eR my pnb ACK A! 01086095 5 SIT ait eten a Nua rAt ee tents 1761 WOM DONA NLT 3 eS ih Mola ANA OES ete Meena IN. : Soy Ny entaetct Ma a lst ais “+ 1 ‘ : ‘ Hs + A ‘ wer “ny As jut ey ‘ H wil oameas vere Me oe , tz ' ‘ peters ny patra ce 7 . Sur prensaain ecmeetias ‘ ish bane tee net Kk Bs peter teas ne wit, Mien erro ren sinatet no Midst hleleeds Presented to Che Library of the tu i y of Coronta Univers by tet =* a a a a 2 7 - 7 a E : - a - : ty eT end ae ea a ns SVIASNY NVI! AS UNILNIVd 3HL WOHF "SOIXNW ASHYIM “LISHYVD (OO ‘HG SO ALYSdOYd “HLINS NOLXOYNOD ‘VY ‘YW AG GaHyg “auvVs1SM—H3HILNVWd “HO AP JSIDNSH NOIldWYHO GONNOHGOOTNg 3SHL THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG A COMPREHENSIVE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH DOGS AND THEIR FOREIGN RELATIVES, WITH CHAPTERS ON LAW, BREEDING, KENNEL MANAGEMENT, AND VETERINARY TREATMENT By ROBERT LEIGHTON ASSISTED BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES ON THE VARIOUS BREEDS ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY-ONE COLOURED PLATES AND NUMEROUS PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS OF FAMOUS DOGS Paso cA) COMPANY, LIMITED LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK, TORONTO & MELBOURNE MCMVII All Rights Reserved TO HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA WHO HAS EVER BEEN A TRUE FRIEND OF DOGS THIS WORK IS BY HER MAJESTY’S OWN KIND PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PREFACE: HIS work is produced with the design of providing accurate and authori- tative information concerning the natural history of the various canine breeds, and my aim has been to present the information in popular form and in orderly sequence, adequately illustrated with portraits of typical examples of all the known varieties of the domesticated dog, British and foreign. The popularity of the dog as an assistant in the pursuit of game, as the object of a pleasurable hobby, and as a faithful companion, has never been so great as it is at the present period. More dogs are kept in this country than ever there formerly were, and they are more skilfully bred, more kindly treated, and cared for with a more solicitous pride than was the case in earlier generations. It would be difficult in the absence of statistics to estimate with precision the number of dogs kept in the British Isles ; but the Inland Revenue return for licences in 1906-7 for England and Wales was £603,400, and as each licence costs 7s. 6d., this would mean that there were at the least 1,809,000 dogs for which the tax was paid: In the same proportion to the population one may add another 800,000 for Ireland and Scotland. But there are exemptions for certain working dogs and for all puppies, while for many the payment of the tax is surreptitiously evaded or never col- lected. It would be well within the margin of probability, therefore, to state that there are over four millions of dogs in Great Britain and Ireland, or that they are in the proportion of one to every ten of the human inhabitants. Another indication of our national love for the dog is given in the increasing number of competitive shows held under Kennel Club Rules at the various centres of population. During 1g06 as many as 424 separate dog shows were held throughout the country, the owners of the canine exhibits representing all classes of the community, from their Majesties the King and Queen down to the humblest of their subjects. One can nowadays seldom enter a dwelling in which the dog is not recognised as a member of the family, and it is notice- able that the family dog is becoming less of a mongrel and more of a distin- guishable and accredited breed. I think I may claim that in the following pages no breed of importance has been omitted from consideration. Each of the more prominent varieties has been carefully and sufficiently dealt with by a writer of acknowledged authority, without whose assistance the work could not have been satisfactorily performed. I desire cordially to express my indebtedness to those who have rendered me vl PREEPACE. their practical help: to Mr. E. W. Jaquet, the energetic Secretary of the Kennel Club, for valuable advice most courteously given, and not less to Mr. F. Gresham, Mr. W. J. Stubbs, Mr. G. S. Lowe, Mr. Francis Redmond, the Rev. Hans Hamilton, Mr. George Raper, Mr. Handley Spicer, and Count Henri de Bylandt, for suggestions which I have adopted. My particular thanks are due to the experts on the different breeds for the conscientious thoroughness with which they have dealt with the subjects assigned to them. Their names are appended to the chapters they have written. In many instances I am afraid that I have taken what they may consider undue editorial liberties with their material ; but where I have altered, excised, or amplified, it has mainly been with the purpose of bringing the various chapters into literary harmony and_ proportion, and I have been careful not to distort facts or misrepresent opinions. I prefer to let the reader discover for himself the chapters which are of especial importance, but I am perhaps justified in referring to Mr. Walter Glynn’s section on canine laws as the most exhaustive treatise on the legal status of the dog that has yet been compiled, and I think I do not mistake in regarding the section dealing with the dogs of foreign lands as unique in its completeness. In this connection I desire to acknowledge my obligations to the generous help of Mr. H. C. Brooke, whose intimate familiarity with rare exotic breeds is perhaps unequalled. For the selection of the illustrations I am myself wholly responsible. In a large proportion of cases the specimens depicted are well-known examples of their respective breeds or varieties ; but because a dog’s portrait appears in illustration he is not necessarily to be accepted as a superlative and faultless individual. I consider it enough if he is typical of his kind. Obviously, the labour of collecting so many hundreds of canine portraits has been no light one ; but my requests have usually been met with a ready response from the many dog owners at home and abroad who have kindly favoured me with photo- graphs, or with the loan of pictures, or who have as kindly allowed the artists to paint portraits of their dogs for reproduction in the series of colour plates. ROBERT LEIGHTON. London, October, 1907. CONTENTS: ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS. By W. Gorpon Srastes, M.D., C.M., R.N. 594 AIREDALE TERRIER, THE. By Watter S. GL¥NN : j : : : # 355 ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS. By Tue Epitor . i ; ; 520 AUSTRALASIA, DOGS OF. By Tue Epiror . , : F ; : . ; - 470 BASSET-HOUND, THE. By Mrs. C. C. Ettis . ; : ; : : ; . 300 BEAGLE, THE. By G. S. Lowe : ; 5 3 é 5 : 5 R 6 Meas BEDLINGTON TERRIER, THE. By Harotp Warnes . : : : : es Os) BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER. THE. By F. C. HIcGNett . : ; : : © B24. BEACK-AND-TAN TERRIER, THE MINIATURE. By F.C. HicNetr . : - 463 BLOODHOUND, THE. By Howarp HANDLEY SriceR ¢ : ‘ : : IAG BORZOI, THE. By Major S. P. Borman. ; : g , . : ‘ . 180 BOSTON TERRIER, THE. By THE Epitor . ‘ : : : : : a 334 BOULEDOGUE FRANCAIS. By F. W. Cousens, M.R.C.Y:S., F.ZS. . ; ; a Sy BREEDING AND WHELPING. By THE Epitor . : ; ; : : . 578 BRUSSELS GRIFFON, THE. By Mrs. H. HANDLEY SPICER . : : . 2450 BULLDOG, THE. By W. J. Stupss ; . : ; ; : : : 2 333 BULLDOG, THE MINIATURE. By Tue Lapy KATHLEEN PILKINGTON . ; a oY BULL-TERRIER, THE. By THE Epitor . : 3 : : . : : 320 BULL-TERRIER, THE TOY. By Tue Lapy Evetyn Ewart . : ; ; - 465 BUYING AND SELLING, HOUSING, FEEDING, EXERCISE, ETC. By Tue Epitor 572 CANINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY. By W. GorDoN StTABLeEs, M.D., C.M., R.N. 585 CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG, THE . : ; : : : ‘ : F . 266 CHOW-CHOW, THE. By Mrs. B. F. Moore . : : : : 3 : q aee7l CLYDESDALE TERRIER, THE. By Capr. W. WILMER . : 4 : : . 4I4 COLLIE, THE. By James C. DaALGLEIsH . : : : F c 5 . x Gls) Vill CONTENTS. COLLIE, THE MINIATURE COLONIAL AND FOREIGN KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS, THE PRINCIPAL CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. By THE EpitTor CURLY-COATED KETRIEVER, THE. By L. P. C. Asttey DACHSHUND, THE. By Joun F. Sayer. DALMATIAN, THE. By F. C. HIGNeEtTtT DANDIE DINMONT, THE. By E. W. H. Brace DEERHOUND, THE. By Ropert LEIGHTON DOG AND THE LAW, THE. By WALTER S. GLYNN DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE, THE. By Ropert LEIGHTON DOG’S STATUS, SOCIAL AND LEGAL, THE DRAUGHT DOGS, ARCTIC AND OTHER. By Tue Epiror . ENGLISH -TERRIER, THE WHITE. By Tue Epitor FOREIGN GUN DOGS AND TERRIERS. By THE Epiror FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. By Tue Enitor FOREIGN PET DOGS. By Tue Epiror . FOXHOUND, THE. By G. S. Lowe. FOX-TERRIER, THE SMOOTH. By DrEsMonp O'CONNELL FOX-TERRIER, THE WIRE-HAIR. By WALTER S. GLYNN FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. By Tue EpiToR FRENCH BULLDOG, THE. By F. W. Cousens, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S. GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG. By Rosert LEIGHTON . GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS GREAT DANE, THE. By E. B. Joacuim GREYHOUND, THE. By Frep® GrREsHAM GREYHOUND, THE ITALIAN. By THE Epiror GREYHOUNDS, ORIENTAL. By THe Hon. FLORENCE AMHERST HAIRLESS DOGS, By Tue EpIToR HARRIER, THE. By THe LApy Girrorp, M.H. HOUNDS, GUN DOGS, AND OTHER SPORTING BREEDS. IRISH TERRIER, THE. By Roserr Leicuton 367 CONTENTS: IRISH WOLFHOUND, THE. By Frep* GREsHAM . ITALIAN GREYHOUND, THE. By THE EpiTor JAPANESE SPANIEL, THE. By Miss Marie SERENA KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS, THE PRINCIPAL COLONIAL AND FOREIGN BNNEL CLUB,-LTHE. By E: W. JAQuet KING CHARLES SPANIEL, THE. By Mrs. Lypia E. JENKINS LABRADOR RETRIEVER, THE. By F. E. Schorrerp EADIES’ KENNEL ASSOCIATION, THE. By Mrs. H. AYIMER LAW, DHE DOG AND THE. By WALTER S. GryNN LESS FAMILIAR AND FOREIGN DOGS, THE . MALTESE DOG, THE. By Tue Epiror . MASTIFF, THE ENGLISH. By W. K. Taunton MEDICINE AND SURGERY, CANINE. By W. Gorpon STABLEs, M.D., C.M., RN. MINIATURE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER, THE. By F. C. Hicnert MINIATURE BULLDOG, THE. By Tue LApy KatTHLEeEN PILKINGTON MINIATURE COLLIE, THE. MINIATURE. TRAWLER SPANIEL, THE NEWFOUNDLAND, THE. By Captain J. H. BatLey NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG, THE. By AtusBrey Horwoop OLD WORKING TERRIER, THE. By THE Epitor ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS. By THe Hon. FLORENCE AMHERST OTTERHOUND, THE. By Georce.S. Lowe PAISLEY TERRIER, THE. By Caprain W. WILMER PEKINESE, THE. By THe Lapy ALGERNON GORDON-LENNOX . POINTER, THE. By G. S. Lowe POMERANIAN, THE. By G. M. Hicxs - POODLE, THE. By LEonarp W. Crovcn, LL.B. PRACTICAL, MANAGEMENT. By Tue Epiror PUG, THE. By Frep* GresHAM b x CONTENTS. RETRIEVER, THE. By L. P. C. ASTLEY. RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, THE (BORZOI). By Major S. P. Borman SCHIPPERKE, THE. By E. B. Joacutm SCOTTISH TERRIER, THE. By WALTER S. GLYNN SETTER, THE. By F. C. HicNetr SHEEPDOG, THE OLD ENGLISH. By AuBRey Hopwoop SKYE TERRIER, THE. By Caprary W. WILMER SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER, THE. By DEsmonp O'CONNELL SPANIEL, THE KING CHARLES. By Mrs. Lypia E. JENKINS SPANIEL, THE MINIATURE TRAWLER SPANIEL, THE SPORTING. By Cot. R. CLAUDE CANE . STAGHOUND, THE. By G. S$. Lowe ST. BERNARD. THE. By Frep™ GRESHAM TERRIERS, FOREIGN TERRIERS, THE TOY AND LAP-DOGS TOY BULL-TERRIER, THE. By THe Lapy Evetyn Ewart . TRAWLER SPANIEL, THE MINIATURE WELSH HOUND, THE. By G. S. Lowe WELSH TERRIER, THE. By WattTeErR S. GLYNN WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER, THE. By Cot. E. D. Matcoti, C.B. WHIPPET, THE. By F. C. Hicnetr WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER. By THE EpitTor WIRE-HAIR FOX TERRIER, THE. By WaAtter-S. GLYNN WOLFHOUND, THE IRISH. By Frep* GREsHAM . WOLFHOUND, THE RUSSIAN (BORZOI). By Major S. P. Borman YORKSHIRE TERRIER, THE. By Tue Epiror Ei s©Or -COLOURED. PLATES: THE BLOODHOUND, Cu. HENGIST. From the Painting by Lirtan CHEVIOT MASTIFF BITCH, Cu. ELGIVA. From the Painting by J. D. REpwortu THE BULL BITCH, Cu. SILENT DUCHESS. From the Painting by FRANcEs C. FAIRMAN THE SMOOTH-COATED ST. BERNARD, Cu. THE VIKING. From the Painting by Lirtan CHEVIOT COLLIE. Tue Rev. Hans F. Hamitton’s WOODMANSTERNE DEREK. From the Painting by Lrt1an CHEVIOT FOUR CHAMPION CHOW-CHOWS, owneEpD By Mrs. SCARAMANGA. From the Painting by Maup Earr BORZOI, Cx. IVAN TURGENEFF. From the Painting by Maup Ear THE GREYHOUND BITCH, AGE OF GOLD. From the Painting by Lirran CHEVIOT THE PUCKERIDGE FOXNHOUNDS, COLONIST AND CARDINAL. From the Painting by G. Partce ENGLISH SETTER, MALLWYD NED. From the Painting by Littan CHeEvior . THE BLAT-COATED RETRIEVER, Cu. HIGH LEGH BLARNEY. From the Painting by MAup EARL SUSSEX SPANIELS, Cu. ROSEHILL ROCK anp Cu. ROSEHILL RAG, From the Painting by Lrr1AN CHEvroT COCKER SPANIELS, Cx. EVA BOWDLER, Cu. JETSAM BOWDLER, JOCK BOWDLER, anp SUSAN BOWDLER. From the Painting by Lirtan CHEVIOT DACHSHUND, EARL SATIN. From the Painting by Lirtan CHEvi0T FOX-TERRIERS, Co. DONNA FORTUNA anp Cu. DUCHESS OF DURHAM. From the Painting by ARTHUR WARDLE WELSH TERRIERS, GLANSEVIN COQUETTE anp Cu. GLANSEVIN CODA. From the PaintinG by LiLr1AN CHEVIOT DANDIE DINMONT TERRIERS, Cu. BLACKET HOUSE YET anp Cu. ANCRUM FANNY. From the Painting by ARTHUR WARDLE THREE OF Mrs. Hart Watrker’s POMERANIANS: Cu. DAINTY BOY, Cu. GATEACRE BIBURY BELL, anp Cu. GATEACRE DAINTY BELLE. From the Painting by Maup Earv KING CHARLES SPANIELS, Cu. CLEVEDON MAGNET, Cu. CLEVEDON COMUS, Cu. CLEVEDON PHARAOH, Cu. CLEVEDON CERDIC. From the Painting by FRANcEs C. FAIRMAN THE PEKINESE Cu. CHU-ERH OF ALDERBOURNE. From the Painting by Litian CHeEvior THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON, Cu. COPTHORNE TALK O’ THE TOWN. From the Painting by G. VERNON-STOKES Frontispiece ~ Le) face’ p: 22 48 65 404 426 460 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL ‘TERMS: IN writing and speaking of dogs the expert is accustomed to use terms and phrases not commonly understood by the inexperienced. The following glossary includes most of these, alphabetically arranged for reference :— Amateur Exhibitors who attach themselves to certain breeds, are persons and have bred or exhibited them, or intend to do so, as distinct from Professional Exhibitors, a team of show dogs of any who get together breed which seems advantageous, and take them round from show to show for no other purpose than winning prize- money. Apple-headed.—This implies that the skull is round instead of flat on the top, as im the Toy Spaniel and the Toy Black-and-Tan. Apron.—The frill or long coat below the neck of the Collie, Skye Terrier, Pomeranian, and other term long-haired dogs. Awards.—The following is the order of Awards at all Dog Shows :— First, Reserve. Second, and Third. Money prizes. Fourth, and taking the place of third, should any objection be proved against any of the higher winners. V.H.C. Very highly commended. H.C. Highly commended. C. Commended. Bat-eared.—Ears held erect like those of the bat. Prominent in the Bouledogue francais. Beefy.—Applied to a Bulldog when its hind- quarters are too large and beefy. Belton (Blue and Lemon),—A word applied to flecked Laverock Setters. Equal to Blaze.—A white mark up the face and between the eyes. Scottice: bawsent. Breeching.—The tan-coloured hairs at the back of the thighs of a Black-and-Tan Terrier, Setter, or Collie. Breeder.—The Breeder is the owner of a bitch at the time of whelping, or a person to whom she is lent, or leased, for breeding purposes. Breeds.—The following is the Kennel Club’s Classification of Breeds in the Sporting and Non-sporting Divisions :— SPORTING.—Bloodhounds, hounds, Otterhounds, Fox- Beagles, Basset Hounds, Dachshunds, Greyhounds, Deerhounds, Bor- zois, Irish Wolfhounds, Whippets, Pointers, Harriers, Setters, Retrievers, Labradors, Spaniels, Fox- terriers, Terriers, Terriers, Welsh Dandie Dinmont Terriers, Irish Scottish Terriers, Skye Terriers, Airedale ton Terriers. Non-SportinGc.—Bulldogs, Bulldogs (Miniature), Mastiffs, Great Danes, Newfoundlands, St. Bernards, Collies, Old English Sheep Dogs, Dalmatians, Poodles, Bull - terriers, White English Terriers, Black-and-Tan Terriers, Toy Spaniels, Japanese, Pekinese, Yorkshire Ter- riers, Clydesdale Terriers, Maltese, Italian Greyhounds, Black-and-Tan Terriers (Minia- ture), Lhasa Terriers, Chow Chows, Pome- ranians, Pugs, Schipperkes, Griffons Bruxellois, Foreign Dogs not included in the above lst (whether Sporting or Non-sporting). Brisket.—The lower part of the body in front of the chest and between the arms. Broken-up Face.—-Applied generally to the face of the Bulldog, Pug, and Toy Spaniel, and includes the wrinkle, the receding nose, and deep stop. Terriers, Bedling- Brush.—.A term applied to a tail that is heavy with hair, as that of the Collie and of the St. Bernard. Butterfly Nose.—A nose that is showing spots of skin colour. Button Ear.—An ear that drops over in front, covering the inner cavity, as in the Fox-terrier, Irish Terrier, and Pointer. Cat Foot.—A short, round foot, with the knuckles high and well developed, as in the Greyhound. Challenge Certificate—An award given to a dog, or bitch, winning the First Prize in the Open Class at a Championship Show. The dog is presumed to have challenged all comers, and its proved merit is acknowledged by the certifi- mottled, or cate. Championship.—The title «‘Champion”’ is given to a dog winning three challenge certificates, under three different judges, at three different shows. Character.—Showing the points of the breed which the specimen is meant to represent. Cheeky.—Thick in the cheeks. Chest.—The chest of a dog is not what many persons speak of as breast, or chest. It extends beneath him, from the brisket to the belly Chop.—tThe fore-face of the Bulldog. , GLOSSARY Classes at Kennel Club Shows :— Open CLaAssres.—Open to all, no prize-winners being debarred from competing. Limit CLasses.—For dogs which have not won more than six First Prizes at Shows held under K.C. Rules in such classes as are eligible for free entry in the K.C. Stud Book. Novice Crasses.—For dogs which have not won a First Prize at a Show K.C. Rules in any class where the First Prize Wins in Puppy, Local, Mem- bers’, or Selling classes excepted. Speciat Novice CLaAsses.—For have not won a First Prize held under K.C. Rules in such classes as are eligible for free entry in the K.C. Stud Book. Mammen Crasses.—For dogs which have not won a First, Second, or Third Prize at a Show held KxX.C. Rules. Wins in Puppy, Local, Members’, and Selling excepted. Juntor Crasses.—For dogs under 18 months. BREEDERS’ CLASSES.—For dogs or bitches which are bred by exhibitor. Puppy Crasses.—For under twelve months old. Litter Crasses.—For Litters (not less than two) under three months old. SELLING sold at a price not exceeding the limit named. Brace.—For two dogs (either sex or mixed) of one breed, other class than Brace or Team. TEAM.—For three or more dogs (either sex or mixed) of one breed, each to be entered in some other class than Brace or Team. Stup Doc anp Broop Bircn CLiasses.—To be judged on merits of progeny only. The Stud Dog or Brood Bitch must be present at the Show. Cobby.—Well ribbed up; in proportion, like a cob horse. Comb Fringe.—The hair that droops or hangs down from the tail of a Setter. Corky.—Compact and alert looking. Couplings.—The body of a dog between the limbs. The term denotes the proportionate length of a dog, which is spoken of as being held under is £2 or more. dogs which at a Show under dogs over three and Crasses.—For dogs entered to be each to be entered in some short and compact short or long ‘“‘in the couplings.” Cow-hocked.—The hocks turning inward, giving an ungainly appearance to the hind legs. This is a serious fault in a dog, and especially so in the larger breeds. Crest.—The upper arch of a dog’s neck, usually applied to sporting dogs. Cropping.—A cruel practice, obsolete in this country since 1895, by which a dog’s ears were cut in order to make them stand erect and pointed. OF TECHNICAL ERMs: Xu Culotte.—The feathery hair on the thighs of a Pomeranian or a Schipperke. Cushion.—The swelling in the upper lips of a Bulldog, or Mastiff, which gives them an appear- ance of fulness. Dewclaw.—An toe found extra claw occasionally on and rudimentary the inside of the lower portion of the hind leg of many dogs, especially the St. Bernard and other mountain breeds. They are usually removed with a strong pair of scissors. This operation is best performed in puppyhood, when the dam’s tongue will soon heal the wound. Dewlap.—The loose, pendulous skin under a dog’s chin; prominent in the Bloodhound. Dish-faced.—A depression in the nasal bone which makes the nose higher at the tip than at the stop. Docking.—The cutting or of a The Spaniel’s tail 4s docked to pre- vent injury to it when hunting in coverts and thick undergrowths. The operation should be performed in very eatly puppyhood, the hair being pulled well back towards the rump and about one-half of the tail being taken off with a pair It was formerly the practice off with the teeth to prevent shortening dog’s tail. of strong scissors. to bite the tail bleeding. Down-faced.—When_ the bone downward towards the point of the nose. Draft.—To remove hounds from a kennel, or nasal inclines pack. Drop Ear.—The same as button ear, but hang- ing close to the cheeks. Dudley Nose.—A flesh-coloured nose. Elbow.—The joint at the top of the fore-arm. Elbows Out.—Referred to a dog whose elbows are not close to the body, as in the Bulldog. Enter.—To train a sporting dog for his future work. Young hounds when first put into a pack are said to be entered. Faking or Trimming.—A but honest practice performed on a dog to make him appear better than he actually is. There are special rules of the Kennel Club which deal with this matter of the preparation of dogs for common dis- exhibition, viz :— A dog shall be disqualified from winning a a prize, or from receiving one, if awarded, at any Show held under Kennel Club Rules save and except in such cases as are specified hereunder, under the head ‘ Exceptions,” if it be proved to the Committee of the Show: 1. That any dye, colouring, whitening, or darkening matter has been used and remains on any part of the dog. 2. That any preparation, chemical or otherwise has been used, which remains on the coat XIV THE NEW BOOK during the time of the exhibition, for the purpose of altering its texture. 3. That any oil, greasy or sticky substance has been used and remains in the coat during time of exhibition. 4. That any part of a dog’s coat or hair has been cut, clipped, singed, or rasped down by any substance. . That the new or fast coat has been removed by pulling or plucking in any manner. Note.—The coat may be brushed and combed, so that old or shedding coat and loose hairs may be removed. 6. That if any cutting, piercing, breaking by force, or any kind of operation or act which destroys tissues of the ears or alters their natural formation or carriage, or shortens the tail, or alters the natural formation of the tn dog, or any part thereof has been practised, or any other thing has been done calculated in the opinion of the Committee of the Kennel Club to deceive, except in cases of necessary operation certified to the satisfaction of the Kennel Club Committee. . That the lining membrane of the mouth has been cut or mutilated in any way. NX EXCEPTIONS :-— 1. Shortening the tails of dogs of the following breeds will not render them hable to dis- qualification :—Spaniels (except Irish Water), Fox-terriers, Irish Terriers, Welsh Terriers, Airedale Terriers, Old English Sheepdogs, Poodles, “Foy Spaniels, Yorkshire Terriers, Schipperkes, Griffons Bruxellois, and such varieties of foreign dogs as the Committee may from time to time determine. 2. Dogs of the following breeds may have their coats clipped :—Poodles. Dewclaws may be removed in any breed. 4. Dogs with ears cropped prior to oth April, 1808. os) Fall.—The loose long overhanging hair over the face of a Yorkshire, Skye, or Clydesdale Terrier. Feather.—The fringe of hair at the back of the legs, as in the Setter and Spaniel. It is also applied to the body all over in long-haired breeds like Collies and Newfoundlands. Felted.— Matted, as applied to coat. Fiddle-headed.—A long, gaunt, wolfish head, as seen in some Mastiffs. Field Trials.—Competitions instituted for the improvement of sporting dogs—Pointers, Setters, and Spaniels in particular. Retriever trials were run at Vaynol Park in 1871-2, but were discontinued until 1906, when they were resumed under the auspices of the Kennel Club. Flag.—A term for the tail applied to Setters Retrievers, etc. OF THE DOG: Flews.—The chaps, or pendulous lips of the- upper jaw. The lips at the inner corners. Frill.—The feather or beautiful mass of hair projecting from the throat of a long-coated dog, notably the Collie and the Setter. Frog Face.—Applied to a Bulldog whose nose is too prominently forward. Grizzle.—An iron grey colour. Hare-foot.—A long, narrow foot carried well. forward. Harlequin.—Mottled, pied, or patchy in colour, as in some of the Great Danes. Haw.—An inner eyelid or membrana nictitana more developed in some dogs than in others. It is usually the colour of the iris, but red in many hounds. It should never be cut unless diseased. Height of a Dog.—The perpendicular measure- ment from the top of the shoulder blade to the ground. Hocks.—The joints between the pasterns ard: the upper part of the hind legs. Hound Shows are those consisting exclusively of all, or any, of the following breeds :—Fox- hounds, Staghounds, Otterhounds, Bloodhounds,. Harriers, and Beagles. Huckle Bones.—The tops of the hip joints. In the Money.—A phrase used to indicate that a show dog has taken an award higher than Reserve. Kink Tail.—A tail with a single kink, or break in it. Kissing Spots.—The spots on the checks of some Toys and others; as the mole on the cheek of the Pug. Knee.—The joints attaching the fore pasterns. and the forearms. Layback.—The receding nose of a Pug, Bulldog, or Toy Spaniel. Leather.—The skin of the ear, most frequently used in reference to the ear of the Bloodhound. and Dachshund. Level-jawed.—Term applied to a dog whose teeth meet evenly, and whose jaws are neither overshot nor undershot. Lippy.—A term applied to the hanging lips of dogs where such should not exist. Lumber.—A superfluity of flesh, heavy and ungainly. Mask.—This phrase is frequently used when speaking or writing of the dark muzzle of the Mastiff, and some other breeds. Merle.—A bluish-grey colour with black inter- mingled. Occiput.—The prominent bone at the back or top of the skull, which gives the dome shape to the head of the Bloodhound. | It is from the back of this prominence that the length of the head is measured. GEOSSARY OF Overshot.—Having the front upper teeth pro- jecting over the lower. This fault in excess is said to make the dog pig-jawed. Pad.—The thickened protuberance on the sole of a dog’s foot. Pastern.—The lowest section of the leg below the knee, or hock, respectively. Pencilling.—The dark lines divided by streaks of tan on the toes of a Black-and-tan terrier. Pig-jawed.—An exaggeration of an overshot jaw. Pily.—A peculiar quality of coat consisting of two kinds of hair, the one soft and woolly, the other long and wiry. Plume.—The tail of the Pomeranian. TECHNICAL TERMS. XV remain in quarantine for a period of six months. This regulation was instituted with the purpose of excluding animals infected with rabies. Racy.—Slight in build, long in the legs, as the Greyhound and Whippet. Recognised Shows.—Rccognised shows are those held under Kennel Club Rules, or otherwise by Un- recognised shows are all other shows, and exhibits permission of the Kennel Club Committee. at these become disqualified for entry at any shows held under permission of the Kennel Club. Registration.—Before being exhibited at a Recognised Show a dog must be registered at the Kennel Club on forms supplied for the pur- pose, upon which particulars as to the dog’s name, PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THE Puppy.—A puppy is a dog under twelve months old, dating from and including the date of its birth. Quarantine.— All brought Britain from abroad are compelled by law to dogs into Great DOG. I. Nose. 7. Neck. 13. Pastern. 2. Nasal Bone. 8. Shoulder. 14. Chest. 3. Stop. 9g. Top of the Shoulder. 15. Top of Hip Joint. 4. Skull. 10. Elbow. 16. Hock. 5. Occiput. 11. Forearm. D7 suena, 6. Muzzle. 12. Knee. 18. Stifle Joint. pedigree, date of birth and ownership, are entered. The fee for registration is 2s. 6d. The last transfer of ownership of a registered dog since it was last exhibited must be registered anew prior to exhibition by a new owner. such xV1 THE NEW Roach Back.—A back that is arched along the spine, and especially towards the hindquarters. Rose Ear.—An ear which folds backward, re- vealing the inner burr of the ear, desirable in the Bulldog, the Greyhound, and the Borzoi. Rounding..-The trimming of a hound’s ears in order to protect them from being torn by gorse. The long tips of the ears are cut off with a half- moon iron, In many kennels the operation of rounding has been abolished. Septum,--The division between the nostrils. Shelly. —A thin, narrow body, such as that of the Borzol. Shoulder.--The top of the shoulder blade, the point from which the height of a dog is measured. Sickle Hocks.—-When the hind legs of a dog show a bend at the stifle and are well let down, they are said to have sickle-hocks. The sickle-hock is a merit in the Greyhound, and the Colle, and, indeed, in all dogs in which speed is a desideratum. Sickle Tail. —A tail with an upward curve above the ievel of the back. Snipy-jawed.—A dog’s muzzle when long, narrow and peaked. Spread.—The Bulldog. Spring. Stern._—The tail of a sporting dog, particularly of the Stifle. buttock ; corresponding with the knee joint in the width between the arms of the Round or well sprung ribs. Foxhound. The joint in a dog’s hind leg next the human leg. Sting. —A tail which tapers to a fine point, as in the Irish Water Spaniel, and the Bedlington Terrier. Stop.—-The depression just in front of the eyes between the skull proper and the nasal bone. It is most obvious in Bulldogs, Pugs, and short-faced Spaniels. Throatiness. Applied to the loose skin about the throat where none should exist, as in the Pointer. BOOK OF -LHE, DOG; Thumb Marks.—The circular black spots on the forelegs of a Black and Tan Terrier. Timber,.— Bone. Trace.---The dark mark down the back of a Pug. Tricolour—Black, tan, and white. Topknot.—The long fluffy hair on the top of the head of an Irish Water Spaniel, Dandie Dinmont, and Bedungton. True Arm.—The upper contrasted with the lower, part of the foreleg, which is also known as the forearm. True Thigh.—The upper part of the hind leg. Tucked-up.-—Tucked up loin as in the Borzois and Greyhounds. Tulip Ear.—An elevated or prick ear, as in some of the Toy Terriers. This ear is not desirable in any variety of sporting dog. Turn-up.—tThe projecting, turned-up chin of a Bulldog. Undershot.—The lower incisor teeth projecting beyond the upper, as in Bulldogs. This deformity in a terrier is a disqualification in the prize- ring. Vent.—The tan-coloured hair under the tail. Walking.—The owners of packs of hounds are in the habit of sending out puppies and young dogs to be nurtured and trained by neighbouring farmers and cottagers, who give them the indi- vidual attention which they might not receive in the home kennels. Wall Eye.—A occurring in the Sheepdog. Well sprung.—Nicely rounded. Wheaten. —A pale, yellowish colour. Wire-haired.