2. Bey . < : BO = - meres Py : Fee re Pa ie ones Po SS eae ee 3 Coit oe ence nT Ta a at. SES: essen Span vedio ony Run Rumowar ne meR tame eRe TE é cle Spree RTE Ei ae, See aes seer mun eeses re ete sna ae See ‘ LK ee a8 PP ore ba, “ 3 paces eer me ome. ee aT ese Tyree ene 4 = vor 2 AY y? a a Aa RAI: f r. tke piel ele rr ay * + ee us 4 me eo o> PoP rl CPS et it. erate, S ort i a » nee ee, a a tk hm 8h Wee or Yet EE Nad 344 wale eae Sate Sat Vl ele OMIT >> » vee Pa Ae r a aes wry r. oo! bh Parl arer eg > at ee oe PLP YS A ty 29 yore a hy bee eo ecy, Pe ta ee eb ee OH, atcha ana arr rn » re * eae ro >? ri,» > ASA ry) ror rash! Ay wy. > eb ale vip werk et weg el > ele rrr SBS 44 PVR rr reer Polo ol pole rb wri, ere Re weeny Scones cate BO Rae So RK, RIOR AA A EI tek FRAP A Re A Da wee AALS PLA EIR ORK RAS am BEES ASK SAN SER AES, KaraX Sores 9 ARS IORI — 7 5 A Se PS RAS, ne ye ace eee WE Kn em FS SS — > PP eae tm OS Pt aad a nn ee em, Shara ae Oe Ce OA RAK SRP a) er ere 2 al OF ar Aa? ~ ENE Raa a ae ne 2 7 7 “< + tated “a 3 he . PTE Wr ety ee~, 5 I ATL E IGE RE =f ane . OO Ke ge THE NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDINT; OR, AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST VALUABLE VARIETIES OF OF ALL CLIMATES, ADAPTED TO CULTIVATION IN THE UNITED STATES ; WITH THEIR HISTORY, MODES OF CULTURE, MANAGEMENT, USES, &c. WITH AN APPENDIX, ON VEGETABLES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, AND FLOWERS, THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF AMERICA, AND ON SILK, &c. BY WILLIAM KENRICK. Seventh Edition, Enlarged and Improved. WITH A SUPPLEMENT. BOSTON: OTIS, BROADERS, AND COMPANY. 1844. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, By Wi.Li1aAmM KEnRICcK, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. eee Transfer Engineers School Liby. June 29,1931 TO THE HON. JOHN LOWELL, LL. D — Sir, I am happy in being enabled to inscribe this work to a gentleman whose name is so intimately associated with all the great improvements connected with Agriculture and Horticulture, during more than a quarter of a century. The many valuable produc- tions—the donations from Mr. Knight, and from other sources — by you so extensively disseminated ; your disinterested and distinguished zeal to encour- age and enlighten in all useful pursuits, and especially those to which this work is principally devoted, are not only highly appreciated by contemporaries, but posterity will know and acknowledge their value. Please to accept this dedication, not only as an acknowledgment of the many favors received, but as an expression of my high estimation of your manifold and successful efforts in all that concerns the best interests of our country. With the highest respect and esteem, Your obedient servant, WILLIAM KENRICK. ns mt ee : pend te i) ais ori )} pu eopansmeck ae “bith aeait ‘sgpibot mer thee iT ern HI ite ‘ ‘ot brie ‘Gigi Ae toni weed aio” aiP al i : : | ; “fia toe si oF Hoe eee ee Gaba oP tise Haiti: Piety ite “oni A (| Wileisiges bak sarin | file ie-a “yah eit, ‘She potove uflaqionhy oh aioe: atta ott a: aud: “enivetnqnighion Wel & Snbdig’l- fests alee toims at aie balay 9 agbstworsion | bia worl Hiv t ee a ‘ + “eid fovisoey crow ¢Anst: oilt. bo Sea : Oe a 1 Raa tie . hic 6 usta bi Lath %e not tor ‘ha? ‘ip tee fos —— gir aghiie’ Beas 3 ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SEVEN®H EDITION. Tue present edition of this work has been revised with very particular attention and care ; all the latest and most eminent writers of Europe, which have come to hand, having been diligently consulted, and the experience of the most intelligent of our own country. In this edition, many important improvements will be found, and many additions, particularly in regard to fruits. The list of these, although so complete in the former editions, is yet, in this, greatly improved ; and especially in those fine new kinds which have been so lately proved by Mr. Thompson and others, at the Garden of the London Horticultural Society at Chiswick, and elsewhere in England, and in France ; or more latterly approved with us. During visits of the author to those countries in the autumn of 1840, and years 1841—2, much information was collected by him from first-rate sources, from oral and other com- munications, which will be found in the following pages. In this, the seventh edition, other information, equally new, and not less important, will be found, to the period of this still later date. Nonantum Hitz, January, 1844. N. B. Throughout this work, a star is prefixed to those fruits only of whose excellence we are fully satisfied, either by proof, or by the most ample and satisfactory testimony. a i en iptv ibis Weed tf it! reo ns 16 sal Seth ody i , - i Ghana «Whenever the dysentery has prevailed, I have eaten less animal food, and more fruit, and have never had the slightest attack. Several physicians have adopted the same regimen. “‘T have seen eleven patients in the same house; nine were obedient to the directions given, and ate fruit; they recovered. ‘he grandmother and a child she was most partial to, died. She prescribed burnt wine, [burnt brandy NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 25 or high wine?] oil, powerful aromatics, and forbade the use of fruit; it died. She followed the same course, and met the like fate. ‘This disease was destroying a Swiss regiment, which was stationed in garrison, in the southern part of France. ‘The captain purchased the grapes of several acres of vines. The sick soldiers were either carried to the vineyard, or were supplied with grapes from it, if they were too feeble to be removed. ‘They ate nothing else ; not another died, —nor were any more attacked with the complaint after they commenced eating grapes. ‘* A minister was attacked with the dysentery, and the medicines which were administered gave no relief; he saw by accident some red currants, and had a great desire to eat them; he ate three pounds between seven o’clock in the morning and nine o’clock in the evening ; he was bet- ter during the day, and entirely cured the next.” I might multiply the facts and evidences from different sources, and the writings of other eminent physicians ; but the above must suffice for this time and place. For other important uses I would refer to the account of each particular species, in the following pages. In new countries, and in new settlements, — in places remote, — in the wilderness or on the ocean, — in times of privation, and in the absence of the useful fruits, the habit- ual use of tobacco, of alcohol, and of strong fermented liquors, has been acquired, all of which create insatiate thirst. The friends of temperance, who would abolish the use of these, as pernicious, must encourage the cultivation of fruits, as the healthy antidote and useful substitute. Section IV. — OBsERVATIONS ON THE NEW Va- RIETIES OF F'Ruirs. Mopres spy WHICH THEY MAY BE PRODUCED. On the Decline of the old Varicties. The decline of many of the most valuable old varieties of fruit has been noticed by several distinguished writers of different countries, both of the present and of the for- mer ages; and in England, particularly, by the celebrated Thomas A. Knight. In our country, and in the vicinity of Boston, it has been more especially observed in regard to 3 26 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. the old pears; for our best varieties of apples, and some other species, are mostly native fruits, or of modern origin Let no one suppose that the intelligent horticulturists here have never been acquainted with the best of the old pears, which the intelligence and industry of ages had con- centrated in France. Who is not aware that, in every good collection, a proportion of the very best are always sent? How opposed alike to reason and to probability is the sup- position, that even one of the best should have escaped! They must have been here received, in the numerous and ever-varying selections — in the unnumbered importations. Rosier, in the original edition of his celebrated Dic- tionary of Agriculture, which was completed in 1801, has candidly informed us, that for his description of fruits he 1s almost wholly indebted to the no less celebrated Duhamel Dumonceau ; and from the whole list of pears which he has described, he has recommended as their essence, for a moderate collection, fifty-three trees of nineteen varieties, in different proportions. ‘These are every one of them known among us; and more than half of them, including the very best, are decidedly of the kinds long since, from their defection, proscribed by those who cultivate for the markets of Boston. And of the list of twelve trees, of nine varieties, which he has recommended as the best of all for a very small garden, three quarters of them, at least, are of the kinds which have long since ceased to produce perfect fruit, with those who cultivate for our markets. We regret the circumstance, but have ceased to wonder at the cause — since the same complaints of defection have already reached us from other quarters—even from the capital of that country, for which those celebrated works were principally designed. I shall, in the following pages, designate some of those, in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. For, except in certain sections of the city, and some very few solitary and highly-favored situations in the country around, they have become either so uncertain in their bearing — so barren —so unproductive — or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no longer to be trusted ; -—— they are no longer what they were once with us, and what many of them are still described to be by most foreign writers. NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. Q7 The late Hon. John Lowell, who prepared the article on fruits in the ‘* New American Gardener,” has warned us in that work, and in his day, to beware respecting some of them. He was well known with us as first-rate authority. In the markets of the city, which formerly abounded with them, they are no longer, or but rarely, to be seen. The cultivators who furnish its supplies have given up their cul- tivation. Like the barren fig-tree, they have been destroyed ——but not without cause; for if they had not been ac- cursed, their fertility and good qualities were gone; and they were no longer fruitful, but as the sources of vexation. The practice of renaming those new or unknown varie- ties, whose original names are lost, after these old kinds, is objectionable, inasmuch as it is calculated to mislead, and to falsify the proofs of their mortality. From some fancied similitude, the barbarous names of antiquity are brought down upon us, applied to existing varieties. — From semblance of name alone, the Gergon, or Jargon, of antiquity has reappeared: it has been reclaimed, not merely as kindred, but as, in all probability, identical with varieties still existing.* According to the theory advanced by Mr. Knight and others, and confirmed by their experience, the different va- rieties of fruit have their periods of existence fixed by the immutable laws of nature; and after a certain time, either sooner or later, comes on their decline and final extinction. I shall offer some evidence to show that the complaints of defection are not confined to us alone — they have reached us from other and remote quarters. Bosc, in Nouy. Cours Complet, has asserted the change — that in France many of the kinds have become, from some cause, so altered in the short space of half a century, that it is some- times difficult to know them, even in the exact deser!ptions and precise engravings of Duhamel; and with regard to many kinds described by Quintinie, the case is still worse. * See t. 108 of the Pomological Magazine, where the authority of Menage and Duchat, and of Merlet, are brought forward to justify the supposition, that the Jargonelle, asserted by them to be derived from Jargon, anciently Gergon, in Italian Gergo, in Spanish Gert cona, — all corruptions of Grecum, and by the inference of Merlet the Pyrum Tarentinum of Cato and Columella, the Vumidianum Gre- eum of Pliny, the Greculum of Macrobius, — that all these, named or described near two thousand years ago, are but one and the same ; and no other than the Jargonel!e of the present day. 28 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. In the markets of fruits and legumes at Paris, as the Com- missaire General has informed us in his report for 1828 some of these same ancient, and with us once celebrated kinds, are no Jonger cultivated, even with them. He ex- presses astonishment at the cause—but the conclusion seems irresistible, that with them, as with us, they are no longer worthy of cultivation ; and that, out of that city, and in its vicinity, the country around, these once famous fruits are at this day as liable to blight, and as unworthy of general cultivation, as in the neighborhood of Boston. The following are his words, extracted from his report : “‘Qne is astonished on viewing in the markets of Paris so very few melting pears. Weno longer see the Sucre Vert, the Sucre Musqué, the Bezi de la Motte, nor the Bezi @ Airy [Bezi d Héri?]; very few Chaumontelles, very few Culotte de Suisse ; no Royale d’ Hiver, [Royal Winter, ] no Virgouleuse, and, what is to be deplored, no Colmars. [Some of these expressions, it seems evident from what follows, were designed to be understood only in a general sense. K.] These three last species sell from ten sous to two francs each, (about forty cents,) and their cultivation is neglected ! ‘‘The Rousselette, so perfumed, so sought after by the confectioners, and distillers, is no longer of good quality. How different this Rousselette from that which they culti- vate at the hamlet of Cormontreuil, at the gate of Rheims! At that place they cultivate the Rousselette almost exclusive- ly, and these altogether on espaliers. These espaliers offer at the end of August a sight the most rich and beautiful.” [See Annales d’ Horticulture for 1828.] The unwearied efforts of the most distinguished culti- vators of I'rance, during the latter ages, in their attempts to raise new and valuable varieties of fruits from the seed, appear to have been accompanied chiefly with disaster. And M. Poiteau, in one of his reports to the Horticultural Society of Paris, has asserted that the result of all their labor has been “ absolutely nothing.” In adverting to the decline of the old French varieties of pears, in the vicinity of Paris, and the necessity of a renewal, he asserts that they must look elsewhere for new varieties to replace the old — any where else but to their own country. He informs us that the celebrated Duhamel, during the long course of his scientific career, planted the seeds of all NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 29 the best fruits which were eaten at his table, without being able to produce a single fruit worthy of cultivation. Oth- ers in that country, as the Alfroys, had, during three suc- cessive generations, adopted the same course, and with no better success. Their practice had been to plant, uniformly, the seeds only of the very best or ameliorated fruits, and to select from these, as the subjects of their experiments, those young plants only, which were furnished with large leaves, and large and fine wood. M. Poiteau ascribes the disas- trous results of their experiments to these combined causes, and further states it as a fact recorded by several authors, that the seeds of the Winter Bon Chrétien always produce a detestable fruit. Mr. Knight has asserted that the seed of the Wild Pear, fertilized by the stamens of the blos- som of an ameliorated one, will yield a better fruit than the seeds of an ameliorated pear. M. Van Mons has stated that “the Belgians give no preference to the seeds of table fruits, when they plant to obtain new ameliorated kinds.” ‘Those seedlings which are without thorns, and with stout wood, and large leaves, are by them rejected, as these are the signs of an early or inferior fruit. M. Van Mons ascribes the success of their experiments in obtaining so many fruits, which are in all respects so extraordinary, to the principle which they had adopted in the beginning —that in proportion as a fruit becomes removed from the wild state, or state of nature, by repeated regeneration, or planting always the kernels or stones of the last production, in that same degree will the fruit become ameliorated, until it attains the highest perfection of which a fruit is susceptible. During the process of the amelioration, and of each suc- cessive remove, the austerity, or superabundant acid, which is the peculiar characteristic of the wild fruit, is dimin- ished, and the saccharine matter 1s increased. But asa certain quantity of acid is an essential ingredient in every perfect fruit, it will appear self-evident that the process of regeneration, when carried too far, may prove injurious, and that excessive sweetness, by a short transition, degen- erates into insipidity. It is asserted by Mr. Knight, that, generally, the old va- rieties of fruit begin to decay, first, in the colder latitudes ; and that a fruit which there begins to decay, may yet be 3 x 30 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. successfully cultivated in a more southern climate, or, what is equivalent, in the confined and warmer atmosphere of cities. Those varieties, therefore, which no longer suc- ceed with us, may yet continue for a while to flourish in the middle regions of the Union, and especially in the in- terior, beyond the limits and influence of those cold east- ern breezes from the Atlantic, which, rising with the diurnal appearance of the sun, visit us so regularly and constantly at stated seasons. There are some, however, who dissent from these opin- ions and conclusions — opinions which the continued ex- perience of the ages, present as well as past, seems only the more abundantly to confirm. They do not, indeed, deny the fact of the destruction, but they deny the cause. In their attempts to sustain the credit of the old fruits by rendering them immortal, they would ascribe their deteri- oration to some supposed alteration of climate, and not of ours alone, but of the climate of all those countries where the same proofs of their mortality have appeared. We await the proofs of such changes ; — meanwhile, in their absence, I believe all will agree, that in adopting this theory, we adopt the safest course. Mr. Knight and some others in England, and the Comte de Coloma of Malines, have succeeded in raising some new and valuable varieties of fruit from the seeds obtained by hybridism or cross fertilization. In describing the princi- ples and modes of practice of this art, I have had recourse to Phillips, to Knight, and especially to Lindley and M. Fries Morel, to all of them collectively. The same prin- ciples are alike applicable to trees of ornament and to flowers. But we are authorized in asserting, that this is not the mode which has been so generally adopted by Dr. Van Mons and others in Belgium, and that the mode by which so many new and very extraordinary varieties of fruits have been there produced, differs essentially from this which I am now about describing. The outer circle of the slender threads or filaments, which rise around the centre of the blossom or flower, are called the stamens, or males, and the central are called pistillum, pointals, or females. The stamens bear at their summit a small ball, called the anther, which contains the fertilizing powder called the pollen. NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 31 At the summit of the pistillum are the organs of secre- tion called sttgmata, consisting of one or more intercellu- lar passages leading thence to the base, where are situated the cell or cells in which are placed the ovula, or the rudi- ments of seeds. The pollen, when viewed through a microscope, is found to consist of extremely minute hollow balls, filled with a fluid in which swim innumerable particles of an oblong or spherical form, and having an apparently spontaneous mo- tion. When the anther is mature, it bursts or opens with an elastic force, by which its contents are dispersed, and a portion of them falling on the stigma, which is of lax tissue, the moving particles of pollen descend through the tissue of the style, by routes specially destined by nature, into the cells where the ovula are placed, and these, being thus vivified, are converted into the seeds or embryo of a future plant. The operation of hybridizing, or cross fertilization, must be performed ina dry day, and before the blossom is en- tirely expanded; the most favorable moment is just before the rising of the sun; the pollen, being at that time humid, is closely attached to the anthers. The blossoms must be carefully opened, and the anthers extracted by delicate scissors, care being taken neither to wound the filaments which support them, or any other part of the flower. About nine o’clock, the blossoms being exposed to the full influence of the sun, the matured pollen from another variety must be carefully placed on the blossom which i: is intended to fertilize, and from which the anthers have been extracted; and this operation must be repeated twice or thrice during the course of the day. By shaking the blossoms over a sheet of white paper, the time when it is perfectly mature will be ascertained. It is necessary te, protect the prepared blossoms from the bees and other irs sects with thin muslin or gauze, which will not exclud2 the sun or air; and it is proper also to protect them from the rain and dews, till a swelling is perceived in the germ. By screening the plants from the sun, and by frequent waterings, the maturity of the pollen and the stigma may be retarded. : When the process has been successful, the pollen, whic’: had been placed on the stigma, becomes so attached, that it cannot be removed with a hair pencil; it changes form 322 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIS?. and color, and soon disappears, and the blossom will soon. wither and fade. But when the process has been imper- fect, the reverse of all this is the case; the pollen is easily detached from the stigma, its appearance is unaltered, and it remains visible with the duration of the flower, which will continue for a long time. The fertilized seeds, thus yielded, produce generally flowers which resemble in color, or fruits which inherit mainly the qualities of the kind which furnished the pollen ; while the form of the flower, or some of the constitutional qualities of the fruit, will resemble those of the plant which matured the seed. No cross fertilization can take place between plants or fruits unless nearly related. None, for instance, can take place between the pear, apple, or quince; or between the plum, peach, or cherry, &c. Wild plants or fruits, while growing in their native wilds, are generally perpetuated from generation to generation without change; but this is not the case with the hybrids or cultivated varieties, however isolated or far removed the tree may be, which produces the seeds, from any other of its species. ‘Transplanted to other soils, the change begins. The most intelligent writers have asserted, and it now appears to be admitted as an indisputable fact, that the ori- ginal number of varieties of the apple were very small; and that the numerous varieties, differing in size, form, and fla- vor, and periods of maturity, originated from the wild apple, or crab, a small and very acid fruit. The pear, from a small and very austere wild fruit, has been in like manner wonderfully ameliorated. Mr. Knight seems persuaded that their fine varieties of native English plums origina- ted from the Sloe plum, a wild and austere, small, black fruit; or, according to Mr. Neill, from the Bullace, another wild plum, very small, and acid. ‘The gooseberry, origi- nally asmall, indifferent fruit, has, by cultivation, not only highly improved in flavor, but wonderfully in size. The large Dutch red and the large Dutch white currant are highly productive and improved varieties. But the white currant, as Mr. Loudon asserts, is but a variety, produced from the seeds of the red currant. Cross fertilization may, indeed, effect important improve- ments, by combining in one object those desirable qual- ities, which may have been previously possessed by two NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 3o other individuals in separate states. But it can never, of itself and alone, produce or create those opposite qual- ities, which had never existed before in any individual, but are as directly opposed to all that had ever before existed, as white is to red or to black; and we must look to other causes for such important changes. The fellowing mode, by which the Belgians have suc~ ceeded in obtaining so many new and extraordinary varie- ties, is from the account written by Dr. Van Mens; and for this valuable article, we are indebted to the researches ef General Dearborn, by whom this account was inserted in Vol. vir. No. 28 of the New England Farmer. ‘“‘The Belgians give no preference to the seeds of table fruits, when they plant to obtain new ameliorated kinds When their plants appear, they do not, like us, found their hopes upon individuals exempt frem thorns, furnished with. large leaves, and remarkable for the size and beauty of their wood ; on the contrary, they prefer the most thorny subjects, provided that the thorns are long, and that the plants are furnished with many buds or eyes, placed very near together. This last circumstance appears to them, and with reason, to be an indication that the tree will speedily produce fruit. As soon as the young individualis which offer these favorable appearances, afford grafts o:: buds, capable of being inoculated upon other stocks, these operations are performed — the apples on paradise, and the: pears on quince stocks — to hasten their fructification. The: first fruit is generally very bad; but the Belgians do nox. regard that: whatever it is, they carefully collect the seeds: and plant them; from these ‘a second generation is pro- duced, which commenly shews the commencement of an amelioration. As soon as the young plants of this secon 4 generation have scions, or buds, proper for the purpose, they are transferred to other stocks, as were the preceding ; the third and fourth generation are treated in the same manner, and until there are finally produced ameliorated fruits worthy of being propagated. M. Van Mons asserts, that the peach and apricot, treated in this manner, afford excellent fruit in the third generation. ‘The apple does not yield superior fruit before the fourth or fifth generation. The pear is slower in its amelioration; but M. Van Mon3 informs us, that, in the sixth generation, it no longer pro- 34 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. Guces inferior, but affords excellent fruits, intermixed with those of a middling quality.” Intelligent writers — those on whom we may rely — have assured us, that the new and numerous class of fruits which have arisen during the last forty years, is far more precious and inestimable in point of quality, than all pre- viously known. ‘They refer in this more particularly to pears. ‘Frees of those already most renowned are here. Highly satisfactory specimens of many of the new. spe- cies which are described in the following pages, have been seen and exhibited among us; enough to convince us of the decided excellence of at least a portion of those already proved ; but many of the new, foreign, and renowned va- rieties, of very recent introduction, are yet for trial. The unwearied labors of Knight, of Van Mons, of Co- loma, of Hardenpont, of Duquesne, of Nelis, of Liart, of © Dorlain, and others, have probably effected more during the last forty years, than all that had been previously ac- complished during twenty centuries. All these fruits are recommended as highly deserving of trial m our chmate. From them we must make our other selections, at another day, of such kinds only as prove, on trial, alike adapted to our climate, the very best in quality, and the most productive. Section V.—— Or tue Growru or TREES AND PLANTs. Modern physiologists have demonstrated, that trees and plants derive their nourishment through the extreme ends, and blunt, spongy points, of the minute fibres of the roots. These innumerable mouths, or spongelets, absorb and drink in, without discrimmation, all the fluid substances which come in their way. These fluids ascend through the alburnum, or sapwood, to the leaves, which are the true laboratories of all plants, as well as the organs of respiration. The circulation of the sap, which commences its move- ment first in the branches, and last of all in the roots, 1s produced by the attraction of the leaf-buds and leaves, which are developed by the warmth of spring — their transpiration requiring supplies so great and continual, that some plants are stated to perspire even twice their weight in twenty-four hours. The true sap, thus generated TRANSPLANTING. 3D in the leaves, and separated from the more watery particles, descends through the inner bark, having now acquired new powers, and being now peculiarly prepared to nourish and give flavor to the fruit; and, continuirg its descent, it de- posits in its course the cambium, or mucilaginous sub- stance, by which new and successive layers of wood and of bark are annually added to the tree; while whatever is not adapted as aliment to the peculiar wants of the plant, is again returned by the roots te the earth. Section VI.— TRranspLuantInG. When trees are removed for the purpose of being trans- planted, their roots should, if posstble, be preserved fresh and entire. If these precautions have been omitted, their whole bodies and roots must be immersed in fresh water during twenty-four hours; and their tops must be lessened in proportion to the loss their roots have sustained. ‘The sources by which they derive the nourishment which they receive from the earth being diminished, the whole sap of the tree, and even its vitality, would otherwise pass off by transpiration. October and November, and immediately after the first hard frosts have arrested vegetation, is esteemed the best season of all for transplanting trees. The peach, the plum, the cherry, and evergreen trees, do especially well when planted early in autumn. But where circumstances render it necessary, transplanting may be deferred till spring. When trees are transplanted in autumn, the earth be: comes duly consolidated at their roots, and they are ready to vegetate with the first advancement of spring. The holes for receiving the trees, should be dug from four to six feet in diameter, according to the size of the trees, and eighteen inches deep; the yellow subsoil should be cast out to this depth, and replaced at bottom with rich soil, intermixed with a portion of manure. The tree should generally be set no deeper than it stood before, otherwise the lower roots will cease to grow; the fibres should be spread horizontally, in their natural position, and the soil intimately and compactly placed about their roots; manure may be placed above and beneath, and on every side, but ought never to be suffered to come in contact with the roots, as itis liable, in this case, to 36 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. corrupt and injure them: finish by treading the ground very hard. When evergreen trees are set, it is generally considered indispensable to pour at once a few gallons of water around the tree previous to treading hard the earth : finish earthing, and tread hard an hour afterwards. This is an excellent and safe mode with regard to any tree. Section VII.— Propacarion. Most of the species of trees and ligneous plants are propagated by seeds, and some may be propagated by cut- tings, and all by layers. By Seeps. — fn raising trees, &c., from the seeds, it is generally a good rule to plant or sow them as soon as they are mature and gathered from the tree. ‘Those seeds, how ever, which are enveloped in a pulp, must first be separated. Those of the hawthorn and many other kinds, which are possessed of a gummy or resinous pulp, will not vegetate till the second year, unless first separated and subjected to the action of frost; or the seeds of the locust and many other kinds, which are possessed of hard shells, and there- fore require to be frozen beneath the soil, may be made to vegetate quickly by being covered with boiling water and set In a warm place; as the seeds become swollen, they are separated and planted, and fresh boiling water is poured over the remainder every twenty-four hours, till all are prepared. There are many advantages attending the practice of causing seeds of various kinds to germinate before being planted. Such seeds rise at once in advance of the weeds, and strike root downwards while the earth is yet humid, and before the scorching sun has dried up the moisture, thus rendering it impossible for any seeds to vegetate near its surface. Small seeds of many species may be enclosed in small linen bags, or in moss or cotton, and steeped a few hours in lukewarm water; these, being suspended, during night, in a chimney where a fire has been kept during the day, will vegetate by morning. ‘This is an easy mode which has been recommended. More slow-growing seeds, after steeping a day in warm water, are to be kept for several days in a jukewarm atmosphere. Seeds steeped in a weak solution of muriate ef lime, or TNOCULATING. 37 in water containing a few drops of muriatic acid, germinate still more suddenly; and I find it stated on good authority, that seéds ene hundred and twenty years old, which were brought by Boose from the Bakamas, ard had resisted every effort to make them vegetate, were yet made to germinate by steeping them in a weak solution of muriatic acid. Boyse, of Prussia, has accelerated the germination of seeds by moistening with malic acid, (cider.) When seeds are to be transported to distant climates by sea, it is recommended to presetve them in new and finely-powdered charcoal; er they may be immersed in a thick solution of gum arabic, and aftet being dried, they may be closely corked up in glass vessels. Lastly, packing seeds compactly in layers of sugar, is found to be an excel- lent mode of preservation. Layers are the limbs or suckers of trees, bent down without being separated from the parent tree, and covered with soil; their extreme ends only being left out: thus buried, they will soon strike root, generally; some partic- ular kinds of trees, however, with extreme difficulty ; such must be tongued — an operation which consists in cutting the layer half off, below an eye, and splitting it up an inch, or more; the cleft to be kept open by a small wedge, and buried beneath the surface. This eperation sheuld be performed in spring; ard the plant, when well teoted, may be separated in the autumn or spring following. Curtines. There are many kinds of trees which may be raised from cuttings. Cuttings should generally be from eight inches to a foot in length, and cut off at bottom close below an eye, and planted in a humid soil, two thirds of their length beneath the surface, and the ground trodden hard. Withsome particular kinds, however, it is necessary to square the bottom of the cutting, and to press it hard down on the bottom of a pot. Other kinds must be plant- ed in pure sand, and protected from the sun till rooted. They require artificial heat in the soil, and a confined ate mosphere, which moderates their transpiration. Srecrion VIII. — Inocunatrine. Inoculating is the operation of transferring any particu- lar and desirable variety of tree upon the stock of an infe- rior or wild variety. The operation is principally practised 4 33 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. on small trees, and only during the time when the sap flows freely, and chiefly during the months of August and Sep- tember. Select for the buds the ripest young twigs of the year, and cut off the leaves, leaving the foot stalk entire. Having selected a smooth place in the stock, make a perpendicular slit downward quite through the bark, an inch or a little more in length. Make a cross cut at the top of this slit, quite through to the wood, a little slanting downwards ; next, with the ivory haft of the Iknife, raise the bark on beth sides, from top to bottom, being very careful not to injure in the least the cambium or sap-wood. Next, and with expe- dition, proceed to take off a bud; this is effected by entering the knife half an inch or more below the bud or eye, quite through the bark, and separating the bark from the wood to the same distance above the eye; always leaving a very thin slip of wood, of about one third of the length of the bud; this thin slip of wood occupies the middle section of its length. ‘Fhe bud is to be immediately rmserted in the stock to the bottom of the shit, and between the bark and the wood; and the top of the bud being squared even with the cross cut, every part, except the eye, is firmly bound and covered with strong wet bass matting. It is by no means a point so very essential, whether the cross cut is made at the top or bottom of the slit; whether the bud is inserted downwards or upwards; it generally succeeds equally in both cases. The mode of taking off the bud with a thin slip of wood occupying the middle sec- tion of its length, is called the mew or American mode; as I find it described by no European author. It is the mode best adapted to a warm climate. But when the season 1s far advanced, and the sap flows less freely, it is deemed the surest mode to take out the whole of the wood, always leav- ing the root of the brd. The string is to be taken off as soon as it begins to gir- dle the tree, which is generally in about ten days. In spring, after the frost is out of the ground, and as soon as the buds begin to swell, cut off the stock a quarter of an inch above the bud, sloping downwards on the opposite side. ; Sca.tLop Bupprne is performed by cutting, from a small stock, a thin, narrow scallop of wood, about an inch in Jength; and taking from a twig a thin scallop of wood, of GRAFTING. 