schereschewsky

THE NAUTILUS. 23

"reviews Poyarkoff’s work and can find no good evidence to
substantiate it.

One fact may be significant to show that the glandular inner
wall is not a structure which must be derived from other sources
than filaments. In the dorsal part of the gills all of the fila-
ments are fused to form a heavy-walled blocd sinus. This wall
is made up of cells which, in every respect, resemble those of
the inner wall of the brood pouch.

NUTRITION OF THE EmpBryo. Schereschewsky observes that
the embryo in the brood pouch is bathed by a distinet fluid
which contains many acidophile granules. This fluid is the
secretion of the large gland cells of the inner wall of the pouch.

Poyarkoff has a different theory. He says, ‘‘ there are large
cells of the inner wall of the brood pouch which serve for the
nutrition of the embryo. At a certain time they become de-
tached and fall into the lumen of the pouch. Their cytoplasm
becomes homogeneous and eosinophile. Their nuclei take a
uniform stain. The chromatin granules become almost com-
pletely indistinct. The embryo swallows these large cells. I
have found these large shells in the intestine of some embryos.
Stepanoff (1865) and Ziegler (1885) have noted this mode of
nutrition.’’ Poyarkoff further observes that the cells which
have thus fallen into the cavity are replaced by leucocytes.
Figure 9 is a copy of one of his illustrations. Schereschewsky
has reviewed these observations and can find no evidence to
justify them. In Calyculina and Sphaerium I have found un-
doubted evidence of secretion in the brood pouch. I have
found a few cells thrown out into the lumen of the pouch but
have considered this a normal phenomenon to be expected
among actively secreting cells. As to the cells supposed to have
been eaten by the embryo, may these not have been parasites ?

SexuaL Maturity. Gross examination of the gills of Sphae-
rium revealed young so large that it was thought probable that
these young might themselves be bearing embryos. Examina-
tion of microscopic sections proved that such a condition does
not exist. The smallest specimen found to contain young was
ten millimeters long. This is two millimeters longer than the

24 THE NAUTILUS.

largest young one found within the brood pouch. Several
nine-millimeter specimens were sectioned but none were found
to contain young. Young six, seven, and eight millimeters
long have sex organs fully formed. I have no sections of very
small Calyculina. The young of this form within the parent’s
gills are in the same stages of development as to the sex organs,
as those of Sphaerium.

In the table which follows are included the results of gross
examination of a number of Sphaeria. This is incomplete,
since it was not possible to determine the presence of any young
under five tenths of a millimeter. The animals examined were
taken during July, 1913.

Size Total Total Percentage
Length inmm. Examined Bearing young Bearing Young
7 3 0 0
8 12 0 0
9 27 0 0
10 21 0 0
11 30 0 0
12 45 0 0
13 30 2 6.6
14 40 10 25
15 47 22 46.8
16 64 51 80
17 64 53 83
18 14 14 100°
19 4 | 100
SPHAERIUM BEARING YOUNG OVER .5 MM. Lone.
iss Number bearing Total of Per cent of
young class class
13 2 30 6.6
14 10 40 25.
15 22 47 46.8
16 51 64 80.
17 53 64 83.
18 14 14 100.

19 4 4 100.

THE NAUTILUS. pas

S1zE oF YOUNG TAKEN FROM ABOVE SPHAERIUM BY GROSS

DISSECTION.
Size Frequency Per cent of whole
oO 1 04

A 16 6.
1.5 6 2.

2. ov 14,
2.5 9 3.

3. 26 10
3.9 3 1

4, 28 10

5. 37 14

6 41 15

7 55 20

8 8 3

267 young from 400 adults taken haphazard.

The size of the young was found to be independent of the
size of the parent. An eight-millimeter young is as likely to
be in a fourteen-millimeter parent as in one of eighteen milli-
meters length. The majority of the above contained two young,
one in each inner gill. A few contained four.

Similar data were taken from Calyculina which were killed
in June 1913.

Length of Parent pyimined gunng” = young
7 1 1.5 7
6 I! 1. 4
8 1 1.5 9
7 1 1.5 16
7 1 1.5 10
8 1 2. 5
7 } 5: 3

The great variation in the number of young is probably due
to the fact that some had already emerged from the parent
pouch. I have no records which include totals of young of all
stages. In one specimen I was able to count twenty-four.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

No method has been discovered for determining the age of
young or the period of incubation. I am inclined to believe
that young in Calyculina are carried for one year or more. In
a pond which was under observation for a period of over a year,
adults were found in April to contain fully formed young. This
pond had been dry from July of the year preceding until it
became filled by melting snow in March. It had no inlet or
outlet and received no overflow floods from any nearby ponds
or streams. The number of young produced is probably ten to
twenty in Calyculina and two to four in Sphaerium. These
figures are based on the fact that these species during early
spring contain about the above numbers of young, which when
removed from the mother are able to take care of themselves.

AGE IN SpHAERIUM. The distinctness of growth-areas or rings
in Sphaerium led to the belief that age might be determined
by correlating size and number of rings. The entire surface of
the shell (Pl. VI, Fig. 10) is thrown into narrow parallel ridges
which represent growth-lines. At the beginning of a season
these lines are widely separated; at the end they are crowded
very closely together. One of these areas constitute a growth

ring. In many specimens the several rings are further marked.

by slight differences of color due to deposits on the shell. The
rings are usually very distinct though there are many forms in
which they are very faintly differentiated.

The following table includes results obtained by measuring
Sphaerium simile.

Total rinige Number Ran ge of size A verage size
examined in mm. m mm.
1 46 5-10 8.6
2 58 9-14 11.2
3 86 OL 1F 13.2
4 116 12-18 16,9
5 67 12-19 17
6 20 12-19 17
7 6 16-19 17
8 1 18 18

—— ee

THE NAUTILUS. on

While the above results are not conclusive they are certainly
not altogether negative. The following facts seem significant.

1. No individuals attain a length of over 19 mm.

2. No individuals show more than 8 rings.

3. The averages of each class show an increase in length of
about 2 mm. per ring.

4. The range of size included within each class is from 5 to
7mm. This seems to indicate either that growth is very irreg-
ular in different individuals or that the rings do not indicate
seasons. The fact that many specimens have very indistinct
lines may account for some of these discrepancies. If one ring
represents a year, the average age of a large specimen would be
four or five years.

Regarding growth in the Unionidae Isely (1913) draws the
following conclusions.

1. Rate of growth is exceedingly variable.

2. The summer months are the growth months.

3. Lines of arrested growth may be called rest rings, the con-
spicuous ones being usually winter rest rings. Occasionally
the rest rings may be two or more years apart; more often,
however, several equally prominent rings may be formed in one
year. Prominent rest rings are generally due to double pris-
matic and epidermal layers.

Notes on Ecology. So far as observed the food consists mainly
of diatoms. Many forms occur in ponds which become dry
during the summer, remaining in that condition until the follow-
ing spring. In aquaria I have observed that Calyculina will
burrow down to the water level. Isely reports forms of Union-
idae which were turned up by a plow in perfect condition.

The above observations emphasise the fact that very little is
known about the habits of the forms considered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1828—Jacobsen, Cycladens anatomiske.
Undersolgelse Dansk. Selsk. Naturvid. Afhandl, Vol.
III, translated by T. Prime.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 5.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

1854—Schmidt, Ueber die Entwicklung von Cyclas calyculata.
Millers Archiv.

1855—Leidig, Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Cyclas.
Miillers Archiv.

1865—Stepanoff, Ueber die Geschlechtorgane und die Entwick-
lung von Cyclas cornea. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 31
Jahrg., Bd. 1.

1885—Ziegler, Die Entwicklung von Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift
fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. XLI.

1895—Drew, The Anatomy of Sphaerium sulcatum. Proceed-
ings of Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. IIT.

1895—Cook, Molluses, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. III.

1898—De Bruyne, Sur l’intervention de la phagocytose dans le
developpement des Invertebres—Archives de Biologie,
ae. 'h

1903— Ridewood, On the Structure of the Gills of the Lamelli-
branchia. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CXCV, B.

1906—Lankester, Treatise on Zoology, Part V.

1910— Poyarkoff, Incubation des embryons et regeneration des
branchies chez les Cyclas. Archives de Zoologie Ex-
perimentale, P. V.

1911—Schereschewsky, Struktur und Bildung der Bruttaschen
bei Cyclas cornea. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche
Zoologie, Bd. 98.

1913—Isely, Experimental Study on the Growth and Migration
of Fresh Water Mussels. Abstract in Science 1913, P..
263.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV-VI. after |>-AA

Plate IV. Figure1. <A diagrammatic dissection of Calyculina.

M —Mouth K O —Kidney opening
Ip —Habial palps 'T —Sperm follicles
Es —sophagus OQ —REgg follicles
In —Liver G D —Genital duct
Sto —Stomach G O —Genital opening
Int —lIntestine A A —Anterior adductor
R —Rectum muscle
A -—Anus P A —Posterior adductor
Cb G —Cerebral ganglion muscle
Ps G —Parieto-splanchnic Ft —Foot

ganglion Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber

PG —Pedal ganglion Ex S —Excurrent siphon

SS ee ee

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Sta —Statocyst In S —Incurrent siphon
V —Ventricle G —Gill

Au —Auricle Man —Manile

Pl —Pericardium Shl —Shell

Kd —Kidney

Figure 2. Cross section of egg-bearing follicle of Calyculina.

O —Egg Ep —Epithelium
Bt —Basement membrane Yo —Young egg

Figure 3. Cross section of sperm-bearing follicle.
Sp Mc—sperm mother cells. Sp —sperm

Figure 8. Frontal section of inner gill of Calyculina show-
ing brood pouch. Drawn with Edinger machine.

O L —Outer lamella Ct —Cross threads
Ji —Inner lamella Em —Embryo
Ci —Cilia Sh —Shell remains
G Fil —Gill filament Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber
Bs —Blood space Ge —Gland cells of inner
I W —Inner wall of brood wall.
pouch Sec —Secretion
O W —Outer wall of brood
pouch

Plate V. Figure 4. Diagrammatic section of sex organs.
Calyculina.
T —Sperm follicles Gd —Genital duct
Or —Hgg follicle G O —Genital opening.

Figure 5. Diagrammatic cross section through the region of
the reproductive organs. Calyculina.

Pp —Pericardium M —Mantle

V —Ventricle Ft —Foot

Au —dAuricle Cl Ch —-Cloacal chamber
Bs —Blood space O —Egg follicle

R —Rectum Tt: —Sperm follicles
IG —Inner Gill Ne —Nerve cords

OG —Outer Gill CT —Connective tissue

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Figure 6. Diagrammatic cross section of Calyculina to show
opening of genital ducts.

G O —Genital opening P —Pericardium
NC —Nerve cord kK —Kidney

Cl Ch —Cloacal chamber R —Rectum

IG —Inner gill Blv —Posterior aorta
O G —Outer gill M —Mantle

Ft —Foot

Figure 7. Frontal section of neutral part of inner gill, show-
ing fusion of the two lamellae. Calyculina.

IL —Inner lamella [fj —Interfilamentary junc-
O L —Outer lamella tions
Bls —Blood space Ct —Cross threads

Figure 9. Part of inner wall of the brood pouch of Cyclas.
(Copied from Poyarkoff).

L —tLeucocyte lodged at base of cells

F —Leucocyte just entering wall of pouch
A —Leucocyte beginning to divide

N —Polynucleate cell

Plate VI. Figure 10. Shell of Spaerium simile showing
growth lines.

U —Umbo 1, 2, 3, 4, —Growth lines

Figure 11. Diagrammatic reconstruction of a portion of the
inner gill of Calyculina, showing the relation of brood pouches
to gill filaments.

IL —Inner lamella Em —Embryo

O L —Outer lamella I W —Inner wall of brood

Cl Ch—Cloacal chamber pouch

Jf J —Interfilamentary junc- O W —Outer wall of brood.
tion pouch

G F —Gill filament Bls _—Blood space

THE NAUTILUS. 31

COLLECTING SHELLS IN A CORNER OF THE SIERRA NEVADA.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Prospects along the southern border of Arizona in the summer
of 1916 were a little warlike; thus myself and family, two of us,
joined with Prof. E. E. Hand, zoological instructor at the
Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, in a vacation to Cali-
fornia. The hikers of the Sierra Club were ready for their
annual July tramp and we joined their ranks. At Bakersfield
we dropped off for a day’s collecting along the banks of the
Kern river.

That night the club, 260 strong, was overtaken and no further
opportunities for collecting were conveniently at hand until we
arrived at the forks of the Tulle river the next evening. We
left the railroad at Springville in Tulare county.

This conservation club of nearly 2,000 members, Jos. Le-
Conte, jr., President, and Wm. H. Colby, Secretary, seems to
feel it to be a part of their work to show the way to the Cali-
fornia mountains, to make them accessible and popular, and in
this until his death a couple of years ago, John Muir was their
leader. The membership is principally Californians, San Fran-
cisco and Los Angeles predominating. Our own state was well
represented in this outing, for there were sixteen of us from
Chicago and Joliet.

These annual excursions show the way to good health, the
big trees, the highest mountains and the great canyons and do
much to make California attractive to the globe-trotter. We
ascended the Kern river Canyon, climbed Kaweah Peak, Mt.
Whitney and the Kearsarges, opened the Muir trail and crossed
over the range down to Independence, Inyo county, in the
Owen valley—a snowbank in camp every night but the last,
when we needed it most.

It was a delightful journey with delightful people, and the
rivers and snowbanks were crossed without accident. It was
the seventeenth year under the Colby régime, and practice has
made the arrangements so perfect there was no jar in the pro-
gram. Next July we ascend the middle fork of Kings river.

382 THE NAUTILUS.

After this month of collecting, fishing, music, opera and lec-
tures with the Sierra Club we hit the trail for another month
with H. D. Gill, one of our packers acquainted with every corner
of the range. We gave other lakes and peaks of that vicinity a
thorough combing, via Rae lake, down the south fork of the
Kings river, returning by the Giant Forest, Mineral King, and
Rattlesnake Gulch, and Volcano creek and the Cottonwood
lakes, to have a better acquaintance with the golden trout,
(roosevelti). I also dropped off at Las Vegas, Nevada, and
picked up a few shells.

The opportunities for collecting with the Sierra Club were
excellent. When the party moved it was but a ten-mile journey
for the day. The packers with about 100 horses and mules
carried our baggage, provisions and cooking-ranges. A dozen
elderly people and the packers had riding horses, the rest of us
men, women, boys and girls walked. There were five good
cooks and several commissaries, and our only stunt in drudgery
was to pick out a soft spot in the timber at evening, unroll the
sleeping bag, and roll it up again at five in the morning. At
the most attractive points camp was made for a day or two, or
sometimes longer.

In this portion of the Sierras at least, the snails cling to the
meadows and wet ground about the springs. We had no suc-
cess in the rocks or timber. Strangers to the habits of California
snails, much time was wasted in our efforts to catch them. A
Sierra meadow is much the same as the eastern peatbog and
though apparently dry in spots, appearances are deceiving. It
is all wet collecting. Wood-fungi, Pisidiums, Physas and land
shells were found under the same sticks and all apparently
thriving in the wetness.

Nevada is more upon the plan of Arizona and Utah. Shells
were found plentiful at timber line under stone and decaying
vegetation. As to moisture and cover the Sierra Nevada is
favorable to snail growth, travel, distribution. Simply, it seems
one of those situations where the large snails had never been—
never settled. The collections for the season were identified by
Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and myself jointly as follows :

[All stations are within Tulare county, California except when
otherwise noted. |

a

oe)
ot

THE NAUTILUS.

Epiphragmophora callistoderma n. sp. Kern River, 2 miles N.
of Bakersfield, Tulare Co., Cal.

Oreohelix handi n. sp. Smaller and thinner than O. hemphilli.
Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev. This and the preceding
species will be described in the next number.

Epiphragmophora (Helminthoglypta) tudiculata (Binn.), var.
Panther Creek, Giant Forest, Tulare Co. A single dead speci-
men of a small, compact race, not agree closely with any of the
named forms of tudiculata.

Pupilla sonorana St., var. Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co.,
Nevada.

Gastrocopa pilsbryana St., same locality.

Vertigo modesta parietalis Anc., Rae Lake.

Vertigo modesta castanea St., Bubbs Creek Falls, mouth of Big
Arroyo, Stas. 5, 6, 7 Funston Meadows, Woods Creek, Panther
Creek and Ranger in Giant Forest, Onion Valley in Kearsarge
Pass, Inyo Co.

Vallonia cyclophorella Anec., Inyo Mts., Inyo Co., Calif.,
Charleston Mt., Lincoln Co., Nev., mouth of Big Arroyo,
Tulare Co.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., First Kern Butt, Funston Mead-
Ows.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.) var. occidentalis (Cooper),
Spring Brook at Las Vegas, Nev.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, Bubbs Creek Falls, Funston Mead-
ows, Little Kern Lake, First Kern Butte, Rae Lake, forks of
Tulle River, Panther Creek, Woods Creek, Mouth of Big Arroyo,
Waucoba Springs, Inyo county Calif., Onion Valley, Inyo
county, Charleston Mts., Lincoln Co. Nev.

Euconulus fulvus (Drap.), Bubbs Creek Falls, Stas. 5, 6 and
7 Funston Meadows, Woods creek, mouth of Big Arroyo, forks
of Tulle River, Waucoba Springs, Hills near Waucoba Springs
and Onion Valley in Inyo Co., Calif., and Charleston Mt.,
Lincoln Co., Nev.

Euconulus chersinellus (Dall. ), Forks of the Tulle River, First
Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls.

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newe.), Funston Meadows, Woods
Creek, First Kern Butte, Little Kern Lake, mouth of Big Arroyo,

34 THE NAUTILUS,

Bubbs Creek Falls, Summit Meadows, Ranger and Panther
Creek in Giant Forest, Onion Valley, Inyo Co.

Pyramidula shimeki cockerelli Pils., Tyndall Creek, Tulare Co.,
Waucoba Springs, Inyo Co.

Punctum californicum Pils., Forks of Tulle River, Little Kern
Lake, Bubbs Creek Falls, Onion Valley, Inyo Co.

Succinea stretchiana Bld., First Kern Butte, Stas. 6, 7 and 16
Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow, Giant Forest, Waucoba
Springs, Inyo Co. and Charleston Mt., Nev.

The lot comprises a large variety of forms between avara and
oregonensis as well as small specimens that agree with an au-
thentic S. stretchiana received from Bland. The Succineas of
this region need revision.

Succinea oregonensis Lea, Bakersfield, Big Arroyo and Woods
Creek. Also Las Vegas, Lincoln Co., Nevada.

Succinea gabbi Tryon, Tank Springs, Mazuka Canyon, Inyo
Co., California.

Physa virginea gabbi Tryon, Bakersfield, Cal., Las Vegas, Nev.

Planorbis traski Lea, (young) Bakersfield, Cal.

Pisidium roperi St., Funston Meadows, Summit Meadow,
Onion Valley.

Pisidium rowelli St., Stas. 6 and 7 Funston Meadows, Siliman
and Panther Creeks, and Onion Valley.

Pisidium insigne Gabb, First Kern Butte.

MRS. MARIA BALDRIDGE.

We have recently received notice of the death of Mrs. Maria
Baldridge of Los Angeles, California, April 7th, in her 82nd
year. Mrs. Baldridge was one of the enthusiastic collectors of
the Los Angeles group, who up to an advanced age deyoted her
attention to the shells of California with much success, several
additions to the fauna being due to her assiduity and now bear
her name. She had an interesting if not large collection, and
will be missed by her associates not only for her interest in
conchology but for her kindly and cordial character.

W. H. Datt.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Mo.tusca oF AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC ExpEDITION, 1911-1914,
Scientific Rept. Ser. C. Zoology and Botany, vol. iv, pt. 1, 1916.
By C. Hedley. A valuable contribution to our knowledge of

THE NAUTILUS. 35

the Antarctic Mollusca. The dredgings were made along the
coast of Adelie Land in Commonwealth Bay and Davis Sea and
off Shackleton’s Ice-shelf. Collections were also made at Mac-
quarie Island. Two new genera Ovirissoa and Friginatica and
forty-one new species and two varieties are described. Illustra-
ted by nine plates with excellent figures of the new species and
many of the other species from that region.

SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSKs OF THE FAMILY ALECTRIONIDAE
OF THE WeEsT Coast oF AmERIcA. By W.H. Dall. Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. vol. 51, pages 575-579, 1917. Dr. Dall divides
the old genus Nassa, (a name first applied by Bolten to what
was later called /opas) from a conchological standpoint pending
anatomical researches, into two groups Arcularia with a heavy
callus about the aperture and a hump on the back of the last
whorl and Alectrion for the reticulate species with little or no
callus, no hump, and simple or nearly simple outer lip. Eleven
new species included in the genera /hos, Nassarina and Gouldia
are described.

TEREBRIDAE OF THE JAPANESE Empire. By Y. Hirase. The
Hirase Museum 1917. Illustrated by 8 plates with 131 figures.
Except for an introductory letter by Marshall R. Gaines the
text is in Japanese, but with the excellent figures, explanation
to plates and bibliography, the work can be readily used by
Western students.

Descriptions OF NEw West AMERICAN MARINE MOLLUsKs
AND Notes ON PREVIOUSLY DEscRIBED Forms. By Paul Bartsch.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, pages 637-681, plates 42-47.
May 1917. Fifty three new species are described, embraced
in the following genera: Pyramidella, Turbonilla, Odostomia,
Cerithiopsis, Bittium and Alvania. One new subgenus, Ugartea,
is proposed, the type being Turbonilla juani Bartsch.

NOTES.

A SInisTRAL AMPULLARIA.—In his recent review of the genus
Lanistes, (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, XII, p. 65), Sowerby re-

36 THE NAUTILUS.

marks that the only sinistral Ampullaria of which he had heard
was that described by Nevill as A. globosa subvar. sinistrorsa.
A sinistral A. conica was noticed by Miss E. J. Letson in Nav-
vitus XI, p. 88. Through the kindness of Mr. W. F. Webb
of Rochester N. Y., I have lately received a fine sinistral speci-
men of Ampullaria ampullacea (L.). It is a fresh, beautifully
colored example, wholly without erosion and measures 68 mm.
in height by 59.5 mm. in diameter. It was collected at Manu-
quid, Sarsogon, Luzon.—Bryanr WALKER.

VALVATA TRICARINATA PERCONFUSA n. n.—TI find that in 1897
Westerlund, (Ann. Mus. St. Petersb., p. 130), described a
Siberian species as Valvata confusa. I would therefore change
the name of the variety of V. tricarinata that I described as var.
confusa, in 1902 (Naur. XV, p. 124), to var. perconfusa.

Tuer Ponsonpy CoLiection has been obtained by Dr. Bryant
Walker. It contains 7,500 named species and varieties, repre-
sented by 12,500 lots. Mr. Fulton, who inventoried it, says:
‘‘ probably the finest and most complete series of Helicoids ever
collected by one individual.”’

An ArporEaL Potyeyra.—At the beginning of April, taking
advantage of the short spring vacation, Mrs. Cockerell went to the
Brownsville region of Texas in search of bees and flowers. The
bees collected include four new species and a subspecies, and
two species new to the U. 8. Incidentally, snails were ob-
tained,-and from San Benito come Praticolella berlandieriana,
Polygyra texasiana, ete. The specimens of P. texasiana are
mostly dead shells and of the ordinary form and size, but in
the epiphytic Tillandsias on the trees occured a peculiar small
variety, with max. diam. 7.3 to 8 mm.; pale brown color,
strongly ribbed above, striate beneath. I opened the base of
one, and there is no trace of a columellar tubercle such as oc-
curs in P. mooreana. This small arboreal race may be called
P. texasiana tillandsiz, nov. Type no. 116250 A. N.S.

T. D. A. CocKERELL.

tie ee

WASHINGTON MEETING, 1914

Bryant Walker Geo. H. Clapp T. H. Aldrich John B. Henderson
H. A. Pilsbry Wm. H. Dall Paul Bartsch

EN SUTILUS.

Vou. XXXI. OCTOBER, 1917. No. 2

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF ISCHNOCHITON CONSPICUUS CPR.

BY E. P. CHACE.

To the naturalist the study of variation and environment and
their relation to each other is always interesting and to the con-
chologist who studies his shells in their natural surroundings
as well as in the cabinet many things are revealed. It is not,
often, however, that variation in form may be so easily traced
to qualities of environment as in the following instance.

Ischnochiton conspicuus, Cpr. is common at San Pedro and is
usually found on the under side of rocks in sandy tidepools.
In this situation they grow quite regularly, showing but slight
variation in form. They are active fellows and evidently sensi-
tive to light; for if the rocks to which they are clinging are
turned over, they soon glide away, always taking the shortest
route to the under side of the rock.

While cleaning a lot of this species taken at San Pedro last
fall two specimens were noticed which differed so widely from
the others that they might easily have been mistaken for an-
other species. They were much wider and lower-arched than
the typical form and the posterior corners of the vaives were
rounded off, making the lateral areas very narrow.

Hoping to find more specimens of this odd form, a trip to
Point Firmen was devoted wholly to the collection of chitons,
with interesting results. The usual species were found in the
tidepools including numerous specimens of IJschnochiton con-
spicuus of the ordinary form. Ledges of soft rock beyond the

38 THE NAUTILUS.

tidepools contained many old pholad holes and in these were
found the form for which I was searching. Twenty specimens
of various sizes were collected from as many pholad holes. In
the larger specimens the foot had become so greatly enlarged to
fit the concave bottoms of the holes that it was impossible for
them to curl up in the usual manner. Some of these specimens
were so badly eroded by the sand and gravel which wash in and
out of the holes that the anterior valve was reduced to two
thirds of its normal height.

In color pattern, sculpture, and mantle characters these
specimens were identical with those from the tidepools, and, as
will be seen by referring to the table of measurements, the
smaller specimens approach quite closely to the proportions of
the typical or tidepool forms.

TYPICAL or TrpEPoou Forms. | SprcrmENs From PHOLAD HOLEs,
(Lot 1) (Lot 2)

Lon. Lat. Index. Div. Lon. Lat. Index. Div.
99 35 2.52 130° 65 33 1.97 135°
83) 33 2.51 130° 63 32 1.97 1559
83 30 2.76 125° 62 27 2.29 140°
62 22 2.80 125° 60 30 2.00 130°
59 23 2.56 130° | 56 29 1.93 130°
38 14 2.71 130° 42 17 2.47 130°

In brief, Lot 1 shows an angle of divergence constant at 125°
to 130°, where Lot 2 shows an angle varying from 130° to 155°,
and a proportion of length to width 2.51 to 2.80 as against a
proportion ranging from 2.47 to 1.93. ;

The noticeable differences to the eye are first, the narrow and
sharply raised lateral areas, and second, the shape of the pos-
terior edge of the median valves. In the tidepool specimens
the posterior or exposed edge of each valve is a straight line,
while in specimens from the pholad holes this line becomes a
double convex curve, the most posterior portion of the valves
being about midway between the beaks and the girdle.

These differences seem to be explained by the following facts.
In collecting, the tidepool specimens are usually found on the
under side of large rocks and well back from the edge. This
situs protects them from the light which they evidently find

THE NAUTILUS. 39

objectionable, but it makes necessary a nightly journey of about
two feet to the nearest growth of algae on which they feed.
This activity stretches the girdle downward from the edges of
the valves and permits a free play of all the valves so that the
mantle deposits its shelly secretions according to the normal
habit of the species. The specimens living in the pholad holes,
however, apparently never leave them as they are frequently
found feeding on the fucus which overhangs them. It protects
them from the light, so they have no occasion to move about,
and the sand which is washed down into these burrows would
make re-entrance almost impossible. A series of these speci-
mens shows a gradual change of form. The young specimens
are very similar to young specimens from the tidepools, but as
they increase in size they become crowded so that the valves
press against each other, especially at the posterior end where
the valves are bent back across the bottom of the hole. This
crowding of the valves upon each other and the crowding of the
girdle against the outer edges of the valves so displaces portions
of the mantle as to cause the changes noted above.

Several specimens from each situs were disjointed and a study
of the individual valves showed that those from pholad-hole
specimens were thicker and had shorter sutural plates and a
wider sinus, this last being especially noticeable in the valves
from the posterior end. Apparently this change in the sinus is
the result of the broadening of the connecting ligaments due to
compression by the crowding valves.

A count of the insertion plates of these disjointed specimens
was made and considerable variation noticed. So much, in
fact, that more specimens were pulled apart for the express
purpose of counting these plates. Representative counts were
as follows: 9 slits on the anterior valve, 2-3 on the median
valves, and 10 on the posterior. Others show 12, 2-3, 8; 11,
2-3; 14, 3-4, 11. Absolutely no difference in this character
could be found between specimens from the tidepools and those
from the pholad holes.

On page 64 of vol. xiv of the Manual of Conchology, Dr.
Pilsbry says, ‘‘ Carpenter has given a varietal name to a broad,
worn specimen which he thus describes:

40 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘Var. solidus. Very solid, wide, ashen; inside whitish, the
posterior valve with 10, central valve 2-3, anterior valve 12
slits. Length 72, breadth 40, divergence 130°. Carpenteria,
near Sta. Barbara, Cal. This is scarcely more than an indivyid-
ual variation. The mantle (girdle) is normal. The sculpture
is worn away except at the edge. It has evidently lived ina
very exposed situation.”’

From this description and the figure which he gives of the
valves it would seem that this is the same form as my specimens
from the pholad holes. I fully agree with Dr. Pilsbry that it
is hardly worthy of varietal rank. It is, however, too distinct
in appearance to be labeled simply Ischnochiton conspicwus, Cpr.,
and I have therefore marked these specimens from the pholad
holes J. conspicuus, Cpr., form solida, Cpr., using the term form
as advocated by Dr. Cockerell, ‘‘ to designate variations plainly
due to environment.’’ *

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA COHONGORONTA IN THE POTOMAC RIVER.

BY WILLIAM A. MARSHALL.

In 1912 Dr. A. E. Ortmann recorded’ finding in the Potomac
River a variety of Lampsilis ventricosa* to which he gave the
name cohongoronta. His records were:

September 4, 1909. Potomac River, Hancock, Washington,
Co., Md. (about two dozen).

May 9, 1911. South Branch, Potomac River, Southbranch,
Hampshire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen).

August 16,1911. Shenandoah River, Harper’s Ferry, Jefferson
Co., W. Va. (a single male, below medium size).

May 6, 1912. South Branch, Potomac River, Romney, Hamp-
shire Co., W. Va. (about a dozen).

Dr. Ortmann remarked ‘‘It is probable that this species will

1 Navtiuuvs, vol. xx, pp. 58-60.
? NAUTILUS, xxvi, pp. 51-55, 1912.

5 In a later work Ortmann classifies both ventricosa and cohongoronta as vari-
eties of ovata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

turn up elsewhere in the Potomac. The localities known at
present are all to the west of the Blue Ridge Mountain, that is
to say, within the Great Alleghany Valley and the Alleghany
Mountains.”’

Perhaps the above prediction has been realized in a specimen
found at Great Falls, Md., by Mr. Manly D. Barber of Knox-
ville, Tennessee, in Sept. 1915. At that time Mr. Barber
brought to the National Museum a basketful of naiades which
he had collected the same day at Great Falls, about 18 miles
above Washington. Among the shells, which were mostly dead
ones, was a specimen of cohongoronta, dead, but in a fine state
of preservation and with the periostracum nearly unblemished
except for the usual erosion at the beaks. Its appearance in-
dicated that it had been recently alive and that its home had
been in the immediate vicinity of the place in which it was
found. Had it been washed down from Harper’s Ferry, some
50 or more miles above Great Falls it probably would have
shown ill effects from so long a journey.

When found the two valves were separated, but so accurately
do they fit together that it is evident they belong to the same
individual. The fact that the valves were separated and yet
were found near each other is additional (though not conclu-
sive) evidence that they had not been transported any great
distance by currents. At any rate this is the first recorded
finding of the species in the Potomac River so far south as Great
Falls.

The specimen is rather a small one. It measures, length 71
mm.; height 47 mm.; diameter 28 mm. It is in the collection
of the U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 273834.

COLLECTING DAYS ABOUT THE NAVAL STATION,
GUANTANAMO BAY, CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON,

In March last, while waiting for a boat to take us to Haiti,
Dr. Bartsch and I spent nearly three weeks at the U. S. Naval
Station at the entrance to Guantanamo Bay. We employed our

42 THE NAUTILUS.

time in exploring the country about and subjecting it to a high
degree of intensive collecting. In this eastern corner of Cuba
the coastal strip of some ten miles in width is a semi-arid region
with a complex of mountains that are either quite bare of trees
or, at most, covered with a scrub forest and low-growing spiny
shrubs, with, here and there, a wealth of cacti that almost
suggests Lower California. The rock foundation of all this
region,—barring some shore strips of very recently elevated
coral, is everywhere composed of about everything in the line
of rocks except limestone. This is a condition that in the
Antilles usually spells disappointment and failure to the snail
hunter. North of the big bay and then across several miles
of low flat country, just where the foothills of the sierras begin,
lies the city of Gaantanamo, interesting to us as the home of
Charles Ramsden, the naturalist. Just north of Guantanamo
is a great rampart of high limestone mountains which beckon
most alluringly to the collector. Sections of this rampart,
somewhat arbitrarily marked off, are the ‘‘ Monte Verde,’’ the
‘‘Monte Toro’? and the ‘‘ Monte Libano”’ of classic fame in
Cuban Natural History.

In company with Ramsden we spent a wonderful day on
nearby Monte Libano but a revolution that was then devastating
the province and filling the land with incendiaries and bandits
drove us out of this richer field and obliged us to confine our
attentions thereafter to the arid country lying within the safer
limits of the Naval Station,—some fifty square miles ies which
Uncle Sam holds a long lease.

It seems to be a natural law that arid or desert sana sup-
port but few species of snails, but that these few species exist in
great numbers and that they take on a very considerable range
of variation. All this is perfectly true of this region. We were
constantly amazed by the great number of specimens to be
found; and each day of exploration in some new valley or over
some range of hills added even greater figures of abundance to
our already astonishing records.

The ‘‘ prevailing’’ snail of this region is Cepolis ovumreguli
Lea. Its shell is very suggestive of the true helix of Spain or
Algeria of the lactea group. The variation is exceedingly great

THE NAUTILUS. 43

in color, size and shape, and it would make a dozen excellent
species if the intermediates were left out of account. Those
living near the coast and among the cacti of the most arid parts
of the district are of whiter and more dull color, are more banded
and show a decided tendency to abnormalities, especially about
the apertures. Specimens from further inland are more polished
and shining, even as though varnished, and are much more
given to a dotted or fly-specked type of ornamentation than to
bands. A fence-post or a dead tree-limb with a hundred speci-
mens closely assembled in aestivation was no unusual sight.
‘We learned finally to pay no attention to them. Upon the low
bushes in certain localities the lovely little Cepolis lucipeta Poey
cling like berries. These are the largest and finest of the species
I have ever seen. The range of color variation in this delight-
ful little snail is also very great, but the colors never blaze out
in the vivid flash of the Polymitas. The blues and purples
and chestnut browns are subdued but very rich and splendid.
One very noticeable color form is the subsp. velasqueziana of
Poey where the many broken bands of the type coalesce into
two broad bluish-black zones of solid color.

As nearly all the vegetation of this dry region bears thorns
we did not at first discover that many of these thorns were in
reality Macrocerami. When we did find this out we could
see nothing else. Bartsch and I finally agreed, and shook hands
upon it, that we would gather no more of them, and a stiff
penalty was placed upon any violation of the compact. Two
hundred and more from one bush is an earlier record before we
really got started. This is the Macroceramus festus (Gundl.)
Pfr., blue and yellow and buffin color. Another arboreal snail
of this section is Polymita versicolor Born and it is probably very
abundant in places although we never saw more than fifteen or
twenty on any one tree. This is to me the least attractive
species of that wonderful genus of richly painted snails. The
brilliant yellow and pink are too primitive and the two colors
do not seem to harmonize very well. It always impresses me
as an experimental species that was laid aside in nature’s lab-
oratory as not wholly a success.

There were some ground snails too, but to secure living ones

44 THE NAUTILUS.

required much grubbing up of tufts of tall grass and shaking
out their roots, like digging up miniature potatoes. These are
the Annularia putris (Gundl.) Pfr. and the Chondropoma margi-
nalbum Gundl.) P fr., the latter apparently quite rare. There
are no minute things beyond some few Z7hysanophora inaguensis
Weinland.

Some days we spent gathering marines on the little pebbly
beaches hidden far down under the lofty cliffs that mark this
rugged shore line, and we obtained some unusual species washed
up from the exceedingly narrow island-shelf; blue water is but
a few hundred yards out. Among these are some Conus cedo-
nulli Lam. Beach collecting is, however, an aggravation; and
too much of it becomes a misdemeanor in the collector’s ethical
code, for it obliges an acceptance of something short of the best.

AMNICOLIDZ FROM ONEIDA LAKE, N. Y.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The New York College of Forestry, under the direction of
Professor Hugh P. Baker, is carrying on a biological survey of
Oneida Lake and has issued an interesting bulletin’ upon the
relations of mollusks to fish, by Frank C. Baker. Some Am-
nicolide obtained during this work, and subsequent to the pre-
paration of the bulletin were submitted to the writer. The col-
lection proves to be of considerable interest, including some
species not before noticed.

AMNICOLA BAKERIANA, N. Sp.

The shell is umbilicate, turrited-conic, thin, whitish-corneous,
somewhat translucent, with unevenly developed striation, dis-

1The relations of mollusks to fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank Collins
Baker. Technical Publication No. 4, New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse University. Pp. 366. Syracuse, N. Y.,1916. We are informed
that it may be obtained free by those interested in the study of Mollusca by
applying to the dean of the college, Dr. Hugh P. Baker.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

tinct, and close in places, weaker and sparse elsewhere. The
summit is decidedly obtuse, as in A. limosa, the first whorl being
nearly planorboid; subsequent whorls are evenly, strongly con-
vex. The aperture is very shortly ovate, almost round, its length
contained almost 24 times in that of the shell. Peristome thin,
in contrast with the preceding whorl for a short distance.

Length 4.3, diam. 2.7 mm. ; 5 whorls (type).

Length 3.75, diam. 2.3, length of aperture 1.35 mm.; 4%
whorls.

Length 4.1, diam. 2.75, length of aperture 1.65 mm.; 44
whorls.

Oneida Lake; off Short Point in 84 ft., mud bottom. Lower
South Bay, in 18 ft., on mud bottom.

This species resembles A. limosa in the conspicuously obtuse
apex, but differs by the more elevated, turrited spire and the
smaller calibre of the whorls, hence smaller aperture. It is
also a weaker shell, with more whorls in specimens of the same
length.

There is also an abundant smaller form, resembling the typical
form in texture, apex and shape of the whorls, varying in
form, but relatively broader than the type. There are some
intermediate examples, but as Mr. Baker considers it desirable
to have a designation for this form, it may be called A. baker-
iana form nimia. The type measures: length 3, diam. 2.5,
length of aperture 1.4 mm.; 4 whorls.

AMNICOLA CLARKEI, 0D. sp.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, conic, a little obtuse at the
apex, corneous, nearly smooth. The whorls are very convex,
separated by a deep suture, the last whorl tubular. The ape-
ture is distinctly oblique, almost circular, the upper end rounded,
but a trifle more narrowly so than the base. It projects but
little beyond the preceding whorl laterally. The peristome is
thin, continuous, scarcely or barely in contact with the preced-
ing whorl above.

Length 3.1, diam. 1.9, length aperture 1.1 mm.; 5 whorls
{type).

Length 2.8, diam. 1.6, length aperture 0.85 mm.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Operculum having the spiral rather large, the nucleus being
above the lower third.

This little species resembles Lyogyrus by its tubular whorls of
small calibre. The whorls are more convex and increase less
rapidly than in Amnicola walkeriana, which is also less slender.
A. schrockingeri Ffld. has less deeply convex whorls, and the
apex is more acute. <A. bakeriana is much Jarger, with a more
obtuse apex.

Found in Short Point Bay, Oneida Lake, near shore, in 3 feet
of water, bottom of sand with algae; also in Lower South Bay,
etc. Collected by Mr. F. C. Baker.

It is named for Dr. John M. Clarke, the distinguished Direc-
tor of the Museum of the State of New York.

AMNICOLA ONEIDA, ND. sp.

The shell is typically more slender than A. lustrica, turrited-
conic, narrowly umbilicate, corneous, minutely striate. The
apex is slightly obtuse, but the first whorl projects visibly, as
in lustrica, whorls very convex, parted by a deep suture. The ape-
ture is ovate, small, its length contained more than 3 times in
that of the shell; upper extremity narrowly rounded. The
peristome is continuous, thin, very briefly in contact with the
preceding whorl above.

Length 4, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.25 mm.; 6 whorls.

Lower South Bay, Oneida Lake, N. Y., collected by F. C.
Baker, 1916.

This species is typically narrower than A. lustrica Pils,, with
a smaller aperture and shorter whorls; but it is chiefly disting-
uished by the more convex whorls (deeper suture), and the
rounded instead of angular posterior end of the aperture. In
Paludestrina nickliniana the last whorl is much longer. Possibly
it may be a subspecies of lustrica, yet it has so distinct an ap-
pearance that a special name seems desirable. There are also
wider examples, which still differ from lustrica by the deeper
suture and aperture.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF CENTRAL AMERICAN NAIADES.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

In 1893 Messrs Crosse and Fischer divided the Mexican
Naiades into quite a number of sections, to which they assigned
names. Almost simultaneously (in 1900) von Martens and C.
T. Simpson, in treating the Central American Naiades, ac-
cepted some of these sections of Crosse and Fischer, raising them
to generic or subgeneric rank. Because of paucity of material,
considerable diversity of opinion concerning the specific identity
of several species may be noted in the works of these authors.
Furthermore, their work of classification being done indepen-
dently and from different points of view, the same species was
sometimes placed by them in different genera.

Thanks to the arduous labors of A. A. Hinkley, who has
again and again enriched our cabinets with material and data
from these tropical countries, we are enabled to offer the follow-
ing suggestions concerning some of the genera of these shells,
and also the description of an unpublished species.

NepuHronalas. This genus has for its type the Unio plicatu-
lus, Kiister, a species identified by von Martens as belonging to
the Lampsiline shells, as aztecorwm. Mr. Simpson however
believed it to be nearly allied to the persulcatus, a markedly
Unioid shell. In this the writer follows Mr. Simpson.

The genus Nephronaias as constituted by Mr. Simpson em-
braces two quite distinct groups, divisible as follows.

Nephronaias (s. s) embraces plicatulus, persulcatus, melleus,
dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus, etc. Ample material of these two
latter species show that they are anatomically very closely allied
to Elliptic. There is no sexual difference of shape, and the gill
is gravid in its whole length. Nephronaias differs from Elliptio
in its sulcated disc, in its beak sculpturing, ete.

Included in Nephronaias by Simpson are, however, shells of a
totally different type, such as medellinus, gundlachi, sapotalensis,
etc. These latter are sexually dimorphic, smoother, more gen-
erally rayed, and the gravid uterus is of Lampsiline type.

The position of the dorsal scars within the beak cavities is

48 THE NAUTILUS.

different, in the examples of the pseudo Nephronaias seen by the
writer. Nephronaias (s. s.) posseses an (accessory ?) adductor
scar attached to the frontal portion of the cardinal teeth, which
is either absent or obsoletely marked in the second assemblage.
For this latter group the writer, therefore, proposes to use the
generic term of Actinonaias Crosse and Fischer, 1893, type U.
sapotalensis Lea. The female of this species has been described
by Dr. Ortmann (1912). Actinonaias embraces, besides the type,
medellinus, gundlachi, (accepting Simpson’s interpretation of
this latter species), and others.

Psoronatas, Crosse and Fischer (1893). This group of re-
markable shells, embracing crocodilarum, psoricus, senigranosus,
etc., was provisionally treated by Simpson as a group of Elliptio,
but their remarkable sculpturing, and the deap beak cavities of
some of their species, led him to observe that it was possible
that the group should, after all, be placed in Quadrula.

I follow von Martens, in giving generic rank as above to the
group. The type is Unio psoricus. To this genus we are en-
abled to add a species hitherto undescribed, under the name of

PsoRONAIAS KUXENSIS, n. sp., Pl. VII, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, compressed, rough, brown, biangular. Length
50, height 30, diam. 17 mm.

Shell hyperbolically rounded before, the extreme frontal
point below the centre. Dorsum slightly arched, descending
behind the ligament to the widely biangular posterior ; the
upper angle of which is midway the height, the lower angle
very little’above the base, which is nearly straight. The beaks
are small, low, acute, approximate; and apparently, concentri-
cally ridged. Epidermis dark brown (olivaceous and obsoletely
rayed in the young), rough, the lines of growth numerous and
well impressed. The discs are covered with fine pustulations,
more pustular in front, biradially linear behind. The post
ridge is low, but distinctly double, making the shell biangulate
behind. The teeth are double in the left valve, single in the
right. The cardinals are deeply sulcate and stout. Laterals
slightly curved or nearly straight, separated by an interdentum.
Nacre purple, beak cavities rather deep. Dorsal scars numerous,

THE NAUTILUS. 49

extending in a row from above the centre of the cavity down
and forward upon the base of the cardinal teeth. Three well
impressed muscle scars in front, two behind, the later almost
confluent. Habitat, Kux Creek, Chama, Guatemala. Collected
by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, Feb. 6, 1917. A few dead specimens
were obtained on the bank of the Isaibha River (Chama) of
which the Kux Creek isa tributary. Typein Academy Natural
Sciences. Cotypes in collection of A. A. Hinkley, the author
and U. 8. N. Museum.

I place this species in Psoronaias Crosse and Fischer, type U.
psoricus, because of its evident relationship to crocodilarum, and
distinctus, differing mainly from the latter in size and degree
of inflation, being much inferior in both respects to distinctus.

ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF POND UNIOS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

During the latter part of March 1916, the writer, for the pur-
pose of constructing a fish pond, excavated a barrow-pit near
the bank of a small creek, about ten feet wide, and at the time
nearly dry. The barrow-pit was perhaps one hundred feet long,
fifty feet wide and three feet deep. Early in April, 1916, the
pit became full of water, overflowing from the adjacent creek,
and together with two subsequent overflows, supplemented with
seepage from the newly constructed fish pond, the pit remained
more or less full of water, until May 25, 1917, when it was
drained by a ditch into the nearby creek. From the dried
bottom of this pit some thirty Unios were picked up by the
writer. Ten of these were Unio tetralasmus Say, and the rest
were T. texasensis Lea. All the specimens were of remarkably
uniform size and appearance. The texasensis being about one
and a half inches, and the tetralasmus two and a half inches
long. Exact dimensions of a texasensis: length 43, height 24,
diam. 16 mm.; of tetralasmus 75, 40, and 25 mm.

Both of these species had attained puberty. A female texa-
sensis has its gills fairly full of young glochidia. A tetralasmus
had several (three or four) ovisacs with a few (remaining)

50 THE NAUTILUS.

glochidia. In assigning an age to these shells it is quite sure
that the tetralasmus discharges its glochidia in March and early
April, so that when picked up on May 25, these shells were just
about fourteen months old, from the date of discharge from their
mother’s gills.

In the case of the texasensis (which spawns somewhat later)
it is possible that these were dropped by fish of which, at least
six species) obtained access to the pit on May 7, 1916 (on
which date an overflow occurred), thus making about thirteen
months. At any rate the maximum age of either species is
fourteen months from their mother’s ovisacs. One of the U.
tetralasmus is shown of natural size in Pl. VII, fig. 4.

Another observation concerning pond mussels might here
prove of interest. A large pond was cut into two by a railroad
enbankment, a culvert preserving the level and providing com-
munication between the two. In the lower and larger pond a
half-bushel of Yonkapin (Nelumbiwm luteum) seed was sown. It
was six years before these seed germinated. These plants, dur-
ing the summer, cover the entire surface of the pond with their
broad peltate leaves. In this pond the writer planted a colony
of a dozen Anodonta grandis. Several years after, taking ad-
vantage of extreme low water, the writer made a careful survey
of these twin ponds, with the result that hundreds of Anodons
could be found in the upper pond, but not a single one was
found in the lower pond. Either the shade killed the young
shells, or else the glochidia-laden fish avoided the shade of the
lotus plants and congregated in the upper pond (there are no
Nelumbii in the upper pond). Is not this avoidance of shade
a reason for the paucity of unios in the tropics ?

A NEW SOUTH AFRICAN NESOPUPA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

NESOPUPA FARQUHARI, N. sp.

Among Pupillidae sent by Mr. J. Farquhar there is a new
species from Grahamstown which may be defined by comparison

THE NAUTILUS. 51

with Nesopupa griqualandica (Mely. and Pons. ).' The new form
is ovate, of about the size of the other species, which it resembles
in sculpture and in the lamellae of the parietal wall and colu-
mella. The two palatal plicae are subequal, the upper emerg-
ing to the lip, the lower one also long, reaching to the inner
edge of the peristome. There is a very small nodule on the
base of the columella. In griqualandica the lower palatal plica
is short and very deeply immersed and there is a distinct though
small basal plica within the base, in front of the lower palatal
plica. In griqualandica there is a deep sulcus outside, over the
upper palatal plica, and a flattening or short groove over the
lower palatal; but in farquhari the sulcus is far less impressed
except quite close to the lip. The color is reddish brown.
Length 1.65, diam. 0.9 mm.

Mr. Burnup’s figure 9, in Melvill and Ponsonby’s Revision,’
may perhaps represent this species, while their description in
the same paper appears to comprise both griqualandica and
farquhari, though chiefly relating to the former. Their pl. I,
figs. 8 and 10 represent griqualandica. The new form is named
in honor of one of the most successful South-African collectors.
It will be figured in the Manual of Conchology.

A NEW GUNDLACHIA FROM GUATEMALA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI, n. sp., Pl. I, figs. 10-16; Pl. III, fig. 1.

Shell subovate, being much wider posteriorly, the anterior
margin rather shortly rounded, the right margin nearly rectili-
near, but somewhat diverging anteriorly, the left margin obliquely
expanded and broadly rounded, anterior margin wider and much
more curved than the posterior; apex very excentric, depressed
and decidedly turned toward the right side, bluntly rounded,
smooth except for a few concentric wrinkles; color a very pale
corneous, nearly pure white; lines of growth rather strong and

1 Pupa griqualandica M. and P., 1893; the specimens used being from
Pretoria.

2 Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, p. 76, pl. i, 1908.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

irregular; anterior slope with strong radial striae originating
below the septate growth and extending to the anterior margin,
similar strie# appear on the left lateral slope, but are scarcely,
if at all, visible on the right slope; the septate portion of the
shell is small in comparison with the adult expansion, it is nar-
row and the posterior portion covered by the septum is free
from and projects over, but scarcely beyond, the posterior mar-
gin of the adult aperture; the first growth of the shell from the
septate form is continued on the sides in a nearly direct con-
tinuation of the lateral slopes of the septate shell for some
little distance, the anterior slope of this stage is also a continu-
ation of the anterior slope of the septate stage but owing to the
oblique position assumed by the septate shell is at first some-
what convex, as viewed laterally, later as the side slopes begin to
expand, the anterior slope is continued in a nearly straight line to
the margin; the left lateral slope of the adult shell below the sec-
ondary constriction is concave at first, becoming nearly straight
toward the margin; the right lateral slope is less concave above
and straighter and more oblique than the left; owing to the
small size of the septum and consequent large aperture of the
septate shell and the narrow first growth of the adult shell there
is no distinct aperture to the septate portion visible in the
adult shell from below, the whole interior of the adult shell
appears to pass, practically unconstricted, directly into the
septate portion; the posterior margin of the adult shell narrow
and somewhat abruptly expanded and reflected.

Length 5.5; width 3.75; alt. 1.75 mm.

The katate shell is oblong, the sides being nearly panies
but slightly expanding anteriorly, the right slightly convex and
the left slightly concave; the posterior margin is regularly
rounded; the anterior more broadly rounded; the apex de-
pressed, bluntly rounded, excentric, reaching nearly to the
right margin, smooth except for slight concentric wrinkles, lines
of growth fine and regular; the anterior slope is slightly convex;
the very short posterior slope below the projecting apex to the
line of the septum is straight and oblique; the right lateral
slope is steep and nearly straight, the left slope very convex;
the septum is very short, being less than half of the length of

THE NAUTILUS. 53

the septate shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is
very short, being less than half of the length of the septate
shell, convex on its lower surface, the margin is very concave
and on the right side, extends further forward than it does on
left, there does not seem to be the distinct thickening of the
margin so noticeable in other species; aperture much larger than
in any other species yet described.

Length 2; width 1.5; alt. .75 mm.

Type (48455 Coll. Walker) from the Maya Farm, Quirigua,
Guatemala, collected by A. A. Hinkley. Cotypes in the col-
lection of Mr. Hinkley.

This fine species is the first from either Central or South
America, of which both the septate and adult forms are known.

It differs from all other described species except crepidulina
Guppy in the small size of the septum and the consequent dif-
ference in the position of the aperture of the septate stage in
the adult shell. The septum in the specimen figured appears
very like the incomplete septum in the North American species,
but as the three adult specimens before me are exactly alike in
the position of the septate shell, this would seem to be the
normal condition in this species. The specimen figured, which
is 3.25 mm. in length, has apparently slightly passed the sep-
tate stage and begun the growth of the constricted portion of
the adult shell and shows the beginnings of the radial strie.

With the Gundlachias was associated a species of Levaper,
very like the ezcentricus Morelet. Whether it has any closer
relations with the Gundlachia remains to be determined as the
radula has not yet been examined. While the general aspect
of the two species, if such they be, is very similar, the Levapex
has a very much more acute apex than the Gundlachia.

As shown by the figure, the radula of this species is quite
typical of the genus.

A LIST OF SHELLS FROM THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA,

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The late Dr. Charles A. Davis, the well known peat-expert
of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in addition to his special acquire-

54 THE NAUTILUS,

ments in geology and botany, was a good all-round zoologist
and had a lively and unaffected interest in the work that any
of his friends might be carrying on in that department. It was
his kindly habit in his travels about the country to preserve
any specimens that he came across that seemed to him likely to
be of interest to any of his zoological friends. It will be re-
membered that the conchologists owe to him the rediscovery of
the long lost Planorbis multivolvis Case, (Navut., XXI, p. 16),
and also the little Lymnea davisi Walker, (Naur. XXII, p.
17), which bears his name.

In the spring of 1911 Dr. Davis’ professional duties took him
to Florida and while there he collected quite a number of
samples of ‘‘ drift,’’? which in due time came into my possession.
Several of the localities represented in the collection, such as
Maimi and St. Augustine, have already been reported upon by
previous collectors and there seems to be no occasion to dupli-
cate their work, but quite a number of the places visited by Dr.
Davis have not been covered by any of the previous collectors
in Florida and a record of the species found by him seems
worthy of publication as a contribution to the distribution of
the Mollusca along the east coast of the state.

I am indebted to Dr. George H. Clapp for the identification

of the Gastrocoptas and Vertigos.
The list of localities and species represented in the collection
is as follows:
MARSHES NEAR CHESTER SHOALS.

Euglandina rosea Feér. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).
Polygyra -cereolus carpenteriana | Vertigo milium (Gld.).

Bld. Melampus coffeus (L.).
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ).
Zonitoides minuscula alachuana | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say. )

(Dall). Plecotrema cubense (Pfr.).
Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simpson’ | Blauneria heteroclita (Mont. ).

Pils;)); Microtralia minuscula (Dall).
Pupoides modicus (Pfr.). Truncatella clathrus Lowe.
Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella
Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pir,

(Pils. ). Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. | Littoridina monroensis (Ffld.).
Ads.) ?

EE LE ELE, eee ee

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Paludestrina? sp.? A single specimen that I can not ap-
proximate to any of the described species.

This is the first record, I believe, for Plecotrema cubense from
the mainland of Florida. Originally described from Cuba, it
was listed from the Bermudas by Dr. Pilsbry in 1900, (Trans.
Conn. Acad., X, p. 504, pl. Ixii, fig. 11), and there figured by
him for the first time. Both he and Mr. John B. Henderson
inform me that they have collected it on several of the Keys
and I am indebted to both of them for the opportunity of com-
paring my specimen with theirs.

CHESTER SHOALS REFUGE STATION.

ELuglandina rosea (Fer. ). Melampus coffeus (1. ).
Polygyra auriculata (Pfr. ). Detracia bulloides (Mont. )
Polygyra woulifera (Shutt. ). Lymnaea humilis Say.
Polygyra cereolus (Mihlf. ). Physa cubensis Pfr.
Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Planorbis tumidus Pfr.
(Bld.). Planorbis alabamensis Pils.
Polygyra cereolus septemvolva | Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).
Say. Truncatella bilabiata Pir.
Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr.). | Truncatella clathrus Lowe.
Praticolella jejuna (Say. ). Littoridina monroensis (Ffld.).

BETWEEN CHESTER SHOALS AND CAPE CANAVERAL.

Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf. ). Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).
Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Melampus coffeus (1. ).
(Bld.). Detracia bulloides (Mont. ).

Polygyra cereolus volvoris (Pfr.). | Blauneria heteroclita (Mont. ).
Polygyra weulifera (Shutt. ). Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). | Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.
Pupoides modicus (Pir. ). Truncatella clathrus Lowe.
Gastrocopta pentodon (Say ). Truncatella caribxensis pulchella
Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pfr.

(Pils. ).

Amnicola, sp.? A single immature specimen.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

CANAVERAL P., O.

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).

Polygyra cereolus
Say.

Polygyra cereolus volvowis (Pfr. ).

septemvolva

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana
(Bld. ).

Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ).

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Eau GALLIE.
Polygyra cereolus septemvolva | Polygyra wvulifera (Shutt. ).
Say. Physa cubensis Pfr.
Polygyra cereolus volvoxis (Pfr.). | Helicina orbiculata Say var.

IsLAND oF Eau GALLIE.

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ).
Praticolella jeyuna (Say).

Lymnaea humilis Say.
Physa cubensis Pfr.

Paum BEAcH.

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).
Polygyra auriculata Say.

Vertigo milium (Gld.).
Vitrea dalliana ( ‘Simp.’ Pils. ).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Vitrea indentata (Say).

(Bld. ).
Strobilops floridana Pils.
Strobilops hubbardi (Brown).
Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ).
Gastrocopta contracta (Say).
Gastrocopta rupicola Say.
Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella
(Pils. ).
Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana
(Dall).

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Thysanophora granum (Streb. ).

Physa cubensis Pfr.

Helicina orbiculata Say..

Lone Kry

Euglandina rosea (Fer. ).
Polygyra cereolus (Miihlf. ).

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella
(Pils. ).

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana | Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella

(Bld.).
Strophia incanum (Binn. ).
Pupoides modicus (Pfr. ).
Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).
Gastrocopta rupicola (Say)?

(Pils.) var. Small form.
Thysanophora incrustata (Gld. ).
Thysanophora granum (Streb.).
Thysanophora dioscoricola

(Guppy).

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Varicella gracillima floridana
Pils.

Succinea campestris Say?

Melampus coffeus (L.).

Detracia bulloides (Mont. ).

Microtralia minuscula (Ball).

Lymnea columella Say.

Physa cubensis Pfr.

Helicina tantilla Pils.

Chrondropoma dentatum (Say).

Truncatella caribzensis ‘‘ Sby. ;
Rve.

Truncatella caribeensis pulchella
Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Tittoridina monroensis (Ffld.).

Amnicola. sp? A single specimen of a very small, globose
form that may bean n. sp. Alt. 1 mm.

COLLECTING IN DIGBY, NOVA SCOTIA.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

While traveling through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
last summer, we stayed for about six weeks at Digby, N. S.
Digby is about 200 miles northeast of Boston, and is situated
near the Bay of Fundy, opposite St. John, N. B. The town
is located on the southeast shore of the Annapolis Basin,—a
sheet of water about twenty miles long and ten miles wide.
This basin is connected with the Bay of Fundy by a channel
about three-fourths of a mile wide at its greatest width. This
channel, known as Digby Gap, is noted for its rapid tides,—
the rate of flow through the Gap being about eight miles an
hour. The tide fall at Digby is thirty feet. The shores of the
Basin are sandy, with the exception of the two rocky promen-
tories on each side of the Gap; the one which is nearest to Digby
being Point Prim. The town is on a small peninsula on either
side of which are two inlets of the Annapolis Basin, known as
the Racquet, on the west, and the Jacquet, on the east of Digby
proper. On the ebb tide these are almost dry, exposing long
mud flats.

There is one island in the Basin, about opposite the Gap and
at the mouth of Bear River, called Bear island. From this a
long bar extends, called Bear Island Bar, which is covered to a
depth of about six feet at low water, and is covered with eel-
grass.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Near the Yacht Club pier were found many Polinices heros,
and their red-brown ‘‘sand-collars.’? In the Jacquet were
many Litorina littorea and Litorina rudis. On the exposed beach,
nearer the town, we found Mytilus edulis. On the rocks, in the
Racquet, we found Thais lapillus and a host of Acmaea testudin-
alis ranging in size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch
in diameter. In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a mul-
titude of Buccinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, ranging in
size from one-eighth of an inch to about an inch in diameter.
In the mud, at the base of the rocks, were a multitude of Buc-
cinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata, and Colus stimpsoni, all
alive and half-buried. Some dead specimens of Aporrhais occi-
dentalis were also found, five of them being full-grown.