—The harsh, crisp coat in rough- This is called “ walking.” blue mottled eye, frequently haired terriers. Commonly used to distinguish the long-haired varieties of dogs that are smooth coated, even when the hair is not rough. Wrinkle. —-The loosely-folded skin over the skull of a Bloodhound, St. Bernard, or Bulldog. MISS STEEVENS' JAPANESE PUPPIES. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw, Owale BOOK OF NEW THE DOG. INTRODUCTORY. E: GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG. “Then said he to Tobias, Prepare thyself for the journey, and God send you a good journey. And when his son had prepared thou with this man, and God, which the angel of God keep you company. with them.’—TosiT v. 16. So I.—The Dog in Prehistoric Times.——In the Academy at Brussels there is a delightful picture by Breughel representing the Gar- den of Eden, in which the artist has intro- duced a rough Skye-terrier lying con- tentedly curled at the feet of Adam and Eve. This is a stretch of the probabilities ; no dog of a recognisable breed lived at a time so remote. There is, however, no incongruity in the idea that in the very earliest period of man’s habitation of this world he made a friend and companion of some sort_of aboriginal representative of our modern dog, and that in return for its aid in_ protecting him from wilder _animals, _and perhaps in guarding his sheep ; and I dwelleth all things for the journey, his father said, Go in Heaven, prosper your journey, and they went forth both, and the young man’s dog goats, he gave it a share of his food, a corner in his dwelling, and grew to trust it a and care for it. There is ample evidence to prove the existence of a semi-domestic dog in pre- historic times. Probably the animal was originally little else than an unusually gentle jackal, or an ailing wolf driven by its companions from the wild marauding pack to seek shelter in alien surroundings. One can well conceive the possibility of the partnership beginning in the circum- stance of some helpless whelps being brought home by the early hunters and being after- ward tended and reared by the women and children. The present-day savage of New 4 THE NEW BOOK was used as a watch-dog; and several varieties are referred to in the cuneiform inscriptions preserved in the British Museum. The Egyptian monuments of about 3000 B.C. present many forms of the domestic dog, and there can be no doubt that among the ancient Egyptians it was as completely a companion of man, as much a favourite in the house, and a help in the chase, as it is among ourselves at present. In the ee. EGYPTIAN HOUNDS. CIRCA 3000 B.C. ORIGINAL TYPE OF THE MODERN GREAT DANE. city of Cynopolis it was reverenced next to the sacred Jackal,* and on the death of a dog the members of the household to which he had belonged carefully shaved their whole bodies, and religiously abstained from using the food, of whatever kind, which happened to be in the house at the time. Among the distinct breeds kept in Egypt there was a massive wolf-dog, a large, heavily-built hound with drooping ears and a pointed head, at least two varieties of Greyhound used for hunting the gazelle, and a small breed of terrier or Turnspit, with short, crooked legs. This last appears to have been regarded as an especial house- hold pet, for it was admitted into the living rooms and taken as a companion for walks out of doors. It was furnished with a collar of leaves, or of leather, or precious metal wrought into the form of leaves, and when it died it was embalmed. Every town throughout Egypt had _ its place of interment for canine mummies. *Petrie’s “ Religions of Ancient Egypt,” and Weidermann’s « Religions of the Egyptians.” OF, THE: DOG, It is in connection with the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt that the first men- tion of the dog in the Bible occurs, and one is led to the inference that the detesta- tion with which the Hebrews regarded the dog may have been due to its being an object of adoration to the Egyptians. This reason alone can hardly have had much weight, however, in view of the fact that the Hebrews themselves kept oxen—animals which were regularly worshipped by the Egyptians ; but possibly there were other more cogent reasons why the dog was not appreciated in Palestine. It may be that the Israelites had the misfor- tune only to know this friend of man in the character of a pariah and a scavenger that fed on offal and the bodies of people who died in the streets (I Kings xiv. IT). Certain it is that in both the Old and New Testaments the dog is commonly spoken of with scorn and contempt as an “unclean beast.” ‘‘ Is thy servant a dog, that he should do this thing ? ”” was a phrase in which the ancient Jew ex- pressed his abhorrence of dirty work. Dogs seem to have been bought and sold, but the price paid for a dog was not acceptable as an offering to God (Deut. xxiii. 18). Even the familiar reference to the Sheepdog in the Book of Job—‘ But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock”—is not without a suggestion of contempt, and it is significant that the only biblical allusion to the dog as a recognised companion of man occurs in the apocryphal Book of Tobit (v. 76). The pagan Greeks and Romans had a kindher feeling for dumb animals than had the Jews. Their hounds, like their horses, were selected with discrimination, bred with care, and held in high esteem, re- ceiving pet names; and the literatures of Greece and Rome contain many tributes to the courage, obedience,’ sagacity, and affectionate fidelity of the dog. The Pheenicians, too, were unquestionably lovers GENERAL EIS TORY of the dog, quick of special breeds. thage, during the to recognise the points In their colony in Car- reign of Sardanapalus, 134903) CLAZED WARE DOG. ALEXANDRIA. ANCIENT TOY DOG, MODELLED IN BLUE GLAZED WARE, FROM ALEXANDRIA. In the British Museum. they had already possessed themselves of the Assyrian Mastiff, which they probably exported to far-off Britain, as they are said to have exported the Water Spaniel to Ireland and to Spain. Il.—The Ferine Strain.—It is a significant circumstance when we come to consider the probable origin of the dog that there are indications of his domestication at such early periods by so many savage peoples in different parts of the world. As we have seen, dogs were more or less subjugated and tamed by primitive man in the Neolithic or Newer Stone age, by the Assyrians, Egyptians, Phcenicians, Greeks, and Romans, as also by the ancient barbaric tribes of the western hemisphere. The important question now arises: Had all these dogs a common origin in a definite parent stock, or did they spring from separate and unrelated parents ? Did the great Neolithic dog of Northern Europe, the Sheepdog of Job’s time, the Grey- hounds, the Wolfhounds, and Lapdogs of Egypt and Nineveh, the Mastiffs of Car- thage, the divinely honoured animals of Peru, and the pariah dogs of the Far East, OF THE DOG. 5 descend from a single pair, or have various wild and indigenous species of Canide been methodically tamed, and by degrees con- verted into true domestic dogs by these differ- ent peoples in different parts of the world ? Half a century ago it was believed that all the evidence which could be brought to bear upon the problem pointed to an independent origin of the dog. It was assumed that, as distinct breeds existed in remote periods of the world’s history, there was actually no time prior to those periods for him to have been evolved from a savage ancestor such as a wolf or a jackal, and that it was highly unlikely that a number of isolated primitive races of men should have separately tamed different wild Canide. Youatt, one of the best authorities on the dog, writing in 1845, argued that “this power of tracing back the dog to the very earliest periods of history, and the fact that he then seemed to be as sagacious, as faithful, and as valuable as at the present day, strongly favours the opinion that he was descended from no inferior and com- paratively worthless animal; and that he MUMMY HEAD OF AN EGYPTIAN HOUND MEASURING NINE INCHES FROM NOSE TO OCCIPUT. FOUND AT THEBES AND PRESERVED IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. was not the progeny of the wolf, the jackal, or the fox, but was originally created, somewhat as we now find him, the asso- ciate and friend of man.” When Youatt wrote, most people believed 6 THE NEW that the world was only six thousand years old, and that species were originally created and absolutely unchangeable. Lyell’s discoveries in geology, however, overthrew the argument of the earth’s chronology and of the antiquity of man, and Darwin’s theory of evolution entirely transformed the accepted beliefs concerning the origin of species and the supposed invariability of animal types. But prior to Youatt’s time the structural similarity between the dog and the other Cantde@ had been discussed by naturalists, and since it was obvious that the tame domestic animal did not precede its wild relative in the order of descent, it was argued that the wolf, the fox, and the jackal were the probable ancestors of the dog. Buffon, the great French naturalist, discussed this question in detail, but came to the conclusion that the dog had never been really a wild animal, and that the Sheepdeg was the original progenitor of all modern varieties. Bell believed that the wolf was the parent, and there are still many who cling to the opinion that all dogs are lineally descended from the fox, while there are some naturalists who discover an affinity between the dog and the bear. None of these views, however, takes a sufficiently wide survey of the whole subject to be worthy of much consideration. The fancitul theory that the wolf and the dog are alike the lineal descendants of the bear may at once be _ briefly dismissed. It is true that there is some correspondence in the dentition of the genus Canis and the genus Ursus, that the pupil of the bear’s eye is round like that of the dog, and that the persistent black and tan colouring which Darwin was perplexed to account for in the dog is present in a marked degree in most of the bears; but no argument can account for the disparity that the anatomy of the bear is different from that of the dog family, that the period of gestation in the bear is five months instead of nine weeks, and that bear cubs are born naked and remain so for a month. The general superficial resemblance be- tween the fox and many of our dogs, such BOOK OF SIE "DOG: as the Chow-Chow, the Pomeranian, some of the terriers, and even the Collie, might well excuse the belief in a relationship. Gamekeepers are often very positive that a cross can be obtained between a dog fox and a terrier bitch; but cases in which this connection is alleged must be accepted with extreme caution. The late Mr. A. D. Bartlett, who was for years the super- intendent of the Zoological Gardens in London, studied this question with minute care, and as a result of experiments and observations * he positively affirmed that he had never met with one well-authenti- cated instance of a hybrid dog and fox. Mr. Bartlett’s conclusions are incontest- able. However much in appearance the supposed dog-fox may resemble the fox, there are certain opposing characteristics and structural differences which entirely dismiss the theory of relationship. These may be tabulated as follows : Eye pupils. Fox.—Vertical. Dog.— Circular. Nose and Fox—Sharp, and Dog.—Round ed, muzzle, the lips thin, but with thick lips whiskers well de- and few whiskers. veloped. Mouth. Fox.—Canine teeth Dog.—Canine teeth long, slender, stout, strong, sharp, and much rather short, not curved. The gape much curved. of the fox is larger than that of a dog of simi- lar size. Ears. Fox.—Colour, out- Dog.—Colour, out- side, black ; in- side, the same as side, thickly the neck and coated with long, back; inside, stiff hair. thinly edged with short hair, Coat. Fox.—Hair long, Dog.—Hair usually points harsh, of uniform colour lower half soft to the base of the and the base hair, although, in dark coloured, the Elkhound, for thick woolly un- example, it is dercoat. light at the base and dark at the points. Dog.—Short, stout, Legs, feet, Fox.—Slender, long, and toes. and with thin and and thick, blunt usually sharp claws directed claws standing downward in the forward. front feet. Tail. Fox.—A round, Dog. — Somewhat woolly brush, flattened, never reaching and touching the ground and ter- minating with a pendulous tuft. reaching the ground and ter- minating in a point. * « Wild Animals in Captivity ’’ (1898). GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG: Il other hand, domestic dogs allowed to run wild forget how to bark, while there are some which have not yet learned so to express themselves. Sir Harry Johnston gives evidence of this in his description of the tame dogs in the neighbourhood of the Zambesi. The passage is not too long to quote: “The dog of Central Africa is the usual small fox-coloured pariah with erect ears and jackal-like head. The tail, which is generally long and smooth, is sometimes carried over the back. Sometimes the colour is mottled—brown and white, or black and white. Still, where these piebald tints are found there is reason to suspect inter- mixture with foreign breeds, the usual African type of the pariah dog being a uniform fox colour. I have sometimes fancied I saw native hunters using a smaller breed of dogs with short legs for terrier work, but I have never actually ascertained that there is such a breed. Dogs are used a good deal for hunting small game. I have never heard of their being employed, as in South Africa, to tackle big animals and bring them to bay. This African dog has a certain attachment to its native master, but it is always suspicious, furtive, and cringing. Europeans they dread strangely, but, though they growl angrily, they are much too cowardly to bite. They have one good negative quality: they cannot bark.’’* It is a reasonable inference that the faculty of barking is acquired and improved by association with civilised man, who has certainly encouraged and cultivated it. The Romans appreciated the sonorous bark- ing of their hounds, as witness Virgil’s reference : “ Vocat ingenti clamore Citheron Taygetique canes.” In medieval times in England it was customary to attune the voices of a pack * « British Central Africa,” by Sir H. H. . Johnston (1897). so that the hounds might be ‘ matched in mouths like bells, each under each.” Henry II., in his breeding of hounds, is said to have been careful not only that they should be fleet, but also “ well-tongued and consonous ”’; and even so late as the reign of Queen Anne it was usual to match the voices of a pack. Thus we read in the Spectator that “ Sir Roger, being at present too old for fox hunting, to keep himself in action, has disposed of his Beagles and got a pack of Stop-hounds. What these want in speed, he endeavours to make amends for by the deepness of their mouths and the variety of their notes, which are suited in such manner to each other, that the whole cry makes up a complete con- Centra: Almost extinct now is this old care to harmonise the song of the pack. But we should not like our hounds to be without music, and we have a healthy contempt for the watch-dog who will not bark. Were we to breed a strain of wolves and jackals in our kennels, we should try to teach them to bark also, and would probably succeed. The presence or absence of the habit of barking cannot, then, be regarded as an argument in deciding the question con- cerning the origin of the dog. This stum- bling block in the discussion consequently disappears, leaving us in the position of agreeing with Darwin, whose final hypoth- esis was formulated in the generalisation that “it is highly probable that the domestic dogs of the world have descended from two good species of wolf (C. lupus and C. latrans), and from two or three other doubtful species of wolves—namely, the European, Indian, and North African forms ; from at least one or two South American canine species ; from several races or species of jackal;—and perhaps from one or more extinct species”; and that the blood of these, in some cases mingled together, flows in the veins of our domestic breeds. THE DOG I2 Ne IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE, * Of the dog in ancient story Many a pleasant tale ts told.” WHATEVER its direct origin, there is in- dubitable proof that the domestic dog in various recognisable breeds was co-existent oanoteeenn: ACTON DEVOURED BY HIS DOGS. GROUP FROM THE VILLA OF ANTONINUS PIUS, CIVITA LAVINIA (British Museum.) with the earliest civilised societies, and that it was the trusted companion of man many hundreds of years prior to the time when it became the painted Briton’s pride. Homer, the first of Greek poets, frequently used the word “dog” as an epithet of contempt and reproach to women lacking in modesty and virtue, applying it to Helen (Lib. VI. 344), whose incontinence was the Mary Howitt cause of the Trojan war; and “ Thou dog in forehead” is his taunt flung at a despic- able man. But generally his allusions are not uncomplimentary to canine sagacity, and they show a certain sympathy and esteem for an animal which was evidently held in high value. When the “God of the silver bow” strikes beasts and men with pestilence, it is said: “Mules first and dogs he struck, but at them- selves, Dispatching soon his bitter arrows keen, Smote them.” Yet, mixed with these friendly dogs there were apparently those of the pariah kind. Cowards in battle are threatened thus: “«. . The vulture’s maw Shall have his carcase, and the dogs his bones.” Shepherd dogs and hounds are more than once indicated : ‘As dogs that careful watch the fold by night, Hearing some wild beast in the woods, which hounds And hunters with tumultuous clamour drive Down from the mountain-top, forego.” all sleep In the Iliad there is also mention of the hunting of lions and boars by dogs. “ They all trembled as dogs around a hon” (Lib. V. 476), and again a brave warrior faces his foes ‘* as when a boar or lion iooking fiercely round, conscious of his strength, turns upon the dogs and huntsmen” (Lib. XII. 41). The Boarhound must have been a favourite in Homer’s time, for it enters frequently into his similes of warfare : Bie DOG IN HISTORY, “As when dogs and swains In prime of manhood, from all quarters rush Around a boar, he from his thicket bolts, The bright tusk whetting in his crooked jaws ; They press him on all si neath Loud gnashing hear, yet firm, his defy.” 7 | es, and from be- Homer’s most celebrated reference to the dog, however, is, of course, the incident in the Odyssey, in which Odysseus, after long years of war and wandering, returned in disguise to Ithaca to be welcomed by his aged dog, Argus, who went up to him with wagging tail and close-clapped ears and straightway died of sheer joy at his master’s unexpected return. Ruskin, in writing of the dog in Art,* says: “The Greeks seem hardly to have done justice to the dog. My pleasure in the entire Odyssey is diminished because Ulysses gives not a word of kindness nor of regret to Argus.” This is true; the disguised king spoke no word, for he did not wish to be recognised by Eumeneus. But he did more than merely speak when he saw his well-remembered hound yield up its last fluttering breath at his feet. “ Odysseus saw, and turned aside To wipe away the tear ; From Eumeneus he chose his grief to hide. s Certainly the Greeks did not do full justice to the dog. Outside of Homer it is rarely noticed in their literature, and seldom favourably. In their sculpture also it was not often introduced. In a work attributed Myron, one of the most skilful artists of ancient times, there is a dog closely resembling our Newfoundland, said to have been the favourite dog of Alcibiades. The two dogs in the familiar “Acteon” group, as also the beautifully modelled pair in the Greco-Roman group found at Monte Cagnolo, small hounds somewhat resembling our Lurcher. Xenophon records two species of Spartan dogs. Reference is made to their * «Modern Painters.” to are use AK AN DI EIT BRATURE. 13 in battle, for which purpose they were sometimes provided with spiked collars, so that the “dogs of war”? was no mere figure of speech. At Marathon one of these dogs gave such assistance to its master that its effigy was engraved upon his tablet. Plutarch, in his life of Themistocles, has a pretty reference to a dog which perished in swimming after its master who had aban- doned it, and who, in remorse, afterwards gave it a decent burial. The Greeks made sacrifice of dogs to the gods of Olympus. The mythical three-headed dog Cerberus was supposed to guard the entrance to Hades and to watch at the feet of Pluto, to which deity a dog and a youth were periodically sacrificed. A great-number of dogs were destroyed in Samothrace in honour of the goddess Hecate. Among the Romans, also, dogs were at certain periods sacrificed to the gods. At the festival of Robigalia, April 25th, a dog GRAECO-ROMAN GROUP OF DOGS OF GREYHOUND TYPE. FOUND AT MONTE CAGNOLO, NEAR THE ANCIENT LANUVIUM. (British Museum.) was offered at the fifth milestone on the Via Claudia.* The Romans were fairly ad- vanced in their knowledge of the dog and lis uses. So much so that a classification *W. Warde Fowler: Republican Period.” «Roman Festivals of the T4 THE NEW was drawn up. Three main divisions were (1) Canes villatica, or watch- pastorales, or dogs; (3) Canes venatici, hunting dogs ; which further subdivided into fug- naces, to attack the quarry; mare sagaces, to track it out ; and pedibus celeres, to over- take it. In their with distant countries the Romans acquired new breeds for particular uses or to improve their own kennels. Symmachus mentions the pres- ence of British pugnaces (which were no doubt Mastiffs) at the Coliseum in Rome, and Claudian refers to— recognised : dogs; (2) Canes sheep- were commerce HAWKING PARTY, SHOWING HUNTING DOGS, From the Bayeux Tapestry. “The British hound That brings the bull’s big forehead to the ” ground Long before the introduction of Chris- tianity into Northern the was understood and appreciated by the Europe dog Scandinavians, who probably obtained many varieties during their commercial expeditions to Italy and the East, and their raiding expeditions ‘‘ West-over-sea.” As one may gather from the Sagas, they were accustomed to the hawks. “One day the King (Olaf, of Sweden) rode out early with his hawks and dogs and men with him. When they let loose the King’s hawk in one flight killed two heathcocks, and at once he again flew killed three more. The dogs ran underneath and took every bird that fell to the ground. The King galloped aiter, and picked up the game himself, and use dogs with the hawks, forward and BOOK OF THE DOG. boasted much. He said, ‘Long will it be before you hunt like this!’ They assem- bled and answered that they thought no king had such luck in hunting. Then they all rode home, and the King was very glad” (Heimskringla, St. Olaf, c. 90). hunting the Northmen possessed other kinds, among which were shepherd and watch-dogs. “When Olaf was in Ireland he went on a coast-raid. As they needed provisions they went ashore and drove down many cattle. A bondi there and asked Olaf Besides dogs, came Olaf to give him back his cows. replied that he might take them if he could recognise them and not delay their journey. The bondi had with him a large sheepdog. He pointed out to it the herd of cattle, which numbered many hundreds. The dog ran through all the herds, and took away as many cows as the bondi had said be- longed to him, and they were all marked with the same mark. Then they acknow- ledged that the dog had found out the right cattle. They thought it a wonderfully wise dog. Olaf asked if the bondi would give him the dog. ‘ Willingly,’ answered the bondi. Olaf at once gave him a gold ring, and promised to be his friend. name was Vigi, and it was the best of all Olaf owned it long after this” (Olaf Triggvason’s Saga, c. 35). From Ireland, also, the Vikings appear to have introduced the great Wolf-hound. In the Saga of Nial’s Burning, Paa (the pea- cock) says to Gunnar : The dog’s dc JOS. DHE DOG IN HISTORY, ART; AND- LITERATURE: 15 “*] wiil give thee three things: a golden bracelet ; a kirtle which belonged to Myr- kiarton, King of Ireland; anda dog which I got in the same country. He is huge of limb, and for a follower equal to an able man. Moreover, he hath man’s wit, and will bark at thine enemies, but never at thy friends. And he will see by each man’s face whether he be ill or well dis- posed towards thee. And he will lay down his life for thee. Samr is his name.’ Then he said to the hound, ‘ From this day follow thou Gunnar, and help him what thou canst. So the hound went to Gunnar, and lay down at his feet, and fawned upon him.” It is interesting to add that Samr, al- though he could not avert the murder of Gunnar, forestalled the performance of the famous dog of Montargis by avenging his master’s death upon his murderer. Sad to relate, however, he was himself killed in revenge, for it is stated that “ Onund of Trollaskog smote Samr on the head with his axe, so that it pierced the brain; and the dog, with a great and wonderful cry, fell dead on the ground.” Like the Greeks and Romans, the Scan- dinavians were in the habit of making sacrifice of dogs as propitiation to their deities. This circumstance does not, how- ever, imply that they did not value their dogs. Indeed, the contrary is the case; they sacrificed what they valued most, and at a very early time the Northmen imposed penalties for the killing of dogs. “Tf a man kills a lapdog of another he must pay twelve aurar if the dog is a lap- dog whose neck one can embrace with one hand, the fingers touching each other; six aurar are to be paid for a greyhound (mjéhund), and for a hunting dog half a mark, and also for a sheepdog, if it is tied by the innermost ox, or untied by the outer- most ox, also at the gate. One aurar is to be paid for a dog guarding the house if it is killed” (Frostath XI. 24). It is more than probable that the Scan- dinavians when founding their colony in that part of France to which they gave the name of Normandy took with them many of their favourite breeds to become the progenitors of the good chiens de Normandie, the white St. Huberts, the Bassets, Griffons, and those chiens courants @ poil ras, of which M. le Comte Lahens owns the few surviving specimens. The Normans, who were always lovers of good canine society, brought dogs with them when they came over to conquer England, but we already possessed many good strains, and our Mastiffs in particular were celebrated, as were our Wolfdogs and Gazehounds. There is a small group of British dogs accompanying a hawking party figured in the Bayeux Tapestry ; but the drawing is crude, and it is hazardous to determine the breeds. One animal appears to be a black Mastiff, although such a dog would hardly be used in the hunting field, even in the eleventh century, and it is to be presumed that all three running in advance of King Harold’s palfrey are hounds. The two smaller dogs cannot be identified, but they are probably terriers rather than spaniels. Between the Roman period .and the Middle Ages materials for the history of the dog are scanty and indefinite, but there is evidence that close attention was given to those breeds which were used in various forms of sport, and in their illuminated manuscripts the inonks were fond of intro- ducing drawings of hounds, many of them very beautiful, more particularly the stately Deerhounds, which rank with the noblest and most intelligent of dogs, and which were classed among the three signs of a gentleman—the two others being his horse and his hawk. It was one of these that was the favourite hound of King Arthur, who hunted with him over the heaths of Tin- tagel or among the woods of Caerleon in pursuit of wolf, boar, or red deer. Very famous was this “hound of deepest voice,” for, whose baying Queen Guinevere listened as she halted with Geraint on the knoll above the waters of Usk, Cavall his name —a name only less famous in Arthurian legend than that of Hodain, the hound linked so strangely with the fates of Tristram and Iseult. Such, too, was the yet more 16 THE NEW BOOK celebrated Bran, the companion of Fingal. “ White-breasted Bran’? was the best of the “nine great dogs,” and the ‘nine smaller game-starting dogs’ which always accom- panied Fingal on his hunting expeditions in Ireland and Scotland. The ‘‘ surly strength of Luath”—another of Fingal’s dogs—is duly celebrated in Gaelic tradition, but he was not so perfect or graceful as Bran, “With his hind legs like a hook or bent bow, His breast like that of a garron (hunting pony), His ear like a leaf.” In the early ages in England the hounds entered greatly into the superstitions of the people. They were believed to be quick to detect the presence of invisible spirits, and in connection with this aptitude for seeing into the spirit-world they were often the outward objects through which devils and demons made their appearance. There are persons—Mr. Rider Haggard among the number—who still aver that dogs can reappear as ghosts, and in many remote places it is said that the Hounds of Gabriel can be heard at night racing in full cry above the gables, foreboding trouble to those within. This belief in the Wild Huntsman and his train of clam- orous hounds is one of the most widespread superstitions in Europe. It probably origin- ated in the gabble of migrating geese. Mention of the melancholy story of the “peerless hound,” Gelert, ought not to be omitted. Tradition has it that King John gave Gelert in 1205 to Llewellyn, who was his son-in-law, and there is a village called Bedd Gelert, near Snowdon, where the faithful hound’s grave is pointed out. But the incident of a dog being killed in mis- take for the wolf which was supposed to have slain his master’s heir dates from much earler times. It appears through all the folk-tales, and was _ probably derived from ancient Hindostan.* And * «This famous tale is told Lucknow, and Kashmir. as in the at Haidarabad, In its more usual form, Panchatantra and the collection of Somadeva, the mongoose takes the place of the dog and kills the cobra on the baby’s cradle.’’— W. Crooke, B.A., ‘‘ Popular Religion and Folk- lore of Northern India.” OF THE DOG: this reference reminds one of the extent to which dog-worship prevailed in India from prehistoric times, and which is still continued, especially in connection with the god Bhairon. The temple of Bhairon, in Benares, is the only sacred building into which the dog is privileged to enter. Throughout India the dog is held in respect, as it is in all Moham- medan lands. In no country where this was not the case could there have originated so beautiful a legend as that of Yudishthira, who, on appealing to Indra for entrance into heaven, asked that his dog might accompany him. Indra rephed that his heaven had no place for dogs. Whereupon Yudishthira responded: ‘‘Then I go not into heaven, for to abandon the faithful and devoted is an endless crime, like the murder of a Brahmin. Never, therefore, come weal or woe, will I abandon that faithful dog that hath trusted in my power to save it.” Or that other equally beau- tiful story, re-told by Sir Edwin Arnold, of the woman who, while being led to her death, caught sight of a helpless dog lying at the wayside exhausted by the fierce heat, glaring upon the water that was out of his reach. The woman in compassion paused and drew off her embroidered shoe, and, making a cup of the heel’s hollow, dipped it in the neighbouring well and gave a draught to the parched hound, which fawned upon her in gratitude. The King who had con- demned her marked the merciful act, and in sudden clemency bade the woman go free, saying, “Thou hast shown pity to this brute beast in its misery. I dare not show less pity unto thee.” In Western countries, as in Oriental, the dog has had its special protecting deities and its patron saints. St. Eustace is the patron of dogs in the South of Europe. In the North it is St. Hubert, who presides over the chase and the destinies of dogs. He is said to have been so inordinately fond of the chase that he neglected his religious duties for his favourite amusement; till one Good Friday, when hunting in the forest with his famous hounds of the breed which has since borne his name, he was confronted tHE DOG IN HISTORY, by a stag bearing a crucifix between its antlers, threatening him with eternal per- dition unless he reformed. Upon this he entered the cloister and became in time Bishop of Liége and the apostle of Ardennes and Brabant. He died at an advanced AOC AUD 727. THE VISION OF ST. HUBERT. FROM THE PAINTING BY MAUD EARL. The festival of St. Hubert is still held on November 2nd, and on that day crowds of pilgrims assemble at his shrine to invoke a blessing on themselves and on their dogs. At the church of Lime, where some relics of the saint are preserved, the following rhyme —half charm, half prayer—is recited : “ Saint Hubert glorieux, Dieu me soit amoureux Trois choses me défend ; De la nuit du serpent, Mauvais loup, mauvais chien, Mawuvats bétes enragées Ne puissent m’approcher, Me voir, ne me toucher, Non plus qwétoile au ciel,” and it is believed that his blessing or a 3 ART, AND) EITERATURE. 