29 the same length, containing a bud; this is instantly applied and fitted perfectly at top and bottom, and on at least one ef its sides, and firmly bound with wet bass matting. This mode may be practised in spring, and if it fails, a second chance will be offered in July. The French are stated to practise this mede on reses. The above are the principal modes of ineculating adopt- ed in practice, although Professor Thouin has described no less than twenty-three distinct modes of operatien. Dr. Van Mons buds his roses in June, so that they grow and frequently blossom in the same year. He prepares the young and unripe wood by separating the leaves, leav- ing only their footstalks; im fifteen days after, their buds are swollen, and are new fit for insertion: the steck is cut off six inches above the insertion of the bud, at the time the operaticn is performed. ‘They are bound with thin strings of bass matting, previously drawn through a solu- tion of alum and white soap, and dried, which renders them impervious to water. Secrion [X. — GrartTINa. Grafting is usually performed in spring. Professor Thouin has described forty modes; but the following will answer for all general purpeses : — Wuip Grartine, or Splice Grafting. This mode is practised principally on small stocks; and it succeeds best when the scion and stock are of an equal size. The scion, which consists of the young wood of the for- mer year’s growth, is cut to the length of about four inches. This and the stock are each to be cut sloping for an inch or more, and tongued. 'Tonguing consists in cutting a slit in the middle of the slope of the stock downwards, and a corresponding slit in the scien upwards; both are now to he nicely joined, so that one of the sides, at least, if not both, shall perfectly coincide, and to be securely bound with a wet bass matting string, and covering with composition, or with grafting clay. As soon as the scion and stock are completely united, the string is to be removed. Cierr Grarvine. This mode of grafting is usually practised on stocks of from one to two inches in diameter. it is thus performed. The head of the stock is carefully sawed off at a part free from knots, and the top pared 40 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST: smooth; with a thin knife split down the stock through the centre, to the depth of about two inches, and insert a wedge to keep it open for the reception of thescion. The scion is to be prepared in the form of a wedge, with an eye, if possible, in the upper part of the portionsthus formed ; perfect success is the more certain when this is the case. The scion is now to be carefully inserted, so that the inner bark of the scion and ef the stock may both exactly meet. Large stocks require two scions, one on each side; some- times four are inserted. Fhe whole is new to be care- fully covered with the composition, or grafting clay, except two or three eyes of each scion. ‘This mode of grafting is equally applicable to very small stocks; but these, being weak, must be bound with a string of bass matting. Sapp.e Grarvinc. This mode of grafting is performed chiefly on very small stocks; it is much practised by Mr. Knight. ‘Fhe upper part of the stock is prepared in the form of a wedge, by two. sloping cuts, one on each side. ‘The scion is prepared by splitting it upwards, and paring out the middle part of each side to a point. When the stock and scion are of equal size, the adjustment may be made perfect; but if unequal, one side at least must exactly meet. ‘The whole is secured by a string of mat- ting, and covered with the composition, or clay. The string, however, is to be removed when a perfect union has taken place. Roor Grartine. This operation is often performed on grape vines, just below the level of the surface, by the usual mode of cleft grafting. It is also performed on por- tions or pieces of root, where suitable stocks are scarce. Srvc Grarrine. ‘'Fhis mode is sometimes practised on those parts of a tree where a limb is wanting. There are two ways in which it is performed. Ist. ‘The scion is pre- pared in the same manner as for splice grafting, and the bark and wood on the side of the stock is cut sloping; and, the scion being adjusted as carefully as possible, it is bound on and covered with clay. 2d. The scion being eut sloping, as in whip grafting, a cross eut is made in the side of the tree, on the top of a perpendicular slit; the bark of the tree above the cross cut is pared down slanting to the wood. The bark is now raised as in inoculating, and the scion msevted, and bound fast, and covered with clay. FRUITFULNESS. 4 GrartTine sy Arproacu. This is often practised on trees and shrubs which succeed with difficulty by other emodes. The tree to be grafted must be growing very near the tree which is to furnish the grafts. — The limb or limbs of each tree which is te be thus united, must be pared with a long, sloping cut ef several inches, nearly to its centre ; and the parts of each tree, thus prepared, are to be brought tegether, and firmly secured by a bandage of matting, so that the bark shall exactly meet on at least one side, and covered with clay or composition. When acom- plete union has taken place, the trees are separated with a knife, by cutting off the scion below the junction, and cutting off the stock above. Grafting Clay is made of one third part of fresh horse manure, free from litter, one third of cow manure, and one third of good clay, with a small mixture of hair, well beaten, and incorporated several days before using. Grafting Composition is made of three parts of resin, three parts of bees’ wax, and one part of tallow, melted to- gether; when well mixed, it is poured into water and worked up, like shoemaker’s wax, by hand. This composi- tion may be spread, while in a melted state, pretty thickly, with a brush, on very strong brown paper. ‘This paper is to be cut into small strips of suitable size, and is very quickly applied. In cool weather, it may be instantly warmed with the breath, so as to become adhesive. Section X. — Or. FRuITFULNESS. Artificial Means by which Fruitfulness 1s induced. Whatever operates in repressing the too vigorous growth of the tree, by obstructing the free circulation of its sap or juices, and by causing it to accumulate and become con- centrated, has a tendericy to render the tree fruitful. While a tree is yet young and flexible, and exercised by every moving breath of wind, its pores continue open, and the sap is rapidly and uninterruptedly diffused ; its whole juices are expended in the formation of leaf buds. A hichly-manured soil, a warm temperature and humid at- mosphere, are alike unfavorable to the production of flower buds, by promoting excessive vigor in the tree. But as they grow older, their consistence becomes changed and 4* | 42 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. more inflexible; their bark also becomes more thick and rigid, and may therefore operate by compression; and the sap which before passed on uninterruptedly, 1s now retard- ed in its progress; it accumulates and develops fruit buds, and the tree falls into bearing. ‘Fo effect this object by artificial means, various modes have been adopted. Ist. By ligatures, or ringing, or girdling; variously termed decor- tication or circumcision. 2d. By bending their branches, or by continually shortening the extremities of the young and growing wood. 3d. By subjecting them to a warm and dry atmosphere. Or, lastly, by a combination of each and every mode, as in the case of Chinese dwarf trees, and the Quenouilles of the French. Sugs. Ist. Girpuine, or Decorticarion. Girdling, decortication, ringing, or circumcision, as it is sometimes variously called, consists in making two circular incisions, quite round the limb, through the bark, at the distance of about three eighths of an inch asunder, more or less, according to the size and thriftiness of the tree; then making a perpendicular slit, the rmg of the bark is wholly removed to the wood. Ringing, or decortication, is applicable to every kind of fruit tree, and to the vine. Its operation is twofold. Ist. In the early production and abundance of blossom buds which it induces; or, 2d. In imcreasing the size of the fruit and hastening its maturity, aceording to the sea- son in which the operation is performed. When the design of decortication is the production of blossom buds, the operation must be performed about the last of June, or beginning of July. But when the object to be obtained is the enlargement of the fruit and its more early maturity, the eperation must be deferred till just at the time when the tree has come into full leaf in the spring. Mr. Knight, from an experience of fifty years in the prac- tice, observes, that when the space from which the bark is taken off, is too considerable, a morbid state of early ma- turity is induced, and the fruit becomes worthless. The same injurious effects he has always witnessed, whenever the operation las been performed upon very young or very small branches; for such become debilitated and sickly tong before the fruit can arrive at maturity. A tight hga- DEBARKING. 43 ture, applied in the preceding summer, in such cases, he has found to answer all the purposes of ringing, with far less injurious consequences to the tree. Girdling, according to Mr. Knight, by causing the cur- rent of the sap, while descending from the leaves through the bark, to become arrested in its progress, it accumulates above the decorticated place, whence it is repulsed, and again carried upwards, to be expended in an increased pro- duction of blossom buds and of fruit; while the part be- low, being but ill supplied with nutriment, ceases almost to grow, and in consequence it operates feebly in impelling the ascending current of sap through the decorticated space. And the parts above, being, in consequence, less abundantly supplied with moisture, the early maturity is thus powerfully accelerated, as is always the case in a drought, from whatever cause produced. Mr. Knight, from his long experience, is not friendly to the practice of ringing or girdling in any mode, except only in those few cases, where blossoms cannot otherwise be obtained, or where a single crop of very early fruit ex- ceeds the value of the tree. Decortication may be practised alternately, on portions of the same tree in alternate years. Sups. 2d. Desarnine. Debarking, according to Mr. Neill, is a practice first brought into notice by Sir Jobin Sinclair, in 1815, in a pamphlet. It consists in paring off, in winter, all the outer bark of the stem and principal branches, down to the liber, or inner concentric bark. The effect is, that such plants grow more vigorously, and the quantity and quality of the fruit are greatly augmented. Mr. Loudon has recorded, (Mag. Vol. vir. p. 662,) that this operation has been declared, by one of the best prac- tical men in the Netherlands, a never-failing method of greatly improving the quality and size of the fruit on apple and pear trees, and vines. At the winter pruning, which is given there in February, he cuts off, with his common hooked pruning knife, all the outer bark down to the liber, of every tree above eight or ten years old; not so deeply, however, with the young, as with the old trees. It is as- serted by those who have witnessed, that this man’s prac- tice has never failed of being successful. And another, who has tried it in that country, asserts, that since he had 44 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. ae. practised it, he has always had larger and better flavored fruit. This practice, says Mr. Loudon, “is not uncommon in England with apple and pear trees, and very general with regard to vines under glass.” Suss. 3d. Benpine THE Limss. This appears to be the most simple, easy, and effectual mode of rendering trees productive. When judiciously performed, its effects are very extraordinary. The effects appear to be perfectly understood by the Chinese in training their dwarfs. Its effects are also ex- emplified in the mode of training trees en quenouille, which come into bearing earlier, and bear more abundantly. Dwarfing is effected by inoculating fruit trees on stocks of comparatively slow growth; the circulation is in conse- quence retarded, and the effect thus produced is somewhat like that produced by girdling. The apple is dwarfed by being inoculated on the Paradise or Doucin stock; the peach on a slow-growing plum stock; and the pear by being inoculated on the quince stock ;——anew mode of dwarfing I shall presently explain ; — by means simply of bending, prodigious crops are produced on the vine; [see the article on the cultivation of the vine ;| also on the fig ; for by this mode Mr. Knight has obtained eight crops in a year. [See the article on the Je] The system is equally applicable to every species of fruit tree. It consists in bending every limb or twig, to a position below the hori- zontal, while it is yet in a vigorously-growing state, gen- erally the last of June; with some kinds, which have a prolonged vegetation, it may, perhaps, with more advan- tage, be deferred till July, as in the case of the peach. The effect produced in the first instance is a momentary suspension of the growth; the juices are concentrated, and form fruit buds, for the production of fruit in the fol- lowing year. According to Mr. Neill, training the bearing shoots of pear trees downwards, generally causes them to produce fruit the second year, which would seldom otherwise pro- duce fruit under six or seven years. And Mr. Knight recommends to bend the young, luxuriant shoots of the peach, instead of shortening, [as recommended in the arti- cle below.] They thus produce the finest possible bearing wood for the next year. PRUNING. 45 Sups. 4th. Particutar Mopres or Pruning AND Training. Mr. Dalbret, superintendent of the compart- ments in the Royal Gardens, devoted to the culture of fruit trees and economical plants, (near Paris,) has deliv- ered a course of lectures on Pruning, in the school of Practical Horticulture. He has practised on his theory for a number of years, and is therefore enabled to appre- ciate its value. ‘Among the operations which are very rarely practised, and which are scarcely known at a dis- tance from the capital, he has insisted, with propriety, upon the eradication of all useless buds, which occasion more vigor in the branches destined to produce good wood and fruit ; and upon the necessity of not leaving too many late- ral shoots or twigs, which exhaust the tree; but few should be preserved for yielding fruit each year, and the others should be cut off within a half an inch of the branch, which will cause fruit spurs to appear. He has also demonstrated the utility of pinching or cutting off the ends of the shoots, particularly of stone-fruit trees, to check the excessive vigor of the main branches, and to cause the branches which usually consume the sap, to yield fruit; the opera- tion consists in cutting off the yet herbaceous, or young and tender shoots, when they have attained the length of six or eight inches, at a half an inch, or at most an inch, above the old wood ; if it is done later, the operation will be injurious, instead of insuring fruit for the third year.” [New England Farmer, Vol. vit. This article 1s from the researches of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, and from the Annales d’ Horticulture.| For some further particu- lars, see Currant. Also see PEACH. During the autumn of 1840, and while at Paris, I occa- sionally visited the GARDEN or Pants, where I saw the whole system of pruning as practised by Mr. Dalbret him- self. The pear trees at that place are trained in perfect quenouilles or pyramids, with branches quite to the ground, and by the system of spur pruning. By this sys- tem the tree is only suffered to advance upwards in propor- tion to its growth in a lateral direction. ‘Thus pyramidally trained, a tree will retain its branches in a_ vigorous state, quite to the ground, as all the lateral shoots receive an equal benefit from the sun, and rain, and dews, and the tree produces abundant crops, from the summit to the base. By other modes of training, the lower limbs are liable to 46 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. decay and to perish. The trees which I saw thus trained, at the GarpEN or PLaNnts, were set in very compact order, or about seven feet asunder; but Mr. Dalbret prefers ten feet asunder each way, as the most suit- able distance for pear trees thus trained.’ I found this system of training and of spur pruning was perfectly un- derstood by the experienced cultivators in the vicinity of Paris. Mr. Dalbret has published a work on the subject. Spur Pruning, as practised on the pear and other fruit trees, by experienced cultivators in the vicinity of Boston, is thus performed: Near the base of the young wood of the year, is always to be seen a cluster of eyes; in the middle of July they cut off the twig above the eye which is next above the ciuster of eyes which are at the base, so that only the upper eye bursts. The middle of September they cut below this eye, and the next year numerous fruit spurs proceed from this cluster, which will produce fruit in the following year, or the year after. Vines are also pruned by this mode. Suss. 5th. Dwarrine. — Grafting and its Effects. — The effect of grafting in rendering trees suddenly pro- ductive is well known. This effect is produced on the principles before explained. - Dwarfs are extensively used in France for almost every variety of fruit tree, particularly those called Quenouilles. And they are asserted by them and the English writers to be not only admirably adapted to large fruits, as they are not so much exposed to high winds, but for pears, more especially, they are declared to produce better fruit. A new mode of dwarfing the pear has lately been introduced to practice in France. The quince is inoculated on the pear stock, and after this has grown a year, the pear is in- oculated into the quince, an inch above the insertion of the preceding year. The advantages of this mode are many; the section of the quince, being thus elevated, is not so liable to the attacks of the borer as at the surface of the earth. The roots of the pear and those of the quince, require different soils. [See Pear and Quince. | it is asserted that the pear should be dwarfed only for the -production of summer fruit. As an argument to prove that the fruit of the pear thus produced cannot partake of the austere quality of the quince, it is asserted that both PRUNING: A7 the quince and the pear are alike nourished from the earth by the same food, in quality and substance; the leaves being exclusively the laboratory in which the } juices are prepared which form the fruit. Even the difference in the varieties of fruit of the same species, in taste and flavor, is supposed to be owing to no other cause than some different and peculiar formation or property of the leaf. 'The Chinese form their dwarfs on the most fruitful limbs of bearing trees; these, when rooted, are separated, and when the fruit is at maturity, being much in demand in China, they bring a pricé in proportion to the crop they bear; especially oranges, peaches, plums, grapes, &c. They even extend their practice to flowering and other ornamental trees. The following mode, as practised in China, is extracted from the account of John Livingstone, Esq., of Macao. See Vol. iv. of the Lond. Hort. Trans. In the spring, at the time when the trees of fruit or of ornament are in blossom, they commence by selecting those branches which are most loaded with blossoms, and remove the bark quite round the branch, to the depth of about half its diameter. This part is covered with a large ball, of a composition similar to grafting clay. For large branches of elm, &c., a covering of straw or coarse cloth is used; but for the orange, peach, &c., the composition is of itself sufficient. When it has been ascertained that the roots formed are sufficient to preserve the living system, — and this time va- ries from six weeks to three months, according to circum- stances, from the commencement of the operation, —the branches are separated, and after being removed to pots, their fruitfulness is preserved by cramping their growth ; by confining their roots in very contracted earthen vessels; in carefully regulating and stinting their supplies of nour- ishment; in bending and contorting their limbs into many fanciful shapes, and confining them thus by wires. In the province of Fo-kien, where the best dwarfs are said to be formed, to entice ants to destroy the heart wood, sugar is introduced into small openings made for this purpose. Staunton, in his account of the embassy of Lord Ma- cartney to that country, has stated that straw was used with the clay, and a vessel of water is placed above, with an aperture sufficient to allow the water to fall slowly, in 48 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIS'T. single drops. This was the mode in some of the prove inces. Suns. 6th. QuENovitite. This term is applied by the French to trees trained in a regular pyramidal form; from their resemblance to the ancient distaff, they term it en quenouille. In the Department of Maine and Loire, as we are in- formed in the Annals of the Horticultural Society of Paris, they train their trees en quenouille, not only of the pear and apple, but of the peach, the apricot, the plum, and the cherry, the vine, and other fruits. The pears for this pure pose are inoculated on the quince, and the apple on the Paradise stocks. : The trees they use are principally raised at Angers, where the soil is of such extraordinary fertility, that it is possible to raise a tree or quenouille, with all its lateral branches, in a single year from the bud. There are some kinds of pears which do not incline to throw out lateral shoots. When, therefore, the tree has grown to a sufficient height for the first tier of branches, they pinch off the top for their production. When the vertical shoot has risen to a sufficient height for another set of branches, it is pinched off again, and another tier is produced. And thus the process is continued, till the requisite height is attained, and the tree is completely fur- nished with its branches, from the bottom to the top. When the lateral shoots incline to grow too fast, these must also be nipped in, that the equilibrium and perfect proportion of the tree may be preserved. This is an operation which requires much judgment and experience in its application. It is observed that it always causes a momentary suspension of the growth. If the pinching or clipping off be too near the top, but one single and vertical shoot will be produced; if the top be shortened a little lower, two branches only will put forth; but if it be shortened a little lower still, three or four lateral shoots will put out just below, and a top or vertical one. Mr. Loudon in his Magazine has described “a long row of pear trees in the garden of Chiswick, trained en ques nouille, or, more correctly, as regards those of Chiswick, en pyramide, which, with the additional feature of the points of the shoots tied down, has a very fine appearance.” * * QUENOUILLE. 4p WY Af Sy DP £4 Sy, te SS Ak Las SI Res Fi o RS AY Son = ALN. Veccs; ARN Ay = L/S IVE 253 163 : Ang Ne LS SS hy S ax / Sandon Ny: mS _ A All pf r= Be 7 ie is) = She Les Hi reptctal: (J Vy si 7 =| —— : Y/ Representation of Quenouille Training. ‘Tn short, this single row of pear trees is the most inter- esting feature of the garden. ‘The shoots of the current year are bent down when fully grown, and fixed in a pendent position by shreds of bass. In the course of the winter these shreds are removed, to admit of pruning, when the shoots are found to have taken a sef. In the course of the summer, such ‘as grow too vigorously are again tied, the object being to check the vigor of the young shoots, and, by impeding the return of the sap, to cause it to expand itself in those young shoots, in the formation of blossom buds.” These pear trees at Chiswick, as Mr. Lindley informs us, are all inoculated on the quince; they are trained per- pendicularly, with a single stem, to the height of about seven feet, with tiers of branches at regular distances; each being generally about eighteen inches long, and the tiers from nine to twelve inches apart. * * * * If the plant be strong and vigorous, it will throw out many more branches than are necessary ; these must be trimmed out, the best only being preserved; these are to be tied 90 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. down; and, their luxuriance being thus materially checked, they are in consequence always furnished with fruit-bear- ing spurs; they are productive, and the fruit they produce is far superior to that which is produced on the common standard. Weare further informed, that under such management quenouilles require but little room, a square of a few feet each way being deemed sufficient; their fruit, being within reach, may be easily thinned to enlarge its size; it is more secure against high winds, and, being near the ground, the additional warmth it receives materially insures its ripening in perfection. In the autumn of 1849, being on a visit to London, I saw, at the garden of the London Hort. Society, the trees which had thus been trained, then im a very high state of productiveness ; they still preserved, in a measure, their destined form; those shoots which inclined to grow upwards at the summit of the tree, being checked or shortened. The trees at that garden are usually set in very compact order, their branches generally extending downwards, quite to the ground. Mr. Wilmot, a very dis- tinguished cultivator of fruits for the London market, practises this same system, evidently as the most econom- ical and profitable of any other mode. His pear trees, being set in compact order, and suffered to branch low, produced abundantly. So also at Mr. Kirke’s establish- ment, an eminent cultivator of fruits at Brompton, near London, the same system, and this only, appeared to prevail ; his pear and apple trees being planted but about twelve feet asunder, or less, and suffered to branch quite down to the ground, produced the most abundant crops. Suns. 7th. — Fruitfulness is induced by a suitable season of repose. — The trees and plants, the natives of the tem- perate climates, require a winter, or season of rest; they awaken in the spring, refreshed by their slumbers, to new life and productiveness. Such trees and plants, therefore, become unfruitful within the tropics, finding no rest, nor their wonted season of repose, except only in the moun- tainous elevations. Yet in some tropical countries, they give to their vines, by artificial means, a suitable time of rest and slumber; and they awake to fruitfulness for a sea- son, [See Vine, and its Cultivation. | PRUNING. 51 Secrion XI. — Pruninea. If the branches of a young tree, issuing at and above the requisite height, be made, by pruning, to diverge from the trunk in every direction above the horizontal, and the in- terior of these be carefully kept from any interference with each other for a few years, little pruning will ever after- wards be necessary. Many of my remarks in this section have reference principally to orchards of the apple, the peach, and the pear, cultivated as standards in our own highly-favored climate, and on an extensive scale, and are not intended as applicable to the admirable system of cultivating fruit trees in pyramidal form, or en quenouille.- The complicated systems of the English for pruning the apple, pear, peach, and plum, are not, in all respects, so necessary for us; they are, in part, adapted exclusively to a cold climate. It is not necessary with us to lay open and expose every part of the tree to the direct rays of the sun; the atmosphere being, in our climate, generally, of it- self sufficient to ripen the fruit. Heavy pruning is seldom necessary or advisable; but when, as in the case of grafting, or of heading down for a new growth, it becomes unavoidable, it should always be performed in that interval between the time the frost is coming out of the ground in spring, and the opening of the leaf. A complete heading for any purpose should never be per- formed in early summer, or while the tree is in the most active stage of its growth. It causes a sudden stagnation of the juices, and induces a sort of paralysis. And if the tree does not die outright, it grows no more, or but feebly, during the remainder of the season. Yet for that moderate pruning which alone is generally needful, June and July, and during the longest days of summer, is the very best time; for wounds of all kinds heal admirably at this period, the wood remaining sound and bright; and even a tree debarked at this season recovers a new bark immediately. T'rees ought not to be pruned in February and March, at the time the frost is coming out of the ground. This is the season when most trees, and particularly the vine and sugar maple, bleed most copiously and injuriously. — It 5% NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. cuuses inveterate canker; the wounds turn black, and the bark, for perhaps several feet below, becomes equally black, and perfectly dead, in consequence of the bleeding. The lower side limbs of young trees in the nursery, should be gradually shortened, but not suddenly close- pruned; they are essential for a time to strengthen the trunk, and to the upright and perfect formation of the tree. Section XII.— Noxious Insects, Etc. Suss. Ist. Apuis, Puceron, Vine Frerrer. Of this genus of insects there are many varieties; they prey on the leaves of different plants. Various modes for their extermination have been successfully tried. Infusions of tobacco-water, or of aloes, or elder leaves, or of Cayenne pepper, thrown on the leaves with a syringe, are said to be effectual. Willis’s syringe is the best known for this pur- pose. Sulphur dusted on them with swan-down puff has been highly recommended. Lime water answers in many cases, and even soap suds. Lastly, hot vinegar is a power- ful application. Suns. 2d. Borer. The borer is a destructive worm, which perforates the wood of the apple and quince at the surface of the earth, or a little below, where the bark is tender. If the insects have once entered the tree, they must be dug out, or destroyed, by introducing a sharp, flex- ible wire, and the aperture must afterwards be filled with clay or mortar. The eggs which produce this insect are deposited from the last of April to the beginning of June. To prevent their attacks and secure the trees effectually, nothing more is necessary than to surround it, a little be- fore the season when the eggs are deposited, either with a small conical mound of unleached ashes, or clay, or mor- tar, or with a wrapper of brown paper, as recommended for the peach. For small trees, a solution of two pounds of good potash in seven quarts of water, applied with a brush, from the height of a foot quite down to the surface, is a very cheap, easy, and effectual mode of preserving trees from their attacks, provided the application is made at the suitable season. In some parts of New Jersey the worm is very destruc- tive to the peach tree. They enter at the surface of the NOXIOUS INSECTS. 53 earth, or but a little beneath, and where the bark is tender. This worm feeds on the alburnum, girdling the tree be- neath the bark. Refuse tobacco has been applied around the trunk of the tree with good effect. Another mode of effecting the destruction of the worm is by very strong brine, a small cavity being formed around the trunk at the surface ; a pint of brine is poured in; this entering the cavity destroys the worm at once. Old beef brine is supposed to be best. And it should be applied once in spring and twice during summer. But the preventive of leached or unleached ashes, as above recommended, is to be preferred. Even a small conical mound of common soil, or of rubbish, placed around the trunk in May, has been found an effec- tual safeguard; but this mound must be levelled annually in October, that the bark of the tree may harden. Suss. 3d. Curcurio. The curculio, in those parts of the country where it has gained a habitancy, is the most destructive of all enemies to fruit. The curculio is a winged insect or beetle, which rises from its earthy bed, and chrysalis state, about the time the young fruit is form- ing in spring. ‘They crawl up the trees, and, when suffi- ciently numerous, they puncture, and deposit an egg in every fruit, particularly those possessed of smooth skins, as the apricot, nectarine, and plum. ‘They are stated to con- tinue their work of destruction till autumn; the egg thus deposited, soon hatches, and produces a worm, which preys on the fruit, causing it, in most cases, to fall prematurely. With those fruits which I have just named, the destruction is usually almost total, in those parts of the country where this insect abounds. Yet it is stated as a fact by Dr. Til- ton, that of two trees frequently standing so near each other as to touch, the fruit of one has been destroyed, and the other has escaped; so little and so reluctantly do these insects incline to use their wings. After the fruit thus in- jured has prematurely fallen, and gone to decay, the worms descend into the earth, where they remain during the win- ter, in their chrysalis state, till the warmth of spring again calls them forth to renew their depredations The cherry, though equally lable to their attacks, yet from the multi- tude of fruits which they produce, and their early maturity, usually escapes with but a partial destruction; and the peach escapes in a great measure, from the rough and woolly na- 5 54 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. ture of its skin. The apple, although equally obnoxious to its attacks, frequently survives, although disfigured in its form and lessened in its size. ‘The pear, although some- times attacked, yet seems to escape the best of them all. Various modes have been recommended and practised to destroy this insect, or avert its attacks. Some have recom- mended kindling small and numerous fires in the orchard by night, on the supposition that, like the miller, they would be attracted by the light, and precipitate themselves into the flames. And some have asserted that the odor of tar annoys and disconcerts them, and have therefore recom- mended to suspend slips of shingles to various parts of the tree, which are to be frequently dipped in tar. If the odor of common tar has, indeed, been found so efficacious as 1s asserted, I would recommend that the coal tar, which may be purchased at the gas works in all our principal cities, be tried with the same intent. ‘This last substance has, it is asserted, an odor so lasting, and so powerful and annoying, that experiments are making by gentlemen in Nantucket, by covering with this substance the exposed planks of their ships which sail to the Pacific, to preserve them from the destruction caused by the sea worm. It has been noticed, that trees situated in lanes and extensive yards, where numerous cattle are confined, gen- erally escape the attacks of the curculio. This is supposed to be in part owing to the ground being trodden so hard as to render it difficult for the worm to enter the earth, and to the annoyance and fright to which this timid insect is subjected, by the cattle rubbing against the trees. The insects, according to Dr. Tilton, in such cases of fright, roll themselves into a little ball, and fall to the ground, where they become liable either to be trodden to death, or devoured by the farm-yard poultry as a delicious morsel. Poultry of all species have been recommended as very useful, from the multitudes of insects they devour, they being particularly fond of the beetle tribe. A case is mentioned by Dr. Tilton [see Dom. Ency.] of Colonel T. Forest, of Germantown, who, having a fine plum tree near his pump, tied a rope from the tree to his pump handle, so that the tree was gently agitated every time there was occasion to pump water. The consequence was, that the fruit on this tree was preserved in the greatest perfection. Hogs are stated to be extremely useful in orchards, by NOXIOUS INSECTS. 