On the suggestion of Capt. Danforth, we constructed a
dredge, and endeavored to dredge Bear Island Bar from his
motor-boat. Here we found quantities of Lacuna vincta, Alec-
trion obsoleta, Cylichna alba, and two Polinices triseriata.

There were some soldiers encamped at Digby, and they used
to gather Litorina littorea and steam and eat them, without any
flavoring. They sometimes ate Thais lapillus also. One day,
after a rain, we found two Helix hortensis crawling along the
road.

A NEW TYPE OF THE NAYAD-GENUS FUSCONAIA.
GROUP OF F. BARNESIANA LEA.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

During the study of the nayad-fauna of the upper Tennessee,
the present writer found that there exists, in this region, a
peculiar type of shells, belonging to the genus Fusconaia, the
various forms of which have been described previously under a
great number of specific names, which, however, seem to belong
all to one species. In addition, among material received from
L. S. Frierson from the Ozark Mountains, a form was discov-
ered which presented the same structure.

The oldest name for the upper Tennessee form is Unio bar-
nesianus Lea. A more detailed account of its various phases is
to be given elsewhere, and it suffices here to mention only those

a

THE NAUTILUS. 59

forms which belong here. According to obesity, I distinguish
three local, or ecological races:

1. FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA (Lea) 1838.

U. barnesianus Lea, ’38. U. meredithi Lea, ’58. U. pudicus
Lea, ’60. U. Lyoni Lea, ’65. U. tellicoensis Lea, ’72. U.
lenticularis Lea, ’72.

As the normal (most abundant) forms we may regard U. mere-
dithi, pudicus and lenticularis, which differ from each other only
in the development of the rays (topotypes examined). U.
barnesianus is a slightly more elongated individual, with poorly
developed rays. U. tellicoensis (topotypes examined) is a lenti-
cularis slightly more swollen; and U. lyoni forms the transition
toward var. twmescens, having a little more elevated beaks, greater
obesity, and rather distinct rays.

2. FUSCONAIA BARNESIANA BIGBYENSIS (Lea) 1841.

U. bigbyensis Lea, ’41. U. estabrookianus Lea, ’45. U. fas-
sinans Lea, ’68. Plewrobema fassinans rhomboidea Simpson, ’00.

The most frequent form is fassinans rhomboidea (topotypes
examined), with rays poorly developed. U. bigbyensis has
more distinct rays; U. estabrookianus (topotypes examined) is
an old, overgrown form, without rays; U. fassinans is founded
upon an individual (type examined, also topotypes), which is
exceptionally elongated, without rays.

3. FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA TUMESCENS (Lea) 1845.

U. tumescens Lea, ’45. U. crudus Lea, ’71. U. radiosus
Lea? 71.

U. tumescens is the most typical form, greatly swollen, with
more or less developed rays; U. radiosus (type and topotypes
examined) is less swollen, but for the rest like twmescens; U.
crudus (topotypes examined) lacks rays, and has much eroded
beaks, but stands close to radiosus.

The mutual relations of these forms may be understood by
the help of the following key. Only the three largest divisions
are to be regarded as varieties, in the other forms the characters
are merely individual, although specimens representing only

60 THE NAUTILUS.

one (or a few) of these ‘‘forms’’ often prevail at a given
locality.

a,. Flat, compressed, dia. of shell less than 40 per cent of the
length (var. bighyensis).
b,. No rays, or rays obscure, color of epidermis brown,

dark.
c,. Rhomboid in shape.
d,. Large. Estabrookianus.
d,. Smaller. Fassinans rhomboidea.
C,. More ovate, tapering behind. Fassinans.
b,. Rays distinct, well developed over most of the disk.
Ground color of epidermis lighter. Bighyensis.

aj. Moderately convex, dia. 40-49 per cent of length.

Barnesiana typica.
b,. Beaks not elevated, shape trapezoidal, rhomboid, or
subovate.
c,. Dia. about 41 or 42 per cent; size small.
d,. Shape somewhat elongate (trapezoidal); rays

obscure. Barnesianus.
d,. Shape shorter (rhomboidal).

e,. Rays obscure. Lenticularis.

e,. Rays present, color of epidermis lighter.
f,. Rays few. Meredithi.
f,. Rays numerous. Pudicus.
Cg. Dia. about 45 per cent; larger. Shape subovate.
Rays obscure. Tellicoensis.
b,. Beaks more elevated, shape subtriangular. Dia. 46
per cent, with rather distinct rays. Tyoni.

ag. Much swollen, dia. over 50 per cent. Beaks elevated.

(var. Tumescens).
b,. Without rays. Dia. 51 percent. Beaks much eroded.

Crudus.

b,. With rays. Dia. about 56 per cent or more.
c,. Dia. about 56 per cent. Radiosus.
C,. Dia. about 64 per cent. Tumescens.

As to the geographical distribution, it should be briefly stated
that the swollen forms (a,) inhabit the largest rivers; the com-
pressed forms (a,) are found in the headwaters, and the inter-

THE NAUTILUS. 61

mediate forms (a,) belong to the streams of moderate size.
Intergrades are frequent.

ANATOMY.!

All these shells have the same, and an extremely characteris-
tic and unique structure of the soft parts, so that there is not
the slightest question that they belong together. I have ex-
amined the soft parts of some 200 specimens in the field, and
over three dozens have been preserved in alcohol, and have
been examined at leisure in the laboratory. They include rep-
resentatives of the three main varieties, and of practically all of
the individual variations.

Gravid females have been found on the following dates: May
11,713; May 15, ’13; May 16, 718; May 20, ’13; May 20, ’14,
May 22, ’14; May 25, ’14; July 5, 713; July 9, ’13; July 10,
718; July 13, 7138; July 14, ’18. Glochidia have been observed
on May 20, ’?14 (immature), and July 14, 13. Thus this spe-
cies evidently is a summer breeder (tachytictic).

The soft parts are those of the genus Fusconaia: the supraanal
is separated from the anal by a very short mantle-connection,
which is absent (or torn?) in rare cases. Inner lamina of inner
gills free from abdominal sac. All four gills are marsupial.
Placentae well developed and subcylindrical.

Branchial opening with well developed papillae, anal with
distinct, but small papillae. Palpi subfalciform, posterior mar-
gins connected at base only.

While thus the Fusconaia structure is typically developed,
this species is quite unique in its color. This concerns chiefly
the color of the gonads, eggs, and placentae.

The soft parts are often uniformly pale, whitish, but may
shade to orange, and the orange is most prominent on foot, ad-
ductors, and mantle-margin; but the paler tints prevail, and
often the orange is replaced by yellowish or brown. The gills

1In Navuritvs, 28, 1914, p. 31, I have described the anatomy of ‘‘ Plewro-
bema fassinans.’’ This is a mistake: the shells examined belong to Pleu-
robema all right, but are the form known as U. argenteus Lea, which belongs
to the oviforme-group, and should be called: Pleurobema oviforme argenteum
(Lea). These will be treated more fully elsewhere.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

are pale, but are generally suffused with blackish. The gonads
are brown to red, mostly of a peculiar dull lavender color in
the female, and the latter color, or purplish brown, is the pre-
vailing color of the eggs and placentae. The charged gills be-
come thus rather dark purple, or purple-brown, shading some-
times to dull red or blackish, in other cases to brownish,
brownish pink, brick-red, or even pale brown. These are very
peculiar tints, by which this species is easily recognized in the
field: four marsupial gills of this blackish-purple color are not
known in any other Nayad.

Glochidia have been found only in specimens belonging to
the headwaters variety (barnesiana higbyensis). They are subel-
liptical, slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.16 mm.

Although a true Fusconaia, this species (or group of forms)
stands isolated within the genus, in characters of the shell as
well as in the soft parts. It differs from the species of the
subrotunda-group (incl. ebena, pilaris etc.) very markedly by its
smaller size and by the very shallow beak cavities. The forms
of the wndulata-group (incl. flava, and the cuneolus- and cor-
forms) have generally also somewhat deeper beak cavities, and
the shell has a more or less distinct posterior ridge, with a flat-
tening or a shallow groove in front of it, characters which are
missing in the barnesiana-group. As has been pointed out, in
the latter group, the color of eggs and placentae is remarkable:
in all other forms of Fusconaia, this varies from white to bright
red.

I introduce here another species, in order to show: that the
barnesiana-type is also represented outside of the Cumberland-
Tennessee drainage, namely in the Ozarks.

FUSCONAIA OZARKENSIS (Call) 1887.

F. ozarkensis Call, Pr. U. S. Mus. 10, ’87, p. 499, pl. 27.
Tr. St. Louis Ac. 7, ’95, p. 33, pl. 18. Lampsilis ozarkensis
Meek & Clark, Bur. Fisher. Doc. no. 759, ’12, p. 18. Pleu-
robema utterbacki Frierson, in: Utterback, Naiad. Missouri
(Amer. Midland Natural 4, 1916, p. 86, pl. 5, pl. 20, f. 63).

I have specimens from James River, Galena Stone Co., Mo.,
and White River, Cotter and Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark., do-

4

THE NAUTILUS. 63

nated by L. S. Frierson and collected by A. A. Hinkley on
July 30 and Aug. 2 and 5,’14, A number of specimens (8)
were preserved in alcohol, coll. July 30 and Aug 2, which all
were gravid females, and one of each date had glochidia. This
marks probably the end of the breeding season, and the species
is tachytictic.

There is some confusion with regard to this species. After
the first description by Call, it has not again been recorded, ex-
cept by Meek and Clark, and I believe, the identification of
these authors (supported by B. Walker) is correct. But I think
that other authors have seen this form, but have not recognized
it, and, for instance, Simpson’s pannosus and subellipticus (re-
garded as varieties of Pleurobema argenteum and breve respec-
tively) are also this. Frierson’s utterbacki is surely this, since
my specimens were thus labeled by Frierson.

Walker, Frierson, and Simpson (in part) believe this to be a
Pleurobema, and not a Lampsilis (see also Simpson, ’00, p. 557,
and ’14, p. 131), and this comes nearest to the truth, in fact,
it is the most plausible assumption to be made from the study
of the shell alone. The shell ‘‘resembles a very elongated
Quadrula coccinea,’’ according to Meek and Clark, and the com-
parison with Pleurobema argenteum and breve (which, by the
way, are synonyms), made by Simpson, is significant. We
must keep in mind that Call’s fig. 4 represents the normal shape
of the shell, while his fig. 1 is rather abnormal, and possibly
does not belong here at all. These two figures by no means
represent the female and male, as Call believes.

The investigation of the soft parts has shown that this actually
is a Fusconaia. Corresponding, both in soft parts and shell, to
the barnesiana-type of the upper Tennessee region. F. ozarkensis
differs from barnesiana by the more elongated (subtrapezoidal)
outline of the shell, more anterior beaks, and the weak devel-
opment of the rays, which are faint at the best, and often en-
tirely absent. A swollen form of it is not known to me, but
specimens from White River are slightly more convex than
those from James River (farther up). Also Utterback’s quota-
of Frierson (p. 87, footnote) make it probable that there are
differences in obesity.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ANATOMY.

Supraanal opening probably separated from the anal by a
short mantle-connection, but in all my specimens this is torn
by rough handling. Inner lamina of inner gills free from ab-
dominal sac. All four gills marsupial in the female. Placentae
well developed and subeylindrical.

Anal opening with small papillae, branchial opening with
well developed papillae. Palpi as usual, their posterior margins
connected for about one third of their length or less.

As to the color of the soft parts, which is so characteristic in
barnesiana, not much can be said, since my material has been
too long in alcohol. But in most of my specimens the gills are
yet distinctly suffused with black. The placentae have been
rendered whitish, but here and there traces of a dark stain are
preserved (which is disappearing gradually). It is quite pos-
sible that the color of the placentae originally was similar to
that of barnesiana.

The glochidia are subelliptical, slightly higher than long; L.
O. 15, B. O. 18, thus agreeing with those of F. barnesiana.

NOTE ON THE RELATION OF SNAIL FAUNA TO FLOODS.

BY A. RICHARDS.

During the years 1911 to 1916, while the writer was a mem-
ber of the faculty of the University of Texas, a series of inci-
dental observations on ‘the snail fauna of Waller Creek was
made. ° These observations have now come to an end due to the
change of residence of the observer. It seems not unwise,
therefore, to publish a short note on the subject in the hope
that the facts recorded, although fragmentary, may have a
bearing on the work of some other follower of snail life.

Waller Creek is a small stream near the University of Texas
at Austin. It is some four miles in length and empties into
the Colorado River at a distance of perhaps two miles below the
University. That portion of the stream close to the University
between Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh Streets, was most closely
observed, but data was also collected from the region below.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

During the hot months, from about July 1st to October Ist
usually, the stream is dry, or water is to be found only in an
occasional pool ; during the rest of the year the water flows to
a depth of a few inches. The bed is scoured out of limestone
(Austin Chalk) and has for much of its length a solid flat rock
bottom. The banks of the creek have in general a gradual
slope. In time of flood and during heavy rains, this stream
rises very rapidly and quickly becomes bank-full, so that the
water rushes down in a torrent, the roar of which may at times
be heard for a distance of some blocks. The fall of the creek is
considerable, being about 75 feet in two miles from Twenty-
seventh Street to the Colorado, and this fall in connection with
the shape of the bed gives to the current in times of flood a
tremendous force.

During the first two years of this observation, 1912-1913, the
snail population of the creek in its middle stretches was dense.
There were in particular two species very thickly represented,
Planorbis lentus and Physa halei. So numerous were they that
one could in a few moments within a very few feet gather a pint
of either kind. Wherever a little ripple or a tiny waterfall oc-
curred were many snails oriented in relation to the current, their
heads pointing into it. Elsewhere in the more quiet water they
were also to be found, but in Jess numbers. These conditions
obtained especially in the early spring; as the breeding season,
which in that latitude extends over half the year, passes by, the
snails of course become much less numerous.

It is to be noted that previous to the time when the snails
had become so abundant, there had been no heavy rains of suf-
ficient importance to be recorded since 1908. Excessive rains
occurred in May 1908, November and May 1907, June and
March 1905, May and April 1904, July and February 1903,
July and November 1902. There was a very severe flood in the
creek in April 1900. It will be seen that between the time
when my observations began and the last excessive rain con-
siderable time had elapsed and the snails had had the oppor-
tunity to reinstate themselves in the creek, assuming that they
had suffered in those floods as they have done in the later ones.

In the fall of 1913 there were two floods of unusual propor-

66 THE NAUTILUS,

tions in the creek. In October it rose very rapidly, but shortly
subsided, and in November, at the time when the entire state
was visited by the most severe flood since 1869, it was again
subjected to a very thorough scouring. Excessive rains fell on
several consecutive days, and streams in the entire Colorado
watershed were out of their banks.

After the heavy rains of the earlier part of the month there
were several days upon which the rainfall, while comparatively
light, was sufficient to keep the creek much higher than its
normal level. When the water finally subsided to its normal
amount the bed was covered completely with a layer of detritus
and soft green humus and algae from a half an inch to an inch
in thickness. This deposit and the acids formed from it have
been the cause of a much more rapid disintegration of the lime-
stone than had been the case in the immediately preceding
years. Loose pieces of limestone which were exposed to the
action of the water had in many cases fallen apart by the end
of January. Further rises occurred on April 27 and on May
20th, 1914, but were not sufficient to remove all of the accumu-
lated layer of detritus.

In January 1914, a search for snails where they had before
been numerous failed to reveal a single specimen of Planorbis
and less than half a dozen Physa. Even in the deeper pools
they could scarcely be found. Later in the spring in the lowest
part of the stream a number of very small Physa, as well as
some clusters of eggs were found. The force of the current had
been so great as to wash the snails down to the river, and it is
possible that the condition of the water due to the decomposing
humus may have affected those which were able to escape the
flood danger. That some of the Physa were left after the flood
may be attributed to their pointed shape which decreases the
amount of force that the water was able to exert on them as
compared with that on the flat Planorbis shells. Except as
noted above in April and May 1914, the conditions in the creek
remained as normal.

In January 1915, Physa has again made its appearance in
the middle parts of the stream, although in small numbers only.
Diligent search, however, failed to reveal a single Planorbis.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

The snails which were present were found only under fair-sized
rocks where they were well protected; they did not occur out in
the open stream as had been the case when the creek was more
densely populated with snails.

In April 1915, on the 22d and 24th, Waller Creek was swept
by three scouring floods which devastated the entire bottoms.
The water rose higher during the night than it had at any
time since 1886; bridges were washed away and much damage
done. The bottom of the creek was again washed clean except
under the larger stones and in deep holes in the bed. Snails
were not observed in any numbers following this flood during
the rest of that year. Early in January 1916, however, Physa
had again appeared fairly abundantly where they had formerly
been very thick, in the region just above the University; later
in the spring they became quite numerous here. In January
of this year the first Planorbis were found that had been seen
in the creek since the autumn floods of 1913. Between Fifteenth
and Sixteenth Streets in a pocket containing good-sized stones
over which the water flows rather swiftly a number of speci-
mens were taken, although none were found above or below
this locality. It is noted that below this region the creek is
frequently covered with oily scum and that it receives the refuse
from the adjoining properties. Except after high water which
would clean it out, the creek in this region would hardly be
expected to support much snail life. It must be supposed either
that the Planorbis had made their way up to Sixteenth Street
during the short time following the floods before the water be-
came badly contaminated, or else that in this particular place a
few specimens from the previous years had withstood the floods
and reproduced themselves in sufficient numbers to be notice-
able in January. Of these two suppositions the latter seems
much the more rational.

After the flood of 1915 the water subsided very quickly so
that a new layer of humus and algae was not deposited, but
that the bed was again restored to its former condition of a clean
smooth rock bottom. Upon the return to this condition the
snail population increased very rapidly, and at the time when
the last observation was made in the early summer of 1916,
seemed in a fair way to return to the condition of 1912.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

It seems to the writer that the slow return of the snails dur-
ing the year 1914 was due not only to the repeated rains of the
fall and winter of 1913-14, but also to the condition of the creek
bed at this time. Although the heavy rains of 1915 were more
severe, they were confined to one month, and the creek bed was
left in a very much cleaner condition than during the preceding
year,

The conditions of life which obtain now in Waller Creek are
those of a new life region. This must of necessity be so in an
intermittent stream to a certain extent, but owing to the flood
conditions here they are doubly so.

The chief facts of interest in regard to the habits of snails as
shown by these observations, are these: 1, The snails of both
species are to be found commonly in uncontaminated water
which is running at a fairly rapid rate, and the most common
orientation is with the heads pointing up stream; 2, The snail
population in any stream is subject to wide fluctations depend-
ing upon flood conditions; 3, Physa because of its shape is less
affected by floods than Planorbis; 4, The return of the snail
population to a given stream is determined not only by the
frequency and severity of the floods, but also by the condition
of the bottom of the stream after the subsidence of the high
water; 5, The snails thrive best where there is a constantly
renewed supply of clean water which contains little decaying
vegetation.

Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

WILLIAM BULLOCK CLARK.

Dr. William Bullock Clark, professor of geology in the Johns
Hopkins University, eminent for his contributions to geology,
died suddenly from apoplexy on July 27, at his summer home
at North Haven, Maine.

Wm. Bullock Clark was born at Brattleboro, Vermont, De-
cember 15, 1860. Since 1894 he was professor of geology in
Johns Hopkins Univesity. In 1896 Professor Clark organized
the Maryland Geological Society, and has been State Geologist
since that time. The admirable volumes on paleontology of

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THE NAUTILUS. 69

Maryland, issued under his direction, are widely used by con-
chologists interested in fossil mollusks. This series of reports
will be his enduring memorial. Professor Clark’s chief paleon-
tological interest was in the Echinoidea, upon which he pub-
lished several monographs.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A MonocrarH oF West AMERICAN MELANELLID MOLLUSKS.
By Paul Bartsch (Pro. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 295-
356, pls. 34-39, Aug. 1917). This completes the discussion of
the West American mollusks of the super-family Pyramidel-
loideae, comprising the family Pyramidellidae, which has
been previously treated, and the Melanellidae here considered.
The former are readily distinguished by having the ‘‘nepionic
whorls sinistral and tilted; the axis of the early whorls usually
being at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first
of which the nuclear whorls are frequently quite strongly im-
bedded.’’ In the latter the early whorls are dextral and never
tilted or immersed. A review of the work done in this group
is followed by the descriptions of the species, including forty-
nine new species and one new genus Eulimostraca. The illustra-
tions are excellent.

New anp Litrte Known Species oF SoutH AMERIcAN Mus-
SELS OF THE GENUS DipLopon. By William B. Marshall (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 381-388, Pls. 50-55, August,
1917). Two new species Diplodon felipponei and D. fortis are
described and figured, together with six species described by
Mr. C. T. Simpson in his Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades
and not previously figured.

NoTES ON THE SHELLS OF THE GENUS EPITONIUM AND ITS
ALLIES OF THE Paciric Coast oF AmERIcA. By William H.
Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 53, pp. 471-488, August,
1917). An interesting account of the various groups and sub-
genera is followed by descriptions of forty-two new species.

The name Pictoscala is proposed for a section, type Scalaria
lineata Say.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN Moxtiusca. Pr. XIII. By C. Hed-
ley (Proc, Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1916, vol. 41, pt. 4,
pp. 680-719, pls. 46-52, issued April 4, 1917). The author’s
notes under Tridacna gigantea Perry are of such general interest
that we quote them in part. ‘‘ Under the name of Chama gigas
the father of Natural History seems to have embraced the whole
of the modern genus TJridacna. For the name gigas, as restricted
to a single species, the candidates are the shell subsequently
named squamosa by Lamarck and a huge species whose valves
in the Ulrica Museum, together weighed 498 pounds.

‘* After careful examination, Hanley decided that the fur-
belowed clam, such‘as Reeve has figured for 7. squamosa, ought
rightly to bear the name gigas. He based his verdict on the
ground that the actual shell owned by Linné as representing
gigas, is the Lamarckian squamosa, and that to this apply most
of the literary references. Linnean contemporaries such as
Born, Regenfuss and Chemnitz, while making casual references
to the giant, all agree in figuring and describing squamosa as the
Linnean gigas.

‘* Discriminating in 1819 between the species his predecessors
had confused, Lamarck unlawfully used the name gigas for the
largest form, while for the Linnean gigas he proposed squamosa.
Attentive to the remarks of Hanley, Hidalgo in 1903, renamed
the biggest species 7. lamarcki. But in 1811, Perry had already
used the name Chama gigantea for ‘the largest shell at present
known.’ As the young of the giant has not yet been traced to
the adult, it is still possible that squamosa is a juvenile deeper-
water form of the large intertidal and abraded gigantea.

‘‘The heaviest known are a pair weighing 550 lbs., which
Cuvier and Lamarck relate were presented by the Venetian
Republic to Francis I. These still exist, their edges bound
with brass, as holy-water basins in the cathedral of St. Sulpice,
in Paris.

‘‘The photographs of Saville Kent show the giant clams in
their natural position on the Great Barrier Reef, where they
occur free and exposed at low tide, standing on their umbones,
and showing their brightly colored mantle and so-called eyes
as they gape.’’

THE NAUTILUS. Tt

There are many other interesting notes bearing on nomencla-
ture, and the animals of Australian species. Six new species
are described and twenty-nine species figured.—C. W. J.

An ANNOTATED List OF SHELLS FROM NORTHERN MICHIGAN.
By Mina L. Winslow (Occasional papers, Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., No. 42, July 1, 1917) a list of sixty-five species from
Schoolcraft, Alger and Chippewa counties, also a list from Isle
Royale.

NOTES.

THE OLpRoYD CoLLection.—Mr. and Mrs. J. 8. Oldroyd have
given their collection of shells to the Leland Stanford Jr.
University, and are now permanently employed in the Museum,
Mrs. Oldroyd being the curator. The collection has been placed
in the Department of Geology and Mining. The Stanford alumni
purchased the collection and library of the late Henry Hemp-
hill, which, with the Law collection and several others, forms an
unusually fine working series. Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd have spent
about eight weeks at Friday Harbor, Puget Sound and British
Columbia making large collections for the Stanford University,
California Academy of Science and University of California.

NortH Carortina Lanp SxHELLs.—The following species of
land shells were picked from leaf-mold collected at Spruce Pine,
Mitchell Co., North Carolina, by Samuel G. Gordon while on a
mineralogical excursion. The specimens are in the collection
of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Gastrocopta contracta Say, G.
pentodon Say, Circinaria concava Say, Polita indentata Say, Tax-
eodonta lamellidens Pils., Gastrodonta elliotti Redf., G. gularis
Say, Euconulus sterkvi Dall., Punctum pygmeum Drap., Carychiwm
exile Lea.—E. G. VANATTA.

A Correction.—In my little paper, ‘‘ Descriptions of New
West American Marine Mollusks and Notes on Previously
Described Forms,’’ Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 52, pp. 670-
671, plate 46, figure 2, 1917, I published Certthiopsis ( Cerithiop-

72 THE NAUTILUS.

sis) helena from Panama, type Cat. No, 204128, U. S. N. M.
Mr. Vignal, of Paris, has been kind enough to call my atten-
tion to fact that the same combination was used by O. Boettger
in 1901 for a fossil in his contribution ‘‘ Zur Kenntnis der
Fauna der mittelmiociinen Schichten von Kostej] im Krass0-
Szorényer Komitat,’’ in ‘‘ Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des
siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissenchaften zu Hermann-
stadt,’’ p. 128, 1901. It is therefore necessary to bestow a
new designation on my shell, and it may be known as Cerithiop-
sis (Cerithiopsis) anaitis.—PauL Barrscu.

ALBINISTIC EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS.—A few days ago, I
had two hours in Gladstone Park. The Park is wooded, and
there are large moss-covered rocks. LE. fidelis was out freely. I
found one light one. The one sent you some years ago was
uniform in color. This one shows two distinct dark narrow
bands around the lower whorl but not showing anywhere else.
This is the fourth one I have found in the Park in twenty years
or more, though I have been there often.

: —J. G. Matong, Portland, Ore.

THE many friends of Dr. HERMANN von InERING will hear
with deep regret that he has been removed by political intrigue
from his position of Director of the Museu Paviista at Sao
Paulo, Brazil. This museum was founded by Dr. von Ihering.
His eminence as a zoologist and unceasing activity as an inves-
tigator of the South American fauna, had won for it an honor-
able place among scientific institutions. We understand that
his successors are men without knowledge of the biological
sciences. As the only scientific assistant, Mr. Rudolph von
Thering has resigned, it appears that the scientific activity of the
State Museum of Sao Paulo has come to an end—a real calamity
to American zoology and paleontology.

Dr. von Ihering is located at present at Hansa de Joinville,
State of Santa Catharina. He isin good health, and is engaged
in the preparation of his work : ‘‘ Die biogeographischen Grund-
gesetze,’’? several chapters of which will deal with mollusks.—
H, Ay Ps & :C, Wed:

THe NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. JANUARY, 1918. No. 3

NEW SOUTHERN FORMS OF CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA.

BY GEO! He CLAPP. 4 |) N\A

CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM FLORIDANUM new Sees, P1.8, fig. 4-6.

Differs from the type by its constantly smaller size and the
greatly thickened lip. The shell is also more tapering, making
the last whorl appear swollen.

Of 25 shells measured, from 5 different localities, the largest
is 1.73 X 0.81 mm. and the smallest 1.52 x 0.78 mm., the
average being 1.64 * 0.78 mm.

Fig. 5, ‘‘Snapper Creek Hammock” about 8 miles south of
Miami, Fla., measures 1.64 * 0.72 mm. Length of aperture
0.63, width 0.58 mm. Average of 6 shells, 1.61 * 0.70 mm.

Fig. 4, near Coot Bay, Cape Sable, measures 1.73 0.78
mm. Length of aperture 0.69, width 0.63 mm. Average of 6
shells 1.67 & 0.78 mm.

Fig. 6, Miami, collected by S. N. Rhoads, measures 1.78 x
0.86 mm. South side of Miami River, about 2 miles above
Miami, average of 6 shells 1.61 < 0.77 mm.

Musa Isle, edge of Everglades at entrance to Miami River,
average of 6 shells 1.58 « 0.79 mm. The Musa Isle shells are
more globose than those from the other localities, the diameter
being exactly one-half of the length.

This subspecies is of wide distribution in Florida and I first
noticed it in 1895 when I collected a single specimen at Homo-
sassa, Citrus Co. So far as I have seen it is the only form
found in the Miami and Cape Sable regions.

Carychium is apparently not present on the Florida Keys as

74 THE NAUTILUS.

I have examined ‘‘rubbish’’ from over 20 of them from Key
Biscayne to Garden Key, Dry Tortugas; and while I found over
60 species of land shells, there was not even a fragment of
Carychium, and it is not mentioned in any of Pilsbry’s published
lists of Key shells.

Types from Snapper Creek Hammock, No. 8569 of my col-
lection.

THYSANOPHORA MACNEILLI n. sp. Pl. 8, fig. 1.

Shell small, globose, with about four well-rounded whorls,
suture deep; color chestnut-brown, somewhat shining; surface
with faint growth lines and microscopically granulated; apex
obtuse, large, more densely granulated than the body of the
shell; widely umbilicate with the umbilicus extending to the
apex and contained about 5 times in the diameter of the shell.
Aperture well rounded slightly oblique, lip thin, partly reflected
around the umbilicus.

The type measures alt. 1.50, diam. 1.38, umbilicus 0.29 mm,

Types, fig. 1, from Magazine Point, 8 miles north of Mobile,
Ala., No. 8572 of my collection. Also found at Spring Hill
and along the Fowl] River about 3 miles from the coast in the
southern part of Mobile Co.

This species is named after the late L. H. McNeill of Mobile,
Ala., who first found it in 1914. Mr. McNeill, although handi-
capped by poor health, was an enthusiastic collector and added
much to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of southern
* Alabama.

There are two species found in Florida, and probably others
of the Gulf states, with which this species may be confused.
From T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) it differs in the wider umbili-
cus, less oblique aperture and in having about 4 whorl more in
the same diameter.

T. caeca (Guppy) is a larger, more depressed shell, subangular
at the periphery, umbilicus nearly covered, and surface with
distinct spiral sculpture.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8.
Fig. 1, T. macneilli Clapp 16.6, alt. 1.50, diam. 1.38 mm.

—

THE NAUTILUS. 75

Fig. 2, T. dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.) * 16.6, alt. 1.38, diam.
1.27 mm.

Fig. 3, T. caeca (Guppy) 16.6, alt. 1.67, diam. 1.73 mm.

Fig. 4, C. e. floridanum Clapp x 21, alt. 1.73, diam. 0.78 mm.

Fig. 5, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 21, alt. 1.64, diam. 0.72 mm.

Fig. 6, C. e. floridanum Clapp X 20, alt. 1.73, diam.0.66 mm.

THE ANATOMY OF TWO AFRICAN NAYADES, UNIO CAFFER AND
SPATHA WAHLBERGI.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Unio cAFFER Krauss, Sued Afr. Moll. 1848.

Nodularia caffer Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 825.

Unio caffer Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914, p. 574.

When Simpson placed this species in Nodularia, the anatomy
of only two species of this genus was known, and these had the
inner gills marsupial. We know now, that Simpson’s Nodularia
is altogether a conglomerate of entirely heterogeneous forms.
The present species was placed by Simpson (in 1914) in Unio,
since he had seen gravid specimens. But he does not give any
particulars as to the structure of the soft parts, and thus it is
desirable to give an account of them.

I am indebted to B. Walker for the soft parts of a number of
specimens of this species, collected at two localities; Lindague
Spruit, Natal (trib. to Little Tugela River, coll. in July 1913);
and Premier Mine Pumping Station, junction of Elands and
Wilge River, near Pretoria, Transvaal (coll. April 1914).

The gravid females collected in July had mostly eggs, but
one of them had glochidia; of those collected in April only one
female was gravid, and also had glochidia. It is hardly possible
to draw from these dates a conclusion as to the breeding season,
except that it might begin in July, provided that there is at all
a definite season.

Anatomy: Anal opening separated from the supraanal opening
by a moderate mantle connection, slightly shorter than the
anal. Supraanal about as long as or slightly longer than the
anal. The latter with the inner edge almostsmooth. Branchial

76 THE NAUTILUS.

opening with distinct papillae. No differentiating structures on
mantle-edge in front of branchial. /Palpi subfalciform, of
medium size, their posterior margins united for nearly half
their length.

Gills of the Unionid-type: gill diaphragm complete, separat-
ing anal and branchial openings. Anterior end of inner gills
widely remote from the palpi. Inner lamina of inner gill free
from abdominal sac, except at anterior end.

Septa and water-tubes present, the former continuous and not
interrupted, parallel to the gill-filaments. In the male, and in
the inner gill of the female, they are weak and distant from
each other. The outer gill of the female is marsupial practically
in its entire length, with heavy and crowded septa.

When charged, the marsupium is moderately swollen, the
edge remaining sharp. Placentae lanceolate and compressed,
moderately developed, when eggs are present, less so, when
glochidia are present.

Glochidia subtriangular in shape, longer than high, lower
margin bluntly pointed in the middle; hooks have not been
observed, but there is a slight swelling of the margin at the
point, without any spinules. It might be that both of my
specimens contain only immature glochidia, and that the mature
glochidia have hooks of the Unio-type: but the glochidia do
not look like immature ones. Size of glochidium: L. 0.23 to
0.25; H. 0.20 to 0.21 mm. (in Unio pictorum, L. and H. is
0.21 mm.).

The structure is that of the subfamily Unioninae, and espec-
ially of-those genera which have only the outer gills marsupial.
Considering the general shape of the shell, zig-zag beak sculp-
ture, anatomy and glochidia (tringular shape of the latter and
their size), this species stands very near to the genus Unio in
the modern sense (Ortman, Ann. Carm. Mus. 8, 1912, p. 273) ;
the only difference is, that the glochidia, although possessing
the characteristic triangular shape, have no hooks but this
might be due to immature condition.

For the present, it is advisable to retain this species in the
genus Unio (U. pictorum as type), and there is no doubt that it
stands at least very close to it. If a separate generic (or subgen-

THE NAUTILUS. 77

eric) name should be found to be necessary, Cafferia Simpson
should be considered.

SpATHA (SPATHA) WAHLBERGI (Krauss).
Simpson, Descr. Cat. 1914, p. 1326.

From Mr. W. Israél I have received two specimens from
Mkata River (tributary to Wami R.), and two specimens from
Ngerengere River (tributary to Kingani or Ruwu R.) both near
Mrogoro, German East Africa (collected by Mr. Rudolf). They
all resemble each other, but the specimens from the Mkata have
a‘ brownish epidermis, those from the Ngerengere a blackish
brown one. They agree well with the description and figure of
S. natalensis Lea (Obs. xi. 1887, pl. 20, f. 58), which is a
synonym of wahlbergi Krauss.

The specimens from the Mkata are both females, those from
the Ngerengere are male and female.

In Naurtitus 24, 1910 pp. 39-42, I have described the soft
parts of Spatha kamerunensis Walker, a West African form,
which belongs to the subgenus Aspatharia Bourguignat. The
present species is a real Spatha, and the examination has shown,
that it closely resembles kamerunensis in its anatomy, with the
exception of one detail.

Anal opening ovate, about as long as the branchial, closed
above by the union of the inner edges of the mantle, without a
supraanal opening. Edge of anal thickened and wrinkled, but
without papillae, probably capable of a moderate tubular ex-
tension (siphon). Anal separated from the branchial opening
by a solid connection of the mantle edges. Branchial defined below
(or anteriorly) by connection of the inner mantle edges, which, how-
ever, is short, shorter than the branchial (about one fourth to
one third as long). In one of my specimens, this connection
is torn apart, but still distinctly recognizable. Edge of branchial
somewhat elevated and with small or indistinct papillae, pro-
bably also forming a short siphon. Farther in front, the
mantle edges are unconnected and smooth.

Palpi and gills exactly of the structure described in Spatha
kamerunensis. Also here the inner lamina of the inner gills is
free from the abdominal sac, and the septa of the gills are of

78 THE NAUTILUS.

the same general character. In the female, the septa of the
of the inner gill possess, close to the outer lamina, a marked
swelling, by which the female may be recognized at once (the
swellings are distinctly seen with a hand-lens).

Thus Spatha wahlbergi differs from S. kamerunensis only by the
presence of a mantle connection below (or in front of ) the branchial
opening, by which this opening becomes perfectly closed and
subtubular. Whether this is a general character, which disting-
uishes the subgenera Spatha and Aspatharia, remains to be seen.
There is no doubt, however, that this character indicates a
higher specialisation of S. wahlbergi, as compared with S. kamer-
unensis. Attention should be called to the fact, that in the
South American shells of the Hyriine-type, this mantle con-
nection anterior to the branchial is rather variable, and may or
may not form a generic character (Nautitus, 24, 1911, pp. 117,
118).

A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI n. sp. _ PI. 7, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is depressed-globose, imperforate, of an olive-ocher
color, glossy. First 14 whorls smooth, following neanic whor!s
irregularly wrinkled, the last whorl sharply striate above, the
base nearly smooth. The periphery is rounded, last whorl
descending in front. The aperture is very oblique; outer lip
slightly thickened, unexpanded. The base-columellar margin
is slightly concave, narrowly reflected and depressed, having a
very small nodule nearer to the columella than to the base.

Alt. 13.5, diam. 17.5 mm.; 4 whorls (type).

Alt. 12.5, diam. 15.8 mm.

Manati, Los Canos estate, near Guantanamo, Cuba. Type
No. 117482 A. N. 8. P., collected by Charles T. Ramsden.

This species resembles Z. emarginata Pfr., but differs by the
much thinner peristome and especially the narrower base-colu-
mellar lip. This forms a wide, flat plate in emarginata, but is
much narrower in ramsdeni than in any other species of the

EOE

THE NAUTILUS. 79

group. The tooth on the basal lip is much smaller than in
emarginata.

Specimens have been in the collection of the Academy for
many years labeled ‘‘ H. emarginata?’’ One lot from Bland
has the query ‘‘can these be young emarginata?’’ on the label
—Another lot was in the Van Nostrand collection, two speci-
mens having been given to the Academy. ‘The collector of these
shells is unknown.

Other views of the specimens now figured were given in
Nauvtiwvs, vol. 28, April, 1915, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, when I first
recognized the form as new.

Z. emarginata (pl. 7, fig. 7) was first found by Gundlach at
Caimanera, on Guantanamo Bay, only dead ones in this arid
place. Afterwards he collected it at Mayari. Mr. Ramsden
has sent it from the following localities: Boca de Jaibo, 1 mile
below confluence of Jaibo and Guantanamo rivers. Arroyo
Hondo, Los Cafios, Guantanamo, Vinculo de Guantanamo,
Colonia ‘‘ Blanco,’’ 2 miles southeast of Guantanamo. Also a
dead shell from Caimanera, Gundlach’s original locality. Fossil
specimens were sent by Mr. Aman some years ago from a de-
posit of clay at Guamo, on the Rio Cauto. Specimens from all
of these localities have been examined by the winter. There is
not much variation except in the height of the spire.

REICHENBACH’S ZOOLOGIE.

Allgemeine Taschenbibliothek der Wissenschaften. Finfter
Theil. Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs. Erstes
Bindchen. Dresden. P. G. Hilschersche Buchhandlung.
1828.

Zoologie oder Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, nach eigenen
Ansichten bearbeitet von H. G. Ludwig Reichenbach, etc., etc.
Erstes Bindchen.

The series and special title pages quoted above are those of a
little-known book which I have been able to examine by the
kindness of Dr. Charles W. Richmond, the well-known orni-
thologist and expert on bird nomenclature. Except for the new

80 THE NAUTILUS.

names |introduced in the work, there is little original for its
time, or of interest now ; but a notice of the generic names is in
order. A few of the new names are merely variations of the
spelling of well-known older names, some perhaps changed in-
advertently, others being feminine forms of originally masculine
names. Reichenbach appeared to favor Venus, as Montfort
favored Mars. I note the following; the names which they
presumably equal are supplied in brackets.

Lithotornus Cuv.; p. 88 [Lithodomus].

Padollia Montf.; p. 91 [Padollus].

Ricinella Lam.; pp. 92 138 [Ricinula].

Melampa Drap.; p. 93 [Melampus].

Scarabaea Montf.; p. 98 [Scarabus]. Also p. 152, where
S. imbrium is mentioned as typical.

Another series of names, for which no authorities are given,
and which are therefore to be credited to Reichenbach, are de-
fined by references to vernacular names in Montfort, or are sub-
stitutes for earlier generic names. All of the following except
the last are evidently considered to be subgenera or other subdi-
visions of Murex L.

Lathiria (les lathires Montf.); p. 91 [Latirus Montf.].

Brontesia (Brontes Montf.); p. 91 [Brontes Montf.].

Typhlia (les Typhlis Monté.); p. 91 [Typhis Montf.].

Cichorax (les Chicoracés Montf.); p. 91 [Chicoreus Montf.].

Aquilla (les Aquilles Montf.); p. 91 [Aquillus Montf.].

Trophones (les Trophones Montf.); p. 91 [Trophon Montf.].

Appollia (les Apolles Montf.); p. 91. [Apollon Montf.].

Chondrina R. (Chondrus Cuv. non Lamx.); p. 93.

The Zweites Biindchen was published in 1836, The author
notes the delay on p. 272. The pagination is continuous with
the first volume. The system is developed, with some descrip-
tion of the genera and one or more species mentioned.

On p. 152 the name Chondrina is defined (as a subgenus
or subordinate group of Helix) with the words: ‘‘ mit eif6rmiger
Schale—H. avenacea, Hafer Sch.’’ Avenacea was one of the
species of Cuvier’s Chondrus (for which Chondrina was pro-
posed as a substitute). As it is the only species cited under

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Chondrina, it becomes type of that group. No type had been
selected previously for Chondrus. Chondrina will therefore re-
place Modicella Ads., 1854, as used by Boettger and Westerlund.
So far as I know, the other names proposed had all been pro-
vided with valid names previously.

The work covers the invertebrates only. There are some
new generic names in other Classes, as well as those in Mollusca

noticed above.
H. A. PILsBry.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK;
THE MOLLUSKS OF LOWER SOUTH BAY.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

In a previous paper’ the writer listed the fresh-water mol-
lusks of the west end of Oneida Lake, 62 species and races being
represented. In the present paper the fresh-water mollusks of
a large bay in Oneida Lake are listed, the additional material
bringing the total molluscan fauna of the lake to 91 species and
races, of which 5 are new toscience. It is highly probable that
half the species of fresh-water mollusks inhabiting the State will
be found in Oneida Lake when the east end, the deep water,
and the small tributary streams are examined. The additional
Spheriide collected in 1916 is noteworthy, bringing the total
number to 32, of which 23 are Pisidia. The deeper water also
added several species of note not found in 1915.

Mollusks were abundant everywhere, being absent from less
than one percent of the area examined. Associated with the
mollusks were oligochete worms, planarians, leeches, amphi-
pods and other crustaceans, fresh-water insects and insect larve,
and the little water mites, forming together a veritable micro-
cosm, in which the majority of fresh-water groups of animals
were represented. In point of numbers the mollusks usually
predominated. The studies in Lower South Bay were carried
on quantitatively for the purpose of ascertaining the available
amount of fish food present in this body of water and its im-

1The NAUTILUS, xxx, pages 5-9, 1916.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

mediate vicinity. During the field work, 18,440 specimens
were collected, of which, 9335 were mollusks. Ecological notes
were made on all of the species in connection with the environ-
ment and with the associated animals. The discussion of these
topics, many of which are of an economic nature, will be pub-
lished as a technical bulletin by the New York State College of
Forestry, and the interested reader is referred to this publica-
tion for details concerning these and kindred subjects.

When the field work was made for the material upon which
Technical Bulletin Number IV (page 89) is founded the deeper
water of the west end of the lake was examined with a crowfoot
dredge, and, naturally, only a few mussels were obtained. For
the field work of 1916 a large dredge with a 16-inch frame was
used with very satisfactory results, a large number of clams as
well as gastropods being collected. When these results were
tabulated an interesting variation in bathymetrical distribution
was observed. ‘This is indicated in the table below:

Table showing decrease of mollusks with depth.

Shore to six inches . ; ; . 6 species
1 to 3 feet ; ; : : . 46 species
3 to 6 feet ; F i ‘ . 40 species
6 to 9 feet : é ; : . 39 species
9to l2ieet . : : ; . 29 species
12 to 15 feet . ; : : . 26 species
15 to 18 feet . ‘ ; ‘ 11 species

Lower South Bay is the largest Banat: of Oneida Lake and
is situated at the southwest end. It is about one by two miles
in extent and covers an area of approximately 881 acres. It is
well protected on the north by Long Point which extends east-
ward into the lake for nearly a mile, forming an effectual bar-
rier to the heavy north and northwest storms. Between Long
Point and Short Point (see the map in Technical Bulletin, IV)
lies Short Point Bay where the water is usually quiet and the
habitats are sheltered from strong waves. The greater part of
the shore is of sand or clay, a very small proportion being of
gravel and boulders. The deeper water has a mud bottom.
The 881 acres included in the area of Lower South Bay is divided
as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Boulder and gravel bottom . 3 . 20 acres
Sand bottom 5 : ; : . 85 acres
Clay bottom ; : : : . 92 acres
Mud bottom : : ; : . 684 acres
Total acreage . : A . 881

Plant life is very abundant in the bay and it is due to the
great quantity of this life that the animal life is so abundant.
The submerged plants are the most abundant in species, Pota-
mogeton, Najas, Elodea, Vallisneria and Myriophyllum being the
principal genera represented. Scirpus, Pontederia, Nymphea
and Castalia are the most abundant of the emergent types of
vegetation. The most surprising result of the plant analysis
has been the presence of great quantities of filamentous and
other alge, the former in places fairly choking the water. Up-
wards of 36 species were found in the material examined by Dr.
EK. N. Transeau, including Cladophora, Oedogonium, Ulothrix
and Spirogyra among the filamentous species. It was in this
mass of alge, which often formed a thick blanket, that the
greater number of mollusks and other animals were found.

In the list of species to follow, reference is made to the depth
of water and to the character of bottom upon which the species
was found. As all but a very few were collected in Lower
South Bay, the locations are given only where the species was
found in a habitat outside of this area. My thanks are due Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant Walker, and Dr. V. Sterki for the
determination of critical material. To Dr. C. C. Adams and
Dr. Hugh P. Baker, of the New York State College of Forestry
I am indebted for the opportunity of making the studies from
which these notes are abstracted.

UNIONIDAE.

Elliptio complanatus (‘‘Solander’’? Dillwyn). In Technical
Bulletin, IV, page 252, and in the Nautitus, XXX, page 8.
reference is made to the presence of Margaritana margaritifera
(L) in the lake. This should be eliminated from the lists as it
was founded upon pathologic individuals of Elliptio complanatus.
This Elliptio is the commonest mussel in the lake occurring on

84 THE NAUTILUS.

all kinds of bottom and in all depths of water examined. The
deeper water individuals run considerably smaller than those
from shallow water.

Anodonta cataracta Say. On all kinds of bottom in 3-8 feet of
water.

Anodonta implicata Say. Found only on exposed shores in
water two and a half to four feet deep, in sand between boulders.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Occurs on all kind of bottom
except boulder in water one and a half to 15 feet deep.

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). On all varieties of bottom except
gravel in water 3-18 feet deep.

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin). Found only in water one and a
half to three feet deep on boulder, gravel, and sand bottom.
Typical radiata is very rare in Oneida Lake.

Lampsilis radiata oneidensis Baker. Common in water from
8-18 feet deep on gravel and mud bottom, usually the latter.
This species replaces Lampsilis borealis (Gray)' which does not
occur in Oneida Lake.

SPHAERIIDAE.

Spherium vermontanum Prime. The most abundant of these
small clams, occurring in water from one and a half to 14 feet
deep and on all varieties of bottom except boulder. |

Spherium solidulum (Prime). Occurs sparingly in water 8-18
feet deep on a mud bottom. Dr. Sterki characterizes it as a
small eastern form.

Spherium sulcatum (Lam.). Found only on a mud bottom
in 8-13 feet of water. It is the rarest of these small clams and
is a small, slight form, quite unlike the large heavy individuals
found in other parts of New York State. It is an interesting
case of bathymetrical distribution that vermontanum should oc-
cur at all depths examined but that solidulum and sulcatum
should be found only at 8 feet and deeper. The last mentioned
species was obtained only between 8 and 18 feet.

Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Clay bottom in four feet of
water.

1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 257; Naurrtus, XXX, pages 74-77,
1916,

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Musculium transversum (Say). Occurred on a sand and clay
bottom in water one and a half to four feet deep. The individ-
uals are smaller than is normal for the species.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Small specimens of this species
were found on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, in one and a half
to 8 feet of water.

Pisidium adamsi affine Sterki. Gravel bottom in 3 feet of
water.

Pisidium complanatum Sterki. Gravel, sand and mud bottoms
in water two to 84 feet deep.

Pisidium compressum Sterki. Common in water one and a
half to 14 feet deep on gravel, sand, clay and mud bottoms.

Pisidium compressum levigatum Sterki. Mud bottom in 13
feet of water.

Pisidiwm ferrugineum Prime. Occurs in water 3—8 feet deep on
sand, clay, or mud bottom. It resembles eastern specimens
from New England.

Pisidium neglectum Sterki. A few quite small specimens were
collected on a mud bottom in 84 feet of water.

Pisidium overt Sterki. A single valve of this western species
was found in a dredging from a mud bottom in 8 feet of water.
This species was first described from South Dakota and was
later found in Minnesota. Its occurrence in New York State
gives it a wide range eastward.

Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. On sand and mud bottoms in
one and a half to 8 feet of water.

Pisidium punctatum simplex Sterki. On sand and sandy clay
bottoms in water 14 to 34 feet deep.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Small individuals were collected on
a sand bottom in one and a half feet of water.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. One of the most abundant of
these minute clams, occurring on gravel, sand, clay, and mud
bottoms in water one and a half to 13 feet deep.

Pisidium scutellatum cristatum Sterki. More common than the
typical form and occurring usually with it.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Occurs on a clay bottom in 5
feet of water.

Pisidiwm variabile Prime. Found in water 2-13 feet deep on

86 THE NAUTILUS.

gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms. Most abundant in mud
in 4-11 feet of water. The specimens are smaller than normal.

Pisidium vesiculare Sterki. Mud bottom in water 8-11 feet
deep.

A number of Pisidia and Musculia are still in the hands of
Dr. Sterki awaiting identification. They are either peculiar
forms of well known species or are undescribed, and several
species are represented. Of the material collected in 1915 Dr.
Sterki says; ‘‘ You should have 30 species or more of Spheriide
in your vicinity; and there ought to be more than 20 species
(plus varieties) of Pisidium.’? With the 1916 material we
nearly reach Sterki’s estimate of probabilities—26 species of the
family named and six unnamed. Of Pisidium there are 18
named species and five unnamed. Several of the species listed
are recorded from New York State for the first time. The
Spheeriidze of Lower South Bay consist of small individuals with
slight shells and more or less weak hinges due to some physical
property of the water, perhaps a lack of lime. The maximum
development of this family, both in species and individuals,
appears to be in comparatively deep water.

VIVIPARIDAE.

Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney. Collected from a mud
bottom in 9 feet of water. Only one specimen, half grown,
was found and this was probably brought to its location by cur-
rents. This species is abundant in the west end ’of the lake,
near Brewerton, where it lives on a sand bottom in shallow
water.

Campeloma decisum (Say.) Collected from a sand and clay
bottom in water one and a half to 5 feet deep. More abundant
on a clay bottom. The majority of the individuals of deciswm
collected in July 1916 were young or immature, adults being
very rare. It seems evident that the young of this species are
born in the spring and attain their first year’s growth by Sep-
tember or early October. Information concerning the details
of the breeding habits of this group of mollusks are desirable.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

AMNICOLIDAE.

Gillia altilis (Lea). Occurs on boulder, gravel, sand, and
mud bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Half-grown and adult
individuals were abundant in some habitats.

Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say). A few specimens were col-
lected associated with Gillia. All were immature.

Bythinia tentaculata (Linn.). This common species occurs
abundantly in Lower South Bay on gravel, sand, clay, and mud
bottoms in water 1-14 feet deep. Most abundant on clay
and mud bottoms in water 4-14 feet deep. A large percentage
of the individuals collected were young or immature. This
species is especially abundant in filamentous alge (mostly Cla-
dophora fracta) and a single specimen was collected from a leaf
of the arrowhead, Sagittaria arifolia. A pint of alge, represent-
ing 100 square inches of area on an old log in 5 feet of water,
yielded 97 adult and 1270 young individuals of this species.

Amnicola limosa porata (Say). This is the largest Amnicola
in the lake, and was found only in three habitats: boulder bottom
in one foot of water, sand bottom in four and a half feet, and
mud bottom in 18 feet of water. It was most abundant on a
rocky shoal in water a foot deep, a single boulder having 54
specimens. Typical limosa is apparently not found in this part
of the lake.

Ammnicola bakeriana nimia Pils. This is the most abundant
Amnicola in the lake, easily known by its wide swollen shell.
It occurs on all kinds of bottom in water from 1-18 feet deep;
about 10 per cent of the material collected was immature. Most
abundant, as are all of the species of the genus, in filamentous
alge. A single specimen was found on the leaf of Sagittaria
arifolia.

Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry. One of the most abundant species
in the lake easily recognized by its long spire and deep-sutured
whorls. It occurs on all varieties of bottom, though least
numerous on boulder and most numerous on clay and mud
bottoms where there is a heavy growth of algz. In depth it is
most abundant in water from 3-6 feet deep, and occurs from

1 NAUTILUS, xxxi, pp. 44-46, 1917.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

1-18 feet deep. It was dredged in great abundance on a mud
bottom covered with Cladophora fracta, in 84 feet of water.
Many immature individuals occur with the adults.

Amnicola oneida Pilsbry. This is the narrowest species in
the lake, greatly resembling Amnicola lustrica but being more
slender. It was first seen in 1915 in a lot of shells from French-
man Island' but only one specimen was secured. It occurs on
all varieties of bottom and in all depths of water from one and
a half to 15 feet. It is not common on boulder or gravel bot-
toms, but on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, where there is a
covering of filamentous alge (Cladophora, Oedogonium or Spi-
rogyra) in 24 to 4 feet of water, it is the commonest mollusk in
the region. In one or two dredgings it was found in abundance
in 8-9 feet of water but it is not usually plentiful in deeper
water. Many young and immature individuals were collected
with the adults.

Amnicola clarkei Pils. This small, subacute species was found
associated with bakeriana in four places, though it is not as
abundant as that species. Occurs on sand, clay, and mud
bottoms, in water 3-84 feet deep, usually in filamentous alge.

Amnicola emarginata (Kiister). This characteristic species

occurred sparingly in water from 10-18 feet deep on mud and |

gravel bottoms, usually with the filamentous algze Cladophora
and Spirogyra.

PLEUROCERIDAE.

Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Found only on boulder and
gravel bottoms, on exposed shores or points, in water one and
a half to four feet deep. Most abundant in water 1-3 feet deep
on a boulder shore. Many young and immature individuals
occur. The species as it is found in Lower South Bay varies
in the obesity of the body whorl, narrow forms occurring, some
with faint bands resembling the shell from Illinois called depy-
gis. The columella is deeply tinged with purple. Several
young individuals were collected having strongly keeled whorls
and measuring 16 mm in width and 7 mm in width.

1See Technical Bulletin, IV, page 269, fig. 45, No. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

VALVATIDAE.

Valvata tricarinata (Say). Found on all varieties of bottom,
except sandy clay, and in all depths of water down to 18 feet.
It occurs in numbers on a sand bottom at four feet, on clay
bottom at 34 feet, on a mud bottom at 8 and 18 feet. and ona
gravel bottom at 15 feet. It is rare on gravel and boulder
bottoms in shallow water. In this area it is usually associated
with filamentous alg, Cladophora or Oedogonium. Many young
and immature specimens occurred as well as some variations in
the position of the carine.

Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker. Occurred sparingly on
gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water 2-6 deep.

Valvata sincera (Say). This is a deep water form and ocurred
on gravel and mud bottoms in water 114-18 feet deep, usually
associated with the alga Cladophora fracta. It was most abun-
dant in water 15-18 feet deep.

PHYSIDAE.

Physa warreniana Lea. This tadpole snail occured on all
varieties of bottom in water from one half to 114 feet deep. It
is abundant, however, only in water one half to one and a half
feet deep and the the numbers decrease with depth. A gravel
or boulder bottom is the normal habitat of this species when
adult, but when young or immature, as was the case with the
greater number of individuals collected (1-3 mm) it lives in
filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra). Of 47
lots collected in 1916 but six contained adult animals. This
seems to be another species that attains maturity in the fall, adults
being abundant the previous year, in September, in shallow
water where but few immature shells were seen. This form of
Physa seems to differ sufficiently from ancillaria to be considered
a species and there seems to be no reason why it should not be
called Physa warreniana. It varies greatly in the sculpturing
of the shell, many individuals occurring that have a smooth,
polished shell.

Physa integra Haldeman. Occurs on boulder, sand, clay and
mud bottoms in water one and a half to ten feet deep. Most
abundant on a sand bottom in water one and a half feet deep,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

and on a clay bottom in water two feet deep. The majority of
the individuals were young or immature (3-5 mm.) and were
frequently associated with alge (Oedogonium, Chara, Nitella) or
with the higher vegetation. In one habitat they were found
on Potamogeton interruptus and Myriophyllum verticillatum.

Physa heterostropha Say? Several young shells (7 mm. long)
thought to be this species were found in Tuttle Brook, Chitten-
ango Creek. The surface is smooth and shining and the gen-
eral slope agrees with shells from Philadelphia which are un-
doubted heterostropha. No adult shells were observed.

ANCYLIDAE,

Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. This characteristic fresh-water
limpet was collected from all bottoms except boulder in water
one and a half to 11 feet deep, the greater number occurring on
a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. In this
area it is associated with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cla-
dophora) but it is usually more abundant on such plants as
Nymphxa, Castalia, Typha and Sparganium.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Young individuals of this species
were found in one habitat on a sandy clay bottom in one and a
half feet of water.

Ancylus species. A single specimen of Ancylus was found on
a boulder bottom in two and a half feet of water. It was sub-
mitted to Dr. Bryant Walker who says of it, ‘‘ I cannot be sure
of the species and therefore prefer to leave it with a question
until you get more, which would be very desirable. It does
not seem to. be any of the more common species.”’

PLANORBIDARF.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Specimens of typical trivolvis were
found in but one habitat, a quiet lagoon on a mud bottom in
one and a half feet of water.

Planorbis trivolvis variety. This form of trivolvis, listed in
Technical Bulletin No. IV, page 277, was again obtained in
1916, on sand, boulder, gravel and clay bottoms in water one
and a half feet deep. Ecologically this form of trivolvis differs
from the typical form and it would be convenient for it to have

THE NAUTILUS. 91

aname. It is suggested that the name fallax of Haldeman is
applicable and seems to represent a shell of the kind here
indicated.

Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Common on a boulder shore in one
half to one and a half feet of water. Also collected on sand
and clay bottoms in one and a half to five feet of water. The
majority of the specimens were young or immature. Three
young individuals were found on a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Occurs on all varieties of bottom,
in water one and a half to 18 feet deep. It is more abundant
at a depth of one and a half to three feet on asand or clay
bottom, and is usually associated with the filamentous alge
Cladophora and Oedogonium. Also found on floating leaves of
Potamogeton natans. The majority of individuals were young or
immature and the adults were smaller than normal.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common on all varieties of
bottom in water 1-9 feet deep. It is most abundant on a sand
bottom in 14-5 feet of water. In most habitats it is associated
with filamentous alge (Oedogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra).
About half the individuals collected were young or immature.

Planorbis parvus Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in
water 14-12 feet deep, but is most abundant on clay, sand, and
mud bottoms in water 14-4 feet deep. It is usually rarest on
boulder bottoms, but on a shoal north of Dunham Island a
single boulder 6x4x3 inches had 15 parvus on its surface. This
species is usually associated with the alge mentioned under the
last species and is also frequently found on the leaves of Nym-
phaea, Castalia, Sagittaria arifolia, Myrioyhyllum, and Potamogeton
interruptus and Richardsoni. Parvus is the most abundant Plan-
orbis in the region the alge in many places being filled with
this species and one of the Amnicolas.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. This species occurs on all varieties
of bottom except clay, in water 14-9 feet deep, being most
abundant at 3-4 feet on a sand bottom. Rare on boulder and
gravel bottoms. Associated with filamentous alge.