17 thread from his miraculous stole is more efficacious in cases of hydrophobia than all the prophylactics of Pasteur. The St. Hubert hounds were mighty of body, with legs somewhat low and short—Bloodhounds It is to be doubted whether one of this famous race of rather than Greyhounds. ““St. Hubert’s breed, Unmatched for courage, strength, ” and speed could now be anywhere discovered. Much might be written of the famous dogs of history—of the Mastiffs of the Knights of Rhodes, who could distinguish a Turk from a Christian by the smell of him ; of the Spanish Bloodhounds, who helped in the conquest of Mexico and Peru ; of Mathe, the favourite of ue Froissart his fawn upon and remain in the service of Richard who, as asserts, deserted master to the usurper; and of the Spaniel which saved the Dutch Republic by waking William the Silent during the night attack on the camp before Mons. But 18 THE NEW it is too large a subject to be dealt with here. As for the dog in art, it would occupy the leisure of a lifetime adequately to treat sO immense a theme. Yet it is a study which would yield great results. The student who should visit the galleries of Europe and take careful note of not only the magnificent canvases of Titian and Velasquez and Veronese, in which the Bloodhound so frequently looks out, grand as surly kings and admirals, but also the paintings of all other masters from the earliest times to own Landseer and Riviere, would confer an invaluable boon upon all lovers of canine nature. Hitherto this method of tracing the dog’s history and variations has only been done in con- nection with one breed, by Mr. W. Arkwright, whose monograph on the Pointer is a verit- able monument of erudition and discernment. From the old flea-bitten Argus that first master in the Odyssey down to Pope’s Bounce, Byron’s Boatswain, Sir Walter Scott’s Maida, to Matthew Arnold’s Geist and Kaiser, and to Mrs. Browning’s Flush, particular dogs our recognised his disguised have been celebrated in the history of letters. There is not much trace of a real appreciation of the more generous kinds, at least as friends and companions, in the range of French literature. On the other hand, there is scarcely one great British poet, from Chaucer to Burns and Moore and Tennyson, who does not, more or less directly, impress us with the whole conviction that he was a true lover of dogs. In prose literature it is the same. The dog appears now and then in the novels of Fielding and Smollett. Dr. Johnson was a lover of dogs, and knew the points of a 3ulldog.* Scott was noted as a_ good * Johnson, after examining the animal atten- ‘No, sir, he is not well shaped, for there is not the quick transition from the thickness of the fore part to the tenuity—the thin part—behind, ” Taylor said a small Bulldog was as good as alarge one. Johnson : «No, sir; for in proportion to his size he has strength, and your argument would prove that a may be as (BoswELL, 1777.) tively : which a Bulldog ought to have. good Bulldog small as a mouse.” BOOK OF "THE DOG; judge of all breeds. Perhaps the first author to make a dog the hero and chief character in a story was Captain Marryat, in ‘‘Snarleyow,” which was earlier than Dr. John Brown’s delightful ‘‘ Rab and His Friends.” Ouida, who has done so much towards promoting a greater kind- ness to animals, infused with pathos her admirable story of ‘A Dog of Flanders.” Nor should we forget Mr. Anstey’s “ Black Poodle,” or Mr. Robert Hichens’ ‘ Black Spaniel,” or Maurice Maeterlinck’s beau- tiful tribute to his dead Pelléas in ‘“‘ My Dog.” Mr. Ollivant’s ‘*Owd Bob,” with its thrilling descriptions of Sheepdog trials in the dales of Kenmuir, is one of the best of fictional dog books, comparable only with Jack London’s two deeply impressive stories of the huskies of North-West Canada, * The Call of the Wild,” and ‘‘ White Fang,” in which is embodied from two points of view the argument of the close relation- ship between the dog and the wolf; Buck being a_ respectable civilised dog who answers to the “* Call of the Wild,” and joins a pack of wolves, and White Fang being a starved, wolfine hanger-on to a dog-sled who gradually adopts the ways of trained and intelligent dogs. Women have always played an important part in our British love of the dog, and it is interesting to note that the earliest printed work in the English language in which the various breeds then in existence were scientificaJly classified was the ‘“‘ Book of Field Sports,” written by Dame Juliana Berners, who was Prioress of St. Alban’s, about the middle of the fifteenth century.* The catalogue of breeds in her was not an_ extensive one. ‘‘ Thyse ben the names of houndes,” she wrote, ‘‘ fyrste there is a Grehoun, a Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastif, a Lemor, a Spanyel, Raches, Kenettys, Teroures, Butchers’ Houndes, Dunghyll dogges, Tryn- deltaylles, and Pryckeryd currys, and smalle ladyes poppees that bere awaye the flees.” volume *Edward Plantagenet’s ‘‘Master of Game,’ in which sporting dogs are interestingly dealt with, was written earlier, it is true, but it remained for centuries in inaccessible manuscript. fHE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 19 The list is instructive, since it shows that over four centuries ago at least five of the varieties already owned the names by which we know them to-day. Dame Juliana Berners was nearly a hundred years in advance of Dr. John Keys, or Caius, who in 1570, or there- abouts, wrote a treatise on the English dog. During his student days, in 1541, Caius made a long sojourn in Italy. In Padua, where he took his M.D. degree, he became intimately acquainted with Andreas Vesalius, the celebrated anatom- ist, with whom he resided for eight months, and who introduced him to Conrad Gesner, the famous naturalist. Gesner was then engaged upon his very ponderous “ His- tory of Animals,” published eight years afterwards in four folio volumes, and he requested his friend to furnish him with information on the dog. Caius, on return- ing to Cambridge, gathered the required facts and embodied them in a long letter, written, of course, in Latin, which was afterwards translated and published under the title: “Of Englishe Dogges: A Short Treatise in Latine by Johannes Caius, drawne into Englishe by Abraham Fleming, 1576.” Apart from its historical interest the treatise is now of no great value, but it shows that even in the reign of Queen Elizabeth such types as those of the Mastiff, the Bulldog, the Bloodhound, Greyhound, Beagle, Setter, Pointer, and Spaniel were already clearly differentiated, and it recog- nised the importance of special training for the sporting breeds and the value of the contributory work of the terrier in un- earthing the fox and driving the otter from his holt. According to Dr. Caius— A gentle kind, serving the game. [ A homely kind, apt for sundry neces- sary uses. A currish kind, meet for toyes. All Englishe dogges + be eyther of | many He divides the first of these classes into two sections—Venatici, which were used for the purpose of hunting beasts; and Aucupatorii, which served in the pursuit of fowl. The Venatici are described by him as: Terrarius, or Terrars. Sanguinarius, or Bloodhounds. Agaseus, or Gazehounds. Leporarius, or Grehounds. Lorarius, or Lyemmer. Vertigus, or Tumbler. Canis furax, or Stealer. Dogges serving y pastime of _ hunting beastes | | Leverarius, or Harriers. are divided into The next section is devoted to Aucupa- tort, which comprised— Dogs used for { /ndex, or Setter. fowling | Aquaticus, or Spaniell. “The first,” Dr. Caius notes, “ findeth game on the land. The other findeth game on the water.” And he proceeds to give an ample account of the work of the Spaniel and the Setter. His fourth section consists of the follow- ing varieties of the dog: Canis Pastoralis, or) which hath (Keeper’sor Watch. The Shepherd’s sundry man’s. Dogge. names Butchers Dogge. The Mastive, or derived Messinger’sor Car- Bandogge, - from ¢{ rier’s. called sundry Mooner. Canis Villaticus, circum- Water Drawer. or stances, |Tinker’s Curr. Carbenarius. as Fencer. In the concluding section are the Admonitor, or Wapp. Vernerpator, or Turnespet. Saltator, oc Dauncer. Thus we see that Dr. Caius was able to add very considerably to the number of breeds noted by Dame Juliana Berners. His state- ments concerning some of the dogs he describes are sometimes extremely vague and indirect, but one has to remember that most of his information was gathered, not from personal knowledge of dogs or from books previously published, but from in- quiry among the sporting friends whom, as physician to the Queen, he met at the court of Elizabeth, and of whom one was certainly Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, an authority of some significance, since he was the first sportsman to train setting dogs in the manner generally adopted by his successors and continued to the present time. 20 SECTION A: NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS: GHAPTER. .. THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. BY “The deep mouth'd CANIS MOLOSSUS. From ‘‘Icones Animalium" (1780), by G. F, Riedel. now established as British, not a few have had their origin in other lands, whence specimens have been into this course of time to be so improved by selection that to be commonly accepted as breeds. are protected from the claim that they are indigenous by the fact that their origin is indicated in their names. No would pretend that the St. Bernard or the New- foundland, the Spaniel or the Dalmatian, are of native breed. They are alien immi- grants whom we have naturalised, as we are naturalising the majestic Great Dane, the decorative Borzoi, the alert Schipperke, () the many different kinds of dogs imported country, in they have come native Some one Wise ie TAUNTON. Mastiff bays the troubled night.”—KIRKE WHITE. and the frowning Chow-Chow, which are of such recent introduction that they must still be regarded as half-acclimatised for- eigners. But of the antiquity of the Mastiff there can be no doubt. He is the oldest of our British dogs, cultivated in these islands for so many centuries that the only difficulty concerning his history is that of tracing his descent, and discovering the period when he was not familiarly known. It is possible that the Mastiff owes his origin to some remote ancestor of alien strain. The Assyrian kings possessed a large dog of decided Mastiff type, and used it in the hunting of lions; and credible authorities have perceived a similarity in size and form between the British Mastiff and the fierce Molossian dog of the ancient Greeks. It is supposed by many students that the breed was introduced into early Britain by the adventurous Phoenician traders who, in the sixth century B.c., voyaged to the Scilly Islands and Corn- wall to barter their own commodities in exchange for the useful metals. [knowing the requirements of their barbarian customers, these early merchants from Tyre and Sidon are believed to have brought some of the larger pugnaces, which would be readily accepted by the Britons to supplant, or improve, their courageous but undersized fighting dogs. Before the invasion by Julius Cesar, 55 B.c., the name of Britain was little THE, ENGEISH known to the Romans, and it is not to be wondered at that Virgil makes no refer- ence to British dogs ; but Gratius Faliscus, writing in the eighth year of the Christian era, recorded that the pugnaces of Epirus —the true Molossian dogs—were pitted MASTIFF. 21 best specimens the Roman emperors ap- pointed a special officer, Procurator Cynegii, who was stationed at Winchester and en- trusted with the duty of selecting and ex- porting Mastifis from England to Rome. This statement is frequently repeated by THE MASTIFF. From ‘** The Sportsman's Cabinet’ (1803). By P. Reingale, R.A. against the pugnaces of Britain, which over- powered them. Gratius further indicates that there were two kinds of the British pugnaces, a larger and a smaller, suggesting the existence of both the Bulldog and the Mastiff, the latter being employed to protect flocks and herds. Strabo, writing some thirty years later, refers to British dogs used in hunting and in warfare, and, mentioning the pugnaces, he especially re- marks that they had flabby lips and droop- ing ears. The courage of the * broad mouthed dogs of Britain ” was recognised and highly prized by the Romans, who employed them for combat in the amphitheatre. Many writers have alleged that in order to secure the persons who have mistaken the word cynecit for cynegit, and confounded the title of a weaver’s agent with that of an exporter of dogs. An officer appointed to ship fighting Mastiffs to Rome would have been Procurator Pugnacium vel Molos- sorum. In Anglo-Saxon times every two villeins were required to maintain one of these dogs for the purpose of reducing the number of wolves and other wild animals. This would indicate that the Mastiff was recog- nised as a capable hunting dog; but at a later period his hunting instincts were not highly esteemed, and he was not re- garded as a peril to preserved game; for in the reign of Henry III. the Forest Laws, 22 THE NEW: BOOK which prohibited the keeping of all other breeds by unprivileged persons, permitted the Mastiff to come within the precincts of a forest, imposing, however, the condition that every such dog should have the claws of the fore feet removed close to the skin. A scrutiny was held every third year to ascertain that this law was strictly obeyed. The name Mastiff was probably applied to any massively built dog. It is not easy to trace the true breed amid the various names which it owned. Molossus, Alan, Alaunt, Tie-dog, Bandog (or Band-dog), were among the number. In the “ Knight’s Tale ” Chaucer refers to it as the Alaunt : “Aboute his char ther wenten whyte Alaunts, Twenty and mo, as grete as any steer, To hunten at the leoun or the deer, And folwed him, with mosel faste ybounde, Colers of gold, and torets fyled rounde.”’ The names Tie-dog and Bandog intimate that the Mastiff was commonly kept for guard, but many were specially trained for baiting bears, imported lions, and bulls. The sport of bear-baiting reached its glory in the sixteenth century. Queen Elizabeth was fond of witnessing these displays of animal conflict, and during her progresses through her realm a_bear-baiting was a customary entertainment at the places such as Kenilworth and Hatfield at which she rested. Three trained Mastiffs were accounted a fair match against a_ bear, four against a lion; but Lord Buckhurst, Elizabeth’s ambassador to France in 1572, owned a great Mastiff which, unassisted, successfully baited a bear, a leopard, and a lion, and pulled them all down. In the representations of the Mastiff in the paintings of the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries, the dog was usually shown white blaze up the face and an undershot jaw, the ears were cropped and the tail was shortened. Barnaby Googe in 1631 gave a description of the Bandog for the house which enables us to apprehend what it was like in the time of Charles I.—a monarch who admired and kept the breed. ‘First, the Mastie that keepeth the house. For this purpose you must provide with a OF- THE: DOG: you such a one as hath a large and mightie body, a great and shrill voyce, that both with his barking he may discover, and with his sight dismaye the theefe, yea, being not seene, with the horror of his voice put him to flight. His stature must be neither long nor short, but well set ; his head, great ; his eyes, sharp and fiery, either browne or grey; his lippes, blackish, neither turning up nor hanging too much down; _ his mouth black and wide; his neather jaw, fat, and coming out of it on either side a fang appearing more outward than his other teeth ; his upper teeth even with his neather, not hanging too much over, sharpe, and hidden with his lippes; his counten- ance, like a lion; his brest, great and shag hayrd; his shoulders, broad; his legges, bigge; his tayle, short; his feet, very great. His disposition must neither be too gentle nor too curst, that he neither faune upon a theefe nor flee upon his friends ; very waking; no gadder abroad, nor lavish of his mouth, barking without cause; neither maketh it any matter though he be not swifte, for he is but to fight at home, and to give warning of the enemie.” Coming to more recent times, there is constant record of the Mastiff having been kept and carefully bred for many generations in certain old families. One of the oldest strains of Mastiffs was that of Lyme Hall, in Cheshire. They were large, powerful dogs, and longer in muzzle than those which we are now accustomed to see. Mr. Kingdon, who was an ardent Mastiff breeder fifty years ago, maintained that this strain had been preserved without any outcross whatever. On the other hand, it has been argued that this is a statement impossible to prove, as no record of pedi- grees was kept. One well-known breeder of former years goes further than this, and states that Mr. Legh had admitted to him that an outcross had been resorted to. Another old and valuable strain was that of the Mastiffs kept by the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth. It is to these two strains that the dogs of the present day trace back. ‘YSa1145980VvV31 LY380u ALt S3HL ATYSI O3y13SH1]A VAID1S NOldWYHO HOLIs 3511S THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. During the earlier part of the past cen- tury the most noted Mastiff breeders were Mr. Lukey and Captain Garnier, and a little later Mr. Edgar Hanbury. Mr. Lukey laid the foundation of his kennel, which afterwards became so famous, by the purchase of a brindle bitch from the Chats- worth kennels. Among the many celebrated dogs owned and bred by Mr. Lukey must 23 Bloodhounds, a breed with which his mame will ever be _ associated. Mr. Green’s Monarch (2,316) was another fawn standing over 33 inches high. As a sire he was principally noted as having sired Scawfell (5,311), Nero (6,373), and Gwen- dolen (6,390). The last, when mated with Cardinal, produced many good Mastifis. Rajah (2,333) was a well-known winner MR. EDGAR HANBURY'’S RAJAH BY GRIFFIN—PHYLLIS. Drawn from lsfe by R. H. Moore. be mentioned Governor, whose name ap- pears in the pedigrees of most Mastiffs of note. He was the grandsire of those two celebrated Mastiffs Mr. Hanbury’s Rajah and Mr. Field’s King, the sire of Turk, bred by Miss Anglionby. Mr. E. Nichols, Miss Hales, Mrs. Rawlinson, and the Rev. M. B. Wynne, were well-known breeders and successful exhibitors in the early days of dog shows. The following are a few of the most celebrated Mastiffs of the past forty years : Turk (2,349) mentioned above, was a fawn, and was considered the best Mastiff of his day; he won numerous prizes for his different owners, and eventually ended his days in the kennels of Mr. Edwin Brough, who relinquished Mastiffs in favour of in the early ’seventies, but it is not as a show dog alone that this dog has a claim to be mentioned, for he sired many good Mastiffs, who in their turn left their mark on the breed. Among them tioned Mr. Nichol’s Prince, that was more useful at the the show bench, and The Shah (4,457), bred by Mr. Balleston, and afterwards owned by Mr. C. T. Harris, by whom he was claimed upon his first appearance as a puppy at the Crystal Palace, 1874. He was not quite so flat in skull as he should have been, but otherwise he was a fine Mastiff; the best of his stock was The Emperor (9,340). Crown Prince (10,544) was a fawn dog with a Dudley nose and light eye, and was may be men- a small dog stud than on 24 THE. NEW -BOOK’ OF THE “DOG. BEAUFORT. THE CELEBRATED CH. BRED BY REPUTED TO BE THE MOST PERFECT MASTIFF Photograph by Schreiber. pale in muzzle, and whilst full credit must be given to him for having sired many good Mastiffs, he must be held responsible for the faults in many specimens of more recent years. Unfortunately, he was indiscrim- inately bred from, with the result that in a very short time breeders found it impossible to find a Mastiff unrelated to him. The registered pedigree of Crown Prince is by Young Prince by Prince, mentioned above, but the correctness of this pedigree was disputed at the time. The matter thoroughly investigated, and there was not sufficient evidence to show that any other dog was the sire. He was bred by Mr. Woolmore, and claimed by the Rev. W. J. Mellor first appearance on the show bench after he had awarded him first prize. He afterwards passed into the hands of Dr. Winslow, and upon the dispersal of that exhibitor’s Mastiffs was sold for 180 guineas. Mr. Beaufoy’s Beau (6,356) proved his Was upon his Forbes MR. W. K. TAUNTON BY BEAU-——LADY ISABEL. OF THE PAST TWENTY YEARS. claim to be considered a pillar of the stud book by siring Beaufort (18,504), unques- tionably one of the best Mastiffs of the past twenty years. He was a frequent winner both in this country and in America, where he was placed at stud for a time. Cardinal (8,410) was a rich, dark brindle, and one of the most successful sires of his day. He inherited his colour from his dam, a daughter of Wolsey. If for no other reason, Cardinal deserves special mention, as it is mainly due to him that the brindle colour in Mastiffs has been preserved, for I believe that I shall not be wrong in saying that every prize winning brindle of recent years is a direct descendant of this dog. The result of crossing his progeny with Crown Prince and Beaufort blood was eminently satisfactory. Among others of his descendants may be mentioned Mare An- tony, Marksman, Invicta, Colonel Cromwell, and Marcus Superba, who died quite young, but not without leaving stock behind THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. 25 him that have been a credit to him as a sire. It is to be deplored that ever since the era of Crown Prince there has been a per- ceptible diminution in the number of good examples of this fine old English breed, and that from being an admired and fashionable dog the Mastiff has so declined in popularity that few are to be seen either at exhibitions or in breeders’ kennels. At the Crystal Palace in 1871 there were as many as sixty-three Mastiffs. on show, forming a line of benches two hundred yards long, and not a bad one among them; whereas at a dog show held twenty-five years later, where more than twelve hundred dogs were entered, not a single Mastiff was benched. The difficulty of obtaining dogs of un- blemished pedigree and superlative type may partly account for this decline, and another reason of unpopularity may be that the Mastiff requires so much attention to keep him in condition that without it he is apt to become indolent and heavy. Nevertheless, the mischief of breeding too continuously from one strain such as that of Crown Prince has to some extent been eradicated, and we have had many splendid Mastifis since his time. Crown Prince was by no means the only great Mastiff bred in Mr. Woolmore’s kennels. Special men- tion should be made of that grand bitch Cambrian Princess (12,833), by Beau. She was purchased by Mrs. Willins, who, mating her with Maximilian (a dog of her own breeding by The Emperor), obtained Mint- ing, who shared with Beaufort the reputation of being unapproached for all round merit in any period. It was a misfortune to the breed that Minting was allowed to leave this country for the United States, where he was easily able to hold his own on the show bench, Beaufort, his only equal, not THE BEAUTIFUL FAWN MASTIFF CH. MINTING BY MAXIMILIAN——CAMBRIAN PRINCESS. EXPORTED IN 1888 TO THE UNITED STATES, WHERE HE WAS REGARDED AS SECOND ONLY TO CH. BEAUFORT Photograph by Schretber. 4 26 arriving in America until after Minting’s death. Of Mastiff breeders of recent years Mr. J. Sidney Turner will always be remem- THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. Mr. Robert Leadbetter has also been prominent among the owners of this mag- nificent breed. His kennel at Haslemere Park is one of the largest at present in England. He _ started by purchasing Elgiva, a well-known and un- beaten champion who won many — specials open to other breeds as well as her own. It is to be regretted that Elgiva failed to contribute progeny to- wards the continuance of her kind. Among other Mastiffs owned by Mr. Leadbetter may be mentioned Marcella, a bitch descended from Captain Piddocke’s strain, and Prince Son- derberg, one of Mr. Laguhee’s breeding by MelInotte out of Nell. Prince Sonderberg’s re- MR. C. AUBREY SMITH'S COLONEL CROMWELL, BRED BY MR. A. W. LUCAS BY INVICTA——LEDA. bered as the breeder of Beaufort, Hotspur, Orlando, and other Mastiffs, which have left their mark on the breed. Unfortunately, Mr. Turner did not continue his breeding operations beyond the second generation ; otherwise, judging from his success during the time kept Mastiffs, should probably have seen more of these dogs of high quality than been the of late. Mr. Mark Beaufoy’s name will be principally associated with Beau, although he owned several others of acknow- ledged merit. At one time the kennels of Captain and Mrs. J. L. Piddocke contained many excellent Mastiffs, Toozie, Jubilee Beauty, and Ogilvie being remarkably good headed dogs. Lieut.-Colonel Walker, al- though not a very frequent exhibitor, has been a persistent breeder for many years, and has bred several Mastiffs of which anyone might be proud. he we has case cent death has unfor- tunately deprived us of a dog which might have won distinction. Mr. C. Aubrey Smith is an enthusiastic admirer of the breed, and has owned several prize Mastiffs, among which is Colonel Cromwell. He is a fawn of large size, and a dog that should do well at stud, although I do not call to mind any of his progeny that have yet made a great name on the show bench. This dog was bred by Mr. A. W. Lucas, a breeder of many years’ standing, who can claim to have produced more prize Mastiffs within recent years than any other breeder. Among a few of his breeding that occur to me there are Black Prince (1,377 G) and Paula (1,418 H), both now the property of Mr. J. H. Martin of Bangor, Maine, U.S.A., their sire Invicta (1,375 C), Marcus Superba, and many others, including Lady Claypole and Marchioness. The last two are the property of Mr. Spalding, who recently turned his attention to the Mastiff with very satisfactory results, his BORN 1899. THE ENGLISH MASTIFF. 27 Helmsley Defender and others of his breed- ing having secured prizes at most of the principal shows. The following description of a perfect Mastiff, taken from the Old English Mastiff Club’s ** Points of a Mastiff,” is so ad- mirable that I need hardly add any- thing as to what future breeders should aim to attain. If they will study this description carefully and use all their efforts to produce a Mastiff as near it in all points as can be, I feel confident that they will be more satis- fied with the result than is likely to be the case if they give their atten- tion to certain qualities and leave the others to take care of themselves. THE PERFECT MASTIFF. t. General Character and Symmetry.— Large, massive, powerful, symmetrical and well-knit frame. A combination of grandeur and good nature, courage and docility. 2. General Description of Head.—In gen- eral outline, giving a square appearance when viewed from any point. Breadth greatly to be desired, and should be in ratio to length of the whole head and face as 2 to 3. 3. General Description of Body.—Massive, broad, deep, long, powerfully built, on legs wide apart, and Muscles sharply defined. Size a great desideratum, if combined with quality. Height and substance if both points are proportionately squarely set. important combined. 4. Skull.—Broad between the ears, forehead flat, but wrinkled attention is excited. Brows (superciliary ridges) slightly raised. Mus- cles of the temples and cheeks (temporal and masseter) well developed. Arch across the skull of a rounded, flattened curve, with a depression up the centre of the forehead from the medium line between the eyes, to half way up the sagittal suture. 5. Face or Muzzle.—Short, broad under the eyes, and keeping nearly parallel in width to the end of the nose ; truncated, 7.e. blunt and cut off square, thus forming a right angle with the upper line of the face, of great depth from the point of the nose to under jaw. Under jaw broad to the end; canine teeth healthy, powerful, and wide apart; incisors level, or the lower projecting beyond the upper, but never sufficiently so as to become visible when the mouth is closed. Nose broad, with widely spreading nostrils when viewed from the front ; flat (not pointed or turned up) in profile. Lips diverging at obtuse angles with when Photograph by the septum, and slightly pendulous so as to show a square profile. Length of muzzle to whole head and face as 1 to 3. Circumference of muzzle (measured midway between the eyes and nose) to that of the head (measured before the ears) as 3 to 5. MR. SPALDING’S CH. HELMSLEY DEFENDER BY BLACK PRINCE——LADY CLAYPOLE. Russell. 6. Ears.—Small, thin to the touch, wide apart, set on at the highest points of the sides of the skull, so as to continue the outline across the summit, and lying flat and close to the cheeks when in repose. 7. Eyes.—Small, wide apart, divided by at least the space of two eyes. The stop between the eyes well marked, but not too abrupt. Colour hazel-brown, the darker the better, showing no haw. 8. Neck, Chest and Ribs—Neck—Slightly arched, moderately long, very muscular, and measuring in circumference about one or two inches less than the skull before the ears. Chest—Wide, deep, and well let down between the fore-legs. Ribs arched and well-rounded. False ribs deep and well set back to the hips. Girth should be one- third more than the height at the shoulder. Shoulder and Arm—Slightly sloping, heavy and muscular. g. Forelegs and Feet.—Legs straight, strong, and set wide apart; bones very large. Elbows square. Pasterns upright. Feet large and round. Toes well arched up. Nails black. 28 THE “NEW, BOOK to. Back, Loins and Flanks.—Back and loins flat and very wide in a Great depth cf wide and muscular ; bitch, shghtly arched in a dog. flanks. 11. Hind Legs and Feet.—Hind quarters broad, wide, and muscular, with well developed second thighs, hocks bent, wide apart, and quite squarely set when standing or walking. Feet round. MR. W. SHEARER CLARK'S BRINDLE LORD JIM BY TOM BOWLING——SELINA. AN EXAMPLE OF THE SHORT-FACED MASTIFF. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw, 12. Tail—Put on high up, and reaching to a little below them, wide at its root and tapering to the end, hanging straight in repose, but forming a curve, with the end point- ing upwards, but not over the back, when the dog is excited. 13. Coat—Colour.—Coat short and close lying, but not too fine over the shoulders, neck, and Colour, apricot or silver fawn, or fawn-brindle. should be black, with black round the orbits, and extending upwards between them. the hocks, or back. dark In any case, muzzle, ears, and nose Scale of Points. General character and symmetry . 10 Body (height and substance) . . 10 Skull 38 cs WIS 2 sain et ete, 4S Face and muzzle. . . . . . 18 Ears a; “SM cg movement, appear- ing to walk with short, quick steps on the tip of his toes, his hindfeet not being lifted high but appearing to skim the ground, and running with the right shoulder rather advanced, similar to the manner of a horse when cantering. The foregoing minute description of the various show points of a Bulldog indicates that he should have the appearance of a thick-set Ayrshire or Highland bull. In stature he should be low to the ground, broad and compact, the body being carried and not on the forelegs. He should stand over a great deal of ground, and have the appearance of immense power. The height of the foreleg should not exceed the distance from the elbow to the centre of the back, between the shoulder blades. Considerable importance is attached to the freedom and activity displayed by the Deformed joints, between animal in its movements. or weakness, are very objectionable. The head should be strikingly massive and carried low, the face short, the muzzle very broad, blunt, and inclined upwards. The body should be short and well-knit, the limbs, and The hind- quarters should be very high and strong, but rather lightly made in comparison with the heavily-made fore-parts. As an indication of the relative value of the points mentioned in the toregoing description the following standard of points stout muscular. is inserted :— Mouth Width and squareness of jaw a2 Projection and up- ward turn of lower jaw : ee Size and condition of of teeth I a) Chop . Breadth 2 Depth : Sab, Complete covering of front teeth 51 ree a). HEYWOOD DUCHESS. THE FAMOUS BULLDOG CH. SILENT DUCHESS BY STOLID JOE——CH. OWNED BY MR. AND MRS. ARTHUR MAYOR, BIERTON, AYLESBURY. From THE PAINTING BY FRANCES C. FAIRMAN 3 Face . Stop . Skull Eyes . Ears . Chest & Neck Shoulders Body . Back Roach . Forelegs . Hind Legs Shortness Breadth . Depth ¢ ; Shape and upward turn of muzzle Wrinkles. Depth Breadth . Extent Size Height : : Breadth and square- ness Shape. Wrinkles Position . Size Shape Colour Position . Shape Size Thinness Length Thickness Arch Dewlap . ; : Width, depth, and roundness of chest Size j Breadth . Muscle Depth and thickness of brisket : Capacity and round- ness of ribs Shortness F Width of shoulders . Shape, strength, and arch of loin Stoutness Shortness Development Feet Stoutness Length : : Shape and develop- ment . Feet BULLDOG: 49 Size 3 3 : : 4 5 Coadtane- 3 ; : ; ; 5 Tail ; : : c : 5 General appearance : : LO Total . 5 2690) Whilst I do not wish to encroach upon the chapters in this work devoted to the care and veterinary treatment of dogs in general, I yet feel that it is desirable to touch upon certain matters affecting the Bulldog in particular. It must be acknowledged, in the first place, that there are many strains of this breed which are constitutionally unsound. For this reason it is important that the novice should give very careful considera- tion to his first purchase of a Bulldog. He should ascertain beyond all doubt, not only that his proposed purchase is itself sound in wind and limb, but that its sire and dam are, and have been, in similarly healthy condition. The dog to be chosen should be physically strong and show pronounced muscular development. If these require- ments are present and the dog is in no sense a contradiction of the good qualities of its progenitors, but a justification of its pedigree, care and good treatment will do the rest. It is to be remembered, however, that a Bulldog may be improved by judicious exercise. When at exercise, or taking a walk with his owner, the young dog should always be held by a leash. He will in- variably pull vigorously against this re- straint, but such action is beneficial, as it tends to develop the muscles of the shoulders and front of the body. When taking up the Bulldog fancy, nine out of every ten novices choose to purchase a male. I always advise the contrary course and recommend a bitch. The female is an equally good com- panion in the house or on the road; she is not less affectionate and faithful; and when the inevitable desire to attempt to reproduce the species is reached the beginner has the means at once available. It is always difficult for the uninitiated to select what is likely to be a good dog from the nest. In choosing a puppy care 50 THE NEW should be taken to ensure that it has plenty of bone in its hmbs, and these should be fairly short and wide; the nostrils should be large and the face as short as possible. The chop should be thick and heavily wrinkled and the mouth square. There should be a distinct indent in the upper jaw, where the bone will eventually curve, whilst the lower jaw should show sings of curvature and protrude slightly in front of the upper jaw. MESSRS. JEFFERIES AND STUBBS' RYLSTONE BY BRITISH STONE——SALLY STONE The teeth from canine to canine, including the six front teeth, should be in a straight line. See that the ears are very small and thin, and the eyes set well apart. The puppy having these properties, together with a domed, peaked, or ** cocoanut”? shaped skull, is the one which, in nine cases out of ten, will eventually make the best headed dog of the litter. The breeding of Bulldogs requires un- limited patience, as success is very diffi- cult to attain. five out of every ten puppies born may be It is frequently found in what appears to be a healthy lot of The breeder who can rear considered fortunate. puppies that some of them begin to whine and whimper towards the end of the first day, and in such cases the writer’s experi- ence is that there will be a speedy burial. It may be that the cause is due to some acidity of the milk, but in such a case one would expect that similar difficulty would be experienced with the remainder of the BOOK OP THE DOG: litter, but this is not the usual result. Provided that the puppies can be kept alive until the fourth day, it may be taken that the chances are well in favour of ultimate SUCCESS. Many breeders object to feeding the mother with meat at this time, but the writer recently had two litter sisters who whelped* on the same day, and he decided to try the effect of a versus farimaceous diet upon them. As a result the bitch who was freely fed with raw beef reared a stronger lot of puppies, showing better developed bone, than did the one who was fed on milk and cereals. Similarly, in order that the puppy, after weaning, may develop plenty of bone and muscle, it is advisable to feed once a day upon finely minced raw meat. I am ac- quainted with two successful breeders who invariably give to each puppy a teaspoonful of cod liver oil in the morning and a similar dose of extract of malt in the evening, with the result that there are never any rickety or weak dogs in the kennels, whilst the development of the bones in the skull and limbs is most pronounced. Owing to their lethargic disposition, young Bulldogs are somewhat lable to indigestion, and during the period of puppyhood it is of advantage to give them a tablespoonful of lime water once a day in their milk food. Many novices are in doubt as to the best time to breed from a Bull bitch, seeing that cestrum is present before she is fully developed. It may be taken as practically certain that it is better for her to be allowed to breed at her first heat. Nature has so arranged matters that a Bull bitch is not firmly set in her bones until she reaches an age of from twelve to eighteen months, and therefore she will have less difficulty in giving birth to her offspring if she be allowed to breed at this time. Great mor- tality occurs in attempting to breed from maiden bitches exceeding three years of meat age, as the writer knows to his cost. It is desirable, in the case of a young bitch having her first hitter, for her master or mis- tress to be near her at the time, in order to render any necessary assistance ; but THE” BULEDOGE. 5 such attentions should not be given unless actual necessity arises. Some bitches with excessive lay-back and shortness of face have at times a diffi- culty in releasing the puppy from the membrane in which it is born, and in such a case it is necessary for the owner to open this covering and release the puppy, gently shaking it about in the box until it coughs and begins to breathe. The umbilical cord should be severed from the afterbirth about four inches from the puppy, and this will dry up and fall away in the course of a couple of davs. In general, it is true economy for the Bulldog breeder to provide a foster-mother in readiness for the birth of the expected litter ; especially is this so in the case of a first litter, where the qualifications for nursing by the mother are unknown. Where there are more than five puppies it is also desirable to obtain a foster-mother in order that full nourishment may be given to the litter by both mothers. The best time of the year for puppies to be born is in the spring, when, owing to the approaching warm weather, they can lead an outdoor tife. By the time they are six months old they should have sufficient stamina to enable them to withstand the cold of the succeeding winter. It has been ascertained that Bulldogs which have been reared out of doors are the least liable to suffer from indigestion, torpidity of the liver, asthma or other chest ailments, whilst they invariably have the hardiest constitution. Bulldogs generally require liberal feeding, and should have a meal of dry biscuit the first thing in the morning, whilst the even- ing meal should consist of a good stew of butcher’s offal poured over broken bis- cuit, bread, or other cereal food. In the winter time it is advantageous to soak a 51 tablespoonful of linseed in water over- night, and after the pods have opened turn the resulting jelly into the stew pot. This ensures a fine glossy coat, and is of value in toning up the intestines. Care must, however, be taken not to follow this practice to excess In warm weather. as the MR A W. VOWLES'’ JIM CERBERUS BY CARTHUSIAN CERBERUS——LADY ABERFELTO. heating nature of the linseed will eventually cause skin trouble. With these special points attended to, in addition to the directions for the care, feeding, and breeding of dogs in general, the novice should find no difficulty in suc- cessfully becoming a Bulldog fancier, owner, and _ breeder. In conclusion, it cannot be too widely known that the Bulldog is the only breed of dog which can, with perfect safety, be trusted alone to the mercy of children, who, naturally, in the course of play, try the patience and good temper of the firmest friend of man. WOODCOTE oe Is Photographs by Lavis, Eastbourne, Loar nN MERSHAM SNOWDROP. THE PROPERTY OF |]: MRS. CARLO F. C. CLARKE. 7.) CHAPTER’ ITI. THE MINIATURE BULLDOG. BY THE LADY KATHLEEN PILKINGTON. ‘* Pelléas had a great, bulging, powerful forehead, like that of Socrates or Verlaine ; and, under a & 5 5 / little black nose, blunt as a churlish assent, a pair of large, made lis head a sort of massive, obstinate, pensive, and three-cornered mesvace. hanging and symmetrical chops, which He was beautiful after the manner of a beautiful natural monster that has complied strictly with the laws of his spectes. And what a smile of attentive obligingness, of incorruptible innocence, of affectionate ds Ss L submission, of boundless gratitude, and total self-abandonment, lit up, at the least caress, that adorable mask of ugliness !’’—MAETERLINCK. a rashly NOY Bulldogs are an acquired taste,” said a friend to me; and while I was meditating an adequate reply, added: ‘Like coffee caviare.”’ This gave me my opening, and I hastened to assure him that there is nobody—who is any- he or body, that is to say—who does not nowadays both know and highly appreciate coffee, cavi- are, and Toy Bulldogs! Not to so do would be, indeed, to argue oneself unknown! It is also another of the many proofs that history herself. For fifty or Toy- erat ner: repeats sixty years ago, edict of the Kennel Club requires them to be or as a recent dubbed, Miniature—Bulldogs were common of the country-side. In fact, you can hardly ever talk for ten objects canine minutes to any Bulldog breeder of old standing without his telling you tall stories of the wonderful little Bulldogs, weighing about fifteen or sixteen pounds, he either knew or owned, in those long-past days! Prominent made cult the workers of Nottingham, and many prints are extant which bear witness to the excellent little specimens they bred. But a wave of unpopularity overwhelmed them, and they faded across the Channel to France, where, if, our Gallic neighbours appreciated them highly, they cannot be said to have taken much care to preserve their best points. When, in. 1898, a smalb but devoted band of revived those who a lace- among “cc of these 3antams ’’? were as is asserted, admirers SEE MINIALURE. “BUELL DOG: 53 them in England, they returned most at- tractive, “tis true, but hampered by many undesirable features, bat froggy faces, waving tails, and a general lack of Bulldog character. However, the such as ears, LADY K. PILKINGTON’S CH. BUMPS BY CH. PETER AMOS——CAROLINE. Toy Bulldog Club then started bered on its committee the late Mr. G. R. Krehl (who previously to that date had already imported some good specimens to England), the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of Dochfour, Miss Augusta Bruce, Lady Lewis, and the present writer. The club took the dogs vigorously in hand, and, having obtained them their charter as a recognised breed from the Kennel Club, proceeded to make slow but sure progress, and this not- withstanding the fact that in Igo2 a violent split occurred in its ranks. Owing to various differences of opinion a certain number of members then left and proceeded to form themselves into what is now known as the French Bulldog Club of England. Thanks to the original club’s unceasing efforts, Toy Bulldogs have always since been catered for at an ever increasing number of shows. The original solitary “‘ mixed open”? class, for all sexes and sorts, is now split up into various separate classes, suited to sex, seniority, and other distinctions. Their weight, after much heated discussion and sundry downs and ups, was finally fixed num- at twenty-two pounds and under, this decision, by the way, costing them their original prefix. For the Kennel Club rightly decided that a sturdily built Bulldog of twenty-two pounds weight can in no sense be deemed a “Toy”! So the breed then blossomed forth as “* Bulldogs—Miniature,” and have thriven well on the change both of weight and name. In order to encourage small specimens a class for those under twenty pounds is guaranteed by the club at most big shows, and is generally well filled. Another recent change has been that ofears. Bat ears, after being sadly suffered for a long time in the scale of points, have at last been firmly marked as a disqualifica- tion, and this by order of the Kennel Club. From the Ist of January, 1907, all breeding with French Bulldogs has been absolutely forbidden, and the two breeds, so long confusedly intertwined, have at length been finally dissociated. Equally disqualifying are the shades of colour known as black and blue—the latter a kind of slaty grey, detested in the eyes of big Bulldog breeders. in- WEINBERG'’S BABY BULLET MRS. G. J. BY BLACK MASK——POPLAR PLEASURE. The original aim of Miniature Bulldogs— t.c. to look like the larger variety seen through the wrong end of a telescope—if not actually achieved, is being rapidly approached, and can no longer be looked 54 THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. upon as merely the hopeless dream of a and small, dating from sixty to eighty few enthusiasts! That to get, in a dog years ago, the bat or prick ears are fre- weighing under twenty-two pounds, the quently to be noted; a fact which weak- enormous size of skull, ‘ clod- diness”” of body, and_ thick- ness of bone obtainable in a ens the contention held by many that they are the sign of a pure French breed, originating across the Channel. To enumerate in detail the Miniature Bulldog scale of points is quite unnecessary, as it is simply that of the big ones writ small. In other words, ‘the general appearance of the Miniature Bulldog must as nearly as possible resemble that of the Big Bulldog ’’—a terse sentence which comprises in itself all that can be said on the subject. The club has a large and ever-increasing membership, and possesses the Duchess of Sutherland as President. From its original start the Duchess has been a warm supporter of the breed, and has owned some good specimens in the past. The Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of Dochfour, is still on the committee, and p MRS. CARLO F. C. CLARKE'S MER- SHAM TIGER By M. GILFAIN——M. JUDY. Photo: T. Keveley, Wantage GE) another mem- ES ber of the club is Mr. George ra Weinberg, of AGS larger Bulldog fame. He owns two splendid forty-five or sixty pounds spe- cimen, is a hard task there is no denying, but such prodi- gious strides have been made of late that one feels, given a few more years of patience and perseverance, it will come very near fulfilment. Before passing to other matters, it is perhaps only right to mention, with all deference > LADY K. PILKINGTON’S SUSAN ANNE sy PAULUS—GRISETTE, MRS. CARLO to our Gallic i sre | frie S ‘ j CLARKE'S CH. friends, that in C ) Se eee OE TUN ; y r =} BY POLO ET BAGA- [OS pe many old prints GS TELLE*— AMELIA ff Bulldogs, big <2 mavoe NSS THE MINIATURE BULLDOG. miniatures in Tablet and Baby Bullet, and was the former owner of the incom- parable Champion No Trumps, best ever seen. one of the Of this goodly company comes last, but far from least, Mrs. C. F. C. Clarke, FARQUHARSON’S PETER PAN BY CHARLEY TOBY——VENUS. MISS M. O. also a well known owner of big “bulls.” She has of late turned her attention to breeding and showing the smaller variety, and with great success, as her Mersham Snowdrop and Tiger—the latter bred by her—abundantly testify. In fact, had not Tiger unluckily just topped the weight limit he would undoubtedly have been about the best dog ever benched, and, as far as points (and particularly head properties) go, is as typical a Miniature Bulldog as could be found. The present writer has also the honour of being a com- mittee-woman, and her Champion Ninon de VEnclos, Lady Cloda, Susan Anne, and Champion Bumps, the latter a very typical little dog and winner of twelve champion- ships, have all upheld the prestige of the breed on the show bench. Mr. B. Marley, the celebrated Felton Bulldog kennels, is another member of the committee, so it will be seen that patrons whose wife owns 55 of the big breed by no means scorn their smaller brethren. A few years ago Lady de Grey owned a splendid little dog in Champion Bite, and Mr. W. R. Temple’s Tulip and Mrs. Baillie’s Crib and Lena IJ. were all hard to beat. Of present-day dogs Mrs. Burrell, the sport- ing lady-master of the North Northumber- land Foxhounds, can bench a real good one in Champion Little Truefit, as can Mrs. G. Raper in Little Model and Miss Farquharson in Peter Pan, the latter a beautiful little fawn dog, possessing rare bone and Bulldog character. So much for the breed as show dogs, though a great deal more might be written of other successful winners on the bench. As companions and friends they are second to none, being faithful, fond, and even foolish in their devotion, as all true friends should be. They are absolutely and in- variably good-tempered, and, as a rule, sufficiently fond of the luxuries of this life —not to say greedy—to be easily cajoled MRS. BURRELL’S CH. LITTLE TRUEFIT BY SWASHBUCKLER— ROSE OF YORK. Photograph by Macgregor, Kelso. into obedience. Remarkably and caring enough for sport pathetically excited at the intelligent, to be sym- sight of a 6 TELE [oat rabbit without degenerating into cranks on the subject lke terriers. Taking a keen interest in all surrounding and objects, without, however, giving way to ceaseless barking ; enjoying outdoor exer- cise, without requiring an exhausting amount, they are in every way ideal pets, and adapt themselves to town and country alike. As puppies they are delicate, and re- quire constant care and supervision ; but that only adds a keener zest to the at- tractive task of breeding them, the more so owing to the fact that as mothers they do not shine, being very difficult to manage, and generally manifesting a strong dislike to rearing their own offspring. In other respects they are quite hardy little dogs, and—one great advantage—they have distemper. Cold and damp they par- ticularly dislike, especially’ when puppies, and the greatest care should be taken to them thoroughly dry and When very young indeed they can stand, people seldom keep warm. NEW BOOK OF THE. DOG: and are the better for, an extraordinary amount of heat. From a pecuniary point of view, given average good luck and management, Toy Bulldog breeding is a remunerative pur- suit. Good specimens, fit for the show bench, command extremely high prices, and a ready sale is always to be had for less good ones for moderate pets, the more so as, owing to their extraordin- arily good tempers, they are much in re- quest for children, with whom they can be No amount of teasing appears to them to than a somewhat bored grunt. In fact, to sum up, they possess many advantages and few disadvantages. Any- one who has owned and loved a Toy Bull can seldom get really to care for any other kind of dog, and sooner or later takes unto himself or herself again another snort- ing little specimen, whose ugly wrinkled face and loving heart cannot fail to make life the pleasanter. sums as absolutely trusted. rouse more A STUDY IN EXPRESSION—-MERSHAM TIGER Photograph by T. Reveley, Wantage. CHAPTER IV. THE FRENCH BULLDOG (BOULEDOGUE FRANCAIS). BY FREDERICK W. COUSENS, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S. “* Sir, he’s a good dog, and a fair dog. of opinion that the French Bulldog is strictly a breed of French origin, yet they are willing to admit that of compara- tively recent years there have been from time to time importations from England which have been used as a cross with the native dog, and that this cross has, perhaps, led to a nearer approximation to the British type than was the case prior to the admixture of British biood. M. J. Bontroue, the Secretary of the French Bulldog Club of Paris, and Secretary of the French Kennel Club, holds this opinion very strongly, as do Mr. Gordon Bennet, President of the Paris Club, and Prince de Wagram, its President d’Honneur. Mr. Max Hartenstein, of Berlin, who was first interested in the French Bulldog in 1870, and has owned and bred great numbers of them, declares that “there can be no two opinions as to the fact of the French Bulldog being a distinct French breed, with a longer history and more remote origin than is generally under- stood.” He is aware of the introduction of small British specimens into France ; not, however, necessarily for the purpose of interbreeding, but principally because French fanciers desired to have a bright. vivacious, bantam specimen. He is of opinion that in Paris, in 1870, the breed, as a whole, was smaller than it is to-day. The late Mr. George R. Krehl, of London, one of the greatest authorities, with whom the subject of the French Bulldog was very thoroughly discussed by the present writer, went still further back into the past (nearly three hundred years), and from his re- searches built up a plausible and very pro- bable theory as to the origin of this breed in France. In a letter written by him to the Stockkeeper Christmas Supplement, 1900, BE picion across the Channel are 8 Can more be said ?”’—SHAKESPEARE. he showed grounds for believing that the variety came originally from Spain. There was published with Mr. Krehl’s letter a copy of an antique bronze placque dated 1625, bearing in bas-relief the head of a Bulldog with either cropped, or bat, ears, LADY Lewis's CH. HARPDON CRIB BY CH. POLO DE BAGATELLE——LA GITANA. and the inscription, “‘ Dogue de Burgos, Espana, MDCXXYV.,” the artist’s name being Cazalla. This placque has been examined by a connoisseur and pronounced authentic. The historic value of this bronze will be at once appreciated, when it is re- membered that Burgos is the principal town of old Castile in Spain, noted for the breeding of dogs used in the arena for bull-baiting. ““We have no generic name for this family,” Mr. Krehl wrote, “‘ but in France they are called dogwes, whence we get our own word dog, but we have corrupted the meaning of it. The heads of the group are the Spanish Bulldog, the dogue de Bordeaux. anivo 58 THE NEW (BOOK OF THE DOG. and the little toy oddities of Paris, bred and reared ky Lutetian bootmakers, and, lastly, the English Bulldog. It is clear to me, as an unprejudiced cynologist, entirely unaffected by what previous authorities have said on the subject, that the original home of the breed was Spain, where the dog was * made’ for its special mission. The fair name of Spain always was, and still is, associated with sport in which the bull plays the lead- ing vdle. The Spaniard fashioned a dog to suit this sport, with a firm, strong body, stout legs, and a short neck of powerful muscle, a big head with wide mouth and prominent upturned under jaw, so that the dog could still breathe while retaining his grip, and his weight would tire out the bull, which was unable to fling him off. From Spain dogs of this kind migrated to France; it is only a short excursion to Bordeaux, where the services of the animals were in demand for fighting and for dog and donkey contests. Then they travelled up to Paris, which has always had an eye for the artistic, and where they bantamised the breed into a semblance of the modern toy Bulldog.” Mr. W. J. Stubbs wrote a little booklet in 1903 which was printed for private circula- tion, entitled ‘* The History of the French Bulldog.” He says as to origin, ‘*‘ There appears to be no doubt that the French Bull- dog originated in England, and is an offshoot of the English Bulldog, not the Bulldog one sees on the bench to-day, but of the tulip- eared and short underjawed specimens which were common in London, Nottingham, Bir- mingham, and Sheffield in the early ’fifties.”’ As evidence of this, he goes on to relate how this type of dog was exported to France in the early *fifties, giving the names of three breeders or dealers who were known to have been exporters. He also says, ‘‘ There was a constant emigration of laceworkers from Nottingham to the coast towns of Normandy, where lace factories were spring- ing into existence, and these immigrants fre- quently took a Bulldog with them to the land of their adoption.” This is as may be, and is extremely useful and interesting information; but it requires careful consideration before it can be accepted as proving that the French Bulldog originated in England. As a matter of fact, it only proves what all the French authori- ties are perfectly willing to admit, namely, that at different times within the last forty years British Bulldogs have been imported into France. The inference Mr. Stubbs draws is that these imported dogs originated the breed of French Bulldogs ; whereas the contention of -the French and German authorities is that these imported specimens were used only as a cross, to introduce fresh blood into the breed already in existence. The converse method was also adopted. Prior to 1902 French Bulldogs were imported into this country with the object of resusci- tating the strain of bantam Bulldogs, which in course of years had been allowed to dwindle in numbers, and were in danger of becoming extinct. The small English variety was then called, somewhat errone- ously, “ Toy Bulldogs,” their weight limit being 20 Ibs. Dogs of this weight could scarcely be called ‘“* toys.”” Eventually the Kennel Club sensibly decided to rename them the Miniature Bulldog. It was this very question of weight which brought about the parting of the ways of the French Bulldog from the Toy English varie- ties. Previous to 1902 some of the members of the Toy Bulldog Club were of opinion that the weight limit should be raised from 20 Ib. to 22 lbs., and Lady Lewis proposed this alteration, but her motion was lost. On July roth, 1902, a meeting was called at the house of the writer to consider the whole position, when it was decided to form a new Club with the sole object of promoting the breeding and importation of pure French Bulldogs, adopting practically iden- tical weights and points with the French Bulldog Clubs of France, Germany, Austria, and America. The name chosen was “* The French Bulldog Club of England.” The founders were: Lady Lewis, President ; Mrs. Romilly, Hon. Treasurer; Mrs. F. W. Cousens, Hon. Secretary; Mrs. Charles Waterlow, Mrs. F. Bromwich, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Jefferies, Mrs. Townsend Green, and Mr. F. W. Cousens. ie hRENGH. BULLE DOG 59 =. SS ee ee ee fl When the foundation of this Club became an accomplished fact, there was considerable ! opposition, not only from the Toy Bulldog A Club, but from numerous British Bulldog U owners and breeders, whose princ pal opposition arose upon the two points: Was there such a breed as French Bulldogs? Could any other dog than the British specimen claim the name of Bulldog ? Much ink was spilt im a wordy warfare in the Kennel Press. No good object can be attained, however, in reviewing the details of past difierences. rice ene Le = GORDON’: HAD- > FC)s The French Bulldog Club let no grass LEY HOUP-LA Bess BY ROYAL BOCkK— ¥ # 3 SE ROYAL BEAUTY. SSS grow under their feet; with only twenty Cx members, they pluckily de- <} i E cided to hold a show of a se OD their own, to demonstrate as <= AOA official recognition and registration of the breed under the name of Bouwle- dogues Francais finally settled the disputed points. The following is the Club’s descrip- tion of the French Bulldog (published 1903) :— the soundness of their posi- tion. Their first show was accordingly held at Tatter- sall’s, fifty-one French Bull- dogs being placed on ex- hibition. All of these dogs were pure bred French spe- cimens, either imported or bred from imported an- cestors. The success of J Ay C) LADY LEwis's H j KS, ARPDON EAI BETSEY TROT ay periy 1. General Appearance. AA IISEC\CR IS —HaRPDON Gye. —The French Bulldog ought to have the ap- pearance of an active, intelligent, and very muscular dog, of cobby build, and be heavy in bone for its size. 2. Head.—The head is of great importance. It should be large and square, with the forehead nearly flat; the muscles of the cheek should be well developed, but not prominent. The stop should be as deep as possible. The skin of the head should not be tight, and the forehead should be well wrinkled. The muzzle should be short, broad, turn upwards, and be very deep. The lower jaw should project considerably in front of the upper, and should turn up, but should not show the teeth. 3. Eyes.—The eyes should be of moderate size and of dark colour. No white should be visible when the dog is looking straight in front of him. They should be placed low down and wide apart. this exhibition proved to a demonstration 4. Nose.—The nose must be black and large. that the claims of the French Bulldog Club 5. Ears.