55 devouring at once the fallen fruit and the insect which it contains. And provided the hogs are sufficiently numerous to devour every fallen fruit, they will shortly exterminate the insects from the orchard in which they are permitted to roam. Paving the Ground. This is said to be a most effectual mode of preserving fruit from the attacks of the curculio. By preventing its descent into the earth, it finds no win- ter habitation. ‘The ground should first be well manured, and the whole surface well paved with the common stones which so often encumber the fields. The trees, in this case, may be set very close. ‘The excess of rain being carried off by the pavement, and their luxuriance being thus restrained, such trees must not only produce great crops, but from the effect of the sun on the naked pave- ment, the fruit must be of the finest quality. [See what is further said under the article Vine. | Another and ingenious mode of destroying the curculio has lately been devised by my friend Dr. Joel Burnet, of Southboro’, Massachusetts, and in the single instance only, in which he has tried the experiment, it has proved completely successful. There stood in his garden a young plum tree of the Prince’s Imperial Gage, which was filled with blossoms every year, but bore no fruit. Early in spring, a hen, with an early brood of chickens, was placed in a coop beneath the tree. Thus were all the curculiones destroyed in the interval, soon after they arose from the earth, and before they had recovered strength sufficient to take to their wings or ascend the tree. This plum tree, in that year, bore, in consequence, a very large crop of fruit. He observed that the curculio often ascended by aid of its wings. Sugs. 4th. Stua Worm. These insects sometimes appear on the upper surface of the leaves, especially those of the pear, in the month of July; and sometimes they ap- pear again early in autumn. They are covered with a glutinous substance, and their destruction is easily effected by simply sifting slacked lime over them; dry ashes, howev- er, answers equally as well. For large trees, an oblong tin vessel, perforated at the bottom with numerous small holes, and partly filled with lime or ashes, may be suspended by a string from along, slender, and elastic pole. This, being 56 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. shaken over a tree, distributes the lime amongst the leaves, and the slugs are speedily destroyed. A man may go over a large tree in a few minutes. Suss. 5th. Wasps. Mr. Bartram has recommended, for the destruction of wasps, which devour and puncture the grapes in vineyards, that shallow vessels, containing sugar and water, or molasses and water, should be placed on the windward side of the vineyard. The sweet perfume at- tracts them from a great distance from the leeward; they are thus destroyed, by partaking inordinately of the liquid. Mr. Knight has informed us, that the wasps disappeared from his vine house, after he had surrounded it in part with a hedge of the yew tree. For the destruction of some other varieties of insects, see AppLe, Prar, Peacu, and Pium. Suss. 6th. THe Wuire Meaty Insect. This insect is described by English writers as an insect of a most per- nicious character, covering the trees and branches. Here it is little known. I must refer to them for the remedies. “ Take half a peck of quick lime, half a pound of flour of sulphur, and a quarter of a pound of lamp black. Mix the whole together with as much boiling water as will form the ingredients into a thick paint. ‘[‘his composition is recom- mended to be applied to the stems and limbs of apple trees which are infested with the white mealy insect, having previously removed the moss and loose bark by scraping them off with a strong knife, or some other instrument adapted to the purpose. “In using the composition, it will be most efficacious if applied in a warm state, or something more than blood heat.”? — Lindley. On young trees, Mr. Lindley further informs us, ‘ vine- gar will effectually destroy this insect; but would be too expensive to be applied when the trees are large.” Surs. 7th. Tue Rose Bue. These insects have of late proved very destructive, by devouring the leaves, not only of rose bushes, but also of the cherry tree, and various other trees; and rewards have been offered by the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society, for some easy and effec: NOXIOUS INSECTS. 57 tual mode of preventing their ravages, and of effecting their destruction. A mode has been proposed and tried, which is asserted to have proved completely successful. It consists in simply dredging the leaves with fine black pepper, from a common pepper-box ; the application may be the most effectual, if applied while the dew is on the leaf. Refuse Scotch snuff, finely pulverized, it is asserted, will answer the same effectual purpose. Destruction or Insects sy Lames purine Nieut, In France the vines are sometimes infested by a moth or in- sect called pyrale, which produces a caterpillar, so injurious to the vines, that they often destroy the entire crop through- out whole districts. The evil was considered of sufficient importance to induce the government of that country to em- ploy Professor Adouin, of Paris, to investigate the subject, and to discover, if possible, the remedy. An account of his researches for the destruction of the pyrale was published in France in 1838, and republished in Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine. By that account, it appears that the most ef- fectual method for the destruction of the moth which had been discovered, was to place amongst the vines, in the night time, lamps enclosed in glass, and suspended over saucers of oil. The moths fly to the light from all sides, which they are prevented from touching. By repeatedly striking against the glass, in their vain attempts to get at the light, the moths fall down, and are drowned in the oil. One cultivator, in the year 1837, placed in his vineyard, in one night, at the distance of twenty-five feet asunder, each way, two hundred of these lamps, each of which burned two hours, during which time 150 moths, on an average, were taken in each saucer of oil, making in all 30,000 in- sects; a fifth part of these moths being females, each of which, on an average, would have laid 150 eggs, which, in a few days, would have produced 900,000 caterpillars. During a similar period in one night, on the 7th of August, 180 lamps in that same vineyard caught 14,000 insects, three fourths of which were females, which, making allowance of more than one half as lost, would have produced 1,080,000 caterpillars. Fortunately, the pyrale is not known in Amer- iva; yet it is considered certain, that the same plan might prove equally successful for the destruction of many other insects of an equally pernicious character. It merits trial for the curculiones. [See APPENDIX, p. 427.] APPLE. —(Pyrus Malus.) Tue apple is a large, wide-spreading tree; the leaves are ovate; the flowers, which are produced on the wood or spurs of the former year, or of two years’ growth, are in ter- minating umbels; the fruit is a roundish pome, its base umbilicate, of a color varying from green or white to yel- low, to red, or violet; of a sweet or subacid flavor. In its wild state it is denominated a crab-apple, and is a thorny tree, with small leaves, and asmall, unpleasant, acid fruit; and from the crab-apple it is supposed all our finest varieties have been produced by cultivation. The apple is supposed to have been introduced into Britain by the Ro- mans; and although Mr. Bartram has described a crab- apple, a native of our country, the Pyrus coronaria, a globular-formed, beautiful yellow fruit, an inch in diame- ter, excellent for preserving, with blossoms of a gay and beautiful appearance in spring, yet it 1s supposed that our stock of apples originated not from this, but from Europe. The apple is said to flourish in every part of the United States, except the low lands of the maritime districts of Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and the low prairies or savannas bounding on the Gulf of Mexico; and good judges assert that the apples of England, and of the north of France, are not to be compared, for excellence of flavor, to those produced in our climate. Usss. Apples, when well ripened, form an exceedingly whole- some food in their raw state; and from the qualities which they possess, their habitual use, according to Mr. Knight, destroys the artificial appetite for strong fermented liquors and the preparations of alcohol. They abate thirst, and, boiled or roasted, says Loudon, “they fortify a weak stom- APPLES. 59 ach, and are excellent in dysentery, and equally efficacious in putrid and malignant fevers, with the juice of lemons and currants. Scopoli recovered from a weakness of the stomach and indigestion by using them.” Dr. Willich has also informed us (Dom. Ency.) that, “‘In diseases of the breast, such as catarrhs, coughs, consumptions, @&c., in their roasted, boiled, or stewed state, they are of consider- able service. ‘They may also be usefully employed in de- coctions, which, if drank plentifully, tend to abate febrile heat, as well as to relieve strictures in pectoral complaints.” The usual modes of cooking, or preparation for common use, are too well known to need describing. Deduit of Mazeres [Philips] has found that one third of apple pulp, baked with two thirds of flour, having been properly fermented with yeast for twelve hours, makes very excellent bread, full of eyes, and extremely palatable. In perfumery, the pulp beat up with lard forms pomatum. And Bosc observes, that the prolonged stratification of apples with elder flowers in a close vessel, gives the former an odor of musk, extremely agreeable. An excellent jelly is thus prepared from them: They are pared, quartered, and the core removed, and put in a closely-covered pot, without water, in an oven, or over a fire. When well stewed, the juice is to be squeezed through a cloth, a little white of an egg is added, and then sugar; and lastly, itis skimmed, and by boiling reduced to a proper consistence. Apples are preserved for winter use, by being quartered, and boiled in the unfermented juice of the apple, which has been concentrated by long boiling; but for this pur- pose the boiling sirup of the sugar cane or molasses is pre- ferred ; in some cases it is more economical. Apples are also preserved by drying; first being pared by machinery constructed for this purpose, and quartered, they are dried either in the sun or in ovens; in this state they may be long preserved, and form a valuable article for domestic use, for sea stores, or for exportation. Mr. Knight, in his treatise on the apple and the pear, has informed us, that the juice of both these fruits may be used advantageously on long voyages. He has often reduced it by boiling to the consistence of weak jelly; and in this way, although intentionally exposed to the atmosphere of differ- ent temperatures, he has preserved it for several years 60 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. without the slightest change. In this concentrated state it has been supposed that a few pounds added to a hogs- head of water might form a good liquor, similar to perry or cider. It might also, as he supposes, answer as a substi- tute for the rob of lemons and oranges, and at much less expense. The late Hon. Timothy Pickering has related the ac- count of the efficacy of sweet apples in the cure of a sick horse: it 1s also stated that horses, cattle, and swine, fatten in a remarkably short space of time when fed on sweet ap- ples. It is true, cattle may have been injured by breaking into orchards and devouring at once an inordinate quantity of the forbidden fruit; but this is equally true, when they have broken into cornfields ; yet neither are injurious when used as regular food. And it is thought by many, that the earliest fruit, the windfalls, may be more profitably con- sumed by permitting cattle and swine regularly to range the orchards, than by being gathered for the purposes of distillation. The unfermented juice of sweet apples is sometimes, by boiling, converted into molasses, in those places where this article is not easily obtained. But, for the manufacture of molasses or sugar, it is not altogether improbable that the potato, or the sugar beet, from some late experiments, may offer in future a much more profitable resource. VARIETIES. The varieties of apples are described in three classes, Cuass I. — Varieties in cultivation in the United States. Crass II. —Select Foreign Varieties deserving trial with us. Cuass III. — Select Varieties for Northern Climes. Norse. — Those described, on the authority of Judge Buel, of the first class, are considered by him as among the best varieties of that country. MW. refers to Mr. Manning, and Z. to Mr. Lyman. SUMMER APPLES. — CLASS Ef. 61 CLASS f. A SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE APPLES IN CULTIVATION IN THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. SUMMER APPLES. 1. *AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN. The tree bears abundantly. The fruit is of medium size, oblong; of a bright red, streaked and blotched witk deeper red next the sun; occasionally a fine yellow ground is visible; the flesh very tender, very juicy, fine-flavored, and excellent either for the dessert or for cooking. It ripens the middle of August, and is highly deserving of cultivation. 2. BEAU. Judge Buel. ‘Fruit three inches in diameter, two and one fourth deep; eye in a regular and shallow cavity; stalk short, not projecting beyond the base; skin yellowish green, with a faint blush on the sun side, and dotted with white; flesh white and crisp ; juice abundant and agreeably acid. A fine dessert and culinary fruit from end of Aug. to Oct.” 3 *BENONI. Medium-sized, of a fine red color, flavor subacid and good. One of the best apples of the season, ripening the last of July. A native, introduced to notice by Mr. E. M. Richards, of Dedham. 4, *EARLY SWEET BOUGHL. The size varies from medium to large; the form is ob- long; the skin smooth, of a pale yellow color; the stalk is short; the flesh is white, tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. One of the very best dessert apples of its season, which ig early in August. 5 *EARLY HARVEST. Prince’s Harvest, i oy Earity FrREencH REINETTE, of Coxe The tree is of medium vigor ; not very productive. At Salem this variety begins to show evident symptoms of decay. A fruit above the medium size: globular, de- 6 ' 62 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST: pressed ; of a pale yellow color ; the flesh white, juicy, ten= der, rather acid, but pleasant. Last of July. It is good for cooking. 6. EARLY RED JUNEATING. ARLY Rep MareGare' . Rice Be i Be Jouearin’) according to the Pom. Mag. Eve Appxr of the Irish, Fe This is not the. American variety of the same name. The fruit is rather small; rather oblong; greenish yellow in the shade, of a deep red color, with streaks, next the sun; the flesh is white, juicy, pleasantly acid. The last of July. 7 LARGE YELLOW SUMMER. UL. A large fruit of surpassing excellence ; the branches are pendulous ; the tree bears well, but does not bear young. August, September. Introduced to notice by Mr. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. 208. RED JUNE APPLE. The fruit varies in size from medium to large; color crimson next the sun, bright red in the shade; flesh pale yellow, tender, and delicious, and very superior. July is its season. A new fruit, received of Richard Reynolds, Esq., of Smithfield, Va., and thus described. 8. HAWTHORNDEN. MarpeEn's Buusu, of Coze. The fruit is large and beautiful; flattened; the skin smooth; of a yellow color in the shade, finely contrasted with bright red next the sun; the flesh white, tender, and sprightly ; remarkably light; good, and good only, for the table; fine for cooking, and eminently calculated for dry- ing. The tree bears most abundantly. Aug. to Oct. 9. *PORTER. The tree is of upright growth, of medium vigor ; a great bearer. The fruit above the medium size, oblong, light yellow, with a pale blush next the sun ; its flavor sprightly and pleasant. A. popular fruit in the Boston market, one of the most productive and profitable; and very beautiful. This native fruit originated at Sherburne, Mass., on the grounds of the Rev. Samuel Porter. 10. *PUMPKIN SWEETING of New England. The tree grows vigorous and upright; the leaves very large. The fruit is very large, round, flattened, of a yel- low russet color; the flesh very sweet and excellent. It ripens from August to October. : SUMMER APPLES. — CLASS -1. 63 Il. *RED ASTRACAN. The leaves are long ; these and the wood are of a purple color. Aneminently beautiful and very early apple, of me- dium size, nearly globular, of a rich crimson color, covered with fine bloom. The flesh is white, crisp, and juicy, of agreeable flavor. ‘The tree is very productive. A new Russian fruit, which proves fine with us. iz. RED QUARENDON, Medium-sized, globular, or flattened ; of a deep red color, approaching to purple ; of a sprightly, pleasant, and peculiar flavor. A foreign fine fruit. It is productive at the late Governor Gore’s. August to November. 200. *NIACK PIPPIN. New, very large and handsome; oblong; of a fine yellow color, and exeellent flavor. A highly popular and much admired fruit, from a place of that name, near the River Hudson. Very productive, and ripening in August. 14. SAPSON. SAPSONVINE. The fruit is of medium size ; of a bright red color, deep. ly stained in its flesh, which is very juicy and pleasant. A very beautiful fruit, an abundant bearer, and much es- teemed. Ripe from August to October, 15. *SOPSAVINE. A very early summer fruit, of medium size; covered with stripes of red on a greenish yellow ground; a_ pleasant and beautiful fruit, ripening the last of July. 16. *SUMMER QUEEN. Core. The tree grows vigorous; its branches incline downward; a great and constant bearer. ‘The fruit is one of the most beautiful known, and of the finest quality for the dessert, or for cooking. It is large, contracted at the crown, fie yel- low in the shade, striped with red; fine deep red next the sun; the flesh is yellow, rich, sweet, perfumed. It ripens in August. 37. SUMMER ROSE. A medium-sized, beautiful fruit, of a round or flattened form ; ofa bright, shining yellow color, streaked or marbled with red; the flesh juicy, sweet, and excellent, either for the dessert or for cooking. Early in August. 18. *WILLIAMS APPLE. A beautiful fruit, of medium size and oblong form; its 64 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. color deep red; flavor sprightly, and very pleasant. It ri- pens the first of August, and continues ripening to Septem- ber. A native fruit, found on the farm of Major Benjamin Williams, of Roxbury. SECTION II, AUTUMN FRUIT. 19. AMERICAN NONPARKEIL. Coze. A beautiful and excellent fruit; medium-sized, oblong ; contracted at its summit; of a yellow color, streaked and stained with bright red next the sun. Externally it resem- bles the Hubbardston Nonsuch. The flesh is white, firm, juicy, and good. October and November. 20. AUNT’S APPLE. Core. The tree grows feeble, but bears most abundantly. The fruit is beautiful, large, oblong; the skin is smooth, streaked with lively red on a yellow ground; the flesh yellow, melting, and juicy ; of an agreeable flavor, but not rich. A popular market fruit, cultivated extensively in the eastern counties of Pennsylvania. November. 21. *BOXFORD. I. A very superior fruit; large, flat, and striped with red ona yellow ground; the flesh is tender, and the flavor excellent. A new variety, which originated on the farm of Mr. Peter Towne, in Boxford, Mass. The fruit ripens in September and October, and the tree is a great bearer. 22. *BRABANT BELLE FLEUR. Very large and handsome; of great solidity ; rather conical ; slightly ribbed; yellow, colored with red stripes; juicy, and of very pleasant flavor; proves a fine fruit. Scions of this fruit were received from the London Hort. Soc. November. 23. CANADIAN REINETTE. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard. Grosse REINETTE D’ ANGLETERRE Of Duh. REINETTE DE Canapva. Bon Jard. Remnette Grosse DE Canapa. Hort. Soc. Cat. REINETTE DE Canapa Aa Cores. REINETTE DE Carn. According to Pom. Mag. Portucat Ap- PLE. Mera Januera. Jb. RetneTTE DE CanapDA BLANCHE. A very large and beautiful fruit; globular, flattened, APPLES. — CLASS I. — AUTUMN. 65 with projecting ribs; yellow in the shade, slightly red next the sun; flesh firm, juicy, with but little acidity, and very good. It has cavities at the centre, and keeps till March. The tree is very productive. 24. CUMBERLAND SPICE. Coze. The tree is very productive; a fine dessert fruit, large, rather oblong, contracted towards the summit; the stalk thick and short; of a pale yellow color, clouded near the base; the flesh white, tender, and fine. It ripens in au: tumn, and keeps till winter, and shrivels in its last stages. 25. *DRAP DOR OF FRANCE of Coxe and Ron- ald, but not of Duh. Mr. Manning. The tree is a most productive variety; the fruit fine and highly deserving of cultivation. It is very large, hand- some, of globular form, compressed a little at summit and base; the stalk short; of a fine yellow color, with occa- sional faint blotches; flesh white, firm, and of good flavor. Season, September, October, and November. 26. DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH. A very beautiful Russian apple, valuable for the dessert or sauce; middle-sized; globular; color golden, streaked with bright red; flavor pleasant, rather acid. September. A good bearer. 27. DYER, or POMME ROYAL of some. So named for Messrs. Dyer, of Cranston, R. I., and the gentleman who has lately brought this fruit into notice in Massachusetts. long, dull red, smooth ; the largest of all gooseberries. 4. Kwyicut’s Marquis or Srarrorp. Branches somewhat erect ; the fruit late, large, roundish oblong, bright red, hairy ; excellent. 5. Mewiine’s Crown Bos. 22 dwts. Branches drooping; fruit rather late, large, oblong, bright red, hairy; very good. 6. Orn Rove Rep. Branches somewhat drooping; fruit small, round, dark red, very hairy ;. most excellent for preserving as goose- berry jam, and best for bottling when green. 7 Witmor’s Barty Rep. Hooker's Pom. Lond. One of the very best of all gooseberries, and is cultivated by Mr. Wilmot to a great extent in his celebrated fruit gar- den. He prefers it to all others he has seen. He states that it is of large size, very early, of excellent flavor, and meredibly productive. GREEN. 8. Earry Green Hairy. Branches erect; fruit early, small, round, deep green, hairy; excellent. 9. Epwarp’s Jotty Tar. 19 dwts. 17 grs. Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit early, of a middle size, roundish obleng, smooth, witli yellowish veins. 410. Massty’s Hearr or Oax. 16 dwts. Branches drooping ; fruit rather early, large, oblong, smooth, with pale yellow veins; excellent. ii. Nrxon’s Green Myrtie. Branches somewhat drooping; fruit late, large, oblong, smooth, tapering to the base, pale green. 12. Parxrinson’s Laure. 17 dwts. 18 grs. Branches erect ; fruit rather late, large, roundish oblong, pale green, very downy. 13. Warnwrieut’s Ocean. 20 dwts. 8 ors. Branches drooping; fruit early, large, oblong, or ovate, smooth ; the largest of this color. GGOSEBERRIES. 291 WHITE. £4. Cxirewortn’s Wuire Lion. 19 dwts. 9 gts. Branches somewhat drooping; fruit late, roundish ob- long, slightly hairy, sometimes nearly smooth. 15. Crompron’s Suesa Queen. 18 dwts. Branches somewhat erect; fruit early, pretty large, roundish eblong, downy; excellent. 16. Moore’s Wuire Bear. Branches somewhat erect; fruit early, large, roundish oblong, hairy, or somewhat bristly. 17. Saunpers’s Cuesuire Lass. 20 dwts. Branches erect; fruit very early, large, oblong, downy ; excellent for tarts early in the spring, when few are ready for that purpose. 48. We.ineton’s Grory. 23 dwts. 14 grs. Branches erect; fruit pretty early, large, somewhat ovate, very downy; excellent. 49. Woopwarn’s Wuitesmirs. 16 dwts. 7 grs. Branches erect; fruit pretty early, large, roundish ob- long, brownish when exposed, very downy; very excellent, and more in esteem than any other gooseberry of this color. YELLOW. 20. Dixon’s GotpEN YELLOW. Branches drooping; fruit early, pretty large, roundish. 21. Gorvon’s Virer. 24 dwts. 17 grs. Branches drooping; fruit early, large, somewhat turbi- nate, greenish yellow, smooth. 22. Hamuet’s Kirton. 3 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit early, large, round- ish oblong, bright greenish yellow, slightly hairy. 23. Harvcastie’s Gunner. 27 dwts. 1 gr. Branches somewhat erect; fruit rather late, large, ob- ovate, with large veins, hairy or bristly. 24. Hm1.’s GoLtpen Gourp. Branches somewhat drooping; fruit very early, large, _ oblong, greenish yellow, slightly hairy; very excellent. 25. Propnnt’s Rocxwoop. 23 dwts. 4 grs. Branches erect; fruit very early, large, roundish oblong, dark yellow, slightly hairy. ZG NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST- OTHER VARIETIES, RECOMMENDED IN THE POMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. Rep. — Boardman’s British Crown, large. — Red War- rington, large, late. — Red Champagne, small. — Early Black, small. Wuirt. — White Crystal, small.— White Champagne, small. Green. — Pitmaston Green Gage, small. YeLtow.— Haywood’ s Invincible, large.— Yellow Cham- pagne. — Rumbullion, small. I add, on good authority, the ‘*‘ Wonderful,” the largest gooseberry known. In the valley of the Columbia River, according to Mr. Parker, there are native gooseberries of several varieties — one a yellow gooseberry; an excellent kind, of a pleasant flavor; it grows on a shrub free from thorns. Another kind is of a deep purple color, of the taste and size of our winter grapes; flavor fine, the bush thorny. CULTIVATION, SOLL, &e, Gooseberries require a very rich soil; and in an airy situation or shade they are but little liable to mildew. In all low lands, and in confined situations, in our chmate, the fruit of the gooseberry almost tmvariably mildews; but never on the open hills, and in places exposed to drying winds. They are raised from cuttings planted very early in April, in a moist soil; every eye should be cut out ex- cept the two uppermost above the surface. In autumn cut off the lower shoot very close; and shorten down the one left to six or nine inches. The bushes must be so managed as to be furnished with limbs diverging in every direction, continually increasing in number as they advance from the centre. With this object in view, the young leading shoots of the last year are annually cut back to six or nine inches, and a proportion of the others are cut quite close. Thus the bushes will continue extending, every part being duly RASPBERRIES. 293 filled with bearing wood; sufficient space being left to ad- mit the sun and a free circulation of air. The largest prize gooseberries are raised en vigorous young bushes, which have not more than five or six branches, and but one, two, or at most three berries on a branch. With no pruning whatever, they bear most abundantly near Boston. RASPBERRY .—(Rubus ideus.) The raspberry is a shrub of low growth; its leaves are pinnate, and composed of five leaflets; its flowers in pani- cles; its root is perennial; its top generally biennial; it produces its fruit on the wood of the former year. Uses. The raspberry is an admired dessert fruit, but sugar improves its flavor. It is fragrant, subacid, cooling, and grateful to the taste, and, like the strawberry, it does not produce acidity on the stomach. ‘The juice ferment- ed with sugar, produces wine, very fragrant, and of the most delicious flavor. It is also used for jams, pies, tarts, sauces, preserves, &c; and, according to Loudon, it is much used for distilling, to make a cordial, spirituous liquor, to which it gives name; and raspberry sirup is next to the strawberry in dissolving the tartar of the teeth. The wine mixed with water, according to Dr. Short, “is a good re- viving draught in ardent fevers.” He further recommends it in scorbutic disorders. For a choice selection, the following are particularly recommended by different authors. a. *Rep ANTWere. Burley Antwerp. An excellent and productive fruit, large, and highly es- teemed near Boston. The branches must be bent down in autumn, and pretected with soil during winter. 2 *Wuite ANTWERP. Yellow Antwerp. The fruit islarge and fine; highly esteemed near Boston, and very productive; like the red, it requires protection in winter. 25 * 294 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 3. *Barnet. For. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Cornwall’s Red Prolific Seedling, Large Red. Produces large fruit and abundant crops; a profitable variety ; perfectly hardy, and twice bearing at Boston. 5. *Dovusie Bearing. Neill. Loud. Pom. Mag. Lind Perpetual Bearing, Red Double Bearing, Siberian. Produces a crop in July, and another in Sept. and Oct. ; large, fine, hardy, and abundantly productive at Boston. 10. Woopwarpn’s Rep Grose. Large, red, and fine; one of the productive main kinds, calculated for extensive cultivation. Seems allied to No. 15. 15. *Franconia. New; fruit very large, red, and fine; one of the most vigorous, hardy, and productive yet known in cultivation near Boston, of all hitherto fully proved. 16. *Cox’s Honey. Thompson. New; of a yellowish white color; of excellent quality ; bearing in clusters along the stems. Of much promise. 17% Vicrorts RaAspperry. New; of a red color, and produced in clusters; flavor fine. Itripens in succession. Some give it exalted praise. 20. *Knevetr’s GIAnr. New, lately introduced and thus proved by Coli. Wilder ; very large; of a red color; quality excellent. It grows very vigorously, is hardy, and bears abundantly. 12. Brack American Raspserry. Black Thimbleberry. 13. Wire American Raspserry. White Thimbleberry. 14. Rev American Raspperry. 18. Onto RaspBerry. A new variety, perpetual bearing, found growing wild in Ohio; introduced by Mr. Longworth. It deserves trial. 19. Corumpran Rasrperry. A new species, found in the valley of the Columbia River, by the Rev. Mr. Parker, of thrice the size of the common wild kind; of a very delicate and rich yellow color, and thus described by him. CULTIVATION AND SOIL. A moist, rich soil is recommended for the raspberry ; they do well, producing abundantly, even when moder- 4 PERSIMMON. 295 ately shaded. In forming plantations, Lindley has direct- ed that the rows should run from east to west, and the tallest sorts be planted in the north rows, and in the rear, at a large distance asunder; and those of small growth in the south rows, and at less distance asunder in the row. Thus all the varieties receive the full benefit of the sun. He directs as follows : — Ist or north row, Cornish, set 4 feet asunder in the row. 2d row, Woodward's Red Globe, do. 3d row, Red Antwerp, set 34 feet asunder in the row. Ath row, White Antwerp, do. do. oth row, Cane Raspberries, set 3 feet asunder. 6th row, Double Bearing, or No. 8, do. do. Large plantations, of any kind, are to be set out on the same principle. He also recommends that three young plants should be placed in each hill, in a triangular form, six inches apart. These should be cut at the time, within a few inches of the ground. In autumn cut off all wood that has borne fruit; also all weakly shoots, and shorten the strong shoots to four fifths. Stakes or rails are not absolutely necessary. The tops of each stool may be tied together in summer at their tips; or it is recommended to tie one half of two hills together at the tips: thus they form arches or festoons. With regard to the double bearing varieties, it is recom- mended to cut down every alternate stool to within a few inches of the ground, in the annual pruning. Thusa suc- cession of large, late crops is always maintained. The raspberry plantation is in its prime the third year, but must be annihilated after it has stood six years; and new ones must in the mean time be formed. PERSIMMON.— (Doiospyrus Virginiana.) American Date, or Prune. The persimmon flourishes as far north as the River Con- necticut, in the latitude of 42°, but is dwarfish. In a suitable soil and climate, it rises to the height of sixty feet, or forty diameters of its base. The leaves are oblong, 296 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. entire, of a fine dark green above, and glaucous below, and from four to six inches long. The fertile and barren blossoms are produced on different trees. The fruit, which is abuncant, is round, of the size of a small plum, of a reddish color, and fleshy ; they contain six or eight small stones; their taste is very astringent, but when ameliorated by frost, they are sweet and agreeable. The fruit, when bruised and fermented, produces brandy, which becomes good by age. This tree is raised from the seeds, which should be planted in autumn; and fine varieties may be propagated by inoculating or grafting. STRAWBERRY .— (Pragaria.) The strawberry is a low, creeping, perennial plant; a native of the old continent; also of America, where it is found growing in a wild state. Botanists consider them a genus comprehending three species. Uses. The strawberry is a fragrant and delicious dessert fruit, whether eaten alone or with cream and sugar ; and forms a fine preserve. It is deemed very whole- some, as it never causes acidity on the stomach. Boér- have considered its use as one of the principal reme- dies in putrid fever; and Hoffman asserts that he has known consumptive people cured by the use of strawber- ries. It is also asserted that by eating plentifully of straw- berries, rheumatic complaints are averted or cured. They also dissolve tartarous incrustations on the teeth. And lastly, Phillips asserts that the Pine strawberries make an agreeable dessert wine, as rich as Mountain, but possessing greater fragrance and acidity. VARIETIES. Mr. Barnet [see Vol. v1. of the Lond. Hort. Trans.] has divided strawberries into seven classes. Mr. Lindley has adopted the same course. And in describing the size of the fruit, I shall have reference to the general size of the particular class. I have adopted the same system STRAWBERRIES. 297 CLASS I.—ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES. The Alpine and Wood strawberries agree in their gen- eral habits and character. The fruit, however, differs. ‘The Alpines have conical fruit, and are fruitful in autumn. ‘The Wood strawberries are more globose; they only produce fruit in summer. — Barnet. — See Vol. v1. of Hort. Trans. 1. Rep Atpine, (Fraisier des Alps,) with runners. The fruit is small and conical, ripening in summer and autumn. 2. White Avpine, (Fraisier des Alps a Fruit Blanc,) with runners. The fruit is small and conical, ripening successively in summer and autumn. 5. *Rep Woop. Fraisier Commun. An old variety, extensively cultivated near Boston for tne markets. It ripens in summer. The fruit is scarlet and round, and highly esteemed near Boston as one of the most sure, and productive, and profitable, of all strawber- ries. Of this variety there are no males. 6. Wuite Woop. Fraisier Commun a Fruit Blanc. This variety ripens in summer; the fruit is white and round; an old, good-flavored variety, much cultivated and esteemed near Boston. Its productiveness equals the red. CLASS II.— BLACK STRAWBERRIES. The fruit of this class is middle-sized, conical, with a neck, of a very dark color at maturity; the seeds slightly imbedded; the flavor very rich and highly perfumed; the leaves of this class are small, rugose, pale green. — Barnet. See Vol. vi. of Hort. Trans. 