Planorbis deflectus Say. This species is apparently rare in
Lower South Bay occurring in but three habitats, on a gravel
bottom in 24 feet of water.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis exacuous Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in
14-15 feet of water. Most abundant on sand and mud bottoms
in 2-5 feet of water. It is rare on gravel bottom but is fairly
common on boulder bottom, two to four individuals being
found on each stone.

Segmentina armigera (Say). This species was collected in
two habitats, one a swampy shore in Short Bay among the alga
Oedogonium and the other in a protected bay on the north side
of Frenchman Island, on leaves of Sagittaria arifolia. Both
habitats are in shallow water with mud bottoms.

LYMNAEIDAE.

Iymnea stagnalis lilliane Baker. This, the largest of the
gastropods in the lake, was found only in one habitat, the
rocky shore of the lake, east of Norcross Point, in water a few
inchés to two feet in depth. All were immature, half or three-
quarters grown. A single young shell (dead) 14 mm. in length
was found in a small bay on the south shore of Long Point in
water 34 feet deep, but it had evidently been brought there from
some other habitat.

Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea (Gould). Collected in two
habitats, a protected bay on Nymphea leaves, and a partly en-
closed lagoon among filamentous alge, Oedogonium. All speci-
mens were immature.

Acella haldemani (‘‘ Deshayes’’ Binney). Observed in two
habitats on submerged vegetation, always in a protected situa-
tion, in water from 1—4 feet deep. All of the specimens were
young, none exceeding 10 mm. in length, and were invariably
found on the narrow leaves of Potamogeton interruptus. For the
ecology of this species see the NauTiLus, XXX, pages 135-138.

Galba catascopium (Say). One of the most abundant of
Oneida Lake mollusks, found on all varieties of bottom in water
14 to 14 feet deep. It is most abundant on sand and mud
bottoms, associated with filamentous alge, when young, and
on boulder and gravel bottoms when adult.

Galba obrussa (Say). A single dead shell of this species was
found in a dredging on a bar near a small lagoon east of the
steamboat landing in 14 feet of water. It was young, 5 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

long, and had evidently been washed into this habitat from
some region along shore.

Galba humilis modicella (Say). Found in two habitats, one a
lagoon among floating alge (Oedogoniwm) and the other in
Tuttle Brook, a tributary of Chittanango Creek, near the shore,
in a few inches of water among the alge Oedogonium and Cla-
dophora. In the latter the mollusks were very abundant craw-
ling on the shore at the margin of the water.

SUCCINEIDAE.

Succinea retusa Lea. Small specimens of this species were
very abundant along the shore at Becker’s landing, crawling
over the rocks on the shore near the margin of the lake.

The New York State College of Forestry,
Syracuse University.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA.

H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA N. sp. PI. 7, fig. 3.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, thin, cinnamon-brown,
fading on the base to tawny olive, having a chesnut-brown band
at the shoulder, with a wide border below and a narrow one
above of olive buff. Sculpture of inconspicuous growth-
wrinkles, and under the microscope, it is seen to be set with
rounded pustules in high relief (about 35 in a square mm. on
the upper part of the last whorl) ; they are rather irregularly
arranged, along the growth-wrinkles the surface between pustules
having very beautiful fine and close sculpture of wrinkles,
which are parallel in spiral bands on the shell, elsewhere ir-
regular and interrupted. This gives the shell a many-banded
appearance, in certain lights.

Whorls nearly 54, narrow and closely wound, the last rela-
tively very wide, broadly rounded peripherally, descending a
little in front. The aperture is large, oblique, margins but
slightly expanding, at the columella dilated partly over the um-
bilicus. Alt. 16, diam. 23 mm. oblique alt. of aperture 13,
width 14 mm.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Margin of Kern River 2 miles north of Bakersfield, Tulare
Co., Cal., on an island formed by an irrigation ditch ; on dead
vegetation at the water’s edge. Collected by Ferriss and Hand,
July 1, 1916.

This species differs from all forms of E. mormonum and E.
hillebrandi by its much smaller umbilicus, far wider spire, and
the more inflated last whorl. The embryonic whorls of the two
species mentioned are densely papillose, while the new form
has a pattern of close, irregularly radial wrinkles. It is not
closely related to any other species known to us.

OREOHELIX HANDI N. sp.

A member of the O. hemphilli group. The shell is thin, de-
pressed, very strongly keeled throughout, irregularly striate,
decussated by spiral lines producing a rather indistinct granula-
tion. On the other base there are spiral series of granules. In
young shells and mostly adults, there are short cuticular pro-
cesses on the granules and at the periphery. There are 44
whorls. The first 14, forming the embryonic shell, are strongly
convex, the first whorl almost smooth, after which a few radial
ripples appear. The first part, embryonic whorl, is very convex
but begins to be impressed near the periphery. Subsequently
the whorls are excavated on both sides of the suture, and the
last one is concave above and below the peripheral keel. In fact
it descended a little below the keel. The umbilicus is rather
large and funicular. Aperture rather small, the margins con-
verging, thin. There is a band of dark livid brown above and
one close below the keel, the rest of the upper surface being
clouded or suffused with the same color with lighter patches
and streaks ; keel usually whitish. Alt. 5.7, diam. 10.2 mm.

Charleston Mountain, Lincoln Co., Nevada. This is about
30 miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. Collecting was done for
about a mile southward from Griffith’s Hotel, the elevation
about 9000 to 9500 ft.

This species is related to O. hemphilli and O. eurekensis, but
differs from both by its more depressed, much more strongly
keeled form. 0. hemphilli is also much larger and more solid.
Its locality is about 200 miles northeast from Charleston

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Mountain. Whether these three forms will eventually be ranked
as species or eurekensis and handi as subspecies of hemphilli can-
not be determined definitely until] further collections are made
in Nevada and western Utah. At the present time, there is no
evidence of intergradation, yet the territory where such evidence
would be looked for is wholly unexplored.

Some hundreds of specimens were collected. There is slight
variation in sculpture, but very little in form.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.

A race which may be called V. c. septuagentaria P.&F. was
taken at Bubb’s Creek Falls, Tulare Co. It has fully 70 ribs
on the base. Alt. 1.25, diam. 3 mm.

A SUMMER’S COLLECTION AT FRIDAY HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

BY T. S. OLDROYD.

Mrs. Oldroyd and myself had the pleasure of spending our
vacation at the marine biological station of the University of
Washington at Friday Harbor, San Juan Co., Washington.
This group of islands, so wonderful in their wild beauty, is situ-
ated between the Strait of Fuca and the Strait of Georgia, north
of Port Townsend. The San Juan group comprises more than
100 islands of varying sizes, the most important being San Juan,
noted as having been the scene of the last struggle between the
British and Americans in the boundary-line dispute from 1852
to 1872; the ruins of the old English camp and blockhouse still
remain near Roach Harbor. Friday Harbor, the chief town of
the islands, is the county seat of San Juan Co. which includes
all the islands of the group. The town is situated on a beauti-
ful bay and is the shipping-point for a large area of unsurpassed
agricultural land. They have also one or two large salmon
canneries. The islands are nearly all high and prominent and
covered with a dense growth of trees, mostly fir. Mount Con-
stitution on Orcus Island is the highest point. From its sum-
mit, 2094 feet above the sea, is the finest view to be obtained
anywhere of the great panoramic picture of Puget Sound. The

96 THE NAUTILUS.

biological station is about one-quarter mile from Friday Harbor,
and is under the able management of Dr. T. C. Frye. The
camp is situated ona beautiful picturesque heavy-timbered
slope and is one of the most healthy places in the world. The
islands are a paradise for the botanist and student, as all forms
of marine life is here very abundant. Students and visitors are
accommodated from all over ; tent houses, cots, mattresses, and
other things are furnished, all but the bedding; and one needs
plenty of covering for the nights are cold. Good table board
can be had at nominal rates and visitors are required to pay a
small registration fee which entitles them to the use of the boats
and the week-end excursions on the dredge boat to places of
interest on the islands, and it is well worth the price. The ex-
cursions sometimes take two days with a camp out over night,
and they have bonfire chats and clambakes in the evenings.
Sometimes in the main channels the tide runs swift, but in the
bays and protected places and along shore it is as smooth as a
mill pond. Although there is a difference of 14 feet sometimes
in the tides yet it creeps in and out without a splash or a ripple.
This makes it fine for shore collecting on the rocky reefs. It
is the best I ever saw. The dredging was done by a small tug-
boat, a shrimp dredger, and Captain Burnham understood the
business thoroughly, having been 25 years on the Sound. He
always knew the character of the bottom in nearly every place.
We were allowed to go out on the dredge boat every day. At
this we were treated especially fine, there being nobody there
very much interested in shells, and often for two or three days
at a time when they had no special use for the dredge they
turned the boat over to us to go dredging where we pleased, an
opportunity we were not slow to grasp and make good use of.
And just imagine our having to sweep overboard bushels and
bushels of those beautiful Chlamys hericius Gld. and hindsii Cpr.
dredged in from 25 to 50 fathoms, not knowing what to do with
somany. Mrs. Oldroyd worked like a beaver all the time and
did not let many good things get away. The summer school
lasted six weeks and a pleasanter time we never spent.

The following is a list of the species we collected during the
six weeks :

THE NAUTILUS. 97

List oF SpEcIES COLLECTED AT FRIDAY HARBOR
SUMMER SCHOOL.

Nucula castrensis Hds.

Nucula tenuis Mont.

Leda 2 sp.

Leda minuta.

Leda cellulita Dall.

Yoldia amygdala.

Yoldia limatula Say.

Yoldia thraciaeformis Storer.

Yoldia ensifer Dall.

Glycimeris subobsoleta Cpr.

Ostrea lurida Cpr.

Pecten hericius Gld.

Pecten hindsii Cpr.

Pecten hindsii navarchus Dall.

Pecten islandicus Mill.

Hinnites gigantea Gray.

Pododesmus machoschisma
Desh. '

Mytilus californianus Conr.

Mytilus edulis Linn.

Modiolus rectus Conr.

Musculus laevigatus Gray.

Musculus niger Gray.

Crenella decussata Mont.

Kennerlyia grandis Dall.

Kennerlyia filosa Cpr.

Entodesma saxicola Baird.

Astarte willotti Dall.

Astarte esquimalti Baird.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld.

Miodontiscus prolongatus Cpr.

Thyasira barbarensis Dall.

Axinopsis sericatus Cpr.

Phacoides annulata Rve.

Phacoides tenuisculpta Cpr.

Pseudopythina rugifera Cpr.
Kellia suborbicularis Mont.
Cardium corbis Mart.
Cardium californiense Desh.
Cardium fucanum? Dall.
Serripes gronlandicus Gml.
Transennella tantilla.
Saxidomus giganteus Desh.
Saxidomus giganteus brevis?
Dall.
Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve.
Marcia subdiaphana Cpr.
Paphia tenerrima Cpr.
Paphia staminea Conr.
Psephidia lordi Baird.
Tellimya tumida.
Tellina salmonea Cpr.
Macoma inquinata Desh.
Macoma balthica Linn.
Macoma yoldiiformis Cpr.
Macoma expansa Cpr.
Macoma secta Conr.
Semele rubropicta Dall.
Psammobia californica Conr.
Solen sicarius Gld.
Mactra nasuta Gld.
Spisula polynyma alaskana
Dall.
Schizothaerus nuttallii Conr.
Mya truncata Linn.
Mya arenaria Linn.
Panomya sp.
Saxicava arctica Linn.
Mytilinaria nuttallii Conr.
Hemithyris psittacea L.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Laqueus californicus

Laqueus vancouverensis
David.

Terebratulina caputserpentis L.

Terebratulina var. unguicula
Cpr.

Terebratalia transversa Cpr.

Terebratalia transversa caurina
Gld.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra lurida Dall.

Barleeia sp.

Melanella 2 sp.

Cerithiopsis sp.

Odostomia 2 sp.

Amalthea cranioides Cpr.

Crepidula dorsata Brod.

Crepidula nivea v.

Crepidula adunca Sby.

Tritonalia interfossa Cpr.

Tritonalia lurida Midd.

Bela fidicula Gld.

Boreotrophon stewartii E. A.
Sm.

Boreotrophon tenuisculpta Cpr.

Bittium esuriens Cpr.

Fissuridea aspera Esch.

Trichotropis cancellata Hds.

Chrysodomus dirus Rve.

Admete sp.

Haminea virescens Sby.

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird.

Purpura foliata Mart.

Thais lima Mart.

Thais lamellosa

Thais emarginata Desh.

Margarites helicina Fabr.

Acmaea patina Esch.

Acmaea patina pintadina.

Acmaea pelta Esch.

Acmaea persona digitata Esch.

Acmaea mitra Esch.

Lepeta concentrica Midd.

Velutina prolongata Cpr.

Velutina laevigata moulleri?
Desh.

Calyptraea mamillaris fasti-
giata Gld.

Littorina sitchana Phil.

Littorina scutulata Gld.

Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld.

Lamellaria sp. may be new.

Columbella aurantica Dall.

Amphissa corrugata Rve.

Calliostoma annulatum Mart.

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr.

Calliostoma costatum Mart.

Margarita pupilla Gld.

Argobuccinum oregonensis
Redf.

Buccinum liratum.

Natica pallida.

Natica clausa.

Lacuna 4 sp.

Cancellaria modesta.

Opalia sp.

Olivella sp.

Tornatina sp.

Mopalia wossnesenskii Midd.

Tonicella submarmorea.

Tonicella lineata.

Mopalia lignosa.

Katharina tunicata.

Mopalia muscosa.

20 sp. of Chitons not identified.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

NOTES ON SOME HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF DRUPA AND OTHER SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND ELIZABETH L. BRYAN.

The dredging of the channel of Honolulu Harbor by the gov-
ernment has brought to light many shells which were either
unknown before or among the greatest rarities to Honolulu col-
lections. The specimens picked up on the ‘‘dump”’ are often
quite perfect, though usually somewhat faded. Part of the
same species have been dredged alive by Mr. D. B. Kuhns, the
senior author having received specimens though Mr. D. Tha-
anum of Hilo.

DRUPA WALKERAE n. sp. PI. 9 fig. 4.

Honolulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan.

The shell is oblong-fusiform, very solid, the ground color light
buff. It is rather weakly plicate longitudinally, the folds and
valleys crossed by spiral cords, of which five on the last whorl
are larger, bearing erect liver-brown spines upon the folds ; two or
three small spirals are between each pair of the larger ones ; all of
the cords being densely scaly, the scales weaker between the cords.
On the penult whorl there are two spiral series of colored spines,
and one on each of several earlier whorls. Thespine is straightly
conic, the apex rather acute (not perfect in any of the speci-
mens). The aperture is rather narrow, white. There is a
series of about 6 teeth within the outer lip. The columella is
straight, massive, excised at the canal; below the middle there
are several short, transverse and inconspicuous folds.

Length 25, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (type).

Length 27, diam. (including spines) 16 mm. (old specimen
with worn spines).

This handsome species is named for Miss Mary Walker, of
Buffalo, N. Y., long an enthuisastic collector of shells. It has
some resemblance to S. fragum (Blainville), but in that species
the aperture is wide, there is a row of spots in place of spines
below the suture, and the details of sculpture differ. S. conca-
tenatum (Lam.) differs in color, in the absence of strong sub-
sutural spines, the more open aperture, and details of sculpture.
Both have shorter spines than the Hawaiian shell, often
tubercles rather than spines.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Drupa FOLIACEA (Conrad). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3.

P. [urpura] foliacea Conrad. Journ. A. N. 8. Phila., vol. 7,
1837, p. 268, pl. 20, fig. 24.

Atooi [= Kauai] Conrad. Kaena, Kauai and Honolulu
Harbor, W. E. and E. L. Bryan. Kewalo beach, east of Hon-
olulu, Pilsbry. ‘‘Sheli short fusiform, ventricose, with longi-
tudinal undulations and spiral coste; whorls with crowded
spiral foliated striee; labrum costate within, margin foliated ;
columella with an obtuse or obsolete fold. Inhabits the Island
of Atooi” (Conrad. )

We do not know that this species has been recognized hitherto,
though it was quite recognizably described and figured. Tryon
in Manual of Conchology, vol. 2, considered it a synonym of
the very different Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad). It has
been found in some abundance in material dredged from Hono-
lulu Harbor, by Professor and Mrs. Bryan, and the senior
writer picked up a living specimen on the reef at Kewalo.

The shape is rather variable, as shown in the figures. The
longitudinal folds, eight or ten on the last whorl, are crossed by
four or five larger cords and numerous small threads. The
cords and intervals are densely, minutely scaly, the whole shell
being particularly rough and prickly. The shoulder is either
nodular, or in some specimens spinose. There are about seven
well developed teeth within the outer lip. The columella is
heavy, straight, with a small, blunt, median prominence, re-
calling the fold of Cymia on a small scale.

The ground tint varies from light buff to pallid neutral gray,
the summits of the folds and spines or tubercles being dull
dark vinaceous. The aperture varies from fawn color to nearly
white.

Two specimens measure:

Length 33.5, diam. 21.5 mm

Length 28.5, diam. 21.5 mm.

There is also a smal] specimen in the Bryan collection from
Ocean Island, collected by Capt. J. H. Brown.

FusINUS SANDVICHENSIS (Sowb.) PI. 9, fig. 8.
Honolulu Harbor channel, D. Thaanum, W. A. and E. L.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Bryan ; off Honolulu in 5-8 fms., and off Waikiki in 30 fath-
oms, D. B. Kuhns.

The shell is white, covered with a thin, straw-yellow cuticle,
and stained with russet at the tip, having a very long anterior
canal, and a long spire; longitudinally folded, the folds broad,
rounded, about seven on a whorl, crossed by numerous spiral
cords, parted by wider, concave intervals, with weak, fine
spirals over the cords and intervals. On the earlier post-nuclear
whorls there are four large and one small spiral cords. The
cuticle has minute, close longitudinal raised threads, which
are slightly bristly at intersections of the spirals (the bristles
deciduous, and mainly lost in dry shells). The aperture is
short, oval, lirate within ; canal long and slender. The whorls
are strongly convex. Embryonic shell of two whorls, the first
bulbous, obliquely swollen, smooth, 0.7 mm. in diameter; the
next whorl narrower, less convex, its last half closely costulate ;
the total length of the embryonic shell is 1.1 mm.

Length 71.5, diam. 19.5 mm. ; 12 whorls.

Length 105, diam. 29.5 mm. ; 12 post-embryonic whorls,
the apex broken.

This species resembles F. turricula Kiener,’ which however has
a decidedly deeper suture, and the embryonic whorl is much
larger. The type was an immature but perfect shell. The larger
ones, from the ‘‘dump’’ of the harbor channel, are without
cuticle and apical whorls. In them the folds became shortened
on the last whorl, into nodes at the shoulder. It isa handsome
and graceful species.

PERISTERNIA THAANUMI n. sp. Pl. 9, figs. 6, 7.

Off Waikiki in 35 to 50 fathoms, D. B. Kuhns, 1916; Hono-
lulu Harbor, W. A. and E. L. Bryan.

The shell is fusiform, thick and solid, pecan-brown, sculpture
of strong, rounded, longitudinal folds, 8 on the last whorl, con-
tinuous from whorl to whorl. These are crossed by rather coarse
spiral cords, of which there are four on the penult, nine or ten
on the last whorl; usually a minor cord divides the intervals ;
and under the lens numerous spiral and axial threads are seen,

'Tconogr. Cog. vii, p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 1.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

resembling a loosely woven fabric. The aperture is somewhat
oblique, contracted, obtuse posteriorly, tourmaline-pink around
the lips, paler, nearly white, in the throat. The outer lip is
thickened within except posteriorly where it is excavated; the
thickening bearing about seven teeth, the upper ones larger.
The columella has two or three blunt and low but deeply enter-
ing folds. The inner lip has a thin free edge. The siphonal
fasciole is deeply striate spirally.

Length 21, diam. 11 mm. (type).

Length 23.8, diam. 12.3 mm. (Honolulu Harbor).

The specimens from the Honolulu Harbor dump, though
quite perfect in appearance, are evidently bleached. The color
is a handsome maize-yellow, uniform, or sometimes a shade
darker on the high points of the sculpture. The aperture is
pure white (fig. 6.)

This species, though differing in color and sculpture, is related
to P. incarnata Dh., ‘‘ Ricinula’’ pulchra Reeve, and P. caroline
Kiener—species somewhat like Cantharus or Drupa. A section
shows that the two columellar plaits are strong within, ascend-
ing the pillar.

Drupa Morus (Lam.). Pl. 9, fig. 11.

Ricinula morus Lam., An. s. Vert. vii, 1822, p. 232. Encyel.
Meth., pl. 395, fig. 6 a, b.

Haena, Kauai, Honolulu Harbor; Mokumanu, off Mokapuu
Point, and Kainalu, Oahu.

The specimens from the harbor are rather small, length up to
about 16-18 mm., but otherwise they appear typical. A speci-
men from Kainalu is 22 mm. long. Lamarck referred to ex-
cellent figures in the Encycl. Methodique, but also to Lister,
954: 4, 5, and Martini III, 101: 970; both are dubious and in-
conclusive illustrations, which served as the sole basis of Drupa
uva Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 56, no. 703. They look more like
some forms of D. tuberculata than like morus; and we prefer to
use the positively identified name.

The common Hawaiian species of the genus is Drupa tuber-
culata (Blainv.), which the authors have from various places in
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and on Molokini. It occurs at low
tide, and may be picked up on any reef or rocky shore (pl. 9,
fig. 10.)

THE NAUTILUS.

103

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AT ANAHEIM BAY AND VICINITY.

BY E. P. CHACE,

COLLECTED IN THE Bay.

Acanthina spirata, Blainville.
Alectrion fossata, Gld.
Alectrion mendica
Fbs.
Alectrion perpinguis, Gld.
Arcularia tegula, Rve.
Bullaria gouldiana, Pils.
Calliostoma gemulatum, Cpr.
Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb.
Cerithidea californica, Hald.
Cerithiopsis carpenteri, Bartsch
Cerithiopsis pedroana, Bartsch.
Columbella gausapata, Gld.
Columbella gausapata carinata,
Hds.

cooper,

Conus californicus, Hds.
Crepidula onyx rugosa, Nutt.
Crucibulum spinosum, Sby.
Haminea vesicula, Gld.
Littorina scutulata, Gld.
Lucapina crenulata, Sby.
Lucapinella calliomarginata,
Cpr.
Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.
Olivella biplicata, Sby.
Olivella pedroana, Cpr.
Phasianella compta, Gld.
Polynices lewisii, Gld.
Polynices recluziana, Desh.

Cardium quadragenarum,
Conr.

Cardium substriatum, Conr.

Chione fluctifragra, Sby.

Chione succincta, Val.

Chione undatella, Sby.

Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr.

Diplodonta orbella, Gld.

Donax californica, Conr.

Heterodonax bimaculatus,
D’ Orb.

Macoma indentata, Cpr.

Macoma nasuta, Conr.

Mactra californica, Conr.

Modiolus capax, Conr.

Ostraea lurida rufoides, Cpr.

Paphia staminea, Conr.
Paphia staminea laciniata, Cpr.
Pecten circularis aequisulcatus,
Cpr.
Petricola denticulata, Sby.
Pholas pacifica, Stearns.
Platyodon cancellatus, Conr.
Psammobia californica.
Sanguinolaria nuttallii, Conr.
Saxidomus nuttallii, Conr.
Schizothaerus nuttallii, Conr.
Tagelus californianus, Conr.
Tagelus californianus subteres,
Conr.
Tellina carpenteri, Dall.
Zirfaea gabbi, Tryon.

104

THE NAUTILUS.

COLLECTED ON THE SANDBARS AND BEACH NEAR THE ENTRANCE

OF THE Bay.

Bursa californica.
Donax levigata, Desh.
Murex festivus, Hds.

ALIVE.

Tivela crassatelloides, Conr.
Turris ophioderma, Dall.

WASHED UP ON THE BreAcH AFTER Storms, ALIVE OR
Very FREsH.

Amiantis callosa, Conr.
Chama exogyra, Conr.
Chama pellucida, Sby.
Cryptomya californica, Conr.
Glottidea albida, Hds.
Macoma secta, Conr.

Mactra hemphilli, Dall.
Mactra planulata.

Metis alta, Conr.

Modiolus flabellatus, Gld.
Modiolus rectus, Conr.
Paphia tenerrima, Cpr.
Periploma discus, Stearns.
Periploma planiuscula, Sby.
Siliqua lucida, Conr.

Solen rosaceus, Cpr.

DEAD SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE BEACH.

Bathytoma tryoniana.

Dentalium $neohexagonum,
Bom PB.

Epitonium hindsii, Cpr.

Sinum debilis, Gld.

Turritella cooperi, Cpr.

Anomia — peruviana,
valves).

(upper |

Labiosa undulata, Gld. (broken
valves).

Mactra catilliformis, Conr.

Panopea generosa, Gld.

Pecten giganteus, Gray.

Thracia plicata.

Yoldia cooperi, Gabb. (valves

only).

COLLECTED ON THE PILES OF THE BRIDGE ACROSS THE ENTRANCE
; OF THE Bay.

Acmaea patina, Esch.

Acmaea persona, Esch.

Littorina planaxis, Nutt.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Cypraea spadicea, Gray. (1
only).

Lasaea rubra, Mont.
Myrina diegensis, Dall.
Mytilus californianus, Conr.

Occasionally a rock washes in on the beach containing some

Lithophagus plumula, Cpr. and Kellia laperousii, Desh., and
the kelp brings in Acmaea incessa, Hds. Eulima (species unde-
termined) has been found in a kelp holdfast and a dead Poly-

THE NAUTILUS. 105 ©

nices lewisii with 7 Crepidula excavata Brod. on it washed in
after a storm.

The territory covered by this list is quite limited. It includes
about 2 miles of shore along the Bay and a short distance along
the ocean-front on either side of the narrow entrance of the
Bay. A total distance of 3 miles of shore.

All the species listed have been collected within the last three
years, most of them by Mrs. Chace and myself. A few were
collected by Mrs. J. E. Herbst, Mr. Valentine Herbst and Mr.
Otto Kiem of Seal Beach.

A HOME MADE VIVARIUM.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

I am having such success with a vivarium which I made that
I thought perhaps some other conchologists might like to make
some so that they, too, could study more closely the living
animal, and become acquainted with the way they eat, walk,
build their shells, ete.

I first bought a large roasting pan and a smaller pan that was
as long as the other wide. These cost me twenty cents. Then
I had a box made that the bigger pan would snugly fit and had
it made six inches deep. The cover was of a fine-meshed wire
netting fastened to a hinged frame. The box, of 2” spruce
stock, was made at odd moments and cost me twenty-five cents.

In one or two places, where the larger pan did not fit the
case, I stuffed the cracks with wadded paper. Then I put the
smaller pan across one end of the larger and filled any cracks
with moss and earth.

I put a tuft of grass (which I shall supplant with a fresh-
water alga soon) and a dead Busycon shell that I had washed
to remove all traces of salt, which I have been told is injurious
to snails. I then partially filled the pan with water, and my
little fresh-water pond was ready for occupancy.

The remainder of the larger pan I filled with moss and
bunches of grass containing growing plantain (of which the
snails are very fond). As some snails love to hide under dead
leaves, | put some in for them, and I also put in a stick that

106 THE NAUTILUS.

formed a stairway from the moss to the cover. I knew that the
snails would want some lime to aid them in constructing shell-
forming material, so I put in a Modiola after I had washed it.

I gave them corn meal on half a scallop shell and put a
Polynices shell full of water beside it, sinking the shell into the
earth until the lip was level with the surface. The snails are
very fond of corn meal; they also relish lettuce and cabbage
leaves, green grass, plantain, and all succulent weeds.

As I live in Cambridge, Mass., where limestone formations
are scarce, I have had largely to depend upon the kindness of
others for my pets. As I have received quite a few specimens
through the mail, I thought others might want to do the same ;
so will, in as few words as possible, tell how mine were sent.
Some came way from California in a tin box, with a little grass.
As they could not get much air, they built epiphragms over
the apertures, which they broke down soon after they were put
in the vivarium. The majority were sent with a little grass or
lettuce in pasteboard or wooden boxes (which are the only
things to send specimens in, as they can breathe freely).

In closing, I shall give a list of species that I now have in
my vivarium, with the localities. Those with the asterisk (*) |
have raised families since they came.

Lymnaea palustris Mull, from Livingston Co., Michigan.

Campeloma decisum Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford,
Mass.

Physa heterostropha Say *, from Shawsheen River, Bedford,
Mass:

Planorbis antrosus Conrad *, Shawsheen River, Bedford, Mass.

Succinea ovalis Say *, Waverly, Mass.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binn, near Los Angeles, Cal.

Polygyra tridentata Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and New York
City.

Polygyra thyroides Say, Livingston Co., Mich., and Upper
Montclair, N. J.

Polygyra multilineata Say, Livingston Co., Mich.

Polygyra monodon Rach., Livingston Co., Mich.

Polygyra albolabris, Blue Hills, Mass.

Polygyra thyroides Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass.

Zonitoides arboreus Say, Middlesex Fells, Melrose, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

NOTES.

HELIX NEMORALIS IN KNOXVILLE, TENN. : One day, while play-
ing in an alley the two small sons of Prof. J. F. Voorhees, in
charge of the U.S. Weather Bureau here, found some handsome
snails crawling on a brick wall, and knowing that I was making
a special study of the fauna of this vicinity, brought some of
them to me.

I had never seen any like them in the State, and sent some
of them to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit for identification. He
pronounced them the European species Helix nemoralis Linné.
He said this was the first authentic colony reported to him
West of the Alleghany Mountains.

He suggested it would be interesting if I could trace out how
they came to be here, and send an account to the Editor of the
Navtitus, as the readers of the NautiLus would be interested to
know that such a colony existed here in Knoxville, Tennessee.

I made investigations, and found that the wife of Prof. Chas.
C. Ross connected with the University of Tennessee brought
them here.

Mrs. Ross says that eight years ago she went to visit the
graves of her grandfather and grandmother who were buried in
the cemetery at Lexington, Va. As she approached the tomb-
stones she noticed they looked spotted, as if boys had marked
or defaced them, but upon a nearer approach found the peculiar
appearance was due to the presence of numbers of H. nemoralis
crawling upon the face of the stones.

When Mrs. Ross came away she dug up and brought with
her some of the vines and shrubs, being careful to bring with
them some of the beautiful shells. She transplanted the plants
in the rear of the yard, and now after 8 years, amongst dense
growths of English Ivy, and on adjoining trees and other
shrubbery, this colony has become thoroughly acclimated and
is thriving magnificently. Mrs. Ross met the person who
originally brought them from Italy to Lexington, Virginia.

—Manty D. BarBer.

VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS AND CONTECTOIDES IN MASSACHUSETTS:
Eight fresh specimens, one with the operculum in place, were

108 THE NAUTILUS.

collected by Mr. C. H. Rowe, in Lake Quinsigamond, near
Worcester, Sept. 29, 1917. Whether these represent a recent
introduction he could not ascertain. The Boston colony re-
ferred to in THe Nautiuus, Vol. 29, p. 36 and Vol. 30, p. 48,
still exists. The colony of V. contectoides in the Public Garden,
Boston, mentioned in THe Navuriius, Vol. 30, p. 72, has in-
creased greatly during the summer, nothwithstanding that the
lake was drained for a short time in the early spring.
—C. W. JoHNson,.

PoLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MARITIMA IN MAssacuusEtTts. Several
years ago, when I was at Wood’s Hole, Mr. V. Edwards de-
scribed to me some snails which he had seen on Ram Island,
off that coast, I thought he had found H. hortensis, and expressed
a wish to visit the colony. He kindly took me to the place, and
instead of H. hortensis, we found Polygyra albolabris, of a small
greenish variety according well with my recollection of var. mari-
tima, which Dr. Pilsbry showed me years before in the collection
at Philadelphia. I think we may refer the shells to that variety
or race, which is not cited in Mr. Johnson’s list of New England
Mollusca.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

[I can confirm the identification from specimens sent by
Prof. Cockerell.—H. A. Piissry].

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELLS OF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA
TRASKII GRouP. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum
vol. 51, pp. 609-619, plates 114-117). This species and its
allies have not been well understood. Numerous forms of the
group had been named by Hemphill and others, without de-
scriptions. Dr. Bartsch therefore undertook a revision, utiliz-
ing the considerable material contained in the National Museum
and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a
few specimens from other sources. Descriptions are given of—

E. cayamacensis n. sp. with the new subspecies avus and
venturensis.

E. traskii (Newe.) with subsp. tularica new, zechae Pils. proles,
coronadoensis, coelata and phlyctaena, new, carpenteri (Newc. )

As synonyms under £. traskii traskii, Dr. Bartsch places
Hemphill’s undescribed varieties major, verna and saucius, and
Epi. petricola Berry. All of the species and races are figured.

This revision should lead to a further increase in our knowl-
edge of these difficult Helices, as conchologists collecting in
southern California can now identify their finds.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXXI. APRIL, 1918. No. 4

THE MOLLUSCA OF CLARK COUNTY, ARKANSAS.

BY REV. H. E. WHEELER, CONWAY, ARK.

Clark County lies in the south-central portion of the state of
Arkansas and has an area of 875 square miles and a popula-
tion of about 25,000. About one-third of the county—the
southeastern section—is of tertiary and quarternary age. The
northwestern third of the county forms a part of the southern
exposure of a vast carboniferous area in the state which is gen-
erally referred to the Mississippian sub-division, and consists of
non-coalbearing sandstones and shales lying above the Bates-
ville sandstones. Between these formations lies a wedge-shaped
section of cretaceous marls and clays, which form the eastern
boundary of these limited rocks in the state. The alluvial
lowlands of southeastern Arkansas are developing a prosperous
agriculture, cotton and corn being naturally the most prolific
crops, but rice is now being successfully cultivated. The
county does not extend into the mountainous paleozoic region,
and hence cannot boast any elevations of consequence.

The general course of the streams in the county is from
northwest to southeast. The Antoine and Little Missouri rivers
form the western and southern boundaries of the county, while
the Caddo river crosses the county along its northern boundary,
emptying into the Ouachita river some five miles above Arka-
delphia. The latter river rises in the mountains of Polk County
and throughout its tortuous course of several hundred miles is
one of the most beautiful watercourses in the entire southwest.
It passes through the eastern extension of the county, but con-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

stitutes, in part, the natural boundary between the counties of
Dallas and Clark. The Terra Noire creek is an intra-county
stream flowing in a southeasterly course and dividing the
county into two nearly equal parts. Several smaller creeks
supply this vigorous stream from either side. Little Deceiper

rc
aco |

a 7
pe oak) Om SORERS Reena
| Pra

mt Lson) \Arkoaet ph 3X

MAP
oF
Clark County

ARK
Showing Preimerpal

Streams

creek is a small tributary of the Big Deceiper, and the latter
creek flows in parallel direction with the Terra Noire, emptying
into the Ouachita at the lower end of the county. This whole
section, then, is furnished with a most complete drainage
system, and the streams in question are not less inviting oppor-
tunities for an earnest and patient collector. Practically no

THE NAUTILUS. 111

work, however, has been done in the Antoine or Little Mis-
souri rivers, while the Caddo and the upper Ouachita are al-
most unknown to the malacologist, and promise generous re-
muneration to whomsoever first will require their secrets.

Although something like fifty species have been described
from Arkansas,* and the mountainous regions of northern, cen-
tral and western Arkansas have heen often visited by concholo-
gists, the fauna of the low-lands, particularly the Unione fauna,
of the lower courses of all rivers, is practically unknown. Be-
fore a satisfactory catalogue of the Mollusca of the state can be
written, not less than forty counties call for a conchological
survey.’

A three year’s pastorate in Arkadelphia,’ the capital of Clark
County, gave the writer frequent opportunities for collecting
the mussels of Ouachita river and such land, and fresh-water
snails as were to be had. Through the kindness of Mr. George
H. Clapp the identification of the land shells has been made
nearly complete, and he has determined all of the rarer forms
here listed. Dr. A. E. Ortmann and Mr. L. S. Frierson have
been very generous in the help given on the Unios, but for the
most part this is the result of much patient study on the part
of Dr. Bryant Walker. Most of the specimens on which the
determination of the Unionidx depended are now in the Walker
collection.

The country around Arkadelphia would be quite discouraging

! The richness of the Arkansas fauna is well indicated by a,comparison of
species described from this state and those described from the adjoining state,
Missouri, portions of each being included in the Ozarkian uplift. Exclusive
of the Unionidae, thirty-four species have been described from Arkansas,
twenty-three of which are land snails, From Missouri nine species and var-
ieties are listed, all of which with one exception, are fresh-water forms.
Consult : Simpson, “ A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Missouri,’ Proc.
Acad. Scien. St. Louis, Vol. XXII, No. 8, p. 68, and Pilsbry’s Note in the
Navtitus, Vol. XXVIII, p. 12. This is especially significant in view of the
fact that the State of Missouri has been favored with the residence of faithful
and efficient conchologists, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Sampson,
and more recently Professor Utterback.

2From November 1910 to December 1913.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

to a casual collector. The swamps and ‘‘cray-fish land’’ offer
little attraction to ambitious snails, and even the hill country
has not yet organized a molluscan colonization bureau. In the
cretaceous limestones of the central area the conditions are a
little more promising. The entire portion of the County lying
east of the Ouachita river is typical tertiary soil, but there are
no exposures of strata in these lowlands, and fossils are to be
secured only from occasional well borings.

Since there are many creeks and bayous the collector would
expect a few colonies of Sphaertide, or at least a larger list of the
Lymnaeide. As will be seen, however, the Unios fully make up
for any disappointment on this score. Not only are there many
species and varieties, but specimens in finer condition could not
be desired. The mussel beds of the Ouachita river, while
worked to some extent for pearls, have not been found profit-
able, and button factories are too far away to make the expor-
tation of shells for commercial purposes practicable. From the
mouth of the Caddo river (five miles above Arkadelphia), the
Ouachita abounds in mussel ‘‘ beds’’ throughout the rest of its
course, and the accessible and prolific breeding ‘‘ bars’’ are less
disturbed than is usually found in the experience of the uniol-
ogist. Arkadelphia was at one time the head of navigation, but
steamers now seldom ascend the river above Camden.

‘‘Old River,’’ the type locality of the genus Arkansia, is
really an ‘‘ox-bow’’ lake, a former channel of the Ouachita,
and it is still connected with it by a small creek which does not
appear to dry up in summer. Its mouth is about two miles
north of Arkadelphia on the left bank, almost lost in a rather
dense and difficultly passable swamp. Here, and for a mile or
more up stream, Old River is deep and rather wide, with a very
sluggish current. In this habitat are found very large speci-
mens of Anodonta suborbiculata Say, which are of great beauty,
and the largest specimens of Arkansia wheeleri Walker and Ort-
mann. One of the latter measured 109.25 by 87 by 58 mm.
In the summer ‘‘ Half-Moon Lake,’’ the upper channel of Old
River, is set off by the subsidence of water on the sand bars,
and through the narrow creek which connects it with its lower
course it is quite impossible to navigate even a small canoe.

aes

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Young Arkansia are found in the shallow waters both on the
sand bars and muddy bottoms, but like other anodontine species
they prefer the oozy mud of the river margins where there is
little or no current. So far, the most patient effort to secure
gravid females of this new genus has not been successful, the
breeding season being winter, and the localities just described
being almost inaccessible at this season.

Mr. Sampson in his ‘‘ Preliminary Report of the Mollusca of
Arkansas,’’ ' enumerates twelve species of mollusks collected in
Clark County. Five of these I have not been able to verify,
namely: Physa gyrina (Say), which is possibly the same as
Physa anatina of my list, Campeloma subsolidum (Anth.) which
is certainly what is now described by Walker as Campeloma
lewisii, Pleurocera subulare (Lea) which may be Pleurocera ele-
vatum (Say), Plewrocera canaliculatum (Say), and Goniobasis
lawrencei Lea. Mr. Call in his ‘‘Study of the Unionide of
Arkansas,’’’ reports three species from the Ouachita collected
in Clark County, namely: Unio parvus Barnes, Unio subrostratus
Say, and Unio tumescens Lea. What Professor Call took to be
twmescens is very likely a juvenile Fusconaia wndata (Barnes).
Many shells collected in late summer have a clear ‘‘ honey
yellow color,’’ and they are ‘‘ abundantly rayed over the entire
surface,’’ just as he describes the so-called twmescens. Lea was
surely mistaken in the locality given for his type specimen, for
the species belongs to the Tennessee drainage, and has not been
found, so far as I am aware, west of the Mississippi River.
The Arkansas range of this species is also questioned by Dr.
Walker in Simpson’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the Naiades.’’ *

Annotated List of Species.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea, Collected in one place only, a
marshy pasture along Mill Creek, an insignificant stream just
North of Arkadelphia.

Lymnea columella Say. Ouachita River under the Railroad

‘In Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II,
pp. 179-199.

? Transactions Acad. Scien., St. Louis, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates I-X XI.
5See in loco, p. 751.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

bridge at Arkadelphia; also Caddo River near County bridge
five miles North of Arkadelphia.

Lymnea humilis modicella Say. Found in the environs of
Arkadelphia; in Mill Creek; rarely in the Ouachita River mar-
gins. Rare!

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Ouachita River, Old River, and Big
Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of Arkadelphia.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Ouachita and Old Rivers. There
are possibly two forms in this lot.

Planorbis sampsoni (Ancey). Clear Lake, two miles east of
Arkadelphia, and ponds south of Arkadelphia (young shells
only). This species seems to be exceedingly perishable.

Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Caddo River (common) Clear
Lake.

Ancylus walkeri Pilsbry and Ferriss. Ouachita River at Ark-
adelphia. Very rare.

Ancylus sp.? Ouachita River near Arkadelphia.

Physa anatina Lea. Mill Creek, ponds south of Arkadelphia,
and Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, six miles south of
Arkadelphia.

Physa sp.? Clear Lake east of Arkadelphia.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Arkadelphia. Everywhere
common in suitable localities.

Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. Arkadel-
phia. Not uncommonly there is found what seems to be a
hybrid between this variety and the species proper. _

Strobilops virgo (Pils). Arkadelphia, but found also in the
bordering county of Grant.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Arkade]phia.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Arkadelphia.

Gastrocopta contracta climeana Van. Arkadelphia, very rare.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Arkadelphia.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Ads). Arkadelphia. Col-
lected also in adjacent counties north and east of Clark.

Succinea avara Say. Environs of Arkadelphia, not common.

Omphalina friabilis (W. G. Binn.). Arkadelphia. Very
rare !

Vitrea indentata (Say). Arkadelphia ; Gurdon.

7
7
)

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Vitrea radiatula circumstriata Taylor. Arkadelphia. Quite
rare, generally associated with arborea.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) significans (Bland). West of Arkadelphia
in the foothills. Rare!

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland)? Arkadelphia. This species, which
cannot be placed anywhere else among the Zonitide collected,
is either wheatleyi, or a variety of it. .

Euconulus chersinus trochulus (Rein.). Arkadelphia. Fairly
common.

Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.)? Arkadelphia.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Arkadelphia; also along Little
Deceiper Creek, and at Gurdon. Generally distributed.

Zonitoides (Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binney). Arkadelphia.

Gastrodonta demissa brittsi (Pils.). In the hills five miles
northwest of Arkadelphia. Smaller than typical bdrittst, and
rare.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen,
and six miles east of Whelen in the southeast end of the County.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Arkadelphia, west of the town
near Little Deceiper Creek. Very rare!

Circinaria concava (Say). Limestone region west of Arka-
delphia, and ‘‘ Big Bluff’’ on the Ouachita River, two miles
north of Arkadelphia.

Polygyra leporina Gould. Arkadelphia and Gurdon. Com-
mon in most of the low lands.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. In low hills west of Arkadelphia,
Gurdon. Rare! Nearly always found under small pieces of
bark, seldom under logs and stones.

Polygyra inflecta (Say). Arkadelphia, Gurdon, Whelen, and
southeastern corner of the County.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Arkadelphia. Rare! This does
not appear to be the variety alleni Wetherby, to which all of
the shells of this type west of the Mississippi River have been
referred.

Polygyra divesta (Gould). Arkadelphia, Crawford’s Mill on
Big Deceiper Creek, Gurdon.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Woods west of Arkadelphia.
Rare!

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra obstricta carolinensis (Lea). Typical shells collected
in heavy woods along the Little Missouri River in the southeast
corner of the County. Here there is much cypress. Clark
County corners at the confluence of the Little Missouri and the
Ouachita rivers, the former making the southern and the latter
the eastern boundary line.

Polygyra clausa (Say). Arkadelphia. Generally distributed.
The commonest of the Helices in all this region!

Polygyra stenotrema (‘‘ Fer.’’ Pfr.). Arkadelphia and Craw-
ford’s Mill on Big Deceiper Creek.

Polygyra monodon (Rack) var. Whelen and southeast corner
of the County.

Polygyra fraterna aliciz (Pils.). Crawford’s Mill on Big
Deceiper Creek.

Bulimulus sp.? Fragments of a Bulimulus were collected in
the hills west of Arkadelphia. It is probably dealbatus (Say).

Amnicola cincinnatiensis (Anth.). Big Deceiper Creek at Gum
Springs.

Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker. Ouachita River, type locality,
under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare.

Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker. Ouachita River, type local-
ity, under railroad bridge, Arkadelphia. Rare.

Campeloma lewisti Walker." Ouachita and Old Rivers, Arka-
delphia, very common; Big Deceiper Lake, nine miles south of
Arkadelphia; Caddo River.

[Pleurocera canaliculata Say]. Reported by Sampson on
authority of Call from the Ouachita River in Clark County.
Not found.

Pleurocera elevatum (Say). Ouachita, Caddo and Old Rivers
near Arkadelphia; Big Deceiper Lake.

[ Pleurocera subulare (Lea)],’ reported from Clark County,
Ouachita River, by Call in Sampson,* was not located. Pos-
sibly young elevata were mistaken for this species.

1 Vide, Nautitus, Vol, XXVIII, pp. 126, 127.
* Vide Navutitus, Vol, XXX, pp. 122-124, On “ Pleurocera subulare,
Lee,’ by Calvin Goodrich.

’See “Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,’’ Geol. Surv. of
Ark., 1891, Vol. II, p. 197.

THE NAUTILUS. LY

Goniobasis plebeius (Anth).'| Ouachita and Caddo Rivers,
Arkadelphia. Very common.

Goniobasis lawrencei (Lea), described from the Ouachita River
in Garland County, was not found. Search was made for it in
the Ouachita River at Cove Creek station, Het Springs County,
near the boundary of Garland County, about twelve miles east
of Hot Springs, but without success.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Dead shells only were collected from
creek and river drift at Arkadelphia, these being evidently
brought down from the limestone hills in the western part of
the County.

Lampsilis ventricosa satur (Lea). Ouachita River below Ark-
adelphia and at Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. In form it is
closely related to excavatus. Specimens from the Ouachita are
‘gorgeously appareled’’, some of a deep solid yellow color,
others with varying and elaborate patterns of green.

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea). The Southern form of luteola, com-
mon in all the rivers, and also in Big Deceiper Creek on the
Huie farm and at Gum Springs; also in Salt Bayou east of
Arkadelphia.

Lampsilis orbiculata (Hild). Old River. This species is ad-
mitted to the list on the authority of Dr. Ortmann. In a letter
dated June 5, 1911, Dr. Ortmann writes: ‘‘Among the Lamp-
silis ventricosa satur was one individual (female, sterile) which I
must regard as Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth). This species
also is not listed from your region. The specimen agrees in
shape etc. completely with the Ohio forms of orbiculata, only the
color is not quite typical.’? Again on June 19, 1911: ‘‘And there
is [among the shells received] a fine typical male of Lampsilis
orbiculata, preserving even the characteristic pink stain of the
nacre.’’? If orbiculata and ligamentina gibba are so similar as to
make differentiation difficult as is stated by Wilson and Clark,?
then our Ouachita specimens are not this species.

1 Vide Proc. Ac. Nat. Se., Phila., 1900, pp. 458, 459. Both elevatwm and
plebeius are here figured.

2See ‘‘ The Mussels of the Cumberland River and Its Tributaries ”, Bureau
Fisheries, Doc. No. 781, p. 49.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Lampsilis higginsi (Lea). A fine typical series of this species
was collected from the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia, at
Skillern’s Shoals, and also in Old River.

Lamsilis higginsi grandis Simpson. Old River. These shells
are larger and /ess inflated than typical higginsi. The feeble pos-
terior ridge, high beaks, shining surface, and the absence of
growth ridges make the identification satisfactory.’

Lampsilis (Nephronaias) ligamentina (Lam.). Everywhere
common in the Ouachita and Old Rivers. The common
‘“mucket’’ of the pearlers.

Lampsilis fallasiosa (Smith) Simpson. A common species
collected in the Ouachita River, Old River, and Terra Noire
Creek. The validity of this species as distinct from anodontoides
Lea presents no difficulty to one who has a series of shells from
Arkansas localities to compare with those from regions further
North. Consult Simpson’s diagnosis in his ‘‘ Descriptive
Catalogue.’’

Eurynia recta (Lam.). Ouachita and Old Rivers.

Eurynia subrostrata (Say). Though not common this species
has been found in Ouachita and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper
Creek at Gum Springs, Big Deceiper Lake, and a few ‘‘sloughs’”’
south of Arkadelphia.

Micromya lienosa (Con). Ouachita and Old Rivers. Rare.

Micromya lienosa nigerrima (Lea). Common in both Ouachita
and Old Rivers, Big Deceiper Creek at Gum Springs, and
Caddo River. The nacre is white, and the epidermis a lead-
black, unpolished.

Eurynia (Micromya) arkansasensis (Lea). On July 28, 1918,
two females from the Ouachita River south of Arkadelphia were
sent to Dr. Ortmann, who reported: ‘‘I think here we have
arkansasensis again! These agree rather well with females re-
ceived previously (from you) from Saline River, Benton.’’
The species is smaller than lienosa, lighter in color, and with a
silvery nacre. Of the arkansasensis collected from the Saline
River on July 13, 1911, of which there were four males and
two females, Ortmann says: ‘‘ Here it is! The males, although

‘See ‘* Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades,’’ Simpson, p. 78.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

slightly differing from one another, agree well with Lea’s orig-
inal figure. The female has never been figured. According to
these specimens, the species would be an Eurynia, subgenus
Micromya, but the papille of the mantle margin are very poorly
developed. They may be larger in gravid females.’”’ With
this identification Dr. Walker is satisfied. See Nauriius, vol.
XXX, p. 54.

Carunculina texasensis (Lea). Ouachita and Old Rivers;
Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River; Big Deceiper Lake. Common.

Carunculina parva (Bar.) Ouachita and Old rivers; Caddo
River; Terra Noire Creek at Mount Zion; Big Deceiper creek at
Gum Springs; Big Deceiper Lake. The shells from the last
named locality are different from the usual form, but are not
‘*corvinus,’’ as at first supposed.

Carunculina glans (Lea). Ouachita and Old rivers; Terra
ereek at Mt. Zion; Caddo River near Arkadelphia. Rare.
These shells have an unusual cream-colored nacre, but in other
respects are entirely typical.

Carunculina cromwellii (Lea). Big Deceiper creek, Gum
Springs; Big Deceiper Lake; Terra Noire Creek; Caddo River,
near Arkadelphia. The beak sculpture agrees exactly with
cromwellii, and the identification is well confirmed. The beaks
are unusually perfect. ‘‘This is another example of the re-
markably close relationship that exists, without as yet a suffi-
cient explanation, between the fauna of Arkansas and Ala-
bama.’’? Walker in letter.

Proptera purpurata (Lam.). Ouachita and Old River. Com-
mon. See Ortmann, Ann. Car. Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 334.

Paraptera gracilis (Bar. ). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,
and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. See Ortmann, Ann. Car.
Mus., VIII, 1912, p. 331.

Lampsilis leptodon Raf. A rare shell collected only at Skil-
lern’s shoals and in one place below Arkadelphia. So far we
have been unable to secure gravid females. This species de-
lights in burrowing under sharp and rather heavy rocks in the
swiftest part of the current, and it is with difficulty that any
specimens are secured.

Obovaria castanea (Lea). Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Skillern’s Shoals and Old River. This species and Nephronaias
ligamentina are the most prolific shells in the river. The epi-
dermis of castanea is a most beautiful silken black, sometimes
with a deep purple bloom, but young shells are yellowish brown
and frequently rayed !

Amygdalonaias securis (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka-
delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. This is considered
a pearl shell. Very fine specimens are from Old River.

Amygdalonaias elegans (Lea). Ouachita River below Arka-
delphia, Skillern’s Shoals, and Old River. Quite common.

Amygdalonaias donaciformis (Lea). Found only in one bed
below Arkadelphia and in the swift current at Skillern’s Shoals.
Later at Old River.

Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Ouachita River, Skillern’s
Shoals and below Arkadelphia; Old River; Terra Noire creek.
The river specimens are much inferior in size to those collected
in the Tennessee drainage.

Tritogonia nobilis (Con.). Old River. Rare! Simpson now
places this species as given.

Cyprogenia aberti (Con.). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals,
and in many beds below Arkadelphia. Specimens are not as
large as typical aberti, and may eventually be referred to the
variety lamarckiana Lea.

Cyprogenia aberti lamarckiana (Lea). Ouachita River, Arka-
delphia. This was also collected in the Caddo River in Mont-
gomery County.

Obliquaria reflexa Raf. Ouachita River below Arkadelphia,
Skillern’s Shoals, Old River. The young are, in these locali-
ties, beautifully sculptured.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild). Ouachita River, Arkadel-
phia, and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. It is fairly common on
the rocky shoals, sometimes on the sand bars. There seems to
be no dividing line between this species and its variety clinton-
ense, Simp.

Ptychobranchus clintonense Simp. Ouachita River above and
below Arkadelphia, but not in Old River. Typical specimens
with wavy lines are more common at Skillern’s shoals. Dr.
Walker is disposed to refer all Ouachita forms to clintonense.

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Strophitus edentulus (Say). Ouachita River and Old River.
In the latter locality specimens are quite thick and heavy.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Old
River, and Deceiper Creek and Gum Springs. Common.

Anodonta suborbiculata Say. From Old River only. The
young are perfect and most beautifully rayed. In the lower
channel of the ‘‘river’’ they attain an unusual size.

Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadel-
phia, and Old River. One must go deep in the mud for these
fine shells but they are fairly common.

Anodonta virens Lea, var. Ouachita River and Old River,
Arkadelphia. Distinguished from Jeonensis by having much
higher and more prominent beaks, and by being less elongated.

Arkansia wheeleri, Walker and Ortmann. Old River and
(rarely) Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This is likely to
remain one of the rarest of Unios. The nacre of this species is
one of its most attractive characteristics. In young shells the
entire margin is widely bordered with a rich salmon, in most
adults it is a warm cream color, while in some specimens it is
an opalescent blue. In very young specimens the plications are
sometimes entirely wanting, but it could not be mistaken, even
then, for any other species. Pearlers sometimes open this shell
mistaking it for Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

Symphynota costata (Raf.). Ouachita and Old Rivers, but very
rare indeed. This species is quite common, however, in the
Saline River (at Benton), and it has been a surprise not to find
it more abundant in the Ouachita. It is also common in the
Caddo far up in Montgomery County.

Symphynota complanata (Bar.). One specimen only was col-
lected in 1913 in the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia. This
and Cumberlandia monodonta (Say) remain the rarest of all the
Unios in this region.

Cumberlandia monodonta (Say). Ouachita River above Skil-
lern’s Shoals, Arkadelphia. This record extends the range of
this species much further to the southwest than was to be ex-
pected, for heretofore it has not been known west of the Missis-
sippi south of Iowa! A full discussion of the distribution will
be found in Walker’s ‘‘ Distribution of Margaritana margaritifera

122 THE NAUTILUS.

in North America’’, Proc. Mal. Soc., IX, June 1910, pp. 137-
139; and in ‘‘ Notes on the Distribution of Margaritana mono-
donta (Say)’’, Navuritus, Vol. XXV, pp. 57, 58. For the
generic data consult Ortmann, ‘‘Cumberlandia, a New Genus
of Naiades’’, Nauritus, Vol. XXVI, pp. 13, 14, where this
species is made the type of the genus.

Alasmidonta marginata Say. Ouachita River below Arkadel-
phia; Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. This is also a rare species
in this region.

Unio gibbosus subgibbosus (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia
and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. All specimens collected have
given to this variety, though some approach very closely Simp-
son’s delicatus.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). In ‘‘sloughs’’ and shallow
ponds near Arkadelphia, and in Big Deceiper Creek at Gum
Springs. Not found in any of the larger streams. It is common
in Malvern Creek, at Malvern, Hot Springs County.

Pleurobema pyramidata (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia,
and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Common, attaining, in quiet
waters, a splendid development.

Pleurobema friersoni (B. H. Wright). Ouachita River, Arka-
delphia and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. The nacre of these
shells is often a beautiful rose or pink, but more commonly
white. They were formerly considered to be ridellii, but it is
now agreed to refer them to friersoni, though they are not alto-
gether typically that species. See Navuritus, Vol.’ XXVIII,
pp. 30, 31.

Crenodonta perplicata (Con.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia
and Skillern’s Shoals; Old River; Caddo River. In Old River
this species attains great size, and there is little erosion on the
beaks even in the largest specimens. Dr. Ortmann reports
finding an Ouachita female (Old River), collected June 29,
1911, with glochidia, a very early date. See Navurizus, Vol.
XXVIII, p. 21.

Crenodonta undulata (Bar.). Terra Noire Creek at Mt. Zion.

Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea). Ouachita River, Skillern’s
Shoals and near Arkadelphia; Old River. Common.

Quadrula cylindrica (Say). Ouachita River, Skillern’s Shoals

THE NAUTILUS. 123

and in nearly every mussel bed of the river; Old River. At
Cove Creek station in Hot Springs County, specimens were
collected from the Ouachita River with the cuneiform blotching
wonderfully developed.

Quadrula metanerva (Raf.). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia
and Skillern’s Shoals. Not found in Old River. Very com-
mon. The variety wardii was nowhere located in this region.

Quadrula aspera (Lea). Old River; Terra Noire Creek at Mt.
Zion.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Ouachita River at Skillern’s
Shoals and below Arkadelphia. ‘‘ A comparatively small com-
pressed form with large tubercles, quite different from the
typical form.’’ Dr. Walker in letter to the author.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and
Skillern’s Shoals; Caddo River; Terra Noire Creek west of Arka-
delphia; Old River. The shells from the last named locality
are very perfect. Their brilliant color and handsome appear-
ance make them easily the most attractive of all the ‘‘ Oua-
chita’’ shells. Some excellent pearls have been obtained from
this species. Dr. Walker distinguishes three ‘‘forms’’ among
the Old River shells, as follows:

a. Very oblique, usually densely pustulate.

b. Quadrate, with a silky, polished epidermis.

c. Intermediate. Shaped more like ‘‘b,’’ but in epidermis
and sculpture like ‘‘a.’’ He thinks that several local races of
this species are perhaps worthy of recognition.

Fusconaia rubiginosa (Lea). Big Deceiper Creek, Gum
Springs, south of Arkadelphia. Two males from this locality
were stated by Dr. Ortmann to be indistinguishable in shape
from the Pennsylvania specimens, but they had a lighter and
more glossy epidermis. Some specimens collected in the Terra
Noire Creek, west of Arkadelphia, on July 3, 1911, are more
compressed than cerina, chunii, or uwndata. Dr. Ortmann says,
“* Rubiginosa is the small creek form—in Pennsylvania, passing
into a more swollen form (trigona) in the rivers of medium size,
and finally, in large rivers, into the true wndata, with high
beaks. The anatomy of all the forms named (including chunii,
and cerina) is absolutely identical.’’ A form perfectly intergrading

124 THE NAUTILUS.

between these Terra Noire rubiginosas and the Ouachita wndatas
was collected in the Saline River, at Benton, and this Dr.
Walker unhesitatingly calls cerina.

Fusconaia cerina (Con). Caddo River, Arkadelphia.

Fusconaia undata (Bar).' Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and
Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. A common species.

Quadrula coccineum (Con.). <A typical specimen was taken
from the Ouachita at Arkadelphia in 1913; another was col-
lected in June 1914.

Quadrula solida (Lea). <A rare species collected only from the
Ouachita River near Arkadelphia.

Fusconaia ebena (Lea). Ouachita River, Arkadelphia and
Skillern’s Shoals; Old River. Abundant.

Sphaerium striatinum Lam. Big Deceiper Creek five miles
West of Arkadelphia; Gum Springs: Big Deceiper Lake.

Musculium transversum (Say). Big Deceiper Lake (teste
Sterki).

SUMMARY.
Pulmonate Gastropoda 45
Operculate Gastropoda 7
Pelecypoda, all of which are Naiades except two 60
Total species 112
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sampson, ‘‘ Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas,”’
Published in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of
Arkansas, Vol. II for 1891, pp. 181-199.

Catz, ‘‘A Study of the Unionidae of Arkansas’’, Transactions
of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, 1895, pp. 1-65, Plates
I-XXI.