—Bat ears ought to be of a medium were based on facts, and the Kennel Club’s _ size, large at the base and rounded at the tips. MRS. CHARLES WATERLOW'S STANMORE COQUETTE Photographs by T, Fall. 60 THE NEW They should be placed high on the head and straight. The orifice of the ear looks forward, and the skin should be fine and soft to the touch. 6. Neck.—The and well arched. 7. Body.—The chest well down between the legs, and the carried neck should be thick, short, and ribs well should be wide sprung. The body short and muscular, and well The back be broad at the shoulder, tapering towards the loins, preferably cut up. should well roached. BOOK. OF THE DOG: not apply generally to other breeds. But there are special points to be tried for which at present are most noticeably lacking. If there is one fault more than another to be found in any considerable number of the breed in this country it is with their tails. Very many of these are too long, still more are carried too gaily, and set on too high. Again, the shape of the tail is not always correct ; in many, instead of being ENGLISH AND (2) SKULLS OF (1) SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, NOTABLY THE ROUNDED FRENCH BULLDOGS. APPEARANCE OF THE FRENCH DOG AND THE SQUARENESS OF THE ENGLISH. 8. Tail—The tail and be short; thick ought to be set on low at the root, tapering to a point, and not carried above the level of the back. g. Legs.—The forelegs should be short, straight, and muscular. The hind-quarters, though strong, should be lighter in proportion to the fore-quarters. The hocks ought to be well let down, and the feet compact and strong. 10. Coat.—The density ; should be of medium black in colour is very undesirable. coat a : ee There is nothing of special importance to be said in respect to breeding which does broad at the base and tapering to a fine point, they are too small at the base, too much the same size throughout, and have no fine point. Another fault of a less glaring character is the too great length of body, instead of the smart cobby body which is desirable. A_ little attention should also be paid to breadth of chest and ** cut up ” in loin, so many dogs showing the same diameter of bedy at any part of the barrel. Personally, I am very partial to a nice “roach”? back, but one must acknowledge: more Gis PRENCH= BULLDOG: O1 that the French do not cultivate this feature to any marked extent. We should endeavour to breed out the large, awkward ears which incline to hang outwards instead of being erect. These heavy ears, with incorrect carriage, spoil and change the entire appearance, which should be bright, crisp, and vivacious, rather than heavy and sluggish. There is a tendency also to pay too little attention to eyes, which should not be full like those of a toy Spaniel nor bulging like those of many Pugs. The full eye is a fault; the bulging eye is an abomination. As will be seen in the illustration of the French and English skulls, there is a great fundamental difference in formation. They are both skulls of bitches; the French one is from a bitch bred by Mrs. F. W. Cousens by her imported dog Napoleon Buonaparte ex Coralie by Champion Polo de Bagatelle ; the English from a prize-winning bitch of championship pedigree on both sides. The question of underjaw is the one point on which fanciers of the breed in France differ seriously with some few of the English breeders. The French Bulldog Club of England stated in their 1903 description of the breed that “‘ the lower jaw should project considerably in front of the upper,” and ten points in a hundred were given for under- jaw in their standard of points. On this side of the Channel we have been so accus- tomed to regard a prominent underjaw in a Bulldog as absolutely necessary to salvation, that directly we begin to import and breed French Bulldogs we do not stop to ask what is correct, but finding a Bulldog with a comparatively small underjaw we _ pro- ceed to put on a bigger one as fast as possible. I must own to a little weakness in this direc- tion myself; but, after all, one’s personal fancies should not be made the standard for altering a foreign breed, and I think it would be a great pity, even a calamity, to allow our very natural love of underjaw to alter the appearance which the French Bulldog should possess. It cannot be said too often or too forcibly that a French Bulldog is not by any manner of means a small English dog with bat ears; and if we wish to preserve the quaint characteristics of the breed we must not presume to make fundamental structural alterations. Perhaps a word against the heavy pendu- lous lips and the equally pendulous skin on the throat of a few specimens will be enough to warn breeders that they must not emulate the flews, or dewlap, of a Bloodhound. If the lips well cover the teeth and the sides of the upper lips slightly overlap the under, that is correct; the skin on the throat should be loose, but not pendulous. The question of rickets looms large in all Bulldog breeding, the English variety being, perhaps, the more generally affected. If breeders would carefully avoid using rickety subjects, and pay more careful attention to diet from weaning-time. until maturity, the race would materially benefit in health and appearance, and would be much easier to breed and rear. The quarantine regulations in force at the present time rather handicap the breeders of French Bulldogs, limiting their supply very considerably, partly on account of the six months’ detention, and partly because of the inevitable expense attached to the arrangements. There is, however, a suffi- cient number of the breed now in Great Britain to obviate the necessity of in- breeding to any disastrous extent. It be- hoves those who have the interest of this little dog at heart to continue the importa- tion of fresh blood not only from France, but, where possible, from Germany, Austria, and America. By introducing entirely fresh blood, or even blood of the same strain that has been in a totally different climate for several generations, the stamina and phy- sique is improved, and type is not sacrificed ; also by doing this greater facilities are afforded for legitimate in-breeding, which, in some cases, 1s undeniably necessary to procure or retain certain special charac- teristics. All breeders of the French Bulldog know to their cost the difficulties to be encountered in rearing puppies. Unless a bitch has proved herself a good mother, it is always advisable to have a foster-mother in readiness —by preference one who has had her puppies 62 THE NEW BOOK a day or two in advance. For one or two small puppies a cat makes an excellent mother. If the pups have to be fed by hand Plasmon and milk. with a teaspoonful of FW. COUSEN's NAPOLEON BUONA- PARTE sy TALI- MRS FLORA Photograph by T- Fall cream to every half pint, is the best sub- stitute for bitches’ milk, being, indeed, the chemical equivalent. tial for the first fortnight ; the use of blankets and hot water bottles must be employed un- Warmth is very essen- less the pups are well mothered by their own dam or a foster-mother, or if the weather be cold. certain proportion of lean, raw, scraped meat Directly the puppies are weaned a should be given, as well as Benger’s Food made with milk, Plasmon wholemeal bis- cuits soaked in milk, Force and milk, and bread and milk. Feed every two or three hours at first, keeping the puppies warm and dry. At four months old three meals should suffice, then give Spratt’s puppy biscuits dry and broken up, good OF THE DOG, gravy or soup poured over stale bread crumbs, and one meal of lean raw meat. Watch for worms ; keep a look-out when teething, and allow a large bone for the puppies te but not eat. The pups which one does not wish to keep enaw, should be sold at the age of six weeks. Although to my knowledge many French Bulldogs are good ratters, and some few can account for a rabbit, they are by no means a sporting breed ; they are essentially dogs to be used as companions and household being pets, very quaint, jolly, engaging little personages, who are full of life and MRS. CHARLES WATERLOW'S CH. STANMCRE ARGUS By BILL——FOLLETTE Photograph by T. Fall. vivacity. Their size and temperament render them particularly suitable for living in a flat; they are quiet and yet bright, full of life yet not teo boisterous. house or 63 CHAPTER V. AEE Si BE RUNPAGRED: BY FREDK. GRESHAM. “Behold this creature’s form and state, Which Nature therefore did create, That to the world might be expressed What mien there can be in a beast ; And that we in this shape may find A lion of another kind. For this heroic beast does seem In majesty to rival him, DS He ahihits= tory of (im® Sits Bernard dog in this country would not be complete with- out reference being made to the noble work that he has done in Switzerland, his native land: how the Hos- pice St. Bernard kept a considerable num- ber of dogs which were trained to go over the mountains with small barrels round their necks, containing restoratives, in the event of their coming across any poor travellers who had either lost their way, or had been overcome by the cold. We have been told that these intelligent creatures saved many lives in this way, the subjects of their deliverance often being found entirely buried in the snow. In such cases they were, however, gene- rally too late to rescue the unfortunate victims, whose bodies were placed in the morgue at the Hospice, where they may be seen undecayed, although they may have rested there several years. The stuffed skin of the dog Barry, who rescued no fewer than forty wanderers who had lost their way crossing the Alps, is to be seen at the Museum at Berne. The THE LATE CH. FLORENTIUS BY PRINCE OF FLORENCE— BELLINE Ill. THE PATRIARCH OF MRS. JAGGER'S KENNELS And yet vouchsafes to man to show Both service and submission too. From whence we this distinction have That beast ts fierce, but that 1s brave. This dog hath so himself subdued That hunger cannot make him rude, And his behaviour does confess True courage dwells with gentleness.” KATHERINE PHILIPS. poor dog died in harness when fifteen years old. It is stated that he was shot when in the act of going to the aid of a benighted wayfarer, who mistook him for a wolf. Handsome as the St. Bernard is, with his attractive colour and markings, he is a cross-bred dog. From the records of old writers it is to be gathered that to refill the kennels at the Hospice which had been rendered vacant from the combined catas- trophes of distemper and the fall of an avalanche which had swept away nearly ali their hounds, the Monks were compelled to have recourse to a cross with the New- foundland and the Pyrenean sheepdog, the latter not unlike the St. Bernard in appear- ance. Then, again, there is no doubt what- ever, that at some time the Bloodhound has been introduced, and it is known for a cer- tainty that almost all the most celebrated St. Bernards in England at the present time are closely allied to the Mastiff. The result of all this intermixture of different breeds has been the production of an exceedingly fine race of dogs, which form one of the most attractive features at our dog shows, and are individually excellent guards and companions. As a companion, the St. Bernard cannot be surpassed, when a large dog is required for the purpose. Most docile in temperament and disposition, he is admirably suited as the associate of a lady or a child. Well does the writer re- member a once well-known champion, who, when quite a puppy, used to carry his little 64 THE girl’s basket to a coppice hard by and bring it home again when it was filled with violets. The St. Bernard is sensitive to a degree, forgets an insult, which he resents with dignity. Specimens of the breed and seldom have occasionally been seen that are savage, but when this is the case ill-treatment of ALPINE MASTIFFS. From the Painting by Sir Edwin Landseey, R.A. some sort has assuredly been the provoking cause. The dogs at the Hospice of St. Bernard are small in comparison with those that are seen in England belonging to the same race. The Holy Fathers were more par- ticular about their markings than great size. The body colour should be brindle or orange tawny, with white markings; the muzzle white, with a line running up between the eyes, and over the skull, joing at the back the white collar that encircles the neck down to the The colour round the eyes and on the ears should be of centre of the white line at the occiput there should be a spot of colour. front of the shouiders. a darker shade in the red; in the These markings are said to represent the stole, chasuble and scapular which form part of the vestments worn by the Monks; but it is seldom NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. that the markings are so clearly defined ; they are more often white, with brindle or orange patches on the body, with evenly- marked heads. ; In England St. Bernards are either dis- tinctly rough in coat or smooth, but the generality of the Hospice dogs are broken in coat, neither rough nor smooth, having a texture between — the two extremes. The properties, however, of the rough and smooth the same, so that two varieties are bred together, a rule, both of coat will result of the alliance. The late M. Schumacher, a_ great authority on the breed in Switzerland, averred that dogs with very rough coats were found to be of no use for work on the Alps, as their thick covering became so loaded with snow and their feet so clogged that they suc- cumbed under the weight and perished. On that account they were discarded by the Monks. In connection with the origin of the St. Bernard, M. Schumacher wrote in a letter to Mr. J. C. Macdona, who was the first to the breed into Great Britain in any numbers: ‘* According to the tradi- tion of the Holy Fathers of the Great Saint Bernard, their descends from the crossing of a bitch (a Bulldog species) of Denmark and a Mastiff (Shepherd’s dog) of are the often and, as textures be the introduce Trace the Pyrenees. The descendants of the crossing, who have inherited from the Danish dog its extraordinary size and bodily strength, and from the Pyrenean Mastiff the intelligence, the exquisite sense of smell, and, at the same time, the faithfulness and sagacity which cha- racterise them, have acquired in the space BEE Six of five centuries so glorious a notoriety throughout Europe that they well merit the name of a distinct race for themselves.” From the same authority we learn that it is something like six hundred years since the MRS. A. H. PARKER'S ROUGH-COATED BITCH, CH. BY CH, EGMONT—— NAMELESS. BRED BY MESSRS. INMAN AND WALMSLEY St. Bernard came into existence. It was not, however, till competitive exhibitions for dogs had been for some years established that the St. Bernard gained a footing in Great Britain. A few specimens had been imported from the Hospice before Mr. Cumming Macdona (then the Rev. Cumming Macdona) introduced us to the celebrated Tell, who, with others of the breed brought from Switzerland, formed the foundation of his magnificent kennel at West Kirby, in Cheshire. Albert Smith, whom some few that are now alive will remember as an amusing lecturer, brought a pair from the Hospice when returning from a visit to the 9 BERNARD. 65 Continent and made them take a part in his attractive entertainment ; but the associa- tions of the St. Bernard with the noble deeds recorded in history were not then so widely known, and these two dogs passed CHRYSANTHEME without created ticular enthusiasm. Later on, at a dog show at Cremorne held in 1863, two St. Bernards were ex- hibited, each of whom rejoiced in the name of Monk, and were, respectively, the pro- perty of the Rev. A. N. Bate and Mr. W. H. Stone. These dogs were exhibited without pedigrees, but were said to have been bred at the Hospice of St. Bernard. Three years later, at the National Show at Bir- mingham, a separate class was provided for the saintly breed, and Mr. Cumming Macdona was first and second with Tell and Bernard. This led to an immediate popularity of the away having any par- 66 THE NEW St. Bernard. Tell was the hero of the shows at which he appeared, and his owner was recognised as being the introducer into this country of the magnificent variety of the canine race that now holds such a prominent position as a show dog. The names of Tell and Bernard have been handed down to fame, the former as the progenitor of a long line of rough-coated offspring ; the latter as one of the founders of the Shefford Kennel, of which more anon. Mr. Macdona continued his successful career both as an exhibitor and breeder. Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales (now Queen Alexandra) graciously accepted a beautifully-marked dog puppy, which was named Hope, and which eventually won first prize at the Crystal Palace. Moltke was another rough-coated dog of fine quality, which annexed a long list of prizes for Mr. Macdona, and proved an excellent stud dog; whilst Alp, Hedwig, and_ their daughter, Hospice, are names to conjure with. Following Mr. Macdona, the next fancier to devote his attention to St. Bernards was Mr. J. H. Murchison—well-known as a prominent exhibitor of Fox-terriers—who, the kennels of M. Schumacher, obtained the noted rough-coated — sire Thor, and the smooth-coated Jura. Thor was defective in head, and, therefore, not a high-class show dog, but he was destined to produce the finest litter that so far had ever been bred. Mr. Murchison also owned the smooth-coated Monarque, one of the grandest dogs of his variety. Monarque was first shown by Mr. Macdona at Laycock’s Dairy Yard, Islington, in 1869, when he won the chief prize, Victor and Jungfrau being second and third. Jungfrau Was a sister by an earlier litter to Bernie, of whom more will presently be heard. At the same show Mr. Macdona was first and third in the rough-coated division with Tell and Hedwig, this pair being divided by Sir Charles Isham’s Leo, who was an immense white dog with brindle markings imported from Switzerland, and afterwards became celebrated as a sire. He was parent of several winners and an ancestor, too, of the great Plinlimmon. from who BOOK OF THE DOG: It was at about this time that my own famous kennel of St. Bernards at Shefford in Bedfordshire was started. I had been presented with a smooth-coated _ bitch puppy by the late Mr. T. J. Hooper, of Biggleswade, who, from Bernardine, a bitch that he brought from Switzerland, had bred Jungfrau, already referred to, and the puppy in question from an alliance with Mr. Macdona’s Bernard. This puppy, after- wards named Bernie, was allowed to run about at its own sweet will, until she was three years old, when it occurred to me that as St. Bernards were then becoming popular, IT might turn her to good account. But how to make a start was the question, and where to find a sire not too far from home. The Birmingham Show was just over. The Field said that Leo had run Tell very close for first in the champion class. Leo was the property of Sir Charles Isham, of Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire, which county adjoins Bedfordshire. Here was the opportunity, but some difficulty was experienced, as Leo had not commenced his public career at stud. Matters were how- ever, arranged by the intervention of friends, and the remuneration of a guinea was to be presented to an Orphan Asylum. In due course a family of fourteen arrived, Bernie having selected a standing in a stable for her nursery. She herself was nearly self-coloured —a red brindle with only a very narrow line of white on her face ; the whelps seemed to be all colours, one a white, another a black. Ignorant of the correct colour of St. Bernards, I consulted my groom, who had taken the journey to Lamport Hall, and was relieved of my anxiety when I heard that the white puppy was somewhat like Leo. The order was, pick out the six biggest and put the other eight into a bucket—they cannot all be kept! Fortu- nately, the black and also the white puppy were amongst the six biggest. The former lived to be the rough-coated champion Monk, who was rich mahogany brindle with white markings, and the latter, Champion Abbess, who Monk won ten championships at the Kennel Club’s shows, besides many at less important was smooth-coated. others tik Si; BERNARD: exhibitions. From him I bred Grosvenor, who was a champion before he was eighteen months old, and he also sired many other winners, but it was from Abbess that the bulk of the Shefford winners were bred. From an alliance with Thor came the rough- 67 Among the puppies exhibited was the late Mr. Du Maurier’s Chang, who was so often afterwards seen in his owner’s charming drawings in Punch. The defeat of Chang led to a caricature of the owner of Augusta being inserted in Punch, and an amusing VIOLA. INMAN AND WALMSLEY. MR. J. W. PROCTOR'S CH. BRED BY MESSRS. Photograph by F. C. Hignett and Son. Lostock. coated Champion Hector and the smooth- coated Champion The Shah, the best dogs of their day; Dagmar, a very handsome, rough-coated bitch, and Abbess II., both big winners, and four others. Then she threw Champion Othman to Moltke, Champion Mab (sold as a puppy to Mr. J. C. Tinker), and Augusta, who, amongst her wins, was first in a class of thirty-three dogs and bitches at the Kennel Club show at the ‘Alexandra Palace, two of her litter sisters being second and third. On this occasion all the first and second prizes, except one second, in the five classes given, were won by Bernie’s children and grandchildren. BY CH. PARSIFAL— CH. WOGLINDE. article in The Pall Mall Gazette from the pen of Mr. Du Maurier. Two incidents in connection with Abbess and Augusta are worth recording as showing that the instinct to save life is inherent in the breed. On seeing a little Fox-terrier puppy that had fallen into a tanpit in- effectually struggling to get out, Abbess pushed her way through a group of dogs, and. carefully taking the puppy in her mouth, placed it in safety and then re- turned to the other dogs! On another occasion the stable in which was Augusta with puppies became flooded from an overflow of the river in the night. On two 68 THE NEW -BOOK. -OF the following morning the puppies, about a month old, were found safe in the man- ger, with Augusta standing up to her middle in water. THE. DOG: Liela, a magnificent brindle and white bitch, bred by Mr. R. Thornton, of Sydenham, and another, were, with the exception of Rector, the first St. Bernards MR. GEORGE SINCLAIR'S CH. LORD MONTGOMERY BY CH. TANNHAUSER——DUCHESS OF SUTHERLAND. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw. Another guinea’s worth from Bernie pro- duced a litter of seventeen, making thirty- one puppies in less than twelve months. The bucket was not brought into requisition this Nature was allowed to take its the the fittest resulted in nine being reared, in which there time. course, and survival of were again several winners, amongst them being Oucen Bertha, who was the founda- tion of Mr. W. A. Joyce’s kennel at Tulse Hill. The late Mr. S. W. Smith, of Leeds, took the late He a big winner in Barry. This dog won something like one hundred and fifty first prizes at the small shows in the North of England. But Mr. Smith had a much better dog in Duke of Leeds, who, with g up the breed in seventies. owned that were exported to America, £800 being the price given for the three. Previously, however, Rector, a son of Champion Monk, had been sold to Mr. J. Kk. Emmett, the American actor, who exhibited him on the boards of his theatre. The popularity of the St. Bernard had now been well established, and the Rey. Arthur Carter, who had always shown a partiality for the breed, set about with a few others to establish the St. Bernard Club, to look after the-interests of the race. This was in_1882, and in the following year the first show. confined to St. Bernards only, was held in the Duke of Wellington’s Riding School at KXensington, when an excellent entry was obtained. Mr. Cumming Macdona, who had been appointed the President of the Club, HAE “Si. BERNARD. 69 was the judge, and the special prize for the best dog in the show was won by Mr. J. F. Smith’s Leonard, a white and brindle rough-coated dog with a magnificent head and good action. Mr. J. F. Smith also owned a very fine rough-coated dog in Ch. Save, a son of Ch. Othman, and many others of the best St. Bernards in England were at one time or another in his hands ;: amongst them the celebrated smooth-coated Champions Guide and San Peur, had been ported from the Swiss kennel belonging to Mr. H. H. Dur, by Mr. H. I. Betterton. When these two dogs came over San Peur was in whelp, and Watch, the pup that she threw, proved a better dog than Guide; in fact, Watch was probably the best smooth- coated St. Bernard everseenin England. He, like many of the dogs of the breed that we owned about that time, went to America, the price paid for him being said to be be- tween eleven and twelve hundred pounds. who im- Mr. Betterton also imported Keeper, another grand young smooth of great quality, but rather small. The first giant St. Bernard that appeared upon the scene was Plinlimmon, whom the Rev. Arthur Carter purchased in the North of England when quite a puppy. Plin- limmon, who was descended from Hector, created quite a sensation when he made his début in public, as he was much the largest St. Bernard that had ever been seen. He had not, however, the quality of many that had appeared before him, and he had not the fine head and expression that are such desirable features in a St. Bernard. He, nevertheless, changed hands several times. The Rev. A. Carter sold him for £500; Mr. Hedley Chapman gave nearly double that sum for him; afterwards Mr. J. F. Smith had him, and he was finally sold by Mr. S. W. Smith to the American actor, Mr. Emmett, and was, like Rector, put upon the stage. MR. W. SHEARER CLARK'S LORD NEWLANDS BY LINLITHGOW MEMBER—ADDIEWELL BLOSSOM. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw, 70 THE NEW Plinlimmon was only one of many dogs that Mr. S. W. Smith sent to the United States during the time that the boom for St. Bernards in the Far West was at its height. Princess Florence, a splendid rough-coated bitch by Marvel, with Le Prince, also crossed the water, but the demand soon after ceased when it was found that the climate of MRS. BY CH. WOLFRAM——CH. VIOLA. Photograph by W. H. Strick, America was not suited to the breed. The extremely hot weather in the was fatal to them, very few of the high- priced dogs and bitches that were sent out living more than a couple of years. Prin- cess Florence, who was owned in turn by Dr. Inman and Mr. Hedley Chapman, was the largest bitch that had so far been bred, her reputed weight being upwards of lbs. She of the few that managed to live, and come back to England. After passing through some troublous times the St. and has gone on swimmingly ever since. The Club the most valuable chal- lenge cups of all the specialist Clubs. In addition to several minor cups, it has two silver cups of the value of 100 guineas summer 200 Was one Bernard Club was reconstituted, owns A. H PARKER'S ROUGH-COATED CH. CINQ MARS BOOK “OF THE DOG. each, and the trophy presented by Mr. Halsey of even more value. These special prizes are competed for at the Club’s anaual shows, one for the best dog in the show (rough or smooth), and the other for the best bitch, these two winners then com- peting together for the Halsey Trophy. Later on Mr. Norris Elye became President of the Club; he was a prominent breeder of St. Bernards, and owned, amongst others, Alta Bella and Bellegarde, two excellent specimens of the breed, the former one of the finest bitches of her day. It was at this peri- od that the great celebrity, Sir Bedi- vere, was whelped. He was bred by Mr. T. D. Green, selected him from the litter when a pup because he was the most prettily marked, and before he exhi- bited him for the first time, when ten months old, had not the slightest idea that he owned the most typical St. Bernard that had ever been bred in England, where he was never de- feated. Mr. Green refused £1,500 for him at home, but, after taking some five hun- dred pounds in stud fees, sold him to America for £1,300; he weighed upwards of 200 lbs., and stood 33 inches at the shoulder. Sir Bedivere orange and white in colour, and was beautifully pro- portioned, with perfect action all round. In the years that followed many fine dogs were bred, both of the rough and smooth- coated variety, and the type was greatly improved. Mr. Thomas Shilcock, of Bir- mingham, got together a strong kennel ; Mr. T. Duerdin Dutton had some high-class specimens at Cobham—Peggotty, a most who Was tHE Si BERNARD: 7 typical rough bitch, bred from the Guide strain, winning for him a number of prizes— and amongst other successful breeders and exhibitors were Mr. R. T. Thornton, Mr. A. J. Gosling, Mr. J. W. Rutherglen, Mr. G. W. Marsden, who is now the President of the St. Bernard Club; Mr. H. G. Sweet— Hesper, was the dog, Gres- whose magnificent sire of Miss ham’s Minstrel Boy —Mr. T. Thorburn, Mrs. Jones. Captain Hargreaves, and Mr. J. Royle, of Man- chester, who gave £470 for Lord Hath- erton, a dog that was catalogued at _ the Birmingham Show at £200, and after being claimed by two or three pur- chasers, was sold by anxious auction at the sum mentioned. Then came a lull in the popularity of the breed until Dr. Inman, in partner- carried ail before them in the show ring, and were continually in request for stud purposes, improving the breed to a remark- able extent. At the disposal of Messrs. Inman and Walmsley’s kennel, there were such admir- able dogs as the rough-coated Wolfram— from whom were bred Tannhauser, Narcissus, ship with Mr. B. Walmsley, estab- lished a kennel first at Barford, near Bath, and then at The Priory, at Bowden, in Cheshire, where they succeeded in breeding the finest kennel of St. Bernards that has ever been seen in the world. Dr. Inman had for several years owned good dogs, and set about the work on scientific principles. He, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Walmsley, purchased the smooth-coated Kenilworth from Mr. Loft, bred that dog’s produce with a brindle Mastiff of high repute, and then crossed back to his St. Bernards with the most successful results. Dr. Inman instrumental in forming the National St. Bernard Club, which, like the older society, was soon well supported with members, and now has at its disposal a good collection of valuable challenge cups. The dogs bred at Bowden MR. W. #H. BY CH. KENILWORTH Was BENNETT'S CH. LORD METHUEN Il.—PRIMROSE LADY. Leontes and Klingsor—the smooth-coated dogs, the King’s Son and The Viking; the rough-coated bitch, Judith Inman, and the smooth Viola, the last-named the finest specimen of her sex that has probably ever These dogs and bitches, with over been seen. several others, were dispersed all England, with the exception of Klingsor who went to South Africa. Mr. J. W. Proctor, of Mobberley, pur- chased Tannhauser and Viola, but they are, unfortunately, both dead, as also are Narcissus and Wolfram. Messrs. Scott and Kostin, who bought Leontes and The Viking, with Judith Inman, have been more fortu- nate, as the two first-named are both alive at this time of writing, the former one of 72 THE. NEW BOOK (OF “THE. DOE: the best rough-coated dogs before the public. The King’s Son, who was a great favourite with the late Dr. Inman, re- mained at home, and his bones are pro- bably to be found beneath the sod in some quiet corner in the grounds of Bowden Priory. Almost all the best St. Bernards in Great Britain at the present time have been bred or are descended from the Bowden A FIVE MONTHS' OLD SON OF CH. LEONTES. dogs. Mrs. Lawson, of Swansea, has been very successful in breeding with the strain, This lady owned Cing Mars, who is now the property of Mrs. Parker, for whom he has been doing a large amount of winning. Mrs. Chrysantheme and Queen Isabel, two of the best of their variety ; whilst other success- ful breeders and exhibitors are Mr. H. Stockin, Mr. D. W. Davies, Mr. G. Sinclair— the owner of Lord Montgomery, the Cham- pion at the Crystal Palace and Edinburgh in 1906—Mr. James Redwood, Miss L. J. Vere, Mr. E. H. Walbrook, Mr. W. H. Bennett, Mrs. Duncan King, Mrs. Jagger Florentius, died at years of age while these lines were being written—Mr. J. S. W. Harding, Colonel Williamson, and Mr. J. Muir. The following is the description of the St. Bernard as drawn up by the members of the St. Bernard Club: Parker also has in her possession —whose famous dog, ten Head.