7% Downton. Knight's Seedling. Pom. Mag. Lind. Barnet. The fruit is large, ovate, with a neck; the early fruit is sometimes of acockscomb shape; of adark purple scarlet; the flesh is scarlet, firm, of an aromatic flavor. Originated by Mr. Knight. 298 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. CLASS [Il.— CAROLINA, OR PINE STRAWBERRIES. The leaves of this class are nearly smooth, of firm tex- ture, with obtuse serratures, of a dark green; the fruit large, varying from nearly white to almost purple; the seeds prominent, on a smooth surface; the flavor sweet, and often perfumed. — Barnet. — See Vol. v1. of Hort. Trans. 9. Bisnor’s Giose. The fruit is very large, of a dark, shining crimson, and of excellent flavor. It is of very vigorous growth, and deemed by some equal and much more productive than Keen’s Seedling; while with others, near Boston, it 1s about being supplanted by new and improved kinds, which are deemed far superior. Ai. *British Queen, Myart’s. Thompson. New, very large, and splendid; some having measured six inches round; form roundish, some being cockscomb- formed; color scarlet; flavor excellent; and early. The footstalks grow tall, the fruit being borne high according to Loudon. It grows vigorously, and bears abundantly. Introduced to Boston by Col. Wilder but very. recently. 32. *SwainsTone’s Seeptine. Thompson. Col.Wilder. New; very large; form ovate, color scarlet; and of excel- lent flavor. It grows vigorously, and bears abundantly, ripening early. It sometimes produces a second crop in autumn. Introduced to Boston but very recently. 12. Exton Srerepiine. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet. _ The fruit is large, ovate, often cockscomb-shaped, of a rich, shining dark red; the seeds yellow, with ridged in- tervals; the flesh is firm, with a small core, deep red, juicy, with a sharp, rich flavor. This variety is by some esteemed as the most productive and best of all for a late crop. 13. *Hovey’s Serpuine, A new variety, which was originated by Messrs. Hovey and Co., at Cambridge, near Boston, in 1834, and which has obtained the highest premium of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society, for several successive years, as the best yet seen, to the date of 1843. It has thus been well described : — “Fruit very large, round, or slightly ovate, conical; deep shining red, paler in the shade; seeds inserted in a slight cavity; flesh scarlet, (paler in the STRAWBERRIES. 29G largest berries,) and firm, abounding in an agreeable acid and high-flavored juice; not surpassed by any other vari- ety; footstalks long, and elevating the fruit from the ground, and every berry attainmg a good size; leaves large, and rather light green; vines very vigorous.” The blossoms are chiefly or all female; it must therefore be grown in rows, near to, or alternate with, the Melon, Virginia Scarlet, or similar kinds, which will cause it to bear enormously. ‘The most splendid and valuable of all strawberries yet known with us. In this my opinion, Col. Wilder, and others who have proved the kind, fully coincide; Bayne’s Incomparable, Myatt’s British Queen, and Ross’s Phoenix, of which we have high expectations, being yet untried, and but very recently introduced. 14. Keen’s Serpiine. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Keen’s Black Pine, Keen’s New Pine, Keen’s New Seedling. The fruit is very large, globular, or ovate; of a dark purplish scarlet, hairy; it sometimes assumes the cocks- comb shape; the surface polished, seeds slightly imbed- ded ; flesh firm, solid, scarlet, high-flavored. Introduced to the vicinity of Boston, by Mr. Pratt; also by Mr. Hag- gerston. The fruit grows high, which is much in its favor. Originated by Mr. Michael Keen, from Keen’s Imperial. Near Boston, this variety is now but little cultivated for the market; even the old Redwood being preferred, as far more productive. Keen’s is productive only on dry soils. 16. Oxp Ping, or Carotina. Pom. Mag. Lind. Barnet. Ola Pine, Barham Down, Black Carolina, Cockscomb Pine, Devonshire Scarlet Pine, Kew Pine, Large Carolina, Large Pine, Miss Gunning’s, North’s Seedling, Old Carolina, Large Scarlet Pine, Pine, Regent's Favorite, Scarlet Pine, Varnished, Windsor Pine. Fruit large, ovate, conical, with a neck, sometimes cockscomb-shaped in the early fruit; of a bright scarlet ; the flesh pale scarlet, rich, juicy, with a very grateful fla- vor; a good bearer, and very highly esteemed. 17%. Turner’s Late Pine. New, and in high estimation in England, and very valuable, according to all accov-xs received. 300 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. CLASS IV.— CHILI STRAWBERRIES. The leaves of this class are very villous, hoary, with small leaflets of thick texture, with very obtuse serratures ; the fruit is very large and pale, with prominent seeds; the flesh in the type, which is the true Chili, is insipid. — Barnet, in Vol. vi. of Lond. Hort. Trans. 18. Wiimor’s Supers. Barnet. Lindley. The early fruit is very large, irregular, sometimes cocks- comb-shaped ; afterwards they are invariably round, very hairy, pale scarlet, and polished; the seeds are brown and projecting ; flesh very firm, pale scarlet near the outside, but whitish within, with a small hollow in the centre, and a core; flavor good, buttery, and rich, mixed with acid. This variety is but very little cultivated for the market, or for any other purpose near Boston. It is here found to be unproductive generally. Outcast, lately, by Mr. Thomp- son, from the garden of the London Horticultural Society. CLASS V.— GREEN STRAWBERRIES. The French cultivate several varieties of this straw- berry. The Green Pine is much known in England, but it seldom bears perfect fruit; it bears well only in some particular situations. Their character is dwarfish, much resembling the Wood strawberry. The leaves are light green, and strongly plaited. — Barnet, Vol. v1. Lond. Hort. Trans. Lindley has described the Green Strawserry, (Frai- ster Vert,) —Caucasian, Green Alpine, Green Wood, Pine- Apple, — but ascribes their defection to the multitude of runners, and has no doubt but if these were restrained, they would prove productive. CLASS V.—HAUTBOIS STRAWBERRIES. The leaves of this class are highly elevated, rough, and of a thin texture; the scapes or stems tall and strong; the STRAWBERRIES. 301 fruit middle-sized, pale greenish white, tinged with dull purple; the seeds slightly imbedded; the flavor musky. — Barnet, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v1. Supposed to be so named on account of their bearing their fruit high — Hautbois, or Migh Wood. 19. Larer Fuar Havursois. Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lind. Bath Hautbois, Formosa Hautbois, Sowder’s Hautbois, Salter’s Hautbois, Weymouth Hautbois, White Hautbois. The fruit is large, round, depressed, light red; the seeds are imbedded; the flesh is greenish, juicy, delicate, with- out a core. 20. Proutric, or Contcan Hautsois. Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Double Bearing, Dwarf, Hermaphrodite, Hudson’s Bay, Re- gent’s, Sacombe, Sir Joseph Banks’s, Spring Grove. The fruit islarge, conical; of a dark purple color; flesh solid, greenish, and high-flavored; an abundant bearer, and by far the best of the Hautbois strawberries. ‘The flowers are the largest of the class; and it usually pro- duces two crops. CLASS VII.—SCARLET STRAWBERRIES. The Fragaria Virginiana of botanists is the type of this class. The leaves are nearly smooth, thin, dark green, with sharp-pointed serratures; the fruit mostly small, of a bright scarlet color; the seeds more or less deeply imbed- ded, with ridged intervals; the flavor acid, with a slight perfume. — Barnet, in Hort. Trans. Vol. v1. 21. Brack Roseperry. Pom. Mag. Barnet. Lindley. The fruit is of good size, obtusely conical, deep purplish red, and shining; the seeds are slightly imbedded ; flesh dark red near the outside, solid, buttery, and juicy, and of excellent flavor. 28. Grove Enp Scarier. Barnet. Pom. Mag. Atkinson’s Scarlet, Wilmots Early Scarlet. A first-rate strawberry, and an abundant bearer. The fruit is of considerable size, depressed, spherical, of a bright vermilion color; seeds slightly imbedded, with flat intervals; flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core; flavor agreeable, and slightly acid. 26 302 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 24. Meruven Scar.er. Very large, conical, sometimes cordate, or cockscomb- formed; dark scarlet; flesh scarlet, woolly, at times hol- low; good, and very productive, but not first rate; once much cultivated ; now being supplanted by improved kinds. Now outcast, also, by Mr. Thompson. 31. Meton. Of good size; form roundish; of excellent flavor; a good bearer. The blossoms are both male and female. Other kinds, as Hovey’s Seedling, &c., having few or no male blossoms, bear enormous crops only when in the vicinity of the Melon, or Virginia, and similar kinds, which possess both. 45. Count Late Scartet. Thompson. Sir George Mackenzie's Late Scarlet. Ib. New, very large; form ovate; of fine flavor; a new kind, described by Mr. Thompson, as an excellent late sort, and good bearer. 25. *Oxp Scarter. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet. Ecarlate de Virginie of the French, Scarlet, Early Scarlet, Original Scarlet, Early Virginia Scarlet. A middle-sized, globular fruit, of a light scarlet color ; slightly hairy ; seeds deeply imbedded, with ridged inter- vals; flesh pale scarlet, firm, and high-flavored. A good bearer, ripening early; valuable for preserving. Esteemed, near Boston, as one of the most sure and profitable of strawberries for an early crop. There are no male va- rieties of this fruit. In 1822, the London Horticultural Society, by their cir- culars, congregated from all quarters a vast collection of strawberries at Chiswick. ‘The whole were examined by Mr. Barnet; there were two hundred distinct names or synonymes, and fifty-four varieties; his account of them oc- cupies eighty pages quarto. — See Hort. Trans. Vol. vt. The whole list of strawberries which are now described includes several kinds which were unknown, either to Messrs. Barnet or Lindley, or to the editors of the Pomo- logical Magazine at the time they wrote; it includes sev- eral kinds, new, improved, and far more valuable and splendid than were then known; some of which are of American origin. STRAWBERRIES. 303 Varieties, outcast by Mr. Thompson, from the Garden of the London Horticultural Society, as undeserving : — Of Scarlets — Bishop’s Seedling; Duke of Kent’s Scar- let; Hudson’s Bay, of all its varieties; Knight’s Large Scar- let; Sir Joseph Banks’s Scarlet; Wilmot’s Late Scarlet. Of Black Strawberries — Knight’s Scarlet Fleshed ; Pitmaston, black; Sweet Cone. Of Pine Strawberries — Bath Scarlet; Black Prince; Bostock ; Keen’s Imperial ; Mulberry. Of Chili — Wilmot’s Superb, and all other Chil. Of Hautbois — Common Hautbois. Of Green Strawberries — All of the class. Of Alpine — Red Bush Alpine ; White Bush Alpine. Also, many others, not here named, of all classes. NEW VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES. First on this list are new kinds of English origin, such only as have been reported by Mr. Thompson or Loudon as the most extraordinary of all that have lately appeared. 40. Bisnorric. Loudon. Thompson. 41, Myart’s Derrrorp Pine. The fruit is red scarlet ; large; round, or flattened ; flesh firm, heavy, and good ; magnificent. 42. Myarr’s Exiza. Loudon. Thompson. 43. Newson’s Princess Royaut. Loudon. Thompson. 44. Wuumor’s Vicrorta. Loudon. Thompson. 45. Bisuor’s Wicx. Hort. Soc. Cat. Of large size, and conical form; color scarlet; quality excellent, according to Mr. Thompson. 36. CALIFORNIAN. A new species, brought by Captain Howland from the shores of California in 1841. Foliage large and remark- able ; the fruit is said to be fine, and of most surpassing size. 35. *Ross’s PHoa@nix. Foliage very large; fruit of the largest size; some being of cockscomb form; of excellent flavor, and one of the most productive known. Raised from Keen’s Seedling by Mr. Alexander Ross, of Hudson city, N. Y., in 1837; proved and thus recommended by Mr. Wilson, of Albany. 37. LAraAYETTE. Foliage large; fruit large, conical; color pale rose, re- markable; of high but peculiar flavor; very productive. 304 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. Late from Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Origin unknown. 38. *Bayne’s Extra Harty. New; productive; of medium size; round; color deep scarlet; flavor superior ; extra early. Such is the undoubt- ed description of Dr. Bayne, of Alexandria, D. C., where the fruit was first originated or found. Sent hither in 1843, as earlier than any other varieties he could ever obtain. In that climate it begins to ripen by the 29th of April. 39. *Bayne’s INCOMPARABLE. New; foliage very luxuriant; fruit very large, roundish, some being cockscomb formed; seeds rather prominent ; flesh firm, pale scarlet; flavor very superior. Its produc- tiveness unsurpassed, and exceeding all others known. A native, first found or originated at Alexandria, D. C., by Dr. Bayne; and, with this undoubted description, sent hither by him in 1843. CULT LN ALTON. Some varieties of the strawberry have male blossoms only, and are sterile. Some have blossoms both male and female in the same plant, and bear moderately. Others have female blossoms only; such are most productive of all, but only when set near the former kinds. Dr. J. H. Bayne, an amateur, and distinguished cultiva- tor, of Alexandria, D. C., by letter of 1843, states that he extirpates all sterile plants. The Melon Strawberry, which possesses blossoms both male and female, he has found answering every purpose. In its proximity, Hovey’s Seed- ling is productive; and the Melon, when set in rows al- ternate with the Hudson’s Bay, will impregnate every flower, causing the latter to yield enormous crops. It is recommended that, as early in summer as the young runners have taken root, they should be transplanted into nursery beds five or six inches asunder. By this management they will by autumn have become fine, strong plants, capable of producing fruit the following summer. For the reception of these plants, the ground may be trenched twenty inches deep, and a quantity of half-rotted manure incorporated to half this depth. For economy, it is also recommended, in the final transplanting, to set the plants in beds of four rows each; the rows run- STRAWBERRIES. —— CULTIVATION. 305 ning in alongitudinal direction ; the distance between the beds to vary from two to two and a half feet, according to the sorts to be planted, as some varieties require much more space than others. As to the distances of the rows asun- der, and the distance of the plants in the rows, I will lay down, on Lindley’s authority, the following rules :— 3d Cass. In rows fifteen inches asunder; the plants fifteen inches’ distance in the row. Walmot’s Superb the same. Qd and 4th Cuasszs, (except Wilmot’s, as above.) In rows fifteen inches asunder ; and twelve inches’ distance in the rows. 6th and 7th Ciasses. In rows twelve inches asunder ; and twelve inches’ distance in the rows. Ist and 5th Cuasses. In rows twelve inches asunder ; and nine inches’ distance in the rows. During the first year, the runners are to be carefully de- stroyed before they have taken root. Around such as show fruit, grass or straw 1s placed; (Keen recommends the same; for the plant derives its name from this circum- stance.) This protects alike the soil from washing rains, from a scorching sun, and the consequent evaporation of its moisture ; it protects the fruit from becoming soiled. But as soon as the fruit is gathered, this covering is to be removed, and the soil kept clear of weeds by the hoe till autumn. In autumn, he directs the leaves to be cut off, (only a por- tion, I presume,) and all the spaces, including the alleys, to be dug carefully over with a pronged fork, so as not to injure their roots. Both Keen and Mr. Knight, however, direct manure to be applied before this last operation is com- menced; and Mr. Knight has particularly cautioned against digging so deep as to disturb the roots, as it weakens the force of the plants. The second summer, Lindley further states that the plants will bear their best crop and finest fruit; the beds and out- side of the alleys should be covered with mown grass or with straw three or four inches thick ; by this method he states he has found the fruit not only more abundant, but of finer quality. It has been recommended to raise the Alpines from the seed. But Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, (Hort. Trans.,) condemns the practice. — Lindley joins him in this; for having procured ae sort, it is recommended to increase ¥ 306 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. and continue it; and have no mixture of inferior sorts, with the idea that such mixtures will improve. Some have directed, in regard to the Alpines and Hautbois, that a cer- tain proportion of male or sterile plants should be pre- served. But the experience of Lindley and some others seems opposed to this practice. — These sterile plants, never producing fruit, outgrow all the rest; they overrun those which produce fruit, and soon take possession of the whole soil; they are neither useful nor necessary, but, on the contrary, ruinous, as the whole bed soon becemes barren. But by excluding the sterile plants in the beginning, the whole will remain productive, As to the Alpines, Lindley directs to set them out in August; and by spring the beds will be covered with run- fers: these are not to be disturbed or removed, as in the case of other sorts; for they will produce fruit during autumn. Management of Alpine and other Sorts of Strawberries, when large and late Crops are desired. The Alpine straw- berries are chiefly valuable on account of their continuing fruitful after all other varieties are gone. In order to make the utmost of this valuable property which they possess, Mr. John Williams, of Pitmaston, has directed (see Hort. Trans.) to form the beds in August; by spring the beds will be well stocked with plants. When they have come into full blossom in spring, cut off every flower, without injuring the leaves. This operation is to be again repeated as soon as a second set of blossoms appear. The third set of blose soms are suffered to remain; and, the plants having by this system accumulated strength, heavy crops are pro- duced after other strawberries are gone, and when alone the Alpine strawberries are highly valuable. Another mode has been stated, by which a large crop of the common varieties of strawberries is produced in au- tumn. When the first crop is gone, the plants are shorn of every leaf, and at suitable intervals profusely watered: by this mode, they not only renew their leaves, but a crop of blossoms and fruit is produced. With regard to the produce of strawberries, all agree that the crop of the second year is more valuable than any succeeding crop. I will briefly detail a few of the most approved modes in relation to this subject. STRAWBERRIES. — CULTIVATION. 307 ist. The mode adopted by Mr. Keen. Qd. That adopted by T. A. Knight, Esq. 3d. Modes of management much approved and in prac tice near Boston. Mr. Keen forms his beds in the spring. — The Hautbois and Pines are placed in rows, three feet asunder, and eigh- teen inches in the row; [other classes at a proportionate distance.] The object in placing them at this great dis- tance is, that there may be room for the feet of the gath- erers; also room for the vines to spread, to the end of the third year, when the bed is taken up and the ground planted anew. The first year, little fruit is expected — the second year, a very great crop — the third year, a very mod- erate crop. Mr. Knight condemns this system in part; his mode is as follows: — Like Mr. Keen, he forms his beds in the spring: he places the Pine and Hautbois in rows, sixteen inches asunder, and only eight inches in the row; [other classes at a proportionate distance.] This is from three to four times the number of plants on the same gtound as Mr. Keen. Mr. Knight takes off no runners, except for the purpose of forming new beds; and he thinks he must obtain near twice the produce in the second year, — which all acknowledge to be the fruitful year, — from the same ground as Mr. Keen. For Mr. Knight leaves no unoccupied ground for the feet of the gatherers; as he considers the amount thus destroyed very inconsiderable, compared with the waste of land. Mr. Knight destroys his beds in the autumn of the second year, after the first great or main crop is taken off. He esteems this the most eco- nomical mode. In the vicinity of Boston, the following mode is often adopted : — The vines are usually transplanted in August. The rows are formed from eighteen inches to two feet asunder. The runners, during the first year, are destroyed. In the second year, they are suffered to grow and fill the interval, and in the autumn of that year, the whole old rows are turned under with the spade, and the rows are thus shifted to the middle of the space. ‘The same process is repeated every second year. Another mode, which may be recommended generally, is to plant the strawberries in rows thirty inches asunder, and nine inches’ distant in the row, and suffer the vines to ex- tend to the width of eighteen inches, leaving twelve inches 308 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST: space for an alley; or allow eighteen inches’ width to the alleys, and three feet asunder to the rows; and to form new beds every three vears, or never to suffer the bed to exist over four years; and to plant out in August in preference to spring. LIME PLANT .—(Podophyllum peltatum.) A hardy and singular production of nature. The stem, foliage, flower, and fruit, are formed in the earth; and after the plant has come up, there is nothing more than an ex- tension of parts. The stems, at the height of from eight to twelve inches, branch out into two arms: at the extremity of each is a large palmated leaf. From the fork proceeds the fruit stem. The fruit is about the size of a large lime, green while growing, and yellow when ripe; it has the fla- vor of a pine-apple, and as to eating, is little inferior to that fruit. The plant requires a moist soil, in a cool, shady situation. It may be propagated by seed, but best by di- viding the roots, which are jointed and creeping. The root is medicinal. A native of America. MELON. MUSKMELON. (Cucumis Melo.) A delicious, large, oblong or globular fruit, too generally known to need a particular description. It is a native of Asia, and besides its use at the dessert, it forms, while young, an excellent pickle. VARIETIES. 1. Brack Rock. Lindley. Very large, oblate; yellowish skin; flesh thick, orange colored, and of an excellent flavor. MUSKMELON. 309 2. Daree Meton. Afort. Trans. Fruit large, ovate or oval, pale green; flesh white, thick, crisp, melting, very sweet. 3. Durcn Rock. Lindley. An oblate, medium-sized fruit, with a thick, yellow, yough skin; flesh orange-colored, thick, melting, sweet, and high-flavored. 4. Karty Canratoupre. Lindley. Small, globular, ribbed ; skin pale green; flesh orange- colored, juicy, of good flavor. 5. Earty Ponrenac. Lindley. A small, round fruit, with a pale yellow, rough skin; flesh yellow, thick, sweet, and highly-flavored. 6. Green Meton. (Ostrich’s Egg.) Hort. Trans. A green, oval, handsome fruit; flesh very thick, green, melting, very sweet, and high-flavored. 4 GreEN Hoosainee. Hort. Trans. A handsome, egg-shaped fruit; flesh greenish white; tender, delicate, juicy, highly-perfumed. A very excellent and productive variety. 8. Iranian Green-FuLEsHED. Hort. Trans. A small, round, pale green fruit ; flesh pale green, soft, juicy, very sweet, and high-flavored. 9. Laree Germek. Fort. Trans. A large, excellent, and productive round fruit, of a sea green color; flesh clear green, very thick, firm, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. 10. Meton pve Carmes. Lindley. A very large, oblong, bright orange-colored fruit; flesh very thick, salmon-colored, tender, not juicy, sweet, and good-flavored. 11. Meton or Kerstina. Hort. Trans. A beautiful, egg-shaped fruit, bright lemon color; flesh very thick, nearly white, very juicy, delicate, sweet, and high-flavored, like a Beurrée Pear. 12. Monracu Cantatoure. Hort. Trans. Form round or oval, small, greenish white; flesh thick, readish, soft, sweet, juicy, and delicate. 13. Oranee Canratoups. Lindley. A small, round, yellow fruit; flesh deep orange red, juicy, sugary, and extremely high-flavored. 310 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 14. Romana. Weill. A middle-sized, oval, pale yellow fruit, ribbed; flesh yellow, firm, and well-flavored. 15. Scartet Rock. Lindley. An oblate, deeply-ribbed, pale green fruit; flesh reddish; tender, juicy, sweet, and highly-flavored. 16. Siiver Rock. Lindley. Middle-sized, oblate; skin green and yellow, blotched ; flesh pale red, sweet, and well-flavored. 17. Smoorn Scartet-Fiesnep. Lindley. Hort. Trans. Form round or oval ; skin greenish yellow; flesh scarlet ; firm, and high-flavored. 18. Sweer Menon or Ispanan. Hort. Trans. - Fruit large, ovate ; skin smooth, of asulphur color; flesh white, very thick, crisp, sugary, and very rich. 19. Dampsua Merton. Fort. Trans. A Fruit oblong, yellowish green; flesh green, melting, and of excellent flavor. 20. Green Vatencra. Hort. Trans. Form oval, pointed, slightly ribbed, of a dark green color ; flesh pale straw color, firm, saccharine, juicy, and pleasant. The latter crops of the two last-named varieties keep till winter. We may also enumerate the following fine varieties : — Green Citron, (fine,) green flesh ; Murray’s Pine-Apple, do. Persian, do. Nutmeg, do. Minorca, do. Large Cantaloupe ; Star; very late; Pomegranate, or musk, (fine,) odoratissimus ; Palermo, very rich and fine; flesh green, and keeps late in the season. Cuurivation. The muskmelon is raised from seed planted in April or May, in a highly-manured, warm, loamy soil, in hills six or eight feet asunder. Those kinds in- tended for seed should be raised remote from inferior vari- eties. The vines should be pruned of superfluous branches, and all superfluous fruits must be removed as soon as they appear. WATERMELON. 3ll WATERMELON. (Cucurbitus citrullus.) A native of Asia, and cultivated in all the warm and temperate countries of Europe, Africa, and America. A very large, round or oblong fruit, too well known in our climate to need a particular description. Uses. The watermelon is a very refreshing and whole- some dessert fruit in the warm season: it mitigates thirst. From the watermelon an excellent sweetmeat, called artifi- cial citron, may be prepared as follows : — American Citron. Pare the dark green from the outside, and scrape the soft from the inside, of the melon; cut it in different forms, and boil it in alum water until clear; throw it into spring water, where it may remain two or three hours, changing the water frequently. “To one pound of fruit, take two of sugar; make a sirup of half the quantity, and boil in it all the citron until done, when it will be transparent. At the expiration of two or three days, take the jelly from it, add the remaining half of sugar, boil and pour it over the citron, which will be ready for use. Season it with ginger; sliced lemon is preferable.” The inspissated juice of the watermelon of the sweetest kinds, affords a bright, light-colored sirup. A conserve and marmalade is also prepared from the fruit. At Sarpa, on the River Volga, says Pallas, they brew beer from the juice. Varieties. —1. Long Carolina; 2. Round Carolina. CuttivatTion. The cultivation of the watermelon is in all respects the same as the muskmelon. Innumerable and nameless fine varieties continually appear. But the same precautions are necessary to preserve the seed in its purity, as are recommended for the musk-melon. They require a highly-manured, rich, warm, and rather sandy soil. 312 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. BERBERRY .— (Berberis.) The berberry, or barberry, is a prickly shrub, rising to the height of ten feet, with numerous branches. The bark is ash-colored outside, and yellow within ; the fruit is in clus- ters, of a red color ‘and acid taste. It is said to be a native of Asia, but abounds in the Northern and Middle Stztes of America. Some species ef grain are liable to become affected by rust, if raised in its vicinity, particularly rye. Uses. The fruit is used for pickling, and for preserving; a decoction of the berries, sweetened, is deemed a useful as well as pleasant drink in fevers. ‘The inner bark is said to be used in France for dyeing cotton and silk of a bright yellow; also for staining wood, by cabinet makers; and in Poland it is used for coloring leather. VARIETIES. 1. Rep Berserry. Of this there are two varieties; one the common ber- berry, with stones ; the other without. 2. White Berserry. - Fruit large, agreeable, but not productive. 3. Buack Sweet. Loudon. Requires a warm situation. 4, Cuninese Berzerry. This variety in some respects resembles the red, but differs some in appearance, and is deemed the most orna- mental. &. Houty-Lteavep Berserry. Berberis aquafolium. A new and curious variety from the Rocky Mountains ; very different from all others. This appears to be a variety with thornless wood, and with leaves larger and by far more handsome than the other species, with prickly points. A low, sub-evergreen shrub. The blossoms are produced 1 in numerous yellow clusters, and are beautiful. Sor. anp Cuutivation. The berberry prefers a dry soil, but will succeed in almost any soil or situation. It 1s raised from seeds, from layers and suckers. BLACKBERRIES. 313 BLACKBERRY. (Bramble. — Rubus fruticosa.) 1. Busn Buacxserry. Rubus Americanus. A shrub rising to the height of ten feet, somewhat ribbed or angled, and armed with hooked spines. The fruit, which grows in clusters, is oblong, an inch in length, of a shining black, of an agreeable taste, sweet, or subacid, and astrin- gent. This plant thrives in a rich, moist, sandy loam, and is often cultivated in gardens, where its fruit is much im- proved in size, and its crops very abundant. 2. Tramine Briackperry. Dewberry. Rubus pro- cumbens. This is a plant with low, trailing branches; its stems are weak, and bend to the earth, and there take root. ‘The fruit is large, nearly globular, of a black color, and covered with bloom, of a sweet, subacid, lively taste; this plant succeeds in dry, hilly land. Uses. The blackberry is considered a pleasant and wholesome dessert fruit, if used with moderation ; it is used in pies, tarts, &c. ~ ME tire, Courcourrrne Bianene, Hort. Soe. Cat. Yrttow AnGELienr. Bon Jard. The fruit is small ; its color yellow; form pyramidal; its pulp is white, but red at the centre, and of excellent flavor. This sort is cultivated in the neighborhood of Paris 2. COMMON BLUE. Mr. Neill. Sometimes called the Purple Fig ; is of an oblong shape;. and the tree is a great bearer. August, 3. LARGE BLUE. Lindley. LarceE Pure. Fruit large, oblong; skin purple, or dark brown, cov ered witha thick blue bloom ; pulp deep red, of avery good flavor. A very hardy sort, and a most excellent bearer. 4, BOURDEAUX. Lindley. Beda’ Porre Figur, ViotetTE DE Bourpeavy, of ihe French. The fruit is long and pyramidal, rounded at the crown, its length three inches; its color is naturally a deep violet ; its pulp is deep red or purple, succulent, and sweet. This fig is stated to be cultivated throughout France, and al- though not of very high flavor, it is very productive, pro- ducing’ annually two crops. 5. FIGUE BLANCHE RONDE. WN. Duh. Pl. iv. Rounp Wrire. This fig is esteemed the most suitable for the climate of Paris; it is the most multiplied, and is there preferred to all others for its productiveness, and the superior quality of its fruit. The fruit is turbinate, two inches in diameter ; color at maturity yellowish green; the flesh is white, very sweet and delicious. The first crop begins to ripen at the FIGS. 325 end of June. The second crop begins to ripen the middle of September, and lasts till hard frosts commence. 6 BRUNSWICK. Mr. Neill. Manowna. The form is leng and pyramidal; the color brown, with but little flavor. The Pomological Magazine and Lindley agree that it is sweet, extremely rich, and high-flavored ; and that it ts the largest and best purple fig they have, adapted to their climate. It is early. 7 BLACK GENOA. Mr. Neili. An oblong fruit, of a dark purple color, almost black, and covered with purple bleom ; the pulp is bright and high- flavored. The tree is a good bearer. End of August. 8. PURPLE GENOA. The fruit is large and long; the skin dark purple at mae turity ; tke flesh extremely sweet and delicious. ® WHITE GENOA. Mr. Neill. A large and almost globular fruit, ef a yellowish color at maturity; the pulp is of a light red color, and of good fla vor. The tree is considered rather a shy bearer. 10. BLACK ISCHIA. Mr. Neill. Sometimes called Blue Ischia; is a very good sort; the fruit is shert, of medium size, a little flattened at the crown; at maturity the skin is dark purple, or almost black, and the inside of a deep red; the pulp very high-flavored. The tree is a good bearer. End of September. 41. BROWN ISCHIA. Mr. Neill. Sometimes called Chestnut-colored Ischia; a very large, giobular fruit; its pulp is purple, sweet, and of very good flavor. It ripens early, and seldom fails of producing a good crop. Middle of August. 12. GREEN ISCHIA. For. The fruit is oblong; its summit nearly globular; its skin is green, thin, and brown at maturity; flesh purple and high-flavored. 13. YELLOW iISCHIA. For. The fruit is large, the color yellow, the flesh purple, and well-flavored. 14. BLACK ITALIAN. JM. Neill. A small, roundish fruit; the skin purple; tts pulp of a dark red color, and high-flavored. The tree bears well. 28 326 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST’. 15. BROWN ITALIAN. Mr. Neill. A small, roundish fruit; the skin of a brown color at maturity ; the pulp is red and high-flavored. The tree bears abundantly. 16. LONG BROWN NAPLES. for. This fruit is long, compressed at its summit; the color dark brown; the flesh is of a reddish color, and of good flavor ; the seeds are large. “7 MALTA. Mr. Neill. A small, brown fruit; the pulp is sweet and well-flavored. When permitted to hang on the tree till it shrivels, it forms a fine sweetmeat. 18. MARSEILLES. Lindley. - Figur RuancueE of the French. _ The fruit is small; its form turbinate; its height twe inches, its diameter nearly the same; color at maturity yellowish white; the pulp is white, dry, sweet, and rich. 18. MURREY. Mr. Neill. Brown Rep Nap tes. A large, globular-shaped fruit, of pretty good flavor ; it is distinguished by the murrey-colored skin. September. 20. NERI. Lindley. The fruit is small, turbinate, pale greenish yellow; pulp similar in color to that of the pomegranate. The richest of the yellow, white, or green species, with a slight, deli- cate, agreeable acid. The Nerii fig is cultivated by Mr. Knight, at Downton Castle. 21. BROWN TURKEY. Lindley. Brown Iratian of Forsyth, according to Lindley’s Guide. Fruit small and round ; of a red or purple color; pulp very delicious. 22. VIOLETTE. Lindley and Bon Jard. Figure VIoLETTE. Frit small, of a deep violet color; form globular, slight- ly turbmate, and about two inches in diameter ; flesh white aear the skin, the centre tinged with red, and excellent. This sort is eultivated in the vicinity of Paris for the market. 