OrtMANN, ‘‘Notes upon the Families and Genera of the
Najades’’, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 2,
1912, pp. 222-365, Three Plates.

OrTMANN, ‘‘Studies in the Najades’’. Navutitus, Vol.
XXVIII, pp. 129-131 (Carunculina parva); Ditto, XXVIII,

'See Navurixus, Vol. XXIV, pp. 6-10, 16-24, with plates. On the Validity
of Unio undatus, Barnes, by Bryant Walker.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

141, 142 (Carwaculina texasensis, and C. glans), Ditto, XXX.
54-57 (EHurynia lienosa, E. subrostrata, and Lampsilis ventricosa
satur ).

Wa ker, ‘‘On Paludina coarctata and incrassata, Lea’’.
Navutiuus, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 121-127. Description of Campe-
loma lewisit.

WaLker, ‘‘Apical Characters in Somatogyrus, with Descrip-
tion of Three New Species.’? Navurizus, Vol. X XIX, pp. 37-41,
49-53. Description of Somatogyrus wheeleri, and S. amnicoloides.

WALKER and Ortmann, ‘‘A New North American Naiad’’,
Navtitus, Vol. XXV, pp. 97-100, Pl. VIII. Description of
Arkansia (genus) and Arkansia wheeleri.

Norre.—The paper of E. G. Vanatta entitled, ‘‘ Unionide# from Southeast-
ern Arkansas and N. KE. Louisiana’’?, Nauriius, Vol. XXIII, pp. 102-104,

should be compared for a list of species reported from the lower Ouachita, some
of which may be yet located in Clark County sections of the river.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOPALIA AND TRACHYDERMON.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

MopPALIA LOWEI 2. sp.

The chiton is rather small, oblong, moderately elevated,
carinate, the lateral slopes straight. The valves are irreg-
ularly mottled with ferruginous, sea-green and olive. The
anterior valve has ten radial ribs, those at the suture bearing
compressed tubercles, the others rounded tubercles. The in-
tervals are also tuberculose, with some interstitial granula-
tion. Valves ii to vii have low, tuberculose sutural and diag-
onal ribs, the lateral areas tuberculose and granular. Central
areas with the jugal tract closely striate longitudinally, the
strie converging forward near the beaks, elsewhere sub-
parallel, but slightly irregular in places. Pleural tracts hav-
ing longitudinal ribs, near the ridge converging forward
somewhat, becoming divergent towards the lateral borders.
These are intersected by a system of much weaker curved
ribs radiating forward and laterally, forming oblong tuber-
cles on the longitudinal ribs. The posterior valve is short,

126 THE NAUTILUS.

nearly flat, with a broad, shallow posterior sinus, the scarcely
raised mucro being at the posterior third.

The interior is nearly white, strongly striate across the cen-
tral part, where some valves may show a green or pink stain.
The posterior valve has a rather deep posterior sinus and a
single slit on each side.

The girdle is rather narrow in dry specimens, and bears
coarse processes covered with sharp white spines.

Length 23, width 12.2 mm.

San Pedro, California, collected by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe.
Type no. 117951 A. N.S. P., paratype in Lowe coll., no. 1538.

This species is related to M. sinuata, M. imporcata and M.
porifera, but it apparently differs from all of them by the
profusely spiny girdle processes, which are not exclusively
localized at the sutures, though often present there, as well
as scattered over the girdle elsewhere. The allied forms men-
tioned are all from northern localities.

In some of the specimens there are 10 to 12 ribs on the
anterior valve. The younger shells are suffused with lilac
inside.

MOoPALIA IMPORCATA LIONOTUS n. subsp.

This chiton agrees closely with M. imporcata except that
there is a narrow, smooth jugal tract. The lateral areas are
granose between the coarsely tubercular diagonal and sutural
ribs. ‘Fhe anterior valve has 10 ribs. Posterior valve is de-
pressed behind the mucro, which is at the posterior fourth.
Interior ight Niagara-green, darker posteriorly on each valve.
The girdle bears branching processes, often like the branches
of spines on a cactus. These are scattered, sometimes sutural.

Length 15.5, width 9 mm. Divergence 95°.

White Point, collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Also San
Pedro, same collector. Type no. 117952 A. N. S. P.; para-
type no. 1542 Lowe coll.

MOoPALIA MUSCOSA LAEVIOR n. subsp.

This name has long been used in the collection for the form

THE NAUTILUS. £27

figured and described in Man. Conch., vol. 14, p. 300, pl. 63,
figs. 60, 61. It is from Olympia, Wash.

TRACHYDERMON LOWEI 0. sp.

Oval, rather depressed, dirty buff, a little darker towards
the beaks, which project somewhat. Surface of the valves
finely, closely and evenly granose throughout, the granules
oblong. The anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior
valve have a few very weak, low radial impressions. The
mucro of the posterior valve is slightly post-median, but little
raised, the slope behind it being convex towards the edge.
The interior is white, stained buff or pinkish near the sinus,
where it is conspicuously porous. The eaves are wide and
closely porous throughout. Teeth smooth, those of the pos-
terior valve being directed forward. Girdle is densely cov-
ered with minute elongate scales.

Length about 17, width 12 mm. (San Pedro).

Length about 19, width 13 mm. (San Pedro).

Length about 16, width 11 mm. (White Point).

San Pedro, Cal. Collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe. Type no.
117955 A. N.S. P., paratype no. 1545 Lowe coll.

This species is much more distinctly granulate than 7. ray-
mondi, and the eaves are much wider and more porous.

The paratype in Lowe coll. is from White Point. There is
also a smaller specimen, red with blue-green spots, from San
Pedro, but as it has not been disarticulated I do not feel cer-
tain of its identity.

DeEscrRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS CHIEFLY FROM
MaGpALENA Bay, Lower CaAuirornia. By W.H. Dall. (Proc.
of the Biol. Soc. of Washington, vol. 31, pp. 5-8, 1918.) The
following new species are described: Scintilla chloris, Macron
orcutti, Phenacolepas magdalena, Trichotropsis lomana, Liotia
rammata, L. olivacea, L. cookeana, and three new varieties.

125 THE NAUTILUS.

THE IDENTITY OF THE NAYAD-GENUS NODULARIA CONRAD WITH
UNIO RETZIUS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

The type of Conrad’s genus Nodularia (Proc. Ac. Philad.
6, 1553, p. 268) is Unio douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Simp-
son (Syn., 1900, p. 806, and Deser. Cat., 1914, p. 949) has
associated, in this genus, a large number of species from Asia
and Africa, and places it in his subfamily Hyriane, to which
he assigns radial beak sculpture and a marsupium formed by
the inner gills only, the latter character resting upon the
observation of two species only.

Already Haas (System. Conchyl. Cabinet, vol. 9, Heft 44,
1911, p. 65 ff.) has pointed out that this conception of Nodu-
larva cannot be maintained, since just the type-species (doug-
lasiae) does not possess the characters assigned to the sub-
family by Simpson: its beak sculpture is essentially of the
zic-zae type, and its marsupium is formed by the outer gills.
His examination of this species (and several others, 1. ¢., p.
67) has revealed several other differences from Simpson’s
description of the anatomy of N. japanensis, and, as far as it
goes, we are to conclude that ‘‘Nephronaias douglasiae’’ is
not allied to the Hyriine type of Nayades, but rather to that
type represented by Unio Retzius (1788) in the restricted
sense as defined by myself (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p.
273) ; that is to say, it belongs to the family Unionidae, sub-
family Unionine. This is clearly shown by the existence of a
supraanal opening separated from the anal (‘‘Mantelschlitz
unten geschlossen’’), and by the marsupium.

From the characters of the shell, chiefly the zic-zac beak
sculpture, it was to be inferred that U. douglasiae comes close
to the genus Unio (compare my key of genera, |. ¢., pp. 239
and 240) ; but the chief character of Unio, the subtriangular,
hooked glochidium, has not been observed hitherto, the gravid
females investigated by Haas having only eggs, and not
elochidia.

Recently Mr. B. Walker has been kind enough to send to
me the soft parts of two gravid females of U. douglasiae Griff.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

& Pidg., which had been communicated to him by Mr. L. P.
Gratacap of the American Museum, New York. They are
from Wladiwostok, southeast Siberia. Both had glochidia,
which proved to be similar to those of Unio.

The examination of these specimens has established the
following facts: All of the features of the family Unionide
(1. ¢., p. 223) are present. The diaphragm is complete, and
formed only by the gills (no mantle connection between anal
and branchial openings), and the outer lamina of the outer
gills is connected with the mantle to its posterior end. The
anterior end of the inner gills is separated from the palpi by
a gap. A supraanal opening is separated from the anal by a
mantle connection. The gills possess continuous septa, form-
ing water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments.

The characters of the family Umonine (1. ¢., p. 224) are
also present. The marsupium is formed by the outer gills,
and, when charged, these gills swell only moderately, leaving
the edge sharp. There are no secondary water tubes.

For the rest, it should be said that the mantle connection
between anal and supraanal openings is moderately long,
about half as long as either. The anal has the inner edge
distinctly crenulated; the branchial opening has distinet
papille; but in front of the branchial the mantle edge is
smooth. Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins united
for about one-third of their length.

Gills rather long and narrow, the inner the wider, chiefly
anteriorly; their anterior ends as usual. Inner lamina of
inner gills free from abdominal sae posteriorly, but connected
anteriorly ; in one of my specimens the connection extends to
one-third of the length of the abdominal sac, in the other to
nearly one-half of it: thus this character is variable, as in
certain other forms of Nayades (Haas says only: connected
anteriorly ).

Septa and water tubes well developed in the outer gills of
the female, this character extending all along the gill. Pla-
cente present, but not very solid, the glochidia easily falling
apart. Glochidia essentially agreeing with those of Unio
[type, pictorum (L.); see Ortmann, Naut., 28, 14, pp. 32,

139 THE NAUTILUS.

33]. They are subtriangular in outline, and have spinulose
hooks. However, they differ in being slightly oblique, the
point of the ventral margin being placed a little posteriorly,
so that the anterior portion of the ventral margin is longer
than the posterior; the point is also sharper (more project-
ing); and, finally, they are smaller, and longer than high.
While, in U. pictorum, L. and H. are 0.21 mm., in U. doug-
lasiae the L. is 0.18 mm. and the H. is 0.15 mm.

Thus it is perfectly clear that U. douglasiae has the typical
anatomical structure of the genus Unio (s. s., type U. pic-
torum), and that it cannot be separated from that genus on
anatomical grounds. The question is, whether shell characters
permit such a separation, and in this respect it should be
pointed out that the general shape of the shell, the hinge
teeth, and other characters are very like those of U. pictorum,
and that the chief difference is in the beak sculpture, which
is more complex, and covers more of the disk (upon this char-
acter Conrad seems to have relied when he created Nodu-
laria. But when we compare other species, for instance the
European U. tumidus Retz., we see that in all these species
the beak sculpture is of the same general type, that is to say,
of the zic-zac pattern, and that U. douglasiae represents the
most extreme development of this, while U. pictorwm has it in
much obliterated condition, and U. tumidus is intermediate
between these to a degree. Thus there is only a difference in
the degree of development, and it should also be born in mind
that even in U. douglasiae the beak sculpture varies a good
deal (see the account given by Haas of the various forms of
douglasie ).

Consequently we cannot escape the conclusion that U. doug-
lasiae is a true Unio in all respects, and that it should stand
as Unio douglasiae Griffith & Pidgeon. Nodularia Conrad,
with douglasiae as type, becomes then a synonym of Unio
Retzius.

This, probably, refers to those species which are related to
douglasiae, that is to say, preéminently to all those associated
by Haas in the ‘‘group of N. douglasiae.’’ It remains to be
seen what should become of the other species of Nodularia in

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Simpson’s sense. They cannot be called any more by this
generic name, but where they finally will land cannot be told
before they have been examined as to their anatomy. Already
Haas has separated a number of them under other generic
names, but these genera are mostly founded upon shell-
characters only.

THE GENUS ELYSIELLA (VERRILL OR BERGH?).

BY SILAS C. WHEAT.

In 1872 Prof. A. E. Verrill and Dr. Rudolph Bergh each
found an undescribed Nudibranch, and each erected a new
genus for his species. As the forms were minute and resem-
bled Elysia both authors chose the name Elysiella. The two
species have in common the respiratory sac on which Verrill
founded the genus, although they differ in the form of the
head and tentacles, on which Dr. Bergh lays emphasis.

On the question of priority,—Prof. Verrill published his
genus Elysiella in the American Journal of Science for April,
1872; Dr. Bergh published his Elysiella in Heft iv, Band I,
Malacologische Untersuchungen in Dr. Semper’s Reisen im
Archipel der Philippinen. Dr. Bergh’s Band I was issued at
the rate of one Heft each year except in the year 1872 when
both wi and w appeared. Probably Heft w came out in the
autumn of 1872, several months later than the American
Journal for April. A letter addressed to the publisher in
Germany during the second month of the present war re-
mains unanswered. Inquiries of American libraries for the
month on which they received Heft w have brought only the
year 1872, copied from the title-page, not from their accession
records. It seems proper to credit the genus to Prof. Verrill.

Genus ELysreua Verrill.

‘* Elystella, gen. nov. Allied to Elysia and Placobranchus.
Head rounded, with two short, obtuse tentacles; eyes sessile
behind the bases of the tentacles on the neck. Lateral lobes
united behind, rounded and separate in front, and raised
from the back, leaving a cavity beneath for respiration.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Bloodvessels, commencing in the anterior part of the back,
extend backward forking and diverging in the area enclosed
by the lateral lobes. This genus differs from Placobranchus
and Elysia in having the lateral lobes united together pos-
teriorly over the back so that the respiratory cavity partly
enclosed by them is closed behind.’’ — Verrill, Amer. Jour.
Soc., April, 1872, p. 284, pl. 7, f. 5-5a.

‘*Genus Elysiella Bergh. Head laterally subcarinate; ten-
tacles minute, conic. This somewhat doubtful genus is based
upon the new form of Elysian stated below. Undoubtedly the
same differs from all known Elysians. The head on the side
is carinated almost as in Limapontia; the tentacles are quite
small and conic.’’—Bergh, Mal. U., Band I, Heft iv, p. 201,
pl. 9, f. 3; pl. 24, £. 20-25.

Continuing, Dr. Bergh says of this new form of Elysian:
‘*Elysiella pusilla Bergh. Color grass-green, punctate on
both sides with minute obscure dots; on the margin of the
body small white dots in one or two series, and at the extrem-
ity a sac; tentacles with small white dots. Length 2 mm.’’
A single specimen found by Dr. Semper in the East Indies in
1862 was preserved in Damar balsam and was delivered to
Dr. Bergh about eight years later. (The italics are mine.—
Sake. We)

Elysiella catula Verrill. Amer. Jour. Soc., 1872, April, p.
284, pl. 4, f. 5-5a—lInv. of Vineyard Sd. (U. 8S. Fish., 1872,
pt. 1), 1873, p. 668, pl. 25, f. 172—not f. 171, and not Placo-
branchus catulus Gould.

On plate 25, U. S. F., 1872, the numbers 171 and 172 are
transposed. Prof. Verrill believed that Dr. Gould’s Placo-
branchus catulus (Inv. Mass., 1870, p. 256, pl. 17, f. 249-250)
was founded on specimens of the same species from Boston
Harbor, and did not give a new name to the type of his genus.
He says: ‘‘This species is well described by Dr. Gould, but
the figure is incorrect in representing the lateral lobes as
separate posteriorly — perhaps a theoretical mistake on the
part of the artist. It is common in harbors and estuaries from
Boston[?] to New Jersey. Great Egg Harbor, N. J. (Verrill
& Smith) ; New Haven, Ct., and Woods Hole, Mass. (Smith).”’

THE NAUTILUS. 133

Dr. Gould’s description agrees perfectly with his figure.
Both text and figure prove that his Placobranchus was a true
Elysia with lateral lobes not united dorsally. He says:
‘Body ovate-lanceolate, the lateral expansions about two-
thirds its length and not quite meeting when reflected upon
the back.’’

The species will stand thus:

Genus Enysreuua Verrill, 1872: type

Elysiella catula Verrill, 1872.
Elysiella pusilla Bergh, 1872.

Genus Exysia: Elysia catula Gould (Placobranchus catulus

Gould, 1870).

HELIX NEMORALIS AT KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Mr. M. D. Barber has very kindly sent me a series of H.
nemoralis collected at Knoxville; descendants of the Lexing-
ton, Va., colony, as explained by him in Nautiuus, xxxi, p.
107. The specimens all have the yellow ground color (var.
libellula), and sort out as follows:

Adults.
00000. 16, four of which are bimarginate (the dark peri-
stome bordered inwardly with a white rib).
10345. 2, one having max. diam. 26 mm.
12345. 21, of which five are bimarginate.
123 (45). 14, of which two are bimarginate; two have max.
diam. 25 mm.
123,45. one.
Immature.
00000. 16.
12345. 15. Some would doubtless have become 123(45)

on maturity, the formula being taken from
near the mouth.

123 (45). six (var. reaumurva Moq.).

(12)3(45). three.

10345. two (var. argenvillea Mogq.).

134 THE NAUTILUS,

(12345). one (var. kleinia Mogq.).
(12)345. — one.
12345. one.

00345. one (var. listeria Moq.).
1(23) (45). one (var. brardia Moq.).
,0345. one.

Every one of these band varieties is known from the Lex-
ington colony (cf. J. L. Howe, American Naturalist, Dec.,
1898). Among 102 shells are two with split or extra bands,
which is searcely half the percentage of such forms in the
Lexington colony. It would require a much larger collection
to show whether this is accidental. The absence of the vari-
eties with a pink ground, of which 40 are reported from Lex-
ington, is remarkable.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PANDORA OF THE SUBGENUS KENNERLYIA
FROM FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

During the summers of 1916 and 1917 a Kennerlyia which
seems to differ materially from previously known species of
the subgenus was taken by the writer at Forrester Island,
southeastern Alaska, at an average depth of about fifty
fathoms. A considerable number of living specimens were
secured and, when carefully compared with specimens of
allied species, certain distinctive characteristics seem to be
maintained throughout the series. Therefore I propose for
this shell the following name:

Kennerlyia forresterensis, new species.

Shell moderately heavy; short and deep (depth in twelve
typical specimens averaging .67 of length). Color white, with
brownish periostracum generally visible on both ends but
most conspicuous on posterior. Left valve moderately convex,
smooth except for rather faint incremental lines. Right valve
flat or slightly convex, except near basal margin where it be-
comes abruptly concave ; smooth except for several (generally
7-9) irregular impressed lines running from apex to basal

LOUIS POPE GRATACAP

THE NAUTILUS. 135

margin. Length 22, height 15, diameter 5, beaks behind an-
terior end 6.

Distribution. — Type locality Forrester Island, Alaska, in
50 fathoms. A. N.S., No. 118200. Paratypes are in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences and in the collection of the writer.

In shape of shell forresterensis is about midway between
K. grandis Dall and K. glacialis Leach. It differs from
grandis in smaller size, lighter structure, greater proportional
diameter, more truncate posterior end and in straight or
nearly straight hinge-line, the basal curve meeting the pos-
terior dorsal margin at an angle a little greater than a right
angle. It differs from glacialis in greater size, heavier struc-
ture, greater proportional depth, and in prominence of im-
pressed line setting off anterior portion of left valve and inset
at basal margin, which, however, is less prominent than in
K. grandis. '

LOUIS POPE GRATACAP.

Louis Pope Gratacap, curator of mineralogy and of mollusk,
at the American Museum of Natural History, died suddenly on
December 14, 1917. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., November 1s
1851, he was educated in the College of the City of New York and
Columbia School of Mines, graduating from the latter in 1876.

‘Mr. Gratacap has been identified with the American Museum
of Natural History since October 1876, when the collections were
still housed in the old Arsenal Building. Since the death of
Professor R. P. Whitfield, he has been dean of the scientific
staff, having been in service more than forty years. During
this period he has held successively the positions of assistant
curator of mineralogy, assistant curator of geology, curator of
mineralogy and conchology and curator of mollusca, the last of
these since 1909, when he was placed in entire charge of the
mineralogical and conchological collections’’.

Of his many papers upon various subjects, only a few relate
to conchology. In 1901 he published a ‘‘ Catalogue of the
Binney and Bland collection of Terrestrial Air-breathing Mol-
lusks of the United States and Territories in the American
Museum of Natural History, with Enumeration of Types and

136 THE NAUTILUS.

figured Specimens, and Supplementary Notes’’. The paper is
illustrated by six maps showing the distributional intensity of
Zonites, Polygyra (typical), Stenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon,
and Epiphragmophora. Mr. Gratacap contributed several
articles to Toe NautiLus including ‘‘ Note upon the insufficiency
of the operculum as a basis of classification in the round-mouth
shells’? and ‘‘ Tertiary fossils on Long Island’’. He also pub-
lished, Geology of the City of New York, 1901, 8rd edition
1909; Guide to the Mineral Collections; ‘‘The Museum’’, a
valuable paper on museums and museum technique; A Trip
around Iceland, and others.

Mr. Gratacap was a man of pleasing manners and always had
a warm welcome for visitors to his department.

HENRY W. WINKELEY.

The Rev. Henry W. Winkley, rector of the Calvary Episcopal
church, Danvers, Mass. died at his home, February 4, 1918.
Born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1858, he graduated from
Harvard University in 1881 and from the Episcopal Theological
School in 1884. He was ordained rector of Grace Episcopal
church, Newton, Mass. in 1885 and later was rector of churches
in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, Saco, Me., and Branford, Conn.

Mr. Winkley had for many years taken a great interest in the
study of mollusks, contributing since 1891 over thirty articles to
the pages of THe NavriLus, giving interesting accounts of his
various collecting trips along the New England and Canadian
coasts, with many useful hints as to methods of collecting. He
described three new species, Caecum johnsoni, Pyramidella bartschi
and QOdostomia katherine, while a number of species were named
in his honor. His entire collection of shells went to the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

He was a most enthusiastic and careful collector, specializing
on New England mollusks, his favorite places for collecting be-
ing Woods Hole, Mass. and Eastport, Me., although he has col-
lected at most of the favorable collecting grounds along our
coast. He also enjoyed collecting the small fresh-water species
and was an expert in the use of the sieves, obtaining Sphaeriidae

————

| wi
Balti

ik

REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY

FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON

THE NAUTILUS. 137

by the thousand. He had a keen sense of humor and always
saw the bright side of life. We shall greatly miss his frequent
visits to the museum.

Mr. Winkley was a charter member and the first Secretary
and Treasurer of the Boston Malacological Club. He leaves
twosons, Frank H. and Robert L. Winkley, and a daughter, Miss
Ruth Winkley. C. W. J.

FRANCIS ASBURY SAMPSON.

Prof. Francis Asbury Sampson died of pneumonia at the
Parker Memorial Hospital, University of Missouri, on the morn-
ing of February 4th at the age of 76. Prof. Sampson was born
in Harrison County, Ohio, February 6th, 1842, from which
place he emigrated to Missouri in 1867, locating at Sedalia,
Pettis County, where with a brother he engaged in the practice
of law. He enjoyed a lucrative practice and for twenty years
acted as legal advisor and vice-president of the Missouri Trust
Company.

From the time he came to Missouri he had been an active
collector of Missouriana and his private collection of books and
pamphlets, relating to Missouri and Missourians is the most
complete known.

In 1901 Prof. Sampson was elected Secretary of the Missouri
Historical Society and his library of Missouriana was presented
to the society. The collection represented approximately twenty
thousand titles.

As secretary of the Historical Society he gave his entire time
to building up the library and owing to his efforts the society to-
day has the largest library on Missouri history in existence,
consisting of sixty thousand different titles. Its value cannot be
appreciated except by one who has examined its contents and
understands their rarity.

Prof. Sampson gave his leisure moments to collecting shells
and fossils and in late years it was his only recreation. The
vast number of carefully selected land and fresh-water shells
contained in his cabinets bear witness to the fact that his ‘‘ idle
moments’’ were not in any sense wasted. The writer once

138 THE NAUTILUS.

heard him say that he had discovered over two hundred new

species of fossils and recent shells. He wrote but little on his

discoveries in conchology and paleontology but generously turned
them over to those especially interested. Of the numerous
finds made by him, at least twenty-five species bear his name.

Prof. Sampson received his A. B. degree from the College of the

City of New York, in 1864 and an A.M. and LL.B, at New York

University in 1868. Prof. Sampson was a member of the Ameri-

can Historical Society, The Mississippi Valley Historical Asso-

ciation, The Academy of Sciences of St. Louis. He was a Delta

Kappa Epsilon, a Phi Beta Kappa anda Knight Templar. The

bulk of his writings relate to library work, consisting in the main

of bibliographies and catalogues. The following list covers his
work in conchology and kindred subjects.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF F, A. SAMPSON.

The shells of Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 9,
pp. 526-528, Jan. 1882.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 5, No. 11,
pp. 681-683, March, 1882.

The Natural History of Pettis County, Missouri.—Geology and
Paleontology — Economic Geology — Land and Fresh-water
Shells—Reptilia—Ornithology—Entomology—Botany.

The History of Pettis County, Missouri, pp. 221-239, 1882.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Nos. 9-
10, pp. 551-554, Feb. 1883.

Notes on the distribution of shells.

Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, Vol. 7, No. 1,
pp. 22-25, May, 1883.

The shells of Pettis County, Missouri.
Bulletin of the Sedalia Natural History Society, No. 1, pp.
16-28, Aug. 1885.

Notes on the distribution of shells.
The American Naturalist, Vol. 21, pp. 83-86, 1887.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Notes on the Subcarboniferous Series at Sedalia, Missouri.
Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 246-
247, June, 1888.

Description of a new American Helix.

THE Nautitus, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 85-86, December, 1889.

Shells within City limits.

Tue Navtitus, Vol. 4, No. 7, p. 82, November, 1890.

A Bibliography of the Geology of Missouri.

Geological Survey of Missouri, Bulletin No. 2, pp. 1-176,
Jefferson City, Dec. 1890.

Mesodon andrewsi in Missouri.

THE Navutitus, Vol. 6, No. 8, p. 90, December, 1892.

Mollusca of Arkansas.

Tue Navtitus, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 33-35, July, 1893.

A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Arkansas (exclusive of the
Unionidae).
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891,
Vol. 2, pp. 179-199, Little Rock, 1893.

Southern shells in Missouri.
THE Navtitus, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 18, June, 1894.

Arkansas shell collecting.

THE Navtius, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 40-41, August, 1911.
Polygyra albolabris alleni Wetherby and other Missouri Helices.
Tue Navcritus, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 180-131, March, 1912.

Shells of Southeast Missouri.

Tue Navutitvs, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 90-95, December, 1912.

A preliminary list of the Mollusca of Missouri (exclusive of the
Unionidae).

Transactions Academy of Science, St. Louis, Vol. 22, No. 3,
pp. 67-108, July, 1913.

Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Missouri.

Tue Navtiuvs, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 15-17, June, 1914.

Reversed or sinistral shells.

Tue Nauvtitus, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 128-129, March, 1916.
DARLING K. GREGER.
Department of Geology, University of Missouri.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NoTES ON THE VICTORIAN SPECIES OF BuLuiNus. By Charles
Hedley (Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 12, pp. 1-8,
pls. 1-2, 1917). The following interesting note preceeds the
systematic treatise of the species: ‘‘Those fresh-water snails
once known in Australia as Physa, but now referred to as
Bullinus, have recently acquired an unpleasant interest. For
the spread and nurture of haematura, a severe, painful and
incurable complaint has recently been traced to Egyptian
representatives of Bullinus.

‘“‘The newly hatched embryo of a Trematode, called Bil-
harzia, enters the Bullinus snail and there turns into a sporo-
eyst. Then Bilharzid cercari# are discharged from the in-
fected snail every day for weeks, more plentifully and con-
tinuously in summer. The free-swimming larve swarm on
the surface of the water in search of a victim. Should they
fail to find a host within forty-eight hours they must die. A
successful parasite enters the human body either by the mouth
or through the skin, and proceeds to establish itself in the
rectum or bladder. Arrived at maturity, the parasite sheds
innumerable hard-shelled eggs. These erode the mucous mem-
brane, thus causing internal bleeding, a symptom of the dis-
ease. Victims may even die from necrosis of the liver or
blockage of portal veins.’’

It is to be presumed if this plague were to be introduced
from Africa or Asia, the Australian species of Bullinus would
serve as an intermediate host and so transmit it. Previously
an Australian Bullinus had been indicated as an intermediate
host for the sheep fluke-—C. W. J.

Tue Economics or TrocHus NiLoticus. By Charles Hed-
ley (The Australian Zoologist, vol. 1, pt. 4, pp. 69-73, pl. 6,
1917). A very interesting account of its economic value, dis-
tribution, etc. Its dense, firm nacre proves good material for
buttons, and during the past six years the demand for Tro-
chus by button-makers has caused the price to advance from
twenty to thirty pounds a ton. The export of Trochus from
Queensland in 1916 was 950 tons, worth £23,000. The Philip-

THE NAUTILUS. 141

pines export about 320 tons annually. The more careful of
the Japanese fishermen save both meat and shell. From ten
tons of shell a ton of meat is obtained, worth in China £20 a
ton. Dried and smoked for two days, it is then ready for
export, and is considered a delicacy.—C. W. J.

THE CERCARIAL INFECTION OF SouTH AFRICAN SNAILS. By
F. G. Cawston, M. D. (Reprint from The Medical Jour. of
S. Africa, 18 pp., 1917.) The species of snails harboring vari-
ous kinds of cercariz are given, with special reference to
Physopsis africana, which harbors the Bilharzia cercarie.
After describing his work on this line, the following is part
of a summary: ‘‘The foregoing experiments and observations
would seem to show that the urine of a person who harbors
the Bilharzia parasite in South Africa becomes dangerous to
the community only when it reaches fresh water containing
specimens of Physopsis africana. It is interesting to observe
that the intermediary host of Schistosoma haematobium both
belong to the same subfamily of molluses, Limneine, Phy-
sopsis africana in South Africa and Bullinus dybowski in
Egypt; that the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni
belongs to the Planorbine — Planorbis boissyi in Egypt and
Planorbis guadelupensis in South America; whilst the inter-
mediary host of Schistosoma japonicum is Blanfordia (Kata-
yama) nosophora (Robson).’’—C. W. J.

FURESOENS MoLLUSKFAUNA, by C. M. Steenberg (D. Kel.
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Naturv. og Math. Afd., 8,
Raekke III, 1, 1917, pp. 78-200, Tar. I-VIII). A very ex-
haustive account of the bathymetric distribution and varia-
tion of the molluscan fauna of Fures6, a lake near Copen-
hagen, with a comparison of the bathymetric distribution of
the mollusca in other European lakes. A résumé is given in
French. The illustrations are excellent.

ANATOMIE DES ACANTHINULA ET DES VALLONIA. LES oR-
GANES GENITAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg. (Vidensk. Meddel.
fra Dansk Naturh. Foren., Bd. 69, 1917.) The minute size of

142 THE NAUTILUS.

these snails has hitherto hindered a knowledge of their anat-
omy, the accounts given by Lehmann being very incorrect.
Acanthinula aculeata proves to have genitalia comparable to
those organs in Pupillide. A. lamellata Jeffr. is without male
end organs (vasdeferens and penis). This condition Mr.
Steenberg is disposed to regard as secondary. Vallonia cos-
tata has pallial and reproductive organs of the group Orthu-
rethra. Mr. Steenberg has rendered an important service in
working out the characters of these difficult snails.

THE PuHiuipPpIne LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS AMPHIDRO-
Mus. By Paul Bartsch. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 100, pp.
47; 22 plates. Having at hand a large amount of authen-
tically localized material, Dr. Bartsch has been able to trace
relationships and define species and subspecies in this diffi-
cult group of beautiful tree snails with precision and detail
not reached hitherto by the authors who have treated of them.
The Philippine series is traced to two routes of migration
from Borneo, one through Palawan to the Calamianes, the
other by way of the Jolo group to Mindanao, ete. On Min-
danao the relation of topography to the distribution of species
and races suggests to the author ‘‘that this island is composed
of a series of smaller islands which have been fused into the
large territory by a comparatively moderate raising of that
part of the ocean floor.’’ Numerous new forms are described,
and all are figured.—H. A. P.

Some New Species or Amastra. By C. Montague Cooke.
Occasional Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, vol. 3, no.
3, pp. 29, 3 plates. While this paper is especially valuable
on account of the new forms made known from Kauai (6)
and from Hawaii (9), there are also interesting species from
Oahu, Molokai and Maui. Two sinistral species (one Pleis-
tocene) from Maui, and one Pleistocene species from Oahu are
added to the short list of sinistral Amastras. A. hitchcocki is
a very large new Amastra from Molokai. Many of the new
forms are from Pleistocene deposits. Excellent photographic
figures are given.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

AN UnusuaL EXTENSION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SHIPwoRM IN San FRANcisco Bay, CAuiFoRNIA. By Albert
L. Barrows. (Univ. of Cal. Publications in Zool., vol. 18, no.
2, pp. 27-48, 1917.) A valuable contribution to our knowl-
edge of shipworms. ‘‘It is said that the shipworm was un-
known in San Francisco Bay in the early history of the port,
and that wood-boring molluscs did not become an extensive
menace to marine woodwork here until some years after the
great increase in the shipping entering the bay which fol-
lowed upon the discovery of gold in California. Be that as it
may, a species of the Teredide, XYylotrya setacea Tryon now
thoroughly infests the main portion of the bay. . . . Another
species of shipworm, Teredo diegensis Bartsch, has also re-
cently caused damage in the upper part of San Francisco
Bay.”’

In conclusion, the author states that 7. diegensis may be
an intermittent resident of the vicinity of Mare Island; that
the excessive damage caused by this borer in 1913 came about
through the marked increase in the average salinity of the
water in this part of the bay, caused by two consecutive dry
seasons. <A salinity of at least 10 parts per 1000 (approxi-
mately) seems to be required for the existence of 7. diegensis
at temperatures ranging from 6° to 19° C.—C. W. J.

A Systematic List oF THE MARGINELLIDS. By J. R. Le
Brockton Tomlin. (Proc. Mal.: Society London, vol. 12, pp.
242-306, 1917.) A very useful list in which the author has
endeavored to bring together all specific and varietal names
that has ever been used, giving the synonymy and reference
to where each species is described. The list contains some 950
names representing 519 species.

PIRATES OF THE DEEP—STORIES OF SQUID AND Octopus. By
Paul Bartsch. (Annual Report Smith. Inst., 1916, pp. 347-
375, 19 plates.) An exceedingly interesting review. A brief
account of their past history is followed by a number of nar-
ratives of the captures of some of these remarkable creatures,
together with much useful information pertaining to their
economic use.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

Note oN A PreoccuPIED NAME IN POLYPLACOPHORA.—Mr.
Tom Lredale has recently been good enough to call my atten-
tion to the fact that the specific name pilsbryanus, recently
proposed by me’ for a chiton dredged by the United States
Fisheries steamer Albatross off the coast of Japan, is preoccu-
pied in the genus /schnochiton, where I had placed it, by J.
pilsbryanus Bednall, 1896, a South Australian species. Al-
though it is by no means certain that the Lepidozona group
to which this species belongs is correctly referred to Ischno-
chiton even as a subgenus, the fact that it was so referred in
my paper as printed necessitates the adoption of a new name
for the later species. The Japanese form I therefore propose
to denominate J. (L.) nipponica.

It was my intention originally to describe the species as an
outright Lepidozona, but, not being ready to give my opinion
as to the proper position for the group, I thought it wisest in
the final draft of the paper conservatively to refer it back to
Ischnochiton. It happened at that time that Bednall’s paper
was inaccessible to me, and this fact, together with my un-
familiarity with its contents, prevented my discovery of the
existence of his prior name until too late for the proper cor-
rection to be made in my paper.—sS. S. Berry.

I ran into a curious bit of coincidence on Cerros Island. I
took Epiphragmophora veatchii only on one very peculiar
tree and never more than two to a tree. I brought home the
flowers and leaves, which I sent to the California Academy
for diagnosis. The tree turns out to have been taken orig-
inally on Cerros Island. It was described originally as Rhus
veatchiana, and Dr. Gray afterwards made a genus Veatchia
for it—FrRED BAKER.

1 Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 1, 10 (1917).
2 Proce. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 2, p. 142 (1896).

PLATE |

THE NAUTILUS, XXX!

eee, Cree
a ———

WALKER: ANCYLIDZ

THE NAUTILUS, XXXT PLATE I!

1. LANX PATELLOIDES (LEA).

A Seam

2. LANX KLAMATHENSIS HAN.

am PN MOR

ey

3. FERRISSIA RIVULARIS (SAY).

4. FERRISSIA (LAN APEX) DIAFHANUS (HALD.).

WHE NAUTILUS, XXX ‘PLATE If

8 Te LORD VA LS TAURI
25 beod

|! ne

1. GUNDLACHIA HINKLEYI WALKER.

2. RHODAC MEA FILOSA (CON.).

3. RRODACMEA RHODACME WALKER.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI

PLATE IV

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIIDA

PLATE V

THE NAUTILUS, XXxXI

Litt

Vet y
LT

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPHARIID

PLATE VI

THE NAUTILUS, XXxI

FIG TE

1b ccm |

GILMORE: REPRODUCTION OF SPH/ERIID

7 o) a
eon ee
’ in, .
wo ’

J. . -

® e

THE NAUTILUS, XXX] PLATE VII

,2 PSORONAIAS KUXENSIS FRIERSON.
3. EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALLISTODERMA PILS. & FERR
4. UNIO TETRALASMUS SAY.
nO:
Lin

1

ZACHRYSIA RAMSDENI PILS.
Z. EMARGINATA PFR.

5

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE Vill

CLAPP: NEW CARYCHIUM AND THYSANOPHORA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXI. PLATE IX.

L-3. DRUPA FOLIACEA CONR. 8. FUSINUS SANDVICHENSIS SOWB.
4. DRUPA WALKERAE P. & B. 9, 12. MUREX PELE PILS.
5. VITIENSIS PILS. 10. DRUPA 1UBERCULATA BLY.

6,7. PERISTERNIA THAANUMI P. & B. ll. pe MORUS LAM.

diols

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS

eae:
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VOL. XXXII alain) ie
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JULY, 1918, to APRIL, 1919 A

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences
PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History
BOSTON

INDEX

TO

ay) AE RES.) XC Xe

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acanthina aneelics Oldroyd. - Sp. .... 5... .- eens ws 26
Achatiner, types of generic names proposed for ......... 98
Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pils. (pl. 2, figs. 9,10).... 2

moc annite parallels Witte! Sots seen clcla see siete weere ee 60
PN aC Hier hit Al ALGER) v)2'<) cs colts, daly mix cle siera/ace «cid soi al viele 99
Avicula candeana of d’Orb., from Bermuda............ 37
AOC HT CMe RT yy Thy OT Seana 655 abe itis ok rarage wate e ebce 12
Boston \alacologseal Clap: 2 .).).\aei. ss oe ae aa Sale ed ates 33
Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth Letson (obituary).............. 142
Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) brunoi von Ihering (pl. 4, fig.7) 54
Blue and White Mountains, Arizona, journey to the ..... 81
Czecum in New England, new forms of ................ 73
Ceeum annulatum Brown (pl..5, fig. 1)................ it
Cecum auriculatum de Folin (pl. 5, fig. 4)............. 76
ecomvelarkn: Carp: (pl: by, fig. 5)! 3. is beac eee ss 76
Gwvcim, cooperit smith: (pl, by fie. 2). oo. clin. dalek ce se «' 19
Cxeum johnsonii Winkley (pl. 5, fig. 3) ..........0..... 75
Cecum aiid otimpw(pl: 5, fig. 6): es. ede. ee ae 76
hampine in the Sierras and. desert: \:\.. 0.2 s.r. eves 3
Pe Meer CON LG@ LOI tak! . V nid otk ands wis ala. x 0 aceiatel tials? o, agian 35
Weniuninne LOnerIMirtAle S.). Gkh eka ba swe ei alee wee wale 2
BIGOT EVC I Mee ite mp Ate IMT cee aiald a Om RE Seen wine oe 5 99
@achlostyic. metarormipver Pe oe ciecuk wegen esis. 59
Cochlostyla polychroa buriasensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 16
Machlostyla: sutomantra: Lies oN iN es ek 59
OL OMATLOMIMONISIS TOTEM ce. Urata’ feare,e de aialale cata moll Wee ais 71
Cuspidaria (Tropidomya) nana Oldroyd, n. sp. ........ 28
Wonnechieut, anells at: Monroe: cole ec ek awe ew cone ae 134
Cuban mollusk colonized in Florida................... 104

lll

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Daniels, Lorenzo E. (obituary), portrait .............. 99
Elliptio dilatatus var. Sterkii Grier, n. var. ............ 9
Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis Bartsch, n. subsp. 126
Eurynia (Micromya) venusta (Lea) ................+- 13
Fundella candeana (d’Orb.) (pl. 3) ...........2 eee eee 38
Fusconain flava var. Griet, Bi Vat, i... sus ov vcs areees 11
Gillia alialis (ea) (Cpl. 2, figs.1-8) 0005 7c 19, 22
Gillia and Amnicola, notes on nidification of ........... 19
Glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) ...... 17
Gonaye island shells. 4io 56-45. o-<< gaat vs alesse Ea eee 72
Helcion pellucidum in America .-;........-.....00-5- 77
ES GUK OUOOIABS. 6 doe cin SER ne 2 ob b Seo s nolo ok SRE ene 55
Helix: Jevis Peer er 246 saci sv. <.s' >, ve os OW soph < ee 56
Belix ‘occidentalis IM: 67 Fs) 5, 00s\ ak cisnin Ota) Gheeoe eines 63
EIGER TATION ih os kata ice » acho Gore okie Line tee ee 56
Hemiplecta sagittifera batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 15
WADIA IS Pe VEER NOBEL acco eA ws kote ie Calera 14
Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomae Valley. 51
Land shells of Monroe, Connecticut .................-. 134
Lasmigona costata var. eriganensis Grier, n. var......... 10
Liguus fasciatus, varieties from Cuba in Florida ....... 104
Lomax maximus im Colorado: .. .. . «wd vigbis-wes one berets ft
Lammers temnicoste, M, i Bio oi. scheme etal wes ele eae 64
Liopistha (Cymella) montanensis Hend., n. n. for Phola-
CGR BTIOALA odo. Saeed cinerea Hirde wih vet eee 60
Loboa brunoi von Ihering, the status of ............... 53
Lymnea auricularia L. in Colorado ................... 71
Liymmns hendersoni Baker’ .....:5.05 04 ¥..sas oy 2h 71
Macrocallista orcutti Dall., n. sp. .............0+.- Pee
Malleus ‘rufipunctatus Reeve .. ois. sss) nab 3h be sindae 38
Malleus vesiculatus Reeve: oy cnc ces cits x bw oe hive eee 38
Marine mollusea about New York City, some ........... 90
Martyn’s universal conchologist ..............-..000-- 28
Meioceras, nisp, (pl. 5, figs de 3 55 as pid ae one 5 ae 76
Melania convexa var. impressa M. & H................. 61
Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek ................ 61
Melavis moliistriata. My & Ho oo ads roe ee 62
Naiades from Lake Erie, new varieties of .............. 9
Nenia cooki Pils., n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 11-18).............. 80
Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North
American fossil and recent mollusks .............. 60
INGER ih Sib chetare Coss! tipeb eeere AG) ie aseud Chapin mae 34, 71, 103, 1438
Obba listeri batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. ...........--- 16
Olivella biplicata angelena Oldroyd, n. var. ............ 34

Onema 'Gistel eo oi Bs ocd oe eee ee cee 99

THE NAUTILUS. v

Opisthosiphon berryi Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 7, fig. 14)....... 86
Opisthosiphon from Cuba, a new .................-+.- 86
Oveohelix, cooper minor: CEM: oy 9 2. se da ee eo ee ee 41
Oreohelix cooperi obscura Hend., n. form .............. 46
Pauaania urrour Wana WGA) Foe o's Pa itd Pde Sek oes eke 120
Panag caratata Ame. Ooo S Ie fod oe wh leale lade 109, 110
RP ei Wad CUMMINS! EVE: 2s 5) lato s eae Ue aie ae at a 113
Pawdina multiearinata Hald: +40... 6205 Weed Je e's 120
Paudina mulialinedta Me & Fj 3 309). 5.60 De eae 62
arRIRISTLk ATMEL IE AT ON a as UI Ye 106
Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taeniata Dall, n. sp.?.... 25
Don re ED 6G (a RF 99
Pela sna SOME) 2.0.15 eo a ok es oe 58
Philippines, new land shells from the ................. 15
Biaipinon; VAVIpavicke OF 6) 305.2 acta bt sce uee 109
Eeplademya wundata Mi! THis ee 60
LATE COMD BTL eae Pe eRe Po Po A a a ale ea eee sl 99
Planorbis altissimus Baker, n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 7-10)...... 95
Planorbis campanulatus, from Blue Sea Lake, Quebec,
MOLES) GT: YANIAGION 3412/4) tts Asie eis od idence oi ds fa siene 127
Planorbis from post-glacial deposits, description of new
BOCCIGM AO! MHTIOIIER (cae e «hoses om obi thew 94
Planorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, n. var. (pl. 7, figs. 4-6) 94
erie Venn Ms Gor kts!) . cred Jerse oe ek Bok «alee ee 64
Pleistocene fossils of Magdalena Bay, Lower California,
collected by Charles Russell Orcutt ............... 23
Fleurodonte maremella in Florida’ .2.. 62 009.03. 4.. 104
Poigmitea: anricoma in Plorida \...:. eae. eee wee 104
Polyvmitd muscarum in) Plorida ..6.: 9s 4.35 23 4. Sad 104
Praticolella campi Clapp & Ferriss, n. sp. (pl. 6, figs. 1-4) 78
Prauicolella eriseola. Pir: (pl. .6, fies. 5-1) >... ...2 05 3s 79
PRMNNOU EL FOOTE: 60%. 5) i cicia 5a a aie ata wk ak had oie teldiare 35
Prorecnaieiua constellata, Mor. co. 6s. a dee eee 48
Pree neraALelis Spellaha V Glo case oa ciara d dlee aia one ewe’ 48
Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 1-6)...... 47
PE PEALIGH A TECEIVER: .. ci6cs< os cle ninleia clea ee de 35, 69, 106, 144
Rare shells collected in Puget Sound, Washington ...... 105
BUVRGTA OUUME VAD, <u guile eva rae aes eke a 58
SAPS FoI Been ra tara os A sate det PERCY Wi ghiw eniciet discret tang 99

Shells from Angel and Tiburon Islands, Gulf of California 26
Strophitus edentulus pavonius, notes on the Glochidia of 17

See IGRA LON, <eWAMOIN wil Goa oa aienh de amie aeek cas Wee 79
Stylobates aeneus Dall (pl. 6, figs. 8-10)............... 79
aiLets LONE WC ODIO NG he a Biles tia 4 ca le-disinre <,cis0e Saco 72

Systematic position of two species of mussels from the
Rr ROM. MAL SID Pee ee OC a Ads das sali miasmmws 13

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Tapes philippinarum okupi Bryan ...............-..-. 124
Taremercarta, COW. ia yicc see soso eee 40 Meike hep eee inlets 105
‘Thracia trapezoides Gon, oi..5 2. eiscpite vs eip ae hee areas 105
Thyasira bisecta.Comm., BOG 01 ....2 0). eevee ane save 103, 105
Trachydermon Carpenter, notes on the genus .......... 1
Trachydermon Carpenter, a further note on the genus... 12
Unio Tastinter al. ee: 6 ies hb es VW om 4 Ok pret epee 139
Ugioditeolus luamares ).. ) 605.645 pee a> 4 eo eine ROE 139
DRmIO PECLOIes WIE Acie. o.(s > obs bee ees Dre ee ee 60
Unio whitei Hend., n. n., for U. rectoides White ........ 60
RUPP DOU Hise os bid vs sb hsb Nes oo vin Re Res See 99
Viviparus contectoides limi, n. n., for V. c. compactus Pils. 71
Vavipara angolaris Bartsch. .',.... 0-0 siksisa nea oe 114, 120
Wavipare .Carnigin arisen 55. ks ea ge ee dod 113
Navrosrus ancaiaris (Maly. oi... sine ep olees ean pe 114
Viviparus burroughianus trinominis Wkvr., n. subsp. .... 120
Raviparus conta CO. GiGi.) sos enc. ce's supe sel hee eee 117
Viviparos cumpmpianus WEr., WN. ... 62's. ei eee eh 118, 114
Viviparus javanicus luzonicus Kob. ............-++e+0: 122
Viviparus tricarinatus (Anton) ...........-..essesene 121
Viviparus zamboangensis Bartsch ..............++000. 123

Wallvexsoseph (Obituary), <..-.'0- css tive ws olin o sw inaien 101

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

PERC OPP ATI Cero) 02 en oh a cha ek (ee Cah eel rsa 19, 94, 97
Reemeaey: Wer breathes are VS MNS cre rough Lh Sinks 4 aaeu ite 15, 53, 126
SETTING oie Spa MIS ge aS fad a Pd 12
LEEDS i Sa 0p a 18S 124
AEST ]EY CP 108 8 RTE Secon pon kage eae aD a BRR ag 78, 104
SATIN TREN ere ns. Me era ea 2 peltid eG hs a ced eee 47, 86
Ce tei ELL. TAL 1s ofa UE SR eS en er Si 58
LOUDUILOSTie 11g Nek e a 2a ae eR 1, 23, 79, 103
TREE IE DI VICMNA ET oie, fo mae hy as VS, ele Gave 17

COVES SEES Tel EE NT 8 ahs aU a 3, 78, 81, 99
DSSCSrE So TE PETS A OE, Sa as GO Ie rR Loe 139
STETEN Es OP NMI [GaP Sa SCT > RI teh eid Re a A ta a
Hedley, AUT CR eat Or ret ee coe chet fetadayal chain 2 uke cs BERENS 72

Henderson, 2 TEEPE: Mga i SRA as Ae ane 40, 60, 71, 137
Humphrey, LD TES. Gee cae ata tie=) SFT 8 pean ar eae ei eRe eee ig) Bae 34
MRE MNP PIERS cok Sas Buck a SSR Ola aie arama al are 90, 134
LIT ESS Tr A OR AOS (GA EO a RA Sa RN 3G; 31,00, 101, 107
Res aI ANNE Oeste at ya cj deat’ é.c 1a?) Seal aha wuhe Gate erasehe eee iy;
ILO TEST SEN OOS Se Celi a a 1 Sn En RII OBE Ont ete WE 51
MOPED DICER FG. GE ca hay Saray a aes oom ah naa apie a OU bias Moye
Reclnearencee Nites Fulah Sees cas 2 sss >. &, «= a tetany eae 26, 28, 105
Ld S23 ad DS Ss >. Se EN oe SR em PD EY 34
bruit s014: bees she J ee ts dal ae Poy |e ea cael paneer 55
brain CUintay EMETC GG oS oes Fos Sua a ahs eh a ee BOs
LEOUS Fis 3 9 Oat Sire 2 lle te aa ae 70, 71, 80, 98, 106
reba ag Tee ie pec Ped Se ase, Shui aha Kray Gye aL, are le 12
el MESES MEN ESVAUTN Die} cet Srawcics dlayolnardict gma 0 a colar Setmate 28, 35, 109
TREE FRUICRT D Birs ial on Geers aoa a8, 2 Sees She thes crn ee ates hee 127

ed POR eC Loe JR) bon a Aes Woy sree toed Cao) A na 65

THe oNAUEEE US:

Vol. XXXII, JULY, 1918. No. 1

NOTES ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON CARPENTER.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Iredale has already called attention to the two names for
Chitons by Gray in 1821. A little fuller discussion of the
consequences of the adoption of Gray’s name Lepidochitona
seems desirable to make the situation perfectly clear. The
synonymy which is pertinent is as follows:

Lepidochitona Gray, London Medical Rep., XV, p. 234, 1821.
Chiton marginatus (Pennant, = cinereus L., not of Mon-
tagu).

Stenosemus Middendorff, Malac. Ross. 1, pp. 103, 109, 117, 122,
1848; (1st sp. C. marmoreus Fabr.).

Ischnochiton sect.tt, Gray, Guide Moll., p. 182, 1857 (Chiton
marginatus) .

Trachydermon Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc., 1864, p.
612 (Chiton dentiens Gould) ; ibid., p. 649: Bull. Essex
Inst., p. 1538, 1873 (Chiton ruber (L.) Lowe, not of
Spengler).

Craspedochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 114,
1878 (Chiton marginatus Pennant, = cinereus L., not of
Montagu).

Leptochitona Pilsbry, Man. XIV, p. 150, 1892 (err. typ.).

Section Tonicella Carpenter.

Platysemus Middendorff, (part) Mal. Ross. 1, p. 98, 1848 (C.
submarmoreus Midd.).

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Tomcella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. V, p. 154, 1873 (Chiton
marmoreus Fabricius).

Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 116, 1878
(Chaton ruber L., and C. marmoreus Fabricius).

Tomciella Thiele, Gebiss d. Schnecken, II, p. 389, 1891 (7.
marmorea Fabr.).

Section Cyanoplaz Pilsbry.

Cyanoplar Pilsbry, Man. XIV, pp. 40, 44, 1892 (Chiton hart-
wegu Carpenter).

Subgenus Spongioradsia Pilsbry.

Spongwradsia Pilsbry, Man. XV, p. 65, 1894 (Trachyradsia
aleutica Dall).

In view of the similarity of names the following synonymy
may be useful:

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso.

Lepidopleurus (Leach Ms.) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. IV,
p. 267, 1826 (1st sp. LD. cayetanus (Poli) Risso); G. O.
Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 110, 1878.

Section Leptochiton Gray.

Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 127 (Chiton cinereus Mon-
tagu (not Linné) = C. asellus Spengler) ; Carpenter,
Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 530, 612, 650, 1864 (1st sp.
mentioned as a real member of the genus is Leptochiton
nexus Carpenter).

? Lepidochiton Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 317, 349,
1857 (1st sp. C. lividus Midd.). Includes also C. merten-
si Midd., C. scrobiculatus Midd., and C. proprius Reeve ;
the latter = C. dispar Cpr., not Sowerby.

I confess to an inability to get anything like systematic
order out of Middendorff’s extraordinary tangle of names,
except where some subsequent author has fixed a species as
type, as in the case of Symmetrogephyrus (Midd., Feb. 1848),
which Chenu (Man., p. 383) has declared to be typified by

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Chiton pallasii Middendorff, thus displacing the more familiar
Amicula (auct. not Gray, 1847) for that group.

Lepidochitona Gray, supersedes Trachydermon as indicated
by Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soe. London, XI, p. 127, 1914). With
the first mention of the latter genus Carpenter associates only
two species, OC. pseudodentiens Cpr. (= dentiens Gould) and
an undescribed C. gothicus. The former must therefore be
taken as type, instead of flectens, though they are really con-
generic. As type of Lepidochiton Carpenter, I select his first
species, C. lividus Midd., which is an Ischnochiton, but Car-
penter apparently regarded it as synonymous with Lepto-
chiton, to which he refers the species in his index of 1872.
Pilsbry refers the species, in the order above cited, respec-
tively to Ischnochiton, Lepidozona, Ischnochiton, and Ischno-
radsia. The genus would best be considered a synonym of
Ischnochiton, especially as no one seems to have quoted it after
Carpenter, and he did not clear it up in his MS.

In regard to Leptochiton, I am inclined to agree with Berry
that the west coast and Arctic forms are so different from the
typical Lepidopleurus cayetanus that a sectional separation is
appropriate.

CAMPING IN THE SIERRAS AND THE DESERT. PLATEI.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Late in June of last year, facing westward I departed from
the home snailery in search of adventure, and returned about
the first of May this year.

At the Grand Canyon of the Colorado a couple of very warm
days was devoted to the Bright Angel trail, digging vainly
for Sonorella betheli.

The Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California, offered an-
other opportunity, with a yield of three Epiphragmophoras,
one of these the E. hillebrandi yosemitensis, discovered there
by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. This was the opening of another
season of delight in the California mountains. For nearly a

4 THE NAUTILUS.

month we camped with the Sierra Club at the Tuolumne
Meadows, making side trips from there in search of snails and
other kinds of trout. Then eastward with our own pack train
for more than another month over the high passes, with a side
trip to Silver Lake, down into the branches of the San Joa-
quin, and over the John Muir Pass to the Middle Fork of the
Kings River. At Tehipite valley we left the Middle Fork,
westward crossed the North Fork, and hit the main river at
Trimmer, where we left our mules and took the auto stage
for Sanger and Fresno.

Out for health, and in no hurry, the opportunities for col-
lecting were the best. The high altitudes, glaciers and snow
banks were another world. In the valleys, with a wealth of
flowers, birds, and trout, and the grandest scenery upon the
continent, we rested several days at every camping place, as a
rule. At Palisade creek we halted nearly a week and had
golden trout for every meal.

But the snails were small, and few in number of specimens
and species. Riding up the zigzag out of the Tehipite valley
the silvery track of a snail was found on the trail, and in half
a day I dug up a dozen Epiphragmophoras, looking like £.
traski, the only large shell found since leaving the Yosemite.
Like a Sonorella, they were living in a pile of rocks well cov-
ered with leaves and rotten wood.

Between trips we hunted up old friends and collections.
Some of these were mail-order friends of long standing, and we
were greatly pleased to see what they looked like. At Berke-
ley it was the Alaska bear skins, H. S. Swarth and Robert
Grinnell. At Oakland, Fred L. Button, who gave us a two-
night exhibition of his shells. At the Academy of Sciences,
Golden Gate Park, Barton W. Evermann and the Henry
Hemphill collection of western land shells. At the Leland
Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd and the Hemphill
duplicates. At Los Angeles, the fossil bones from the asphalt
beds. The collections and the collectors demonstrate the Cali-
fornia spirit, and were far beyond our expectations.

Tucson likewise, Thornber, Cummins, Voorhies and Taylor
at the University of Arizona, McDougal and Shreve at the

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Carnegie Desert Laboratory are ‘‘live wires’’ in the natural
sciences. Also explorers. Exploring begets good health, and
good health begets enthusiasm. Also, Arizona is apparently
the head center of natural history, so many species in botany
and zoology have their beginning here. By the way, a news-
paper reporter at Tucson gave us a reputation for the dis-
covery of 650 new species of snails in Arizona! In figures it
is well to give out type-written copy to the press. Then no
embarrassing apologies to university clubs will be needful.

To eliminate a limp which interfered with snail-catching
more and more, I went into a hospital at Tucson, and a month
or two was taken out of this great vacation; but on the whole
a large collection was made. With mules for the high desert
ranges and a Ford for the smaller ones, one in the conva-
lescent stage may make a good showing. Some of the hills are
only 150 feet in height, and with a level desert floor we could
almost collect from the machine. At one point it was not
more than ten feet from snails to Ford. We seldom walked
ten miles in one day, for with the larger mountains and their
long and rough mesas we could ride within a half-mile of the
snails.

Within the recent geologic period apparently there was a
heavy rainfall (Noah’s perhaps), so heavy that the large
boulders were thrown out upon both sides of the channel, and
thus these gulches are often heavily diked on the lower slopes
of the mountain. These dikes are often the best collecting
grounds, especially in dry weather; the fortifications of five
or six feet in depth and twenty wide are easily explored. To
catch a live snail at home in some of the larger slides higher
up, a steam shovel and a full equipment of quarrymen is
needed.

On horseback, with Frank Cole as guide, a trapper, hunter,
prospector, forester, now a good snail-hunter and a wonderful
cook, I made another trip through the Catalinas and Rincons,
finding more of the rough-barked Sonorellas. Then into the
Galuras, where we captured a smooth-bark Sonorella with a
diameter of 32 millimeters. At Tucson my partner on the
California trips and many others joined the party for a winter

6 THE NAUTILUS.

in the desert. To her it seemed a dreary prospect, but a short
trip into the Tucson range with its mesas forested with
orchard-like trees and giant cactus, the ever-changing botan-
ical societies, wild pigs, deer, mountain sheep, quail and very
toothsome cottontails, told another story. The desert was as
interesting as the mountains, and the weather in winter was
summer-like without excessive heat or annoying insects. With
extra tanks of gasoline upon our running-board, any place was
home, the tent a parlor, and auto cushions a mattress. There
was no lack of firewood or water.

The Tucson range, only an hour or so from the city, was
particularly home-like. The first day in camp, Cole brought
in a wild pig and baked it. With hot biscuit and steaming
coffee, and the fruit and goodies brought from town, we had
such a Christmas dinner, with surely as good an appetite, as
in ye good old days, and it was on Christmas day. And, too,
in a dining hall with columns and arches of living green, with
prickers so long an unruly guest would not scratch the var-
nish. Our mistletoe decorations were generous, for there are
eleven species and varieties in Arizona. Here we found our
largest catch in Sonorellas, the rare fern Cheilianthes pring-
leyi and the most beautiful member of the fish-hook group of
eactus, Echinocactus leconter. From our camps westward
towards the Silver Bell range, twenty miles away, it was a
thick forest of the giant cactus, paloverde, mesquite and iron
wood a8 far as the eye could see. Cole brought in a good pair
of mountain sheep horns laid out by some lion or wolf about a
year ago, and I dug up a nice diamond rattler the second day
out. There are eleven species and varieties of rattlers in this
state also.