—The head should be large and massive, the circumference of the skull being more than double the length of the head from nose to occiput. From stop to tip of nose should be moderately short; full below the eye and square at the muzzle ; there should be great depth from the eye to the lower jaw, and the lips should be deep throughout, but not too pendulous. From the nose to the stop should be straight, and the stop abrupt and well defined. The skull should be broad and rounded at the top, but not domed, with somewhat prominent brow. Ears.—The ears should be of medium size, lying close to the cheek, but strong at the base and not heavily feathered. Eyes.—The eyes should be rather small and deep set, dark in colour and not too close together ; the lower eyelid should droop, so as to show a fair amount of haw. Nose.—The nose should be large and black, with well developed nostrils. The teeth should be level. Expression.—The expression should betoken benevolence, dignity, and intelligence. Neck.—The neck should be lengthy, muscular, and slightly arched, with dewlap developed, and the shoulders broad and sloping, well up at the withers. General Description of Body.—The chest should be wide and deep, and the back level as far as the haunches, slightly arched over the loins; the ribs should be well rounded and well back; the loin wide and _ very muscular. carried Tail—The tail should be set on rather high, long, the long-coated variety bushy ; carried low when in repose, and when excited or in motion slightly above the line of the back. and in Legs.—The forelegs should be perfectly straight, strong in bone, and of good length ; and the hind- legs very muscular. The feet large, compact, with well-arched toes. Size.—A dog should be at least 30 inches in height at the shoulder, and a_ bitch 27 inches (the taller the better, provided the symmetry is maintained) ; thoroughly well proportioned, and of great substance. The general outline should suggest great power and capability of endurance. Coat.—In should be dense and flat ; the long-coated variety the coat rather fuller round the neck; the thighs feathered but not too heavily. In the short-coated variety, the coat should be dense, hard, flat, and short, slightly feathered on thighs and tail. Colour and Markings.—The colour should be red, orange, various shades of brindle (the richer colour the better), or with patches on body of one of the above named colours. The markings should be as follows: white muzzle, white blaze up face, white collar round neck ; white chest, forelegs, feet, and end of tail ; black shadings on face and ears. If the blaze be wide and runs through to the collar, a spot of the body colour on the top of the head is desirable. white THE ST: Objectionable Points. Ill temper. Short neck. Split nose. Curly coat. Unlevel mouth and Curled tail. cankered teeth. Flat sides. Hollow back. Roach back. Snipy muzzle. Light and staring eyes. Cheek bumps. Ring tail. Wedge head. Open feet or hare feet. Flat skull. Cow hocks. Wall eyes. Straight hocks. Domed skull. Self-coloured (a self- coloured dog is one that has no black shadings or white markings). Badly set or heavily- feathered ears. Too much peak. Disqualifying Points. Black, black and tan, black and white, black, tan, and white, and all white. Dudiey, liver, flesh-col- oured nose. Fawn, if whole col- oured or with black shadings only. The weight of a dog should be from 170 lbs. to 210 lbs. ; of a bitch 160 lbs. to 199 lbs. During the past twenty-five years St. Bernards have been bred in this country BERNARD. 73 very much taller and heavier than they were in the days of Tell, Hope, Moltke, Monk, Hector, and Othman. Not one of these measured over 32 inches in height, or scaled over 180 lbs., but the increased height and greater weight of the more modern production have been obtained by forcing them as puppies and by fattening them to such an extent that they have been injured in constitution, and in many cases converted into cripples behind. The prize-winning rough-coated St. Bernard as he is seen to-day is a purely manufactured animal, handsome in appearance certainly, but so cumbersome that he is scarcely able to raise a trot, let alone do any tracking in the snow. Usefulness, however, is not a con- sideration with breeders, who have reared the dog to meet the exigencies of the show ring. There is still much left to be desired, and there is room for considerable improve- ment, as only a few of the more modern dogs of the breed approach the standard drawn up by the Clubs that are interested in their welfare. GROUP OF ST. BERNARD PUPPIES. BRED BY MESSRS. SCOTT AND KOSTIN. 10 74 CHAPTER~ Vii THE BY CAPTAIN J. Near this NEWFOUNDLAND. H. BAILEY. spot Are deposited the remains of one Who possessed Beauty without Vanity, Strength without insolence, Courage without Ferocity, And all the Virtues of Man without his Vices. This Praise, which would be unmeaning Flattery If inscribed over human ashes, Is but a just tribute to the memory of Boatswain, a Dog, Who was born at Newfoundland, May 1803, And died at Newstead Abbey, Nov. 18, 1808. Byron’s EPITAPH ON HIS NEWFOUNDLAND Doe. HE dogs which take their name from the island of Newfound- land at the mouth of the great St. Lawrence river ap- peal to all lovers of animals, romance, and beauty. A Newfoundland formed the subject of perhaps the most popular picture painted by Sir Edwin Landseer; a monument was erected by Byron over the grave of his Newfound- land in proximity to the place where the poet himself hoped to be buried, at New- stead Abbey, and the inscription on this monument contains the lines so frequently quoted : ‘But the poor dog in life the firmest friend, The first to welcome, foremost to defend, Whose honest heart is still his master’s own, Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone. * * * * * * To mark a friend’s remains these stones arise : I never knew but one—and here he lies.’ Robert Burns, also, in his poem, ‘“ The Twa Dogs,” written in 1786, refers to a Newfoundland as being an _ aristocrat among dogs in the following verse : “The first Pll name, they ca’d him Cesar, Was keepit for his honour’s pleasure : His hair, his size, his mouth, his lugs, Show’d he was nane 0’ Scotland’s dogs ; But whalpit some place far abroad, Where sailors gang to fish for cod. His locked, letter’d, braw brass collar Show’d him the gentleman and scholar : But though he was o’ high degree, The fient a pride—na pride had he.” Doubtless, other breeds of dogs have been the subjects of popular pictures and have had their praises sung by poets, but the Newfoundlands have yet a further honour, unique amongst dogs, in being the subject for a postage stamp of their native land. All these distinctions and honours have not been conferred without reason, for no breed of dogs has greater claim to the title of friend of man, and it has become famous for its known readiness and ability to save persons in danger, especially from drown- ing. It is strong and courageous in the water, and on land a properly-trained New- foundland is an ideal companion and guard. Innumerable are the accounts of Newfound- lands having proved their devotion to their owners, and of the many lives saved by them in river and sea ; and when Sir Edwin Landseer selected one of the breed as the THE NEWFOUNDLAND. subject of his picture entitled, “A Distin- guished Member of the Humane Society,” he was justified not only by the sentiment attaching to this remarkable race of dogs, but also by the deeds by which Newfound- lands have made good their claim to such great distinction, and the popular recog- nition of this, no doubt, in some degree added to the great esteem in which this painting has always been held. 75 Newfoundland character are passing away— it is to be hoped for good. The breed is rapidly returning to the type which Land- seer’s picture represents—a dog of great beauty, dignity, and benevolence of character, showing in its eyes an almost human pathos. Going back six years before the picture, Mr. J. McGregor, in 1832, in his history of British North America, wrote as follows: A DISTINGUISHED FROM THE PAINTING BY SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A, The picture was painted in 1838, and, as al- most everyone knows, represents a white and black Newfoundland. The dog portrayed was typical of the breed, and now, after a lapse of nearly seventy years, the painting has the added value of enabling us to make a comparison with specimens of the breed as it exists to-day. Such a comparison will show that among the best dogs now living are some which might have been the model for this picture. It is true, I think, that in the interval the white and black Newfoundlands have been coarser, heavier, higher on the legs, with an expression denoting excitability quite foreign to the true breed, but these departures from N MEMBER OF THE HUMANE SOCIETY. THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF BRITISH ART. * The Newfoundland dog is a celebrated and useful animal well known. These dogs are remarkably docile and obedient they are very serviceable in all the fishing plantations, and are yoked in pairs and used to haul the winter fuel home. They are gentle, faithful, good- natured, and ever a friend to man, and will at command leap into the water from the highest precipice and in the coldest weather. They are remarkably voracious, but can endure hunger for a great length of time, and they are usually fed upon the worst of salted fish. “The true breed has become scarce and difficult to be met with. They grow to a to their masters ; 70 THE .NEW greater size than an English Mastiff, have a fine close fur, and the colour is of various kinds ; but black, which is the most approved The smooth, short-haired dog so much admired in England as a New- foundland dog, though a useful and saga- cious animal and nearly as hardy and fond of the water, is of, prevails. a cross-breed. It [= BOOK ,OF THE DOG. It is somewhat difficult to reconcile these remarks concerning Newfoundlands in Eng- land with what is known from other sources about the same time, and it is contradicted as regards the smooth-coated dogs by Landseer’s picture. The smooth-coated dogs referred to were probably of the Labrador breed, and this view is confirmed by Youatt MISS E. GOODALL’s CH. GIPSY PRINCESS BY WOLF OF BADENOCH——HUMBER PEERESS. Photograph by Russell. seems, however, to inherit all the virtues of the true kind. A Newfoundland dog will, if properly domesticated and trained, defend his master, growl when another person speaks roughly to him, and in no instance of danger leave him. This animal in a wild state hunts in packs, and is then ferocious, and in its habits similar to the Wolf. They are fond of children and much attached to members of the house to which they belong, but frequently cherish a cross antipathy to a stranger. While they will neither attack nor fight dogs of inferior size, they are ready to fight courageously with dogs of their own size and strength. “So sagacious are these animals that they seem to want only the faculty of speech to make them fully understood, and they are capable of being trained to all the purposes for which almost every other variety of the canine species is used.” in his Book of The Dog, published in 1845, in which he states: ‘‘ Some of the true New- foundlands have been brought to Europe, and have been used as Retrievers. They are comparatively small and generally black. A larger variety has been bred, and is now perfectly established. He is seldom used as a sporting dog, but is admired on account of his stature and beauty, and the different colours with which he is often marked.” Some twenty-five to thirty years ago there considerable discussion among owners of Newfoundlands in this country as to the proper colour of the true breed, and there were many persons who claimed, as some still claim, that the black variety is the only true variety, and that the white and black colouring indicates a cross-breed. Again Landseer’s picture is of value, because, in the first place, we may be almost Was THE NEWFOUNDLAND. certain that he would have selected for such a picture a typical dog of the breed, and, secondly, because the picture shows, nearly half a century prior to the discussion, a white and black dog, typical in nearly every respect, except colour, of the black New- foundland. There is no appearance of cross- MRS. W. A LINDSAY'S CH. MILK BOY BY STEERSMAN——LADY'S MAID. Photograph by Abernethy, Belfast. breeding in Landseer’s dog; on the con- trary, he reveals all the characteristics of a thoroughbred. Nearly seventy years ago, therefore, the white and black variety may be fairly considered to have been established, and it is worthy of mention here that “ Tdstone ”’ quoted an article written in 1819 stating that back in the eighteenth century Newfoundlands were large, rough-coated, liver and white dogs. It is clear, also, that in 1832 Newfoundlands in British North America were of various colours. Addi- tional evidence, too, is provided, in the fact that when selecting the type of head for their postage stamp the Government of Newfoundland chose the Landseer dog. Therefore, there are very strong argu- ments against the claim that the true variety is essentially black. However that may be, there are now 1h two established varieties, the black and the white and black. There are also bronze- coloured dogs, but they are rare and are not favoured. It is stated, however, that pup- pies of that colour are generally the most promising in all other respects. Newfoundlands figure very prominently in the numerous accounts of canine instinct, devotion and sagacity, and whether or not those accounts are always quite authentic, they indicate how widespread is the belief that dogs of this breed possess those qualitics in full. The Rev. J. S. Watson, in his book on ‘‘The Reasoning Power in Animals,” said he was not inclined to assent to an opinion that one species of dog has not greater sagacity than another. He was disposed to think that a greater portion of strong natural sense was manifested in th> larger kinds of dogs such as the Newfound- land. The Rev. F. O. Morris many years ago wrote an account of a Newfoundland and a Mastiff which frequently fought together, and on one occasion, when fighting on a pier, they both fell into the sea. The Newfoundland was quickly out again, but, 78 THE NEW seeing the Mastiff in difficulties, he went back and assisted him. Mr. Morris stated that henceforth the dogs were quite good friends. That is easy enough of belief by anyone who has kept and studied dogs as companions ANOTHER PORTRAIT OF CH. MILK BOY. Photograph by Lafayette, Belfast. and thereby learned how large an amount of what are regarded as purely human faculties there is in dogs. Very recently I was told of an adult Newfoundland, which, curiously enough, was not fond of swimming, and was taken out with another Newfoundland that was quite at home in the water. The former showed no desire to follow the latter, but he did in time that the swimmer received praise which he also wanted, and, reasoning Clearly from cause to effect, he developed into a remarkably good water- dog. I am not sure whether the following story told by Charles Dickens denotes instinct, devotion, or sagacity, but it is amusing. Dickens. said that a Newfoundland, which was usually allowed to go out alone, ap- realise BOOK OF THE, DOG: peared on his return to smell of beer, and, being watched on one occasion, was seen to go into a public-house. On inquiry being made it was found that the dog was in the habit of calling daily at the public-house and was usually given a pint of beer. A striking instance of the reason- ing power of this breed of dog is given by G. Romanes in the Quar- terly Journal of Science for April, 1876. It is there stated that a Newfoundland dog was sent across a stream to fetch a couple of hats, while his master and friend had gone on some distance. The dog went after them, and the gentle- men him attempt to carry both hats, and fail, for together they were too much for him. Pre- sently he paused in his endeavour, took a careful survey of the hats, discovered that one was larger than the other, put the small one inside the larger, and took the latter in his teeth by the brim and carried both across ! The black variety of the New- foundland is essentially black in colour; but this does not mean that there may be no other colour, for most black Newfoundlands have some white marks, and these are not considered objectionable, so long as they are limited to white hairs on the chest, toes, or the tip of the tail. In fact, a white marking on the chest is said to be typical of the true breed. Any white on the head or body would place the dog in the other than black variety. The black colour should preferably be of a dull jet appearance, which approximates to brown. In the other than black class, there may be black and tan, bronze, and white and black. The latter predominates, and in this colour, beauty of marking is very important. The head should be black with a white muzzle and blaze, and the body and legs should be white with large patches of black on the saddle and quarters, with possibly other small black spots on the body and legs. Apart from colour, the varieties should Saw THE SMOOTH COATED ST. BERNARD CH. THE VIKING By CH. KLINGSOR NAMELESS. PROPERTY OF MESSRS, SCOTT AND KOSTIN. GRANGE COURT HOUSE, LEOMINSTER THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 79 conform to the same standard. The head should be broad and massive, but in no sense heavy in appearance. The muzzle should be short, square, and clean cut, eyes rather wide apart, deep set, dark and small, not showing any haw; ears small, with close side carriage, covered with fine short hair (there should be no fringe to the ears), expression full of intelligence, dignity, and kindness. The body should be long, square, and massive, loins strong and well filled; chest deep and broad; legs quite straight, some- what short in proportion to the length of the body, and powerful, with round bone well covered with muscle ; feet large, round, and close. The tail should be only long enough to reach just below the hocks, free from kink, and never curled over the back. The quality of the coat is very important ; the coat should be very dense, with plenty of undercoat: the outer coat somewhat harsh and quite straight. A curly coat is very objectionable. A dog with a good coat may be in the water for a considerable time without getting wet on the skin. The appearance generally should indicate a dog of great strength, and very active for his build and size, moving freely with the body swung loosely between the legs, which gives a slight roll in gait. This has been compared to a sailor’s roll, and is typical of the breed. As regards size, the Newfoundland Club standard gives 140 lbs. to 120 lbs. weight for a dog, and 110 lbs. to 120 lbs. for a bitch, with an average height at the shoulder of 27 inches and 25 inches respectively ; but it is doubtful whether dogs in proper con- dition do conform to both requirements. At any rate, the writer is unable to trace any prominent Newfoundlands which do, and it would be safe to assume that for dogs of the weights specified, the height should be quite 29 inches for dogs, and 27 inches for bitches. A dog weighing 150 lbs. and measuring 29 inches in height at the shoulder would necessarily be long in body to be in proportion, and would probably much ‘nearer approach the ideal form for a New- foundland than a taller dog. In that respect Newfoundlands have very much improved during the past quarter of a century. Twenty-five years ago, the most noted dogs were stated as a rule to be well over 30 inches in height, but their weight for height would indicate legginess, which is an abomination in a Newfoundland. One dog of years ago, named Mayor of Bingley, a well-known prize-winner, was stated to be 324 inches at the shoulder and 142 lbs. in weight, while his length was 50 inches (ex- cluding tail). It is interesting to compare that dog with Champion Shelton Viking, who is illustrated in this chapter. His height is 294 inches, weight 154 lbs., and length of body 48 inches. To be approxi- mately of the same comparative proportions for his height Mayor of Bingley should have weighed at least 180 lbs. That, I think, would be too heavy for a Newfoundland, and, in fact, he was too tall. A 29-inch New- foundland is quite tall enough, and even that height should not be gained at the expense of type and symmetry. The following table gives figures as a guide to what the writer considers should be about the measurements of a full-sized dog and bitch: Dog. Bitch. Height 29 im. 27 in. Weight = TSO) lbs 12zo0nlb: Length from nose to root of tail ; 52 in. 484 in. Girth of head : SA 5 5} muzzle . > ges 12 chest ; 639. re 835 loin = eSB SO forearm . 10) a 9 Length of head RS oy TELE It does not follow, of course, that a dog with these measurements will neces- sarily be a good show dog; but it will be tound that the measurements compare fairly well with those of the most typical black dogs and bitches. The white and black variety are, as a rule, slightly taller, smaller in loin and longer in head, but these differences in the two varieties are being rapidly re- moved, and at no distant date the white and black variety will probably be as correct in type and symmetry as the black variety now is. 80 THE NEW MR. J. J. COOPERS CH. KING STUART BY PRINCE JACK——QUEEN ANNE. For very many years the black variety has been the better in type ; and in breed- ing, 1f blacks are desired, it will be safer as a general rule to insist upon the absence of white and black blood in any of the immediate ancestors of the sire and dam. 3ut if, on the contrary, white and black dogs are required, the proper course is to make judicious crosses between the black and white, and black varieties, and destroy any black puppies, unless they are re- quired for further crosses with white and black blood. In any case the first cross is likely to produce both black and mis-marked white and black puppies; but the latter, if bred back to the white and black blood, would generally produce well-marked white and black Newfoundlands. In mating, never be guided solely by the good points of the dog and bitch. It is very desirable that they should both have good BOOK OF THE [DOG. points, the more good ones the better, but it is more important to ensure that they are dissimilar in their defects, and, if possible, that in neither case is there a very objectionable defect, especially if such defect was also apparent in the animal’s sire or dam. It is, therefore, important to study what were the good, and still more so the bad, points in the parents and grandparents. If you do not know these, other New- foundland breeders will will- ingly give information, and any trouble involved in tracing the knowledge re- guired will be amply repaid in the results, and probably save ment. When rearing puppies give them soft food, such as well- boiled rice and milk, as soon as they will lap, and, shortly afterwards, scraped lean meat. Newfoundland puppies require plenty of meat to induce proper growth. The puppies should increase in weight at the rate of 3 lbs. a week, and this necessitates plenty of flesh, bone and muscle- forming food, plenty of meat, both raw and cooked. Milk is also good, but it requires to be strengthened with Plasmon, or casein. The secret of growing full-sized dogs with plenty of bone and substance is to get a good start from birth, good feeding, warm, dry quarters, and freedom for the puppies to move about and exercise themselves as they wish. Forced exercise may make them go wrong on their legs. Medicine should not be required except for worms, and the puppies should be physicked for these soon after they are weaned, and again when three or four months old, or before that if they are not thriving. If free from worms, Newfoundland puppies will be found quite hardy, and, under great disappoint- THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 81 proper conditions of food and quarters, they are easy to rear. The Newfoundland Club scale of points for judging is as follows: Head 34 points :— Shape of skull . : > 8 Ears - é . 5 KS) Eyes : : - ; 8 Muzzle . : . : 8—34 Body 66 points :— Neck : : : ; 4 Chest : : F ae 6 Shoulders . A 5 5 4 Loin and back . 2 5 ke Hind quarters and tail 5 ie) Legs and feet . : 5 Ae) Coat : - : eZ Size, height, and general ap- pearance 8—66 Total points Five of the illustrations in this chapter are of typical cham- pions of the breed. Taking the head of Champion King Stuart (K.C.S.B. 36,708) first, this is portrayed as the type of head required. There is a_ slight defect in the photograph, due to refraction, the smooth, shiny black hair at the stop having glistened in the light, thus preventing the depth of the stop and the formation of the dome from being justly seen. This dog had an almost un- paralleled record on the show bench. He was the sire of Mr. Horsfield’s very typical dog, Champion Bowdon Per- fection, of Mr. Critchley’s charming bitch, Champion Lady Buller, and the grandsire, on both sire and dam’s side, of Cham- pion Shelton Viking (p. 82). Viking was bred by Mrs. Vale Nicolas, of Worksop, who at one time owned King Stuart, and was firm in her resolve to breed to that type of head. It Her patience and skill have been repaid, and this lady now holds a very strong hand in Newfoundlands. Viking attained high honour on the first occasion of his being shown. At the Crystal Palace, Oc- tober, 1904, he won first prizes in Open and Limit classes, the silver cup for the best black dog, and also the Championship. He is still an unbeaten dog, and is likely to be as famous in the Stud Book as his erandsire King Stuart. The other black Newfoundland illustrated is Champion Gipsy Princess (p. 76), who was owned by Miss E. Goodall. This bitch was first shown, I think, at Earl’s Court in 1899, at the and created quite a sensation among New- foundland breeders. age of about ten months, The successful career then commenced was continued throughout her life. It is an unfortunate fact that MR. C. GOODMAN's MISS STORMY BY CH. CANONBURY ROVER—MRS. STORMY. Photograph by Russell. THE NEW BOOK she never bred. She was an exceptionally large bitch. Her breeder was Mr. Haldenby, of Hull, and she was but one of many famous Newfoundlands emanating from his kennels. The sire of Gipsy Princess was the famous Champion Wolf of Badenoch, and her dam was by King Stuart. Coming now to the illustrations of the white and black dogs, to take them in the order of their birth, first is Champion Prince of Norfolk. The illustration (see p. 83) shows what a grandly proportioned dog he was, and how beautifully marked. He was very little used at stud, and he died in 1904. The OF. LHEY DOG Other famous Newfoundland kennels are owned by the Rev. W. T. Willacott, of Brad- worthy, North Devon; Mr. J. J. Horsfield, of Sale; Mr. J. J. Cooper (President of the Newfoundland Club), of Feniscowles Old Hall, near Blackburn; Mr. R. R. Coats, of Newcastle-on-Tyne ; but to mention all the owners and the many celebrated New- foundlands who have made history in the breed exceed the available in. this There many have passed; owners who are remembered with respect and esteem, and dogs who find a soft place in one’s heart for the many would space chapter. are who DP CET EI oe. ee ee Dae 1 CH. SHELTON VIKING. BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. BY LORD ROSEBERY VALE NICOLAS, upl T. Fail. other dog illustrated 1s Champion Milk Boy, W. A. Belfast 78). This dog has won numerous owned by Mrs. Lindsay, of Lh? (see pp. championships, prizes, and cups, and was bred by Mr. H. J. Mansfield, of Rushbrooke, near Bury St. Edmunds, who has for many years been a_ consistent and_ successful breeder of Newfoundlands. SHELTON MADGE WORKSOP. victories they won, and for the great names that live after them. And in the present there are still friends who are carrying on the history, and great dogs who are an improved race, ready to uphold the fame of their breed on the show bench, and to gladden the hearts of their masters and mistresses as friends and companions. THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 83 In conclusion, a few words may be said open to competition among the members ; for the Newfoundland Club, which was estab- it presents special prizes at the various lished in 1884 to promote the breeding shows ; and offers facilities to anyone who is CAPTAIN J. H. BAILEY’'S CH. PRINCE OF NORFOLK BY HIS NIBBS——PRINCESS MAY I! Photograph by Salmon. of pure Newfoundlands by endeavouring desirous of studying the breed. The annual to make the qualities and type of the subscription is {1 Is., and the Hon. Secre- breed more definitely known. The Club taryis Mr. W. E. Gillingham, of 335, King owns several Challenge Cups, which are Street West, Hammersmith. 