23. SMALL EARLY WHITE. Mr. Neill. Its form is globular; the pulp sweet, but without much flavor. It ripens early. Indeed, it seldom fails of produ- cing a crop. Figs 327 CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c. The fig tree is raised from seeds, from layers, and from cuttings. They require a friable, loamy, but not wet soil, and an airy, warm situation. They differ from most other trees in producing several crops annually. Even in the climate of Boston, 1 am persuaded that figs of good quality may be raised, if the trees are placed in warm situations, south of walls or buildings, on the declivities of hills, as at Argenteuil, near Paris. Mr. Knight has obtained, in his hot-house, eight successive crops in a year, by bending the Jimbs in a position below the horizontal. And Mr. Lowell, in his experiments, has succeeded in obtaining four crops. The tree will produce tolerable crops in the second year, if rung or decerticated; and by this process the maturity of the fruit is accelerated, and its size increased. Its matu- rity is also hastened by a practice which prevails in France, which consists in pricking the fruit with a straw or quill dipped in olive oil. In Italy, according to Loudon, a wound with a knife is sometimes made on the broad end of the fig, or a very small part of the skin is removed for the same purpose. Lastly, by the mode communicated to the public by the Hon. John Lowell, which is as follows : — “The fig, like the fruit of the vine and peach, attains a certain size, and then remains stationary for several weeks, until it begins to color, when its volume, in three or four days, is greatly increased, often doubled, and even trebled. My figs [in a hot-house, 28th August] were dark green, showing no tendency to ripen. I took about a third of a fea-spoonful of sweet oil, and, dipping my finger in it, I rubbed it very slightly over every alternate fig, leaving the others untouched, as a test of the effects. At the end of three days, the color of most of those touched with oil began to change, and the size to increase; and now, on the fifth day, they have nearly the color of mature figs, and are twice and three times as large as those not touched with oil, which still remain ef a dark green color.” Mr. Phillips recommends that for a cold climate, like England, the tree should be table-trained ; that is, to keep the branches tied to stakes about two feet from the ground ; thus forming a regular star from the trunk. In the winter 328 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. they are easily lowered to the earth, and secured by hooks, and protected. Mr. Loudon seems persuaded that by combining the sys- tem recommended by Mr. Knight with that recommended by the Rey. G. Swayne, the most desirable results would be produced; they are both calculated for cold climates. Mr. Knight highly disapproves of training the branches of fig trees perpendicularly. If the stems are many, he reduces them to one only. And from the tops and parts near it, lateral branches are trained horizontally and pen- dently, and secured close to the wall. All troublesome luxuriance is thus restrained, and the wood becomes ex- tremely fruitful. Mr. Swayne trains his trees horizontally. His “‘ specific ” is designed to remedy the deficiency of bloom, in the early spring, on the whole of the last year’s wood, excepting on a few joints at its extremities. ‘The remedy which he has for a long time successfully practised, is, to simply rub off, as soon as they can be discovered, all the figs which are produced after midsummer on the same year’s shoots. Those figs which thus exhaust the tree, and will never ripen without artificial heat, are thus removed, and new figs are formed in embryo, for the crop of the following year, on one, if not on both sides of every fig thus displaced. The tree should be examined once a week from the com- mencement of the operation, which should be begun early in August or September, and continued to the end of the season, according to latitude and climate. Protection. In the north of France, fig trees are protected in winter by being secured to the earth by hooks, and covered with soil. ‘This is the mode adopted at Ar- genteuil, near Paris, where almost the whole population are employed exclusively in their cultivation. In England, Forsyth and others recommend to protect with straw, meadow hay, moss, &c., and over this branches of pine or other evergreen are secured. They flourish with little care and no protection in the Southern States. They will even ripen their fruits in open culture near Boston, but require greater heat to give them flavar. OLIVES. 329 OLIVE. (Olea Europea.) Bon Jard. Loudon. Phillips. Rosier. The olive is a low, evergreen, branching tree, throwing out numerous suckers from its roots; it rises to the height of from twenty to thirty feet; the leaves are stiff, narrow, simple, very entire, and more or less lanceolate in different varieties, dull green above and whitish below. ‘The flowers are in small axillary bunches, of a yellowish white. The berry is a drupe, of a black, violet, or red color, sometimes white; its hard, thick, fleshy pulp encloses a stone. The olive requires a greater degree of heat than the vine, but not so great as the orange. It will not flourish within the tropics. M. Poiteau informs us, that in Europe, 45° of northern latitude is the extreme boundary for the cultivation of the olive. He also informs us, that during his abode in the equinoctial regions of America, in the lat- itude of 17° north, he saw the olive trees 30 feet in height ; they grew, but they never produced fruit. The olive has been cultivated from time immemorial in Egypt and Bar- bary, and in every part of Europe and Asia, where the soil is favorable to its growth; it is naturalized to the south of France, Spain, and Italy. The trees are said to live to an incredible age. Uses. The olive has long been cultivated as the most useful of all trees, and to the farmer the surest source of wealth. And it has become a proverb, ‘‘ If you want to leave an inheritance to your children, plant an olive.’ The tree begins to bear at two years of age, and soon re- pays all expense. In twenty years they begin to bear good crops, yielding fifteen or twenty pounds of oil annually. And an old, hollow tree, near Gricomi, to the east of Rome, has produced 240 English quarts of oil in a year. Mr. Jefferson esteems the olive as the most precious gift of Heaven to man — more precious than even bread. He in- forms us that, “in passing the Alps at the Col de Tende, where there are mere masses of rocks, wherever there hap- pens to be a little soil, there are a number of olive trees, and a family supported by them. ‘Take away these trees, and the same ground in corn could not support a single family. A pound of oil is equivalent to many pounds of flesh, by the quantity of vegetables it will prepare and ren- 28 * : 3030 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST- der comfortable food. Without this tree, the country of © Provence, and territory of Genoa, would not support one half, perhaps not one third of their present inhabitants.” * & * * * « Little is carried to America, because Europe has it not to spare ; we therefore have not learned the use of 3t; but cover the Southern States with it, and every man will become a consumer of it, within whose reach it can be brought in pomt of price.” In the deserts of Northern Africa and Asia, as we are mformed, wherever the olive groves are found, you find inhabitants; but take away the olive trees, and the country returns again to the desert. The other varieties are used at the dessert as a pickle. For pickling, the unripe fruit is steeped in water some days, and then in a ley of water and barilla, or kali and hme; and afterwards bottled or barrelled with salt and water. According to some, they are scalded. But the principal use of the olive is for the production of the oil known in commerce as the olive oil. For this pur- pose, they are gathered by hand when five sixths are ripe, m a fme dry day, and laid on scaffolds three or four inches thick; here they are to remain five, six, seven, or eight days, till the moisture contained in their pulp has evapo- rated, when they are ground between mill-stones, and put into bags of hemp or rushes, carried to the press, and the oil is extracted by its action, without, however, crushing the stone. ‘This oil is used as an article of food and medicine. That which is afterwards obtained by crushing the stone, from the remaining pulp, and from the kernel by the appli- cation of hot water, is of inferior quality. This last is used by the apothecary for various unguents ; it is used in the preparation of wool in the manufactures ; in the prepa- ration of soap, &c. But the very best oil is made from the fruit gathered from or beneath the trees at perfect maturi- ty, and ground and pressed immediately. Olive oil is possessed of great medicinal efficacy. Cap- tain Stoddard, an American sea captain, while at Havana, was cured of the yellow fever after the black vomit had commenced, by drinking at once a pint of olive oil — by the direction of his physicians. During the periodical visitations of the plague at Smyrna, it has been observed that the boatmen and others, who are engaged in the transportation and management of the oil of olives, and whose bodies are in a manner encased in garments saturated OLIVES. ool with oil, invariably escape the plague, how much soever exposed. VARIETIES. In the Cours Complet of Rosier, and Bon Jardinier, we have the following account of some of the very best varie- ties known in cultivation: — A. Onive Garinineve, Ovuriviire, Laurine. (O. an- gulosa.) Gouan. A hardy variety ; its fruit is reddish; it is used in many places for preserving; its oil is of medium quality accord- ing to Gouan, but very good according to others. 2. Oxive AcLanpEau, Caianne, Dec. (O. subrotunda.) Fruit small, round, very bitter; oil excellent. 3. Oxive AmELLON, AMELLINGUE, PLANT p’AIx. (O. amygdelina.) Gouan. This is a variety the most generally cultivated ; its fruit is large, and in form somewhat resembles an almond; it is’ sometimes used for preserving, but its oil is very sweet. The tree is very productive. 4, Onive Cormeav. (O. craniomorpha.) Gouan. The branches incline towards the earth; it is very pro- ductive; the fruit is small, crooked, pointed, very black ; stone sharp at its two extremities. The oil is fine. 5. Onitve Ampout.esu, Barritanque. (QO. spherica.) Gouan. The fruit is more round than any other variety; the oil is delicate and fine; much cultivated in Provence and Languedoc. | 7 6. Onive Picnouine, Saurine. (O. oblonga.) Gouan. The fruit is reputed best for preserving. The oil is fine and sweet. According to Rosier, some have given the same name to another and different fruit. 7% Ouive VerpoLe, Verpavu. (QO. viridula.) Gouan. It preserves its green color a long time; it is liable to perish at the period of its maturity; it is highly esteemed at Pont-du-Saint-Esprit and Montpelier, &&c., but neglect- ed elsewhere. Is this owing to soil or cultivation ? 8. Onive Movurrav, Movurerre, Movrescoitze, Ne- GRETTE. (O. pre@cox.) Gouan. Fruit oval; very deep color; the stone is small; oil es- 332 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. teemed. There are several varieties of the Moureau. Much cultivated in Provence and Languedoc. The leaves are large, thick, pointed, and numerous. 9. Onive Bouteiieav, Bourintane, Nopugkte. (O. racemosa.) Gouan. This is less sensible to cold than other olives; it is vari- able in its produce; the oil is good. 10. Onive Saverne, SALierne. (O. atrorubens.) Gouan. The tree is of medium size, and sensible to cold. It grows in flinty and calcareous, rocky soils. The fruit is black or violet ; the oil is of the finest quality. 13. Onive Marsrés, Picav. (O. variegata.) Gouan. Fruit variable in size and in form ; it changes from green to red, marbled with red, violet, and white. 12. Onive Turquoise. (O. odorata.) Rosier. Leaves large and numerous; fruit long, of an agreeable odor, excellent to preserve; the oil is very sweet. The tree is productive ; it requires a good sun, but is less sensi- ble to cold than most other species. 13. Otive v’Espaene, L’Espanoue, a variety of Eigui- eres. (O. Hispanica.) Rosier. The largest olive of France; esteemed for preserves ; the oil bitter. 14. Oxtve Royate, Triparpe, Triparevie. (QO. re- gia.) Rosier. Fruit large, suitable to pickle; oil of bad quality. 15. Ontve Porntue, Puncnupe, Roveetre. (QO. atro- virens.) Rosier. Fruit long, pointed at its extremities; red at maturity, oil esteemed. 16. 17. Amongst all the varieties in cultivation, we must not omit to mention the Sweet Wurret O.ive and the Sweet Brack Otive, which, when ripe, may, unlike the others, be eaten without preparation. By the aid of the researches of the Hon. H. A. S. Dear- born, I am enabled to give an account of two other varie- ties. They are two varieties of the most hardy description, and the most important of all for the United States. In the southern part of the Crimea, which lies between the latitude of 44° and 46°, two varieties of olives have been discovered, OLIVES. 300 which have existed there for centuries. They yield great crops, and resist the frost. The tree of one of these varie- ties is of a pyramidal form, and produces an oval fruit; the other has pendent branches, and a large, heart-shaped berry. These olives have been cultivated in the Royal Imperial Garden of Nikita, to preserve and multiply the species, with plants which had been received from Provence, and have endured the rigorous winters of 1825 and 1826, while _ those of Provence, in the same exposure, perished even to the root. Measures have been recently taken in France for the introduction into that country of ‘‘ these two pre- cious varieties, which are capable of resisting ten or twelve degrees of cold below the zero of Reaumur’s thermometer” -— equal to five degrees above the zero of Fahrenheit. CULTIVATION AND SOIL. The olive is raised from seeds. For this purpose, the fruit is stripped of its pulp, and steeped in an alkaline solu- tion ; they are then buried compactly in soil near the surface, and those which have not been opened by frost during winter, must be cracked in March, and planted. ‘The best foreign varieties may be inoculated on the Olea Americana, or Devil wood, a species of wild olive which grows in the Carolinas and Georgia; also by cuttings, layers, suck- ers from the roots, and by inoculation. But it is propa- gated, in Italy, from the wovoli, which are small knots, swellings, or tumors in the wood, occasioned by the sap not flowing freely to the roots, but swelling through the bark of the stock, thus forming excrescences containing embryo buds. ‘These are easily detached by introducing a sharp penknife close to the trunk of the tree, which sus- tains not the least injury by this operation. — Remarks of Signor Manetti, of Monza, near Milan, Lombardy. fou- don’s Mag. The olive flourishes best in a rich, moist, deep soil; but the fruit is of much better quality in a dry, flinty soil, inter- mixed with calcareous rocks: it also suffers less from the frost in such situations. The olive was extensively cultivated in France ; but the winters of 1709, 1766, and 1787, were dreadfully destruc- tive; the dreadful winter of 1789, destroyed all the olives between Arles and Aix, where, in 1787, oil was produced to the amount ef 300,000 francs. During the intensely cold 304 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. winter of 1820, nearly every tree in Provence was killed. Under these discouragements, its cultivation is in that country principally confined to a portion of the territories of Provence and of Languedoc; to the department of the eastern Pyrennees and the Maritime Alps: not one fourth part of the oil consumed in France is now produced in that country; and it is stated that more than 50,000,000 francs are annually paid for supplies imported from Spain, italy, and the Levant. M. André Michaux is persuaded the olive will one day be extensively cultivated in the Southern States of America. CAROB. (Ceratenia caroubier.) A tree cultivated extensively in the south of Europe. The pods of this tree contain a sweet, eatable feecula. A medium-sized tree, which flourishes in the central part of France and Genoa. The flowers are in clusters, of a deep purple; fruit a foot long, containing a reddish pulp, of an agreeable, sweet taste, when dry. ‘They are both food for man and horses. It is raised from seeds. CUSTARD APPLE. (Annona. — Corossal.) Of this fruit there are several varieties. In congenial climates, it is said to be highly esteemed as an article of the dessert; particularly the cherimoyer (A. cherimolia) of Peru, which produces its fruit in the south of Spain, is de- scribed as a superior fruit. ‘This variety is also cultivated in Brazil. The Alligator Apple, (A. palustris,) the Sweet Sop, (A. squamosa,) and Sour Sop, (A. muriata,) are esteemed West India fruits, The fruit resembles a middle-sized apple, filled with a soft, sweet pulp. ‘The tree is deciduous. It is propagated by seeds, and by grafting, either in the roots or above, There is a variety, a native of Kentucky, (A. glabr.) [Bon Jard. Loudon. Hort, Soc. Cat.) EUPHORIA LONGANA. (Dimocarpus, Longan.) Lov- don. Hort. Soc. Cat. Lone-YEnN. The tree has compound leaves, like the ash. It grows in China. The fruit is a berry, of a light brown color; it is surrounded with a thin, leathery coat. The pulp is a thin, GRANADILLA. 335 colorless substance, and contains in its centre a brown seed. The flavor of the pulp is slightly sweet, subacid, and particularly pleasant to the taste. The fruit is some- times imported in a dried state from China, and has a rich, sweet taste. . It is raised from seeds and layers. The Li-tchi and Rambutan both possess superior qualities to the Long-yen. GRANADILLA. (Passiflora.) Loudon. Bon Jard. Passion FLower. Of this fruit there are a variety of species. i. P. QuapRANGuLARIS. This plant flourishes near Paris, with a little protection in winter. ‘The leaves are oval, five or six inches long, and entire; the stem four-cornered; the flowers are odorifer- ous, red within, and white outside. ‘The fruit is very large, six inches long, and fifteen inches in circumference ; green- ish yellow at maturity, soft and Jeathery, with a smooth skin; the rind is very thick, the pulp soft and succulent, of a purple color, mixed with seeds in a sort of sack. Wine and sugar are commonly added. ‘The flavor is sweet, and slightly acid, and it is very grateful to the taste, and cool- ing ina hot climate. A native of Jamaica. 2. Appie-Fruirer, or Sweet Capasasn. (P. mali- formis.) Fruit round, smooth, two inches in diameter, of a dingy yellow color; the skin is thick; the pulp pale yellow, and very agreeable. A native of the West Indies. 3. Purpie-Fruirep GrRanapiLia. (P. edulis.) The color of the fruit is livid purple, the shape elliptic ; it is two inches long, and an inch and a half in diameter ; the pulp is orange color, the seeds numerous; the taste acid, with the flavor somewhat like an orange. A native of Brazil. 4. Friesu-Cotorep Granapitta. May Apple. (P. in- carnata. ) A native of Virginia. The flowers are sweet-scented, variegated with purple; the fruit is about the size of an apple, orange-colored, with a sweetish yellow pulp. Cuttivation. All the varieties of Passiflora may be propagated fram seeds, from layers and cuttings. 336 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. GUAVA. (Psidium.) Loudon. Bon Jard. 1. Waire Guava. (P. pyriferum.) A West India tree, naturalized jn the interior of France, where it produces perfect fruit.» A tree nine to twelve feet high, with numerous branches. The fruit is the size of a hen’s egg, roundish er eblong, smooth, yellow; the rind is thin; pulp fine, full of hard seeds, flesh-colored, sweet, aromatic, and pleasant. It is eaten with avidity, both by West Indians and Europeans — raw in the dessert, and preserved in sugar. 2. Rep Guava. (P. pomiferum.) A beautiful fruit, formed like a pomegranate, but not so agreeable as the white. 3. Carriey’s Guava. (P. Cattleyanum.) Hort. Soc. Cat. A new species from China. This fruit is larger than the others I have described, nearly spherical, of a fine, deep claret color. ‘The skin has the consistence of a ripe fig, but is thinner; the interior is a soft, fleshy pulp, purplish red next the skin, and changing to white at the centre. It is juicy, and much in consistence like the strawberry, to which it bears some resemblance. The guava is raised from the seeds. This last described, and the cherry-fruited, are stated to be the best. The plants of the yellow and red have produced abundant crops in England. JUJUBE. (Zizyphus sativus.) Loudon. Bon Jard. Lore. A branching, thorny shrub, from Syria, of the easiest cul- ture in Italy, Barbary, and China, and abundantly produc- tive. It is cultivated in Provence, from whence they are sent to Paris. ‘They are served up as a sweetmeat in Italy. The leaves are oblong, obtuse, shining; the flowers very small, and yellow; the fruit is yellow, the size and shape of an olive. According to Loudon, the kaki are orange or apple shaped. A fruit known for its excellence as a preserve. LOQUAT. (Mespilus Japonica.) Loudon. Hort. Soc. Cat. ERioBOTRYA, A plant nearly hardy, from Japan, cultivated in the south of France and at Malta. A lofty tree, with thick, knobby branches; the leaves are narrow, a span long; the fruit is about the size of a gooseberry, and in taste resembling an apple. It is raised from seed, from cuttings, and layers, LUCUMA, MADI, OLEASTER, ETC. 337 but the best way 1s to graft it on the common Mespilus. Sir Joseph Banks considers the fruit equally as good as that of the mango. LUCUMA. A new genus of fruit. It grows in Chili; in taste and size it is somewhat similar to a peach. — Ed. Enc. MADI. This plant grows in Chili. It is said to be a new genus; its seeds afford an oil which has been preferred to any of the French olive oils. — Ed. Enc. OLEASTER. (Eleagnus angustifolius.) Hort. Soc. Cat. Bon Jard. A tree of medium size, with leaves of a white color, and lanceolate ; the flowers small, numerous, and of a yellowish color, and an agreeable odor. The fruit is held in some estimation in Persia, and the fruit, or Persian date, when dried, resembles an oblong plum, with a tough, reddish skin, with a flavor not unlike that of the date, but more grateful. Raised from layers. PINUS PINEA, or Stone Pine. A tall evergreen, growing spontaneously in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The kernels which are contained in the cones are eaten. in those countries at the dessert, being pre- ferred to almonds. They are esteemed useful in colds, coughs, &c. The trees flourish in any soil, but prefer a sandy loam. PISTACHIA. (Pistacia vera.) Bon Jard. A native of Syria. A tree rising to the height of twenty feet. The flowers are in clusters, and the barren and fer- tile blossoms are produced on different trees, but the barren may be ingrafted into the same tree producing fertile flow- ers. The fruit is of a crimson green color, and contains a greenish kernel of an agreeable flavor. It is much used by the confectioners. The pistachia has been naturalized to the middle of France, and it flourishes in the Luxembourg, producing good fruit, but it is there treated as an espalier. PRICKLY PEAR. (Cactus. Cactier.) Of this singular fruit there are several varieties; we enumerate C. opuntia—The upright prickly pear, a na- 29 308 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. tive of Virginia. The stems are jointed and without leaves ; they are broad, flat, thick, with bristling spines, and trail on the ground. ‘The fruit is in form of a fig or pear, with clusters of spines on the skin; its pulp is of a reddish purple color, and of an agreeable subacid flavor. Loudon enumerates several varieties, as the great Indian fig, or upright prickly pear, (C. funa,) oblong Indian fig, (C. ficus indica,) Sc. The Virginia prickly pear (C. epuntia) appears hardy, and will endure the hard winters, unprotected, near Boston, and flourishes with great luxuriance in New Jersey. Mr. Braddick, according to Loudon, has tried the plant in open ground, unprotected, during several hard winters. He cultivates them in a composition of half-lime rubbish, or carbonate of lime, and the other half equal parts of clay and bog earth. The plant is raised on a small! hillock; stones and pebbles are laid, to prevent the leaves or fruit touch- ing the ground. Raised from seeds or cuttings. POMEGRANATE. (Punica.) A low, deciduous tree, rising from fifteen to twenty feet high, armed with thorns; the leaves are long and nar- row. A native of the south parts of Europe and China. It is used for hedges in Languedoc and Italy. ‘There are several varieties enumerated by Loudon and others. 1. The Subacid fruited; 2. Large flowered, single Red and White; 3. The semidouble, and double Red and White; 4. The Yellow flowered; 5. The Variegated flow- ered; 6. Proliferous. PomreGRANATE. (Punica granatum.) Sweet Pomegranate. N. Duh. Pl. 22. Grenadier a. Fruit Doux. Ib. The tree grows of moderate height; the flowers are brilliant red, and appear in succession from June to Sep- tember ; one of the greatest ornaments of the gardens. The fruit is large, compressed at its base and summit ; its diameter three or four inches; its skin is thick, cori- aceous, of a deep yellow color, spotted with red points, and colored with red next the sun. Its interior is divided into various unequal compartments, in which are contained a great number of angular seeds of the color and size of red currants; the pulp contains a juice, sweet, abundant, and agreeable. TEA. 339 Cu.tivation. The pomegranate is raised from seed, from layers, from cuttings, and suckers. It may be inocu- lated or grafted. It requires a strong, rich soil. TEA. ( Thea.) The tea tree is a native of China. It is chiefly culti vated between the 30th and 40th degree of latitude. It is a low tree, resembling in its appearance a myrtle; its roots, that of a pear; the flowers, those of the wild rose. The fruit is of the size of a small plum, two or three growing together. The quantity of tea annually imported into Europe and America from China, probably exceeds 100,000,000 Ibs. Good tea is deemed wholesome, if taken in moderation, with a due proportion of cream and sugar; but the fresh leaves of the shrub, when made into tea, are highly narcotic, producing giddiness and stupefaction, before the noxious properties are dissipated by roasting. And it is not recom- mended to drink of the infusion till it has been gathered and prepared a year. ‘There are, it is asserted, but two kinds of tea, the green and the black. The rest are either combinations of these, or products of different sorts, or times of gathering and modes of management. The tea plant might be easily cultivated in the Southern States, and grows well in the Carolinas and Georgia. It is said to have been successfully cultivated by a society of nuns at Wurtzburg, in Franconia, in the lat. of 49° or 50° north. The tea tree, in China, grows equally in the level and mountainous districts, but flourishes best in a light, rocky soil. The seeds are sown in March, and transplanted into rows four feet apart, and three feet in the row; but it is not generally allowed to grow more than six or seven feet high. The trees begin to yield crops at the end of three years; but at the end of six years the trees must be renewed, as the leaves begin to grow hard and harsh. ‘The leaves which are gathered early in the spring are of a bright green color; those of the second crop are of a livid green; and those which are gathered last, or in the latter end of spring, are of a dark green, and of the third quality. The leaves of the extremities of the branches are most tender. Those of the lower parts are the most coarse. After the leaves are gathered, they are exposed to the steam of boil- ing water. They are then made to shrivel or roll together by being placed on plates of copper or iron, or of baked 340 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. earth, over the fire, and next dried by exposure to the sun. But the green teas and those of the first quality are not dried by exposure to the sun, as this causes them to turn black. And in the preparation of some of the fine sorts, especially that called Tchu-tcha, every leaf is rolled singly in the hand, with great care; after drying, it is packed in boxes lined with lead. _ The operation of rolling every individual leaf by hand, of the finer sorts of tea, belongs exclusively to those coun- tries where labor is cheap. By the aid of machinery, the Americans will, if necessary, perform, at the cheapest rate, this same task. It has been satisfactorily ascertained that after drying to a certain degree, and the application of a pow- erful pressure, the leaves of herbs, and of all other plants, may be preserved, retaining all their virtues and fragrance for a long time. The society of Shakers have success- fully adopted this mode, for the preservation of all savory herbs. ‘The discovery is not new; by this same mode are the coarser kinds of teas prepared in some parts of China at this day. Already do the Americans consume from 12 to 20,000,000 pounds, annually, of the imported tea of China, and by this same most economical mode, will they, ere long, prepare their own tea for their own immense consumption. Transported to our shores, and to our own genial climate and soil, the tea tree of China will here flourish spontaneous- ly; and the consumption must still increase, in proportion as alcohol is renounced, and to an astonishing extent. By a statement in the Westminster Review, it would appear, that next after the Chinese and Japanese, the Eng- lish are the greatest consumers of tea. Great Britain con- sumes 40,000,000 pounds annually; and next after them, the United States consume 10,000,000 pounds; while all the rest of Europe and America consume but 15,000,000 pounds. Those European nations, and their descendants, who consume less tea, use more coffee and chocolate. So also the Mohammedans, who are forbidden the use of wine or alcohol, drink largely of coffee and of tea. The Turks and the Turcomans use extensively the fine green tea. In all Asia east of Siam and Camboja, tea is used by all ages, sexes, and conditions, constantly and universally, from morn to night; often without sugar, and always without cream. Here and on that side, a population of 370,000,000 are supposed to consume 500,000 tons an- nually. The next greatest consumers are the Japanese. TCHEE-TSE, TUNA. — ORANGE. 341 Throughout Mongolia and Siberia, all classes are almost as great consumers as in China. The tea used by these is called brick tea ; it is in hard cakes, eighteen inches long, nine broad, and near an inch thick. This is boiled in milk, thickened with rye meal, and seasoned with salt ; the Tartars making a meal of what the Chinese drink. All this comes from China, and is genuine. Extensively also is tea used in Tonquin, Cochin China, Camboja, Siam, and the country of the Burmese. These last re- ceive it over land from Yunan, in large balls, compactly formed, of about five inches in diameter, or of the size of an eighteen pound shot. In this way, as the Jesuits assert, the coarse teas of Yunan are always prepared. TCHEE-TSE. A fruit of China, which resembles a fig, about the size of an ordinary apple, and which, when dried and flattened, is called Tchee-ping, and is then equal to the best figs of Europe. — Ed. Enc. TUNA. A species of Indian fig, which grows in Chili, and is equal to any European fig. — Ed. Enc. SOUTHERN FRUITS. CLASS IE. FRUITS WHICH FLOURISH ONLY IN COUNTRIES SITUATED EITHER WITHIN, OR NOT VERY REMOTE FROM, THE TROPICS. All the following fruits will probably succeed in the south of Louisiana, and especially in the innumerable islands and maritime districts of Florida, from the latitude of 24° 20/ to 30° north, and many of them in the south of Alabama and Mississippi. ORANGE. (Citrus.) Scientific writers have divided the Orange tribe into five leading species, which are all natives of Asia, viz., the 29 * 342 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. common Orange, the Lemon, the Citron, the Lime, and the Shaddock. In many countries they rise to the height of fifty feet; but in more temperate latitudes the common character belonging to them, is that of low evergreen trees, with oval, lanceolate, or ovate, entire or serrated leaves. ‘I‘hose raised from seeds have often axillary spines; the flowers are in peduncles. The fruits are round or ob- long, and of a yellow color. The petiole of the orange and shaddock is winged, but naked in the lime, lemon, and citron. ‘These three last are considered of one spe- cies. ‘The orange and shaddock are oblate or spherical, and of a red or orange color; the lime is of a pale color, and spherical; the lemon oblong, with a rough skin and a protuberance at the end; the citron is very rough, oblong, with a very thick skin. All the species of citrus, according to the authority of Loudon, endure the open air at Nice, Genoa, and Naples. At Mola, in Italy, and at the water’s edge in view of the Bay of Gayetta, and on the supposed ruins of one of Cice- ro’s villas, is a garden of 700 orange and lemon trees. It comprehends about two acres, and yields a rent of about 690 scudi, or about $555 per annum. But at Florence and Milan, and often at Rome, they require protection. The orange has been long cultivated in Florida, particular- ly at St. Augustine. ‘The orange groves are said to be extremely productive and profitable. The orange has been much cultivated in Louisiana, and will succeed well in all the maritime districts and sea islands of Florida, of Mississippi, and Alabama. “‘ In the south of Devonshire,’ according to Loudon and Phillips, ‘‘ and ed eds Saltcombe, one of the warm- est spots in England, may be seen, in a few gardens, orange trees that have withstood the winter in the open air up- wards of a hundred years, the fruit as large and as fine as any from Portugal. Trees raised from the seed and inoculated on the spot, are found to bear the cold better than trees that are imported.” VARIETIES. The two principal varieties of the Orange are — Ist, the Sweet Oranece; 2d, the Birrer Oranee, or Bigaradicr of the French. ORANGE. 343 Sect. I.— Sweet Orance. 1. Common Oranee. (Citrus Aurantium.) An evergreen tree, of medium size, with prickly branches in its ~vild state; the fruit is round, from two to three inches in diameter, of a yellowish red or golden color. A native of India and China, but now cultivated in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, in Africa, and the warm latitudes of North and South America. 2. Manparin Oranee. (Citrus nobilis.) The Mandarin or Noble orange is so called from its superiority to all others. A most delicious variety, but very lately introduced to Europe. The trees appear as hardy as other kinds. The skin is of a deep saffron color, or an orange scarlet. ‘There are two varieties of the Man- darin orange. The large variety is often five inches in diameter ; but the Chinese greatly prefer the smaller vari- ety, which is a distinct species from the common China orange, (Citrus aurantium.) It is distinguished not only from this, but from all others, by its curious form and su- perior excellence. A native of Cochin China, and culti- vated at Canton. 3 Bricoop, or Rep Matra Oraner. C. Aurantium Melhtensis. This, according to the Rev. Mr. Bigelow, is the boast of the Island of Malta, and a most delicious fruit. ‘‘ The pulp inclines to the color of red, but not so much in mass, as intermixed in streaks. It is not only more luscious, but less husky, than the ordinary varieties of orange, and in size is far surpassing.’ ‘To this section also belong the Portugal orange, and many other varieties. Secr. Il.— Brrrer Oraner. Bigaradier of the French. 4. SEvILteE ORANGE. The leaves of this variety are larger and more beautiful than those of the China orange. Its taste is agreeably bitter. The varieties of the Bigarades are numerous. To the above sections belong also the Willow-leaved or Turkey Orange ; the Dwarf Nutmeg Orange ; the Double flowering, and the Variegated leaved, &c. &e. 344 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. Usrs. The use of the orange as a dessert fruit is well known. The juice of the orange, from its pleasant, subacid flavor, is serviceable in inflammatory or febrile diseases, by diminishing heat and allaying thirst. It is a powerful antiscorbutic. Orange wine of superior quality is thus made: le centre. 116. St. Jonn’s Worr. Aypericum. Of these there are several varieties; the H. frutescens is a low shrub, whieh produces in summer a profusion of flowers of a yellow color. J17. tt{Scorcu Broom. Spartium scoparium. A singular shrub, rising in many flexible stalks, like a broom ; the ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 393 flowers are yellow and very showy ; the appearance of this shrub is striking. 2. Siberian Broom, a low, trailing shrub, producing a suc- cession of small yellow flowers. 318. ttSnowserry. Symphoria racemosa. A very hardy shrub from the Rocky Mountains. The berries, which are of the size of a cranberry, are in clusters, and are very white and delicate, like wax, and very ornamental. f 119. t{Rosr. Rosa. The rose is justly called the queen of flowers, for its size and various beautiful shades end delightful fragrance. The colors vary from a pure white to red, to deep violet, and nearly to black. The yellow rose is not very uncommon. The rose is an indispensable requisite in every good garden. The lists enumerate at least one thousand names of hardy roses. 