We made seven camps on the west side of the range—Pic-
tured Rocks, Rattler, Sheephorn, Wild Pig, Twin Cacti (Plate
I), Cat Mountain and Limekiln. Sonorellas were found at
37 stations in five weeks. I worked about half time.

We also gave about the same amount of time to the ranges.
west, going as far as Ajo, and then I was in trim to work full
time. These mountains west of the city of Tucson rise from
a lower level than the Catalinas, Santa Ritas and the ranges

THE NAUTILUS. 7

eastward. The higher peaks are supposed to run up to 8,000
feet above the sea. Very few are named, and so far as we
could learn none have been surveyed. The Baboquivari sys
tem starts at the Mexican line and runs a little west of north.
As the Baboquivaris, they are 40 miles in length, then known
as Coyotes for 7 miles, as the Roskruge 20, as the Abbie
Waterman 10, and as the Silver Bell 10 miles. We hit only a
few high spots in the first three, and I collected at one small
slide in the latter.

On the road to Ajo we had good success in Sonorellas in the
small hills along the Comovo route, and here we first saw the
organ cactus and the crucifix tree. Around the Ajo moun-
tains—Wall’s Wells and Montezuma Head—and the several
nearby ranges, we were unable to find any traces of Sono-
rellas. The last Sonorella station west was at a small group
of hills where the sign board of the Interior Department read
‘‘Tueson 101 miles’’. Beyond that the basalt rocks were cov-
ered with white dust that may have been alkali, or the granite
had a face so sharp and dry the snails on a hike would require
tennis shoes and a canteen. A mining prospector afterwards
told us shells were to be found near the south end of the Big
Ajo range where there was a small spring and walnut trees,
and that they were also in the Mesquites, a range near the
Mexican border. We anticipated a change in conditions, and
perhaps Mexican or new groups of snails, and we still feel
that something may be found in this field—perhaps in the
Mesquite and border ranges, or in the Growlers, a forty-mile
range west of Ajo—when the Mexican bandits are a little less
active among the southern cattle ranges.

On the back track we returned by way of the Covered Wells
and White Wells crossing the Quijota range, but found only
a few Pupas, Succineas, and other small ones until we camped
near some abandoned silver prospects in the southern end.
We hunted the placer holes for rattlers without success but
found a tiger rattler and Sonorellas in the rocks. We also
had further luck in the foot-hills at the southern end of the
Cababi range, where Mr. Cole had found Sonorellas in 1914.

Nearly all of this western half of Pima County is occupied

8 THE NAUTILUS.

by the Papago Indians. Their horses, cattle, corn and wheat
fields, and villages are numerous, and we were under many
obligations to them for their good wells. Converted by the
Catholic Fathers some three hundred years ago, and with the
assistance of the Presbyterians since, they have become an in-
dustrious people, fat and very rich. Their housing is not
pretentious, as with wealthy white men, but evidently sani-
tary, for the male in weight averages about 260 and his help-
meet about 180. The white men covet the Papago’s grass
and browsing, and would like a mix-up; but Uncle Sam at
present is plainly giving the Indian a square deal.

Between the Tucson Range and the Ajo we collected at 55
stations, sampling the hills here and there. Other expeditions
were made to the Serritas, to the Rosemont and Greaterville
mining districts on the east side of the Santa Ritas, and to the
Empire and Mustang Ranges on our way to visit old friends
in the Huachucas. A. F. Berner, an old friend of the botan-
ists and snail hunters, was found in hard luck. He is now
blind and has been confined to his bed with rheumatism for
two years. The entomologist, Biedermann, is more fortunate.
He has been remarkably successful with beetles and moths,
and he is now an acknowledged leader in grafting. With 99
per cent success he has made the Carr Canyon walnuts pro-
duce the best of European walnuts, and the Black Hamburgs
are now picked from the wild vines of his homestead. He
hopes to exhibit home-grown chestnuts in another year, from
the mountain oaks. They do it in France. Happy Jack is a
prosperous merchant on the Ocean-to-Ocean auto way.

In the Empire Range, draining into the Santa Cruz River,
and the Mustangs, draining into the San Pedro, we found both
Holospira and Oreohelixz as well as Sonorella. Here was fur-
ther evidence of ancient ‘‘Noah flood’’ mischief. Deep in the
clay of the gulches of the Mustang slopes were Sonorellas and
Oreohelix, not to be found alive, or mixed in with the species
now living. I worked hard a day and a half to find them
alive or freshly dead, but other peaks and gulches had only
subfossils of their kind. A like condition existed along the
Bright Angel trail in the Grand Canyon. Since my former

THE NAUTILUS. 9

visit floods had cut the clay banks and turned up a subfossil
species of Oreoheliz not now found alive on the south rim.

Thus ends my longest adventure, and perhaps the most
fruitful. Collections were made at 187 stations, and with
something over 140 sets of duplicates thrown into the basket
by generous California friends, we will have about 500 sep-
arate lots to check up and discuss later.

Joliet, Ill., June, 1918.

NEW VARIETIES OF NAIADES FROM LAKE ERIE.

BY N. M. GRIER.

While the general distinction between the Naiades of Lake
Erie and their parent forms of the Ohio drainage have already
been commented upon by Walker, (1) representatives in Lake
Erie of at least three of the parental forms have never been
given the varietal distinction they deserve. The parent species
following the nomenclatorial changes proposed by Frierson
(2) and Vanatta (3) are Fusconaia flava (Raf.), Elliptio dila-
tatus (Raf.), and Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.).
The comparisons between them and their Lake Erie represen-
tatives were made with the aid of Simpson’s Descriptive
Catalogue.

ELLIPTIO DILATATUS Var. STERKII, new variety.

Differs from typical dilatatus by its smaller size, less elon-
gated and proportionately higher shell. Always inflated, not
so pointed posteriorly. Ventral line rather straight, beaks
more anterior in position. Epidermis in dilatatus dark brown
and horn or yellowish, surface usually with uneven growth
lines. In sterku, epidermis always smooth or polished, light
olive green to yellowish brown to reddish brown. Nacre in
dilatatus mostly dark purple, salmon and white; that of sterku
is lavender, light reddish purple, pearl-blue.

The following table gives maximum, minimum and mean
dimensions of 52 shells each of parent and variety:

10 THE NAUTILUS.

E. dilatatus Var. sterkia
Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter
130mm. 60mm. 35mm. 87mm. 46mm. 28mm.
86mm. 41mm. 24mm. 59mm. 3lmm. 18mm.
30mm. 16mm. 7 mm. 26mm. 13mm. 7mm.

Factors obtained from above by comparison of length with
height and diameter show that greater height and inflation
rest with sterku—51% and 30% as against 48% and 25%.
In variety sterku, the average distance of the beaks from the
anterior extremity of the shell is 18% of the total length; in
dilatatus this is 25%. There appears to be no substantial
difference between values obtained with Simpson’s measure-
ments and my own.

This new variety is respectfully dedicated to Dr. V. C.
Sterki, who first commented upon the distinction between it
and the stream forms. (4) Type no. 61. 4268, card catalogue
Carnegie Museum.

LASMIGONA COSTATA var. EREGANENSIS, new variety.

Variety eriganensis is smaller, less elongated and propor-
tionately lower than costata. Ventral line straight. Epider-
mis in costata light horn-color to dark chestnut in old speci-
mens, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In eriga-
nensis always smooth or polished, greenish olive to reddish
brown to chocolate-brown, even growth lines. Nacre in costata
eream-color to lavender or blue. In variety ertganensis, pink-
ish, buff or salmon-color.

Average for 20 shells:

costata var. eriganensis
Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter
137mm. 78mm. 42mm. 90mm. 46mm. 31mm.
96mm. 55mm. 27mm. 72mm. 40mm. 23mm.
55mm. 31mm. 14mm. 65mm. 36mm. 19mm.

Factors secured as previously show that costata is propor-
tionately higher than var. eriganensis, 56% against 53%, but

THE NAUTILUS. 11

is not so inflated 27% against 832%. My measurements of
costata check readily with those of Simpson.
Type no. 61.4720, card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

FUSCONAIA FLAVA var. PARVULA, new variety.

Variety parvula differs chiefly in size from flava, being
smaller although proportionately higher and more inflated.
Epidermis of flava yellowish to dark horn-color; in var. par-
vula, yellowish green, greenish olive. Surface with even
growth lines. Nacre of typical flava mostly white, tinged
with salmon in the beak; of parvula, pinkish-color or to pale
blue.

Dimensions:
flava var. parvula
Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter
91mm. 60mm. 37mm. 59mm. 45mm. 30mm.
36mm. 438mm. 25mm. 36mm. 28mm. 18mm.
27mm. 24mm. 25mm. 13mm. 11mm. 8 mm.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in flava—77% and
42%.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in var. parvula—
79% and 51%.

Similar results are obtained from Simpson’s measurements
of flava.

Type no. 61.4513 card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

The type specimens of the above three new varieties were
collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann at Big Bend, Presque Isle
Bay, Lake Erie, July 8-12, 1910, and kindly entrusted to me
for description. They appear to be generally distributed
throughout Lake Erie.

1. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’
Nautilus, 27, 1913.

2. Frierson, L. S. ‘‘Remarks on Classification of Unionide.”’
Nautilus, 28, 1914.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

3. Vanatta, E.S. ‘‘Rafinesque Type of Unio.’’ Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916.

4. Sterki, V. ‘‘A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio.’’ Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci-
ence, IV, pt. 8.

A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON.

BY 8S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.

Since the publication of my note on the chiton genus 7'ra-
chydermon in the Proceedings of the California Academy of
Sciences, (4), vol. 7, p. 245, September, 1917, Mr. Tom Ire-
dale has supplied me with the interesting information that
Trachydermon Carpenter 1864 is preoccupied, and hence can-
not be used in Polyplacophora in any sense. This consider-
ably clarifies the whole situation by rendering needless any
further investigation as to which species is properly to be re-
garded as the type of the genus. At the same time the pecu-
liar group of West American chitons comprising the old Tra-
chydermon. flectens Carpenter and the remarkable Mopalia
heathii of Pilsbry is automatically left without a name. Hav-
ing ascertained from Mr. Iredale that he is chiefly concerned
with certain other consequences of the nomenclatural tangle
we have discussed and has, himself, no intention of taking up
the present question, I feel at liberty to propose the new
generic name, Basiliochiton, based upon Mopalia heathii Pils-
bry 1898 as its typical representative. A cogent argument for
the selection of this rather than the older species as the type
of the genus is that the whereabouts, if not the very existence,
of the type specimen of Carpenter’s flectens appears to be
unknown. I had supposed it to be in the British Museum,
but Mr. Iredale writes me that it is not there. It is possible
that it was destroyed along with so many other Carpenterian
specimens in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906.

A further and fuller discussion of this group of chitons will
appear in a forthcoming publication.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

THE 8YSTEMATIC POSITION OF TWO SPECIES OF MUSSELS FROM THE
OZARKS.

BY DR. A. E, ORTMANN.

Kurynia (MicroMYA) VENuSTA (Lea).

Lampsilis venusta Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 543. — Deser.

Catal., 1914, p. 89.

A large number of specimens has been received from L. S.
Frierson, collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30, 1914, in
James River, at Galena, Stone Co., Mo.

Specimens of this lot have been sent to B. Walker, who also
believes them to belong to U. venustus Lea, a species closely
allied, on the one hand, to ZL. ellipstformis (Conr.) (Simpson,
1914, p. 128), and, on the other hand, to L. pleasi (Marsh)
(Simpson, p. 129). In fact, the latter is hardly anything else
but a smaller and thinner venusta. I have no doubt that all
three group together, and very likely the anatomy will be the
same. Utterback (Amer. Midl. Natural, 4, 1916, p. 141) places
ellipsiformis in the genus Nephronaias, but I do not think that
this is correct, since he describes the papille on the mantle
edge.

Call (Tr. Acad. St. Louis, 7, 1895, p. 57) believes that pleasi
is identical with venustus, and, according to Frierson (in
litt.), venustus is the same as ellipsiformis. Meek & Clark
(Bur. Fisher, Doc. no. 759, 1912, p. 19) mention, from Big
Buffalo Fork, Lampsilis venusta, which, according to their
remarks, is this form.

Anatomy: Soft parts (36 6 and 3 sterile 2° are at hand)
of the usual Eurynia-structure. Anal and supraanal openings
separated by a moderate mantle connection. Anal with dis-
tinct crenulations, branchial with papille. Posterior margins
of palpi connected at base only. Inner lamina of inner gill
entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Marsupium in posterior half of outer gill, with a rather
larger non-marsupial section at posterior end. Ovisacs about
15 to 20. Mantle margin, in front of branchial, slightly
lamellar, with small, irregular papilla, which are not crowded.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

and extend forward nearly to the middle of the lower margin,
becoming quite distant and small in front.

Color of soft parts whitish, with black pigment around anal
and branchial openings, and a brown or blackish streak run-
ning forward on mantle margin on the inside of the papille.
Edge of marsupium with brown pigment.

This species undoubtedly belongs near the group, of which
E. vanuxemensis may be regarded as the type. The anatomy
is practically the same, and the papille on the mantle margin
are very much alike. Also in the shell are certain common
peculiarities, since E. venusta has, in the female, an indication
of that peculiar ‘‘constriction’’ seen in the vanuxremensis
group. Our species, however, differs in the more elongate
shell, weak development of postbasal expansion of the female,
which is located rather more anteriorly, thus suggesting, to a
degree, the shape seen in Mediomdus plateolus (= conradi),
with which species U. pleasi has been compared by Marsh.
My specimens have a strong tendency to become more or less
intensely of a salmon-color in the nacre.

This seems to be a species characteristic for the Ozark region,

LAMPSILIS BREVICULA (Call).

L. brevicula and L. brevicula brittsi Simpson, 1900, p. 533.—

1914, pp. 57, 58.

L. brittst Simps. is an absolute synonym of brevicula Call:
the differences mentioned by Simpson do not hold good at all.
The emargination of the posterior basal margin of the female
shell is not always present, probably only in old specimens [as
in L. satura (Lea)]. Among my material there are no speci-
mens which show it.

A number of individuals is at hand from James River, Ga-
lena, Stone Co., Mo., and from White River, at Cotter and
Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark. (L. S. Frierson donor). From
Galena and Cotter I have specimens with soft parts, collected
Juwy 31 and August 2, 1914 (by A. A. Hinkley). Among
them is a gravid female, caught in the act of discharging
glochidia (July 31), so that this date indicates the end of the
breeding season.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Anatomy of the Lampsilis type, and agreeing almost com-
pletely with that of L. luteola (see: Ann. Carn. Mus., 8, 1912,
p. 348). The mantle flap is of the same shape as in this
species, with the edge irregularly toothed, the largest teeth
standing on the free, anteriorly projecting lobe, giving it a
lacerated appearance. Also the color markings are the same
(streak of black or brown pigment, and I think I ean distin-
guish in some of my specimens an indistinct eye-spot).

Glochidia suboval, agreeing in shape and size with those of
L. luteola; their L. is 0.23, their H. 0.28 mm. Surber has fig-
ured them [Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1914, App. 1915 (Fish.
Doe. no. 313), pl. 1, f. 14]. His measurements are: 0.230
0.290, while Utterback (for var. brittsi, Am. Midl. Nat., 4,
1916, p. 173 gives: 0.250 0.305.

According to its anatomy, this species falls in the luteola
group of Lampsilis, and represents a peculiar type of it, which
seems to be restricted to the Ozark region, and may be re-
garded as having. the same relation to L. luteola as has L.
fasciola (= multiradiata) to L. ventricosa. (Smaller, thin-
shelled form, with numerous fine, broken rays; the shell is, in
the average, less elongated than that of luteola).

I do not understand why Utterback (1. ¢.) places this species
in the genus Hurynia, since he describes very well the flap of
the mantle margin.

NEW LANDSHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINES.!

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

HEMIPLECTA SAGITTIFERA BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., has sent to the
U. S. National Museum two Hemiplectas from the island of
Batan, off northern Luzon, which belong to the sagittifera
complex. This is a dark-colored race, which agrees fairly well
in size with typical sagittcfera from the Sinait region of Luzon,
the type locality of Hemiplecta sagittiffera, but is considerably

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

more depressed and of much darker coloration. The basal
portion of the last whorl is also less inflated. The aperture is
proportionately longer and more compressed. The type, Cat.
No. 218765, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: alti-
tude, 23 mm.; greater diameter, 50.2 mm.; lesser diameter,
38.5 mm.

OBBA LISTERI BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

The Obba from the island of Batan, is also distinct from
any of the other forms known from the Philippines, as shown
by specimens received from Mr. Webb. It belongs to the Obba
listeri complex. It is nearest related to Obba listeri costata
Semper, from the island of Camigin, of the Babuyan Group,
north of Luzon. It differs from this markedly by its more
regularly conic outline, somewhat greater elevation, paler
ground color, and rougher incremental sculpture. The type,
Cat. No. 218764, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures:
altitude, 10 mm.; greater diameter, 26.7 mm.; lesser diam-
eter, 22.1 mm.

COCHLOSTYLA POLYCHROA BURIASENSIS, new subspecies.

Specimens of the Cochlostyla polychroa complex sent to the
U.S. National Museum for determination have made it neces-
sary to critically examine that group. This examination has
revealed the fact that most of the specimens in collections
passing under this name are from the island of Burias. The
type locality for Cochlostyla polychroa is Temple Island, an
island adjacent to Burias. A series of specimens from this
island in the collection of the National Museum show that the
shells of the typical form, that is Cochlostyla polychroa poly-
chroa, are larger, decidedly more elevated and conic than the
specimens from the island of Burias. The coloration, too, is
much more vivid in the Burias shells than those from Temple
Island. I shall therefore bestow the name Cochlostyla poly-
chroa buriasensis upon the shells from Burias Island.

The type of this shell, Cat. No. 218788, U. S. N. M., has 4.7
whorls and measures: altitude, 35 mm.; greater diameter,
30.7 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

NOTES ON THE GLOCHIDIA OF STROPHITUS EDENTULUS PAVONIUS
(LEA) FROM COLORADO.

BY M. M. ELLIS AND MARIE KEIM.

While collecting material for class use from St. Vrain Creek,
near Longmont, Colorado, December 6, 1817, 25 specimens of
Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) (det. J. Henderson)
were obtained. Of these, 15 contained large numbers of well-
developed glochidia. These glochidia soon freed themselves
from the cords when the cords were placed in water after
being removed from the gills of the parent mussels, and each
individual glochidium began active snapping movements.
Many individuals lived for two or three days after leaving
the cords and continued active all the while.

This record of gravid specimens of Strophitus edentulus
pavonius is later in the year than any record given by Surber
(Bur. Fish. Doe..771, 1912) for Strophitus edentulus from the
Mississippi River, November being the last month in which he
found glochidia-bearing individuals of that species.

When compared with the figures and deseription given by
Surber (1. ¢.) for Strophitus edentulus, the glochidia of these
Colorado mussels of the variety pavonius were found to differ
in both size and proportion from the Strophitus edentulus
type. As these differences may have some taxonomic signifi-
cance, occurring as they do in the glochidia of a variety of
Strophitus edentulus taken near the western edge of the range
of that variety, the following description of the glochidium of
Strophitus edentulus pavonium is given.

General shape that of the Anodonta type as given by Surber
(1. ec.) but of a form intermediate between that of Strophitus
edentulus (fig. 3, 1. ¢.) and that of Anodonta grandis (fig. 45,
l. ¢.); hinge line straight; depth slightly greater than the
length; marginal spines three, well developed, the median
spine being slightly longer than the two lateral spines; from
seven to ten rows of spines, counting the marginal row, on
each valve; end of the adductor muscle showing from 35 to
50 distinct bundles of fibers. The exact measurements of 20
specimens are given below.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Length in micra Depth in micra , Length in micra Depth in micra
254 280 260 264
256 260 260 264
258 264 260 280
260 266 264 274
260 280 266 272
260 272 266 272
260 270 268 272
260 272 270 280
260 270 272 280
260 270 272 280

The modal average of the specimens examined gives an aver-
age length of about 260 and an average depth of about 270,
the range of variation being 254 to 272 for the length and 260
to 280 for the depth. Surber (p. 8, l. c.) states that the
length is greater than the depth in Strophitus edentulus and
gives 350 for the length and 285 for the depth as average
measurements.

The behavior of the living glochidia was interesting in the
light of the work of Lefevre and Curtis (Bur. Fish. Doe. 756,
1912) on the metamorphosis of Strophitus edentulus without
parasitism. These writers state (p. 173) that they were un-
able to bring about the attachment of the glochidia to fish.
Our glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius were offered
cills from.the Topminnow, Fundulus zebrinis Jordan & Gil-
bert and of the Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (these
two species of fishes are found in St. Vrain Creek) imme-
diately after the gills were removed from the body of the fish.
Fish blood caused an evident increase in the activity of the
glochidia and several glochidia seized gill filaments. Once
attached the glochidia remained on the gill filament until the
experiment was discontinued, i. e. for several hours. No
attempt to infect living fish with the glochidia of Strophitus
edentulus pavonius was made, but the behavior of the living
glochidia suggests physiological differences between the glo-
chidia of Strophitus edentulus and these western specimens
of Strophitus edentulus pavomus.

University of Colorado, May, 1918.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NOTES ON NIDIFICATION IN GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Observations on the nidification and embryology of our
American fresh-water mollusks are rare; and contributions to
our knowledge of this subject, though they may not be exten-
sive, are of value. With this need for additional knowledge
in mind, the writer ventures to present the following frag-
mentary notes on the nidification of two common genera of
American Amnicolide, two species of which have but recently
been described.

The observations were made while conducting quantitative
studies of the animal life of Oneida Lake, New York State’s
largest inland body of water. The eggs of four genera of
mollusks were observed at this time (the latter part of July
and the first part of August), Gillia, Amnicola, Galba, and
Physa. Only the first two genera are considered in this paper.
It was hoped that time would permit a more extensive study
of these embryos, but the quantitative studies extended to
such a late date that there was no opportunity to carry on
the very interesting studies on the development of these
snails, which would have been of great interest and some
value. The information gathered, however, may be consid-
ered a contribution to our knowledge of the embryology of
these mollusks and may stimulate other students to a study
of our fresh-water gastropods.

Gillva altilis (ea). PI. 2, figs. 1-8.

Gillia altilis is a very common species in Oneida Lake in
the quiet bays, among vegetation. Egg-laying apparently
takes place late in June or early in July. In eggs examined
July 31st, the embryos were nearly ready to be hatched, the
embryonic shell being fully formed. Eggs were observed on
six species of plants; Vallisneria spiralis (abundant near
base), Pomatogeton robbinsw (on lower three or four leaves),
Potamogeton perfoliatus, Scirpus smithii, Scirpus americanus,
and Sagittaria latifolia.

The eggs are laid singly (never in a capsule as in the

20 THE NAUTILUS.

fresh-water pulmonates), either alone or in groups of one,
two, or more, but never exceeding six in any one group (as
far as observed). As a rule, many eggs were crowded in a
small space on the plant surface (see figures 1-3). On some
plants but one side of a leaf contained eggs while other leaves
contained eggs on both sides of the leaf. Several areas of the
leaves of different plants were measured and the number of
eggs in this area were counted, with the result shown in table
No. 1. These figures indicate the great abundance of the eggs
of this mollusk. The leaf used for attachment was generally of
a living plant, but in many cases the dead and partly decayed
leaves and pieces of plants were utilized for this purpose.
In the table all leaves were about 6 mm. wide.

Taste No. 1. Number of Eggs of Gillia altilis on Plants.

Plant. Length of Leaf. No. of Eggs.
Vallisneria spiralis ........... 50 mm. 70
4 hi Atoka Reeieciee 4 60 mm. 160
a) AO Py re ee 50 mm. 22
"a Sent! | a Nahare Samet tris 100 mm. 69
Yi Ertl! bi sents eecte ete 75 mm. 132
3 13 CAL DA LA Pee ae 75 mm. 73
v Rie: ‘fie atet ath 4 bb 90 mm. 68
“H “Ad. Auk Seder ee Brae 45 mm. 33

The eggs are somewhat hemispherical in form, 1.25 mm. in
diameter, the thickness being about a third of the diameter.
Upwards of 80 per cent of the eggs contained living embryos,
the balance being dead; a number of these were filled with
protozoa. The envelope of the egg is very transparent and
the embryo is transparent enough to permit some of the
organs of the body to be seen through the mantle and trans-
parent shell. The heart, placed near the aperture of the shell,
was observed to pulsate very rapidly in all the embryos, in
one individual 87 pulsations per minute.

Nearly all of the embryos were in an advanced stage of de-
velopment, the embryonic shell as well as the external organs
of the body—rostrum, tentacles, eyes, operculum, ete.—being
fully formed (fig. 4). The embryos moved about in the egg

THE NAUTILUS. vA

in the same manner that adult Gillia and other Amnicolide
browse over vegetation, the proboscis moving slowly about and
the radula being protruded as in the adult animal. There
appeared to be a regular circular movement of the embryo
around the area of the egg capsule. A favorite position of
the young animal when at rest is shown in figure 5. The
rostrum appears to be cleft at the extremity in some individ-
uals and the anterior part of the foot varies greatly in form
when the young animal is active (fig. 6).

The embryonic shell is transparent, spermaceti-white in
color and about 1.25 mm. in diameter. It consists of rather
more than one whorl which enlarges rapidly (fig. 7). The
nucleus and a large part of the shell is covered with very fine
spiral lines, the lines of growth beginning abruptly near the
aperture. The umbilicus is of medium size and rather deep

(fig. 8).
Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pilsbry. Pl. 2, figs. 9, 10.

The lenticular eggs of Ammnicola (figs. 9, 10) were notably
abundant in many localities covering all objects on the bot-
tom, including living and dead vegetation, dead and living
shells, and bottom debris. Two species, recently described,*
are represented. It is impossible to differentiate the eggs of
the two species, as both occurred with the eggs, but it is sus-
pected that the narrower form of egg (fig. 9) is from oneida
and the wider form from bakeriana (fig. 10). It will be
noted that the form of these eggs differs from the figure given
by Stimpson * for Amnicola limosa in which the egg is much
attenuated at both ends. The eggs of the new Amnicola were
especially abundant in filamentous alge (Cladophora fracta
and @dogonium species), the long filaments often being cov-
ered with the lens-shaped eggs. Scirpus, Vallisneria, and
other plants were also used for attachment. An effort was
made to ascertain the number of eggs on certain species of
plants in a measured area, with the result shown in table
No. 2. In Vallisneria, eggs occurred on both sides of the leaf.

1 Pilsbry, NAUTILUS, XXX, pp. 44-46, 1917.
2 Researches upon the Hydrobiinae, ete., Smith, Miss. Coll., fig. 7, 1865.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

TABLE No. 2. Number of Eggs of Amnicola on Plants.

Plant.

Vallusneria spiralis ...........
ee ce

ae oe

oe ce

ee e

oe ce

ce ce

ce cc

Potamogeton perfoliatus, stem. .
Potamogeton robbinsit, leaf ....

Scirpus occidentalis ...........
cc ce

ce oe

Ce op era 66 © be

ce ce

Scirpus americanus ...........
ae ac

ce ce

Size.

CVO Orn Or

No. of Eggs.

Quantitative studies show that Ammnicola is the dominant
genus of mollusks in the part of Oneida Lake examined, and
the vast number of the eggs of this snail indicates that the
group is fully maintaining itself. This fact is of importance
economically, as several fish of food value—perch, pumpkin-
seed, bluégill, sunfish, catfish, sucker—as well as a few smaller
fish preyed upon by larger and valuable food fish, use these
snails as food. The eggs of Amnicola were observed in mid-
summer (July 25 to Aug. 4), and the condition of the em-
bryos (in the trochosphere stage) indicate that they would be
hatched from the middle to the latter part of August.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 2.

om © De

. Eggs of Gillia altilis on leaf of Scirpus smithit.

. Eggs of Gillia altiis on leaf of Vallisneria spiralis.
. A single egg of Gillia on leaf of Vallisneria.

. Embryo of Gillia about ready to hatch.
. Embryo of Gillia in resting position.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

6. Embryo of Gillia; forms assumed by fore part of foot.
7. Shell of Gillia altilis, top view showing rapid enlarge-

ment of whorl.

8. Shell of Gallia viewed from the front.
9. Egg of Amnicola (? oneida) on leaf of Vallisneria.
10. Egg of Amnicola (? bakeriana).

PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS OF MAGDALENA BAY, LOWER CALIFORNIA,
COLLECTED BY CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In a recent visit to Magdalena Bay, Mr. Orcutt obtained a
series of Pleistocene fossils from a deposit on Magdalena
Island which prove very interesting. A number of the species
average larger than the recent forms of the same name, others,

like Strombus granulatus, are uniformly smaller.

Many of

the species have not been reported from so far north in the
recent state, and on the whole the assembly has a more topical

aspect than that of the recent fauna.

One or two of the

largest forms appear to be new. The list follows:

Bullaria aspersa A. Adams.
Terebra armillata Hinds.
Conus fergusoni Sowerby.
Conus vittatus Hwass.
Conus, cf. ximenes Gray.

Conus purpurascens Broderip.

Conus lucidus Mawe.

Conus tornatus Broderip.

Surcula maculosa Sowerby.

Crassispira nigerrima Sow-
erby.

Cancellaria obesa Sowerby.

Cancellaria candida Sowerby.

Cancellaria cassidiformis
Sowerby.

Lyria (Enaeta) cumingi
Broderip.

Vasum caestus Broderip.

Oliva incrassata Solander.

Olivella dama Mawe.

Phyllonotus stearnsii Dall, n.
sp.

Phyllonotus bicolor Valenci-
ennes.

Phyllonotus princeps Brod-
erip.

Solenosteira anomala Reeve.

Patellipurpura patula La-
marck.

Thais biserialis Blainville.

Thais kiosquiformis Duclos.

Macron aethiops Reeve.

Arcularia tegula Reeve.

Strombina dorsata Sowerby.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Strombina solidula Reeve.
Strombus gracilior Sowerby.
Strombus granulatus Wood.
Cypraea annettae Dall.
Trivia radians Lamarck.
Cerithium gemmatum Hinds.
Turritella nodulosa King.
Neverita recluziana Deshayes,
small variety.
Polinices uber Valenciennes.
Crepidula excavata Broderip.
Crucibulum imbricatum Sow-
erby.
Crucibulum spinosum Sow-
erby.
Fissurella voleano Reeve.
Fissuridea murina Carpenter.
Astraea undosa Wood.

Ostrea veatchi Gabb.

Pecten circularis Sowerby.

Cardium biangulatum Sow-
erby.

Cardium procerum Sowerby.

Metis alta Conrad.

Tagelus violaceus Carpenter.

Parvilucina approximata Dall.

Phacoides lamprus Dall.

Phacoides lingualis Carpenter.

Diplodonta (Felaniella) seri-
cata Reeve.

Diplodonta orbella Gould.

Divaricella eburnea Reeve.

Aligena cerittensis Arnold.

Dosinia ponderosa Gray.

Macrocallista squalida Sow-
erby.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Chione succincta Valenci-
ennes.

Chione undatella Sowerby.

Anomalocardia rugosa Sow-
erby.

Cyathodonta undulata Con-
rad.

Cryptomya californica Con-
rad.

Schizothaerus nuttallii Con-
rad, var. capax Gould.

Panope generosa var. taeniata
n. var.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Shell ovate-triangular, convex, inequilateral, solid and very
heavy, six inches long, the beaks two and one-half inches be-
hind the anterior end, incurved, prosocoelous, having neither
lunule nor escutcheon; the surface smooth except for slight
incremental undulations, irregular, but stronger toward the
ends and near the base, where they are sometimes supple-
mented by fine striations; anterior slope more abrupt than
the posterior, both ends rounded, the posterior moderately
attenuated, the base roundly arcuate; hinge of the type of
that of M. squalida but more concentrated, the posterior car-

THE NAUTILUS. 25

dinal more than half as long as the nymphal callosity; mus-
cular scars large, the anterior deeply impressed; there is no
subumbonal cavity; pallial sinus short, extending forward
less than half the length of the shell, acute, subtriangular;
margin of the valves smooth. Length of shell 158; height
135+ ; diameter of right valve 40 mm.

A single slightly imperfect right valve was obtained on
Magdalena Island. Than its nearest recent relative, M. squa-
lida, it is larger, more rounded, much heavier, with a less
uniformly smooth surface, and more concentrated hinge. In
M. squalida the right posterior cardinal is less than one-third
the length of the nymph, and the pallial sinus somewhat more
than half as long as the shell. The type specimen is in the
National Museum collection. It seems to be the heaviest
Venerid of the coast except Tivela stultorum.

Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taemata nu. sp.?

Shell in a general way resembling P. generosa, from which
it is best distinguished by a differential diagnosis. The shell
of taeniata is more arcuate, more attenuated behind, less
squarely truncate, the valve more inflated, with more of a
cavity under the beak, with a shorter ligament, and with the
posterior adductor scar nearly circular, while in generosa it
forms an elongate oval; the anterior scar is also larger and
wider than in generosa. Length of shell six and three-quarter
inches, height three and seven-eighths, diameter of left valve
an inch and a quarter. Compared with generosa the dimen-
sions are as follows in millimeters.

M. taenzata, lon. 170, alt. 103, diam. 60, truncation 65.

M. generosa, lon. 172, alt. 97, diam. 48, truncation 78.

The left valve of taeniata, from which this description is
drawn up, has a narrow rounded low rib extending from near
the beak to the lower margin near the base of the truncation,
but none of the specimens of generosa show anything of the
kind. This, however, may be an individual mutation and re-
quires confirmation by other specimens. The valve described
was found on the beach, probably washed out of the deposit
from which the fossils were obtained.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Murex (Phyllonotus) stearnsti new species.

Shell small, white, tinted with reddish brown on the varices
of which there are eight, thick and wide, on the early whorls
and seven on the last whorl; nucleus small, smooth, of two
whorls, followed by about five subsequent whorls; shoulder
high, rounded, the space between it and the suture pit-like
between the varices; spiral sculpture of nine or ten low,
strong ridges, incurved and guttered on the summit of the
varices, with an intercalary series of smaller cords, the whole
sharply spirally threaded and crossed by fine, rather sharp
axial threads between the cords; aperture oval, hardly lirate,
canal short, broad, almost closed, the base of the whorl some-
what constricted. Height 50, diameter of shell 35, length of
aperture and canal 33 mm.

Fossil on Magdalena Island. Recent from Acapulco to
Manta, Ecuador.

This is nearest to P. humilis Broderip, of Panama, which
has recurved spines, is generally more compact, and when
adult much smaller.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM ANGEL AND TIBURON ISLANDS, GULF OF CALI-
FORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

Collected by L. C. Decius and A. D. Fyfe, November, 1917.

BY I. S. OLDROYD.

ACANTHINA ANGELICA, I. Sp.

Shell elongate with sloping shoulders, surface with heavy
revolving striw crossed by fine longitudinal ribs, which over-
lap forming a net-work; color grayish with markings of
chocolate-brown here and there. Whorls five; aperture pur-
plish within; columella straight, same color as aperture;
outer lip thickened, dentate and with a strong tooth at its
base. Alt. 26, diameter 13 mm. Canal short, open. It is
nearest to Acanthina engonata Conr., but differs from it in
slope of shoulders, sculpture, and color of aperture.

Type is in the Stanford Collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Type locality, Redondo Bay, Angel Island, Gulf of Cali-

fornia.

ANGEL IsuAND SPECIES.

Polanices recluzivana Desh.
Columbella fuscata Sowb.
Tria solandri Gray.
Pecten subnodosa Sowb.
Fusinus dupetithouarsi Kien.
Bullaria gouldiana Pils.
Pecten dentatus Sowb.
Pododesma adamsi Gray.
Arca multicostata Sowb.
Chione undatella Sowb.
Crucibulum imbricatum Brod.
Turbo flexruosa Wood.
Murez elenensis Dall.
Cassis abreviata Lam.
Conus dalla Stearns.
Pinna rugosa Sby.

Trivia solandri Gray.
Cypraea annetta Dall.
Phacoides sp.

Cardita affinis Sby.
Hipponix barbatus Sby.
Nerita sp.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.
Opalia crenatoides Cpr.
Terebra variegata Gray.
Natica bifaciata Gray.

Acanthina sp. worn.

Cassis coarctata Gray.

Pecten circularis Sowb.

Phyllonotus bicolor Val.

Olwella dama Mawe.

Paphia grata Say.

Modiolus modiolus Linn.

Glycimeris giganteus Rve.

Crepidula onyx Sby.

Cerithium interruptum C. B.
Ad.

Conus regularis Sowb.

Thais haemastoma Linn.

Acanthina muricata Brod.

Surcula olivaceus fumiculata
Val.

Chiton 2 sp.

Chione fluctifraga Sowb.

Turritella gonostoma Val.

Alectrion versicolor C. B. Ad.

Arca solida Sby.

Tegula viridula reticulata
Wood.

Alectrion affinis Sby.

Arca reeviana Orb.

TrsuRON ISLAND SPECIES.

Diplodonta sericata Rve.
Paphia grata Say.

Pecten dentata Sby.
Hipponic antiquata Linn.
Heterodonaz bimaculatus Orb.
Arca reeviana Orb.

Diplodonta orbella Qld.
Olivella dama Mawe.
Conus rimenes Gray.
Cardita affinis Brod.
Hipponiz barbata Sby.
Pododesma adamsi Gray.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF CUSPIDARIA FROM MONTEREY.

BY I. 8. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA.

CuspipariA (TROPIDOMYA) NANA, 2. sp.

Shell small and slender; subventricose, the surface sculp-
ture with numerous fine concentric lines of growth; the umbo
anterior to the middle of the shell. Anterior portion obese,
posterior slender, prolonged and slightly twisted, not gaping;
with a suleus reaching from the umbones to the rear of the
shell. Hinge with no lateral teeth, a small anterior cardinal
in the right valve, ligament obsolete, internal resilium strong,
set in a prominent, posteriorly inclined resilifer with a strong
quadrate lithodesma immediately in front of it. Pallial sinus
short rounded, margins entire. Length 25, height 13 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University, Cal.

Type locality, Monterey Bay, California. Living in clay.
Two specimens were found.

There is one specimen in the Hemphill collection, collected
by Mr. Hemphill at Bolenas, California.

ANOTHER ‘‘MARTYN”’.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The arrival in this country of a third: four-volume copy
of Martyn’s ‘‘Universal Conchologist’’ seems worthy of
record, especially as this differs in several details from those
that have been described by Dall, Johnson and Dautzenberg.

It was obtained from Messrs. William Wesley and Son of
London, England, and is now in my library. There is nothing
to show who had previously owned it.

The four volumes are bound as two in finely-tooled calf,

1 This is probably a fourth copy, as a four volume set was acquired
a few years ago by the Academy of Natural Sciences, No. 406 Conch.,
of the library.—Ebs.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

which was rather the worse for wear when received. The
plates measure 12 1*/,, by 1014 inches.

None of the circulars mentioned in connection with certain
other copies are found with this.

Bound in with the original indices is a MSS. index written
in a large engrossing hand. The plates are numbered con-
secutively in the upper right-hand corner in ink and evidently
by the same hand that wrote the index, with the following
exceptions: Plate 5 has no number at all; twenty-four plates
have the original engraved numbers in the upper right-hand
corner and eleven others, in addition to the written numbers
in the upper corner, have the original engraved number, run-
ning longitudinally with the page, in the lower right-hand
corner. Of these thirty-five engraved numbers, three are
simply numerals. The others have in addition to the number
a letter appended. Thus plate 8 is engraved ‘‘Fig °® 8—d’”’
and plate 153 is engraved ‘‘Fig’ 153 —ppp’’. All of the
plates with written numbers in volumes I[ and II are written
‘“No I’’, &e., while those in volumes III and IV, down to and
including plate 155, are written ‘‘Fig. 81’’, &. The remain-
ing plates have simply the numerals.

In all of the four volumes there are considerable differences
in the neat-lines surrounding the figures. Some have an inner
border of three lines, of which the center one is much the
heavier and an outer narrow one, while others have only a
single heavy line for the inner border. Eighteen of the plates
in volumes III and IV have no neat-lines at all. The neat-
lines, when present, were evidently added by hand and not
engraved.

Plate 73 and eighteen others in volumes III and IV are
initialed ‘‘H’’, evidently in the same handwriting as the
written index, and plate 82 has endorsed on it: ‘‘ (26 plates)
HY

Two of the additional plates in volume IV are signed ‘‘E.
Sewell’’, one in plain Roman letters and the other entirely in
capital letters.

Volumes I and II, with the possible deviations noted above,
are in all other respects the same as the copy in the National
Museum described by Dr. Dall in 1905, excepting:

30 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) That the French title-page reads ‘‘Les Figures’’, &c.,
instead of ‘‘ Des Figures’’, as in that copy.

(2) There are two plates numbered ‘‘30—1’’ and ‘‘30—2”’
giving an upper and under view of the shell figured, and two
numbered ‘‘72—1’’ and ‘‘72—2’’. The written index states
that ‘‘72—2’’ is a variety of ‘‘72—1’’,

(3) Plates 43 and 59 have two views of the shell as in
the Henderson copy, but plate 57 has only one figure as in the
National Museum copy. The figures on plates 61 and 63 are
also arranged as in the Henderson copy.

Volumes III and IV have no separate title-pages, simply the
engraved explanatory tables. These tables agree with those
quoted by Dr. Dall from the Sydney copy except that the
generic name is frequently omitted in the second column,
usually from lack of room when a varietal name was given.

The first species on plate 109 is given as ‘‘Pellis Armeni-
ana’’ and not Arminiana.

Plate 129 is indexed as ( Voluta) ‘‘ Aplustre Ducis Navalis’’.

The second species on plate 135 is given as ‘‘ Denrachates’’.

The first species on plate 137 is indexed as ‘‘Celata’’.

Plate 143 is given as (Cochlea) ‘‘ Albida’’.

Plate 154 is given as ‘‘Ostrea Echinata’’.

The first species on plate 156 is indexed as ‘‘Tellina cin-
namea.’’.

There are forty-three plates in volume III.

Plate 88 is a costate shell and would seem to agree with the
name given in the engraved index. Plate 88* is a smooth
shell. No specific names are given for either species in the
written index.

Plate 115 is duplicated. The first plate contains two fig-
ures of the typical form of Amphidromus aureus (Martyn)
corresponding to those given in the Manual of Conchology,
XIII, pl. 54, figs. 70 and 71. The front view is of a sinistral
specimen, the back view is from a dextral one. The second
plate gives two views of a dextral specimen of the unstriped
form corresponding to fig. 72 of the plate in the Manual of
Conchology.

Plate 116 is also duplicated and represents two color forms

THE NAUTILUS. 31

of a beautiful sinistral Amphidromus, which I cannot assign
to any of the species figured in the Manual of Conchology.
The habitat is given as ‘‘Barbadoes’’, an impossibility, and
the shells figured are stated to be in the cabinet of Mr. For-
ster. In the introduction (p. 18) Martyn states that ‘‘For
exquisite taste and judgment in the various subjects of Con-
chology, Mineralogy and every other species of fossil bodies,
perhaps no collector has more distinguished himself than Mr.
Jacob Forster, to whose constant application in the pursuit
of everything rare and beautiful in these branches it is chiefly
owing that such matchless specimens now adorn his own, as
well as other principal cabinets of Natural History in this
kingdom”’,

A very large proportion of the shells figured in volumes IIT
and IV are stated to be in Mr. Forster’s collection. His ad-
dress is given as ‘‘Piazza, Covent Garden’’.

There are fifty-two plates in volume IV.

In addition to the forty plates enumerated in the engraved
index, there are twelve additional plates numbered 161 to 172
inclusive. It is probable that these plates are part, at least,
of those prepared for the fifth volume before the project was
abandoned as stated by Chenu (Dall, 1905, p. 420).

No names are given on any of the plates except No. 169,
which has the following legend in ink:

‘‘Strombus Fusus.”’

‘‘This curious shell was taken up by the anchor of the
Albion, East Indianman, in the Straits of Macassar (quere
Sunda) in 1794 by Wm. Wells Esq’r and given to Mrs. Rob-
son, who sold it and it was afterwards in the possession of
Mr. Troward.’’

Only a portion of the species represented by these plates
are identified in the written index. The following are named:

Plate 161. Murex neritoideus eg i Lam.).
162. M. hippocastaneum
165. Cook’s Turbo.
169. Strombus fusus.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

170. ‘‘Same as 89.’’
172. Murex babylonius.

Plate 156 was represented only by a blank, but numbered,
page in this copy when received. Through the courtesy of
Mr. C. W. Johnson, I have been able to supply the omission
by an admirable water-color copy of the plate in the copy
owned by the Boston Society of Natural History.

The written index, while of course of no scientific value, is
of interest both as showing the changes that had been adopted
in current nomenclature between the date of the engraved
index and that of the written one and as affording an, at least,
approximate date when the present copy was put together
and bound.

In the nomenclature of the species represented on the 160
plates covered by the engraved index, there are no less than 89
changes in generic and 87 in specific names in the written
index. The accepted nomenclature of the written index is
apparently that Gmelin, whose Systema Natura was published
in 1788-1792. Thus the two species illustrated on plate 67 are
given in the engraved index as Limax nucleus and L. faba.
The former is now known as Cassidula nucleus (Martyn) and
the latter as Partula faba (Martyn). In the written index
both are referred to ‘‘Helix’’. According to Pilsbry (Man.
Con., XX, p. 236) Gmelin was the first to designate the latter
as ‘‘ Helix faba’’ in 1791, and according to Kuster (Con. Cab.,
Auriculacea, 1841, p. 29) he also referred nucleus to the same
genus.

Everything in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate
that it must have been one of the latest copies issued and was
made up of such plates as were then on hand. The entire
omission of plate 156 would seem to show that there were no
copies left of that plate. The numeration, part written, part
engraved, and some both written and engraved; the lack of
uniformity in the matter of the neat-lines and the addition
of twelve plates not included in the original work, all point
in the same direction.

In the written index under plate 67 (Cyprea aurantium)
is appended the following note: ‘‘N. B. See Ency. Brit., v. 9,

THE NAUTILUS. 33

p. 508. A fine young shell of this species was brought from
Guam, one of the Ladrona Islands in the Pacific Ocean near
Japan, in 1822 and was sold for £25’’.

This clearly fixes the date of the written index as later
than 1822.

Plate 67 has written on it in the lower corner in pencil and
in a handwriting entirely different from that of the written
index (presumably by some subsequent owner), ‘‘This is not
plate 69’’. The same note and in the same handwriting also
appears on plates 94, 111, 135 and 152. Possibly a comparison
with a perfect copy would show that the missing plates are
included in the additional plates in volume IV and were mis-
placed by careless handling in arranging the plates for the
binder.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-
ings during the past season—its eighth year. These meetings
have been well attended; many interesting papers have been
given and specimens exhibited. The general enthusiasm and
good-fellowship prevailing shows that the Club has a perma-
nent place among the scientific activities of Boston.

At the October meeting Mr. William F. Wells, Scientific
Assistant in Shell-fish, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, gave an
interesting communication on the ‘‘Possibilities of Scientific
Oyster Culture.’’ The Club also had the pleasure of a visit
from Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Museum.

In November the Rev. Oliver P. Emerson gave a talk on
‘*Collecting Achatinellide.’’ A residence in Hawaii for
thirty-five years gave him every opportunity for studying
these interesting shells and to make a large and beautiful
collection.

In December Mr. J. Henry Blake spoke on ‘‘Collecting at
Provincetown, Mass.,’’ noting the many changes that have
occurred affecting the molluscan fauna. Mr. C. J. Maynard
spoke on collecting Cerion in the Bahamas. The Club at this

34 THE NAUTILUS.

meeting also had the pleasure of a visit from Professor Wil-
liam A. Bryan, of the College of Hawaii, Honolulu. He gave
a very interesting account on the variation of species of
Melaniide in different parts of the same stream.

The January meeting was devoted to paleontology, Dr.
Hervey W. Shimer, speaking on the Cephalopoda and Pelecy-
poda, and Dr. Perey E. Raymond on the Gastropoda.

In February Mr. Charles W. Johnson spoke on the varia-
tion of Litorina rudis, L. obtusata palliata and Thais lapillus,
illustrated by a large series of specimens from various local-
ities on the New England coast and Europe.

At the March meeting Dr. Edward C. Van Dyke, of San
Francisco, spoke on collecting on the Pacific slope, and gave
some interesting points bearing on the zoogeography of the
region. It being the annual meeting, Mr. J. Henry Blake
was elected president to succeed Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.

In April Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.’s subject was ‘‘ Miscellany,’’
and Mr. Arthur F. Gray exhibited photographs and letters
of noted conchologists.

At the May meeting an interesting discussion was pre-
sented by Professor Edward S. Morse on ‘‘Protective Colora-
tion,’’ and by Mr. Francis N. Balch on ‘‘Problems of Colora-
tion in Mollusca.’’

The field meeting of the year was to Fresh Pond, Cam-
bridge, classic collecting ground for fresh-water mollusks.

E. G@. Humpurey, Secretary.

NOTES.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA ANGELENA, Var. NOV.

This variety differs from Sowerby’s type in being more
delicate and slender, with callous not so heavy, spire more
elevated, sloping more gradually from the middle of the shell
to the apex. Sowerby’s type came from Monterey and does
not occur near San Pedro living, but is found fossil there in
the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene. Variety angelena is
found fossil in both the upper and lower San Pedro beds of
the Pleistocene.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Length of type 27, width 13 mm.
Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University.
T. S. Ouproyp.

PRESSODONTA rediviwa.—In some notes on the Unionide re-
cently published (Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 49,
1918, p. 2) I proposed to replace Pressodonta Simp. (1900) by
Calceola Sw. (1840) on the ground of priority, both groups
having the same type. Dr. Dall has since called my attention
to the fact that ‘‘Calceola was used by Lamarck in 1799 for
a coral (long supposed to be a Brachiopod).’’ This restores
Pressodonta to its place as the proper name for the subgenus.
The error is one of the unfortunate results of not having
access to a general scientific library —BrYANT WALKER.

Mr. Horace F. Carpenter has presented to the City of
Providence and has installed in the museum at Roger Wil- -
liams Park his entire collection of minerals and shells. It
consists of about 4,000 species of shells, 75,000 specimens,
1,200 species and varieties of minerals, over 200 rare chem-
ical salts, and 50 wooden models of mineral crystals. A
microscope with accessories for conchological and mineralog-
ical work, and a library of about 200 volumes on natural his-
tory and chemistry, worth about $1,500. This collection
represents a life labor of 60 years. Mr. Carpenter has spent
nearly a year in installing, arranging and labeling these
specimens at the museum.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Nores oN West AMERICAN CuHiTons, I. By S. Stillman
Berry. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. vii, pp. 229-248.,
Sept. 1917 (received May 17, 1918). These interesting notes
are based on a large and valuable collection made by Mr.
George Willett in southern Alaska, comprising 25 species and
622 specimens. Two new species, Ischnochiton (Lepidozona)
willetti and Placiphorella rufa, are described and figured,
followed by a note on the genus Trachydermon.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PULMONATA
OF THE GALAPAGOS IsLANDS. By W. H. Dall. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 375-382, Dee. 1917 (re-
ceived May 17, 1918). Thirteen new species of Bulimulus
subgenus Naesiotus, a new Helicina and Williamia galapa-
gana are described.

Nore ON CHRYSODOMUS AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM THE
NortH Paciric Ocean. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 54, pp. 207-234, 1918. An exhaustive account of
the genus and the allied forms now grouped under the family
Chrysodomide. The nuclei or larval shells of the various
genera present several distinct types and numerous mutations,
‘‘In many eases, as in Buccinum and Busycon, it was shown
many years ago by Loven and others that a single ovicapsule
contains a number of ova fertile and unfertile. The unfer-
tile eggs serve as food for the larve developed from the fertile
ones and there is a certain amount of competition between
the larve in the capsule which results in the most vigorous
larve getting more food and making a larger growth than the
more weakly coinhabitants of the capsule. Thus at the time
of leaving the capsule and coming into the outer world, it
sometimes happens that there will be perceptible differences
between the individuals issuing from a single capsule, not
only in actual size but in the length of the coil of whorls and
the size and compactness of the larval apex.’’ The rules of
nomenclature necessitates the use of Chrysodomus instead of
Neptunea. Under the genus Searlesia is placed the C. dirus
of the west coast. The other genera comprising the family
are: Ecphora, Colus, Siphonorbis, Kryptos, Plicifusus, Exiia,
Volutopsius, Pyrulofusus, Beringius, Liomesus and Ancistro-
lepis. Fifteen new species are described. C. W. J.

NoTes ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE MOLLUSKS OF THE
Famity Turritpa. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 54, pp. 313-333, 1918. A very useful and timely paper.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. SXXI1.

OCTOBER, 1918. No. 2

THE AVICULA CANDEANA OF D’ORBIGNY, FROM BERMUDA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Among the mollusca collected by Mr. Owen Bryant at Ber-
muda in the summer of 1903, was a specimen referable to the
genus Malleus of authors. At the time I urged Mr. Bryant to
describe it and he started to do so. Ido not wonder that the
monographs in the Conchologia Iconica (Vol. XI) and in the
Conchylien Cabinet (VIII, 1) baffled him, and when I showed
him d’Orbigny’s description of Avicula candeana in La Sagra’s
Cuba, he ‘‘ threw up the sponge,”’ and on leaving Boston turned
the specimen over to me.

The specimen was put aside, and the press of museum work
has prevented me from recording this interesting shell before.
At this time the pleasure of doing so is greatly marred by the
possibility that the appropriate and familiar name of Malleus
Lamarck 1799, might have to fall before the older name of
Pinctado Bolten, 1798.

My friend Mr. Charles Hedley in his list of the mollusca of
New South Wales, ingeniously places Malleus vulgaris under the
genus Pinctado and M. albus under Malleus. This is a very
nice way of arranging them so as to retain the old genus Malleus;
but do they really represent two genera? What shall we do
with all of the smaller, auriculate forms? Although the species
seem difficult to separate in the early stages of their growth,
the adult shells of the auriculate species are quite readily sepa-
rated from the true ‘‘ hammer oysters,’’ and the simplest plan
would be to adopt provisionally a third name to cover these.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1884 De Gregorio proposed the name Fundel/a for a shell,
with the hinge as in Mallevs; structure of the shell and inequality
of the valves as in Ostrea; cardinal line straight, and a wing as
in Avicula, shell gaping on one side; external aspect of the
summits as in Anomia; interior as in Ostrea. Type F. lioyi,
n. sp., 25 mm., in a sponge from the abyssal zone of the medi-
terranean, off Tunis. E. von Martens, who compiled the mol-
lusca in the Zool. Record for 1884, in commenting on the
species says: ‘‘ photograph, not very clear figure, much re-
sembles the young state of Malleus regula (Forsk.) from the
Red Sea.’? Fischer in his Manuel makes Fundella a section of
Malleus, with the following diagnosis: anterior ear obsolete, and
with a longitudinal, median ridge on the interior of the valves;
giving as the type, M@/. candeanus @’Orbigny. Did Fischer con-
sider De Gregorio’s species to be the same as d’Orbigny’s? I
am inclined to think he did. From the description and figures
I see no characters to separate them. Orbigny looked upon it
as a deformed Avicula (Pteria), with the characteristics of that
genus when young and of Mallevs when in the adult stage. Dr.
Dall under Electroma Stoliczka, (type Avicula smaragdina Reeve)
says: ‘‘The latter (Electroma) may be represented in the recent
fauna of the Antilles by Avicula candeana Orb., which seems to
owe its characters to commensalism with sponges.’’

FUNDELLA CANDEANA (d’Orbigny).

Avicula candeana d@’Orb. Hist. de Cuba, La Sagra, Moll. II,
343, pl. 28, figs. 25-27, 1853.

Malleus vesiculatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Malleus) XI, pl. 3,
fig. 12, 1858.

Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., XI, pl. 3, fig. 8,
1858.

Fundella lioyi De Gregorio, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., X, 73, pl.
4, fig. 6, 1884.

Malleus candeanus Fischer, Manuel de Conch., p. 954, 1887.

Electroma (?) candeana Dall., Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci.,
III, pt. 4, p. 668, 1898.

The shell in question was removed from a coralline growth
and is greatly deformed as so many of the species of this group

THE NAUTILUS. 39

usually are. It measures 45 mm. in length and is of a dark
purplish color, with a dull vellowish margin; the structure of
the shell is vesiculate, making it thin and brittle; umbones
smooth followed by a radial sculpture, which soon changes to
irregular, concentric laminae. At this point the growth of the
shell was arrested and commenced to grow at right angles to the
hinge; byssal opening large, affecting both valves. The pallial
line is conspicuously raised, forming a deep, nacre-lined body
cavity; from about the middle of the pallial line and extending
to the margin of the shell is a median, longitudinal ridge. The
object of this ridge seems to be that of strengthening the thin
vesiculate portion of the shell, for it is much more prominent
in the smaller than in the larger and thicker species, including
the two ‘‘hammer oysters.’’ This ridge is not present in
Pteria.

From the descriptions and figures given by Reeve, this species
cannot be satisfactorily separated from several species from the
Pacific, especially Malleus vesiculatus from Isle of Plata, West
Columbia. It also resembles except in color M. rufipwnctatus and
M. aquatilis from the same locality.

The metropolis of the Malleaceae being the Central Pacific,
their presence in the Antillean waters might possibly be due to
water connection by the Isthmus of Panama during the late
Eocene or early Oligocene, a period when so many of the ana-
logous species now living on the west coast of Central America
and in the West Indies, probably had a common origin, but its
occurrence in the Mediterranean makes this theory less plausi-
able.

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE III.

Fies. 1 and 2. Fundella candeana (d@’Orb.). Bermuda. Speci-
men in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Fies. 3 and 4. Fundella candeana (d’Orb.). From a _ photo-
graph of d’Orbigny’s figures.

Fic. 5. Malleus rwfipunctatus Reeve. From a_photo-
graph of Reeve’s figure.
Fic. 6. Malleus vesiculatus Reeve. From a photograph

of Reeve’s figure.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

A MOLLUSK HUNT IN WYOMING.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

The recent molluscan fauna of Wyoming is probably less
known than that of any other state in the Union. A number
of mountain chains, more or less isolated by broad expanses of
plains unfavorable to land snails, promise interesting results
from a conchological exploration of the region, especially with
reference to the genus Oreoheliz. I have long looked in that
direction with covetous eyes. In 1917 it was my privilege to
spend the two weeks from August 23 to September 7 in that
region, in company with Edward L. Schwabe. We traveled
hastily by auto, with camp outfit, passing almost entirely across
the state from south to north. The great distance traveled,
together with long stretches of barren territory between collect-
ing places, and the lack of opportunity for side trips into more
favorable territory, prevented great results, but we obtained an
acquaintance with the region that will be invaluable in planning
another and longer season’s work in the future. Unfortunately
the war conditions have prevented a continuance of the work
during the present year. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has rendered val-
ued assistance in the determination of some of the land shells,
and Dr. Bryant Walker has identified or confirmed the identity
of most of the fresh-water snails. The Pisidia, of which we
found very few, were submitted to Dr. V. Sterki some time ago,
but as yet I have no report from him. In the card index of
the University of Colorado Museum, I find noted the published
records of the following species and subspecies for Wyoming:

Columella alticola (Ing.)
Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils.
Lymnea apicina Lea

Lymnea binneyi Tryon
Lymnea elodes var.?

Lymnea jacksonensis Baker
Lymnea proxrima Lea

Lymnea traski Tryon

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.)
Oreohelix coopert minor (CklL.)

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Oreoheliz: coopert maxima Pils.
Oreohelic pygmea Pils.

Oreohelic strigosa Gld. (depressa Ckll.?)
Oreohelic strigosa extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.
Physa sayi Tappan

Planorbis bicarinatus (antrosus Conr.)
Pomatwopsis robusta Walker

Pupula muscorum (1L.)

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt Pils.
Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey

Vitrina pfeiffert Newe. (alaskana Dall)

Oreohelic cooperi minor should be eliminated from the list,
because, in the first place, a re-examination of the material so
recorded shows that it is true cooperi, and in the second place,
investigations recently carried on by me at the type locality
of minor convince me that the small form so named was
based upon examples merely dwarfed by adverse conditions
in one portion of a normal cooper: colony. Baker has placed
the Ft. Bridger record of Lymnca elodes var. in the synonymy
of L. palustris. The Pyramidula striatella record is probably
P. c. anthonyt, which would still further reduce the list, but
it may possibly be P. shimeki cockerelli Pils. Pupilla mus-
corum is probably P. m. cerobia Pils., but one cannot be cer-
tain of it. Physa sayz is doubtful, but if not that, it refers to
some other Physa, so its elimination would not reduce the
number of species. This leaves a list of about 22 species, 12
of which are confined to two genera, with no recorded pele-
eypods at all. Possibly some recorded species have been over-
looked by me. The only large land snails are in the genus
Oreoheliz; Polygyra, which occurs to the northward in Mon-
tana, not having been found in Wyoming. Oreohelix is an
ancient genus in the state, O. grangert Ckll. & Hend. and O.
megarche Ckll. & Hend. occurring in rocks of Eocene age.