0 1 “WE ARE SEVEN.” TEAM OF SIX WEEKS OLD GREAT DANES BRED BY MR. J. L. CHING, ENFIELD. BY LORD DE GRACE——VENDETTA OF REDGRAVE. CHAPTER Vit. THE GREAT DANE, OR GERMAN BOARHOUND. BY E. B. JOACHIM. “ He who alone there was deemed best of all, The war dog of the HE origin of the Great Dane, like that of a_ great many other varie- ties of dogs, 1s so obscure that all researches have only resulted in speculative theo- ries, but the un- doubted an- tiquity of this dog proved by the fact that repre- sentatives of a breed sufficiently similar to be ancestors are found on some of the oldest Egyptian monuments. How the Great Dane came by his present name also uncertain. If Denmark was the country from which these dogs spread the Continent, and on that account called Great Danes, they must have greatly deteriorated in their father- land, because what is now known as the Dansk Hound (Danish Dog) is at the W. B. WROTTESLEY'S THE HON. THYRA OF SEISDON. BY CH. LORIS——THYLIA, is considered his is over were Danefolk, well worthy of men.” —HEL-RIDE OF BRYNHILD. best only a sorry caricature of the Great Dane. A few years ago a controversy arose on the breed’s proper designation, when the Ger- mans claimed for it the title ‘‘ Deutsche Dogge.” Germany had several varieties of big dogs, such as the Hatzriide, Sau- fanger, Ulmer Dogge, and Rottweiler Metzerghund ; but contemporaneously with these there existed, as in other countries in Europe, another very big breed, but much nobler and more thoroughbred, known as the Great Dane. When after the war of 1870 national feeling was pulsating very strongly in the veins of re-united Germany, the German cynologists were on the look- out for a national dog, and for that purpose the Great Dane was re-christened “ Deutsche Dogge,” and elected as the champion of German Dogdom. For a long time all these breeds had, no doubt, been indis- criminately crossed, and a proof of this may be found in the fact that the powerful influence in dog breeding of ‘ black and tan,” which is the colour of the Rottweiler PE EREAIe DANE: 85 Hund, shows itself even now by the occa- sional appearance of a puppy with tan marking, and particularly the peculiar tan spots above the eyes. The Great Dane was introduced into this country spasmodically some __ thirty-five shortened by the removal of some of the end joints should be disqualified from winning a prize. At the end of 1895 the old Club was dissolved, and in 1896 Mr. Robert Leadbetter, M.F.H., took the initia- tive in the formation of a new Great Dane MRS. REGINALD HERBERT'S CH. VENDETTA BY HARRAS——FLORA. BRED BY MR. BAMBERGER IN 1884. years ago, when he was commonly referred to as the Boarhound, or the German Mastiff, and for a time the breed had to undergo a probationary period in the “ Foreign Class ” at dog shows, but it soon gained in public favour, and in the early ’eighties a Great Dane Club was formed. In 1895 the breed suffered a great set-back through the abolition of “ cropping ”’ in this country, which was also one of the causes of dissen- sion amongst the members of the Great _ Dane Club; another cause being the question as to whether a dog whose tail had been Club, which has flourished ever since. In 1903 another Club was started under the title, ‘‘ The Northern Great Dane Club,” which has also done important work. The intrinsic good qualities of the Great Dane and the assistance of these institutions have raised him to such a height in general esteem that he is now one of the most popular of all the larger breeds of dogs. The Kennel Club has classed the Great Dane amongst the Non-Sporting dogs, prob- ably because with us he cannot find a quarry worthy of his mettle; but, for all 86 THE NEW. that, he has the instincts and qualifications of a sporting dog, and he has proved him- self particularly valuable for hunting big game in hot climates, which he stands very well. Respecting the temperament of the Great Dane and his suitability as a companion BOOK OF THE, DOG. at command, and to pull him down and stand over him without biting him unless he shows fight. The Great Dane attains his full develop- ment in about a year and a half to two years, and, considering that puppies have to build up in that time a very big skeleton and straight limbs, special attention must be given HORSFALL'S VANDAL OF REDGRAVE BY ORUS OF LOCHERBIE——VROLA OF REDGRAVE. MRS. Photograph by Judge, Hastings. writers have gone to extremes in praise and condemnation. In his favour it must be said that in natural intelligence he is surpassed by very few other dogs. He has a most imposing figure, and does not, like some other big breeds, slobber from his mouth, which is a particularly unpleasant peculiarity when a dog is kept in the house. On the other hand, it must be admitted that with almost the strength of a tiger he com- bines the excitability of a terrier, and no doubt a badly trained Great Dane is a very dangerous animal. It is not sufficient to teach him in the haphazard way which might be successful in getting a small dog under control, but even as a companion he ought to be trained systematically, and, considering his marked intelligence, this is not difficult of accomplishment. In Germany the Great Dane is some- times specially trained to “ go for a man” to the rearing of them. The dam whelps fre- quently eight puppies, and sometimes even a few more, but that is too great a number for a bitch to suckle in a breed where great size is a desideratum. Not more than four, or at the outside five, should be left with the bitch, and the others put to a foster mother, or if they are weaklings or foul-marked puppies it is best to destroy them. After the puppies are weaned, their food should be of bone- making quality, and they require ample space for exercise and play at their own sweet will. Nothing is worse than to take the youngsters for forced marches before their bones have become firm. Before giving the description and stan- dard which have been adopted by the Great Dane Clubs, a few remarks on some of the leading points will be useful. The general characteristic of the Great Dane is a com- bination of grace and power, and therefore the lightness of the Greyhound, as well as the heaviness of the Mastiff, must be avoided. The head should be powerful, but at the same time show quality by its nice modelling. The eyes should be intelligent and viva- cious, but not have the hard expression of the terrier. The distance between the eyes is of great importance; if too wide apart they give the dog a stupid appearance, iE GREAT “DANE: and if too close together he has a treacher- ous look. Another very important point is the grace- ful carriage of the tail. When it is curled over the back it makes an otherwise hand- some dog look mean, and a tail that curls at the end like a corkscrew is also very ugly. In former times “faking” was not unfrequently resorted to to correct a faulty tail carriage, but it is easily detected, be- cause when the dog is excited he raises the tail up to the point where it has been operated upon, and from there it is carried in an unnaturally different direction in a more or less _ lifeless way. “Faked”’ tails are now hardly ever seen. Great Danes sometimes injure the end of the tail by hitting it against a hard substance, and those with a good car- riage of tail are most liable to this because in excitement they slash it about, whereas the faulty position of the tail, curled the back, insures im- munity from harm. If a dog’s tail has been damaged, it should be attended to at once to allay inflammation, otherwise mortification may set in and some of the joints of the tail will have to be taken off. Cases have probably occurred where the end of the tail was taken off to get rid of the ugly corkscrew twist, and this may have been the reason for the proposal to disqualify all curtailed dogs. Until recently British Great Dane breeders and exhibitors have paid very little atten- tion to colour, on the principle that, like a good horse, a good Great Dane cannot be over LIBETT VAN DE LATE OWNER, MISS 87 a bad colour. The English clubs, however, have now in this particular also adopted the German standard. The orthodox colours are brindle, fawn, blue, black, and harlequin. In the brindle dogs the ground colour should be any shade from light yellow to dark red-yellow on which the brindle appears in darker stripes. The harlequins have on a pure white ground fairly large black patches, which must be of irregular shape, broken up as if they had been torn, and not have rounded outlines. When brindle Great Danes are continuously bred together, it PRINS BY CH. HATTO OF HOLLAND——ADY. —E. MACKAY SCOTT. has been found that they get darker, and that the peculiar “striping” disappears, and in that case the introduction of a good fawn into the strain is advisable. The constant mating of harlequins has the ten- dency to make the black patches dis- appear, and the union with a good black Great Dane will prevent the loss of colour. 88 TEE The following is the official description issued by the Great Dane Club. The sketches are by Mis. Ernest E. Fox. THE PERFECT GREAT DANE. 1. General Appearance.—The Great Dane is not so heavy or massive as the Mastiff, nor should he too nearly approach the Greyhound type. Remarkable in size and very muscular, strongly elegantly built; the head and should be carried high, and the tail in line with the back, or slightly upwards, but not curled though neck MR. #H. SCHMIDT'S CHANCE OF ROSEDALE (AT THE AGE OF EIGHT MONTHS) BY PRINCE FLORIZEL——LIBETT VAN DE PRINS. over the hind quarters. Elegance of outline and grace of form are most essential to a Dane ; size is absolutely necessary ; but there must be that alertness of expression and briskness of movement without the Dane character is lost. He should have a look of dash and daring, of being ready to go anywhere and do anything. 2. Temperament.—The Great Dane is good- tempered, affectionate, and faithful to his master, not demonstrative with strangers; intelligent, courageous, and always alert. His value as a guard is unrivalled. He is easily controlled which NEW BOOK OF “THE DOG when well trained, but he may grow savage if confined too much, kept on chain, or ill treated. 3. Height——The minimum height of an adult dog should be 30 ins.; that of a bitch, 28 ins. 4. Weight.—The minimum weight of an adult dog should be 120 Ibs. ; that of a bitch, 100 Ibs. The greater height and weight to be preferred, provided that quality and proportion are also combined. 5. Head.—Taken 5 o Tail See re as ea tin We Bos 5 Size and symmetry, etc. IO Totaly") js % 100 RUGBY BESS O’ THE BARN BY RUGBY CH BRED AND OWNED BY BUCKSHOT MRS. H. RUGBY BRUNETTE WILSON BEDWELL. 98 CLIPPING DAY IN| YARROW. Photograph by Edwards, Selkirk. CHAPTER IX, THE, ‘COELIE: BY JAMES C. DALGLIESH. “But should you, while wandering in the wild sheepland, happen on moor or in market upon | habit, splashed here and there with rays of moon ; strenuous as a prince, lithe as a rowan, graceful manners of a fairy queen ; should he have a noble breadth of brow, an aty of still strength born of right confidence, all unassuming ; last and most unfailing test of all, should you look into two snowcloud eyes, calm, wistful, inscrutable, their soft depths clothed on with eternal sadness—yearning, as is said, for the soul that 1s not theirs—know then that you look upon one of the line of the most illustrious sheepdogs of the a very perfect gentle knight clothed in dark grey free by right divine of the guild of gentlemen, as a girl, with high king carriage, motions and North.”’—‘‘ Owp Bos.” I. The Working Collie. —The foregoing quotation from Alfred Olliphant’s de- lightful fictional biography of Bob, son of Battle, refers more particularly to the grey Sheepdog of Kenmuir, but it is a description which may be applied in general to all the dogs of the Collie strain that follow their active lives among the fells and dales and on the wind-swept hillsides of the North. The townsman who knows the shepherd’s dog only as he is to be seen, out of his true element, threading his confined way through crowded streets — where sheep are not, can have small appre- ciation of his wisdom and _ his sterling worth. To know him properly, one needs to see him at work in a country where sheep abound, to watch him adroitly round- ing up his scattered charges on a wide- stretching moorland, gathering the wander- ing wethers into close order and driving them before him in unbroken company to the fold; handling the stubborn pack | in a narrow lane, running lightly over the ite COLLIE: 99 woolly floor to whisper a stern command in the ear of some patriarch of the flock ; or holding them in the corner of a field, immobile under the spell of his vigilant eye. He is at his best as a worker, con- scious of the responsibility reposed in him ; a marvel of generalship, gentle, judicious, slow to anger, quick to action; the price- less helpmeet of his master, of whom he is the business half, sharing ambitions, perils, sorrows, joys, sun and snow—the most useful member of all the tribe of dogs. Few dogs possess the fertile, resourceful brain of the Collie. He can be trained to perform the duties of other breeds. He makes an excellent sporting dog, and can be taught to do the work of the Pointer and the Setter, as well as that of the Water Spaniel and the Retriever. He is clever at hunting, having an excellent nose, is a good vermin-killer, and a most faithful watch, guard, and companion. I have seen many companies of performing dogs, and one of the very best of them was a Collie. Major Richardson, who during the past ten years has been successful in training dogs to ambulance work on the field of battle, has carefully tested the abilities of various breeds in discovering wounded soldiers, and he gives to the Collie the decided preference. It is, however, as an assistant to the flock-master, the farmer, the butcher, and the drover that the Collie takes his most appropriate place in every-day life. The shepherd on his daily rounds, travelling over miles of moorland, could not well accomplish his task without his Collie’s skilful aid. One such dog, knowing what Is expected of him, can do work which would otherwise require the combined efforts of a score of men. James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, declared that without the shepherd’s dog the whole of the moun- tainous land of Scotland would not be worth a sixpence, and that it would require more hands to manage a flock of sheep, gather them from the hills, force them into houses and folds, and drive them to markets than the profits of the whole stock would be capable of maintaining; and the state- ment is not wide of the truth. I have gone the rounds with the shep- herds on the high hills of Yarrow, and can personally testify to the amount of work entrusted to the dogs. Begin the day’s labours on a large hirsel; picture the shepherd winding his way along the narrow bridle track up the hillside, his dog busy all the time gathering the sheep from the distant ravines and crags, bringing them into sight from beyond intervening knolls and shoulders; consider the vast mileage that the dog covers in his bounding pace, the difficult road that he travels over rough heather, sharp rocks, and marshy hollows! The shepherd tramps miles, per- haps, but on a beaten track, while his Collie, taking a wider range, is compelled to gallop at high speed in order finally to réach the hilltop at the same time as his master and continue the industrious search on the farther side. It is a hard day’s work for any dog: the hardest that the canine race is expected to perform. Even in the lowland sheep farms, where the flocks are easily handled, and where there are no awkward jumps across dangerous chasms, there are still big days for the dogs—the dipping, clipping, and weaning days, when the parks near the steadings are white with their bleating crowds needing to be carefully marshalled; for the Collie well knows the trouble that will follow if one of the fleet-footed sheep should break away, and, whether standing or resting, he never takes his watchful eyes off his charge. The pastoral life of the shepherd and his dog is a healthy one, not devoid of pleasures. But take a wintry day on the rain-swept hills, or a snowstorm on the Grampians, the Cheviots or the Lammermoors; think of the memorable storm in the South of Scot- land on January 24th, 1794, when nineteen shepherds and five-and-forty dogs perished in the execution of their duty! It is at such times that the Collie meets hardship and peril with the heroism of a true soldier. To the lover of dogs there can be no pleasure more keen than that of spending a holiday on a sheep farm. Recently I 100 enjoyed such an experience on the farm of Mr. Mitchell, of Henderland, purely a sheep farm, carrying a hundred score of black- faced sheep. Here three shepherds were employed, each having two dogs, usually a good one and a bad one, or say a moderate one. The photograph on page 98 was taken on a clipping day. The best of the four dogs is the one standing—Tweed, a [_ sas aa | MR. JAMES SCOTT'S KEP, ONE OF THE MOST PERFECT WORKING COLLIES IN SCOTLAND Photograph by Monk, Preston. descendant of the famous breed kept by the Ettrick Shepherd. Tweed fox-coloured sable with a sensible head, and, like many of his kind, with one white or merle eye and the other hazel. Bess, the black and white lying in the centre, is of good and a determined worker, but o° strange temperament. All four are smooth Collies and in the pink of condition. It is a pleasure to see how quickly these is a dark, stamp dogs can climb their way up the heathery hillside, and to note, when they are beyond the sound of call or whistle, how they will watch with eagerness for the semaphore signal given by the shepherd’s directing hand. friendship he has never giv THE en me cause to suspect that there is truth in the libel | | PremiceR CH. CHOW VIII. Photograph by Ruddock, Newcastle which accuses his kind of sheep-slaying. a penchant for In my kennels I have several other dogs of the same fine race, all of whom, I feel the same good instincts and in- nate gentility, but the routine and discipline of kennel life allow them little opportunity for the cultivation of natural gifts. Outwardly, the Chow worthily embodies the kind, faithful heart and the brave sure, have their spirit within. His compact body (weighing 40 lbs. or more), with the beautiful fur coat and ruff, the plume tail turned over on his back and almost meeting his neck- ruff, the strong, straight legs and neat, catlike feet, gives an impression of symmetry, power, and His handsome face wears a the tech- the ‘‘no alertness. “ scowl ; ‘5 Nical This is term for CHOW nonsense ”’ from CHOW. I2 On look which deters strangers familiarity, though to friends his expression is kindness itself. undue Though the Chow has many perfec- tions, the periect arrived. He Chow VIII.—long since dead, alas !— ind with Ch. Fu Chow, the Chow has not yet nearly came with Ch. best Chow now living, his light coloured eyes being defect. this dog’s black coat handi- his only With many judges, however, caps him sadly in competition with his red brethren. I consider Chow VIII. the best and most typical dog ever benched, not- withstanding his somewhat round eyes. Almond eyes are of course correct in Chinamen. Ch. Red which is perfect. Craze owns the head The illustration (on p- 126) from an oil painting by Miss Monica Gray shows the correct ear- broad but reproduce scowl does and muzzle, the and carriage not quite characteristic expression of a good Chow. Another i photograph reproduced on the point of view is given in the same page. roar | MRS. W. M. BRED BY Ph 1 vi DOUGLAS-SCOTT'S BLUE BLOOD—CHINA'S CH. FU CHOW PRIDE. MISS ELLA FiSHBOURNE 126 THE NEW It will be noticed that the dogs in the photographed group at the head of this chapter appear to carry their ears too close HEAD OF CH. RED CRAZE. From a Painting by Monica Gray, together. This is due to the concentration of their thoughts upon a rabbit held be- hind the camera. They also have a look of levity, far different from the aspect of sober dignity which they affect in calmer 3ut they are all The three larger animals are young dogs which have already distin- guished themselves in_ the moments. good, show-ring. The two ladies are seated. The blonde, with her short, cobby body, good bone and massive head, would be faultless but for her colour, which she must have inherited from some remote ancestor. Her parents are Ch. Shy- lock and Fenalik, both exceptionally good coloured ones. Modern look judges will not light or parti-coloured dog, and I fear that if even Ch: Chow VIII. could the scenes of his by- twice at a revisit P) gone triumphs, his beautiful light mark- ings would prove a fatal bar to his cess. BOOk MRS. SCARAMANGA'S CH. RED BY CH. SHYLOCK——DUCHESSE. syaph by T. Suc= The judges would be quite wrong, dD to) OF TLHE DOG: but if you want a dog for show you must be sure to get a good whole-coloured dark red. If, on the other hand, you have a Chow as a companion and friend, do not be at all troubled if his ruff, yoke, culottes and tail are cream-coloured. These are natural, correct and typical marks, though present-day to “improve” them away. The other bitch in the group is own sister to Ch. Red Craze, and, like him, is a credit to Shylock, their sire. She refused to pose, white or fanciers are trying so she does not improve the group as she ought. I have added a list of points as drawn up by the Chow Chow Club some years ago. _The points are fairly right, but the tongue of a live Chow is never black. It should be blue, such a colour as might result from a diet of bilberries. Points of the Chow Chow. 1. Head.—Skull flat and broad, with little stop, well filled out under the eyes. 2. Muzzle.—Moderate in length, and broad CRAZE BRED BY MR. SAWTELL Fall, from the eyes to the point (not pointed at the end like a fox). 3. Nose.—Black, large and wide. (In cream foe CHOW. CHOW. or light-coloured specimens, a pink nose is allow- able.) 4. Tongue.—Black. 5. Eyes.—Dark and small. light colour is permissible.) 6. Ears.——Small, pointed, and carried stiffly erect. They should be placed well forward over the eyes, which gives the dog the peculiar charac- teristic expression of the breed—viz. a sort of scowl. 7. Teeth.—Strong and level. 8. Neck.—Strong, full, set well on the shoulders, and slightly arched. g. Shoulders.—Muscular and sloping. to. Chest.—Broad and deep. 11. Back.—Short, straight, and strong. 12. Loins.—Powerful. 13. Tail.—Curled tightly over the back. 14. Forelegs.—Perfectly straight,-of moderate length, and with great bone. 15. Hindlegs.—Same as forelegs, muscular with hocks well let down. 16. Feet.—Small, round ing well on the toes. 17. Coat.— Abundant, (In a blue dog and and catlike, stand- straight, and dense, 127 rather coarse in texture, with a soft woolly under- coat. 18. Colour.—Whole-coloured black, red, yel- low, blue, white, etc., not in patches (the under part of tail and back of thighs frequently of a lighter colour). 19. General Appearance.—A lively, compact, short coupled dog, well-knit in frame, with tail curled well over the back. 20. Disqualifying Points.—Drop ears, red tongue, tail not curled over back, white spots on coat, and red nose, except in yellow or white specimens. N.B.—Smooth Chows are governed by the same scale of points, except that the coat is smooth. So far as I am aware, there is no numerical scale of points for Chow Chows. As to the weight, bitches scale about Ch. Shylock weighed 47} lIbs., and Red Craze 38 lbs., when in my hands. 30 lbs., but dogs are heavier. THE. HON. MRS. MACLAREN MORRISON'S SMOOTH CHOW BRED BY MRS. HARRY RAWSON. Photograph by Clarke, Thirsk. FASON MiSS R. ARMITAGE'S TEAM OF TOY WHITE POODLES. Photograph by N. S. Kay, Manchester, CHAPTER THE BY LEONARD W. 2G NE POODLE. LLB. CROUCH, “A Poodle once towed me along, But always we came to one harbour ; To keep his curls smart, And shave his hind part, He constantly called on a barber.” \HE Poodle is commonly acknow- ledged to be the most wisely in- telligent of all members of the canine race. He is a scholar and a gentle- man; but, in spite of his claims of long descent and his extraordinary natural clever- ness, he has never been widely popular in this country as the Collie and the Fox- terrier are popular. There is a_ general belief that he is a fop, whose time is largely occupied in personal embellishment, and that he requires a great deal of individual attention in the matter of his toilet. It may be true that to keep him in exhibition order and perfect cleanliness his owner has need —Tom Hoop. to devote more consideration to him than is necessary in the case of many breeds; but in other respects he gives very little trouble, and all who are attached to him are consistent in their opinion that there is no dog so intensely interesting and respon- sive as a companion. His qualities of mind and his acute powers of reasoning are indeed so great that there is something almost human in his attractiveness and his devotion. His aptitude in learning is never denied, and many are the stories told of his mar- vellous talent and versatility. Not merely as a showman’s dog has he distinguished himself. He is something fe POODLE: more than a mountebank of the booths, trained to walk the tight rope and stand on his head. He is an adept at performing tricks, but it is his alertness of brain that places him apart from other animals. There is the example of the famous Munito, who in 1818 perplexed the Parisians by his clever- mess with playing cards and his intricate tL. W. CROUCH’S ORCHARD TOMMY TUCKER, ORCHARD SALLY, CH. CH. ORCHARD ADMIRAL, AND LADY GODIVA. GROUP OF MRS. POODLES, Photograph by T. Fall, arithmetical calculations. Paris was for- merly the home of most of the learned Poodles, and one remembers the instance of the Poodle of the Pont Neuf, who had the habit of dirtying the boots of the passers-by in order that his master—a_ shoeblack stationed half-way across the bridge—might enjoy the profit of cleaning them. In Bel- gium Poodles were systematically trained to smuggle valuable lace, which was wound round their shaven bodies and covered with a false skin. These dogs were schooled to a dislike of all men in uniform, and conse- “quently on their journey between Mechlin and the coast they always gave a wide berth 1] 129 to the Customs officers. On the Continent Poodles of the larger kind are often used for draught work. There can be little doubt that the breed originated in Germany, where it is known as the Pudel, and classed as the Cazis familiaris Aquaticus. In form and coat he would seem to be closely related to the old L’-ENFANT PRODIGUE, Water-dog, and the resemblance between a brown Poodle and an Irish Water Spaniel is remarkable. The Poodle is no longer regarded as a sporting dog, but at one period he was trained to retrieve waterfowl, and he still on occasion displays an eager fondness for the water; but this habit is not en- couraged by owners, who know the labour involved in keeping in order the Poodle’s profuse coat. Throughout Europe and in the United States—wherever these dogs are kept—it is usual to clip the coat on the face, the legs, and the hinder part of the body, leaving tufts of hair on the thighs and a ring of 130 THE NEW hair on the pasterns. The origin and pur- pose of the custom are not apparent, but now that Poodles are almost always kept as house dogs, this mode of ornamentation at least commends itself by reducing the L. W. CROUCH'’S PERFECTION BY CH. THE JOKER—CORA. MRS. Photograph by T. Fall. labour of daily grooming if the coat is to be maintained in good condition and the to be a pleasant associate. dc eg As far back in history as the breed can be definitely traced clipping seems to have been customary. Poodles are so presented in various illuminated manuscripts of the six- teenth century, and notably in one illus- trating an episode in the life of Margaret of York, the third wife of Charles the Bold of Burgundy. In another painting depict- ing a family group of Maximilian of Austria and his wife and child (‘ The Abridged the allowing Chronicles of Burgundy”) there is portrait of a shaven dog which, for the artistic shortcomings of the period, closely the Poodle of to-day. Again, in Martin de Vos’s picture of ‘‘ Tobit resembles and his Dog,’ which also dates from the sixteenth century, the faithful animal is an Poodle ; the series of paintings of the story of Patient (1454-1513), in the National Gallery, a small shaven Poodle unmistakable while in two of Griselda, by Pinturicchio is conspicuous among the spectators of the BOOK OF THE DOG, hapless lady’s misfortunes. The well-known painting by J. Stein (1636-78) of ‘‘ The Danc- ing Dog” depicts a white Poodle on its hind legs, clipped at the quarters, with tufts of hair on the thighs and a ring about the tail. Widely distributed throughout Europe, the Poodle differs in form and colour in the various countries. In Russia and Eastern Germany he is usually black, and the Russian variety is particularly lithe and agile. In Central Germany, where there is also a “sheep”? Poodle, he is somewhat uncouth and thick-set, with sturdy limbs and a short The dejected and overworked Poodles one sees drawing milk-carts in the streets of Brussels and Antwerp are com- monly a dirty white or yellowish brown, and exceedingly muscular; very different from the more slender kind so frequently on the boulevards of Paris or perched impertinently and grotesquely trimmed in the carriages on the Champs Elysées. The small French variety, known as the Barbet, seldom weighs more than muzzle. met with twenty pounds, and a good example is seen “THE RUNAWAY GIRL” BY CANNON HILL BEAUTY——PRINCESS OLGA MRS. GRAVES' Photograph by Russell. in Miss Armitage’s imported bitch, Chaseley José. The toy Poodle was very popular in France in the reign of Louis XVI., and 1s often represented in fashion plates of the shaven and shorn. Mr. period, always RHE POODLE: T. Heath Joyce, who has investigated the history of the breed, states that the Poodle first introduced into Great Britain during the Continental wars at the begin- ning of the nineteenth century. For a long period he was held in contempt as a mere trick dog and the companion of mounte- banks, who were believed to train him with cruelty; but in natural intelligence and apt- Was recent years his great 131 ping, and, of course, as their coats cannot be ‘brushed, the only way of keeping the dog clean is to wash him, which with a corded Poodle is a lengthy and laborious process. Further, the coat takes hours to dry, and unless the newly washed dog be kept in a warm room he is very lable to catch cold. The result is, that the coats of corded Poodles are almost invariably dirty, ness in learning have won [ for him a due appreciation, while the remarkable charac- | teristics of his placed him as an interesting | individual in a class apart from all other dogs. The profuse and long coat of this dog has the peculi- arity that if not kept con- stantly brushed out it twists up into little cords which increase in the new hair grows and clings about it. The unshed old hair and the new growth entwined together thus be- come distinct rope-like cords. coat have length as Eventually, if these cords are not cut accl- dentally torn off, they drag along the ground, and so prevent the animal from moving with any degree of comfort or freedom. Some few owners, admire and cultivate these long cords, keep them tied up in bundles on the dog’s back, but so unnatural and unsightly a method of burdening the animal is not to be com- mended. Corded Poodles and from the the coat, attract a great deal of public atten- tion when exhibited at shows ; but they have lost popularity among most fanciers, and MRS. W. short, or poor who are very showy, remarkable appearance of have become few in number owing to the obvious fact that it is impossible to make pets of them or keep them in the house. The reason of this is that the coat must, from time to time, be oiled in order to keep the cords supple and prevent them from snap- BOWERS’ CH. CANNON HILL BEAUTY BY THE DIE——GRACE DARLING. BRED BY MADAME DAGOIS. and somewhat smelly. The exhibition of this variety has also been much dis- couraged by the action of the Kennel Club in disqualifying, on the objection of an ex- hibitor, all the corded Poodles at one show (except those of the objector) on the ground that their coats were oiled. This of the Kennel Club the necessity of every trace of oil being care- fully removed every time a corded Poodle is exhibited at a show, and consequently the rule involves variety is becoming less and less popular. At one time it was suggested that cordeds and non-cordeds were two distinct breeds, but it is now generally accepted that the coat of every well-bred Poodle will, if allowed, develop cords. Curly Poodles, on the other hand, have 132 THE NEW advanced considerably in favour. Their coats should be kept regularly brushed and combed and, if washed occasionally, they will always be smart and clean, and pleasant companions in the house. The four colours usually considered cor- rect brown, Curiously experience is_ that black, white, and blue. enough, my are ORCHARD ADMIRAL GODIVA MRS. L. W. CROUCH'S CH. BY CH. THE JOKER——LADY Photograph by T. Fall. white Poodles are the most intelligent, and it is certain that professional trainers of performing dogs prefer the white variety. The black come next in the order of intelli- gence, and easily surpass the brown and blue, which, in my opinion, are somewhat lacking in true Poodle character. No strict lines are drawn as regards brown, and all shades ranging from cream to dark Mrs. Robert Long a few years ago startled her fellow- brown are classed as brown. enthusiasts by exhibiting some parti-coloured specimens ; but they were regarded as freaks, and did not become popular. The points to be looked for in choosing a Poodle are, that he should be a lively, active dog, with a long, fine head, a dark oval eye, with a bright alert expression, back, not leggy, but by no short in the BOOK OF THE DOG means low on the ground, with a good loin, carrying his tail well up; the coat should be profuse, all one colour, very curly, and rather wiry to the touch. If you buy a Poodle puppy you will find it like other intelligent and active young- full of The first Poodle with which I was intimately acquainted was a bitch puppy nearly a year old. Her education had been sadly neglected, and as soon as she felt herself at home in the house she devoted her leisure time to pulling out the fibre of cocoanut mats, tearing off the frills of curtains, eating the tops of boots, stripping covers from umbrellas, and engag- ing in other similar expedients for dispelling I am sure that a naughtier puppy never breathed (she howled all the first night because she was placed in the stable); but within a few months her manners became perfect, and afterwards at- tained fame as Ch. The Black Coquette, the foundress of the Orchard Kennel. The great secret in training a Poodle is first to gain his affection. With firmness, kindness, and perseverance, you can then teach him almost anything. The most lively and excitable dogs are usually the easiest to train, and it is my experience that the white Poodle excels in quickness of apprehension and obedience. It is advantageous to teach your dog when you give him his meal of biscuit, letting him sters, mischief. ennut. she have the food piece by piece as a reward when each trick is duly performed. Never attempt to teach him two new tricks at a time, and when instructing him in a new trick let him always go through his old ones first. Make it an invariable rule never to be beaten by him. If—as frequently is the case with young dogs—he declines to perform a trick, do not pass it over or allow him to substitute another he likes better; but, when you see he obstinately refuses, punish him by putting away the coveted food for an hour or two. If he once sees he can tire you out you will have no further authority over him, while if you are firm he will not hold out against you long. It is a bad plan to make a dog repeat too frequently a trick which he obviously dislikes, and insistence on your part may do THE great harm. The Poodle is exceptionally sensitive, and is far more efficiently taught when treated as a sensible being rather than as a mere quadrupedal automaton. He will learn twice as quickly if his master can make him understand the reason for per- forming a task. The whip is of little use when a lesson is to be taught, as the dog will probably associate his tasks with a thrashing and go through them in that unwilling, cowed, tail-between-legs fashion which too often betrays the unthinking hastiness of the master, and is the chief reason why the Poodle has sometimes been regarded as a spiritless coward. The Poodle bitch makes a good mother, rarely giving trouble in whelping, and the puppies are not difficult to rear. Their chief dangers are gastritis and congestion of the lungs, which can be avoided with careful treatment. It should be remembered that the dense coat of the Poodle takes a long time to dry after being wetted, and that if the dog has been out in the rain, and got his coat soaked, or if he has been MRS. L. W. CROUCH'’Ss ORCHARD WHITE BOY PEDIGREE UNKNOWN. washed or allowed to jump in a pond,.you must take not to him in a cold place or to lie inactive before he is perfectly dry. Most Poodles are kept in the house or in care leave POODLE. 