120. S.S. Cuma Roses. These require a little protection during winter, in the Northern States. They are mostly ever-blooming, and universally admired on this account. They should be planted in the open ground in June, and may be again taken up in September; or protected with moss or evergreens, and suffered to remain out all winter. The most common are the China Blush and Sanguinea ; the Champney’s Blush Cluster, and Noisette ; of these last there are many varieties, all blooming in superb clusters. Others, less common, are the Knight's Resplendent, the Grandval, or Hermite, more splendid still; but both these last are of a dark crimson hue; the Blush Tea Scented, of exquisite fragrance, and the Undulata. The Mul- tiflorus, Blush, and Whate, and the Lady Banks’s White and Yellow, and the Grevilli, are all running roses, and blossom in beautiful clusters; but they do not blossom well except in a warm exposition. The Belle de Monza, the Yellow Tea Scented, and Yellow Novsette, are not common, but celebrated new kinds. Also La Triomphe d’ Arcole, &e. &e. There are, also, many other kinds eminently beautiful. CLASS V.—HONEYSUCKLES AND CLIMBING PLANTS. 121. Arisrotocnia SIPHo. A rapid growing vine, with very large leaves, which are round, cordate, entire, of a bright green; the flowers, which appear in June and July, are of an_ obscure purple, and of curious form, resembling a pipe; admirably eaiculated for arbors, from the large size of the leaf. 422. ¢t{Brewon1a Raprcans, or Scarlet Trumpet Flower. A rapid growing plant, a native of America, which extends its branches to a great distance ; the foliage of a fine green, and numer- ous; from every joint roots are emitted, which attach themselves to the earth, and walls, and structures of wood; the flowers are in elusters, each flower about four inches in length, in form of a trumpet, of a beautiful flame color. There is a very superior variety called the Minor. 394 APPENDIX. 123. {{Brenonra GRANDIFLORA. A variety from China, but not so rapid in its growth; a fine climber. The flowers are large, and more in the form of a bel than trumpet, and of a fine flame color. Both are very showy and beautiful. 124. {t{Cuinese Guycine. Glycine sinensis, or Wistaria conse- quana. . A beautiful vine, of rapid and very extended growth ; the flowers are very numerous, in long clusters, or racemes, of a purple color; a magnificent flowering plant from China, and perfectly hardy on hills and elevated situations near Boston. 125. {tCLuster Firowerine Grycine. Glycine frutescens. This appears to be of more vigorous growth than the Chinese, in our climate; a very rapid growing vine, the flowers of a deep purple color, and in long clusters, or racemes, of a beautiful appear- ance; a native of the Southern States, but hardy. 126. ttIvy, Everereen, or IntsH Broapv-Leavep Giant Ivy. Hedera helix. This, perhaps, is one of the most beautiful of all plants for covering arbors and walls. I suspect, however, our summers are too warm for it. On the north sides of buildings alone, I have observed, it flourishes in unfading beauty. 127. {Vimernta Ivy, or American Ivy. Cissus hederacea. A remarkably rapid growing vine, and eminently calculated for covering walls, &c.; the leaves are large and palmated, changing in autumn toa fine crimson. This ivy is deciduous. 128. Rosrs. Climbing varieties. 1. {{Boursautt. Maheka. A beautiful running rose, and the strongest and most rapid growing rose of all in northern climates. It blossoms most profusely, and with a brilliant display, in early spring, and occasionally during summer. The blossoms are double, of a deep crimson dye. 2. tCounress or Larma. A beautiful variety of Double Ayrshire. 3. {DousLte Crimson Sweet Brier. 4. tEripnytia. A very beautiful double blush and sweet-scent- ed running rose, a fine climber. . {Feviciré Prrpetuk&. Very fine. . [Great Unxnown. A new variety of Double Ayrshire. . tLovery Ramgrter. Double Ayrshire, new variety. . [Marre Leonipa. Very fine and new. . [Myriantuus. New and fine. 10. t}Rosa Rupiroria. A beautiful and strong growing running rose, a native of the west, a fine climber. The flowers are small, and perfectly single, but grow in superb clusters, like Noisettes, with flowers of different shades on the same cluster. This rose flowers in July, after most other hardy roses are gone. 11. {Sprenypens. Double Ayrshire. 12. {Witriams’s Douste YELtow Sweer Barrer. 13. S.S.*t{Grevirtr. Very rapid growing ; flowers in fine clus- ters of different shades. 14. S.S. *{t{Bxruss Muzrirtora. Rapid growing; flowers in superb clusters. Omsk ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 395 15. SS. *{Wairre Murrtirtora. M. Alba. Superb white clus- ters of roses ; beautiful. 16. S.S. *t{Lavy Banxs’s. Two varieties, the white and the yellow ; both very beautiful, flowering in clusters. 18. QuEEN oF THE Prarries. New, large, double; a seedling of Rosa Rubifolie ; the most splendid, hardy, strong climber known. 19. AyrsHire Queen. A beautiful Ayrshire climbing rose. 129. Vrrein’s Bower. Clematis. Of this plant there are several varieties ; some are hardy, and some are tender. The Traveller's Joy (C. vitalba) is one of the most hardy and rapid growing varieties. C. viorna, C. viticella, and C. jflamula are beautiful. 130. Honeysuckxies. Lonicera. Twining Honeysuckles. 1. ¢}Earty Wuirte Iravian. JLonicera caprifolium. The flowers of this variety are white, and of a very delicate appearance ; they appear very early, but their duration is short; the vine is of very rapid growth. 2. {Earty VarirGaTED Brtaic, or Woopsine. A variety sim- ilar to the monthly, variegated in its blossoms; but it differs from that in fiowering but once, very early and profusely. 3. t{CuingsE VARIEGATED HonxrysucKLeE, or Chinese Evergreen Twining. Lonicera flecuosa sinensis. This beautiful honeysuckle is frem China, and like many other productions of that country, it appears to be perfectly hardy; the vines are very flexible, and of rapic and very extended growth ; it rises toa very great height; the flowers are in pairs, or triple, covering the plant in profusion, from spring to autumn; they are beautifully variegated with red, white, and yellow ; of delightful fragrance. 4. t{VarieGaTED Montuty Honeysuck te, or Belgic. Lonicera Belgicumn. One of the most beautiful of all varieties ; the flowers last from spring till late in autumn; the colors are variegated with white, and yellow, and red; they are very fragrant. 5. tiScarLet Trumpet Montury Honeysuck ie, or Coral. Lo- nicera sempervirens. Almost an evergreen; one of the most rapid growing of all; the flowers are of a fine scarlet, in form of a trum- pet, and are produced in profusion from spring till winter, and in- odorous ; the foliage is large and beautiful, of a dark shining green. A native. 6. {{Yertow Monrury Trumpet. Lonicera Frazeri. The foliage of this is of a bright green; the flowers differ from the Scarlet Trumpet only in being of a bright golden yellow color; like that, it is a native of America. 7. }Qranex-CoLorep Pusescent. Lonicera pubescens. This is a native of the north-western coast of America; the leaves are downy ; the flowers are large and beautiful, of an orange color. 8. S. 8. Japan Honeysuckir. Lonicera Japonica. The flowers of this variety are produced in profusion, of a pale yellow color. It requires protection in northern climes. There are many other varieties. The Douglasi, or Canadian Straw- colored Honeysuckle is a native of America, has very large foliage. 9. ff{Erruscan, or Tuscany, OranGE-CoLoreD. Lonicera etrusca. A new and beautiful variety, with flowers of an orange color. 10. {}CoLtumpran Honrysuckie. Vining Honeysuckle. A new 396 APPENDIX. and véry remarkable variety of Honeysuckle, or flowering vine, which is found in the valley of the Columbia River, and which the Rev. Mr. Parker has described as one of the first ornaments of nature. He calls it the Vining Honeysuckle. Washington Irving has also deseribed the same plant in his “ Astoria.’’ The leaves are oval, and disposed in threes, of a rich greer color ; each flower is com~ posed of six petals, about three inches long, of a beautiful crimson eolor, spotted inside with white. The plant climbs to the topmost. branches of trees, after which, continuing to grow, it descends, per- pendicularly, extending from treé to tree, until, finally, its vinous stalks connect and interlace the grove like the rigging of a ship. From the fibres the Indians manufacture baskets of so close a tex- ture as to hold water. The stems of this vine are tougher and more flexible than willows, and are stated to grow from three hundred te six hundred feet in length. FLOWERS. The lists of flowers recommended by most authors, are much too extensive for general purposes. JI have made choice of the list recommended by Mr. Neill, (Ed. Ency. Vol. x. part 2,) as the foun- _ dation, and from this I have taken some, and added many, new and fine. It includes the most showy and ¢onspicucus varieties known. J. Frorists’ Frowers. These flowers are in a peculiar manner distinguished by the title of Florists’ flowers. They are cultivated in beds by themselves : the principal are these —1. the Tulip; 2. the Ranunculus; 3. the Anemone; 4. the Iris; 5. the Dahlia; 6. the Pink ; 7. the Carna- tior; 8. Polyanthus; 9. Auricula; 10. Hyacinth; 11. Polyanthus Narcissus; and, 12. the Crocus. 2. PERENNIALS. Tall-growing, showy flowers, to intermiz in the shrubbery border. For the shrubbery border, the following are recommended as the most suitable tall-growing, herbaceous plants — 1. Hollyhock, (Althea rosed,) of different colors ; September till hard frosts; 2. Goat’s Beard Spirea, (S. aruncus ;) 3. Foxglove, (Digitalis,) biennial; 4. Monks- hood, with blue and yellow flowers, (Aconitum ;) 5. Larkspur, (Del- phinium grandiflorum and exaltatum, and D. sinensis ;) 6. Colum- bine (Aquilegiad) varieties; 7. Iris, of the large species, (German- ica, sambucina, and siberica ;) 8. Willow herb, (Epilobium angusti- folium ;) 9. Double Feverfew, (Pyrethrum parthentum,) are showy in flower; 10. Tall species of Asters, (4. puniceus, multiflora, and linarifolia,) with blue and white flowers; 11. Tall species of Soli- dago; 12. Perennial Sunflowers, particularly Helianthus decapetelus and H. multiflorus ; to these may be added, 13. Rudbeckia laciniata. 14. I add to this list the Tiger Lily, (Lilium tigridum.) Besides tall plants, some of humbler growth may be added, as patches of, FLOWERS. 397 15. Sweed. Woodruff, (Asperula odorata,) and patches of, 16. Double Wood Anemone, (Anemone nemorosa,) and, 17. the Lily of the Val ley, (Convallaria majalis ;) there is a double red flowered variety of this; also the Yucca filamentosa; the Yueca gloriosa, and Great Black Astrantia, (4strantia Major.) 3. Borper FLOWwERs. The borders for perennial flowers are seldom less than four or five feet in breadth. One of the most ornamental tall-growing peren- nials is, 1. Double Scarlet Lychnis, (Lychnis chalcedonica, fl. pl. ;) 2. Hyssop-leaved Dragon’s Head, (Dracecephalum speciosum,) and the Great Flowered, C grandiflorum,) with elegant blue flowers, and D. denticulatum ; 3. Silver-rod, or Branched Asphodel, (Asphodelus ramosus,) with fine white flowers; 4. Verbascum ferrugineum, Rusty Flowered, and V. phenicewm, or Purple Flowered, may be admitted ; together with, 5. the Fine Branched Lythrum, (L.virgatum,) which is covered for three months with purple flowers; 6. two or three species of Centaurea, such as C. orientalis, with yellow flowers, and C. Caucasica, with white flowers, and C. montana, with blue flowers ; all hardy perennials; 7. Double Siberian Larkspur, (Delphinium elatum,) flowers fine dark azure, and D. sinensis, elegant deep blue ; 8. Phlox pyramidalis and P. paniculata, P. suaveolus, P. Shepherdz, and P. tardiflora, are handsome, showy flowers; 9. Linear oe Willew Herb, (Epilobium angustissimum, and spicatum,) foliage fine, and flowers large, of a beautiful purplish red; 10. Coreopsis verti- cellata, and C. lanceolata, flowers fine deep yellow; 11. Of the spe- cies of Speedwell, these are elegant — Veronica virginiana, flowers blush-colored, and with white flowers; and V. longifolia, flowers blue, white, or flesh-colored; 12. Variegated Monkshood, (Aconitum variegatum ;) 13. Rudbeckia purpurea, with large flowers; 14. Lia- tris spicata deserves a place in every collection ; 15. Acanthus mol- lis; 16. Of the fine genus Spirea, the Queen of the Meadow, S. wlmaria, and Dropwort, or S. filipendula; 17. Of Campanula, or Bell Flower, a hundred species have been named ; there are several showy perennials, as Peach-leaved, (C. persicafolia,) with single blue, and single white, and with double flowers ; Nettle-leaved Bell Flow- er, (C. trachelinm ;) Pyramidal, or C. pyramidalis, and C. grandiflora. 18. Light Loosestrife, (Lysimachus erecta,) with showy yellow flowers, may be added. | 19. Dautta. Belonging also to this class, the Dahlia is a noble plant, a native of Mexico; a plant but lately known amongst us, rising from three to ten feet in height. It flowers profusely in au- tumn, after the hardy roses are past, and continues in flower till hard frosts commence. The flowers are magnificent; they are of a great variety of shades, and surpass those of the rose and camellia i size and splendor, although they fall short in fragrance. Its roots are large, oblong tubers. 4. ORNAMENTAL PLantTs OF MIDDLING SIZE. 1. Of the species of Achillea; Sweet Maudlin, (42. ageratum,) Sneezewort, (.4. ptarmica,) with double flowers ; 2. Spring Adonis, (A. vernalis,) with large yellow flowers, in April; 3. An elegant double variety of Rose Campion, (Agrostemma coronaria ;) 4. Peren- nial flax, (Linum perenne ;) 5. Round-headed Rampion, (Phyteuma orbicularis ;) 6. Sweet William, (Dianthus barbatus ;) 7. Of the spe 34 398 APPENDIX. cies of Eryngium, E. alpinum and E.amethystinum are very orna- mental ; also, the Statice, or Thrift, in particular, S. latifolia, scopa- ria, tartarica, and speciosa ; 8. Fraxinella, or Dictamnus albus, is both beautiful and curios; by approaching a candle to the flower, in z warm, dry and clear night in June, a slight explosion takes place, from the inflammable gas it exhales; 9. Cardinal Flower, (Lobelia cardinalts,) « very elegant scarlet flowering plant, but is in a great measure now supplanted by the L. fulgens, of still greater brilliancy ; there is also L. splendens and L. siphilitica ; 10. Catunanche cerulea, flowers of a fine blue ; Canadian Columbine, (Agquilegia canadensis,) highly ornamental; 12. Garden Wall Flower, (Chevranthus chetri,) when double and of a dark color, is much prized; 13. The Red and Scarlet Chelone, (C. obliqua, and barbata,) very Jate and pretty; C. major, fine peach-colored flowers, the most showy of the genus; 14. German Goldylocks, ¢Chrysocoma linosyris,) with bright yellow flowers im the form of an umbel;. 15. Tritoma media, produces its beautiful spikes of orange flowers in autumn; 16. Two species of Monarda ; the Oswego Vea, or M. didyma, with scarlet flowers, and M. fistulosa, with purple flowers; 17. The Perennial Lupin, (Lupinus perennis,) but a more showy plantis the L. nootkatensis,.and L. poly phyllus ; 18. Of the Perennial Poppies, the Oriental, (Papaver ort- entalis,) with large, bright orange flowers; andthe Welsh, (P. cam- bricum, with flowers of a deep yellow, and P. bracteata, or Cauca- sian; 19. Red Valerian, (Valertana rubra,) highly ornamental when of a dark color; there is a white variety, which forms a fine contrast. 20. P#xonres. Belonging also to this class, several kinds of Peo- ny are magnificent border plants, and in splendor not by any means inferior to the Dahlia; many of them are very superior to that in point of fragrance, in which some of them equal the rose; all are of the most hardy character. The most beautiful are, 1. P. albiflora, or Single White; 2. P. Whitleji, or Chinese Double White, flow- ers large, splendid, and fragrant; 3. P. albiflora fasta, or Makoya, new and beautiful, with double flowers; 4. P. Reevesii, new and beautiful, with large double flowers, of a light pink color; 5. P. Ra- seo, or Double Rose-colored, changing to very pale; 6. P. Carnes, or Double Flesh-colored; 7. P. Humet, or Chinese Double light Crimson; 8. P. Rubra, and, 9. P. rubra tennifolia, or fennel-leaved, both with deep single crimson flowers; 10. P. Rubra pleno, Doubse Crimson; and, lft. P. fragrans, or Chinese Rose-seented, with superb dark crimson flowers, extremely fragrant; 12. P. Pottsi3, dark crimson. 21. Smooth-leaved Bell Flower, (Campanula nitida,) very orna- mental, and completely covered with blue flowers. There isa double variety of this, but itis very rare. Of the numerous genus of Asters, with fine blue flowers, the Italian Starwort, (4. 4mellus,) the Alpine, (A. alpinus,) and the 4. spectabilis ; Ragged Robin, (Lychnis flos cu- cult,) beautiful when double. 23. The varieties of L. dioicta, with double red and double white flowers, are very showy; sometimes called Bachelor’s Buttons ; 24. The Plantain-leaved Crowfoot, (Ra- nunculus anplexicaulis,) pure white flowers, in April or May; 24. Garden Rocket, (Hesperis matronalis,) double white and double pur- ple; these are excellent border flowers, being at once both showy and fragrant; 25. Virginia Spiderwort. (Tradescantia virginica;) with fine blue flowers, and with red and white flowers, blooming ¥ELOWERS. 399 rom spring to autumn ; 26. Asiatic Globe Flower, (Trollius asiati- cus,) its rich orange-colored flowers are very brilliant; T. ewropeus, flowers fine yellow and handsome; 27. American Cowslip, (Dode- catheon meadia,) very elegant flowers, in May and June. The varie- ties of the Chinese Chrysanthemums, of almest every color, are particularly elegant. I must not omit the Day Lily, (Hemerocallis jeponica,) with fine white flowers, H. flava,elegant yellow, H. cerulea, with elegant blue flowers and large shining leaves ; Asclepias tube- xosa ; also, Iris pallida, is elegant, with large pale, sky blue flowers; fris Swertit, new, and most beautifully variegated ; Zris flava, fine yellow; and Gladiolus maximus, with fine dark red flowers; and G. natalensis, with superb red and yellow flowers. G. purpurea, with pale flowers, and G. Cardinalis, with scarlet flowers, are both fine. Double Cardamine, (Cardamine pratensis, pl.) Alpine Clematis, (Cle- matis Alpinus ;) Karly Anemone, (Hepatsca triloba,) and Crimson Monarda, (Monarda didyma,) are fine. 5. Low-erowine FLOWERS FOR THE FronT oF THE BORDER, 1. Double Purple Jacobea, (Senecio elegans ;) strictly speaking, this is only an annual, but double varieties may be continued by cuttings; 2. Several varieties of Phlox are very ornamental, particularly the common Lychnidea, (P. suaveolens ;) the early flowering, (P. divari- cata ;) awl-leaved, or P. subulata; the Snow White, P. Vivalis and P. Drummondi, and P.. stolonifera, or creeping ; 3. The great flowered Siberian Fumitory,(Fumaria nobilis,) is very handsome, and contin- ues long in flower; F. formosa, with delicate blush-colored blos- soms ; and the Yellow species, (F. lutea,) is valuable; 4. Common Bloody Crane’s Bill, (Geranium sanguineum,) is not unworthy of a place; and the striped vartety, (G. Lancastriense,) and the streaked Crane's Bill, (G..striatum ;) 5. The Yellow species of Monkey flow- er, from Chili, (Mimu/us luteus,) is an acquisition, and very pretty ; and, 6. Different species of Ginothera, though of humble growth, produce fine yellow flowers, particularly . frazeriana, CE. frutico- sa, CL. pumila, and Large White Primrose, (CE. speciosa ;) 7. Marsh Marigold (Caltkra palustris) is likewise very showy, and fer several weeks makes abrilliant appearance, but prefers a moist border; Feather grass (Stipa pinnata) is justly admired for its light, airy, and delicate appearance; 8. Violets of different kinds are well known — the Canadian, (Viola canadensis) is particularly elegant, and the Sweet or March Violet, (V. odorata ;) also Double Blue, (V. ceruleo, pl. ;) Double Purple, (V. purpurea, pl.;) and Double White, (V. alba, p\.) all fragrant, but the large flowered variety is beautiful ; 9. The Anemones, with blue flowers, as the splendid Pasque flower, (A. pulsatilla,) and different vanteties of the Star Anemone, (4. hor- tensis, and 4. Apennina, and A. pretensis ;) 10. The Gentians are also fine border plants, particularly the Gentzana saponaria, and G. acau- Zis, both with blue flowers. Orchis fimbriata and O. blephariglottis are fine. Also Splendid Scarlet Verbena, (Verbena Melindris ;) White and Red Ladies’ Slipper, (Cypripediam spectabilis,) and Double White Ranunculus, (Ranunculus aconitifolius, pl.,) are beau- tiful. 6. BrenniAxs. Some of the most common are, 1. Honesty, or Satin Flower {Lunaria annua,) both white and purple; 2. French Honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium,) red and white; 3. Yellow Horned Poppy A400 APPENDIX. (Glauccum luteum ;) 4. Tree Primrose, of several species, (Enothera biennis, &c., and Moth-mullein, (Verbascum blattaria,) yellow and white flowered. 7. Frowers ror Reck Work. Masses covered with Lichens, especially, 1. Lichen atro-flavus, geographicus, ventosus, perellus, and stellaris, are very desirable. The following are very proper and ornamental; 2. Cotyledon umbi- licus, and all plants which grow naturally in dry soil, are fit for rock work ; 3. Dianthus deltoides, D. armeria, and D.cesins ; 4. The Red Valerian, (Valertana rubra,) and the white variety ; 5. Erizus alpi- nus ; 6. Madwort of different species, particularly Alyssum saxatile and deltoudeum ; 7. Cerastium repens ; 8. Erigeron alpinum ; 9. Cy- clamen europeum and herderefolium ; 10. Spring Gentian, (Gentiane verna;) 11. Soldanella alpina ; 12. Saxifraga oppositifolia and S. granulata, fl. pl.; 13. Verbascum myconm; 14. Lychnis alpina; 15. Primula nivalis, P. integrifolia, P. helvetica, and P. marginata ; 16. Basil-leaved Soapwort, (Saponaria ocymotdes ;) 17. Stone crop, in par- ticular, Sedum album, glaucum, rupestre, aizoon, and. sexangulaire ; 18. The Cobweb species of Houseleek, (Sempervivum arachnoideum.) 8. AQUARIUM. In the pond may be placed various marsh plants, as, 1. Marsh Calla, (Calla palustris ;) 2. Yellow and white-fringed Bog Bean, (Menyanthes nymphoides ;) 3. The Flowering Rush, (Butomus umbel- latus ;) 4. Water Violet, (Hottonia palustris ;) 5. The Cat’s Tail, (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) has a singular appearance Lastly, some of our own native aquatics may be recommended for their beauty and fragrance. The Nymphe, and in particular the White and Yellow Water Lily, (Vv. albaand WV. lutea.) The White rivals the rose in beauty and fragrance. Also, the Double Flowering Arrowhead, (Sagittaria, fl. pleno.) 9. ANNUALS. 1. The Indian Pink, (Dianthus chinensis,) 2. The Winged Thun- bergia, (T. alata,) and, 3. The Sensitive Plant, (Mimosa sensitiva,) though, strictly speaking, biennials, are often cultivated as annuals. Many of the annuals are very beautiful; those of each species only which are the most showy, will be particularized. 4. Elegant Coreopsis, (€. tinctoria ;) this is very showy ; 5. Beautiful Clarkea, (€. pulchella ;) 6. White and Purple Candy Tuft, (Iberis wmbellata ;) %. Daisy-leaved Catch-fly, red and white Silene bellidafolia; 8. Venus’s Looking Glass, (Campanula speeulum ;) 9. Sweet Alyssum, (A. maritatum,) are very ornamental; 10. Convoleulus, major and minor; 1]. African Marigold, (Tagetes crecta,) and French do. (T. patula ;) 12. Love ina Mist, (Mgella damascena ;) 13. Variety of Scabius, (Scabiosa ;) 14. Ten Weeks Stoek Gilliflower, (Chezranthus annuus ;) 15. The rich and elegant Double Balsams, (#mpatiens balsa- mina,) their capsules are curious; 16. Hibiseus trionum, with yellow flowers; 17. Many varieties of Larkspur, (Delphinium ajacis,) single and double; 18. Varieties of Lupin, (Lupinus,), and of, 19. Sweet Pea, (Lathyrus odoratus ;) 20. Scarlet Malope, (M. trifida ;) 21. Car- nation Poppy, varieties, (Papaver somniferum,) are very showy ; 22. Purple-Eyed Crepis, (C. barbata ;) 23.' Tangiers Scorzonera, (S. tengi- tanum ;) 24. The Eternal flower, varieties, red, white, purple, yellow, and blue, (Xeranthemum,) is unsurpassed ; its splendid flowers retain their beauty through the winter, and make a fine appearance in RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 401 wases; 25. Mignonette (Reseda odorata) is universally admired. The following are less hardy, and should be sown in a warm situa- tion, and transplanted, to bring them forward early: 26. Amaranth, (Amaranthus caudatus,) or Love-lies-bleeding, and, 27. Prince’s Feather, (4. hypochondriacus ;) and 28. The Chrysanthemums, par- ticularly C. tricolor and C. lutea. The following are tender annuals, and may be planted early in a hot-bed, and transplanted : Crimson Cypress Vine, (Ipomea quamoclit ;) 29. Many varieties of Cocks- comb, (Celosia cristata,) with scarlet, purple, and yellow heads, are extremely ornamental; 30. Globe Amaranthus, (Gomphrena globo- sa,) of various sorts, with the Amaranthus tricolor, with each leaf of three colors, bright red, yellow, and green, are very showy ; 31. The Egg plant is showy on account of its elegant berry, of the size and shape of a large egg; 32. The Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crys- tallinum) is curious, its leaves and stalks being covered with crys- talline globules like icicles; 33. And the well-known Sensitive plant, (Mimosa pudica.) CULTIVATION. The seeds of flowers are sown in the spring, in fine and newly- prepared fresh soil. Very fine seeds should be covered but a quarter of an inch deep, larger seeds deeper in proportion to their size; and the ground is then to be immediately trodden hard; this enables it to retain its moisture at the surface, which codperating with the ‘warmth of the sun on the seeds, they vegetate at once. NOTES on vHe AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF AMERICA, anp the CULTURE OF SILK. CHAPTER JI.—HISTORY OF SILK: ITS ANTIQUITY AND COMMERCE. Silk, or the splendid material produced by the silk-worm, was hrst known in ancient Ser, or Serica, in China. It was there first discovered in its own native forests of the mulberry tree. In that country it was called Se, and by transition it was called Ser by the Greeks, and Sericum by the Romans; and hence, by the different nations of Italy, of France, and of England, it is variously called Seta, Soie, and Silk, at the present day. Anciently, also, it was called Bombykya, or Bombycina, from Bombyz, a caterpillar which spins a web. ahisye The silk-worm, or Bombyx movi, is a precious insect, which is thus denominated from morus, the plant on which it feeds; otherwise, and anciently, the Bombyx Assyrian, or Syrian improperly so called, since the country of the Seres, or Chinese, was another country, the most remote, and bounded on other shores; many a nation and far distant country intervening. 34 * 402 APPENDIX. . The cultivation of silk commenced in China 700 years before Abraham, and 2,700 before Christ. The Emperor Houng-ti, “ the Emperor of the Earth,’ who reigned over China more than a hun- dred years, and whose name is rendered immortal for his noble and useful deeds, — he who taught the Chinese to construct houses, ships, mills, carts, and other works of usefulness, — he also persuaded his first consort, Si-ling-chi, to bestow her attention on the silk-worms, it being his earnest desire that his empress also might contribute to the welfare of the empire. Aided by the women of her household, the Empress Si-ling-chi gathered the silk-worms from the trees, and introduced them to the imperial apartments. Thus sheltered and protected, and abundantly supplied with the leaves of the mulberry, they yielded silk superior in quality to that produced in the forests. She also taught them its manufacture, and to embroider. Silk and its manufacture, and the weaving, continued to be the principal occupation of the succeeding empresses, apartments being especially appropriated to this purpose in the imperial palace ; and soon, from the highest rank of females, it became the oceupation of all ranks in China; and ere long, the emperor, the learned class, the princes, the mandarings, and courtiers, and all the rich, were attired in the splendid fabrics of silk, until, finally, silk became the great and mexhaustible resource of the wealth of China. From China it was exported to India, to Persia, to Arabia, and in- deed to the whole of Asia. The caravans of Serica performed long journeys of 243 days, from the far coasts of China to those of Syria. Silk was also rewoven and manufactured at a very ancient date, in the island of Kos, situated in the Archipelago, from the substantial fabrics which were received from Seres. It was here that Pamphila first invented and taught her nymphs to unravel, and with her loom to recompose, from the precious material, the thin, transparent gauze, and the other fabrics of an equally extended nature. The expeditions of Alexander to Persia and to India first intro- duced the knowledge of silk to the Grecians, 350 years before Christ ; and with the inerease of wealth and luxury in the Grecian court, the demand of silks prodigiously augmented. Persia en- grossed, for a time, the trade of Greece, and became rich in the com- merce of silk, which they procured from China. The ancient Phe- nicians also engaged in the traffic of silk, and finally carried it to the east of Europe. But, fora long time after, even those who brought it to Europe knew not what it was, nor how it was produced, nor where situated was the original country of Serica, from whence it came. Ser, or Serica, was called Sereinda, a name evidently composed of Seres and of Indi, the names of two distinct and separate coun- tries, which the ancients had thus confounded ; even as the name of 4ndia has been, and still is, often indiscriminately applied to all the countries of the whole east of Asia, at the present day. Ammianus Marcellinus, the celebrated historian, has described the Seres as a sedate and gentle people, living in perpetual peace with the neighboring nations, and therefore exempted alike from the calamities and the alarms of war; with no occasion for offensive weapons, or even the knowledge of their use. Blessed with a soil the most fertile, and a climate the most delightful and salubrious, they are represented “ as passing their happy days in the most per- fect tranquillity and delightful leisure, amid shady groves, fanned RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 403 by gentle breezes, and producing fleeces of downy wool, which, after being sprinkled with water, are combed off in the finest threads, and woven into sericum.” This fable, which undoubtedly served for ages to deceive the na- tions, is supposed to have been the’ invention of the Seres them- selves, that they might appear to the wondering world as a peculiar oe on whom blessings were profusely showered down from eaven, in which no other nation could expect to participate. At Rome, and so late as A. D. 230, a silk attire of purple was accounted by an emperor as a luxury too expensive even for an empress, and that empress his wife, Severa; its value being equal to that of gold, by weight. Others there were at Rome, and enough even at that day, who were by uo means thus scrupulous in regard to price. But it was not till long after the seat of the Roman em- pire had been transferred to Byzantium or Constantinople, that the distinct and more perfect knowledge of the nature and origin of silk became known, and the mystery of the long sought “ golden fleece ”’ was revealed to Hurope. In the sixth century, two monks arrived at the court of the Em- peror Justinian, at Constantinople, from a missionary expedition to China. They had brought with them the seeds of the mulberry, and communicated to him the discovery of the mode of rearing the silk- worms. And, although the exportation of the insects from China was forbidden, on pain of death, yet, by the liberal promises and persuasions of Justinian, they undertook a new expedition; and at length they returned through Boukharia and Persia to Constantino- ple, in 555, with the eggs of the precious insect concealed in the hollow of their canes, or pilgrims’ staves, which they had obtained in the far and still more distant country. Until this time, the exten- sive manufactures of the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Berytus had received their whole supplies of raw silk through Persia, from China. Even to the days of Justinian, according to ancient historians, no person at Constantinople knew, to a certainty, that silk was the pro- duction of an insect. It was generally supposed to be produced from the bark or leaves of trees, or growing, like the finest hair, from their branches. A new era now commenced. The whole value of the silks manufactured in France, in 1835, amounted, by computation, to 140,000,000 francs, and it was estima- ted in Europe, that, in that year, silks to the amount of 50,000,000 francs were exported from that country to the United States alone. Yet in France, although they raise so much silk, they still import, annually, to the amount of 43,000,000 franes of raw silk, or nearly one third of all they consume, for the supply of their manufactures. In England, the climate, from its humidity or other causes, is found to be unsuited to its growth; for this reason alone, the trials to raise it there have failed. Yet from 1821 to 1828, according to a late and authentic work on the silk trade, they imported, of raw silk, 24,157,568 lbs., worth $120,787,580. Of this amount $59,831,233 came from Italy alone. At the present day, the silks which were consumed in Great Britain alone, so late as 1835, amounted to the enormous sum of $28,282,582 annually, at the wholesale prices, besides the whole amount of all they exported. . The sudden and extraordinary extension of the silk manufactures, 404 APPENDIX: both in France and in England, during the latter years, has been mainly ascribed to the machine invented in France by M. Jacquard ; and the powerful impulse thus given, has been assigned to the Jacquard Loom. This loom performs all those labors which had heretofore been exclusively confined to the most skilful hands, with important economy of time, and of labor in the preliminary steps, and is so decidedly superior to all other looms, for all the cu- rious varieties of figure-silk weaving, that it has superseded them all, both throughout France and England. According to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, the value of silks imported into the United States during the year end- ing 30th September, 1835, amounted to $16,557,980 5 this being the original or first cost in the foreiga countries. During this period, only $486,562 worth of this great amount was exported; and the actual cost of the above to the American people, or the whcle retail cost to the actual consumer, may be estimated at more than $22,000,060 for the year. Most of all this was imported from Italy, Switzerland, and from France. Formerly, half our imports were from China. Yet neither the articles of raw silk, nor any of those numerous, sub- stantial, and elegant fabrics, which are composed of part silk and part cotton, or mixtures of silk and worsted, are included in the above amount. In no year previous to 1821 had the annual amount consumed arisen to one fourth of what it was in 1835. But m no year previous to 1830 had the annual consumption arisen to one half this amount; the increase during fifteen years being fourfold. In the year ending September, 1836, the importations of silk amounted to $22,000,000, at the first cost in foreign countries; and the imports of those fabrics, composed of part silk and cotton, and part silk and worsted, amounted to $6,000,000 more, in that same year. And during ten years previous to 1840, we had imported more than $40,000,000 of wines, $84,000,000 of iron, and $118,000,000 of silks, comprising an amount equal to $242,000,000, for articles with which we either could have dispensed, or produced by our own industry from our own soil. In the year ending September 30, 1839, and during the progress of a very extraordinary bank expansion, the prices and profits on manufactures suddenly rose from this cause, and the importations of that year were, in consequence, exceedingly great, not only of all that we wanted, but of a vast amount also which we needed not; —of iron, $12,000,000; of linen goods, $6,000,000; of cloths and kerseymeres, $7,000,000; of cotton goods, $14,000,000; of silks, $23,000,000, &c. &c.: in all it amounted to $170,000,000 for the year, which was $75,000,000 more than all our domestic exports. Silks and wines alone were not the only agricultural productions of ali that vast list of imports. The enormous foreign debt thus in- curred, and the extraordinary deluge of foreign goods thus intro- duced, not only caused the terrible reaction which so quickly fol- lowed, but it paralyzed our agriculture, and, for a time also, it crushed our manufactures. Whence came those vast importations? A large proportion came from Britain, whose laws, in regard to trade, are founded, in a great measure, on monopoly, and not on any reciprocal right; it being the policy of that nation to sell to other nations all the productions of their agriculture, and manufactures, and mines, which they can RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 405 produce ; while almost every article of agriculture, or of manufac- tures, which the subjects of Britain can produce, is shut out from their ports by heavy duties, or by total prohibitions. This system of Britain, while it enriches them, is directly calculated to exhaust and impoverish our country continually; they have, in fact, ex- cluded almost every production of our industry and our soil which we can furnish in exchange for their productions, except only our cotton, our silver, and our gold. The colossal power of Britain is mainly derived from their agri- culture, and their mines of coal and of iron. By aid of these last, their engines and machinery are formed, which are employed in their stupendous manufactures and in commerce; and these, as has been estimated, together with their mills moved by wind and water, accomplish labors equivalent to a hundred millions of men. In Britain, where labor is cheap, and lands are very dear, it has been stated, on good authority, that the proportion of animal power, or the power of oxen and horses, &c., which they apply in their ag- riculture, is ten times as great as the human power which is thus employed, and far greater than in any other country of the old world. In America, lands being both fertile and exceedingly cheap, cheaply, therefore, are we enabled to maintain the vast animal pow- er; the plough being truly the American instrument, by whose aid we are enabled to cultivate those lands at a diminished cost, and far less than by any other mode, or by any other nation on earth ; ours being the vast, the unbounded prairies and pastures, and “ the cattle on a thousand hills.” The proportion of animal power which is thus employed, is, in America, transcendently great. Already, in many parts, our fields of grass are mown by aid of horse power, and by this same power the produce thus mown is raked, and gathered into barns; by horse power fields of wheat are also reaped; and low plantations of the mulberry may thus be shorn of their foliage by machinery formed of numerous, parallel, and prong-shaped knives, with guarded sides, and edges vertical. We have mountains of anthracite and mountains of iron ore lying contiguous. The United States contain at least 80,000 square miles of coal and of iron, or sixteen times the area or amount of all Europe ; and one vast uninterrupted field, extending 909 miles in length, from Pennsylvania inclusive, to Alabama, contains 50,000 square miles. Our advantages are indeed very great: to be duly appreciated, they must be estimated singly and individually : how much greater and more striking will they then appear, if considered collectively. Our innumerable rivers and rapid streams, our immense forests and mines, the exhaustless treasures of fuel and of flame, the combined elements of water, earth, and of fire, offer resources of mighty power, unknown and immeasurable, and willing aids in abridging the labors of man. The same transcendent power of steam, which drags the huge ship, or ponderous car, will, ere long, become the mighty instru- ment, or universal power, by whose aid every agricultural operation will be performed. Hail, progress of improvement! all hail! How swift its speed! in all things how great, how wonderful in this our day! In vain do those false men oppose, — those false men, in fine, who, denouncing 406 APPENDIX. all as innovation, have ever been the unceasing opponents of every improvement in every age,— in vain do they strive to obstruct its progress and to cause a retrograde; or, to stop its march, which is onward and irresistible. CHAPTER II.