Our two weeks’ work, besides furnishing new localities for
some of the species already recorded from the state, adds the
following species, including four additional genera, two of
’ which are pelecypods:

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Agrwlimax campestris (Binn.)
Ferrissia rivularis Say
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)
Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli Pils. & Ferr
Lymnea caperata Say

Lymnea humilis modicella Say?
Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa anatina Lea

Physa gyrina Say

Physa integra Hald.?

Physa sayi warreniana Lea?
Physa walkeri Crand.

Planorbis parvus Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Zonitoides arborea (Say)

In a recent paper Daniels and I asserted the probable oc-
currence of L. b. cockerelli in Wyoming, which is now con-
firmed.

Following is an account of the stations visited and the mol-
lusks obtained at each:

Sta. 232, reservoir where the road from Cheyenne to Cas-
per crosses Lodgepole Creek, about thirteen miles north of
Cheyenne.

Pisidium sp.

Agriolimas campestris ( Binn.)
Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa sayti warreniana Lea?
Planorbis parvus Say
Succinea avara Say

Vallonia graciicosta Reinh.

Sta. 233, a branch of Bear Creek, north of Horse Creek.
Pisidium sp.
Lymnea obrussa Say
Physa walkeri Crand.

Sta. 234, small reservoir six miles northeast of Wheatland.

Lymnea caperata Say
Physa gyrina Say
Planorbis parvus Say

Sta. 235. bridge over Laramie river. below Uva.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)
Lymnea obrussa Say

Lymnea humilis modicella Say? (two specimens)
Oreoheliz coopert (W. G. B.)
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.
Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Zomtoides arborea (Say)

Physa gyrina Say

Physa integra Hald.?

Planorbis parvus Say

Only a single broken example of the Oreohelix was found,
in the river bottom, and it may have been brought by the
stream from far away in the spring flood.

Sta. 236, creek bottom about ten or twelve miles north of
Uva, under willows and cottonwoods.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Vitrina alaskana Dall.
Zonitoides arborea (Say)

Sta. 237, five miles northwest of Douglas, in a small spring
brook.

Lymnea obrussa Say
Physa gyrina Say
Planorbis parvus Say

Sta. 238, Boxelder Creek, about 18 or 20 miles northwest
of Douglas.

Ferrissia rwularis Say

Lymne@a obrussa Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthony? Pils.
Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall

Zonitoides arborea (Say)

Sta. 239, a very small reservoir formed by throwing an
earth dam across a dry draw to catch the storm waters for
stock, four miles west of Arminta. A few very rotten shells
of Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli Pils. & Fer. were found.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Many dead salamanders were along the bank and a few live
ones were seen in the water. This shallow water-hole did not
look as though it could have existed very long, and it was a
long distance from any other water. We were much surprised
to see several great blue herons fly from the water at our ap-
proach, and wondered what they were feeding upon, or we
should not have looked for any mollusks there. It would be
interesting to know by what agency they got there. Hand
(Nautitus, X XVII, 1914, p. 144) noted Planorbis vermicu-
laris in a small artificial pond in California, and raised the
same question, ‘‘ How did they get there ?”’

Sta. 240, at base of a rocky sandstone ledge about twelve
miles north of Lost Cabin on the road to Ten Sleep.

Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils.
Vallonia.cyclophorella Ancey

Sta. 241, creek bottom about three miles above Ten Sleep.
Agriolimax campestris (Binney).
Oreohelix coopert (W.G. B.) ?
Physa gyrina Say (‘‘peculiar long form’’)
Pyramidula cronkhitet anthony? Pils.
Succinea avara Say
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Vitrina alaskana Dall
Zonitoides arborea (Say)

Only one fragment of Oreohelix was found, apparently O.
cooperi, and it may have been brought down from up-stream
in the spring flood. Agriolimar is represented by two very
small examples.

Sta. 242, creek bottom at Hyattville, among willows, narrow-
leafed cottonwoods, ete. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Sta. 243, bottom lands on Shell Creek, at mouth of White
Water Creek, about five miles east of Shell.

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa anatina Lea

Planorbis parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi Pils.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Physa anatina is so identified by Dr. Bryant Walker. We
have another lot of the same species, also identified by Dr.
Walker, collected by Mr. Don W. Walker two and a half miles
east of Shell.

Sta. 244, just within the mouth of Shell Creek Canyon, on
south side of creek, about two miles above Sta. 243, on lime-
stone ledge devoid of shrubbery and other vegetation except
close-clinging lichens on the rock. Oreohelix yavapai extre-
mitatis Pils. & Ferr. was plentiful, clinging to the open face
of the rocks in plain sight, though the weather was hot and
dry. This form has been recorded from the same canyon by
Dr. Pilsbry. There were no rock slides or other cover, such
as Oreohelix usually requires, anywhere near. We obtained
145 live examples and over 200 dead shells in a short search,
one of the latter being reversed. I have never before seen
any member of this genus in such an exposed position.

Sta. 245, about a mile or so from Sta. 244, same side of
ereek, under shrubbery. We obtained 31 Oreohelix yavapua
extremitatis Pils. & Ferr. and 46 O. pygmea Pils. alive, to-
gether with many dead shells. This is the type locality of the
latter. Two of them were albinos. We also found Pupilla
muscorum sxerobia Pils., Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., and
Zonitorides arborea (Say).

Sta. 246, just within the mouth of White Creek Canyon, on
south side, a couple of miles south of Sta. 245, in a small brush
patch a few feet in diameter at the base of a low cliff near an
old log building.

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils.

Oreohelix cooperi form obscura Hend.
Oreohelix pygmea Pils.

Oreohelix yavapat extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.
Pupilla muscorum (L.)

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall.

Sta. 247, bluff 50 yards east of Sta. 246. O. y. extremitatis
Pils. & Ferr. abundant, clinging to rocks and under scant
mountain mahogany, clematis, etc., a few out on open ground,
all active after the rain of the night before. Two dead shells

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of O. pygmea Pils. and seven dead shells of O. s. obscura were
also found here. The extremitatis from this canyon are much
less prominently carinated than those from Shell Creek
Canyon.

Sta. 248, at base of bluff from 100 to 150 yards east of Sta.
247, under fairly good cover of shrubbery. O. c. obscwra nu-
merous, with quite a number O. y. extremitatis (two albinos)
and a few O. pygmea.

Sta. 249, a short distance up the canyon from Sta. 248,
where the vegetation about small rock slides at the foot of a
high cliff forms good cover for snails, which were very abun-
dant. In a short time we observed 600 live O. pygmea, the
same number of O. c. obscura, and 58 live O. y. extremitatis.
Four of the pygme@a and six of the obscwra are albinos.
OREOHELIX COOPERI OBSCURA new form.

Ordinarily forms of Oreohelix based upon color alone are
of doubtful value, but in this case the color is so striking and
so uniform that I feel justified in giving to the form from
this canyon a name. Of the hundreds of live examples and
more hundreds of dead shells examined from stations 246,
247, 248 and 249, not one resembles typical cooperi in color,
though I detect no other difference. With the exception of
the eight albinos, they are all very dark, mostly quite black,
not dark red or brown usually, with a rather broad lItght
peripheral band, though this is wanting in many examples.
In color they resemble 0. peripherica albofasciata (Hemph.),
but would not be mistaken for that form by anyone familiar
with Oreohelices. In numbering thousands of O. coopert in
the last few weeks I have noticed that there is a scratch be-
neath the pen, as though it were being dragged across a fine.
sharp file, quite different from the sensation experienced in
using the pen on other species, of which I have numbered
thousands recently. This scratch I noticed in the color form
now described.

Most of the shells of the yavapai group in White Creek
Canyon have the spire much more elevated, scarcely any
being as flat as those from Shell Creek Canyon, and, as would
be expected, the keel is much less pronounced. In fact, many

THE NAUTILUS. 47

of them have the keel as rounded as in O. s. depressa (CkIL.)
and some have the color bands well developed. A striking fea-
ture of this district is the number of albinos occurring in both
pygmea and obscura. Another unusual feature is the oceur-
rence of three forms of Oreohelix intermingled. It is seldom
that I have found even two together until the season of 1917,
and never before have I found three together, yet at all of the
stations in White Creek Canyon this occurs. These stations
are really different portions of one great colony, as scattered
dead shells were found all along the canyon as far as we
traversed it, but we divided it into stations because of dif-
ferences in cover and other conditions, and variance in the
proportionate numbers of the several forms.

A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA FROM THE ISLE OF PINES, CUBA.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

PRIOTROCHATELLA TORREI, 0. sp.

Shell depressed, trochiform, thin, fragile, above with numer-
ous oblique plications, crossed by raised spiral lines ; below
smooth ; whorls, nine, the first smooth, white, the spiral lines
beginning on the fourth. Suture of early whorls simple, of
later whorls denticulate, and of the last two or three whorls
covered with a white moderately denticulate flange. Last
whorl descending slightly, aperture very oblique. Color yellow,
with irregular white patches and white denticulate sutural
flange above, uniform yellow below.

Greatest diam. 13 mm., 1. d. 114 mm., alt. 8mm. Type in
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
No. 36888.

This species was discovered by Mr. W. 8S. Brooks near the
southern end on the eastern face of the Sierra de Casas, Isle of
Pines, Cuba, and later a large series was collected by Mr.
Brooks and Dr. Thomas Barbour.

No genus of the great host of West Indian land mollusks is
so famed for its beauty and delicacy of structure as Priotrocha-
tella. Hitherto but two well-defined species have been known,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

and it is indeed rare good fortune to be able now to associate
with a third the name of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of the Uni-
versity of Havana. No one has shown a keener or more sym-
pathetic appreciation for, or knowledge of, the shells of his
native land than has he.

P. torrei differs from the two species of Priotrochatella previ-
ously described, P. constellata Morelet and P. stellata Velasquez,
in having the base of the shell smooth, instead of granulose as
in P. constellata, or with transverse plications as in P. stellata.
The sutural flange is less coarsely denticulate than in constellata,
more strongly than in stellata. In P. constellata the average
number of teeth on the periphery of the last whorl is less than
40, in P. torrei between 40 and 50, and in P. stellata more than
50. P. constellata Morelet,’ was described as from ‘‘ Sierra de
Cristalles.’’? In the southern part of the Isle of Pines there is a
hill called the Sierra de Cristales, but the entire local formation
is igneous and therefore this certainly was not the type locality
of the species. It is possible that some one told Morelet that
the Sierra de Casas was called the Sierra de Cristales, which he
misspelled. Poey’ gives the habitat of constellata as ‘‘ Sierra de
Caballa, esta sierra esta al Sud de la poblacion llamada Nueva-
Gerona.’’ This locality is now definitely known as the Sierra
de Casas.’

Poey transposed the names of the two mountain ranges in the
northern part of the Isle of Pines, referring to the Sierra de
Casas by the name of Sierra de Caballa, and to the Sierra de
Caballas by the name of Sierra de Casas. Pfeiffer‘ repeats
Morelet’s locality of Sierra de Cristales. Arango* in 1878 gives
the habitat of constellata correctly as ‘‘ En los paredones de las
faldas E. y. O. de la Sierra de Casas situada al O. de Nueva
Gerona en Isla de Pinos,’’ probably as a direct result of Gund-
lach’s own collecting. Crosse® repeats the last named habitat.

1 Morelet: Rev. Zool., p. 144, 1847.

2 Poey: Mem. Cuba, I, p. 116, t. 5, fig. 15-17, 1851.

3 Todd: Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. X, pl) XXVII.

+ Pfeiffer: Mon. Pneum., I, p. 334, 1852.

5 Arango: Contribucion a la Fauna Malacologica Cubana, p. 45, 1878.
® Crosse: J. de Conch., vol. 38, p. 310, 1890.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

The true habitat of Priotrochatella constellata is the northern por-
tion of the Sierra de Casas, that of P. stellata the Sierra de
Caballos and possibly in its northern extension now called the
Sierra de Columbus. I do not know of any records of either
species being found on the opposite side of the river from its
true habitat. Due to the fact that P. torre: does not possess a
rapidly descending ultimate whorl, as in P. constellata, therefore
lacking that species’ pagoda-form appearance, one would be in-
clined to suppose that it is most closely related to P. stellata, in
spite of its habitat in that region theoretically occupied only by
P. constellata. Admitting as a possible premise that P. constel-
lata and P. stellata are derivatives of a common ancestor; that
due to separation on opposite sides of the river Sierra de Casas,
the two species have assumed characters rendering them specifi-
cally distinct, there are then several possible explanations of
the origin of P. torrei. 1. A direct descent from the original
Priotrochatella stock isolated by geographical change in its own
particular habitat at approximately the same period as P. con-
stellata and P. stellata. 2. A more recent geographical separa-
tion from either P. stellata or P. constellata. In an attempt to
throw some light on this question I have examined the radulae
of three specimens of each of the three species of Priotrochatella.
That too much stress must not be placed on the value of the
radula as an important character in deciding specific values has
been repeatedly demonstrated. I nevertheless believe that suffi-
cient differences appear in the radulae of the species mentioned
to furnish some foundation for my belief that P. torrei, in spite
of its outward similarity to stellata, is probably more closely re-
lated to constellata.

The name Priotrochatella was given as a subgenus by Crosse’
to those species of Eutrochatella possessing an operculum similar
to that of constellata. Wagner® raises Priotrochatella to a genus
and includes the species constellata Mor. and stellata Vel. As
far as I know no figures of the radulae of Priotrochatella have
been published.

7 Crosse: J. de Conch., vol. 41, p. 88, 1893.

8 Wagner: Denksehriften Akad. Wissenschaften. Band LXXVII, p.
369, 1905.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

The radula of P. torrei is approximately 14.5 mm. long, and
1 mm. wide, and contains in the vicinity of 25) rows of teeth.
The central tooth and the four laterals on each side are perpen-
dicular to the long axis of the radula, the rest of the row com-
prised of approximately 100 uncini, curves back toward the
posterior end of the radula. The central tooth (pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢.)
has a very slight cusp at its summit. The laterals (i, ii, iii)
possess very strong cusps which are not denticulate. The
major lateral (iv) cannot be described as denticulate, the cutting
edge being merely slightly sinuous. In this respect the radula
of Priotrochatella differs from that of any of the other Heli-
cinidae. If this major lateral is composed of two teeth, they
are so firmly interlocked that I have been unable to separate
them. The uncini (Fig. 1, u) (Fig. 2) are numerous and
densely packed. The innermost (1, 2) are simple, possessing
but one cutting edge, later (38, 39) becoming bidentate. In
the 45th (45) tooth of the radula figured, the inner denticle is
again divided, and the increase in the number of denticles con-
tinues to about the 98th row where the cusp is twelve-denticled.
The curve of the outer edge of the radula causes the cutting
edge of the outermost uncini to be turned inward toward the
center of the radula and parallel to its long axis. The three or
four outermost uncini are very broad flat plates and the denti-
cles entirely disappear.

The radulae of P. constellata and P. stellata are very similar to
that of tarrei excepting in the central teeth. In P. stellata
(Fig. 4) the central tooth is large, with a very strong broad
cusp. In P. constellata (Fig. 3) and in P. torrei the central
teeth are very similar in size, differing only in the shape of a
very small cusp. ‘There do not seem to be any constant differ-
ences in the radulae of the Priotrochatella excepting in the cen-
tral teeth.

Summary (1). The radulae of the three species of Priotro-
chatella exhibit sufficient differences in structure from other
groups of Helicinidae to sustain the raising of Priotrochatella to
generic rank.

Summary (2). The similarity of the radula of P. torrei to
that of P. constellata is of sufficient importance to lend consider-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

able weight to a theory that P. torrei is more closely related to
P. constellata than to P. stellata.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 4.

All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida.

Fig. 1. P. torret: c. central; i, iv laterals; u. uncini.

Fig. 2. Uncini 1 and 2, 38 and 39, 45, 55, 70, 90, 102 (the
outermost).

Fig. 3. Central tooth of P. constellata.

Fig. 4. Central tooth of P. stellata.

Figs. 5, 6, shell of P. torrei.

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA COHONGORONTA IN THE POTOMAC VALLEY.

BY WM. B. MARSHALL.

In the Naurtitus for October, 1917, I recorded the finding of
two valves (belonging to the same individual) of this shell by
Manly D. Barber in the Potomac River, at Great Falls, Mary-
land, about eighteen miles above Washington, D. C. Dr. Ort-
mann had already recorded the finding of a single specimen as
far south as the Shenandoah River, at Harper’s Ferry, W. Va.,
some fifty miles above Great Falls, and the finding of others at
places farther up the river.

On July 7, 1918, Dr. C. Wythe Cooke of the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey, found a superb specimen living in a sandy pass at
Midriver Island, which is only about a mile and a half above
the Falls.

On July 28, 1918, he and I donned bathing suits and made
a careful examination of the spot in the hope of finding more
specimens, and especially the very young. For two or three
hours we explored the sand and the mud beneath with our
fingers and toes and passed quantities of sand and mud through
our hands and through a fine mesh sieve. The spot thus in-
vestigated was about 20 feet wide and 75 feet long. Our efforts
were rewarded by the finding of four specimens of cohongoronta,
the smallest having a length of 40 mm., the largest a length of

52 THE NAUTILUS.

72mm. The specimen found by Dr. Cooke on July 7th had a
length of 90 mm. Their occurrence thus in a colony and of
different ages establishes cohongoronta as a member of the naiad
fauna of that vicinity. That the locality is well fitted for them
is shown by the great beauty of the specimens, which are highly
polished, much rayed with dark green on a ground color vary-
ing from yellowish-olive to light green and to very dark
brownish-olive. The shells are perfect except for a slight
erosion of the beaks. The posterior ridge is high and fairly
sharp. The angle at the junction of the posterior and ventral
margins is prominent.

Other naiads found at the same station were Lampsilis cari-
osa (9), Strophitus edentulus undulatus (1), Symphynota viridis
(1 dead), Alasmidonta undulata (2), Margaritana marginata (6),
Unio complanatus (many), Unio productus (many).

Until the present time Unio productus and Unio fisherianus
have been the only naiads in this vicinity which have offered
any great difficulty in identification. They are not yet well
understood. Further study may show that they belong to the
same species or, on the other hand, it may bring to light char- _
acters which will more surely differentiate them. Lampsilis
cariosa and L. ochracea have been confusing to some students.
Simpson’ has pointed out the differences between them. To
me very rarely have they offered any difficulty. The coming
of cohongoronta into this neighborhood may probably lead to
problems im future times. With passing time this shell, in ac-
commodating itself to new surroundings, may be modified in
form and color, and these modifications may trend in the direc-
tion of cariosa, making it difficult to distinguish between the
two species. Whence cariosa came and how and why it came
we have no positive knowledge, but it has been here since pre-
historic times and its make-up must be well established and
best suited to its environment. We hardly may expect any
great change in this species. Cohongoronta is a new arrival.
It may find conditions here approximately like those in its an-

1 Nautilus, VIII, pp. 121-123, 1895. Both species are figured, but the
legends beneath the figures should be transposed.

THE NAUTILUS. 53
cestral home, but it is more probable that it will find some con-
ditions different. Environment will not make a change to suit
the mollusk and hence if its residence is not to its liking the
naiad will have to adapt itself to the residence or else retire
from the field.

Then, too, there is a possibility that the two species will
hybridize and produce one or more other forms or races. Hy-
bridizing might wipe out either cariosa or cohongoronta, or it
might wipe out both of them, replacing them by a race of mixed
blood. Bearing a resemblance to each other close enough to
suggest a common ancestry or a converging development and
living now side by side in the same spot, it seems to the writer
that a crossing of the two species will be not only possible but
highly probable. Indeed, one of the specimens of cohongoronta
collected in that spot may bea hybrid. Its anterior portion
has the glossy, peculiar straw-colored periostracum of cariosa,
while the other features of the shell are distinctly those of
cohongoronta. It will be interesting and profitable to note the
future history of the two species in this vicinity, especially as
the specimens of cohongoronta in the U.S. National Museum
(Cat. Nos. 219057 and 219058) will show the characters of the
shell at the time of its first arrival and form a basis of compari-
son with the shells of future generations. The specimens of
cariosa collected at the same time and place form catalogue
number 219059.

THE STATUS OF LOBOA BRUNOI VON IHERING.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In the *‘ Nautilus’’ for February, 1917, vol. 30, on pl. 4, fig.
7, and in the number for March, 1917, pp. 121-122, Dr. H.
von Ihering describes a new genus and species of landshell
from the Island of Trinidad, as Loboa brunoi.

During a recent visit to Washington, Dr. Carlos Moreira, of
Brazil, submitted a shell to me for determination. This speci-
men, which is in a subfossil state, also came from the Island

54 THE NAUTILUS.

of Trinidad, off the coast of Brazil, in approximately latitude
21° §., longitude 29° W. Comparing it with the description
published by Dr. von Ihering, I feel certain that it is the
species described by him. In fact, I am not altogether sure
but what this may be the same specimen described by Dr.
von Lhering.

Unfortunately, the figure cited above is a mere outline
figure, and rather poor at that, so much so in fact that one
would not recognize the present shell were its status depend-
ent upon the figure alone, but the description is positive. The
rareness and isolated distribution of this species justifies redi-
agnosis and a good photographie figure, which are here pre-
sented. The shell will have to be known as Bulimulus (Proto-
glyptus) brunot von Ihering (Plate IV, fig. 7).

Shell very elongate-ovate, dingy white. The nepionie por-
tion consists of not quite one turn, which is well rounded, and
marked by slender, slightly protractively slanting axial rib-
lets. The succeeding turns are well rounded, appressed at the
summit, and separated by a somewhat constricted suture.
They are marked by almost rib-like, decidedly retractively
curved incremental elements and slender spiral lirations, the
junctions of which form feeble tubercles. Base somewhat
prolonged, moderately rounded, very narrowly perforated,
marked by the continuation of the rib-like elements and spiral
lirations, both of which agree in strength with those on the
' spire, but -becoming more crowded on the anterior portion of
the base. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute (outer lip
fractured at the edge); inner lip slightly sinuous and nar-
rowly reflected; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick
callus.

The specimen, which may be the type, belongs to the Na-
tional Museum of Brazil. It has 7.3 whorls, and measures:
altitude, 19.5 mm.; greater diameter, 8.3 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

HELIX AREOLATA.

BY C. R. ORCUTT.

The month of March, 1917, was spent by the writer almost
entirely on Magdalena Island, Baja California, Mexico. One
day was spent on Santa Margarita Island, separated from
Magdalena Island by a channel about ten miles wide, which
serves as the main entrance to Magdalena bay to-day, which
can be entered, though by small boats, by the two other chan-
nels north and south which separate these islands from the
peninsula. By dropping the ‘‘Santa,’’ as is often done in
conversation, we have ‘‘Margarita Island,’’ so often men-
tioned in shell literature, which in turn lent its name to the
bay which it helps to protect—hence ‘‘ Margarita bay,’’ where
W. Harper Pease had collected for him seventy-four species
of mollusks, as reported by Carpenter.

The industry in orchilla (Roccella tinctoria), for dye-stuff,
that was developed about forty years ago, when, I am told,
as much as a million dollars worth of this lichen was ex-
ported to Germany around the Horn in a single year, led to
the present settlement on Magdalena Island. Mining for
magnesite has now led to another settlement on Santa Marga-
rita Island in recent years, though it seems probable that this
settlement really antedated that on Magdalena Island.

Helix areolata was the only land shell reported by Car-
penter from Margarita bay in the Pease collection. In vain
I searched for the Pupas, found so abundantly further north
at San Quintin bay in 1886, on Roccella tinctoria, but I doubt
not these may yet be found in the vicinity of the bay, on the
peninsula if not on the islands, by some more persistent ob-
server upon more thorough exploration of the bay shores.
One specimen, not at hand, that may have been Assiminea
californica, two dead specimens of Pedipes (probably P. lira-
tus), and numerous living Melampus olivaceus were found.

Pilsbry is no doubt right in taking Magdalena bay as the
type locality for Helix areolata (see Proc. Phil. Acad. 1913,
391), but I would select Santa Margarita Island as probably
the exact location.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

I would select the same island as the type locality of Heliz
pandorae, credited by Dall to ‘‘ Margarita Island,’’ I believe,
though Pilsbry selects the San Benito Islands, to the north-
west of Cedros Island, instead.

Pilsbry selects San Bartolome bay, on the peninsula, as the
type locality of Helix levis, but it seems to me that Santa
Margarita Island could be selected with equal propriety, and
this would give us these three ‘‘species’’ as from one ‘‘type
locality.’’ It ean never be exactly known where these types
were actually collected, so that any designation of a type
locality must be more or less arbitrary.

My series of Helix areolata was all collected on Magdalena
Island, in a space perhaps a mile square, extending from the
ocean to the bay. The species was not confined to this area by
any means, and probably occurs in equal abundance over the
entire region around Magdalena bay. In places the ground
is white with the dead shells, and millions may be found
drifting in the adjacent sand hills on Magdalena Island.

The scant desert vegetation, such as agave, fouquiera, and
‘other plants, often harbored considerable colonies of living
snails. The shells on the bushes would often be found in the
morning covered with sand, indicating that they burrow in
the soil, probably climbing the plants for feeding purposes
and some staying over time. All my specimens were obtained
from the plants, however, and not by digging. I doubt not
that every figure on Pilsbry’s two plates (Proc. Phil. Acad.
1913, plants 15 and 16, figs. 1 to 52) could be matched by
specimens living in the area of the square mile referred to.

Many specimens were a solid chalky white, with no trace of
bands or color. Some have a strongly developed tooth; most
of the individuals show no trace of one. Some specimens, old
and mature, but usually rather small, were of a uniform pale
olivaceous-brown color, without signs of bands or other color,
that would answer well for Binney’s figure of Helix pandorae.
Some individuals were as elevated as Helix veatchii is figured
as being, and other shells are nearly as depressed as Helix
Traskii. Young individuals would answer for Pfeiffer’s fig-
ures of Helix decorata or H. levis.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

A colony of these snails, on leafy shrubs growing on sand
hills near the ocean, supplied the smallest individuals. Snails
on salicornia and other plants providing abundant shade fur-
nished perhaps the largest number of solid white shells.

Midway between the ocean and the bay, on an exposed
plateau, I found the largest number of highly-colored shells,
many immature or just come to maturity, on leafless plants
like fouquiera, where the variegated color was an excellent
protection. It was very difficult to see these snails on the
bushes, even near at hand, except as projecting knobs on the
stems against a background of sky.

The usually chalky-white shell seems to have a chocolate-
brown epidermis, which varies in intensity at different stages
of its growth, often nearly or quite absent, thus producing the
irregularly interrupted and very variable bands. This colored
stratum is thin and can be worn away with a knife-blade with-
out injury to the shell, and in age seems to naturally but
irregularly wear away, producing as many designs as there
are individuals.

I have collected thousands of specimens called Helix levis
at San Quintin bay, at the Rosario mission some eighty miles
southward, and on the peninsula east of Cedros Island, which
seem to me to only differ from the Magdalena Island shells in
size. All these localities are arid; rains occur at irregular
periods, sometimes three years or more apart, but copious fogs
from the sea nightly refresh the vegetation.

Pilsbry speaks of the known areas of levis and areolata as
separated by a ‘‘long reach of coast whence no land snails
are known.’’ From Turtle bay (a portion of, and not synon-
ymous with San Bartolome bay, as I am told) to Magdalena
bay is an arid coast unexplored by naturalists, from the lack
of water and landing places, mainly unknown because over-
land trails traverse this portion of the peninsula away from
the sea. But there is no reason to doubt the presence of this
snail in some form through the entire region from San Quintin
bay to Cape San Lucas.

I presume that the older naturalists, like many modern
naturalists, collected sparingly, but selected specimens show-

55 THE NAUTILUS.

ing the extreme variations. These were usually described by
other naturalists, not the collectors, who based upon them as
many species as they had individuals, through ignorance
rather than intent. In conclusion, therefore, [ would express
agreement with the opinion of the late Dr. R. E. C. Stearns,
who said (in N. Y. Acad. Ann., 2: 136) that he regarded ‘‘H.
areolata, pandorae, veatchu and levis as varieties of a single
species.’’ Pfeiffer’s H. decorata may evidently be added to
the long list of synonymy. Doubtless more than a hundred
varietal names may consistently be given to the various in-
sular and peninsular forms occurring between San Quintin
bay and Cape San Lucas when the whole region is fully ex-
plored.

SOME PHILIPPINE SNAILS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

My friend and former student, Dr. Cipriana Subejano, re-
turning from the Philippine Islands, kindly brought a number
of living snails collected by Mr. Maximo Oro at Los Bajios,
Luzon. We have now had them alive for many weeks in glass
bowls, feeding them on cabbage, lettuce and sliced apples.
Some have died, but three of the immense Rhysota ovum, four
Cochlostyla metaformis and one C. rufogastra still remain in good
health. .The following notes may be of interest; but I have not
access to the large works of Semper, Hidalgo, etc., and do not
know how far the observations are new.

Rhysota ovum Val.

When giving us the snails Miss Subejano stated that these
emitted a cry at times, resembling that of a young child or
small animal. For some time we wondered what she could
have heard, but at length the snails favored us with several
separate performances. The cry, a plaintive, high-pitched note,
is produced as the snail contracts into the shell, and is due to
the emission of air. It is very distinctive, but is only occasion-
ally noticed. The habits of R. ovwm are very different from

THE NAUTILUS. 59
those of the species of Cochlostyla. It appears to be nocturnal,
and is very inactive. Never once has it been seen stretched at
full length. The animal isa remarkable creature. The mantle
is whitish, and the lung is extremely capacious, with a wide
orifice. The foot above is white, with a large caudal mucus
gland. Anterior three-fifths of sole pale brownish-grey, the
posterior two-fifths dull white, contrasting. Head blackish;
oculiferous tentacles blackish, stout basally, eye-bulb pale
ochreous; lower tentacles white at end, with the bulb pale
ochreous. The shell has a diameter of about 75 mm.

Cochlostyla rufogastra Less.

Kindly determined by Dr. Bartsch, who states that it belongs
to the typical subspecies. In both the species of Cochlostyla the
foot is emarginate anteriorly, but in other respects the animals
of the two present marked differences. C. rufogastra has the
mantle black; and the very broad sole plumbeous in the middle,
with the lateral areas (not so wide as the middle one) black;
the extreme edge of the sole is narrowly reddish. The body
above and on the sides is reddish-brown, with the conspicuous
ruge darker; the dorsum is strongly blackened. The eye-
bearing tentacles are very long. A couple of these snails mated,
and later one laid a great quantity of eggs, which, however, did
not develop. The eggs are spherical, soft, opaque white, with
a diameter of 7 mm.

Cochlostyla metaformis Fér.

A much smaller species than the last, with a pale-colored
shell. There are two varieties, one banded, the other bandless;
the soft parts are the same in both. The species was identified
by comparison with a specimen determined by Dr. Bartsch.
The oculiferous tentacles are very long, 24 mm.; head rather
elongated, lower tentacles about 5 mm. from base of eye-bearing
ones. Body anteriorly pale greyish-brown, tentacles reddish;
posteriorly the body is pale grey dorsally, the sides of the foot
washed with ochreous; mantle light reddish ochreous. The
sole is light ochreous, without longitudinal zones differentiated
by color, but the margin is suffusedly a little darker. Both
species of Cochlostyla are quite active by daylight.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH
AMERICAN FOSSIL AND RECENT MOLLUSKS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON,

Pholadomya uwndata Meek and Hayden (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 81), now generally known as Liopistha
(Cymella) undata, Cretaceous, Rocky Monntain region, is pre-
occupied by P. undata Dana (Wilkes U. S. Expl. Exped., X,
1849, p. 687, Atlas, Pl. 2, figs. 11, 11a, 11b), Carboniferous,
Australia. It is unfortunate to have to abandon Meek and
Hayden’s name for the well-known American species, but the
rules of nomenclature require it, so I propose the name Liopistha
(Cymella) montanensis, in reference to both the type locality and
the geological group from which it was described.

Anodonta parallela White, was described from the Cretaceous
of Colorado in 1878 (Hayden Survey, IV, p. 709). Binney
used the same name in his Bibliography of North American
Conchology, Pt. I, 1863, p. 46, citing Ferussac, ‘‘ Hyde, in
litt.’’ As neither Ferussac nor Binney, so far as I know, ever
published any description to accompany that name, White’s
name will stand.

Unio rectoides White, Tertiary, Utah (U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull.
34, 1886, pp. 11, 15, 21), is preoccupied by U. rectoides Whit-
field, ‘‘ Cretaceous,’ New Jersey (U. S. Geol. Surv., Monog.,
Vol. 9, 1885, pp. 250, 258). As Pilsbry and others have
shown, Whitfield’s rectoides is itself a synonym of Lampsilis recta
(Lam.), and is from Quaternary deposits, instead of Cretaceous.
Under the circumstances it seems too bad to abandon White’s
name, but the rules adopted in the interest of ultimate stability
of nomenclature require it. I propose for it the name Unio
whitei. It should likely be removed to some other genus.

Unio brown Whitfield, Cretaceous, Montana (Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., XIX, 1903, p. 485), is preoccupied by U. brownii
Lea, recent, Asia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1856, p. 95),
so Pilsbry renamed it Parreysia barnumi (Navutitus, XVIII,
1904, p. 12), a fact that seems to have been overlooked by sub-
sequent writers, which is likely to be the case where new names

THE NAUTILUS. 61

are proposed in brief notices of publications in reviews. Even
if Conrad’s Africo-Asiatic genus Parreysia is to be considered
valid, the reference to it of Whitfield’s species seems to me in-
correct. In the present unsettled condition of the classification
and nomenclature of recent Unionide, it is doubtful whether
any good purpose is served by removing the fossil forms from
the genus Unio, though perhaps few, if any, would be placed
there if we had sufficient knowledge of the family, and had the
anatomy and perfect shells with which to work.

Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek, Tertiary, Hot Springs
Mts., ‘‘ Idaho’’ [Nevada] (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., XXII,
1870, p. 58), is preoccupied by Melania sculptilis Lea, recent,
Tennessee (Transac. Philos. Soc., X, 1853, p. 297; Tryon, L. &
F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, 1873, p. 297), so Meek’s name must be
abandoned, but I refrain from renaming it until further investi-
gation, for the following reasons: Meek himself later expressed
a doubt as to whether sculptilis and subsculptilis, from the same
locality and position, are distinct, and also suggested that it is
not distinct from M. taylori Gabb. Furthermore, Dr. T. W.
Stanton informs me that on Meek’s separate copy of his paper
in which sculptiis and subsculptilis are described is the following
penciled note in Meek’ s handwriting: “ Prob. the same named
M. decurata Con. Am. Jour. Conch. 6, p. 200, Ap. 1871, and
both are prob. synonyms of a species descr. by Gabb in Cal.
Report.’’ The reference to Conrad’s decurata probably means
decursa, which is said to have come from Colorado. The figure
does not look like any of the species mentioned. Gabb’s species
to which he refers is M. taylori (Paleont. Cali., II, 1869, p. 13,
Pl. 2, fig. 21), the figure of which is much more slender than
Meek’s figures, but perhaps because drawn from a more mature
specimen, as Meek suggests. If Meek’s M. sculptilis is the same
as any or all of the other three, then no new name is needed.
I believe it is identical with subsculptilis.

Melania convexa var. impressa Meek and Hayden, ‘‘ Tertiary ”’
[Cretaceous], Montana (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., IX,
1857, p. 138), is preoccupied by Melania impressa Lea (Proc.
Philos. Soc., II, 1841, p. 83; Transac., IX, p. 19; Obs., IV,
p. 19). Hence Meek and Hayden’s name must be abandoned,

62 THE NAUTILUS.

but as their impressa is probably not sufficiently distinct irom
their convexa to deserve a name, I propose the use of that name
convexa, and do not rename it. Probably all should be referred
to Goniobasis, as is usually done.

Cerithium tenerum Hall was described from the western Terti-
ary in 1845 (Fremont’s Expl. Exped., Ore. & Cali., p. 308,
Pl. 3, fig. 6), and was transferred to Goniobasis by Meek in
1870. Meantime, Melania tenera Anthony, was published by
Reeve in 1861 (Monog. Melania, sp. 407), and was transferred
to Goniobasis by Tryon in 1872 (L. & F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, p.
264). This gives Hall’s species priority, and Anthony’s should
be renamed unless it has already been renamed or is considered
a synonym of something else. A revision of the group includ-
ing G. tenera Anth., based upon adequate material, is desirable.

Melania multistriata Meek and Hayden, now known as Campe-
loma multistriata, was described in 1856 from the Fort Union
Tertiary (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 124).
Wheatley used the same name in 1845, attributing it to Lea
(Cat. of Shells of U. S., p. 147). His catalogue was a list,
without descriptions, and I do not find that Lea or anyone else
ever used that specific name in either Melania or Campeloma.
Hence Meek and Hayden’s name should stand. Dr. Pilsbry
writes that he finds no specimens bearing such a name in
Wheatley’s collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia. . Dr. Bryant Walker, in a letter just received,
says: ‘Neither Wheatley nor Lea ever described a species as
Melania multistriata. The use of that name by both of them
seems to be owing to a lapsus calami of Lea, who in his remarks
on his M. buddii compared it with ‘the striate variety of Mr.
Say’s virginica, which he called multistriata.’ Say’s species
was M. multilineata, and Tryon makes the correction on p. 295
of his monograph.’’

Paludina multilineata Meek and Hayden, Fort Union Tertiary,
Fort Clarke, North Dakota, was described in 1856 (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, p. 120), and renamed by the same
authors Viviparus nebrascensis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
XII, 1860, p. 480), because they said multilineata was preoccu-
pied in Paludina by Say, 1829. Later, after the Meek and

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Hayden species had been removed to Campeloma, Meek restored
the first name, calling it Campeloma multilineata, in accordance
with his custom, a practice forbidden by modern rules of no-
menclature. Since then, everyone has followed Meek. A
difficult question as to what constitutes a description is involved,
but I believe the second specific name should be used and that
the name should be written Campeloma nebrascensis (Meek and
Hayden). Say’s Paludina multilineata, now placed in Viva-
parus, was described after a fashion by indicating the species to
which he referred. He says: ‘‘I described it nearly four years
since under the name multilineata [evidently in unpublished
manuscript]; but recently, being about to publish it, on a more
attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the
elongata from Calcutta, I have concluded that it varies trom
that specimen only in having the umbilicus a little smaller.’’
Tryon, after quoting this, says: ‘‘I have compared the original
specimen with shells from Calcutta, and find that it differs as
little from them, as they do from each other. It is smaller
than the foreign specimens, but I think a larger native shell
was mislaid, or placed accidentally among the foreign ones, in
the same collection; so that, rather than commit an error, I
have chosen the reputed American example for my illustration.
lf this is not the bengelensis of Lamarck, it must have the name
given to it by Say; that of Swainson [elongata] having been pre-
viously given to a fossil species.’’? It is plain then, that the
name multilineata was definitely applied to the Florida species
by both Say and Tryon, provided it proved distinct from the
Asiatic species, which it probably is, and the designation was
accompanied by a figure of the Florida species and a brief de-
scription by comparison with the Asiatic species. All this ap-
pears to me to preclude the use of the name multilineata for
Meek and Hayden’s species.

Helix occidentalis Meek and Hayden, Judith River, Cretaceous,
Montana, is another instance of the same kind. The name was
changed by Meek to nebrascensis, because occidentalis was pre-
occupied in Helix by Recluz. Then Meek, in removing the
Cretaceous species to Hyalina, restored the original name, in ac-
cordance with his custom, but contrary to present usage. From

64 THE NAUTILUS.

the figures it is impossible to definitely ascertain to what genus
either this species or H. evansi M. & H., from the same locality
and formation, belong, but whatever the genus, the name occi-
dentalis should not be used. As to H. evansi, which is based
upon poor and probably immature material, we agree with Dr.
Pilsbry, who writes: ‘‘It is better to leave uncertain shells of
this kind in ‘ Helix,’ as uncertain generic reference may lead
some one to baseless deductions. Paleontology is full of the
most reckless generic references.’’ He also calls attention to
the fact that H. occidentalis Recluz, is now considered a Hygromia,
ranking as a variety, but that does not restore Meek and Hay-
den’s first name for their species.

Planorbis vetulus Meek and Hayden, was described from the
Tertiary of South Dakota in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
XII, pp. 175, 431). In 1864 (Smithsonian Check-list of In-
vertebrate Fossils of North America—Miocene, p. 13) Meek
called it P. vetustus, since which time the latter name has been
almost universally used, though no reason was given for the
change. The change was likely inadvertent, though possibly
deliberate, as authors in those days did not always hesitate
about changing names to suit their own notions. Unless vetu-
lus is preoccupied, of which I have found no evidence, it must
stand as the name for this species.

A somewhat similar case is that of Campeloma vetula Meek
and Hayden, which was first described as Paludina vetula, and
afterwards cited by the same authors as P. vetusta and changed
to Vivipara vetusta, but fortunately in that case the original name
has been used by most subsequent authors, though White
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 128, p. 77) made the curious mistake
of supposing that V. vetusta and C. vetula are distinct species.

Limneéa tenuicosta Meek and Hayden, Eocene, near Fort Union,
N. D., was described in 1856 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
VIII, p. 119). In 1860 the same authors (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila., XII, p. 431) cited the original description but
spelled the name tenwicostata, without offering any reason, and
the majority of subsequent writers have used the latter name,
instead of the former.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

During the past four months (1914 to 1917 inclusive), which
were spent by the writer on Forrester Island, Alaska, some at-
tention was given to the study of the mollusca of the locality.
The shore line was rather thoroughly traversed and some dredg-
ing was done in various depths down to seventy-five fathoms.

Forrester Island lies well out to sea, a few miles north of the
Canadian boundary line. It is about fifteen miles west of Dall
Island, and seventy-five miles out from the mainland shore.
The island is small, being approximately five miles in length
and from a half mile to a mile and a half in width. It is very
rocky along shore but is well timbered from the high-water line
to the summits of the hills. There are a number of small islets
and groups of rocks lying off the main island and practically all
of these were visited one or more times.

As Forrester Island is well within the sweep of the Japan
current, the water is much warmer than in the inside channels
around Dall and Prince of Wales islands. The effect of this
difference in temperature is shown in the fact that several species
of shells that occur in 10-15 fathoms in inside waters were not
found in less than 40-50 fathoms at Forrester Island. Also a
number of species that were rather common on Dall and Prince
of Wales islands were not noted on Forrester Island at all. As
there are neither sand beaches nor mud flats on the island.
many forms requiring such situations were conspicuously ab-
sent. The tidal currents in the vicinity are very strong at
times, and it is quite possible that some species of which frag-
ments or dead shells were found do not properly belong to the
island fauna but were carried to the locality by the strong cur-
rents. One of the most interesting features of this region from
a conchological standpoint is the fact that in many instances it
seems to be a meeting point between boreal species and those
from the southern fauna.

A number of species taken have since been described as new.
In such cases I have mentioned the paper in which the descrip-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

tion was given. The chitons obtained were made the subject
of a paper by Dr. S. S. Berry in the Proceedings of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (Fourth Series, Vol. VII, No. 10,
September 1, 1917, pp. 229-248). All species of which I was
doubtful as to identity were submitted to Dr. Wm. H. Dall
and named by him. For this kind assistance I wish to express
here my very great appreciation.

The following is a list of species of bivalves taken with brief
notes on same:

Terebratulina caput-serpentis Linn. Several young specimens
dredged in 50-60 fathoms.

Terebratalia transversa Sby. Common 5-30 fathoms.

Laqueus jeffreysi Dall. Abundant in 65-75 fathoms.

Nucula tenuis Mont. Rare. One or two dead valves and one
living young specimen dredged.

Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hds. Common 40-50 fathoms. At
Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, plentiful in 10 fathoms.

Leda minuta Fabr. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Leda penderi Dall. One dead valve dredged. Rather com-
mon at Waterfall in 10 fathoms,

Leda fossa Baird. A few dead valves dredged in 75 fathoms.

Glycymeris septentrionalis Midd. Rather uncommon.

Glycymeris corteziana Dall. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Glycymeris migueliana Dall. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Philobrya setosa Cpr. Fairly common.

Pecten (Chlamys) hericeus Gld. Found occasionally.

Pecten (Chlamys) hindsi Cpr. Abundant from low-tide line
to 60 fathoms.

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicus Mull. A few specimens taken in
dredge with last species.

Pecten (Chlamys) caurinus Gld. Single dead valve dredged.

Pecten (Pseudamusium) randolphi Dall. Two young speci-
mens dredged in 50 fathoms.

Pecten (Propeamusium) alaskense Dall. Fairly common in
50-60 fathoms.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. Rather common. More abundant
in inside channels.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Lima (Limatula) subauriculata Mont. Dead valves commo:
25-50 fathoms. Living specimens rarely taken.

Monia macroschisma Desh. Rather common.

Mytilus californianus Conr. Abundant. Some specimens st-
taining a length of nine or ten inches.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Occasional, Abundant in inside
waters.

Musculus niger Gray. Musculus seminudus Dall. A few speci-
mens of each of these species were taken in about 30 fathoms.

Musculus laevigatus Gray. One or two dead valves dredged.

Musculus vernicosus Midd. Common at times in sea weed at
extreme low tide mark.

Thracia curta. One dead valve dredged. Rather common at
Waterfall in 12 fathoms.

Thracia challisiana Dall. A few dead specimens taken in 30-
40 fathoms. Living specimens were probably all too deep in
gravel to be secured by the dredge.

Pandora ( Kennerlyia) forresterensis Willett. (NAuTILUS, xxxi.
1918, p. 134.) Abundant in 60-70 fathoms; less plentiful in
more shallow water.

Pandora (Kennerlyia) bilirata Conr. Common 25-50 fathoms.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxicola Baird. Dredged rarely. Rather
plentiful in inside waters.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) inflata Conr. One living specimen
dredged in 50 fathoms.

Lyonsia striata Mont. Occasiona! 30-60 fathoms.

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conr. Fairly common.

Cuspidaria planetica Dall. Not rare 50-60 fathoms.

Astarte compacta Cpr. Abundant 25-60 fathoms.

Astarte willetti Dall. (Navutitus, xxxi, July, 1917, p. 10.)
Abundant with the last species. Adults mostly found in the
deeper water.

Astarte alaskensis Dall. Abundant in company with the last
two. <A. esquimaulti Baird, was found to occur plentifully in
10 fathoms at Waterfall, but was not noted at Forrester Island.

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. Rather common 20-50
fathoms.

Venericardia ( Miodontiscus) prolongata Cpr. Rather common
with the last.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Thyasira trisinuata polygona Jeff. A few valves dredged in
50-60 fathoms Also taken at north end of Dall Island.

Diplodonta orbella Gld. Rather common. Much less globose
than California specimens.

Phacoides (Lucinoma) annulatus Rve. A few specimens
dredged in 40-60 fathoms.

Phacoides (Parvilucina) tenuisculptus Cpr. Fairly common
25-50 fathoms.

Kellia laperousii Desh. Abundant in dead shells of Marcia
kennerlyi.

Rochefortia tumida Cpr. A few valves dredged.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Desh. Abundant 10-40
fathoms.

Protocardia centifilosa richardsoni Whiteaves. Common 50-60
fathoms.

Saxidomus giganteus Desh. Dead valves found occasionally.
Abundant in inside waters.

Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Marcia subdiaphana Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. Occasional in gravel be-
tween boulders. Very abundant in inside waters.

Psephidea ovalis Dall. Common 15-40 fathoms.

Tellina (Oudardia) buttoni Dall. Rather common in 50
fathoms.

Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dall. Fairly common with last.

Tellina (Moerella) salmonea Cpr. One pair of dead valves
dredged in 40 fathoms.

Macoma calcarea Gmel. A few immature specimens dredged
in 50-60 fathoms.

Semele rubropicta Dall. Occasional 25-40 fathoms.

Psammobia (Gobraeus) californica Conr. Rather common.

Siliqua patula Dixon. One dead young specimen dredged.
Common in inside waters.

Spisula (Hemimactra) polynyma alaskana Dall. Dead valves
. found occasionally. Common in mud flats on inside waters.

Mya truncata Linn. Fairly common.

Panope generosa Gld. Single valves dredged occasionally.

Panomya arctica Lam. A few specimens taken in 50-60
fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Panomya ampla Dall. Several dredged in 25-50 fathoms.

Saxicava arctica Linn. Common. Many living specimens
found in dead shells of Marcia kennerlyi.

Saxicava pholadis Linn. Less plentiful than the last.

PUPLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A CHECK-LIST OF THE MARINE FauNA OF NEw SoutH WALEs,
Part I, Motiusca. By Charles Hedley. (Suppl. Jour. Royal
Soc. N. S. W., Vol. 51, 120 pp., 1917. Issued June, 1918.)
A very useful and interesting paper. The list by T. Whitelegge,
of Port Jackson invertebrata, published in 1889, contained 802
marine mollusca. The present catalogue contains over 1200
species. The list has been purified notably by eliminating a
block of Atlantic species included by mistake in the Challenger
series of 410 fathoms off Sydney. The author estimates that
future research will recognize 2000 species from the waters of
this State. The nomenclature is up to date and one notes many
changes, and in the position of certain families some surprises.
The following new genera are proposed: Altenuata, Austrodrilla,
Epideira, Etrema, Exomilus, Guraleus, Inquisitor, Hemidaphne,
Macteola, Nepotilla, Provexillum and Scabrella.—C. W. J.

Motuusca. By Charles Hedley. (Reprint from the Proc.
Royal Geog. Soc. Australasia. S. Australian Branch, Session
1916-17, 21 pp., 1 pl., 1918.) A report on some mollusca
collected in Western Australia by Dr. H. Basedow, adding
about sixty species to the fauna of that State. The new species
described and figured are: Tellina piratica, Eucithara basedowi,
and an interesting fresh-water shell Bulimus sisurnius.

REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODA OBTAINED BY THE F, I. 8.
‘* ENDEAVOUR’? IN THE GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT AND OTHER
SOUTHERN AUSTRALIAN Loca.itTiEs. By S. Stillman Berry.
(Biol. Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the
F. I. S. ‘‘ Endeavour,’’ 1909-14. Commonwealth of Australia,
Dept. of Trade and Customs, Fisheries, Vol. IV, pt. 5, pp.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

203-298, pls. 59-88, 1918.) A valuable contribution to our
knowledge of the Cephalopods of that region. The material
studied consisted of 104 specimens, representing 9 genera and
13 species. On the whole the material was in good condition,
but the author can find little to commend the use of formalin
in preserving Cephalopods, unless it be for some of the more
delicate and transparent pelagic forms. Nine new species are
described and figured and two new subgeneric names are pro-
posed—Austrossia, a subgenus of Rossia, type R. australis, and
Teuthidiscus, a subgenus of Opisthoteuthis, type O. pluto. The
illustrations based on the preserved specimens themselves,
which are apparently much contracted and distorted, often fail
to convey as clear an idea of the animal in life as a good draw-
ing.—C. W. J.

FRESH-WATER Biotocy. By Henry Baldwin Ward, Ph. D.,
and George Chandler Whipple, with the collaboration of a staff
of specialists. Pp. viii + 1111. New York: John Wiley and
Sons Inc., 1918. This work treats of all groups of fresh-water
plants and animals. In each group (except the Bacteria and
fishes) there is a comprehensive outline of the system arranged
in the form of a key, so that any form in hand may be run
down to its genus or subgenus with the least labor. Typical
species in each genus are described and in most cases figured.
The figures, of which there are 1547, appear to be admirably
selected, and as a rule are well engraved. The chapter on
mollusks, by Dr. Bryant Walker (pp. 957-1020, 144 figs.).
forms an excellent introduction to this group, as the clear defi-
nitions and abundant figures carry the classification to subgenera.
As most of the figures represent the more common forms, a
large number of the species most likely to be encountered can
be determined. The well-illustrated synopsis of Unionid groups
will be especially useful. There is no other publication giving
an up-to-date and complete classification of our fresh-water
mollusks, the data being scattered in many books and peri-
odicals.

The chapter on Conditions of Existence, by Prof. Victor E.
Shelford, will be of value to collectors of fresh-water shells for

THE NAUTILUS. 71

its clear though condensed exposition of modern methods of
observation and study.

The typography of the volume is particularly agreeable.
The work deserves and will doubtless have a wide circulation.
—H. A. P.

NOTES.

Cotorapo Mo.tuusk Norres.—The latest find in Colorado is a
fine specimen of Limax maximus L., found out-of-doors by D.
M. Andrews, the well-known botanist, in one of his nurseries
at Boulder, under a board. As he has imported some plants
from France, it is possible that it came from there.

Several years ago a few Lymnzxa auricularia (L.) were re-
ported from Colorado Springs. Lately G. B. Warner sent me
about 200 dead shells of that species found by him on the shore
of Dotson Reservoir near Fowler, which is in the same drainage
basin as Colorado Springs.

Lymnexa hendersoni Baker, therefore known only from the
type locality west of Fort Collins, has been found by Dr. M. M.
Ellis in a small pool west of Louisville. Like the one at the
type locality, the pool contains water during only a few months
each year.—JunIus HENDERSON.

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES LIMI, new name for V. c. compactus
Pils., Nauriius, Vol. 30, p. 42. Dr. Walker has kindly called
my attention to the prior use of compactus in Viviparus (Kobelt,
Syst. Conch. Cab., Vivipara, p. 113, 1906), and the name is
accordingly changed.—H. A. Prrssry.

CoMMANDANT Pau Dupuis, of the Belgian Army, and well
known to malacologists for his useful papers upon the shells of
the Belgian Congo, having been severely wounded, has been
transferred to the garrison of Paris, where he is employing
leisure time in zoological studies, particularly upon the chitons.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

GoNAVE IsLAND SHELLS.—The following species of land shells
were collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott at La Mahotiere on the
S. W. coast of Gonave Island, off the west coast of Hayti:
Plewrodonte semiaperta v. Mart. (this is the same as Helix gas-
koini gonavensis Crosse), Cepolis loxodon Pfr., Urocoptis guigowana
Petit, Gastrocopta pellucida Pfr., Chondropoma browniana Weinld.,
Alcadia gonavensis Weinld., and Trochatella brownia Weinld.—
E. G. VANATTA.

HENRY SUTEBR.

The well-known conchologist, Mr. Henry Suter, died at
Christchurch, New Zealand, on July 30, 1918, at the advanced
age of 77 years. He will be remembered best for his important
work, the ‘‘ Manual of New Zealand Mollusca,’’ published in
1913.

Mr. Suter was a native of Zurich, Switzerland, and from his
boyhood was an enthusiastic naturalist. He was educated as
an analytical chemist and was engaged for several years in var-
ious commercial pursuits without much success. At last, to
improve his prospects he emigrated with his family to New
Zealand in 1887.

He commenced his colonial career by taking a farm in a
rough bush district. When a middle-aged foreigner, accustomed
to a town life, turns back-woodsman it is only in a novel that
he ever succeeds. But when this last venture came to the in-
evitable end, Mr. Suter had fortunately attracted the attention
of Capt. Hutton, who obtained scientific employment for him.
Thereafter the remainder of his life was spent in the congenial
work of zoology. He held no regular post, but was engaged in
turn by various institutions to arrange collections, to make re-
ports or as relieving officer.

So long did he continue in harness that he used finally to
claim to be the oldest man in New Zealand earning, not draw-
ing, government pay. His last occupation was the preparation
of palaeontological bulletins for the geological survey. —CHARLES
HEDLEY.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXT1T.

JANUARY, 1919.

No. 3

NEW FORMS OF CAECUM IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY EDWARD 8S. MORSE.

A few years ago I collected from several scoops of sand from
Easton’s Beach, Newport, R. I., over two hundred specimens
of Caecum. From the variety of forms discovered, not includ-
ing the three New England species’ which were more or less
abundant, one might imagine that the Marquis de Folin had
been wrecked off the coast of New England at this place and his
collection of Caecidae had been washed ashore. In de Folin’s
monograph of the group he says that the species vary greatly
among themselves. The same species may vary from a smooth
to a ribbed surface, not only that but the three sub-genera
established by Carpenter? under the names of Elephantulum,
Anellum and Fartulum are not based on permanent characters.

A reference to Carpenter’s monograph of Caecidae shows that
he gave little value to his groupings, for he says ‘‘ The groups
described under Caecum can scarcely be regarded even as sub-
genera, so very gradually do they pass one into the other; but
they are found convenient, to avoid the frequent repetition of
characters, and to aid in the identification of species.’? He
does not give a single illustration, which greatly diminishes the
value of the monograph.

Bearing in mind this dictum of de Folin, one might believe
that here is a distinct group of mollusks in which permanent

1C. pulchellum, Stimpson. C. cooperii, Smith. C. johnsoni Winkley.
? Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1858.

es

74 THE NAUTILUS.

specific characters had not been established—nascent species,
in fact. Marquis de Folin published a monograph of the family
but I have never been able to refer to his memoir. So far as I
can learn it is not to be found in any scientific library in the
United States. Tryon in preparing his Manual of Conchology
has been equally unfortunate. He was unable to obtain the
memoir. Agents of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences in
Europe were specially instructed to obtain the work but without
success."

Tryon in his Manual presents two plates of figures of Caecum
depicting thirty-nine species. I have compared my forms with
these figures and under the names given have presented a few
drawings of these forms which more or less resemble the figures
as given by Tryon.

The family Caecidae consists for the most part of minute
tubular shells from one to two millimeters in length. These
shells are slightly curved backward. ‘The earliest stage shows
a closely coiled shell discoid in form ; after a few symmetrical
whorls it abruptly straightens out into a tubular shape and as
the shell grows the coiled nucleus is discarded, leaving a tubular
shell which in many species is also discarded after the perma-
nent shell begins to form. The end exposed after this separa-
tion is closed by a plug, or septum having a form which may
be ungulate, mucronate or mammillate. The tubular shell may
be smooth, longitudinally ribbed or transversely marked by
encircling ribs, these annulations being more or less prominent
and crowded. They vary in color from a light brown to a
chalky white resembling a dead shell, though often preserving
the operculum. When smooth the shell is often hyaline.

If one desires specimens of this interesting group he may
usually find them in the sand which drops out of sponges kept
in a druggists’ box or drawer.

It must be understood that the following designations do not
imply that I regard the forms as representing the species as-
signed to them. Doubtless some of them are different; but re-

1 De Folin’s work, ‘‘ Les Fonds de Ja Mer,’’ is now contained in the library
of the Academy.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

calling what de Folin and Carpenter say in regard to the extreme
variability of what are supposed to be species, I judge it better
not to encumber the synonymy by creating new names.

Caecum annulatum Brown. Pl. V, Fig. 1.

A single specimen in the collection resembles the figure given
by Tryon. At first sight it suggests pulchellum but enlarges
more rapidly towards the aperture. It differs also in having
three or four large costae next to the margin or lip.

Caecum cooperti Smith. Pl. V, Fig. 2.

This species was discovered by Sanderson Smith in Gardiner’s
Bay at the end of Long Island in five fathoms. This is a very
distinct form. From one specimen which was white and chalky
and resembled a dead shell I obtained the operculum which
was orbicular, thick, brown in color, concave with six sharp
revolving ribs, sinistral in direction, indicating that the shell
was dextral. In various references to the operculum of Caecidae
no mention is made of the direction of the revolving striae.

Stimpson in his ‘‘Shells of New England ’”’ figures accurately
the operculum of Caecum pulchellum, showing the sinistral spiral
of the lines of growth, yet makes no reference to its significance.
Even Carpenter in his monograph while describing a number of
opercula of different species makes no mention of the direction
of the striae. He describes the shape of the operculum,
whether flat, convex or concave, whether thick or thin, the
color, etc., but not a word is given as to whether the spiral
lines are dextral or sinistral. In his examination he used a
tin. obj. and the direction of the lines must have been very
plain. With the lowest power of Zeiss the direction of the
spiral was easily detected.

Caecum johnsoni Winkley. Pl. V, Fig. 3.

This was first discovered at Woods Hole. The drawing is
made from a co-type in the collection of the Boston Society of
Natural History. I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson for
the loan of it and for other kindnesses. The septum is sub-
ungulate and has transverse lines of growth. It resembles the
figure in Tryon of C. achirona of de Folin.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Caecum auriculatum de Folin. Pl. V, Fig. 4.

A number of specimens in the collection resemble the figure
of this species as given by Tryon. The shell is thin, white,
hyaline, very narrow for its length, faintly enlarging toward the
aperture. Near the aperture faint lines of growth are seen.
The septum is distinctly hemispherical or mammillate.

Caecum clarkii Carpenter. Pl. V, Fig. 5.

A number of these glassy tubes were found identical in shape
to C. auriculatum but only half the size. It cannot be an early
deciduous stage because the diameter of the tube is much
smaller. CC. clarkit as figured by Tryon bears some resemblance
to this form. It has the same hemispherical septum. The
operculum is light corneous in color, flat with a central smooth
area with a distinct knob in the centre; this area surrounded by
minute lines of growth. The form approaches C. cornubovis of
Carpenter.

Caecum nitidum Stimpson. Pl. V, Fig. 6.

This form of which a number of specimens were found is
without question Stimpson’s species described as a Florida
shell.

Meioceras sp., Carpenter. Pl. V, Fig. 7.

Two specimens in the collection are identical with the figure
given by Tryon. Its distribution is given from Florida to Rio
de la Plata.

Stimpson described under the name of pulchellum the first
Caecum discovered on the New England coast and gives an ex-
cellent figure of it in his ‘‘ Shells of New England.’’ The species
was dredged in ten fathoms of water in New Bedford harbor.
The other two species of New England Caecum were also found
south of Cape Cod. By far the larger number of Caecum col-
lected at Easton’s Beach consisted of C. pulchellum. Miss M.
W. Brooks also collected a number of Caecum at Narragansett
Pier and most of these were C. pulchellum. The shell is light
horn color and easily distinguished. The second deciduous
stage of pulchellum was very common in the collection. The
shell enlarges quite rapidly towards the aperture and is more

THE NAUTILUS. ui

sharply curved than in the adult. A few of the forms figured
by Tryon suggest the second deciduous stage of other species.

In the foregoing attributions I am indebted to the two plates
of Caecidae given in Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, Vol. 8. I
may remark that all the species referred to are Atlantic coast
forms, the west coast of Europe, the east coast of the United
States south of Cape Cod, Teneriffe, Florida, West Indies and
Brazil.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Caecum annulatum, Brown. 5. Caecum clarkii, Carpenter.
Caecum cooperit, Smith. 6. Caecum nitidum, Stimpson.
Caecum johnsoni, Winkley. 7. Meioceras sp., Carpenter.
. Caecum auriculatum, de Folin.

9d po

A EUROPEAN MOLLUSK, HELCION PELLUCIDUM, NEVER BEFORE
RECORDED IN AMERICA.

BY EDWARD 8S. MORSE.

In looking over the sand from Easton’s Beach, Newport, con-
taining Caecum, I discovered a minute specimen of the beauti-
ful limpet Helcion pellucidum of Great Britain. It was not over
a millimeter in length. I first detected it by the opalescent
markings like iridescent glass. These markings appeared as
four irregular-shaped areas near the anterior margin. In my
paper on An Early Stage of Acmaea (Proc. B. 8. N. H., Vol.
04, pp. 313-323), I became familiar with the protoconchs of
Acmaea testudinalis and A. alveus and they do not even remotely
resemble the young pellucidum. The shell is corneous, narrow-
ing slightly behind. Without the metallic markings it would
have suggested Helcion pellucidum, but with these iridescent
spots it was unmistakable. So far as I know this species has
never been found on this side of the Atlantic. Miss M. W.
Brooks discovered another European species, Homalogyra atomus
at Newport and Narragansett Pier.

In the American Journal of Science, Vol. 20, 1880, Verrill in
a brief note records finding in the docks at Newport a European
species never before recorded as American, Trwncatella truncatula.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

With the tremendous traffic going on for nearly two years in
the conveyance of troops and provisions we may confidently
look for other introductions of European’ species.

PRATICOLELLA CAMPI, 8P. NOV. (PLATE VI, FIGS. 1 TO 4.)

BY GEO. H. CLAPP AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose, shining, opaque white
with translucent corneous bands, usually one just above the
perirhery, one just below and numerous bands down to the
umbilicus, or the shell may be all opaque or all translucent be-
low the periphery. Whorls 4 with well impressed suture, body
whorl rounded, periphery high some shells showing a slight
angularity at the periphery. Aperture lunate-rounded, slightly
oblique, somewhat dilated above, lip thickened within and
widely dilated at the columellar insertion; there is a distinct,
though thin, callous deposit connecting the ends of the lip.

Diameter 6, altitude 4mm. There is a slight variation in
size but above is about the average. Animal not observed.

Type locality, Fort Brown, Brownsville, Texas. ‘‘ In sandy
soil from 1 to 6 inches below the surface, at the foot of the brick
piers’’ (J. H. F.). It was also found in the ‘‘axils of banana
plants’’ and in the soil on the eastern side of the parade ground,
in both instances with a number of other snails. Collected by
Jas. H. Ferriss and R. D. Camp in midwinter, 1913-1914.
Camp reports, Nov., 1918, that ‘‘the old building where we
found it has been removed and the parade ground torn up by
changes for the war.”’

We take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. R. D. Camp
who, for several years, has been collecting in the Brownsville
region.

Mr. Ferriss noticed this form when first collected and insisted
that it was not the young of either P. berlandieriana or griseola
which were found with it; there was too much evidence of
maturity and its subsequent detection in drift from the Rio
Grande confirms this opinion.

It differs from the young of the other species in being more

THE NAUTILUS. 79

solid and less translucent, and by the constantly thickened and
dilated lip and the presence of the callous deposit. 'The umbilicus
is also wider, being nearly double the diameter of that of the
young shells. The aperture is wider and more rounded, that
of the young of the above-named specics being distinctly sub-
angular at the base. Asa rule the spire of the young shells is
more prominent and the suture deeper, the young shells are
also distinctly angular at the periphery.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Praticolella campi Clapp and Ferriss.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, Praticolella griseola (Pir. ) juv.

STYLOBATES, A WARNING.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Some fifteen years ago a colleague interested in crustacea and
whose habit it was to bring me the empty shells from which he
had extracted hermit crabs, left on my desk a jar of alcohol
containing half a dozen horny objects having the aspect of a
large gastropod shell, flexible, yet keeping shape fairly well
while moist. The specimens were of a brownish color with
beautiful coppery or bronze reflections. Some were torn, but
several retained their shape in a nearly perfect manner. Of the
most perfect one, the drawings were made which illustrate this
note (Plate VI, figs. 8, 9, 10). The specimens recall the large
horny Velutina so common in Bering Sea, but of course being
nearly three inches in greatest diameter are immensely larger.
They were obtained in water between 220 and 436 fathoms deep
between Oahu and Molokai islands of the Hawaiian group, by
the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1903.

The ‘‘shells’? when collected contained each a hermit crab
of large size and served as a pedestal for from one to three large
Actinias.

After due consideration, and the exhibition to my colleagues
in the Museum of these singular specimens, I described them as
a new genus in the Nauritus.'- Had there been any marked

1 Stylobates aeneus, NAutiLus. Vol. XVII, No. 6, pp. 61-2, October, 1903.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

irregularity in the different specimens I should have been more
cautious, but this was not the case in this instance. However,
a year or two later another batch was received, and this time
the ‘‘shells’’ were no two alike, and most of them with com-
paratively little resemblance to a normal shell.

The blunder was clear. These specimens were secretions
from the bases of the Actinias, but how the first lot attained the
regularity shown by the figures is still a mystery. The readers
of this article must assess my culpability.

NENIA COOKI N. SP. (PLATE VII, FIGS. 11, 12, 13.)

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The shell is thin, obesely fusiform, the diameter contained
about 24 times in the length, composed of six whorls, the first
14 strongly convex. The first four whorls form a rapidly en-
larging cone; the next whorl is much inflated ; and the last
whorl is large, somewhat flattened peripherally in its first half,
then rapidly contracting, concave a short distance below the
suture; the neck rounded and shortly descending, free in front.
Surface mat. of a chamois tint, but darker on the antepenult,
paler on the last whorl; covered with a very thin cuticle. The
apex is entire, obtuse. First whorl smooth, the next having
delicate striae; on the third whorl low, coarse wrinkles appear,
and the following whorls have coarse sculpture of irregular, re-
tractive wrinkles. On the neck they become sharper, more
crowded, and less oblique to the growth lines. The aperture is
but slightly longer than wide, rounded, ivory-yellow within.
Peristome;broadly expanded, faintly flesh-tinted within, with a
narrowly reflexed white edge. The superior lamella is high,
sinuous, continuous with the spiral lamella. The inferior
lamella is strongly developed. Subcolumellar lamella is deeply
immersed. The principal plica is lateral, running in to the
middle of the dorsal side, where its inner end is closely con-
tiguous'!to the upper end of the lunella. The lunella is cres-
centic, deeply curved, and wholly visible in the aperture (seen
foreshortened in fig. 11).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Length 27.8 mm., diam. 11.5 mm.; aperture, length 9.7 mm.,
width 8.6 mm.

The clausilium is widest in the middle, tapering towards both
ends. It isa little thickened at the distai end, and the main
curvature is near the filament.

Type, Cat. No. 215084 U.S. Nat. Mus., from the Peruvian
Andes, in the vicinity of San Miguel (6,000 ft.), Urubamba
Valley, Province of Caxamarca, Peru, collected by Dr. O. F.
Cook, and referred to the writer by Dr. Wm. H. Dall.

This species is strongly differentiated from all known Nenize
by its very obese figure and small number of whorls, none be-
ing deciduous. The sculpture allies it to such forms as N.
taczanowskii, (Lub. ), which also agrees in the armature of the
throat. The inflation of the penult and contraction of the last
whorl give the shell an appearance of deformity. Dr. Paul
Ehrmann has remarked of the genus Nenia’ that Ecuador and
northern Peru are its distribution center; the group here reaches
its acme of differentiation, and is most numerous in species.
The present species, of a shape hardly to be matched in the
whole family Clausiliide, is a further illustration of the diversity
of forms found in this focal region for Nenia.

MY JOURNEY TO THE BLUE AND WHITE MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

At the close of a summer in the Catalina mountains, Frank
Cole, the guide for tourists and bug hunters to the wilds, led
me into the seventh heaven. Something over 200 miles north-
east of Tucson, Mt. Thomas, also known as Sierra Blanca and
Old Baldy, in this region of perfect delight, stands 13,496 feet
above sea level, the highest in Arizona, and at that time un-
known to conchology. Here was the chance at that mythical
Oreohelix ‘‘ big as a tea saucer.”’

1The late Dr. C. Boettger (1909) and most other recent authors on this
group consider Nenia generically distinct from Clausilia. Its nearest affinity
in the old world appears to be the Indo-Chinese genus Garnieria.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

We left Tucson early in September, 1913, and the second
night out camped at the Shaw goat ranch in the southern foot-
hills of the Rincon group. Those hills seemed too naked and
dry for our purpose and were left undisturbed. However, with
more knowledge of the ways of the snail, passing that way
again late in the winter of 1918, we dug into the Shaw ranch
and filled two cans with Sonorellas (S. hesterna).

On the eastern side of the San Pedro river, John Lyon’s
mountain and the southern end of the Bonito range gave up
only a couple of Thysanophora hornii. Snails have been re-
ported in the Little Dragoons, only four miles from our trail,
but were passed by. The White mountains were ahead and
high. Physas and Succineas were abundant at the watering
places for cattle, and box tortoises and rattlers plentiful in the
desert.

The Graham mountains on the south bank of the Gila river,
so high that there is yellow pine and quaking asp, plentiful
enough for saw-mills, has Sonorella and Oreohelix. Camp was
made in Stockton pass for a day, and a collection gathered at
Mud Springs on the summit. However, between climbing and
the descent made by moonlight, only a couple of hours could
be given to the real work, and the collection was small. The
Sonorella reminds one of the odorous species of the Santa Cata-
linas, and has been described as a new species, S. grahamensis.
The deep forest on the north side of this range is promising.
Safford, on the railway not over ten miles from the peak, with
an easy ascent, would be a convenient base for an explorer.

From Solomonville to Coronado (on other branches of both
river and railway) a toll road is graded more or less, between
low hills of the Peloncillo range. Rock slides were plentiful,
but at that time also seemed to be too naked and dry. Cnly
one slide, six miles from Coronado, was disturbed, and this one
had Sonorella (S. delicata) and one of the rare Price’s rattlers.
The snake was hustled into a Velvet Joe tobacco can with the
snails, and all drowned in the Gila. Here I had another walk
by moonlight in a strange country, but Cole had a hot supper
ready. This Peloncillo range needs further investigation. It
is about 130 miles in length, from Clifton to a point on the

i

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Mexican border, and has been worked less than half a day.
Daniels and I discovered Sonorella hachitana peloncillensis
near Rodeo, New Mexico, in 1907, and F. H. Fowler found the
same species in Doubtful Canyon, S.-W. New Mexico. Other-
wise the shells of the range are unknown.

The wagon was stored at Clifton, a $30 saddle horse pur-
chased, of course including saddle and bridle, and two pack
mules hired. Here is a beautiful and prosperous city of about
ten thousand people, out on the side of the world. The dwell-
ings seem to hang on brackets from the cliffs. The smelters
and business houses are huddled together in pockets along the
San Franciso river wherever the castellated cliffs will permit.

There were some attractions for weary travelers and it was
late in the day when our train got under headway. Before the
packs were lashed the new mules had sung out symptoms of
homesickness, and to hold them true to the trail the pack
animals were tied together in a string, Cole leading, and leading
fast. Ata sharp turn in the trail the swing mule was swung
upside down into a creek. A few groceries were dampened this
time and a mule repacked. Then the mules were turned loose.
Going up a steep hill a packhorse heavily loaded, carrying two
guns on top of its pack, tipped over backwards, unhorsed Cole
and came down the hill like a wheel on its spokes. A fat,
shiny, blue-black stage driver, so joyful he was not attending
to his business, ran his four-in-hand into our belongings, add-
ing considerably to both annoyance and oratory.

A new and wide trail from Clifton to Metcalf, high up on the
cliffs, ended in the blacksmith shop of the trail builders, forc-
ing us down the hill upon the old trail along a railroad track
with many tunnels. By that time it was dark in the open
country, and not a time-table or a lantern in the outfit.

At Metcalf one of the new mules dashed through a group of
celebrating miners and hid under an outside stairway. That
intellectual animai would have missed a glorious trip had it not
been for the assistance of those helpful miners.

With the mule tied in line again we ate a cold snack in the
saddle and pushed on and on in search of a country level
enough to tie up mules and spread blankets. At a late hour we

84 THE NAUTILUS.

compromised and camped anyhow. Beds were made in the
trail. Before saying good-night a couple of heavily armed men
came riding rapidly up the trail in search of a horse thief. We
were questioned closely and our steeds inspected by flashlight.
They did not find a chestnut horse, and we escaped.

Next a ranchman, we had heard helping the Metcalf Mexi-
cans celebrate their independence day, came riding, roaring,
questioning and horse inspecting. Easily satisfied or some-
thing, and without declaring intentions, he dropped his bridle
reins on the ground and plumped into bed with Cole, hat, boots
and pistol.

These adventures of an afternoon were all we had. In the
morning light Cole recognized in the roaring midnight rider an
old and generous acquaintance, and gave a monster breakfast in
his honor. Every day after is a delightful memory—in snails,
venison, bear meat, mountain trout, interesting people, mag-
nificent forests, beautiful parks and newness botanically. Here
was a paradise in gentian time, fringed and unfringed, with
mountain asters and pentstemons.

From Clifton to the Double Circle ranch on Eagle creek it is
a rough country, mostly forested and with sufficient rock slides
for cover; but the snails do not like it. The trail here ran
northwesterly for about 35 miles. Then directly north on
Eagle creek to the south rim of the Blue mountains, 16 miles,
except a short diversion eastward to get an easier climb.

Pupas and Vallonias were found near the Honeymoon U. S.
ranger station, and a mile or two farther came in the Oreohelix,
fifty miles from Clifton and fourteen days from Tucson. Here
Cole found the bear. A party of Tucson friends in camp had
been looking for it, so we split fifty-fifty, the rug going with the
snail collection.

The rim of the Blue has a wall of broken granite. We found
Ashmunella mogollonensis and a greyish form of Oreohelix coopers.
The latter is also found in the quaking asp and cork-bark fir
groves of the vicinity, and upon the slopes of the White moun-
tains. Our route lay northwesterly again across the K. P.
ciénaga, down Corduroy and Fish creeks and across Black river
to Reservation creek, the eastern boundary of the Apache
nation, perhaps 20 miles. This is in Apache county.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Here were the mountain trout, the Colorado river Cut Throat
(Salmo mykiss pleuriticus, Cope), a pound each; wild turkeys
in flocks of one and two hundred, blue grouse, beaver, Abert’s
squirrel with its tufted ears, and a deep forest untouched by axe,
fire or wind; and please do not complain if the shell collection
is not as Jarge as it ought to be. Upon this high plateau it was
a continuous forest of the largest yellow pine, blue spruce,
Douglas spruce, thickets of quaking asp 150 feet high, alder
and cork-bark fir—( Abies arizonica, Merriam). There are wild
peas and black gama grass, and cattle fatter than the average
corn-fed herds.

The Black river, known as the Salt river farther down, is one
of the beautiful streams of America. No dirty water or naked
banks here, but a robust forest and a sodded turf. It takes a
good part of an hour to climb to the plateau above. Well
swept lawns with enough of the large pines for landscape beauty,
and wide enough for the snail-hunter’s camp and his horse
feed, either on one or both sides of the stream, and Oreohelix
from white to black, from high to low, in every rock pile.

Physas and Pisidiums were plentiful in Reservation creek and
a few Oreohelix were in the rocks. The next twelve or fifteen
miles north the country was higher, with prairie parks and a
few lakes. Besides the few Oreohelix cooperi on the south slope
of Mt. Thomas there was an abundance of the Vertigos, Pupillas
and other small species. The trees were so close together here
that the horses were left at the camp and we climbed the easy
slope on foot. The dome-like summit of Thomas, with its
stunted spruces, bogs and moss, had a few shells, and none
were found alive.

The scenic effect was concealed by flurries of snow. At camp
in the morning the snow was ankle-deep and still falling. It
was cold. Our packing ropes were like rods of iron, and we
moved. In an hour we rode into pleasant weather and the
days after were perfect. On the return trip the Raspberry trail
from the rim of the Blue mountain to the Blue river was taken,
landing us at Cosper’s ranch.

Down the Blue and San Francisco rivers Ashmunellas (A.
pilsbryana), two new Sonorellas and Oreohelix were found in

86 THE NAUTILUS.

the slides investigated, but it was again a hurried journey. The
next year with the assistance of L. E. Daniels the work was
thorough.

Oct. 17th, a month and a half from Tucson, the collector,
snails, snakes and ferns were on the train homeward bound,
and Cole wending his way over the toll road Tucson-ward.
Theodore, that splendid thirty-dollar horse, and also one of
Cole’s, ate too much of a dry, short, delicate, mischievous
grass, and died at the end of the trip.

A NEW OPISTHOSIPHON FROM CUBA.

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Opisthosiphon berryi sp. nov. Plate VII, fig. 14.

Shell longitudinally, finely plicate, ochraceous buff, encircled
with a broad chocolate-brown band on the periphery of the last
whorl! and on the lower half of the earlier whorls; slightly shin-
ing; decollated; suture deep, crenate; four or five spiral ridges
appearing in the umbilical region; whorls (remaining) four, very
convex; aperture vertical, circularly oval, peristome white,
double; the inner, a brief continuation of the whorl; the outer,
on the right side, smooth, slightly expanded, at the suture
broadly expanded and excavated over the breathing tube, ad-
nate to the penultimate whorl; columellar margin expanded
horizontally above in a broad flange adnate to the penultimate
whorl, a large lobe curving over and nearly covering the umbil-
ical region, interrupted below by a broad sinus where the lip is
abruptly reflexed and attached to the whorl, a smaller lobe ex-
panded horizontally below. A minute breathing hole within
the aperture near the posterior angle, connects with a tube,
somewhat concealed in the expanded and excavated lip, which
curving back to the suture, descends and ends in the narrow
space between the ultimate and penultimate whorls. Numerous
strong raised lamellae mostly originating on the inner lip but
occasionally extending along the parietal lip, cover that portion
of the tube visible within the lip. Operculum as in Opistho-
siphon pupoides.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Length (type) 13.5 mm. g.d. 9 mm. l.d. 7.8 mm. g.d. aper-
ture 4.7 mm. l.d. 4 mm.

Length (paratype) 14.5 mm. g.d. 9.7 mm. l.d 7.5 mm. g.d.
aperture 5.5 mm. l.d. 4.3 mm.

Collected by Dr. S. S. Berry, March 1, 1814, at Cariji, Cerro
de Tuabaquey, Prov. Camaguey, Cuba.

Type M. C. Z. No. 42005; Paratype, collection of Dr. S. S.
Berry.

The chocolate-colored band is the most striking character of
Opisthosiphon berryi. Compared with O. pupoides Mor. it has
more convex whorls, more numerous and finer plicae, the outer
lip is smooth, much less broadly expanded below and over the
breathing tube is bent forward rather than being reflected back,
as in O. pupoides. The columellar lip does not completely
cover the umbilicus, as in pupoides, and its two lobes are much
more widely separated. The operculum is very similar to 0.
pupoides, differing only in being slightly more oval. In the
larger specimen very faint traces of fine chestnut-colored widely
interrupted spiral bands may be seen on the upper half of each
whorl, very similar in arrangement and color to those seen in
O. pupoides. A young specimen shows the embryonic shell to
consist of about 14 smooth whorls, the brown band and longi-
tudinal plicae beginning at about the second whorl, the plicae
becoming gradually more numerous and the intervening spaces
less wide.

I am indebted to Mr. Berry for the opportunity to examine
this species. It is closely related to Opisthosiphon puwpoides
Morelet from the Isle of Pines. The similarity of the shell
fauna of Camaguey, Santa Clara, and the Isle of Pines, has been
noted by Mr. John B. Henderson (Navrt., Vol. 27, p. 187;
Nauvt., Vol. 29, p. 18). Mr. Henderson also calls attention to
the confusion in the genera of the Cyclostomatidae.

The species described above belong to Opisthosiphon, Dall
(Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 209). Shells which possess
the operculum of a Rhytidopoma and in addition are provided
with a tubular projection behind the outer lip belong here.
Undoubtedly when all of the characters of the species placed in
this group are known, it will be found to be a natural one, and.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

yet it is true that the value for showing relationships, of acces-
sory breathing apparatus among the land operculates, is to be
questioned. The necessity for obtaining air when the aperture
is tightly sealed with the operculum has apparently caused
many genera not at all closely related to develop ingenious and
occasionally somewhat similar breathing contrivances. Species
of Pterocyclos, Spiraculum, Rhiostoma and Tomocyclos, while
not closely related to our American land operculates have de-
veloped breathing apparatus similar to that of some of the
American species. The American shells belonging to the
Ericiidae, the genera of which are founded to a great extent on
the characters of the operculum, show great variation in the
apparatus through which air is introduced into the lumen of
the whorl when the aperture is closed by the operculum. At
least three types of accessory breathing apparatus may be seen.

First. With perforation connecting with visible external tube.
a. Operculum of Rhytidopoma.

1. Tube greatly prolonged, entering umbilicus.
Opisthosiphon rugulosum Pfr. Matanzas.
Opisthosiphon denegatum Poey. Isle of Pines.

2. Tube short, external opening towards and close to

preceding whorl.
Opisthosiphon bahamense Sh. Bahamas.

8. Tube short, disappearing in the suture between

the ultimate and penultimate whorl.
Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor. Isle of Pines.

4. Tube short, straight, not recurved.

Opisthosiphon sculptum Gundl. Cabo Cruz.
b. Operculum of Choanopoma.

1. Tube as in Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor.

Choanopoma uncinatum Arango. Sta. Clara,
Cuba.

Second. With perforation opening directly into umbilical
region or exterior of shell.
a. Operculum of Choanopoma.
Choanopoma blaini Gundl. Galalon, Cuba.
b. With operculum of Cistula.
Cistula limbifera Mke. Matanzas.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

c. With operculum of Chondropoma.

Chondropoma egregium Gund]. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
d, With operculum unknown.

Licina percrassa Wright. Pinar del Rio.

Third. With perforation not penetrating to exterior of whorl
but connecting with an internal air space
which is situated in the upper angle of the
whorl and extends back from the aperture for
a considerable distance. In some specimens
it may be traced for over two whorls.

Rhytidopoma bilabiatum Orb, Pinar del Rio,

The first group has a restricted geographical distribution ex-
tending from the Bahamas through central Cuba to the Isle of
Pines. Choanopoma uncinatum Arango while possessing the
typical Opisthosiphon breathing tube has the very different
operculum of a Choanopoma. It therefore cannot be included
in Opisthosiphon, and until a careful study of the animal shows
its true relationships may be retained as an aberrant Choano-
poma.

The second group is confined to western Cuba and while con-
taining species with very different opercula, and therefore a
group of apparently no systematic value, is nevertheless inter-
esting, in that it is confined almost entirely to Pinar del Rio,
and entirely to western Cuba.

The third group, of which I have seen but one species, is of
interest because of the fact that in this case the perforation and
internal tube appear to be of no practical value; for, though one
might be led to expect that at certain stages of growth, com-
munication to the exterior might exist through the external
sutural flanges, I have been unable to find any structural evi-
dence of such connection,

It would appear from the above that if the breathing tube is
to be considered of value as a generic character together with
the operculum, as in the case of Opisthosiphon, Choanopoma
uncinatum Arango would have to be placed in a new genus, the
operculum being very different from that of Opisthosiphon;
while the breathing tube, having been considered of sufficient

90 THE NAUTILUS.

importance to separate Opisthosiphon from Rhytidopoma,
would also have the same consideration in separating C. un-
cinatum from Choanopoma.

It would also seem that if the breathing tube restricted for
Opisthosiphon is of generic importance that the modified per-
foration seen in so many of the Ericiidae from western Cuba
should also be considered of value generically. This would
mean, providing that the operculum was still considered of
generic value, the removal of species of Choanopoma, of Cistula
and of a large number of Chondropoma to new genera.

This would merely be substituting chaos for confusion and,
until the anatomy of many of the species has been carefully ex-
amined, it would seem better to merely call attention to the
peculiarly restricted distribution of those species of the Ericiidae,
which have made structural changes in the shell, probably, as
Dr. Dall suggests (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 809) to en-
able them to obtain air when the aperture is closed by the
opercelum.

SOME MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

To aid any New-Yorkers interested in the shells of their
vicinity, I am taking this opportunity of giving them the re-
sults of a few studies which were made during the past year
in that region.

The coast of Staten Island from Fort Wadsworth to Great
Kills was carefully gone over at low tide several times. Along
this strip are three definite stations. The first (1) is an ex-
panse of red sand flats (exposed only at low tide) at the
mouth of the stream which drains the marshland between
South and Midland Beaches. This is the only place where
I found Periploma leanuwm, Pandora gouldiana and Lyonsia
hyalina. Another station (2) opposite the Oakwood Heights
station on the steam railroad to Tottenville, is a ‘‘sod-bank’’
formation, beautifully showing the encroachment of the sea on

THE NAUTILUS. 91

the land. The ‘‘banks’’ wherever submerged, are covered
with Modiolus plicatulus among which and over which crawl
Littorina littorea and L. rudis. The third station (3) is inside
the isthmus which encloses the bay near the second station.
Here there is an eel-grass bed which is exposed at low water.

The only species of note at Rockaway Beach (4) is Astarte
castamea which can be picked up in front of or a little beyond
the hospital to the west of the pleasure beach. Far Rockaway
Beach (5) yielded the greatest number of species. This is
especially due to the rift of fine shell material left by the
receding tide at the angles of the bar which begins to the
west of the ‘‘bathing beach.’’

The numbers in the following list correspond to the stations
as designated above.

Pelecypoda.

Nucula proxima truncula Dall. A valve at 5.

Yoldia sp? Fragment at 5.

Arca campechiensis pexata Say. Generally distributed.

Arca transversa Say. Less common than preceding.

Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Generally distributed.

Pecten gibbus borealis Say. Most common at 4 and 5.

Anomia simpler d’Orbigny. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis pellucidus Pennant. Not as common as on
Conn. coast.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus (Liam.). Local. Abundant
where found.

Periploma leanwm (Conrad). Rare and only at 1.

Pandora gouldiana Dall. One valve at 1.

Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). Only at 1.

Astarte castanea (Say). At 4, very small specimens at 5.

Venericardia borealis (Conrad). Only at 5.

Divaricella quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny). Occasional at 4
and 5.

Rochefortia planulata (Stimpson). Occasional at 5.

Aligena elevata (Stimpson). Not as common as preceding.

Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. One valve at 5.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Callocardia morrhuana (Linsley). At 1 and 5.

Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Becoming less common.

Venus mercenaria notata Say. True form very rare.

Gemma gemma (Totten). Generally distributed.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea). Different habitat
than preceding.

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Generally distributed.

Tellina tenera Say. Fine specimens at 1.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). One valve at 1.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. Fine specimens at 5.

Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). Commonest at 2.

Tagelus gibbus (Spengler). At 5.

Ensis directus (Conrad). Generally distributed.

Stiqua costata (Say). Found only at 5.

Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn). Very abundant at 4.

Spisula solidissima similis (Say). Occasional.

Mulinia lateralis (Say). Generally distributed.

Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Corbula contracta Say. Found only at 5.

Barnea truncata (Say). At1,3 &5, but especially common
at 3.

Zirfaea cripata (Linnaeus). One valve at 5.

Teredo navalis Linnaeus. At 5.

Gasteropoda.

Dentaltum sp? Fragment at 5.

Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Pyramidella winkleyi Bartsch? Two or three specimens
which seem to be this species.

Turbonilla nivea (Stimpson). Only at 5, where it is the
commonest Turbonilla.

Turbonilla aequalis (Say). I have referred 7 of my speci-
mens to this species.

Turbonilla vinea Bartsch. Two specimens from 5.

Turbonilla areolata Verrill. One specimen, but with six
rather than five spiral rows of pits, from 5.

Turbonilla interrupta (Totten). This is the typical form,
not as described by Bartsch, but as described by Bush. The

THE NAUTILUS. 93

color band is well marked in all my specimens (six). Found
only at 5.

Odostomia (Chrysallida) sp? Two specimens at 5.

Odostomia impressa (Say). Several specimens at 5.

Odostomia trifida (Totten). Abundant at 5, found also at 3.

Odostomia bisuturalis Say. At 3 and 5.

Epitoneum multistriatum (Say). Three specimens at 5.

Polimices duplicata (Say). Generally distributed, fine
specimens at 4.

Polinices heros (Say). Generally distributed, fine speci-
mens at 4.

Polunces trisertata (Say). Occasional.

Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Crepidula glauca Say. Found only at 2.

Crepidula glauca convera Say. Generally but thinly dis-
tributed.

Crepidula plana Say. Generally distributed.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten). Occasional at 5.

Paludestrina laevis (De Kay). Common at 5, a few at 3.

Adeorbis supramtidus lirata (Verrill). Several specimens
at 5, all being of this subspecies.

Intorina littorea (Linnaeus). At 2, 3 and 4.

Intorina obtusata palliata (Say). Only found at 5.

Litorina rudis (Donovan). Abundant at 2.

Lacuna vincta (fusca) Gould. Found at 2, 3 & 5.

Triphoris perversa nigrocincta (C. B. Adams). Several
specimens at 5.

Certhiopsis green (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Bittium alternatum (Say). Fine specimens at 5.

Eupleura caudata (Say). Generally distributed.

Urosalping cinerea (Say). Generally distributed.

Columbella avara similis Ravenel. A specimen at 2.

Columbella lunata (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion trivittata (Say). Generally distributed.

Busycon canaliculata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Actaeon pwnctostriatus (C. B. Adams). Several speci-
mens at 5.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Tornatina canaliculata (Say). Fairly common at 5.
Cylichna oryza (Totten). Several specimens at 5.
Melampus lineatus Say. Most common at 2.

Alexia myosotis (Drap.) Fairly common at 3.

On a tramp up and down the western end of Long Beach
point, Long Island, I picked up the following interesting
forms, besides forty-eight of the commoner species:

Yoldia limatula (Say). 1 valve.

Arca ponderosa Say. 3 valves.

Astarte castanea (Say). Common.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). 1 valve.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. 2 valves.

Barnea costata (Linné). 1 valve (fragment).

Cavolina telemus (Linné). 1 specimen.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND VARIETY OF PLANORBIS
FROM POST-GLACIAL DEPOSITS.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Planorbis parvus urbanensis n. var. Pl. VII, figs. 4-6.

Shell differing from parvus by having a round aperture,
the last third of the body whorl being depressed below the
general level of the spire, deeper sutures, channelled in most
individuals, and a deeper umbilical region. The body whorl
has not quite as great transverse diameter as in typical parvus.
In parvus (pl. 1, figs. 1-3), the whorls are typically in the same
plane, the aperture is oblong or long ovate and the sutures are
impressed but not channelled. The umbilical region is also
less impressed and has a ‘‘reamed out’’ appearance.

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.
Holotype.

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,
No. 1.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Height at aperture, .80; greatest diameter, 2.75 mm. Cotype.

Height at aperture, .80; greatest diameter, 2.50 mm. Cotype.

Holotype, number Z 10772 and paratypes number Z 10773,
Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois. Cotypes
of urbanensis and altisstmus have been placed in A. N.S. Phila.

About 40 specimens of this form of parvus occur in the
marl collections taken from the University of Illinois campus.
The characteristics mentioned above appear to be very con-
stant and the race or variety of parvus seems distinguishable
enough for a distinct name. There were none of the parvus
form in the material. This may be a Pleistocene species that
has become extinct. Nothing similar has been seen in other
mar! collections available for study, but it would seem that it
should be looked for in mar] deposits, especially the older marl
beds overlying the earlier drift sheets, or in deposits between
these sheets—interglacial.

Planorbis altissimus n. sp. Pl. VII, figs. 7-10.

Shell depressed, with flatly rounded periphery which is
placed below the center of the whorl; lines of growth fine,
crowded, but surface without spiral ornamentation; whorls
4, regularly increasing in diameter, sloping flatly to the
rounded periphery; spire whorls sunken below the general
level of the surface, the whorls forming a rather sharp v-
shaped suture, causing the shell to resemble a miniature
Planorbis antrosus and producing a subacute carina on the
upper surface of the whorls; base of shell deeply concave,
forming a wide, saucer-shaped depression and umbilicus; the
earlier whorls are carinate on the under side but the last
whorl is rounded; the last half of the last whorl is markedly
deflected, forming a contact with but half of the preceding
whorl; aperture roundly ovate, shouldered above, the dorsal
margin much produced over the ventral margin, the parietal
callus joining the margins and causing the aperture to be
continuous.

Height at aperture, 2.00; greatest diameter, 4.50 mm.
Holotype.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Height at aperture, 1.75; greatest diameter, 4.25 mm.
Cotype.

Height at aperture, 2.00; greatest diameter, 4.00 mm.
Cotype.

Height at aperture, .90; greatest diameter, 2.00 mm.
(young, 3 whorls).

Holotype; number Z 10775 and cotypes number Z 10776,
Museum of Natural History, University of [linois.

This small Planorbis is related to deflectus, but differs mark-
edly in the form of the upper whorls which are more sharply
earinated, and in the spire which is more sunken below the
general level of the whorls. The umbilical region is deeper
and the aperture is higher than wide. The lower part of the
body whorl is more exposed below the first half of this whorl
than in deflectus. Young specimens very strongly resemble
Planorbis campanulatus in form.

Specimens of deflectus from marl deposits in Milwaukee
(30th Street) Wisconsin, have occasional individuals that

somewhat resemble altissimus in the greatly deflected last.

whorl but these are otherwise quite different. The new
species may be looked for in marl deposits associated with
Galba obrussa decampi and the Pisidia peculiar to the north-
ern marl beds. Only 5 adult and 9 immature specimens oc-
curred in the Urbana marl deposit and the new species was
not, seeniingly, a common inhabitant of the pond or lake.

The new forms described above occurred in a lot of post-
glacial fossils found in a deposit on the campus of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, in a ditch and in excavations for the base-
ment of the new greenhouses. The shells were about four
feet below the surface, in a deposit of marl underlying two
feet of black, clayey soil. The fauna contains several species
which now have a more northern range, as Pisidium costatum,
P. tenissimum calcareum, Valvata sincera, and Galba obrussa
decampi, and there is reason to believe that the pond in which
these fossils lived occupied a kettle hole on the inner face
of the Champaign moraine when the ice of the late Wisconsin
glaciation was at or near Chicago. If this is so, then the

EE

THE NAUTILUS. 97

deposit is interglacial between the early and late Wisconsin
invasions. A paper covering this point is in preparation.

EXPLANATION OF Figures, Puate VII.

1-3. Planorbis parvus Say. Owasco Lake, N. Y. X9
4-6. Planorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, new variety. X9
7. Planorbis altissimus Baker, young. X9.
8-10. Planorbis altissimus Baker, new species. X7.

MOLLUSKS INFESTED WITH PARASITIC WORMS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

While carrying on biological work for the New York State
College of Forestry at Oneida Lake in the fall of 1917, many
animals were examined to ascertain the degree of parasitation
by worms. The hosts studied ineluded fish, birds, batrachians,
reptiles, and mollusks. Among the latter many interesting
cases occurred, both of infestation and absence of infestation,
the degree of infestation varied from none to fifty per cent.
Of the twelve species examined, five were without trace of
parasites and seven were infested in varying degrees. It is
noteworthy that none of the Amnicolidae or Valvatidae were
parasitized, and that no worms were found in the small
Planorbes (parvus and hirsutus). Of those infested, five are
fresh water pulmonates. The examinations were carried on
under the direction of Dr. H. 8. Pratt, of Haverford College.
The table below indicates the species infested and the degree
of infestation. All are trematode worms the species of which
have not yet been determined.

Bythinia tentaculata 17 examined ; no worms.

Amwnicola limosa 20 examined; no worms.

Valvata tricarinata 20 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis parvus 3 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis hirsutus 7 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis antrosus 2 examined; 1 with cereariae, 1 without.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis campanulatus 15 examined; 3 with cercariae, 12
without.

Galba catascopium 10 examined ; 6 with sporocysts and eer-
cariae, 4 without.

Galba emarginata 5 examined; 3 with cercariae, 2 without.

Campeloma integrum 3 examined; 2 with cercariae, 1
without.

Physa warremana 9 examined; 3 with cereariae, 6 without.
Small leech in mantle cavity of 3 specimens.

Goniobasis livescens 2 examined ; 1 with cereariae, 1 without.

University of Illinois,

Museum of Natural History.

TYPES OF GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED FOR ACHATINAE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

When working on Congo Valley mollusks I noticed that
while the generic names applied to the Achatinae were discussed
in Manual of Conchology, vol. xvi, genotypes were not selected
for some names there considered absolute synonyms. This lack
is supplied in the following list. Where a type had already
been selected the authority and date of selection are ‘added in
parentheses.

Achatina Lam., 1799, type Bulla achatina L. (Lam., 1799).

Ampulla Bolten, 1798, type A. priamus Bolt. (Pilsbry, 1908).

Chersina [Humphrey], 1797, type Bulla achatina.'

Achatium Link, 1807, type A. elegans Link = A. achatina (L.).

Achatinus Montfort, 1810, type A. zebra (Montfort, 1810).*

‘The Museum Calonnianum has been rejected as a source of nomenclature
by the International Commission.

? De Montfort appears to have confused A. zebra and A. panthera under the
former name, but as he stated that Achatinus zebra is the type, the name be-
longs rather to Cochlitoma than to Achatina. Since he says that Lamarck
founded the genus, it is evident that he intended Achatinus merely as an
emendation of Achatina Lam., and not as a new name. It cannot therefore
displace Cochlitoma, but will be regarded merely as a variation in orthography.

—_—

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Cochlitoma Fér.. 1817, type Bulimus zebra Brug. (Pilsbry,
1904).

Archachatina Albers, 1850, type A. bicarinata Brug. (Pilsbry,
1904).*

Geodes Gistel, 1848, type Bulla achatina.*

Oncaea Gistel, 1848, type Oncaea perdix” = A. perdizx Lam.,
= A. achatina (L.).

Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889, type A. dohrniana Pfr.
(Pilsbry, 1904).

Serpxa Bourguignat, 1889, type A. hortensiae Morel. (Pilsbry,
1904). |

Pintoa Bourguignat, 1889, A. pfeiffer Dkr. (Pilsbry, 1904).

Urceus (Klein) Jousseaume, 1884, type Achatina achatina
(1. F

CARTS ES
LORENZO E. DANIELS.

L. E. Daniels was born at Mazon, Grundy Co., Illinois,
March 4th, 1852. The son of a farmer, his early life was spent
on the farm, and so far as known his education was in the local
schools.

While a farmer in Illinois, though a Democrat in politics, he
was called from the plow in that strong Republican community
to take the office of sheriff. Though modest to a fault and with
none of the politician or office-holder in thought or manner,
the administration was nevertheless a success. The term of
office was enlivened by puzzling criminal cases, including
murder, and there were also serious strikes in the coal fields;

8 A. bicarinata, the type of Archachatina, is a decidedly aberrant species.
For the dextral continental species, which have the surface smoothish and
even, I propose the subgenus Calachatina, A. marginata (Swains.), Man.
Conch., XVI, 109, being the type.

* Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fiir hGhere Schulen, 1848, p. viii.
Geodes is a substitute for Achatina Lam., no species mentioned.

5Gistel, tom. cit., p. 168. Oncaea is asubstitute for Achatina Auct.; several
species are briefly described,

§ Jousseaume merely mentioned ‘‘ le genre Urceus Klein ( Achatina Lam. )’’
without any species. It therefore takes the same type as Lamarck’s genus.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

but thie quiet farmer had courage, a known reputation for fair
play, and was trusted by both workmen and employer. There
were no complaints of violence in labor disputes during the
Daniels regime.

The sheriff's rooms in the Grundy county court house at that
time contained one of the best collections of Mazon creek fossils;
for back in boyhood days the sheriff had become interested in
those famous Upper Carboniferous beds near his home. In
types, especially of insects, the collection contained many of the
rarest species. They were worked up in a memoir by Dr.
Handlirsch of Vienna, published by the National Museum. Mr.
Daniels still owned this collection, together with the accumula-
tions of many years of research in conchology, and the old
Illinois homestead at the time of his death.

Mr. Daniels became interested in mollusks while a young
man, and for many years collected assiduously, particularly in
Indiana. For some years he was Assistant State Geologist of
Indiana. Some of the results of his investigations during this
period were published, in collaboration with Dr. W. 8S. Blatch-
ley, the State Geologist, under the title ‘‘On some Mollusca
known to occur in Indiana,’’ and by Daniels alone, ‘‘ A Check-
list of Indiana Mollusca.’’ Both appeared in 1903. At this
time herpetology was added to his other interests, and in later
trips the collection of snakes, horned toads and especially turtles
claimed part of his attention.

Subsequently with Dr. Pilsbry, Junius Henderson and the
writer, he was associated in field work many seasons in the
wild places of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arizona, New Mexico,
Utah and Idaho. In 1910 he joined Dr. Pilsbry and the writer
in a collecting trip of several months in southern New Mexico
and Arizona, and in 1914, in company with the writer, explored
the Blue River region in Arizona and the Mogollon Mts., New
Mexico. Many new species of Sonorella, Ashmunella, Oreohelix
and Holospira were found on these excursions. In 1915 and
1916 Mr. Daniels joined forces with Prof. Junius Henderson in
hunting Oreohelices in Utah and Idaho. Their results were set
forth in two admirable papers, published jointly, the first exact
and critical records for this fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

As a collector Daniels was untiring. His bag was always
among the largest. He seemed to have the knack of finding
unusual or abnormal shells. Some of these were illustrated by
him in a special article.

Species of the molluscan genera Sonorella, Ashmunella, Holo-
spira, Hemphitlia, Pisidium, Lymnxa, of Gerarus and Asemoblatta
(Upper Carboniferous insects), and probably other groups, have
been named in his honor. His collections of land and fresh
water shells, and of Mazon creek fossils are among the best.

Mr. Daniels was unmarried. Of late years he made his home
with a sister, Mrs. James Foster, at La Porte and later at Roll-
ing Prairie, Indiana. While on the farm be became interested
in Masonry, often driving across the unbroken prairie a dozen
miles on winter nights to attend lodge sessions at the county
seat. He continued up to the thirty-third degree and the final
services at La Porte were conducted by the Masonic fraternity.

In person Daniels was of the tall, strongly but loosely built
Illinois type, of which Lincoln was an example. He was rather
serious, but by no means lacking in humor, a good camp-fire
companion. In character enterprising, interested, upright.

Seemingly in good health, nevertheless for some years he had
need of a surgeon, and in October submitted to an operation at
a Chicago hospital. Unforseen complications developed and he
died October 23, 1918. By his death conchology has lost one
of its best explorers, and his associates a loyal and loving
friend.—J. H. Ferriss.

[ges eases Ons)
JOSEPH WILLCOX.

Mr. Joseph Willcox, a member of the Board of Trustees of
the Wagner Free Institute of Science for forty years, died in
Philadelphia, October 1, 1918. Mr. Willcox was born at Ivy
Mills, Delaware Co., Pa., August 11, 1829. After graduating
from St. Mary’s Coilege, Baltimore, he became engaged in
paper making with his father. This business was founded in
1729 by Thomas Willcox, who made paper for the continental

102 THE NAUTILUS.

currency, the firm continuing to make paper for the government
up to 1875. Mr. Willcox was in the Pennsylvania militia dur-
ing the Civil War, and attained the rank of colonel.

On retiring from business Mr. Willcox took up the study of
mineralogy and geology, and during his frequent visits to
Florida became greatly interested in the geology of that State.
In the spring of 1886, under the auspices of the Wagner Free
Institute of Science, he organized with Prof. Angelo Heilprin of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, an expedition to explore the
gulf coast of Florida. Leaving Cedar Keys and proceeding
south, they examined the silex beds of Tampa Bay, and in as-
cending the Caloosahatchie to enter Lake Okeechobee, dis-
covered the Caloosahatchie Pliocene. An account of this ex-
pedition appeared in Transactions Wagner Free Institute,
Vol. I. In company with Dr. Wm. H. Dall, he again visited
these beds in the spring of 1887, and with the writer in 1888
made another trip to this and adjacent streams, making large
collections to aid Dr. Dall in his great work on the Tertiary

Fauna of Florida, also published in the Transactions of the.

Wagner Free Institute (Vol. III, six parts, 1654 pages, 60
plates, 1890-1903). In the work of obtaining additional
material in other southern states and in many ways assisting
Dr. Dall and others, he took great pleasure. On the various
collecting trips he always obtained many undescribed species,
of which -some sixteen have been named in his honor. He
made a large collection of Miocene and Pliocene shells and
specialized on the genus Busycon (Fulgur) both recent and
fossil. This collection he presented to the Academy of Natural
Sciences.

For many years Mr. Willeox was Honorary Curator of the
Isaac Lea collection of Eocene fossils at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. He was Chairman of the Committee
on Museum of the Wagner Free Institute, and always took the
greatest interest in the development of both institutions. A
warm friend of Dr. Isaac Lea and Dr. Joseph Leidy, he lived
to see the scientific work and progress of practically two gener-
ations. He is survived by a son, Mr. C. Percy Willcox, of
Philadelphia.—C. W. JoHnson.

ee

THE NAUTILUS. 103

NOTES.

Note oN THYASIRA BISECTA ConRAD.—In 1889 I gave an ac-
count of the microscopic anatomy of a species of Thyasira (under
the name of Cryptodon) in my report on the Blake dredgings,
p. 488. This was I believe the first general account of the
unique features of this genus, the data on Cryptodon furnished
by Pelseneer in the Challenger report relating to Lyonsiella or a
similar genus rather than to Thyasira. Pelseneer himself re-
ferred them to ‘‘ Cryptodon’’ with doubt. The specimen de-
scribed in the Blake report was 17 mm. high, and regarded as
exceptionally large. The species referred to Thyasira, under
the name of bisecta Conrad, was so placed by me because of its
agreement conchologically with that genus, although it had been
referred to several different genera and a new genus had been
proposed for it by Gabb.

I had long been anxious to examine the anatomy of this
mollusk, which reaches a height of 75 mm., to see whether it
conformed to the primitive features of the small typical forms
of the genus, and by the kindness of Mrs. Oldroyd and Dr.
Frye of the Friday Harbor Biological Station, Puget Sound,
this wish has been granted. The specimen was found in about
four fathoms, muddy bottom among the San Juan Islands.

Rather to my surprise I find that the description written of
the small species nearly thirty years ago applies almost word
for word to this giant of the genus. The only difference seems
to be the greater proportional length of attachment of the W-
shaped gills, and the only addition is the presence of a glandular
area within the basal edges of the mantle extending nearly the
whole length of the free edges. Something of this sort might
have occurred in the earlier specimen but have been overlooked
on account of its minuteness. The arborescent hepaticogenital
organs occupy the greater part of the mantle cavity, while the
absence of papillae on the mantle edge and around the efferent
aperture in the mantle, and of oral palpi, the worm-like foot,
etc., are essentially the same as in the smaller forms.

Geologically, T. bisecta recedes to the Miocene.—W. H. DALt.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Cusan Mo.uusks CoLonizED IN FLortpa.—Last April Mr. C.
T. Simpson sent me 10 fine Pleurodonte auricoma (Fér.) and 2 P.
marginella (Gmel.), one adult and one immature, which he had
collected in his ‘‘ hammock ’”’ at Lemon City, Fla. The largest
auricoma measures 40 x 29 and the smallest 30x 20mm. The
adult marginella is 27x 16 mm., while the young shell would
probably have grown larger.

As these species appear to be permanently established I
wrote for further information, and below give his response.—
‘* Little River, Fla., April 20, 1918. I have Plewrodonte auri-
coma living on the place but cannot give locality from whence
taken. It has become completely established and every year I
find hundreds of living and dead examples scattered throughout
my cultivated pine land, but never in the hammock. I find
most of the living specimens when hoeing, buried just under
the surface of the sandy soil, sometimes in dry weather with a
sort of epiphragm. The other day I found a perfect var. pro-
visoria in fine condition. I do not remember whence it came.

‘*Two varieties of Liguus fasciatus, which were derived from
the general Camaguay to Holguin (Cuba) region, seem to be
established here. The ground color of one is a warm slate and
the other has some yellowish on it. I have found two speci-
mens lately in fairly fresh condition and as it has been about
four years since any were brought in I am sure they have grown
here, especially as one was not fully grown.

‘* Polymita muscarum, white var. with dark dots, is occasion-
ally seen and the dead shells are rarely found. J. B. Hender-
son sent the parents of these and they are from some part of
Eastern Cuba. Our specimens are large, solid and fine.

‘* Pleurodonte marginella seems to be pretty well established in
my hammock, probably from Cayo del Rey, and there are
several variations. Most are bluntly keeled and rather dark
colored. They keep strictly in the hammock and tho not yet
numerous they seem to be spreading and slowly increasing.
They remain under trash and the fallen leaves of palms during
most of the dry season, but have just begun to appear since we
had a heavy shower yesterday. They climb palms and live

ne i a

THE NAUTILUS. 105

oaks, sometimes to a height of seven feet and seem to be given
greatly to breeding.

‘*T have introduced a number of other snails from Cuba and
Bimini including some of the land operculates, but have never
found living or dead specimens since. That does not prove
that they may not be living, as it seems to take a long time for
a species to become established. Until a short time ago I sup-
posed that no Cuban Liguus were living in my hammock. I
have none of the original stock of these that I can be sure of; I
simply introduced the things for ‘company’ and not for any
‘scientific results.’ ”’

I think the above is well worth putting on record.—Gero. H.
CLAPP.

Some Rare SHELLS CoLLECTED IN PuGET SounD, WASHINGTON,
Durine Juty, 1918.—Thinking it would be of interest to the
readers of the Naurizus, I send you a short list of some of the
very rare species we collected this summer at the Biological
Station of the University of Washington at Friday Harbor, San
Juan Island.

Thyasira bisecta Conrad.
This rare shell we dredged in mud in between 3 and 4 fms.
Three live specimens and a few dead ones were obtained.

Macoma nasuta kelseyi Dall.

This species we found with the above; the specimens were
larger than those from California.

Thracia curta Conrad.
One specimen of this species was obtained in 25 fms. between
San Juan Is. and O’ Neal Island.

Thracia trapezoides Conrad.

This species is the pride of the collection. So far as we have
been able to find out, this has never been reported living. One
living and two dead specimens were obtained in about 20 fms.
off O’Neal Island. This with the first two are found in the
Pliocene at San Pedro, Cal.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

A fine species in the Naticidae may prove to be a new genus.

Velutina laevigata Linn.
The specimens we obtained were the largest and finest I have
ever seen. The largest one is 8.2 mm. in length.

Panomya ampla Dall.
Of this odd and rare species we were fortunate to obtain sev-

eral specimens.

A report will be published about April, 1919, and will have
a full description of each species; and we hope to have figures
of most of them.—Ipa S. O_pRoyp, Stanford University, Cali-
fornia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Foreign LaNnp Snaits 1N Micuiagan. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. of Mich., no. 58. By Bryant Walker. The following
are recorded:

Arion ater (L.), garden in Detroit, one specimen.

Arion circumscriptus Johns. ‘‘ Cat Hole,’’? near Ann Arbor.

Subulina octona (Brug.) and Opeas clavulinum kyotense Pils.,
conservatory in Lansing.

Vitrea lucida (Dr.), conservatory, Bell Isle Park.

PLEUROBEMA CLAVA (Lam.) AND PLANORBIS DILATATUS BUCH-
ANENSIS LEA IN Micui@an. Occ. Pap., etc., no. 51. By Mina
L. Winslow. P. clava was taken by the author in Hillsdale
Co., the Planorbis near Harbert, Berrien Co. Excellent figures
of P. dilatatus and P. d. buchanensis are given, with a biblio-
graphy of the species and notes on distribution.—H. A. P.

MoxiuscaN Fauna FRoM San Francisco Bay. By. E. L.
Packard (Univ. of Cal. Publications, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 199-
452, pls. 14-60, 1918). This valuable publication is the re-
sults of the work of U. S. Steamer ‘‘ Albatross,’’ commissioned
in Oct., 1911, by the Bureau of Fisheries to make a biological

THE NAUTILUS. 107

survey of San Francisco Bay. A thorough study of the fauna
of a given area presents many interesting facts pertaining to dis-
tribution, and a basis for making further observations. The
number described are 1738 species and 13 varieties collected by
the survey or previously recorded from the San Francisco Bay,
San Francisco Co., or the Farallon Islands. The number ob-
tained by the survey within the limits of San Francisco Bay
comprises 81 species and varieties. The illustrations are ex-
cellent, and charts show the local distribution of 18 of the more
common species. A map of San Francisco Bay showing the
dredging stations is also given.—C. W. J.

THE Propvuctiviry OF INVERTEBRATE Fish Foop ON THE
Bortom oF ONEIDA LAKE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MoL-
Lusks. By Frank C. Baker (N. Y. State College of Forestry,
Tech. Pub., no. 9, vol. 18, no. 2, 1918, pp. 1-264. A most
interesting publication that brings to our attention a great factor
little considered by most conchologists, 7. e., the importance of
the smaller fresh-water mollusks as fish food. Animal life was
found to be most abundant at the 6-foot contour and a sandy
bottom the richest in animal life.—C. W. J.

A New Marine Mo.Luusk oF THE GENUS CERITHIOPSIS FROM
Froripa. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31,
p. 185, 1918). Cerithiopsis vanhyningi, Tampa Bay.

Four New MoLuusks FRoM THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs. By
Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 153, 1918).

CHANGES AND ADDITIONS TO MoLLuscAN NOMENCLATURE. By
W. H. Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 137, 1918).
The following new generic and section names are proposed:
Tromina, Algaroda, Littorivaga, Algamorda, Boetica, Iselica,
Elachisina, Kurtziella, Progabbia, Crawfordia, Boreomelon, Phena-
coptygma and Atrimitra.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Tuer Homine Hairs OF THE PULMONATE MOLLUSK ONCHIDIUM.
By L. B. Arey and W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 4,
pp. 319-321, 1918).

GROWTH AND DURATION OF LIFE OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS
AND GROWTH OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS IN DIFFERENT ENVIR-
ONMENTs [2 papers]. By W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,
vol. 4, pp. 322-328, 1918).

Tue NayapeEs (FrEsH WATER MussELs) OF THE UPPER TENN-
ESSEE DRAINAGE, WITH NoTEs ON SYNONYMY AND DIsTRIBUTION.
By A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 57, pp. 521—
626, 1918). Exhaustive studies of this character of the mol-
luscan fauna of our rivers constitutes one of the most important
works in biology. The constantly increasing pollution of our
streams will locally exterminate many species. The author
says: ‘‘The region in question is known as one of the chief
centers of nayad development, and may be called the most pro-
lific section of the world in this particular group.’’ The species
often assume different shapes in the larger rivers than in the
smaller streams and headwaters. Some 88 species and varieties
are recorded from this drainage.—C. W. J.

Los Motuscos DE LA REPUBLICA DE PanaMA por James Zetek
(Revista Nueva, Jul.-Aug., 1918). This catalogue of the mol-
lusks is prefaced by a discussion of the distribution, peculiari-
ties of the fauna, etc., and followed by a list of synonyms and
a bibliography. Besides having many species additional to
those of C. B. Adams’s well-known catalogue, it has the advan-
tage of modern nomenclature.

CEPHALOPODA, AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC ExpepiTion. By S.
S. Berry. A new species of Stawroteuthis and four of Moschites
are described and well figured in this interesting report.

DANIELS

E.

L,

Ee INGA OT PE US:

Vol. XXXII.

APRIL, 1919. No. 4

NOTES ON CERTAIN PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF VIVIPARUS,

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Several months ago Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester,
N. Y., placed in my hands for identification a small collection
of Philippine Viviparit. The very considerable search of the
literature that was found necessary to determine the proper
names to be used for certain species has brought about some
interesting results in the matter of nomenclature.

R
PALUDINA (VIVIPARA) CARINATA Auct.

No less than four distinct species have been described by as
many different authors as Paludina carinata or Vivipara carinata,
viz:

1820-3. Paludina carinata Swainson. Ganges.

1827. Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Mexico.

1863. Paludina carinata Reeve. Philippine Is.

1867. Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Philippine Is.

It will be more convenient to treat these species separately.

a8
PALUDINA CARINATA Sw. PI. VIII, fig. 1.
Paludina carinata Swainson. Zool. Ills., Series I, 1820-3,
pl. 93, center figure.

Swainson’s original figure is reproduced as above and his
brief description is as follows:

110 THE NAUTILUS,

‘* P. testa parva, olivacea; spira apertura longiore, apice obtuso,
rufo; anfractu basili medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsoleto.

‘*Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip
obtuse, rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle;
umbilicus obsolete.

‘*A distinct species which is never found larger than the figure.
I once saw near 100 which had been picked up on the banks of
the Ganges; the spire is rather lengthened, always obtuse, and
the umbilicus even less than the last ’’ (P. wnicolor).

No measurements are given, but the figure (there is only one)
measures: alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

This species seems to have entirely dropped out of sight in
recent years. It has been referred to V. dissimilis (Mill.) by
Moérch (Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 52), Troschel (ubi?) and von
Martens (Mal. Blatt., 1865, p. 148). Frauenfeld (Verzeich-
niss, Paludina, 1864, p. 584) referred it to V. remossii (Phil. ).
Hanley and Theobald (Con. Ind., 1876; p. xvii, n. 7) simply
give the above opinions. The species is not referred to by
Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina, 1852) nor by Reeve in the Con-
chologia Iconica (1863) except as hereinafter stated, nor by
Kobelt in his recent (1906-9) monograph in the Conchylien
Cabinet, nor by Bartsch (Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907,
pp. 135-150), nor by Preston in ‘‘ The Fauna of British India ”’
(1915).

But it is clear that Swainson’s species was an Indian one and,
whatever may be its standing at the present time in the Indian
fauna, it is entirely different from any Philippine species and
by its priority prevents the use of the name by any subsequent
author either in Paludina, Vivipara or Viviparus.

III.
PALUDINA CARINATA Valenciennes.
See No. X.
IV.

PALUDINA CARINATA Reeve.

Paludina carinata Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 18638, Sp.
53, pl. IX, fig. 53.
Reeve in his text gives no authority for the specific name and

THE NAUTILUS. 111

the species is usually credited to him, but in the index the
species is credited to Swainson. It is possible that he thought
that the shell that he described and figured was the same as
Swainson’s species. Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864,
p. 584) expresses the opinion that Reeve’s species is really the
same, but the figure, description, such as it is, and the locality,
if correct, renders it quite improbable.

I do not think either that the shell figured by Bartsch as this
species is really the same.

Reeve as usual gives no dimensions, but his seine measures:
alt. 25, diam. 20; aperture, alt. 13.5, diam. 12 mm.

The type, said by Reeve to be in the Cuming Collection,
seems to have been lost or mislaid as Mr. H. C. Fulton, who
made a search for it at my request, was unable to find it at the
British Museum.