— HISTORY OF THE SILK-WORM. The silk-worm, or Bombyx mort, is a caterpillar; its body formed of twelve membranous rings: these rings support the legs, which are sixteen in number, and in pairs. Six of these are in front and inflexible, and situated beneath the three first rings, and are each covered with a scale. The other ten are flexible and membranous, their positions beneath the rings; these are called climbers or hold- ers, and are provided with sharp hooks or claws, to aid in climbing. The head has a horny covering, like a scale; the jaws are very strong, the teeth sharp, serrated, or indented like a saw. The mouth is vertical and peculiar, and not horizontal, as in most other beings ; two broad objects in its forehead, which might be mistaken for eyes, are but bones of the skull. The eyes are small, fourteen in number, seven en each side of the head, and near the mouth. The organs of respiration are eighteen in number; equidistant, and situated along the body, are the holes or openings, nine on each side, which serve for breathing. The substance of which the silk is composed is a liquid, transpa- rent gum, ef a fine yellow color, and is contained in two separate sacs, of slender dimensions. Each of these vessels is about ten inches in length, and wound in the stomach in spiral folds: near the jaws two ducts convey the silken fluid; these, uniting in one, serve to compose the silken thread, which is usually from 400 to 1,200 feet in length. The eves of the silk-worm are of a dark lilac or slate color. The silk-worms are at first black and extremely small; as they advance in age and size, they cast off their outer covering or skin, usually from three to four times, at different periods, according to the variety. These successive changes are called moultings ; and the times inter- vening are termed ages. In a colder temperature, the duration of these several periods is prolonged; but in a warm climate, the period or season of the first moulting, which terminates the first age, usually occurs on the fourth or fifth day of its existence ; the second on the eighth er ninth day ; the third on the thirteenth or fourteenth day ; and the last on the twenty-second day. At each of these crit- ical periods, the silk-worms remain in a torpid state, eating little, or absolutely nothing,for a day or more. At the end of about ten days more from the last period, or in about thirty-two days from the be- ginning, the insect, now fully grown, is about three inches and one third in length, transparent, of a yellowish white or pearl color. Having now completed their fifth or last age, they eat no more, but ascend to the leaves or brush-wood, which are placed for the purpose, and commence the formation of the cocoons; and, in the construc- tion of these, the insect works busily and incessantly night and day, during four days. The labor finished, the insect in the centre be- comes transformed to the chrysalis state. RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 407 The vital functions of the silk-worm are accelerated by warmth, and the time occupied in passing through the various mutations is hastened, not onty by the inereased temperature, but materially by the degree of attention which is bestowed on the insects. In Madras, according to Dr. Anderson, and where the climate is very warm, the silk-worm passes through all its evolutions in twenty-two days. Here, then, is not only a saving in regard to time and labor, but a great and very important saving also in regard to food. The cocoon is usually an inch and a third in length, of an oval form ; the color yellow, or straw, or pure white. The outer cover- ing is like finest wool, and is called flos, and is easily detached ; this being removed, the end of a thread is discovered, of extreme fine- ness. After an interval of frem fifteen to twenty days’ repose, the moth ejects from its mouth a liquor, which moistens the gum and dissolves the adhesiveness of the texture of the ball; and by frequent motions of its head, it loosens and forces aside the filaments, without sunder- ing a single silken thread, until it reappears, transformed to a large butterfly, of a grayish white color, with four wings, two eyes, and two black, feathery horns or,plumes. Unshrouded, in this its last and perfect form, both male and female, they come forth to the light of day: from this time they take no visible food to the day of their death. They commence laying their eggs in twenty-four or thirty-six hours after leaving the cocoon. Each female usually lays four hun- dred eggs, which firmly adhere to the paper, on which they are ar- ranged in a handsome and circular form. Ina few days after, their multifarious labors being ended, the insect dies. The silk-worm remains in the chrysalis state a length of time cor- responding with the temperature of the climate. In England they remain 30 days; in France, 21; in Spain and Italy, 18 or 20; in the United States, about the same; and in India, but 11 days. A silk-worm sometimes measures more than three inches in its greatest length; but few attain to dimensions so large. If the longitudinal dimensions of an insect which attains to 40 lines be compared during the different ages, and their length at the period of hatching being unity, or 1, their length at the end of the first age will be 4; at the end of the second age, 6; at the end of the third age, 12; at the end of the fourth age, 20; at the end of the fifth age, 40. The silk-worm, like other caterpillars, isa cold-blooded insect, its temperature that of the atmosphere in which it breathes. Sudden changes from cold to heat are highly injurious; yet it has beer found that the silk-worm is capable of enduring a great degree or heat, if uniformly maintained. Such a degree they must at times endure in their own native forests, not only of light, but also of heat, with no shelter from the scorching sun but the shadow of a leaf. Yet in no case is adue degree of warmth more needful, than while the insect is forming the cocoon. If, at any time while they are performing this most important labor, they are permitted to suffer from cold, they cease from their labors, and remain inactive, or move but slowly, as may be discerned while the cocoons are yet trans- parent. It has been proved, on dissection of the silk-worms which thus suffer and become torpid through cold, that the glutinous mat- 408 APPENDIX. ter in their silk reservoirs had become so congealed and tenacious from cold, as to resemble strong tendons; which sufficiently ac- counted for the inability of the insect to draw forth the silken fila- ment. Yet no sooner is the temperature increased, than they will resume their labors with increased activity ; but will again desist, if exposed again to cold. Ifneglected at this critical period, they as- sume, in due time, the chrysalis form, but, for want of sufficient strength, leave incomplete their silken tomb. CHAPTER II.—VARIETIES OF SILK-WORMS. 1. Sina Silk-Worm. This is a variety imported into France from China, by Louis XVI., in 1784; a large, pure white, and extremely beautiful variety, which is preferred, in that country, to all others. Their cocoons are pure white, large, and fine, and the silk-worms hatch simultaneously. 2. The Large Single-Crop Worm. A very superior variety, wheth- er of a pure white or brown. Their period of hatching may be hastened or prolonged to a late period in summer; and thus they will yield two crops or more. The cocoons, being of large size, are on this account more profitable to raise or to reel, than any other varie- ty except the Stina. ; 3. The Silk-Worm of Two Crops. A-small variety, from Italy; a pale, white worm; the silk is white, and very fine ; the cocoons are also small, and, on this account, deemed unprofitable. 4. Sulk-Worm of Eight Crops, or Dacey. At the silk establishment of the British East India Company at Jungepore, in Bengal, besides the common silk-worm, which produces but a single crop annually, they have also another silk-worm, called Dacey, which produces eight crops or harvests, and is supposed to be indigenous. 5. Friuli Silk- Worms. 'There is a variety of silk-worms found in Friuli, so very large, that two of these, when fully grown, will out- weigh five of the common kind; and their cocoons weigh almost in ' the same proportion. The quantity of food is one tenth less in pro- portion to the weight of cocoons produced, than the common kind, but they require five or six days longer in their evolutions before they begin to spin. Their cocoons are four times as heavy as those of the small variety of silk-worm. Each cocoon yields nearly 84 grains, and measures almost 1,300 yards; and 100 cocoons weigh a pound, and 1,091 will yield a pound of pure reeled silk. Friuli silk is said to cause more trouble and waste in its manufacture, than that of either France or Lombardy. This may be owing, either to the breed of silk-worms, or, what is much more probable, to its being imperfectly reeled. For an account of the two following kinds of silk-worms, which are described as peculiar to Hindoostan, I am indebted to the researches of General Dearborn, who has described them from Milburn’s Ori- ental Commerce. 6. Arrindy Silk-Worm. 'This silk-worm is a species totally differ- ent from any hitherto described or known, and is called Arrindy, from the name cf the plant, the Rhicinus, or Palmi Chrisit, on which RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 409 the insect feeds. It is peculiar to the districts of Dinagepore and Rangpore, in the interior of Bengal, where it is reared by the na- tives in a domestic state, as they do other silk-worms. The Palma Christi is largely cultivated in India, as it is also in many parts of France and some other countries, for the abundant produce of oil which is obtained from its seeds, which is known in commerce as the Castor oil. This plant is therefore cultivated for the double use of seeds and also of its leaves. The cocoons thus produced are remarkably soft, and white or yel- lowish, and the filament is so exceeding delicate, that it cannot be wound, as are other cocoons, but must be spun like cotton. The cloth woven of this substance, is white, coarse, and of a seemingly loose texture, but of incredible durability. It is used for the clothing of both men and women, and will wear constantly for ten, fifteen, or twenty years. The merchants also use it for packing fine cloths, shawls, and silks. Hot water dissolves its texture, causing it to tear; it is therefore washed only in cold water. The’ Arrinda or Eria silk is reared in Assam, as in almost all Hin- doostan, but entirely within doors. It is fed principally on the Hera, or Palma Christi. “It affords a fibre which at first looks rough, but after repeated washings becomes soft and silky. The poorest people of Hindoostan are clothed with this material, which is warm, and of incredible durability, the whole lifetime of a single person being seldom sufficient to wear out a garment made of this silk, which de- scends from mother to daughter for generations. Twelve broods of this silk are sometimes raised ina year. In Assam alone, 80,000 pounds of this silk are annually produced. The Palma Christi flourishes in all the states of the south, and as far north as the latitude of Boston. 7. Tusseh, or Wild Silk-Worm of India. This isa species of silk- worm which cannot be domesticated. They are so abundant in many parts of Bengal, and the provinces adjoining, as to have af- forded to the natives of those countries, and particularly to the Bra- mins, from time immemorial, considerable supplies of a most durable, coarse, dark-colored silk, which is woven into a fabric called Tus- seh-dootie. This species of silk-worm might, it is supposed, prove highly use- ful to the inhabitants of the south of Europe, and also of the Southern States of America, where a cheap, light, cool, and durable dress is much wanted — such a dressas this silk affords, and such as is worn by the Bramins of India. Once introduced, they would probably flourish, unaided by the care or assiduous attentions of man. In the province of Assam, in Hindoostan, Asia, which has lately cume into the possession of the British power, amongst other pro- ductions hitherto unknown, there have been fownd about a dozen species of silk-worms, which produce the materials for valuable fabrics, including also the Arrinda. 8. The Muga Silk-Worm is never domesticated, or reared in houses; they feed on the leaves of a variety of trees. The eggs are laid on wisps of hay, which are collected and placed on the trees, where they soon hatch; plantain leaves being tied around the bot- tom of the tree, over which the worms will never pass. When a tree is stripped of its foliage, they descend, and are removed to other trees, by means of dishes of bamboo attached to poles. They feed 3D 410 APPENDIX. thirty days, when they descend to the plantains, and, being gathered, and placed on dry leaves, they form their cocoons. Their cocoons are two inches long, and thick in proportion; they are not reeled like common silk, but spun like cotton or worsted. The silk is wove into cloth for scarfs, turbans, sashes, &c. In that climate they produce Six crops ina year. 50,000 pounds of this silk is annually made in Assam. It may be the same silk-worm as that last described. There is another sort of these silk-worms, which produces a fibre of great lustre ; and a fourth kind, very large, the moths measuring ten inches across the wings. CHAPTER IV.— MULBERRY, (Morus.) The mulberry, or morus of the botanists, is a genus comprising many species. It derives its name from Mor, in Celtic, black. Its origin has been assigned to China, but several species have been found growing in a wild state in America. In cold climates it is a deciduous tree, but an evergreen tree within the tropics. It was cultivated at a very early period of time in Western Asia and in Eu- rope, but only for its fruit. The fruit is a berry of a roundish or ob- long form; of a color varying from white to red or black; its pulp envelops numerous small seeds. Usxs. Most of the varieties of the mulberry are esteemed dessert fruits. When perfectly mature, they are grateful to the taste, and very wholesome; the sirup is useful in mitigating inflammation of the throat. The juice, when properly fermented, affords a pleasant, vinous wine ; mixed with apples, they afford a delicious beverage called mulberry cider, of a deep red color, like Port wine. The wood of the mulberry tree is compact, elastic, and hard, and susceptible of a fine polish; it is therefore sought after by the uphol- sterer, the carver, and the turner. The strength of the timber ren- ders it valuable to the joiner, and also for building boats: its power of resisting the action of water has been compared to oak. The roots of the mulberry tree are of a yellow color, and strike downward; and the tree is extremely long-lived. M. de Saint Fond saw, in 1802, one of the original or parent trees of all the white mulberry trees of France, which the followers of Charles VIII. had brought from Italy, on his invasion of that country in 1494. M. Lachaux had caused this tree to be encompassed by a wall, to evince his respect and veneration, and to serve as a monument toa tree so inestimable. Whoever would enter extensively and at once on the cultivation of silk, let them, first of all, bestow their attention on the culture of the abundant supplies of food ; this principal and essential food be- ing no other than the material leaves of the various species of the mulberry tree. Not every kind, however, is equally suitable. Lin- neus has enumerated seven species of those which were known in his day; and amongst these there are two species, the Tznctora and Indica, which are not used as the food of the silk-worm. The Tine- tora is the Fustic of commerce, and is used only as a dye. The nourishment which is contained in the mulberry leaf is not RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 411 completely developed till the leaf is fully grown. The leaf, accord- ing to the analysis of Count Dandolo, contains, 1. The fibrous substance; 2. The coloring matter; 3. Water; 4. The saccharine substance; 5. The resinous substance. The saccharine substance is that which nourishes the insect, augmenting its growth and size. The resinous substance is that which, “‘ separating itself gradually from the leaf, and attracted by the animal organization, accumulates, cleans itself, and insensibly fills the two reservoirs or silk vessels.” The proportion of this nutriment depends on the variety of the mulberry, the age, the soil, and the moisture or dryness of the season. CHAPTER V.— VARIETIES OF THE MULBERRY. Space will not admit a very particular description of every varie ty. We will briefly describe a few, all fine for silk. 1. Japan Paper Murserry. Broussonetia papyrifera. The tree is of rapid growth, and rises to a large size, with a round head ; the leaves are rough, either cordate, entire, lobed, or palmated. It is a native of China and Japan, and the liber, or inner bark, by being beaten to render it pliable, serves for paper, and as an article of clothing in those countries. The fruit is round and curious, but not edible. The leaves are eaten by the silk-worms; and for this purpose, it is now successfully cultivated in France. A beautiful vegetable silk is procured from the bark of the young branches of the papyrifera, as has been proved by M. la Rouverie. He directs that the bark be separated, while the tree is in full sap, and beaten with mallets, and steeped in water, by which process he affirms fibres are obtained almost equal to silk in quality, and which, when woven, form a cloth whose texture resembles silk. 2. Surnine-LeaveD Murperry. Morus lucida. Leaves very large, pointed, cordate, and shining; fine for silk. 3. TartareEAN Mourperry. Morus Tartarica. The fruit resembles the Morus nigra. A variety from the vicinity of Asoph. It abounds on the banks of the Volga and Tanais Leaves large, oval, oblong, serrated, shining ; excellent for silk. 4, Wuire Itatian. Morus alba. A native of China, naturalized in Italy ; already described; too well known to need a more particular description. The leaves are small, but fine for silk; the fruit insipid; the bark forms a prepara- tion resembling silk. The young wood being gathered in Septem- ber, and steeped by day in still water, and spread on grass by night, for three or four days, may then be prepared and woven like flax. 5. Morert1 Murserry. A new variety, sometimes miscalled Alpine. Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, entire, cordate at the base ; thin, smooth, large, of a beautiful and rather deep-shining green; the silk fine. 6. Morus Atara. Leaves large and beautiful. 7. Roman Dura. Leaves large, yellowish green, shining, and beautiful. The Morus Expansa proves identical with Roman dura. 8. Brussa. A variety from the vicinity of Constantinople, some- 412 APPENDIX. times called the Asiatic. Leaves large, and of excellent quality. Other fine varieties, with large leaves, are the 9. Morus Alba Giazzola; 10. Folia Doppia; 11. Rose-Leaved 5 12. Small Queen ; 13. Spanish. 14. Cusuine’s New Cuinese Mureerry. A new variety, lately introduced from China, by John P. Cush- ing, Esq., of Belmont, in Watertown. It was received from his Chinese friend in Canton, in the spring of 1837, and was imported in a growing state. Many trees of this fine variety have been liberally disseminated by him. [ have thence affixed his name to the tree. The tree is of the most rapid growth ; the leaves very large, general- ly entire, but varying in the same species ; some being palmated or lobed, and of a beautiful shining green, and very numerous or thick set. ‘The tree and its leaf are splendid, far more so than any other variety yet known ; the Morus multicaulis only excepted, which is evidently with this species very nearly allied. It produces silk of the first quality. The Canton Mulberry, so called, which was intro- duced by Dr. Stebbins, is evidently a variety of the same species. 15. Morus Mouurticautis. Perrotet Mulberry. Morus Alba Sinensis. A new variety, which is also called, by way of excellence, the Chi- nese Mulberry ; a tree of surpassing beauty ; a new and most valua- ble variety for the nourishment of silk-worms; a tree which is represented as possessing such decided superiority over all others, that it will speedily be substituted for them all, in every region of the globe. It originated in the elevated regions of China, a country famous from antiquity for its silk; a parallel only to our own, in all its va- rious Climates and divers latitudes. It is to this tree, that the disci- ples of Confucius acknowledge their indebtedness for the prosperity and solidity of their empire. The tree grows vigorous, upright, and beautiful ; the leaves, large, soft, and tender, are petiolate, cordate, acuminate, serrated towards the summit, marked with nerves, always entire; their upper surface is convex or curled, of a deep and beautiful shining green. The form and dimensions of the leaf vary in different soils. In a dry and arid soil they are of diminished size, their form elliptical, and without the heart-shaped indentation at the base, their breadth be- ing six inches, and their length eight; but in a light, rich, and fri- able soil, the produce of the foliage is most. abundant, the leaves large and cordiform, extraordinary specimens having sometimes measured more than a foot in breadth, and fifteen inches in lengih. The Morus multicaulis differs from all others in the uncommon vigor of its growth, and the property which the roots possess of throwing up numerous flexible stalks, the great length which these stalks acquire in a short space of time, and the facility with which it is propagated from layers, or even from the cuttings of a single eye. No other variety will strike root thus readily from cuttings, but all others with difficulty. It differs, also, from the remarkable size which the thin, soft, and tender leaves speedily acquire, and the promptitude with which they are renewed. In all the maritime districts, from Long Island Sound to Georgia in point of hardiness, both the Morus multicaulis and the Canton mulberry bear great resemblance to the oak; so also on the elevated RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 413 grounds near Boston. But in the low plains of the interior, and in the valleys of the north, they are liable to be injured in their tops by winter; yet in spring they start forth from the root with fresh vigor and renewed luxuriance. Both varieties, being of a prolonged growth, are therefore admirably calculated for the production of numerous crops of silk in a season. CHAPTER VI.—SUBSTITUTES FOR THE MULBERRY. Various are the substitutes which have been proposed for the mulberry, which seems, indeed, the only suitable food. The Osage orange, or Maclura, is, in fact, a species of the mulberry, and is found to answer well; but the leaves cannot be gathered, except with inconvenience, on account of the numerous thorns. Latterly the Ramoon tree, a plant which grows only in the tropics, has been introduced to our notice as admirably adapted as food for the silk-worm, in its own proper climate. The Ramoon TREE (Trophis Americana) is an evergreen tree, a native of the East and West Indies. In Jamaica it has been long known and used as the food of horses and cattle, and especially during the dry months, when, in some of those withering seasons, the most fertile valleys and pastures become the scenes of utter des- olation —all being destroyed by a scorching sun. The Ramoon tree flourishes in the most barren and arid soil, producing at all seasons a succession of fresh leaves, and never suf- fers from drought. The leaves are oblong, acuminate or lanceolate, smooth, andentire. A quantity of silk-worms having been imported, and all other substitutes failing, the leaves of the Ramoon were tried with signal and unexpected success. A Jamaica paper of March 9, 1838, states, that the silk-worms not only devoured them greedily, but appeared also to thrive better on them than on the mulberry The silk produced was of a pure white color, and worth forty shil lings a pound ; and it was calculated that three crops would be pro- duced in a year. The House of Assembly of Jamaica have voted the discoverer the sum of fifty pounds, ‘‘with a view to a future grant,” as he progresses in the rearing of the silk-worm. —_ CHAPTER VII.—SOIL, SITUATION, CLIMATE, &c. Although the mulberry flourishes most luxuriantly in a moist and rich goil and protected situation, yet the leaves which are produced in such soils are more crude, and not of a quality so nourishing. The growth of the tree in such soils and expositions, besides being more rapid, is prolonged to a later period in autumn, or until suddenly arrested by frost; and the immature wood of a forced growth, being more tender, is consequently more liable to be killed by early frosts and by winter. Suchappears to have been the case in the winter of 1831-2, which destroyed so many full-grown trees of the hardiest 35 * 414 APPENDIX. description, even to the root. The ravages of that destructive win- ter seem to have been confined to particular situations and soils ; to the productions of the forced growth ofa summer not less uncommon and extraordinary. In a state of nature, and in the shades and protection of the forest, or of herbage, the growth of the young tree being slow, and the ‘vood completely matured in due season, the case is far otherwise ; the bountiful covering of moss, of herbage, of of leaves, with which provident nature clothes the ground, being amply sufficient to mod- ify the growth of the plant, and defend, at the root. This protection, like the fleecy snow, being twofold, it defends alike from the blasts of sudden and excegsive cold, also from the still more destructive and pernicious rays of the sun. These remarks are equally applica- ble to the very young trees of the different varieties of the mulberry, to those especially which late in autumn have been transplanted to new positions, or the forced trees of but a single summer’s growth : defenceless, unprotected, and all exposed, on an unsuitable and naked soil, they nieet the frosts of autumn and of winter unprepared. A dry, sterile sand is unsuitable ; and a shallow soil on a founda- tion of clay produces leaves of bad quality. In low, rich grounds, and extensive plains or prairies, near ponds, and in the valleys of rivers, the mulberry tree indeed grows most vigorously, yet the leaves being more watery, though voraciously devoured, they prolong the labors of the insect by inducing weakness, and injure the quality of the produce. These grounds are alike exposed to the destructive frosts of winter and of summer: the moisture of the atmosphere in such situations causes the leaves to become spotted and to mildew, and the leaves thus infected, if given to the insects, are the sure sources of disease and of death. Sunny expositions and the declivities of hills, those especially which slope to the south, east, or west, are favorable. The cocoons of mountainous countries are deemed superior to those of the plains ; although not so large, they are usually of a whiter color. Plant the mulberry tree on the high uplands, and on the hills, for here they are neither exposed to suffer from the early and the latter frosts, nor are the leaves liable to become spotted or diseased from the mildew ; and from these combined causes, the growth of the tree will be con- sequently prolonged for a double length of time. ; Prepare the soil by suitable nutriment, to the depth of eighteen inches beneath the tree, and to aproper distance around. The roots of the mulberry tree strike downwards; other plants may therefore be profitably cultivated beneath its shade, which is not deemed pernicious, the whole ground being kept as a garden during the first years. The proper soils for the mulberry tree are “ dry, sandy, or stony.” And trees growing on dry, sandy, or stony soils, and situated on the open plains, and on hills the most exposed to cold winds, will be found to suffer least of all from the destructive frosts of autumn and of winter. With all authors I must agree in recommending a soil of but moderate fertility, and least of alla cold, moist, and heavy soil, on a clay foundation, or even a very rich soil; a dry soil, on a friable subsoil, on gentle elevations or declivities, being the most suitable of all for the mulberry from China. Land of middling quality will answer admirably — land less calcu- RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 415 lated for other profitable cultivation. Land half covered with rocks may be profitably covered with mulberry trees, which will here find ample moisture, and nourishment, and warmth, from the direct and reflected rays of the sun. By cultivating the mulberry tree in hedge-rows, the ground will, in a short space of time, produce double the amount of food which can be obtained in any other way. And an equal amount of leaves may be gathered from the trees in hedge-rows, at less than one half the labor and expense which would be required from standard trees. it is thus that the mulberry is cultivated in China ; in autumn their hedges are annually cut down to near the surface of the ground, for the production of a new and more luxuriant crop of leaves in the ensuing season. In Persia, as we are informed, the trees are kept low, and not suf- fered to rise over six or eight feet in height. Broussa, a city of Turkey, at the foot of Mount Olympus, is famous for its silk, and is surrounded by mulberry plantations. The trees, says Commodore Porter, are planted in rows, not more than two or three feet apart, and kept pruned low for tise, in the season for gathering the leaves so that a man may reach the top. At other places in this great silk district, the same system is pursued. In stripping the leaves, those at the tip ends of the twigs are always left. But, in hot countries, the silk-worms are fed wholly on prunings, as the leaves thus for a longer time preserve their needful freshness and moisture. John P. Cushing, Esq., of Belmont, in Watertown, a gentleman who has resided many years in China, has stated that the most ap- proved mode of cultivating the mulberry, as practised in that coun- try, consists in keeping them low by annual prunings, like plantations of raspberries. The same mode is also practised in India. This ‘system of close planting and low pruning is in perfect conformity with the highly-approved mode of management which is now so extensively adopted with the grape vine, in vineyard culture, ip modern France. During her residence at Broussa, Miss Pardoe visited the estab- lishments of the silk-worms, and made very particular inquiry as to the mode of feeding and management. The silk-worms, as she states, are fed indiscriminately with branches of the red and the white mulberry, the last being preferred. The branches are strewed on the floor, and the silk-worms are never touched with the hand; the withered mass being never removed, and when ready to spin, oak boughs, about four feet high, are planted in the mass, like a minia- ture forest, and in their leaves the silk-worms form their cocoons. Every crevice of the apartment is carefully closed to exclude the admission of air, and a fire of “charcoal ashes’’ is constantly kept up throughout both day and night. Meanwhile, as she states, it ap- ears certain that this mode of feeding and of management greatly increases the quantity of silk, and diminishes the labor of the feeders. This is the mode of feeding the silk-worms which produce, in the neighborhood of Broussa, an extraordinary quantity of silk. There is scarcely a house in the neighborhood of Broussa which does not contain several apartments filled with silk-worms, whose produce is disposed of to the spinners, of which there are a considerable num- ber in the city. In one day, and of those only which entered at one single gate of A16 APPENDIk: the city, and passed directly beneath her window, she counted up- wards of two hundred individuals, each driving before him a horse, mule, or donkey, and bearing boughs and foliage of the mulberry, compactly loaded. These mulberries, covering the immense plain, are each year cut down to the trunk closely. In the height of sum- mer, the far-spreading mulberry woods assume the appearance of the locust-blighted landscape; every tree being left a branchless trunk, without a sign of foliage. CHAPTER VII.—CLIMATE, HABITS, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SILK-WORM. Wherever the mulberry finds a congenial climate and soil, there also the silk-worm will flourish; such a climate and soil, and such acountry, is ours throughout its whole extent, from its eastern to its western shores. The silk-worm is a native of China, a country famous from re- mote antiquity for its silk, and renowned for its industry, a parallel only to our own in all its various climates, and divers latitudes, in all its extraordinary vicissitudes of heat and cold. From China, also, we derive the tree, the essential food on which the insect most delights to feed. ‘Transported to our shores, the silk-worm of Asia has here found a genial climate, a salubrious atmosphere, and the abundant pasture so well suited to all its wants. Wherever the Indian corn will mature its seeds, wherever the peach will mature its fruits, there also the mulberry and the silk-worms will flourish with ex- traordinary luxuriance, as in their native clime. Serene skies and days of unusual brightness are the characteris- tics of our climate; those days of continuous heat, of brilliant light and sunshine, being necessary, and these alone being all- sufficient duly to mature and to elaborate the juices of the leaves of the mulberry in all its varieties, thus converting them into the most healthy and nutritious food. Not every country is thus highly favored by nature. In England, first of all countries for its agriculture, they cannot raise silk, how much soever they consume. There, owing to the coldness and humidity of their climate, as their latest writers assure us, the mulberry in all its varieties will not mature its leaf, so as to become the wholesome and nutritious food of the silk-worm. (See the popular Encyclopedia now publishing in London, article Morus.) Neither will the Indian corn mature its seeds, nor the peach ripen its fruit, in open culture, in that climate and country. In Europe, they usually lose from 35 to 60 per cent. of their silk- worms ; the latter being the usual loss among the peasants. And, according to M. Beauvais, while the French have usually jost near 50 per cent. of their silk-worms, the Chinese, according to their best historians, lose not one in a hundred. This is ina measure te be ascribed to their superior climate ; but in part, also, it is justly due to their superior skill and management. In part, also, it may be ascribed to their rejecting, in the first instance and invariably, those RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. A417 few worms which hatch prematurely; but principally their extraor- dinary success is to be ascribed to their subsequent treatment of the insects, and particularly to their modes contrived for the purposes of ventilation and the preservation of a high temperature and pure atmosphere, and to the great attention which they bestow on them ; to their constant and night feeding, as well as by day. Forty times during the first twenty-four hours are they fed, and thirty times on the second day, a less number on the third day, and a still less num- ber on the subsequent days. Aware of the immense importance of the silk culture to the inter- ests of France, the government of that nation have established an experimental silk-farm at Montgeron, in the north of that country, under the superintendence of M. Camille Beauvais. Already, and previous to the year 1835, by his extraordinary management, had M. Beauvais succeeded in producing thirteen pounds of silk from the same number of silk-worms which, in France, usually produce but five pounds, and in Italy seven and a half pounds, and in India twenty pounds, and even in that eold climate he then expected soon to be able to produce an equal number of pounds. In the year 1837 was he enabled to produce 185 pounds of cocoons from 2,000 pounds of leaves, a quantity which had been found sufficient for that same number of silk-worms, or for 40,000, which, being of a size so superior, must have been more than sufficient for the production of 20 pounds of silk. By him, also, the wants of the silk-worm having been made fully known by new discoveries, and these wants being all supplied, losses from disease are no longer known. The silk-worm is a cold-blooded insect, its temperature that of the atmosphere in which it breathes; its evolutions being wonder- fully quickened by heat, and prolonged by cold. 77 to 84 degrees of heat is its proper element, as now fully ascertained by M. Beau- vais. Combined with this suitable degree of heat and of purity, a certain degree of moisture in the atmosphere is indispensably neces- sary. In their native condition, the silk-worms are exposed to dan- gers continually, either from cold furious storms, or from devouring foes. In such a temperature, and under the benign protection and care of man, they flourish with extraordinary luxuriance, completing their evolutions with great economy of time, of labor, and with aug- mented production, all their labors being brought suddenly to a close. The habits of the silk-worm are peculiar to itself, both in regard to the time of taking its nourishment and its sleep. These habits differ essentially from those of the human race. The silk-worm takes no liquid with its food, except only what is contained in the fresh leaf on which it feeds. If neglected, or fed only at long inter- vals, and during the day, even though at such times fed abundantly, a large proportion of the food is thereby wasted. The leaves thus, for a long time exposed, becoming dry, the silk-worms refuse to eat, suffering irrecoverable injuries by day, and also during the long night, both by reason of hunger and tormenting thirst. They suffer doubly, also, from the voracity with which they then devour their food in the morning. But by fresh feeding, at short and frequent inter- vals, by night as well as by day, the food is all devoured, and half the quantity will suffice, none being wasted ; and half the expenses of gathering the leaves and of cultivation being saved; even less 418 APPENDIX. than one hundred pounds of leaves thus fed, being found amply sufficient for the production of a pound of silk. The cocoons thus formed will be large and heavy, the thread or filament substantial and strong, not liable to break in reeling, thus causing neither trouble nor waste. And eight pounds of cocoon of this superior size, will, with careful and skilful reeling, produce a pound of raw silk; and in the manufacture of this silk the waste will be exceed- ingly small. The silk which is produced by the silk-worm is formed wholly from the excess of food suddenly consumed, over and above what is necessary to sustain life, as is also the fat of animals; and the same principles, in regard to feeding, are alike equally applicable ; in both cases the true economy and great profit being the result of full and constant feeding; a certain amount of food and liberal supply, and this rightly administered, being indispensably requisite completely to fatten the stall-fed ox during the accustomed period of a few months. But if this same quantity of food were parsimoniously given to this same animal, as its only subsistence, even during one whole year, the effect would be lost, and the animal, thus ill fed, would, at the end of this prolonged period, still remain the same lean beast as before. In the former case, the profit from feeding, to the owner, might indeed be very great, but in the latter case, quite the reverse ; as, independently of the great loss of time, the whole la- bor of feeding is also lost, and all the amount of food thus bestowed. The days devoted by the silk-worms to sleep are those of their moulting, or changes ; and except they sometimes pause for a few moments, at all other times their sleep must be but transient, if, in- deed, they ever sleep at all at any other time. In its native condi- tion, the fresh leaf of the mulberry becomes its permanent abode. From the first dawn of their existence they eat almost continually, except only on those particular days, and until they begin their cocoons, when they eat no more, but work incessantly during three days and three nights, until, this their last work being finished, they no longer work any more, but, entering the chrysalis state, they slumber profoundly for a season. . CHAPTER IX. — PROFITS OF THE SILK CULTURE IN FRANCE AND ITALY. The profits of a crop of silk are usually indicated by the size and quality of the cocoons. If the cocoons are very large, like the products of the well-cultivated and highly-fertilized fields, it por- tends a profitable and abundant harvest. One of the most celebrated of all the English writers on the use- ful arts, and on manufactures, is Dr. Andrew Ure; and on agri- culture, one of the most distinguished is M. Puvis, president of the Agricultural Society of Ain, in France; the subject of silk having been fully investigated by both, both writers being especially of the latest day, and both having in their remarks a particular refer- ence to France. “Ina great part of that country, the soil and cli- RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC. 419 mate being favorable, both authorities concur in stating, that the planting of the mulberry trees and the raising of silk-worms, are, in this day, the most profitable of all agricultural pursuits. The mulberry tree, says Dr. Ure, is valued in Provence at from Gd. to 10d. sterling each, (or 12 to 21 cents,) or, this being its cost at the age of four years, at which time they are transplanted; they aay be stripped of their leaves in the fifth and sixth years, or three years from the time of grafting, and the seventh year it yields leaves worth one shilling sterling, or twenty-two cents; and they go on increasing for twenty or thirty years, when the leaves bring thirty shillings, or $7,20. Large trees in the south of France will yield three hundred pounds, or, according to Dr. Ure, a tree will yield from one hundred to three hundred pounds, according to its magnitude and mode of cultivation. The cost of cultivation is one franc (eighteen and a half cents) per hundred pounds. The average cost of leaves, in good years, is three francs, or fifty-five cents per hundred pounds on the trees, in that country. The silk husbandry in France is completed in six weeks from the first of May; thus affording the most rapid of all agricultural re- turns, and requiring only a small advance of capital for the purchase of the leaves. Cocoons are found to lose seven and a half per cent. in weight, in the first ten days, by the perspiration of the chrysalides. The pro- portion between the weight of silk which can be reeled, and that of the coarse floss which can only be spun, is found to be in the aver- age proportion of nineteen to one in perfect cocoons. But this does not include the outer floss, of a loose, furzy texture, which can never be reeled. 1,000 ounces of perfect cocoons have been found to produce 1504 ounces of pure cocoon. Thus every perfect ball, as soon as com- pleted, contains more than one seventh part of pure cocoon; but this includes the floss and the pellicles. The length of the filament is usually from 500 to 1,200 feet. Count Dandolo states that it sel- dom exceeds 1,875 feet. Count Dandolo has stated, that twenty-one pounds of leaves, with economy in feeding, will produce one and a half pounds of cocoons. Again he has stated that, in Dalmatia, he has procured one and a half pounds of cocoons from fifteen pounds of leaves. In 1814, which was considered a season extremely unfavorable for silk-worms, Count Dandolo obtained fifteen ounces of very fine silk from seven and a half pounds of cocoons; and from the same weight of refuse cocoons he obtained thirteen ounces. These ex- traordinary cases are stated only to show the result of good and right management. At Cevennes, where the finest silk is produced, and where the cocoon is cast out, when seven eighth parts are reeled, thirteen pounds of cocoons, of a thread of four or five cocoons, are required for a pound of the purest silk in the world. The silk of Cevennes, in France, is probably the finest in tite world. I have particularly stated the mode in which it is reeled, for to this cause, in a measure, it owes its celebrity. There is in deed one kind which 1s sold at Lyons for from $4,42 to $4,64 the Beslan pound; but there is a kind still finer, which brings $9,60 a pound. 420 APPENDIX. Four hundred thousand pounds of silk of superior quality was raised in Cevennes in 1832, and since that period, this quantity has been greatly increased ; as, among all employments of capital, none is so productive as the mulberry tree. It was yielding, at the above period, from fifteen to twenty per cent. profit to the intelligent agri- culturist. Thus states Dr. Ure. There is a description of white silk, which is produced in the department of the Upper Ardéche, which is of a quality so su- perior, that it is purchased by the lace manufacturers of Nor- mandy, for more than fifty francs (#9,20) a pound. But afew years since, it commanded a price as high as 150 francs a pound, (equal to $27,60.) The pound of silk, when well reeled, is capable of being con- verted into sixteen yards of the ordinary quality of Gros de Na- Sie into fourteen yards of the first quality, and worth its weight in silver. The expense of reeling the excellent silk of Cevennes, which is but of four to five cocoons to a thread, is, according to Dr. Ure, but three francs and fifty centimes per Alais pound, which is equal to ninety-two one hundredths of a pound English, for reeling silk of this superior quality. This is about equal to sixty cents per English pound. In Italy, and during June, July, and August, a woman at- tending the kettle, and a girl to turn the reel, they work sixteen hours ina day, and then they wind a rubo, or ten pounds’ weight of cocoons, which yields from one fifth to one sixth of their weight of silk, when their quality is good; the whole expense of reeling amounting to 2s. 6d. sterling per English pound, (equal to sixty cents.) Such are the statements of Dr. Ure. There, as in France, one person attends the pans, while another is employed in turning the reel. In most agricultural operations, and in manufactures, there is great saving, both of labor, of time, and of all things else, when these are managed on an extensive scale: silk is by no means an exception to this general rule, as this same system of M. Beauvais most fully Behe so also the Comte Dandolo had taught before. That silk may e cultivated to profit on every farm and domestic establishment, however small, is a truth now established beyond dispute. Those distinguished masters have also proved, that, when skill and science have come in aid, the silk business may be carried on to profit far greater in large establishments and on an extended scale. CHAPTER X.—SYSTEM OF M. CAMILLE BEAUVAIS. At the Government Establishment, or experimental silk-farm, near Montgeron, in the north of France, M. Camille Beauvais, the superintendent, has adopted, with signal success, the more complete system of ventilation and of warming the apartments, invented by M. D’Arcet. By this system, a high temperature being at all times preserved the silk-worms are fed twenty-four times a day, for three days, during the first age, eighteen times a day during the second age; twelve RESOURCES OF AMERICA, SILK, ETC 421 fimes a day during the third and fourth ages; and eight times a day during the fifth, or last, and longest age, during which they eat many times more than during all the previous ages — the most per- fect cleanliness and a pure atmosphere being at all times preserved as indispensable. In conjunction with this high temperature and continued feeding, a certain degree of moisture or constant dampness is indispensable ; since it is found that a drying heat has the effect, not only to absorb suddenly all the moisture of the leaves, thus rendering them unfit for food, but to absorb also the moisture from the lungs and bodies of the insects. With a temperature of 81° to 84° of Fahr., a degree of moisture must be preserved, equal to from 85° to 89° of Saussure s hygrometer. Without this suitable degree of moisture, a high tem perature was found by M. Beauvais to be utterly destructive. The same destructive effect, it is well known, is produced on the human system from similar causes. By this system of management he has also ascertained that the worms eat more, while the consumption of leaves is diminished, because they make much less litter and waste ; the education being completed with a very great saving of time, and, consequently, economy in allthings. So great was this saving, that, in 1836, the whole process was completed in twenty-one days, while in a common temperature it lasts usually from thirty-one to thirty-three days. CHAPTER XIi.—M. DARCET’S SYSTEM OF VENTILATION, The salubrious Magnanarie, or healthy cocoonery of M. D’Arcet, is described as consisting of an oblong building with four ranges of hurdles ; in the end is a brick flue or chimney, and near this the ap- paratus for warming the apartments, when required, is placed, in the cellar. This may consist of nothing more than a common cast-iron box stove, the stove a little elevated. This stove is surrounded on all sides, except the front, with a single wall built up roughly of brick work, as high as the floor, leaving a space of about a foot, on three sides of the stove, with a few openings at the bottom of the prick wall, for the admission of cold air from without; this space forms the air-chamber. The stove pipe rises afew feet; then, de- scending within this narrow space, it passes off horizontally through this brick work into the chimney. A little fire being kindled within the stove, the cold air within the air-chamber, becoming heated, rises to the top; thence dividing into four main branches, it is carried, by four main horizontal tubes of wood, beneath the floor, and directly beneath the hurdles. From these wooden tubes the heated air 1s permitted to escape upwards through the floor by numerous holes or openings, which are about two and a half feet asunder: these holes are of unequal size, the first being about an inch square, the size of each gradually increasing, as the current diminishes con- tinually as it proceeds. In the garret, corresponding wooden tubes are used, with holes opening downwards through the ceiling. These tubes, uniting in one, enter the chimney ; these carry off the impure or cold air of the whole apartment. Near the chimney, and in the garret, and connected with these tubes, is a fan-wheel or 36 422 APPENDIX. blower, of thrice the dimensions of the wooden tubes, in excessive hot and calm or sultry days, when not a breath of air is stirring. By this simple process, artificial currents may be at any time pro- duced, and a hot, impure, stagnant atmosphere is speedily drawn out ; fresh, cool, and pure air, rising through the openings from be- neath, until the whole interior air is completely changed. I must observe, that, in warming the apartments by this mode, it is absolutely necessary that a small portion of moisture or steam should be infused along with the heated air. The silk-worms require it.* In most of our northern cities, at this day, numerous private dwellings, and public houses and churches, and most of our great manufactories, are warmed in this way, by currents of heated air from the cellar; this being the most economical and perfect mode which has hitherto been devised. But during the calm and sultry days, and days of excessive heat, in some parts of India, the apart- ments of the opulent are refreshed by cool breezes artificially pro- duced, a man standing at the door with a vast fan. It has been very lately stated by Dr. Ure, that the five-guinea fan of Messrs. Lillie and Fairbairns operates to admiration. In some of those vast manufactories of Manchester, where its use has been introduced, the whole impure and unwholesome air is com- pletely and suddenly expelled and driven out, its space being sup- plied by air, pure, fresh, and wholesome. THe THERMOMETER is an instrument of the most simple kind, which measures the degrees of heat and cold with as unerring cer- tainty as a watch measures time. 6 . 208 White, or Flanders........ 208 ‘CLINGSTONES, OR PAVIES. Violette Cerise ........... 208 * Golden oie to. VIS vos 208 Grosse Violette ....<.e.eee 208 TUM aH? oc dee clee o nd essieeeane 208 Réd* Romans ieeo sy Wisse 209 Scarlet Newington ........ 209 Tawny Newington ........ 209 Verinash aco od cael’ - 209 Violet Musk .....+....00. 209 NUTS. English or Madeira Walnut .317 Tiersernd See ee oR 318 Black Walnut, its Uses, &c. 318 Butternut, its Uses, &c. ...319 Chestnut, its Uses, &c..... 320 Chinquapin: F205 soe 320 ' Shagbark, its Uses, &c..... 321 Facane) Nuts. 89.0. 2.5550 321 Filbert, its Uses, &c....... 321 438 INDEX. Page. Page Varieties, Cultivation, &c...3822 | Mountaineer.......++2+-.. 187 “Wevette. ...-caccene sledneialete 190 Paving causes Productive- *Oldmixon ...... sje iain 188 TESS ssbb e ccc vccse reves 279 | *Orange Peach ...1essesc0- 188 SEPCSICENt. . cies s =e oyadei singe 188 PEACH. *Red Magdalen... .). «+0000 0 188 Its History and Uses...... 177 | — of Courson.190 Wine of Peack...... Se cietars 179 | ped Nutmeg. 6 osj00\< ae er ois 182 Cnltivationic.s es = os »..--201 | *Robinson Crusoe, Late....192 Insects which annoy...... 202) “Sargent, ./.. ..atrteeeenvene 188 Pruning sees eeeer eee 204 | *St. George or Smock Free .193 Anextensive Peach Orchard 204 | *Snow Peach..........0+2- 189 Classification’. .s..5sc¢.eee ¥80 | *Teton de Venus......+++-- 194 *Tice’s Red and Yellow ....194 FREESTONE PEACHES. *Walter’s Early. ..0s..acee 183 *Beers’s Late Red Rareripe..191 | *Washington ......---+.0.. 189 *Bellegarde.....+..-seseeee 185 | White Malacatune....-... 190 *Belle de Vitry:.-.s000c0e 191 | Yellow Admirable......... 193 *Bayne’s Favorite.......-0. 163 | * Alberge:.j.jogs& sels 185 Brainard’s Large Yellow...189 Raxverlpe.o.c-cisteie& sete 189 Buckingham Mignonne....186 Red Rareripe...... 190 *Burgess’ S Beatty -: <2 .c-- 5. 183 ax Guna vase cete eo a 2 'ctete 194 Crass If. China Flat Peach......... 193 PAVIES, OR CLINGSTONES. ColumBPiass setec ccs cance cs 189°} » Blood Peach. .)..... <5 se sen 197 *Cooledge’s Favorite....... 184 | *“@atharine ....-.- ssi << nie 195 *Crawford’s Sup. Malacatane 19% | *Diana........0.seeece cess 195 Double Montague........ -185 | Early Newington..-.....- 195 EOLA sss clogs es «ces © a6 194 Grosse Perseque --...-.... 197 pyatly AINE s 2 st pte o-sie e's e'< 183 | Heath Clingstone......... 198 Ms — Crawford. «2. ceeee- 184 | *Hyslop’s Clingstone....... 197 PUYpIC occ eee steers be | *Latayetiow. ..0 Mss 0 ee ee 195 Royal George....... 184 | *Lemon Clingstone......... 193 IpG > -fabicises 164 | Monstrous Pomponne...... 197 Robinson Crusoe ....184 | *Old Newington........... 106 ——— Rose .....eseeeeeeee 183 | Pavie Admirable .......... 196 Emperor of Russia........ 185 Jane 2-0. © Bese 196 George Fourth. awed. .- 186 Magdeleine......... 197 *Golden Rareripe ......«-.- 192 | *—-——- Spanish ............ 196 *Grosse Gallaude.........- 186 | *Rodman’s Red..-.-...... 196 *Grosse Mignonne......... 186 | Smock Clingstone......... 198 PRPCHUT oie acle sles p aiemuiiels sue 192 *Washington | Clingstone....196 *Hoffman’s Favorite....-... 187 | “Williamson's... 2. .siecee tee 197 Hoge’s Malacatune....... 190 He palate? seh. Ne waadeiiee 193 Crass Ill. *Jaques’s Rareripe......... 187 ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. EE AAVEticeE TE . &:50 bis'eis aioe 190 | Double Flowering Peach...198 Tivtal ty emis aie p oeha o topeioreles 190 | Amygdahs Maerocarpe....198 *Marie Antoinette.........- 187 | -———__- Orientalis...... 19S *Mellish’s Favorite......... 187 (Monstrous. Pree. 214, <:jagh=ie- 187 Crass IV. *Morris’s White Rareripe...187 | Review of over 40 other fine Morrisania Pound......... 192 Peaches, partly new kinds 199 INDEX. 439 Page. , Page PEARS. MC atillacs. 5... « iliseis sibieniale 128 Description and Uses......115 | Champe Riche d’Italie..... 124 Mo preser vets carieis'.!. aes 115 | Chaumontelle............. 123 Cultivation, &c.........6. 171) | e@hat Brusles scjetere hoe. sere 125 ld) BGarhiies clo seca cons Wee 117 | Chera Dame...... Fis. arwiurate 119 New Pears. 22 2 oe cle a Sle oe £30) (Colmar 2.2.2. aeete sl. vive ov 125 Crassannes « Ha Foureroyinn A oe eels 162 ite ce ee eS fold amimas «<< chien: aes 131 Van ‘Mons'.*.\52 Po tee 160 | “uawrence . A0/7sbh sh eieeeise 169 *eolumbid. “10. 2 See 159 | *Le Cure. See Glau ee. Serer’ 159 *Comte de Lamy.......-..-- BAT | CIS WG. s+a:eharerere Shleletoke, torent 162 roit Castle. sa.. o... . ccseace 221 muitiolic ARGON wic,eie,c.800 5.00 3 152 |, Dwart Texas)...3.. 5 ses mevete 230 Poummer, Prancredl’. 5... 2). 153.|. Early Monsieur. 2.1.0 cs aes 222 Superfondante. oss. sews, 153;|*Marly Yellow 2% ..'. 1. selag 222 *Surpasse Marie, Pitt’s...... boot T Elivey. 2 53. sic a! cae eb epee 222 SAL MOUIP SOW, S55 0,0 ,o4h.0.0.010 Heide 153 | SGerman, Prune 2... ... saute 222 POM EE oraje aes ee on tee $53] AGonalis. ..00ctasisk o/pete 00 0ddd Triomphe de Louvaine..... Tot) (Green Gages. cleacta tie oe alee 222 PORDAS arraleels annonces sere 154} Gros Damas Rouge Tardif. .223 Vallee, ETANCHE | <.cre-eciceneves 134 | *Iekworth Imperatrice...... 223 *Van Mons Leon le Clerc...166 | *Italian Damask ........... 223 Vicomte de Spoelberch ....166 | *“Jenkin’s Imperial.......... 223 SUVV aslINS LOU kine ier’ ol. ie dailies 1541) ®KRorke’s Phim ....0s\< sta, a yates a 223 Wiiniteticld sco y oe eae ee 154 | *Knight’s Large Green Dry- VV DUBS LITRE: oo 250 0 son 0 oh LIES 166 BING ates goa etapa iota» sun eee 224 *Williams Bon Chretien ....155 Large Sweet Damson...... 224 *Williams Early .........2: 154| Lombard..........., oa seme *Winter Crassanne......... 166 | *Lucombe’s Nonsuch ....... 224 = Waoter, Nelisiitsin ti. sisislsny 167 | Monsievr..,.-sseersceseee 224 ERC LO sayoinsm: okejncexeuss =) sate caret DD |. MOroced ss se a5 0m ase 225 Other new kinds ....167 to 170 | *Orleans ........ a opasn aee ele 225 FPond’s Eurple vs.a. «a0 seer 225 PC ESIMAMNONNS 2h, Hieres-esia wrens ee 295 | Precoce de Tours .......-. 225 *Prince’s Imperial Gage ....225 Pickle of the Walnut...... ono. | ed: Gage oon cs og oan 226 - of the Butternut....319| —-- Magnum Bonum.... .226 - of the Olive........ 330 | ——- Perdrigon ........+- 226 *__.- Queen Mother ....... 226 PLUM. *Reine Claude Violette ..... 226 {ts History and Uses ...... 216 | *Rivers’s Early .........-- 227 Its Cultivation, &c. ....... 230 | *Royal Hative .......e.e0e. 227 A ricGt, EWM). 6 < «1s eierh oom BT |OUROV ELE ce teineael haidie 0 5 ccho 227 Bankeris+Gage jaws. sslee-em 217) | “ipovyale de Tours... . . nce 227 ing RAI «.<../5i0/2,alsleisla epoia lal 218 | *Saint Catharine........... 228 *Bleecker’s Yeliow Gage... .218 - Martin’s Quetsche.. .228 Bilge Gage Aas. tah centres 248 ic - Martin Rouge....... 228 *Blue Holland........ gilee eS pSCMMANA |... s 2c.na atom mas 228 “Blue Imperatrice..... «2-218 ] *Skarp’s Emperor....... ee) INDEX. 443 Page. Page Sloe) se scseurss hice «“sitenTae 230 VARIETIES. *Smith’s Orleans .......... Me a ERPS ACEO a ave 6» 2.0 cipia onie « 297 Surpasse Monsieur........ 229 , White... .. Sey ef INGLE: cio .5 oin' ave a 5 v0, 0:8 Spam 229 “ Bayne’ sibmera Barly 2... 304 sVedshinatonyss3c22 3525 0.68 229 - Incomparable ..... 304 White Magnum Bonum....229| Bishop’s Globe .....-..... 298 White Perdrigon Larne yc eo | Cahtorniai semen eo. oe oe 304 *Wilmot’s New Early Orleans229 | Coul Late Scarlet......... 302 Propacvationg. 322255 02'Uo. 30:|| “Downton? ssi:282 ae seoeeee 297 Pruning.. 45, 51, 170, 204, 205} Elton...... ated Semeremiermene 298 Quenouilles. - -48, 170, 171, 172 | Green Strawberries, var... .300 Grove End Scarlet ........ 301 QUINCE. Hautbois, Large Flat ...... 301 Its History and Uses ...... 174 , Prolific or Conical 301 Its Cultivationdse 5 s644)0 00s 176 “Hovey’ s Seedling Scie wi hcacye 298 Chinese . oe. Jee eos eines 176 ‘Keen's Seedling’. :3'. 2. 220: 299 Japa scence. eeeedaee ees ZO esa reyetle. ance tere aes ates 304 Oblonrorn Pearse | RO bedOlUr tc eae seek Ne eeeee ee 302 Oranwe: 25.2 520% “Gini Bobo 175 | Methven Castles... 2.0000. 302 Portiimall ti. cies Mittarare vies oes 175 | *Myatt’s British Queen.... .298 Other varieties: IiO.. o.d.< 00 175 | Myatt’s Deptford Pine..... 303 Old Pine or Carolina ...... 299 RASPBERRY. *Old Scarlet, Virginia ...... 302 Its Description and Uses.. .293 Roseberry, Blaches eas ops sins 301 Hts: CultivatiomsgneS. ctertells 294')*Ross’s Phenix $2727 .'..'.'.'s's 304 “Antwerp, Redvsew.).:tciacion 293 | *Swainstone’s Seedling ..... 298 *—________., White .......... 293 | Turner’s Late Pine........ 299 PURAT RCE Sich cre wre fthd, <0) ofa 294 | Wilmot’s Superb........ . 300 CONMMDIAIE 6h 0;:s:eirrereree'ere' @. «2904. | "Woods Red :o22225 42222) 297 * Cox 'S) Ane oie is S4j0'0' +00 294 | * or WV Tae cites a ete lake erg 297 Double Bearing. .«:j0,0 « 294 | Other varieties. ........... 303 GUEST CONTA ose 510% spe jniiainiinl thd 294| Tea. See Index to Appendix 339 *Knevett’s Giant.......0e0- 204.| “lis Imitation: .. 20232. 2222 287 FINI Soe Weavers tacaltanataraterarahs tars, 294 | .Thermometer............. 422 Mictoriavas {5.02 s2 saps 294°) “Thermostat. s 2.4.25. 204 423 Woodward’s Red Globe....294| ‘Transplanting............. S Other Varieties described ..294 | Vimegar..........seeceeee 114 VEGETABLES 4.45! 5 nity 356 SEAS IELE (2) 9 9 gene a ea 317) “Index-to ditto: Mees} 3434 443 Select List of Fruits....... 446| Wine of Quinces.......... 175 shagbark .....0sceccelvess 321 | ——- of Cherries ......... 231 Slug WOPrm) . 6S lai s aes ses we 55 | ——- of Mulberries ....... 242 Southern Fruits.........0. 323 | ——- of Currants ......... 286 ——- of Elderberries...... 315 Shepardia........ eeaene rs 317 | ——- of Ginger........... 360 Spur Pruning .....+... 46, 271 | ——- of Gooseberries ..... 289 ——- of Grape.......245, 281 Silk, and Agricultural Re- ——- of Orange .......... 4 sources of America (App.)401 | ——- of Pine Apple....... 346 ef Peach i J. Metil 179 STRAWBERRY. a OF Raspberries heme 293 Its Description and Uses ...296| ——- of Rhubarb......... 375 Its Cultivation............304] ——- of Strawberries .....296 444 INDEX TO SOUTHERN FRUITS Page Akee Tree...... sssimph wiaiete esa Alligator Pear.......-- 9 «0049 Anchovy Pear......+....- 349 Araucanian Pine......e.-- 349 BS LANA) 6c crs, ic 0 ei0'e.0/e Seiaioney: 348 read Pruitcccaces oseccpe 349 SEAGCAO sajenarn aoiepeiendajainya ees apes 300 CATON: Sass svcteatsapuehe store Gheaae 334 Cashew IMMIbsh. 2c, mste. cia qitore 350 MONET ON po at Ye ore eich erapeteia: s sisiazs 344 Coffee, uses, preparation, &c.351 Cocoa. Nut. ixcesthewite aeys = 352 Custard Apple, Varieties... .334 TERIOR cise el picsaie sieves. «erst 352 Euphoria Longana........ 334 FIG. Its History, Uses.......--.. 323 Cult vatiOMscjajers eps jere 323, 327 VARIETIES. Angelique....cescessssece 324 Pommon BlWes sisters 5 eseleraye< 324 Large Blue.....-.essseee 324 HOTdCaUX occ s < o | “Leopoldi©. 0: aan ccleuies’s 02190 Bayne’s New Heath C........19) | *New Golden Purple..........190 *Bullard’s Seedling.......-..+.186 | *Poole’s Late Yellow.......++-194 *Bullard’s Clingstone.,........-197 | *Tippecanoe 2... .ccccscoces« IGS *Grant’s Large Yellow .....-+.194| Troth’s Early Red........2+0s163 *Lagrange..eccesceernecceseeelI4 | Whitehead’s Red Heath C. ...197 NEW, BEAUTIFUL ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, &c. 1. DeoparA. Pinus Deodara. Cedrus Deodara. Holy Cedar of the Mountain. rom the high mountains of India. Dropar, or God Tree, so called because certain nations worship beneath its shade. New, splen- did ; tree invaluable ; evergreen; with leaves like the Larch. The tree grows tall and upright; branches pendulous ; or by pruning it assumes the form of a Weeping Willow. “ A tree,” says Professor Lindley, “as hardy and fast growing as the Larch, more valuable in its timber, and with the evergreen beauty of the Cedar of Lebanon. Of all the trees of British India, this is incomparably the most important to England. It has every good quality, and no bad one.” 2. Deurzia. Deutzia Scabra. New, beautiful, and hardy, rising six or seven feet. Flowers in June; small, white, bell-formed, like tie Halesia or Cercis, but clustered in long spikes or garlands. D. sinensis is another variety. 3. JAPAN ANGELICA. Aralia Japonica. Japan Hercules’ Club, or Angelica Tree. New; rare; splendid; of medium growth. 4. SrLVER-LEAVED BrEEcH. Fagus Argentea. New; beautiful. 5. OsaGE ORANGE. Is diewsus; trees male and female. Page 385. 6. GarrReEYA Evuiprica. New; remarkable. A tall shrub; covered, when in bloom, with elegant, long, pendulous catkins, which look, at a distance, like locks of hair. Hardy in Britain. CLIMBING ROSES, Boursautt Roses. AR. Multiflora var. The Boursault roses are very showy, blooming abundantly ; rising a dozen feet in a season, with strong, fine red wood, and perfectly hardy. 1. *B. Amanpis, or NEw Crimson. Large, cupformed, splendid crimson. 2. B. BLusu. Form globular; pale flesh color. 3. B. Etecans. Form expanded; purple, striped with white. 4, B. Gracatis. Color bright pink; cupformed. Micuigan, or Prarrie Rosrs. R&R. Rubifolia. The Prairie roses are the finest climbing roses known; are perfectly hardy, robust ; growing upwards ten feet in a single season ; blossoming in splendid clusters, and in July, after other hardy roses are gone. 1. *R.R. QuEEN OF THE PRarrRiEs. Feast’s. The most strong, splendid, hardy climber known, of all giant roses. Form beautiful and perfect; cupformed; color bright pink; blooming in splended clusters of from 18 to 25 in each cluster, like Noisettes, but far superior. . 2. R.R.Battimore Bette. Feast’s. Rose colored; cupformed; in large clusters. ; 3. R.R. PERPETUAL Pink. Feast’s. Cupformed; color fine pink ; in splendid clusters. 38 * 450 SUPPLEMENT. 7. PauLownia. Paulownia Imperialis. Kiri. A new and splen- did tree from Japan; of extraordinary rapid growth, and leaves of enor- mous size ; the flowers of a fine blue color, in large clusters or panicles ; each individual like the Gloxinia cerules ; of a sweet and fragrant cdor. At the Garden of Plants, in Paris, the tree blossomed for the first time early in May, 1842;<—the parent tree of all in France. In Normandy, the tree, while young, is tender, afterwards hardy. Such is my account, from the distant but most authentic resources. The trees fitst sent me from France, early in 1842, being lost in the wreck of the ship Louis Philippe, new specimens were again sent early in 1843. 8. DousLE WHITE FLOWERING POMEGRANATE. Punica flore alba pl. New, rare, rather tender. 9. WEEPING Poplar. Popiilus pendula. New. 10. VARIEGATED-LEAVED Papua Pium. Prunus padua fol. var. Two varieties. New. 11. Hyprip Gorponta Currant. RKibes Hybridus Gordonianum New ; rare. 12. DousLE FLrowrErRing Mountain Raspgerry. Rubus flore pleno. New; lilac color. : _ 13. Varitaatep-LEAVED TurKEY Oak. Quercus fol. variegata New; beautiful. 14. Hyprip Sitver-LEaveD Mountain AsH. Sorbus hybrida. New. ‘Tree tall, straight, handsome; leaves oblong, lobed, dark green above, silvery white beneath ; conspicuous, 15. New Weeping Evcm. Ulmus effusa. Beautiful. ’ 16. New QurerEN or tHe Mrapow. Spirea lobata Americana. A gigantic variety of S. lobata ; herbaceous. New, magnificent, the largest species known; a native of Indiana, which rises in large red spires, or spikes, to the height of six or eight feet, in good soils. 17. Supers Trumpet Frower. Bignonia Superba. New; superb. 18. Rose QuEEN oF THE PRarRiEs. New; a most splendid double tose, flowering in July. A hatdy climber; blooming in clusters. Page 395. ADVERTISEMENT. FRUIT TREES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, &c,, CULTIVATED AND FOR SALE AT THE NURSERY OF WILLIAM KENRICK, IN NEWTON, MASS,, FIVE AND A HALF MILES FROM BOSTON, BY THE WESTERN AVENUE, AND HALF A MILE FROM THE GREAT WESTERN RAILNVAIL« A most extensive assortment of Fruit Trees, Surups, Grapr Vines, &c.; selections from the original or first-rate sources, and the finest varieties known. ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHrugs, Roses, anp Hersaceous Firow- ERING PiLants; a large assortment of the most splendid hardy kinds. Trees and plants, when so ordered, will be carefully selected and labelled, and securely packed in mats and moss, for all distant places, and duly forwarded from Boston by land or sea. All distant orders to be accompanied either by cash, or by a draft on any eastern city. Catalogues sent, gratis, to all who apply. Address, by mail, * Newton, near Boston,” WILLIAM KENRICK. ae sats (ike ee ad why ay, it Calas 0 a AO iis 0005917 vi