I have before me four shells that I believe represent this
species and which are figured on pl. IX, figs. 1-4. Two (figs.
1 and 2) are from the Andrews collection and were sent to Mrs.
Andrews by Dr. Wesley Newcomb as V. amplior Rve., and as
from the Philippine Islands. They are clearly not Reeve’s
amplior, which Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, p. 569) considers the
same as Mousson’s V. lineolatus amplus and Kobelt (Con. Cab.,
Viviparidae, 1908, p. 260) calls a variety of V. javanicus.

The third specimen (fig. 3) is No. 3252 of the collection of
the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and formed a
part of the collection of Joseph Monds, of Salem, Mass., pur-
chased by the University in 1855. It was originally unnamed
and is labeled ‘‘ Manilla.”’

The fourth (fig. 4), (Coll. Walker, No. 31774) was part of
the Quadras collection and has his original label ‘‘ Pal. carinata
Rve., Rio Pasig, Manila.’? With it was a larger shell of appar-
ently a different species.

As Reeve’s type has disappeared, I propose to call the species
represented by these specimens Viviparus pseudocarinatus, fig. 1
being the type and the others paratypes. If Reeve’s type
should be found and prove to be identical, his specific name
will be superseded by pseudocarinatus.

Viviparus pseudocarinatus may be described as follows: Shell

112 THE NAUTILUS.

globose-conic, apex obtuse, narrowly but deeply, umbilicate;
whorls five; apical whorls dark purple, which after the third
whorl becomes lighter and gradually fades into a yellowish-
green on the body-whorl; the dark color of the upper whorls
is lighter towards the sutures; on the last half of the body-
whorl of Nos. 1 and 3 are several darker, longitudinal striga-
tions representing, probably, rest periods. The lips of Nos. 1
and 2 are sharp and uncolored, having been taken apparently
between rest periods; No. 3 has the remains of a dark brown or
blackish margin on the lip, and on No. 4 the lip is thickened
and deep black. All four shells are quite acutely carinated on
the periphery of the upper whorls and in the three larger ones
the body-whorl drops slightly below the carina of the preceding
whorl and exposes it above the suture, but the carina rapidly
diminishes in prominence and is practically obsolete before
reaching the lip, which is regularly rounded. The lines of
growth are regular but very light, and the entire surface is
covered with exceedingly fine, spiral strise, scarcely discernible
on the upper whorls, but becoming stronger on the base of the
body-whorl; these lines especially on the upper whorls are more
or less interrupted by the growth lines giving the appearance of
very minute punctations.

The four shells measure as follows:

No. 1, alt. 22.5, diam, 17.5; aperture, alt. 12.8, width,
11.4 mm.

No. 2, alt. 20.00, diam. 14.5; aperture, alt. 11.2, width,
8.9 mm.

No. 3, alt. 22.1, diam. 17.1; aperture, alt. 13.0, width,
10.0 mm.

No. 4, alt. 16.9, diam. 12.8; aperture, alt. 9.6, width,
8.4 mm.

Unfortunately No. 4 is the only one with its operculum.
This (Pl. 8, fig. 7) is like that of V. costatus (Q. and G.) in
having the inner surface divided into three distinct areas with
the central and outer portions smooth and polished, but it
differs from that species in having the intermediate area with-
out granulation, it being finely and concentrically striate.

THE NAUTILUS. jy 3

Mi
VIVIPARA CARINATA Bartsch. Pl. IX, fig. 5.

Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,
1907, p. 141, pl. XI, fig. 14.

As already stated I do not think that the shell figured by
Bartsch as carinata Rve. is really that species. Bartsch’s speci-
men apparently belongs to a larger, more elongated species and,
if mature, lacks the black peritreme that seems characteristic of
carinata Rve. The color is also different.

The specimen that I have figured for comparison with what
I believe to be the genuine carinata Rve. and which seems to
agree very exactly with that figured by Bartsch, was sent by
Dr. Wesley Newcomb to the late Mrs. George Andrews with
another, which was correctly named as V. cumingii Rve. It is
No. 47035 Coll. Walker and measures: alt. 28.5, diam. 21.7;
aperture, alt. 16.2, width 13.1 mm.

As ‘‘ carinata’’ can not be used for either Reeve’s or Bartsch’s
species and the two are evidently different, the better course
would seem to be to rename the form figured and described by
Bartsch and to leave Reeve’s carinata to stand for further con-
sideration. I would propose that the species figured and de-
scribed by Bartsch be called V. bartschi, the type being No.
103666, U. S. Nat. Museum.

VE
PALUDINA cUMINGII Reeve. Pl. IX, fig. 7.

Paludina cumingii Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.
itool- PE fig. IY.

This species will also have to be renamed, as ‘‘ Paludina
cumingii’’ was used by d’Orbigny in 1835 for the South Amer-
ican species now known as Littoridina cumingii (d’Orb.). Reeve
himself says that the name had been used by d’Orbigny, but
attempts to avoid the duplication by stating that d’Orbigny’s
species is a Paludestrina. This, of course, is impossible under
the international code.

To make the change as inconspicuous as possible, I would
propose that the species hereafter be known as Viviparus cum-
ingianus.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Cumingianus is a large, well-marked species and was excel-
lently figured by Reeve. It was the first of the more-widely
umbilicated Philippine species to be described and is not likely
to be confounded with any of its contemporaneous species.

The characteristic specimen figured is from the MacAndrew
collection (Coll. Walker, No. 46916) and measures: alt. 39.7,
diam. 30.5 mm. Another with it measures: alt. 36.5, diam.
29 mm. This specimen has its operculum, which is of the
characteristic javanicus type.

The specimen figured by Bartsch (Pr. U. S. N. M., XXXII,
1907, pl. X, fig. 7) is apparently immature as it measures only
alt. 17.1, diam. 14.8 mm.

Autoptically unknown to Frauenfeld, von Martens and Ko-
belt, the first two express no opinion in regard to it, but the
latter (Con. Cab., Viviparidae, 1908, p. 273) thinks that it is
probably a thick-shelled variety of V. costatus (Q. and G.); but
that view is not tenable.

VIL
VIVIPARUS ANGULARIS (Miiller). Pl. VIII, figs. 4-5.

Nerita angularis Miller. Hist. Verm., II, 1774, p. 187.

Helix angularis Chemnitz. Con. Cab., IX, 1786, p. 160, pl.
134, figs. 1222-1223.

Miiller’s description of his Nerita angularis is as follows:

‘* Nerita testa imperforata, virescente, anfractibus spiraliter angu-
latis, fauce alba.

‘* Cochlea virginiana e flavo viridescens non fasciata.”’

‘List. Syn. t. 127, £. 27.

‘*Dan. Kant-neriten

long. 12 lin. lat. 6 lin.

“* Testa opaca, conica, glabra virescens striis transversis subtillimis,
spiralibus tribus in singulo anfractu elevatis, acutis. Anfractus
quinque prope perpendiculares.

‘Apertura retundata, ad anfractum vicinum in angulum producta.
Foramen vel umbilicus nullus. Faux calearea. Striz spirales in
quibusdam evanescunt.

‘* Figura Lasteri nostris major, caeterum refert. In flumine
Chinensi emporium Canton alluente.’’

THE NAUTILUS. 115

His reference to Lister was an unfortunate one as the two
species have nothing in common. Chemnitz in 1786 expressed
his surprise at the approximation. Lister’s species was un-
doubtedly that subsequently described by Say (1817) as Limnza
decisa and now known as Campeloma decisum. As the facsimile
of Lister’s figure given by Binney (L. and F.-W. Shells, ITI,
1865, p. 43, fig. 86) is not a satisfactory reproduction of the
original figure, I give a photographic copy on pl. VIII, fig. 6.

As to whether Miiller’s species was the Chinese species com-
monly known as V. quadratus (Bens. ) or the Philippine species
often referred to V. costatus (Q. and G.), there has been a very
radical and long-continued difference of opinion among con-
chologists.

Mousson in 1849 (Moll. Jav., p. 62) according to von Martens
(Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) recognized that the shell figured by
Chemnitz as Helix angularis was different from that figured by
Philippi as Paludina angularis, but overlooked the fact that it
was the P. quadrata of Benson.

Philippi (Abbildungen, I, 1845, pl. I, fig. 10) identified it
with the species described by Quoy and Gaimard in 1832 as P.
costata.

Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina, 1862, p. 26) followed Philippi.

Reeve (Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862) referred the Philippine
species to angularis, which he considered distinct from costata,
though he remarks that the two species are very closely allied.

Frauenfeld in 1864 (Verzeichniss, Paludina, p. 571) also re-
ferred the Philippine species to anguwlaris.

Von Martens in 1869 (Mal. Blitt., p. 145) seems to have
been the first to refer Miiller’s species to the well-known Chinese
form commonly called quadrata Bens.

Morelet in 1869 (J. de Con., XVII, p. 403) argued the ques-
tion at considerable length and refused to follow von Martens.
But he makes no reference to Chemnitz either in his synonymy
or in his discussion.

Issel in 1874 (Moll. Born., p. 90) followed von Martens.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59), while they
make no reference either to angularis Mull. or to quadrata Bens.,
refer the Celebes species to costata Q. and G. and therefore im-
pliedly endorse von Martens’ position.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1897 von Martens (Moll. Weber, p. 20) reaffirmed his
position of 1865.

Bartsch in his monographic paper on ‘‘ The Philippine Pond
Snails of the Genus Vivipara’”’ (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,
1907, pp. 1385-150) followed Philippi and referred the Philip-
pine species to angularis Miill.

Kobelt in his recent monograph of the Viviparide (Con.
Cab., 1908, p. 230) adopts von Martens’ position and calls the
Philippine species costata Q. and G. But while he states (1. c.
p. 122) that in his opinion the smaller, spirally-sculptured
Chinese species should be divided into groups represented by
angularis Mill. and quadrata Bens., he retains Benson’s name
for practically the whole Chinese series and neither figures nor
describes, except in a very general way, the particular Chinese
form that he would consider to be the real angularis.

None of the above-mentioned authors with the excer tion of
Philippi, Kuster and von Martens, refer in any way to the fig-
ures and remarks of Chemnitz in the original Conchylien Cab-
inet. If they were acquainted with that work they omitted to
make any reference to it, and if they were not it is difficult to
understand how they came to refer costata Q. and G. to Miiller’s
species.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the reference to Chemnitz,
the photographs of his figures reproduced on pl. VIII, the trans-
lation of his remarks and for permission to use the illuminating
note that follows.

The translation is as follows:

“Tab. 134. Fig. 1222. 1223.

‘* Ex Museo Spongleriano.

‘*The greenish river-snail with three-fold keels on each
whorl.

‘* Heliz angularis, testa conica, viridescente, in quovis anfractu
tricarinata, apertura rotunda subangulari.”’

Miller, Histor. Verm. no. 373, p. 187.

Then follows Muller’s diagnosis.

‘This river snail is covered with a dark green coat. It has
a quite conic formation, and a mainly circular, but stil] some-
what angular, aperture. It will be most conspicuously and

———

EE

THE NAUTILUS. 127

recognizably distinguished from other snails by the three white
angles or perceptibly raised, parallel, transverse strize, which
are seen upon the whorls. Because it is seen to be thus some-
what angular in its formation and aperture, our renowned
Muller has called it Cochleam angularem. It lives in the Chinese
rivers, has a length of only sixteen lines and is certainly un-
known at present to most lovers of shells; hence it is rare and
uncommon. I donot comprehend how Miiller could find it
like the figure of Lister, tab. 127, no. 27, which he refers to in
his Hist. Verm.’’

Dr. Pilsbry adds: ‘‘ Miiller’s angularis does not depend upon
Lister, he notes a discrepancy in size. I have therefore had
Chemnitz’s figures copied. Nearly all of Miuller’s exotic shells
were from the Spengler collection, and there is every reason to
believe that Chemnitz figured one of the type lot from the same
collection.”’

It is only necessary, in addition, to compare Chemnitz’s fig-
ures with a typical specimen of quadrata Bens. from China
(Coll. Walker, No. 46135) figured on pl. IX, fig. 10, and Quoy
and Gaimard’s figures of the Celebes type of their costata (pl.
VIII, figs. 9-10) to come to the conclusion reached by von
Martens.

Morelet’s remark (1. c. p. 407) that Paludina quadrata is dis-
tinguished by its more elongated form, less shouldered spire
and a proportionately smaller aperture is a very apt statement
of the difference between Chemnitz’s and Quoy and Gaimard’s
figures and practically convicts bim out of his own mouth.

To which of the many described forms of the protean Chinese
species, angularis should be referred is ‘‘ another story’’ and
outside the purview of this paper. But there can be no doubt
but that Muller’s specific name should be associated with the
Chinese rather than with the Philippine species.

ViED
VIVIPARUS cosTa'rus (Quoy and Gaimard’. Pl. VIII, figs. 9-13.
Pl. DX fie.

Paludina costata Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Astrolabe, ITI,
1832, p. 170, pl. 58, figs. 1-5.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Type locality: Lac de Tondano, N. Celebes.

It is not entirely certain that Quoy and Gaimard’s name can
be retained for this species.

Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) has con-
sidered it to be the same as Lesson’s P. tricostata from New
Guinea described in 1830 (Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, p. 349).

Von Martens (Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) has also made the
same suggestion. If so, Lesson’s name would have priority.

Lesson did not figure his species, but his description may be
translated as follows:

‘Shell conic, inflated, of a uniform yellowish-green color,
ornamented with vertical strisee, very fine and very close to-
gether. Spire moderate, conic, acute, with convex whorls sep-
arated by a linear and excavated suture. The fifth whorl is
the largest, inflated and dilated, three prominent keels mark its
contour, beginning on the preceding whorl. These three light
lineations form a ribbon-like, flat carina. The aperture is as
high, as wide, rounded, with a thin, sharp lip and smooth on
the columellar border, peeked a little at its base by a small
lamella, which covers in part the narrow umbilicus.

‘‘Several individuals in all respects alike were 7 lines in heigh t
and 6 in diameter. This Paludina inhabits the sweet, fresh
waters of the brooks of New Guinea.’

While in some respects this description would apply to V.
costatus, the dimensions given, alt. 17, diam. 15 mm., if from
mature specimens, would indicate a much smaller and more
globose species and his statement that the three lirations form
a flat, ribbon-like (rubanée et aplatic) carina would seem to in-
dicate that they were close together and, probably, at the peri-
phery of the shell.

Moreover, Tapparone-Canefri (Fauna Moll. N. Guinea, Pt. I,
1888, p. 23) states that Beccari and d’Albertis found nothing
like it in their collections. On the other hand, Pilsbry in com-
menting on another of Lesson’s lost species, Partula lineata
(Man. Con., XX, 1909, p. 312), remarks on ‘‘ the general re-
liability of the locality records in the Zoology of the Coquille.”’

Thinking that possibly Lesson’s type had been preserved in
the Paris Museum, I requested Dr. Louis Germain to ascertain

THE NAUTILUS. 119

whether they were in the Museum. But he replied that much
of their collection and nearly all of their types had been stored
in the cellars for safety and that consequently the desired in-
formation could not be obtained at present. Now that the war
is over, the Museum collections will, no doubt, be returned in
due time to their normal condition and then, if the original
types have been preserved, a critical examination can be made.

In view of the uncertainty as to just what Lesson’s species is,
it does not seem to be desirable to change the well-known and
unquestioned name for the species until more definite informa-
tion can be had in regard to the earlier one.

Viviparus costatus (Q. and G.) came from Lake Tondano,
North Celebes and is described as being ‘‘ very ventricose,
fragile and thin, spire obtuse, whorls rounded, carinated by a
considerable number of acute lirations, of which two or three
are more prominent, and very finely longitudinally striate.
Aperture almost circular, slightly angled above, umbilicus
narrow and deep. Length 27.66, diam. 22.56 mm.”’

As shown by the original figures copied on pl. IX, figs. 9-10
and fig. 6 on pl. X from a specimen from Sukur, Celebes,
labeled ‘‘ angularis Miill.’’? by Brot, the shell has two principal
carinas, one at the periphery and the other forming the edge of
the prominent, wide shoulder; between these are a number of
lesser lirations, of which two are usually somewhat stronger
than the others. The penultimate whorl is much smaller than
the body-whorl owing to the width of the shoulder, and the spire
is short and obtusely conical.

I have not seen any typical V. costata from the Philippine
Islands.

Kobelt (Con. Cab., Viviparide, 1908, p. 230) has called at-
tention to the fact that the shell figured by Bartsch (Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, pl. X, fig. I) from Luzon as typical
‘* angularis’’ (costatus) does not represent the type from North
Celebes. It was very properly united with V. burroughianus by
Bartsch and will probably, when large series are obtained, be
found to intergrade with it quite completely, but at present, at
least, it seems entitled to varietal rank.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

TX.
VIVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS (Lea).

Paludina burroughiana Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., V, 1834,
p. 118, pl. XIX, fig. 80; Obs.. I, 1834, p. 225, pl. XIX,
fig. 80.

Paludina angularis Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.
14, pl. III, fig. 14.

Vivipara angularis burroughiana Bartsch. Pr. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., 1907, p. 136, pl. X, fig. 1. -

Vivipara costata burroughiana Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparide,
1908, p. 232, pl. 46, figs. 7-8.

This is a characteristic species of the Philippine Islands. It
differs from the V. costatus from Celebes by its larger size, more
sloping shoulder, more elevated spire and stronger carination.
As the oldest available name Lea’s becomes the specific desig-
nation.

».€
VIVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS TRINOMINIS N. Nn.

Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Rec. d’Observ. de Zool.,
1833, p. 252, pl. LVI, figs. 2a-b; Haldeman, Mon., 1841, p.
27, pl. VIII; Kuster, Con. Cab. Paludina, 1852, p. 28, pl. VI,
figs. 6-7; non Swainson, 1820-3.

Paludina multicarinata Haldeman. Mon., 1842, Pt. 4, p. 4
of cover; W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. III, 1865,
p. 22, fig. 40; non Cailliaud, 1826.

Vivipara angularis Bartsch. Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXII,
1907, p. 135, pl. X, fig. 1; non Muller, 1774.

Valenciennes states that his species came from Mexico, but
W.G. Binney (J. de Con., XV, 1867, p. 430) and Morelet
(Ibid., XVII, 1869, p. 405) from an examination of the types
have confirmed the opinions of Frauenfeld ( Verzeichniss, Palu-
dina, 1864, p. 583) and von Martens (Mal. Blatt., 1865, p.
149) that it is undoubtedly the Philippine species commonly
known as V. costatus (Q. and G.). The author himself states
that his specimens were given to Humboldt by a member of the
Royal Council of Manilla. Valenciennes’ figure copied by

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Haldeman is almost exactly the same as that given by Bartsch
(1. c.) as the typical form of V. angularis (Mull. ).

Haldeman’s name was proposed on account of the priority of
Paludina carinata Sw., but multicarinata has already been used
by Cailliaud (Voy. Meroe, 1826, pl. LX, fig. 6) for another
species, so that it is not available at the present time even in a
varietal sense.

None of the earlier names proposed for this form being avail-
able and, as in the light of our present knowledge, the race
seems worthy of varietal recognition, a new one is given as
above.

Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) considers
this form as the same as ¢tricarinata Ant., but if the figures given
of that species by Philippi and Kuester correctly represent it, it
is quite different.

XI.
VIVIPARUS TRICARINATUS (Anton).

Paludina tricarinata Anton. Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 52.

Anton did not figure his species and I have not been able to
consult his original description. Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina,
1852, p. 27) considered it to be a variety of angularis Miill.
(costatus Q. and G.) ‘‘ differing only in the sharper carine, two
on the upper whorls and three on the last,’’ and remarks that
every gradation between the two forms is to be found.

Tricarinata is not mentioned by Reeve in the Conchologia
Iconica nor by Kobelt in his recent monograph in the Conchy-
lien Cabinet.

I have not seen any Philippine specimens that are referable
to this species, but Bartsch’s zamboangensis evidently groups
with it, if we are justified in assuming that Kuester’s figure (pl.
6, fig. 5), which he gives as a ‘‘mittelform’”’ in the series be-
tween the typical form and the variety, fairly represents the
species.

I have two specimens in the James Lewis collection (Coll.
Walker, No. 12553) from Celebes (pl. [X, fig. 11), which agree
fairly well with Kuster’s figure above mentioned. They differ
from typical costatus by their more elevated form, the sloping

122 THE NAUTILUS.

shoulder of the whorls and in the accentuation of the three
principal carinas.

Philippi’s figures of tricarinatus copied on pl. VIII, figs. 2-3,
are not quite so much elevated and look not unlike V. javanicus
luzonicus as figured by Kobelt (pl. 46, fig. 9) and herein.
Philippi notes several minor differences between his specimens
and Anton’s description, but ‘‘has no doubt’? but that his
shells are correctly identified.

In the absence of specimens with their opercula, the standing
of Anton’s species and its relations to both costatus and javanicus
must remain uncertain.

XIT.
VIVIPARUS JAVANICUS LUzONIcUS Kobelt. Pl IX, fig. 8.

Vivipara javanica luzonica Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparide,
1909, p. 378, pl. 46, figs. 5, 9 and 10.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59) were the
first to call attention to the radical difference in the opercula of
the two species, V. costatus Q. and G. and V. javanicus vy. d.
Busch, which in their shell characters are often quite indis-
tinguishable. .

In javanicus and its allies the central part of the inner side of
the operculum is occupied by a granulated area, which is sur-
rounded by a smooth, polished border.

In costatus, on the other hand, the central portion is smooth
and polished, but is surrounded by a narrow, distinctly granu-
lated area and outside of this the remainder of the surface is
smooth and polished like the centre.

Kobelt (1. c.) has described a race from Daraga, Luzon,
which has the typical javanicus operculum, but in other re-
spects closely resembles costatus. I have similar specimens with
their opercula, figured above, which were collected in the Phil-
ippines by Steere, but no exact locality is given.

Among the shells received from Mr. Webb was a single speci-
men from Panique, Tarlac Proy., Luzon, which agrees in its
shell characters with the Steere specimens, but unfortunately
has no operculum.

If Anton’s tricarinata should prove to be identical with this
form, his name would have priority.

= CU

THE NAUTILUS. 123

XII.
VIVIPARA ZAMBOANGENSIS Bartsch. Pl. VIII, fig. 8.

Vivipara zamboangensis Bartsch. Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
XXXII, 1907, p. 137, pl. XI, fig. 19.

This species was also collected by Steere many years ago at
Zamboanga. ‘The operculum (fig. 8) shows that it belongs to
the javanicus group. I have also received it from the Geneva
(Switzerland) Museum, but without exact locality, labeled
‘‘angularis Mull.’’ by Brot.

A single specimen (pl. IX, fig. 9) from Bugasong, Antique,
Panay, was received from Mr. Webb, which resembles the
typical form in shape, but differs in the details of the carina-
tion. The peripheral and shoulder keels are as in the type,
but the central one has disappeared and the space between the
two that remain is divided by four lesser keels, of which the
two in the middle are a little more prominent; the whole surface
is very finely, spirally lirate as in the type but rather stronger.
The lip is black-edged and bluish-white within. The apical
whorls are dark purple, which passes into a yellowish-green on
the intermediate whorls and become a darker green on the body-
whorl. The umbilicus is as in the typical form.

This form may be called V. zamboangensis duplocinctus.

The type (No. 45204 Coll. Walker) has 54 whorls and meas-
ures: alt. 25.2, diam. 17.2 mm.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for photographic copies of
Lister’s description and figure and also of P. carinata Sw. and
N. angularis Mull. And to Miss Mina L. Winslow of the
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for the reproduc-
tion of Philippi’s figures of P. tricarinata Ant.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE.

Since the foregoing paper was written I find that Bavay
found the original and unique type of Paludina tricostata Les-
son in the Museum of Paris and figured it in his paper on the
‘* Land and Fresh-Water Shells of New Guinea’’ (Nova Guinea,
1908, p. 270, pl. XIV, fig. 1). Unfortunately he added noth-
ing to the meagre description of Lesson, but contented himself
with giving an apparently excellent, life-size figure. Although

124 THE NAUTILUS.

he followed von Martens in considering it identical with P. cos-
tata Q. and G., I do not think that the figure in any way sup-
ports his conclusion. As shown by his figure, tricostata is a
small, globose form with two visible carinas, the upper one
scarcely more than a strong angle, the peripheral one is well
developed, the third (and intermediate?) one, if it exists, is not
shown in the figure.

Bavay associates with this as varieties two forms, one much
larger and the other about of the same size, both of which are
much more strongly carinated and have a funicular umbilicus
surrounded with a strong carina. Tricostata has no indication
of an umbilicus of this form and no umbilical carina. Bavay’s
varieties are certainly clearly distinct from costata and appar-
ently so from tricostata.

Lesson’s type came from Lac Sentani at Ase.

So far as can be determined from Bavay’s figure tricostata is
apparently specifically distinct from costata and Quoy and
Gaimard’s name should be used for the species described by
them.

A HAWAIIAN FORM OF TAPES PHILIPPINARUM.

BY WM. ALANSON BRYAN.

From a reliable native fisherman I learn that this species of
clam was plentiful at a certain locality in the mud-flats at Ewa,
on Oahu, more than thirty years ago, but that it apparently
completely disappeared from that locality. The native name
‘‘Okupi’’ was commonly used for the species then though
more recently the name ‘‘ Mahamoi’’ is sometimes used to dis-
tinguish it from the more common edible ‘‘Olepi’’ (Tellina
rugosa Born).

The story given in accounting for the unusual nature name
‘‘okupi,’’ which means leg-weary, tired or exhausted, is that ‘‘a
Jong time ago a native chief with his family and attendants,
while spending a day at the seashore, accidentally discovered
this clam as they were wading in the soft oozie black mud, de-
posited in the estuary of the stream. None of them knew a
name for the clam; no one had ever seen it before: it was a new

THE NAUTILUS. 125

comer and a stranger to the oldest inhabitants. After wading
about in the sticky mud for a time and having gathered a quan-
tity of the shells, the company, exhausted from their labor, sat
down on the shore to rest. It was decided that the chief must
name the malihini (stranger). Being a stout man and not ac-
customed to such strenuous labor as he had just been engaged
in, he declared that the name of the new clam should be
“* okupi.”’

A few hours spent collecting specimens was sufficient to con-
vince me that the name was most appropriately bestowed.

The species seems to be entirely restricted to brackish water
mud-flats and is easily killed by either fresh or sea water. My
native informant states that after the okupi had heen abundant
for several years during his youth, there came a period of very
heavy rain which flooded the lowlands about his home in Ewa.
After the flood went down there was not one of this species of
clam alive in that locality. Although he is a professional fisher-
man he had not seen the clam either in Ewa or at Kalihi (where
he had resided since 1886) until a few months ago, when the
natives began to secure them in quantity from the Kalihi and
Moanalua mud-flats, not a mile distant from his home.

In a large series of 455 specimens 68 have deep purple in-
teriors; 374 bluish-white and 14 are from yellow to salmon
colored, the proportions remaining the same in full grown and
immature shells. When this clam is cooked the varied dark
greenish-brown or purple-brown markings’ change to a rich
chestnut (or between russet and cinnamon-brown of Ridgeway)
but the interior of the shell is not affected. The majority of the
colored figures of this genus that we have examined are appar-
ently made from sun-bleached shells or those that have been
opened in hot water and accordingly do not show the color as
in life.

While these shells agree in the main with the figure and de-
scription of Tapes philippinarum, and with Japanese specimens
they differ by the somewhat larger size and bolder markings.
It may be as well to have a varietal name, Tapes philippinarum
okupi, for the Hawaiian form.

’ Bone-brown to clove-brown in the dry shells.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FROM THE COAST RANGE OF
CALIFORNIA.!'

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis, new subspecies.

Shell depressed helicoid, pale brown with an olive tinge above
and olive with a brownish tinge below, provided with a narrow
chestnut-brown supraperipheral spiral band which is fringed on
each side by a narrow zone a little lighter than the ground color;
inside of the aperture and the slightly reflected lip, pale
purplish, the spiral brown band and its bordering lighter zones
well marked. Nuclear whorls one and three-fourths, well
rounded, minutely granulated; the succeeding turns marked by
more or less regular obliquely retractively curved riblets, which
are about half as wide as the spaces that separate them. The
last turn shows a few irregularly distributed malleations on the
upper surface. Base narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus
about half covered by the reflected columella. The under sur-
face of the whorls are well rounded and marked by the contin-
uations of the axial riblets which extend feebly into the umbil-
ical area, becoming crowded in this region. The peripheral
half of the base shows numerous malleations while the umbil-
ical half is almost devoid of them. Immediately behind the
reflected peristome there is a concentration of fine pustules
which are densely scattered over about one-twentyfifth of the
last whorl; within the umbilicus they extend back a little farther
covering probably a tenth of a turn. Aperture large, very
broadly oval; peristome slightly reflected, inner lip decidedly
reflected, parietal wall covered by a thin callus.

The type, Cat. No. 334721, U. S. N. M., and two additional
specimens were collected by Mr. G. Willett ‘‘in an old rock
slide on the north slope near the summit of a hill about a mile
southeast of Sites, Colusa County, California, January 29,
1919,’’ that is, on the east slope of the coast range north of San
Francisco Bay. The type has 5} turns and measures: altitude
15 mm., greater diameter 24.4 mm., lesser diameter 19.6 mm.

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

The largest of the three specimens, a dead individual, measures:
altitude, 16 mm.; greater diameter 27,1 mm.; lesser diameter
21.2 mm.

No race of Epiphragmophora tudiculata appears to have been
described from that general region. The general form and the
weak malleations of the surface distinguish this race from the
other members of the tudiculata group and strongly suggest
Epiphragmophora traski, but the nuclear characters as well as the
other sculptural features all ally it with the tudiculata complex.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS SAY, FROM
BLUE SZA LAKE, QUEBEC.!

BY E. J. WHITTAKER.

Variability in Planorbis campanulatus is much less common
than it is in a related species, P. trivolvis, in which variation
with reference to size and aperture of the shell has resulted in
many varieties being established by conchologists. The shell
in P. campanulatus may vary in size in certain localities, due to
differences in bottom environment and food supply, but in the
same area the form is apt to be constant. While at Blue Sea
Lake, Wright County, Quebec, about eighty miles north of
Ottawa, in the summer of 1918, the writer secured a large series
of P. campanulatus, in which several well-marked deviations
from the normal type were observed.

PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS.

Various observations have been made on variation in this
species among which are the following:

Tryon’ remarks: ‘‘ The plan of the spiral in this genus (i. e.
Planorbis) is such as to yield readily to pressure, hence mon-
strosities are rather frequent. This consists of a tilting-up of
the whorls on one side, or even a conical elevation of the spire.
The smaller forms appear to be most liable to this distortion.”’

‘Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of
Canada.

*Tryon, Geo., Jr., Manual of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 106.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Dall* remarks of P. campanulatus rudentis: ‘* Very similar
specimens were obtained from Anticosti, and from Marl Lake,
Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a
condition I take to be pathological.’’

Bryant Walker’ remarks of P. multivolvis: ‘‘ When it (4. e.
the abnormality) occurs, it bears the appearance of an abnormal)
extension of the last whorl being more or less irregular in form
and usually deflected from the plane of the rest of the whorls; ”’
and adds that occasionally P. campanulatus has a similar ab-
normality. This would appear te be the closest approach to
No. 8 in the plate accompanying this paper.

Dr. Frank C. Baker* describes P. campanulatus smithii. This
species would seem to be very similar, with regard to the de-
flection of the last whorl, to the ones discussed here, but the
whorls of that variety are ‘‘ strongly carinated above and below,
the last whorl being particularly so marked.’’ This serves to
distinguish the forms. Mr. Baker observes, however, as in the
specimens from Blue Sea Lake, the presence of the typical form
of P. campanulatus which shows marked variation toward the
smithit type.

Robertson * states: ‘‘ Often distorted so that the tops of the
whorls are inclined at various angles. Varies considerably in
the length of campanulate expansion and thickness of shell.’’
This is of interest because the area, which his report covers, lies
within the Archaean region of Georgian Bay, where similar
conditions to those at Blue Sea prevail.

Tryon® describes and illustrates an abnormal specimen of
Planorbis bicarinatus, which has developed in exactly the same

1Dall, W. H., Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, Harriman Alaska Ex-
pedition, vol, XVIII, p. 90.

* Walker, B., Mollusca of Michigan, Nautiivs, vol. 6, p. 136.

* Baker, F. C., A New Planorbis from Michigan, Nauriius, vol. 25,
p. 119.

* Robertson, A. D., Mollusca of Georgian Bay, Contributions to Canadian
Biology, Supp. 47th Annual Report, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Fish- .
eries Branch, Pt. 2, p. 101.

'Tryon, Geo., Jr., An Abnormal Specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus.
Journ, of Conchology, vol. 2, p. 3.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

manner as has the specimen No. 8 of this plate. From the
illustration it would be taken for an ordinary dextral shell.

DESCRIPTION.

In the following description only the characters of interest in
this discussion are noted: ‘‘Shell sinistral, discoidal, more or
less rounded; surface shiny, lines of growth oblique; whorls
four, rounded above and below, rather subcarinated; gently and
regularly expanding; spire flat or on a level with the general
plane of the whorls; periphery rounded, aperture lunate, mouth
of the aperture dilated to a great extent forming a bell-shaped
expansion; last whorl contracts slightly just before the dilation
commences; heavy ridge inside aperture beneath constriction
forms narrow throat.’’

The last whorl in many cases shows a tendency to turn
slightly upwards, the effect of which is accentuated by the
rapidly flaring aperture. In the normal type this is so incon-
siderable as to be omitted in most descriptions of the species.
Gould’ and Haldeman,’ however, mention this feature. The
former says: ‘‘ The whorls enclose each other in a very regular
spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, where there is a sudden
enlargement and distortion toward the left’? (7. e. upward).
The latter says: ‘‘ Remarkable for the deflection and dilatation
of the last whorl.’’ The figures accompanying the above show
the deflection of the lower edge of the aperture to be not more
in any case than one-quarter the height of the body whorl.
Binney’s figure 184, reprinted by Call* and others, shows a
similar slight deflection. Dr. Baker’s‘ plates show no such
deflection, and the writer has many specimens in the collections
here in which that feature is very inconsiderable. It appears
from the fact that so many descriptions are silent on this point,

‘Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. Binney, p. 493.

?+Haldeman, Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the
United States, part 7, p. 9.

* Call, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusea of In-
diana, p. 410, pl. 8, fig. 12.

‘Baker, F. C., Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Bull. 3, pt. 2, Natural His-
tory Survey, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

that this distortion upwards is not readily observed on normal
specimens, and any large degree of upturn of the aperture would
seem to be a variation worthy of note.

VARIATION (PLATE X).

In the form from Blue Sea Lake this tendency of the extrem-
ity of the last whorl has been greatly accentuated, as a study of
Series c in the accompanying plate will show. Fig. cl, a form
from Mackay Lake, near Ottawa, shows no deflection at all.
The others are all from Blue Sea. In this series there is a
gradual elevation of the extremity throughout. In c7 the lower
edge of the aperture is more than half-way up the preceding
whorl. In c8 the last whorl has been removed completely from
the plane of the others, and the aperture is directed upwards at
a high angle. The gradation throughout is such that all must
be considered as variations within the species, though the end
members are quite different. Such variation, however, if fol-
lowed by the disappearance of intermediate forms would result
in new species.

The last shell of the series, No. 8, represents the extreme de-
velopment of the tendency to deflection from the plane of the
shell of the outer whorl. Viewed by itself, it would appear to
be merely a rather odd dextral form. On closer inspection it
proves to have four and a-half whorls to the point, where there
is a small campanulate expansion and where the distortion
commenees. Therefore, so far, it is normal. The contraction
forming the throat of the shell is much less than usual. The
last whorl turns upward rapidly and, in a horizontal plane,
almost at a right angle to the one preceding as shown in Figs.
c8 and b8 respectively. In contrast to the latter, which is sub-
carinated above and below, the last whorl is broadly rounded
above, and irregularly sub-carinated below. The lines of growth
on the body whorl, though inconspicuous, are spaced normally,
and those on the small campanulate portion are much finer.
However on passing this enlargement, the striae become coarse
again, though more oblique and irregular than on the preceding
whorl. A short distance from the aperture the shell thickens
slightly but there is no pronounced expansion at the extremity
of this additional whorl.

THE NAUTILUS. 13]

In addition to the variation noted above, which is observable
throughout the series, certain individuals show others. Nor-
mally the spire is on a level with, or slightly below, the plane
of the whorls. Shells 1 and 4 conform to this feature fairly
well. But in 2 and 3 the second to the last whorl is higher
than either those preceding or the body whorl, and in 3 its
plane is quite oblique. Shell g shows this in a less degree.
Series ¢ and d show this variation well.

Normally the whorls increase slowly and gradually to the be-
ginning of the campanulate expansion. From this nearly all
the specimens show various diversions, as shown in series «a.
Shells 4 and 5 approach the type most closely. In 3 and 6 the
second to the last whorl is proportionately much the largest.
In 3, 4 and 5, the whorls are rounded above except for the last
volution, which is sub-carinate. In 2 and 7 the tops of the
whorls are quite carinate. From the umbilical aspect as shown
in series b, these differences are not apparent, the whorls being
rounded to sub-carinate below.

The lines of growth are coarser, though not to a large degree,
in some specimens than others. Shell 5 is unique in having a
series of revolving lines as well. These fade away as they ap-
proach the aperture, and are most numerous about the middle
of the whorl. Several individuals have also rib-like striae on
the campanulate portion of the body whorl, but not elsewhere.
Revolving lines on the shell were seen only on this one speci-
men of those from Blue Sea Lake.

The aperture itself is subject to considerable variation. There
is a considerable difference in the degree of flare, and as one
would expect from the varying amounts of upturn of the last
whorl in the obliquity of the aperture also. Shell 6 and of
course 8 are extreme in this regard. In 1 the degree of obliqu-
ity from the vertical of the plane of the aperture is 15°; in 6 it
is 40°.

One feature, seldom seen in Planorbis campanuwatus, but which
is comparatively common in these specimens, is a rudimentary
color banding. Unfortunately, this feature has not shown well
in the plate. These colored areas are generally confined to the
lower half of the whorl and consist usually of two brown re-

132 THE NAUTILUS.

volving lines whose upper and lower boundaries are well defined.
Occasionally the two are merged into one broad band. The
majority of the specimens in this collection show traces of this
ornamentation and in many the lines are quite clearly marked.

Factors AFFECTING VARIATION.

As seen from the above paragraph, considerable variation
occurs in Planorbis campanulatus in the area under discussion.
Although, in the literature, references to deviations from type
are not common, this form would seem to be a somewhat plastic
species reacting to some unusual external condition. In this
case the writer attributes these modifications mainly to bottom
environment. The habitat of P. campanulatus is usually given
as ponds or streams with a muddy bottom, or weedy areas with a
muddy or sandy bottom, presumably in well-protected places. At
Blue Sea we have an entirely different set of conditions. This
lake is wholly within the Archaean granite and limestone area;
its shores, especially toward the north, are precipitous and
rocky; and its floor, with the exception of some smal]l muddy
bays is composed of bed rock. No streams of any size enter
the lake and consequently little sediment is being deposited.
The larger of these bays are at the south end, and none of the
specimens here discussed were collected there. The shells are
often found in from one to three feet of water attached to the
rock. Upon these rocks, absolutely devoid of sediment, the
waves during a storm beat with great force. Yet, while waves
of considerable strength were beating upon the shore, causing
small pebbles, which were placed as markers, to be tossed vio-
lently to and fro, this gastropod would remain firmly attached
by its foot to the rock. This habitat differs vastly from the
muddy bottom of rivers or ponds. The animal holds its shell
erect. Any increase in obliquity of the aperture causes the shell
to be carried more horizontally, and consequently better adapted
to resist wave action. In all probability this environment has
developed the high degree of obliquity of the specimens from
Blue Sea. Planorbis deflectus is an example of a form which has
a somewhat oblique aperture so that it can lie almost flat, and
is found occasionally on exposed rocky shores.

es

THE NAUTILUS. 133

The problem of food may have some influence in the produc-
tion of these forms. The discrepancies in size of the whorls
may be connected with periods of scarcity and abundance of
food. With the exception of the small muddy bays above men-
tioned, the bottom is very free from weeds and algae, the usual
food of this gastropod. It is indeed remarkable that the lake
can support so large a molluscan fauna as it does. Of plankton
there is none. The gastropods are not abundant, but certain of
the Unionidae in the bays occur in thousands.

The temperature of the water and range in depth of the gas-
tropods are not sufficiently distinctive to be an important factor
in this connection. The average water temperature is not much
colder than it would be in the Ottawa valley.

SUMMARY.
To summarize the results of this study it would appear that
the specimens of P. campanulatus from Blue Sea Lake show con-
siderable variation as follows:

a. Progressively in an increasing deflection upwards of the
extremity of the last whorl and aperture from the general plane
of the whorls.

b. In degree of elevation and obliquity of the spire.

ce. In size and shape of the whorls, which vary from rounded
to sharply carinate.

d. In presence in one specimen of well-marked revolving
lines.

e. In the flare and obliquity of the aperture.

f. In presence or absence of color-banding.

Of these the first only is regularly progressive, and the latter
deviations bear no relation either to it or to each other. To the
writer, bottom environment, wave action, and food conditions
appear to be the main factors in producing such a series of
forms as have been above described. Such conditions are favor-
able for the development of new varieties and species.

Note.—The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the as-
sistance and helpful criticism received from Dr. E. M. Kindle
of the Geological Survey of Canada, and from Mr. Frank C.
Baker.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Variation in Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Series a. Apical aspect.
1. From fossil marl beds Mackay Lake, Ottawa.
2-8. From Blue Sea Lake, Quebec.
Series b. Umbilical aspect of the above.
Series c. Profile view, showing aperture of the above.
Series d. Profile view, from side opposite aperture, of the
above.
The four views of each specimen are shown in vertical rows,
e. g., the four figures at left of plate represent a single shell.
All figures natural size.

ON THE LAND SHELLS OF MONROE, CONNECTICUT.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Twelve miles north of Bridgeport, Conn. is situated Monroe

Center. That part of the town of Monroe lying between the

Center and the Housatonic River was searched at several locali-
ties for terrestrial mollusca by my wife and me. This region pre-
sents five well-marked biological associations in which land
shells are common. Of these, the upland swamp (1) was found
to be richest in number of species and individuals. ‘A tract
which has not been burned over for a great number of years
lying west of my father’s house and barns (1) we considered to
be the best example of the upland swamp association. Water
can here be found throughout the year, though much less in
summer than at other times. The trees are mainly elm and
soft maple with clumps of black ash rising here and there from
the water. On each side of the wet area, among the maples and
elms are yellow birches, white ashes, and various swamp or
wet-land oaks. Lichens and mosses are very numerous, among
the latter being sphagnum. Thecinnamon fern grows waist-high.
The dry wooded hill slopes to the south and southwest of this
tract represents the second (2) association, characterized by
Polygyra fraterna and Suceinea retusa. The lowland swamp as-

THE NAUTILUS. Psp

sociation (3) was chiefly studied as typified by the swamp at
the head of Cargyles Pond to the east of the above-mentioned
localities and at the foot of the hill. This association seems to
be characterized by Succinea ovalis (totteniana). A limestone cave
association (4) was merely outlined by the fauna found in a
limestone fissure known as Devil’s Den, situated on the north
side of the Boy’s Half-way River (the brook flowing from the
above-mentioned artificial pond) a mile below the pond. The
limestone is partly leached out, with three entrances, and parti-
ally blasted out, making a fissure cavern. Here the larger shells
were quite common while the small ones were not noticed. The
fifth or fluvio-terrestrial association (5) borders the Housatonic
River and is characterized by Succinea avara. Although many
other localities were examined, all the species found are repre-
sented in at least one of the above associations as outlined in
the following list.

The method of collecting the smaller species was to gather
leaf mould, moss and rubbish (always keeping each collection
separate), dry the material in the oven, pass it through a graded
series of sieves and carefully sort over each sifting. The method
used for finding the larger shells, as well as the smaller, was to
carefully scrutinize old wood and stones, especially the under
or moist side, bases of stumps and trees, especially the ‘‘ saw-
dust’’ in their cavities, the underside of bark, etc. My wife
rendered me the greatest assistance in all of this tedious work.

Notice is called to the absence of Cochlicopa lubrica which I
have found near Bridgewater, fifteen miles further north. The
Omphalinas also were not found. No distinctly Canadian fauna
species were noticed.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Common at 1, less so at 3.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Occasionally at 1, 3 and 5, com-
mon at 2 and 4.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Circinaria concava (Say). Found only at 4.

Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Occasionally at 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Vitrea rhoadsi (Pilsbry). Uncommon, found at 1.

Striatura ferrea (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

Striatura milium (Morse). Common at 1, occasionally at 2,
3 and 5.

Kuconulus fulous (Muller). Not satisfactorily distinguished
from the next species.

Euconulus chersinus (Say). Common at 1, fairly common at
3 and 5,

Zonitoides hammonis (Strém). Common at 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Abundant everywhere.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Rarest of the Zonitidae, found
only at 1.

Zonitoides exigua (Stimpson). Common at 1, fairly common
at 3.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bose). Occasional at 2 and 3,

Pallifera dorsalis (Binney). Occasional at 2 and 3.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Occasional at 2, common at 4.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Occasional and
generally distributed. :

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Common and generally dis-
tributed.

Punctum pygmaeum minutissimum (Lea). Occasional at 1.

Succinea retusa (Lea). Fairly common at 2.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Uncommon at 2 and 38.

Succinea ovalis totteniana (Lea). Common at 3.

Succinea avara (Say). Common at 5.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Common in one spot (about a
decaying tree-top) at 1.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Found at 1.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Common at 1 and 3, the com-
monest Pupillid.

Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Adams). Found at 1 and 3.

Vertigo gould (Binney). A few specimens from 1 were con-
sidered to be this species.

Vertigo bollesiana (Morse). Occasional at 1.

Vertigo ventricosa (Morse). Fairly common at 1.

Vertigo ovata (Say). Fairly common at 1.

Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Rare, at 1 only.

—=— = ee

THE NAUTILUS. 137

SOME FURTHER COMMENTS UPON THE WORK OF LORENZO EUGENE
DANIELS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON,

My good friend Ferriss, in the interesting account of the life,
character and scientific work of Mr. Daniels, has briefly men-
tioned the principal items of his work, but there is opportunity
for enlargement upon some of the items. Daniels’ work is a
good text for a sermonette upon the great value of the non-
professional and semi-professional in science. His vocation was
agriculture, which furnished the means for carrying on his avo-
cation, the collection and study of natural history material.
Perhaps there is no branch of natural science that has profited
more from the labors of such men than has conchology. There
are few strictly professional conchologists or malacologists—that
is, men whose living is derived from such work. Therefore,
the progress of the science is dependent upon those to whom
the work is an avocation, done for the pure love of it, with no
thought of financial remuneration. After all, is not that the
best reward ?

Many of us may not realize the extent and value of Daniels’
work so fully as we would had his modesty not kept him so
much in the background. His mind was a fountain of infor-
mation concerning the habits and habitats of snails and methods
of caring for material, which information was freely at the dis-
posal of his friends. He was usually content to allow others to
do the publishing, or to appear only as joint author. I only
recall seven papers bearing bis name as the sole author. Prob-
ably there are others. In the former account his Minnesota and
Montana work was not mentinned. His Minnesota paper
covered a field where work was much needed, for the literature
of that state was scant compared with that of many states. His
Montana work, published by Vanatta, was in a vast territory
that has only been scratched in a few places by students of
Mollusca. His two seasons in Indiana, prior to 1903, forming
the basis for nis Catalogue, added 91 to the 184 species and
varieties listed for that state by Call, and he has since added

135 THE NAUTILUS.

others. It is impossible to estimate, without a great deal of
time spent in searching the literature, the forms new to science
discovered by him individually or jointly with others, or the
extent to which his discoveries have added to the known range
of species. Only asmall proportion of the species he discovered
bear his name. In view of the large amount of work he did in
collecting snails of the genus Oreohelix in six states, sometimes
by himself, sometimes with others, and the number of new
forms of Oreoheliz discovered on those expeditions, it is a shock
to realize that no member of that genus is dedicated to him by
name.

Another thought has been in my mind for some time. In
estimating the work of such an enthusiastic and indefatigable
collector, do we place a high enough value upon the benefit to
science of the wide distribution of the material, accompanied by
reliable data, to other collections and particularly to museums ?
Material obtained by Mr. Daniels in out-of-the-way places has
reached many institutions where it will be studied by hundreds
of students for perhaps a century to come, and doubtless will
result or assist in adding many facts to our knowledge of natural
history, especially of the distribution and variation of species,
and straightening out problems of nomenclature and classifica-
tion, in the years to come.

Mr. Daniels’ collections in eleven states have resulted in pub-
lished reports. I believe he also made one or two trips to
Florida, but do not know whether those trips resulted in any
publications. Wright, in his description of Unio danielsi, from
Georgia, stated that Mr. Daniels partly financed some work in
that state too.

In addition to the loss to science, those of us who have en-
dured hardships with him in a difficult country, and enjoyed
his quiet companionship, looking forward to other trips, feel a
deep personal loss in his removal from our midst.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

REMARES UPON THE IDENTITY OF ‘‘UNIO FASCIATA,’’ RAFINESQUE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Lampsilis fasciata, Rafinesque.
Unio fasciata, Rafinesque, 1820.
Unio siliquoideus, Barnes, 1823.
Unio inflatus, Barnes, 1823.

Unio distans, Anthony, 1865.

Unio luteolus, Auct. as of Lamarck.

The above wide-spread, common, and well-known Naiad, is
seldom given the name which we adopt (‘‘fasciata, Rafinesque’’ )
but is all but universally known as ‘‘luteolus’’ as of Lamarck.

The use of the latter as the specific name of the shell is merely
the unquestioning acceptation of the dictum of Dr. Lea, who on
returning from Europe in 1833, wrote that the ‘‘ specimen cited
by Lamarck’’ seen by him in the ‘‘ Garden of Plants’’ was a
‘true siliquoideus’’ of Barnes. Against this application of
Lamarck’s name for the species, the following reasons seem just.

(1) Lamarck’s description does not describe the species in
question, but does fairly well describe the Unio cariosus,
Say, as evidenced by the unanimous opinion of all writers
previous to Lea’s pronouncement of 1833 (as well as by some
of the more courageous spirits since that event).

(2) Lamarck gives as habitats (he must have seen more than
one?) the ‘‘Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers.”’

The cariosus abounds in these streams, but from neither
of them did Lamarck obtain specimens of the species luteolus,
Auct. (The shell does not live in the Susquehanna; but accord-
ing to Marshall the species is now an immigrant in the Mohawk
through the Erie canal, and this is confirmed as to the Genesee
by Ortmann. )

(3) Lea claimed that the specimen seen by him, ‘‘ cited by
Lamarck,’’ was a ‘‘true siliquoideus, Barnes;’’ but his ident-
ification was disputed by Férussac, who stated that according
to Lamarck’s ‘‘ example ’’ the shell was ‘‘ cariosus, Say.’’

140 THE NAUTILUS.

The use of ‘‘luteolus’’ as the specific name of the species in
question is therefore unwarranted by the description; is abso-
lutely contradicted by the habitats assigned, and rests solely
upon the identification of a specimen made by one student,
which was at once contradicted by another of equal ability, for
it must not be overlooked that in 1832 Lea was by no means
the ‘‘authority’’ that he afterwards became.

(In 1829 Lea considered the ‘‘ Unio cornutus’’ to be a ‘‘ pro-
tean species’’ whose ‘‘ varieties run into the aesopus,’’ and em-
braced those species which Lea afterwards knew as ‘‘ Unio per-
plexus’’ and ‘‘foliatus.’’ It was still later before he appreciated
the specific differences existing between ‘‘ Unio verrucosus’’
and ‘‘ pustulosus;’’ or between the ‘‘ Unio plicatus and multi-
plicatus.’’ )

Notwithstanding that Lea in 1832 conversed with Férussac
over the cabinet of the latter, concerning their ‘‘ favorites, the
Unios,’’ the latter student (who had specimens of the present
species in his cabinet) stuck to his opinion that the ‘‘luteolus
of Lamarck’’ was the ‘‘ cariosus, Say.”’

In view of the above the continued use of Lamarck’s name
for the present species is clearly unwarranted, except by the
rather flimsy claim of usage.

Turning now to the name we adopt (fasciata, Rafinesque)
we find from its description that Rafinesque had before him an
extremely wide-spread species, found practically all over the
Ohio drainage, occurring, he writes, ‘‘in the rivers Ohio, Alle-
ghany, Muskingum, Kentucky, Green, Salt, etc.”’

Aside from other characters he states that his species (which
though ordinarily small, attains a length of three inches) is in-
equilateral, elliptical, ventricose and rather thick.

Its epidermis is olive, with brownish rays; a variety has dark
rays; another is greenish with blackish rays, alternately wider
and narrower; others are copper-colored, with olive rays.

The nacre is bluish, except that in the last variety it is
coppery-white. The cardinal tooth is ‘‘ divaricate.’’

A handsome species approaching the ‘‘ ochraceus, Say.’’

The above characters can be ascribed to no known Naiad from
the Ohio drainage except to the species in question.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

(A conclusion made doubly certain when we know that even
Dr. Lea thought that the ‘‘ Lampsilis fasciola, Rafinesque”’
might be the species which he (Lea) had afterwards named
‘* Unio multiradiatus.’’)

It is true that the name ‘‘ Unio fasciata, Rafinesque,’’ was
given by Conrad to a rayed specimen of ‘‘ligamentinus,
Lamarck’’ (Monography, Plate I, 1836), an error which may
yet quite often be found duplicated in cabinets.

But this patent error of Conrad’s scarcely militates against
the conclusions drawn, since we find in the same work (Mon-
ography) figured as one species, specimens of the very diverse
shells, Unio fisherianus, Lea, and Unio nasutus, Say (Plate 18).

We find, too, that Conrad figured under the name of ‘‘ Unio
glans, Lea,’’ a specimen of the very different Unio perpur-
pureus, Lea (Monography, Plate 9), etc.

As bearing upon Conrad’s figure referred to, Dr. Lea cogently
remarks: ‘‘ Mr. Conrad thinks the ‘crassus, Say,’ is the ‘ fasci-
ata’ of Rafinesque. An examination of his description ought
to satisfy any one that the ‘ crassus, Say’ could not have been
under the eye of the author when he made his description of
‘ fasciata.’ ”’

As bearing upon the identification of ‘‘fasciata’’ with the
‘* pseudo-luteolus ’’—the ‘‘ Unio siliquoideus, Barnes,’’ it is a
matter of history that Rafinesque often sent to Ferussac speci-
mens of shells from the West, bearing names given by the
donor.

Dr. Lea records the fact that specimens of the ‘‘ siliquoideus,
Barnes’’ were seen by him in the cabinet of Ferussac in 1832,
labeled ‘‘ Unio fasciata, Rafinesque.’’

All of the available evidence therefore goes to show that the
name ‘‘fasciata, Rafinesque’’ must supplant as the specific
name of the species, the ‘‘ luteolus, Lamarck,’’ the latter being
a synonym of the early ‘‘ Unio cariosus, Say.’’

142 THE NAUTILUS.

aa as
ELIZABETH LETSON BRYAN, sC. D.

Elizabeth Letson Bryan died on February 28th at her home
in Honolulu, of an organic heart affection after an illness of
nearly eight months.

Mrs. Bryan was born April 9, 1874, at Griffin’s Mills, Erie
Co., New York, the only child of Augustus F. and Nellie Webb
Letson. She was a direct descendant from Governor Bradford,
first governor of Massachusetts, and was a member of the May-
flower Society of New York. She early became interested in
natural history, especially conchology. In 1892 she entered
upon her long service in the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,
of which she became Director in 1899, finally retiring, after a
connection of seventeen years, upon her marriage to Professor
William Alanson Bryan in 1909. This long period was inter-
rupted by several years given to study in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the United States National
Museum.

In 1899 the Conchological Society of Buffalo was organized
by her, and a new period of local enthusiasm for the study of
mollusks began. In 1906 Alfred University conferred the hon-
orary degree of Doctor of Science. She was a member of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Con-
chological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and various
other scientific bodies.

Dr. Letson’s publications relate chiefly to the mollusks of
New York, the more extensive being a Check List of the Mol-
lusca of New York, Bull. 341, N. Y. State Education Depart-
ment, 1905; Post-Pliocene Fossils of the Niagara River Gravels,
published in a Bulletin of the State Museum, 1901; a partial
list of the shells found in Erie and Niagara counties and the
Niagara frontier, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., IX, 1909. At
the time of her marriage to Professor Bryan, of the College of
Hawaii, and her removal to Honolulu, she was working on a
monograph of the New York Mollusca.

In Honolulu Mrs. Bryan engaged ardently in the collection

THE NAUTILUS. 143

of marine shells. Professor Bryan, who had before been chiefly
known for his work on birds, added the mollusks to his other
interests, and together, on many an island collecting trip, they
amassed the largest collection of Hawaiian marine shells yet
brought together.

For several years she had served as librarian of the College
of Hawaii, a congenial task bringing many young people under
her influence.

In 1917-18 Professor and Mrs. Bryan traveled in California
and the East, spending several months at the Academy of
Natural Sciences in studying Hawaiian shells. For the same
purpose the museums of Cambridge and Washington were also
visited.

Mrs. Bryan’s gracious personality and sunny outlook, no
less than the genuine love of nature which determined the
course of her life, made her many warm friends who mourn her
untimely death. MASE

Dr. Herbert Huntington Smith, Curator at the Museum of
the University of Alabama, was killed by a train on March 22.
A notice of his life and work will appear later.

GE
NOTES.

THE INTRODUCTION OF ACANTHINULA HARPA (SAY) AND CIRCI-
NARIA VANCOUVERENSIS (LEA) InTO St. Paut ISLAND, ALASKA.
—In order that there may be a definite record of the introduc-
tion of these two species by man into St. Paul Island, I wish to
state that I placed about ten specimens of each of these species
behind the laboratories on St. Paul Island, of the Pribiloff
Group, in June, 1916. It may also be well to note that I was
unable to find any trace of these in 1918. This, of course,
does not mean that they may not still be in existence there.—
G. DaLtias HANNA.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

HENDERSON COLLECTION OF ANTILLEAN LAND MOLLUsKs.—
The National Museum has recently received as a gift from Mr.
John B. Henderson, one of the Regents of the Smithsonian In-
stitution and a prominent malacologist, his entire collection of
Antillean land mollusks, comprising approximately 400,000
specimens. The bulk of the collection is the result of expedi-
tions to the Antilles made by Mr. Henderson and his assistants
for the sole purpose of visiting unexplored or little known
regions, or for collecting specimens in the identical localities
from which the original types were obtained.

Dr. H. A. Prispry has recently been elected a Corresponding
Member of the Zoological Society of London.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Pxiiocene Motiusca oF GREAT Brirarn. By F. W.
Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, Vol. I, parts 3 and 4, pp.
303-483, plates 33-44, 1918 and 1919). This completes Vol. I.
Part 1 was published in 1914 and part 2 in 1915, the whole
being supplementary to S. V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag
Mollusca. It brings the subject up to date and adds much to
our knowledge of the distribution of some of the American
species in Pliocene times. Aside from some of the species
which are circumpolar in distribution, Sipho pygmaea, Bela bi-
carinata, a var. of Eupleura caudata, Turritella erosa and Nassa
trivittata are also recorded from the pliocene and pleistocene of
Great Britain. Part IV contains the title page and index to
the volume.—C. W. J.

Post-GLaciAL MoLLuscA FROM THE MARLS OF CENTRAL ILI-
nois. By Frank C. Baker (Jour. of Geol., Vol. 26, pp. 659-
671, 1918).

On Some Tertiary Fossits FROM Pripitor IsLANpbs. By
W. H. Dall (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, 1919).
The collection of some 47 species made by Mr. G. Dallas
Hanna, is of interest as linking up the age of the strata with
the beach deposits at Nome which are referred to the late
Pliocene.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE I.

SNOWBANKS IN AUGUST—GODDARD PASS, SIERRA NEVADA.
NINETY ABOVE IN JANUARY—TWIN CACTI CAMP, ARIZONA.

ban

1 Pia

SPA Rie Ci 6 ey

i Pn Ves

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

PLATE II.

EMBRYONIC SHELL

LIVER

OPERCULUM

Foot 6 B

BAKER: GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE III

JOHNSON: FUNDELLA CANDEANA D'ORBIGNY

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE IV.

7

1-6. W. F. CLAPP: A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA.
7. PAUL BARTSCH : BULIMULUS (PROTOGLYPTUS) BRUNOI ® 5

PLATE V.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

b

MORSE: NEW ENGLAND CAECUM.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

1-10.
11-13.
14.

BAKER: ON PLANORBIS.
NENIA COOK! PILSBRY.

OPISTHOSIPHON BERRYI W. F.

CLEAPE:

PLATE VII.

14

THE NAUTILUS, XXX If. PLATE VIII.

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARIDA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE Ix.

10

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARIDA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE X.

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