133 enclosed kennels well protected from draught and moisture, and there is no difficulty in so keeping them, as they are naturally obedient and easily taught to be clean in the house and to be regular in their habits. MISS R. ARMITAGE'S CHASELEY JOSE IMPORTED. FRENCH TOY POODLE PEDIGREE NOT KNOWN. Photograph by Russell. The coat of a curly Poodle should be kept fleecy and free from tangle by being periodi- cally combed and brushed. The grooming keeps the skin clean and healthy, and fre- quent washing, even for a white dog, is not necessary. The dog will, of course, require clipping from time to time. In Paris at present it is the fashion to clip the greater part of the body and hind-quarters, but the English Poodle Club recommends that the coat be left on as far down the body as the last rib, and it is also customary with us to leave a good deal of coat on the An idea of the general style of clipping in England may be gained from the illustration of Orchard White Boy. Probably the best-known Poodle of his day in this country was Ch. The Model, a black corded dog belonging to Mr. H. A. Dagois, who imported him from the Con- tinent. Model was a medium-sized dog, very well proportioned, and with a beautifully moulded head and dark, expressive eyes, and I believe was only once beaten in the show ring. He died some few years ago hind-quarters. 134 at a ripe old age, but a great many of the best-known Poodles of the present day claim relationship to him. One of his most famous descendants was Ch. The Joker, also black corded, who was very successful at exhibitions, and died only recently. Another very handsome dog was Ch. Vladimir, again a black corded, belong- ing to Miss Houlgrave Since 1905 the curly Poodles have very much improved, and the best specimens of the breed are now to be found in their ranks. Ch. Orchard Admiral, the property of Mrs. Crouch, a son of Ch. The Joker and Lady Godiva, is probably the best specimen living; one of his litter brothers, Orchard Minstrel, emigrated to the United States, and has earned his title as Champion in that country. White Poodles, of which Mrs. Crouch’s Orchard White Boy is a notable specimen, ought to be more widely kept than they are, but it must be admitted that the task of keeping a full-sized white Poodle’s coat clean in a town is no light one. Toy white Poodles, consequently, are very popular. The toy variety should not exceed fifteen inches in height at the shoulder, and in all respects should be a miniature of the full-sized dog, with the same points. Points of the Perfect Poodle. 1. General Appearance.— That of a active, intelligent, and elegant-looking dog, built, and carrying himself very proudly. 2. Head.—Long, straight, and fine, the not broad, with a slight peak at the back. 3. Muzzle.—Long (but not snipy) and strong —not full in cheek; teeth white, strong, and level ; gums black, lips black and not showing lippiness. 4. Eyes.—Almond shaped, very dark, full of fire and intelligence. 5. Nose.—Black and sharp. very well skull THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG 6. Ears.—The leather set on, long and wide, low hanging close to the face. 7. Neck.—Well proportioned and strong, to admit of the head being carried high and with dignity. 8. Shoulders.—Strong and well to the back. g. Chest.—Deep and moderately wide. 1o. Back.—Short, strong, and slightly hol- lowed, the loins broad and muscular, the ribs well sprung and braced up. 1. Feet.—Kather small, and of good shape, the toes well arched, pads thick and hard. t straight from shoulder, with plenty of bone and muscle. Hind legs very muscular and well bent, with the hocks well let down. 13. Tail.—Set on rather high, never curled or carried over back. 14. Coat.—Very profuse, and of good hard texture ; if corded, hanging in tight, even cords ; if non-corded, very thick and strong, of even length, the curls close and thick, without knots or cords. 15. Colours.—All black, all white, all red, all blue. The White Poodle should have dark eyes, black or very dark liver nose, lips, and toe-nails. The Red Poodle should have dark amber eyes, dark liver nose, lips, and toe-nails. The Blue Poodle should be of even colour, and have dark eyes, lips, and toe-nails. All the other points of White, Red, and Blue Poodles should be the same as the perfect Black Poodle. N.B.—It is strongly recommended that only one-third of the body be clipped or shaved, and that the hair on the forehead be left on. muscular, sloping well carried, Value of Points. General appearance and movement. 15 Head and ears: .. <« . 6 ‘*temeegS Eyes and expression. . . . - I0 Neck and shoulders . . . «. «= 10 Shape of body, loin, back, and car- riage OL sterm . % « ." 2% cemmss Legs and feet. . . - XO Coat, colour and texture ‘of coat AS Bone, muscle, and condition . . 10 100 NEWALL'S TEAM OF BLACK POODLES. i) CHAPTER THE BY E. B. On XIII. SCHIPPERKE. JOACHIM. “I watch the door, I watch the gate : I am watching early, watching late, Your doggte stull—I watch and watt.” HE Schipperke may fitly be described as the Paul Pry of canine society. His insatiate inquisitiveness induces him to poke his nose into everything; every strange object excites his curiosity, and he will, if possible, look behind it; the slightest noise arouses his attention, and he to investigate its There no end to his liveliness, but he moves about with almost catlike agility without upsetting any objects in a room, and when he hops he has a curious way of catching up his hind legs. The Schipperke’s disposition is most affec- tionate, tinged with a good deal of jealousy, and even when made one of the household he generally attaches himself more particularly to one person, whom he ‘‘ owns,”’ and whose protection he deems his special duty. These qualities endear the Schipperke as a canine companion, with a quaint and lovable character; and he is also a capital vermin dog. When properly entered he cannot be surpassed as a “‘ratter.” Schipperkes have always been kept as watch-dogs on the Flemish canal barges, and that, no doubt, is the origin of the wants cause. is name, which is the Flemish for ‘Little Skipper,” the syllable “‘ke” forming the diminutive of ‘‘schipper”; the ‘“ sch” is pronounced as in “school.” The respectable antiquity of this dog is proved by the result of the researches Mr. Van der Snickt and Mr. Van Buggenhoudt made in the archives of Flemish towns, which contain records of the breed going back in pure type over a hundred years. The first Schipperke which appeared at a show in this country was Mr. Berrie’s Flo. This was, however, such a mediocre —GERALD MASSEY. specimen that it did not appeal to the taste of the English dog-loving public. In 1888 Dr. Seelig brought over Skip, Drieske, and Mia. The first-named was purchased by MRS. E£. APPLEBEE’S FIRWOOD FROLIC BY CH. EL CAPITAN—MAISIE. Photograph by Russell. Mr. E. B. Joachim, and the two others by Mr. G. R. Krehl. Later on Mr. Joachim became the owner of Mr. Green’s Shtoots, and bought Fritz of Spa in Belgium, and these dogs formed the nucleus of the two kennels which laid the foundation of the breed in England. It was probably the introduction of the Schipperke to England that induced Belgian owners to pay greater attention to careful breeding, and a club was started in 1888 in Brussels, whose members, after “long and earnest consideration,” settled a descrip- tion and standard of points for the breed. Not long afterwards the Schipperke Club (England) was inaugurated, and drew up the following standard of points, which was adopted in December, 1890, and differed only very slightly from the one acknowledged by the Belgian society. Standard of Points of the Schipperke Club, England. 1. Head.—Foxy in type: skull should not be round, but broad, and with little The muzzle should be moderate in length, fine but not weak, should be well filled out under the eyes. stop. THE NEW BOOK OF “THE. ‘DOG: 12. Hind-legs.—Strong, muscular, hocks well let down. 13. Feet.—Small, catlike, and standing well on the toes. 14. Nails.—Black. 15. Hind-quarters.—Fine compared to the fore- parts, muscular and well-developed thighs, tailless, rump well rounded. 16. Coat.—Black, abundant, dense, and harsh, smooth on the head, ears and legs, lying close on the back and sides, but erect and thick round the neck, forming a mane and frill, and well feathered on back of thighs. 17. Weight.—About twelve pounds. MRS. CROSFIELD'S BRACE OF SCHIPPERKES CH. ESME OF GRETA and CH 2. Nose.—Black and small. 3. Eyes.—Dark brown, small, more oval than round, and not full; bright, and full of expression. 4. Ears.—Shape: Of moderate length, not too broad at the base, tapering to a point. Car- riage: Stiffly erect, and when in that position the inside edge to form as near as possible a right angle with the skull and strong enough not to be bent otherwise than lengthways. 5. Teeth.—Strong and level. 6. Neck.—Strong and full, rather short, set broad on the shoulders and slightly arched. 7. Shoulders.—Muscular and sloping. 8. Chest.—Broad and deep in brisket. g. Back.—Short, straight, and strong. 10. Loins.~Powerful, well drawn up from the brisket. 11. Fore-legs.—Perfectly straight, under the body, with bone in proportion to the body. well JOY OF GRETA. 18. General Appearance.—A small cobby animal with sharp expression, intensely lively, present- ing the appearance of being always on the alert. 19. Disqualifying Points.—Drop, or semi-erect ears. 20. Faults.—White hairs are objected to, but are not disqualifying. Relative Value of Points. Head, nose, eyes, teeth. . . . 20 Ears Sok 6 er Neck, shoulders, chest 10 Back, loins 5 Fore-legs 5 Hind-legs 5 Feet Se 5 Hind-quarters TeOeet eed wre. oO) Coat and colour . . «= = -% ‘920 General appearance . = . = a0 Total. 100 EE SCHIPPERKE- In August, 1894, the president, Mr. G. R. Krehl, as well as other leading members of the Schipperke Club (England), resigned and formed a new club under the title of the St. Hubert Schipperke Club, which was named after St. Hubert, a dog Mr. Krehl imported, and which was afterwards pur- chased by the club as a desirable sire to improve the breed in England, but the great expectations in that direction were hardly realised. The rupture happened so long ago that one can now relate its in- ward history without giving offence or incurring any danger of renewing hostilities. There is no doubt that it originated in a personal difference between Mr. G. R. Krehl and Mr. J. N. Woodiwiss, who was vice- president of the Schipperke Club (England), but the formation of the new club was facilitated by the opinion some fanciers held at the time that there was a danger of losing in England the Belgian type of the breed, and the St. Hubert Schipperke Club adopted the Belgian Club’s. standard of points as closely as a translation consistent with terms understood by English fanciers would allow. That there was no danger of altering the true type by breeding Schipperkes in accord- ance with the description of the Schipperke Club (England), will be seen by comparing it with that of the St. Hubert Schipperke Club, as in all essential points both are alike. Standard of Points of the St. Hubert Schipperke Club. 1. Character and General Appearance.—The Schipperke is an excellent and faithful little watchdog, who does not readily make friends with strangers. He is very active, always on the alert, and very courageous in defending objects left in his charge, but also gentle with children. A character- istic peculiarity of the breed is their exceeding in- quisitiveness and lively interest in everything going on about them, their excitement being expressed by sharp barks and the bristling mane. They are game and good vermin dogs. 2. Colour.—Self-coloured ; black. 3. Head.—Foxy. 4. Nose.—Small. 5. Eye.—Dark brown, small, oval rather than round, neither deep set nor prominent, lively and -keen. 6. Ears.—Quite erect, small, triangular, and set 18 137 on high. Of sufficient substance that they cannot be folded otherwise than lengthways, and very mobile. 7- Teeth.—Very white, strong and quite level. 8. Neck.—Strong, full, and carried upright. 9. Shoulders.—Sloping, and with easy action. 1o. Chest.—Broad in front and well let down. 11. Back.—Straight, but supple. 12. Loins.—Broad and powerful. 13. Forelegs.—Quite straight, fine, under the body. 14. Feet.—Small, round, and well-knuckled up, nails straight, strong, and short. 15. Thighs.—Powerful, very muscular, hocks well let down. 16. Body.—Short and thick set, the ribs well sprung, rather drawn up in loin. 17. Tail.—Absent. 18. Coat.—Dense and harsh, smooth on the ears, short on the head, the front of the fore-legs, and the hocks, and also rather short on the body, but profuse round the neck, commencing from behind the ears, forming a mane and a frill on the chest. This longer coat looses itself between the fore-legs. The backs of the thighs are feathered, forming the ““ culotte,’’ the fringe of which is turned inwards. 19. Weight—Maximum for the small size twelve pounds, and for the large size twenty pounds. 20. Faults.—A light-coloured eye. Ears semi- erect, too long or rounded. Head narrow and elongated, or too short. Coat sparse, wavy, or and well and silky. Absence of the mane and “ culotte.” Coat too long, and white spots. Undershot. Relative Value of Points. Head, nose, eyes, and teeth . 20 Ears Sie sce 10 Neck, shoulders, and chest . 10 Back and loins 5 Fore-legs 5 Hind-legs 5 Feet 5 Hindquarters 10 Coat and colour 30 Total 100 To this were added the following supple- mentary notes from the pen of Mr. G. R. Krehl, which contain some very good advice. «A lethargic air is detrimental, as the restless temperament of the Schipperke con- tributes greatly to the breed’s ‘ character.’ When in full coat, the dog should be black entirely, but when it is changing the coat will sometimes present a rusty appearance. This brown tinge, which, under the circum- stances, is natural, must not be confounded 138 with the brindled colour sometimes to be found on badly-bred specimens. When the self-coloured black Schipperke is ‘off colour,’ there is a woolly look about the coat. The mane (crinzére) and thigh-breech- MISS L. A. LUPTON'’S RED SCHIPPERKE RUFUS BY FIRWOOD FILBERT——ZAMPA BRED BY MRS. DEANE WILLIS. Photograph by T. Fall. ing (culotte) are of the greatest importance ; the first-mentioned imparting a leonine aspect to the little Schipperkes. This mane is composed of long harsh hairs growing through an undercoat so abundant and dense as to support them from the thick neck—this gives the mane a full appearance. As the Belgian standard states, the mane should ‘commence behind the ears,’ and it should finish a little below the shoulder points. On dogs that have a good mane, such as Champions Hubert and Frans, and Exter Menne, it is easy to see where the mane stops and the ordinary body-coat continues; the mane appearing to fall over the body-coat. The coat on the back and sides is often not so coarse in texture as the mane, but it generally becomes a little harsher just over the hips and on the ‘breeches... The literal description — of the texture of the coat in the Belgian standard is resistant aw toucher, which may be freely translated, ‘harsh,’ but it does THE NEW. ‘BOOK OF THE DOG not mean wiry. The French expression precludes the hairs being woolly or fluffy, and if the Belgian breeders had desired to say that they required more than harshness they had the phrase handy, ‘ poi dur,’ which is ‘hard coat.’ Therefore, the pin- wire hair, or cocoa-nut matting texture of coat which is sought after in some terrier varieties would not be correct for a Schip- perke, whose coat should be, not soft, but “résistant au toucher.’ The culotte or thigh- breeching is as characteristic and essential as the mane, and the Belgian standard includes among ‘faults’ the absence of both or either. This question of coat is deserving of considerable attention, as it is necessary to avoid the long coat all over the body of the Pomeranian and the wiry coat of the Welsh Terrier. These are the Seylla and Charybdis through which the barge dogs have to steer their way, as it would be equally fatal to be cast on the hard rock of the wire-hair as to get lost in the Pomeranian whirlpool. If, with the delusive hope of obtaining the mane, a Pomeranian cross were resorted to, the ex- periment would be exposed by the resulting long coat all over the body, instead of the full mane falling over a short coat on the back. In the points it will be observed thirty have been allotted to ‘coat and colour,’ these being deemed of equal im- portance with ‘head and ears,’ and just as distinctive of the breed. Judging by points should never be adopted, as their only object is to explain to the novice the relative values. A white spot is included among the faults, but a few straggling white hairs are tolerable. The one word * foxey’ serves to describe the head, and the skull must be wide and flat like other varieties of prick-eared canid@, such as the Collie, An under- shot jaw is an intolerable blemish. The word ‘full’ applied to the neck requires it to be thick and suggestive of virility. The neck of the female is seldom so full as the male’s, nor do the bitches carry as much mane as the dogs. The back of the Schipperke is described as straight, but it should round off at the rump, which should Pomeranian, Arctic dogs, ete. Ete SCHIPPE RIE: be rotund and full, guinea-pig-like. The continued straight line of a terrier’s back is not desirable, but it will frequently be found in specimens that have been docked. The ‘tailless breed’ theory is a myth: none of the canid@ were originally tailless, but the regular removal of the stern for generations will cause any breed that is so operated upon to give birth to tailless pups. This has been the case with Schip- perkes. It is said that a docked dog can be told from one that has been born tailless in this way; when the docked animal is pleased, a slight movement at the end of the spine where the tail was cut off is discernible, but the naturally tailless dog sways the whole of its hindquarters. The Belgian standard requires the legs to be * fine,’ and not have much bone. The bone of a terrier is only met with in coarse Schipperkes. As to size, it need only be noted that the maximum of the small size, viz., 12 lbs., is that generally preferred in England, as well as in Belgium. Further, it is only necessary to remark that the Schipperke is a dog of quality, of distinct characteristics, cobby in appearance, not long in the back, nor high on the leg; the muzzle must not be weak and thin, nor short and blunt ; and, finally, he is not a prick-eared, black wire- haired terrier.” The popularity of the Schipperke in- creased so much in this country that not only did the two original clubs prosper, but it was considered expedient to form the Northern Schipperke Club, which was founded in 1905, and is also doing excellent work. The Schipperke’s tail, or rather its absence, has been the cause of much discussion, and at one time gave rise to considerable acri- monious feeling amongst fanciers. -On the introduction of this dog into Great Britain it arrived from abroad with the reputation of being a tailless breed, but whether Belgian owners accidentally conveyed that impres- sion or did it purposely to give the breed an additional distinction is difficult to say. Anyhow the Schipperke is no more “tail- ‘less” than the old English Sheepdog. 139 That is to say a iarger number of individuals are born without any caudal appendage or only a stump of a tail than in any other variety of dogs. The present writer was the first to draw attention to the—to say the least of it— undesirable operation which has to be per- formed in order to give a Schipperke with a tail the appearance of having been born tailless, and the deception thereby practised on the public. This resulted in a meeting of representatives of the Schipperke Club with a specially appointed sub-committee of the Kennel Club at which it was agreed upon to substitute and add to the description dealing with the tail the following words :— “Tail if not naturally absent may be docked, and a stump of 2 inches is not objected to, but ‘carving or gouging out’ is not permissible and shall disqualify.” At various times it has been attempted to introduce Schipperkes other than black. MRS. DEANE WILLIS'S CH. BAPTON FOX. In 1892 Mr. W. R. Temple proposed in the Schipperke Club (England) the admis- sion of chocolate colour to the standard of points, but it was rejected. However, at some recent shows classes for “other coloured” Schipperkes have been given, and some very typical specimens of attrac- tive shades of red and fawn have been ex- hibited. 140 SECTION TE HOUNDS, GUN DOGS, AND OTHER SPORTING BREEDS. CHAPTER Pol: THE BLOODHOUND. BY HOWARD HANDLEY SPICER. “ And hark! and hark! the deep-mouthed bark Comes nigher still, and nigher ! Bursts on the path a dark Bloodhound, His tawny muzzle tracked the ground, And his red eye shot fire.” —‘‘ THE Lay oF THE Last MINSTREL.” HE Bloodhound was much used in olden times in hunting and in the pursuit of fugitives ; two services for which his remarkable acuteness of smell, his ability to keep to the particular scent on which he is first laid, and the intelligence and pertinacity with which he follows up the trail, admirably fit him. The use and employment of these dogs date back into remote antiquity. We have it the authority of Strabo that they were used against the Gauls, and we have certain knowledge that they were employed not only in the frequent feuds of the Scottish clans, and in the continuous border forays of those days, but also during the ever- recurring hostilities between England and Scotland. Wallace and Bruce were frequently in danger from the Sleuth-hound, as it was then called, and many thrilling tales are told of their repeated escapes, and the “wily turns’? by which the hound was thrown off the scent. Barbour tells how on one occasion the King waded a bow- shot down a brook and climbed a tree which overhung the water. The poet well de- scribes ‘the wavering of the Sleuth-hound to and fra,’ when it was thrown off the On scent by the King’s stratagem. Blind Harry the Minstrel describes how Wallace, after being worsted in a short skirmish, sought safety in flight, closely pursued by the English with a Border Bloodhound : “In Gelderland, there was that bratchet bred Siker of scent to follow them that fled : So was she used in Eske and Liddlesdail, While she gat blood no fleeing might avail.” To spill blood was the sure way to end the pursuit. The poet states that on this occa- sion Wallace was accompanied by an Insh- man named Fawden or Fadzean, who after a while refused to proceed farther on the plea of fatigue. It was in vain that Waliace endeavoured to urge him on. Promises and threats alike useless; carry him he could not ; to leave him to betray his whereabouts was equally impossible ; so, yielding to the necessity of his hazardous condition, he struck off the fellow’s head. Later, when the pursuers reached the scene of the tragedy, they found their dog by the dead body. were “The sleuth stopped at Fawden, still she stood, Nor farther would fra time she fund the blood.” THE BLOODHOUND. Indeed, the very name of the dog calls up visions of feudal castles, with their trains of knights and warriors and all the stirring panorama of these brave days of old, when the only tenure of life, property, or goods was by the strong hand. In the of Border forays, the Bloodhound constantly stories I4I St. Huberts, are supposed to have been brought by pilgrims from the Holy Land. also known by the Same name, were pure white, and another kind were greyish-red. The dogs of the present day are probably a blend of all these varieties. Another larger breed, appears in pursuit of enemies and “ fol- lowing gear,” and great was the renown of him who “ By wily turns and desperate bounds, Had baffled Percy’s best bloodhounds.”’ This feudal dog is frequently pictured by the poet in his ballads and romances, and in “The Lady of the Lake” we find the breed again mentioned : “Two dogs of black St. Hubert’s breed, Unmatched for courage, breath, and speed, Fast on his flying traces came, And all but won the desperate game : For scarce a spear’s length from his haunch Vindictive toiled the bloodhounds staunch.” These famous black Bloodhounds, called During the French Wars of Henry VIII. Bloodhounds were regularly employed, as they were also by the Spaniards in Mexico and Peru. In the days of Queen Elizabeth, it 1s eight hundred Bloodhounds accompanied the forces of the Earl of Essex in suppressing >the Irish Rebellion. In later times they became the terror of the deer stealer and the cattle lifter, and for this purpose were maintained by the Earls of Buccleuch on their Border estates till late in the eighteenth century. So skilful were they that when one of them got fairly on the track of a fugitive his escape was all but impossible. The Bloodhound, from the nobler pur- suit of heroes and knights, came in later years to perform the work of the more said, 142 modern detective; but in this also his services were in time superseded by the justice’s warrant and the police officer. We find it recorded about 1805, however, that “the Thrapston Association for the Pre- vention of Felons in Northamptonshire have provided and trained a Bloodhound for the detection of sheep-stealers.” To demonstrate the capabilities of the dog, a day was appoimted for the public trial. The man he was intended to hunt started in the presence of a great crowd of people about ten o’clock in the morning. An hour later the dog was slipped, and after a chase of an hour and a half with a very indifferent scent, the hound ran up to the tree in which he had taken refuge, at a distance of fifteen miles from the place of starting, “‘to the admiration and perfect satisfaction,” to quote the words of a contemporary account, “of the very great number assembled upon the occa- sion.” The Cuban Bloodhound, formerly em- ployed in tracking runaway Jamaica and the slave-holding states of America, is of Spanish descent, and differs largely from the true Bloodhound. It is believed to be a descendant of the Mastiff, crossed perhaps with the Bulldog, and is inferior to the true Bloodhound in every respect save that of ferocity. It has been described as equal to the Mastiff in bulk, to the Bulldog in courage, to the Blood- hound in scent, and to the Greyhound in agility. The reputation it obtained for sagacity and fierceness in the capture of runaway slaves, and the cruelties attributed to it in connection with the suppression of the various negro risings, especially that of the Maroons, have given the animal an evil repute, which more probably should attach to those made the animal’s courage and sagacity a means for the gratifi- cation of their own revolting cruelty of disposition. It has been justly remarked that if entire credence be given to the de- scription that transmitted through the country of this extraordinary animal, it might be supposed that the Spaniards slaves in who was THE NEW BOOK OF “THE DOG: had obtained the ancient and genuine breed of Cerberus himself. From all accounts their appearance was so terrifying that on their arrival at Mon- tego Bay, the people, we are told, shut themselves in their houses lest the animals should break away from their keepers as they passed through the streets. ‘* The doors were shut, not a negro ventured to stir out, as the muzzled dogs, ferociously making at every object and dragging for- ward their keepers, who with difficulty held them in with heavy, rattling chains, proceeded onward.” = Shortly afterwards General Walpole, the Commander-in-Chief, ordered the dogs to parade before him: The which followed is thus de- scribed :— “The Spaniards appeared at the end of a gentle acclivity, drawn out in line containing upwards of forty men with their dogs in front, unmuzzled and held by cotton ropes. On receiving the command to fire, the men discharged their weapons and advanced as upon a real attack. This was intended to ascertain what effect would be produced on the dogs if engaged under a fire of the Maroons. The volley was no sooner discharged than the dogs rushed forward with the greatest fury, amid the shouts of the Spaniards, who were dragged along by them with irresistible — force. Some of the dogs, maddened by the shout of attack while held back by the ropes, seized the stocks of the guns in the hands of their keepers, and tore pieces out of them. Their impetuosity was so great that they were with difficulty stopped before they reached the General, who found it necessary to get quickly into his car- riage, and, if the most strenuous exertions had not been made to stop them, they would most certainly have seized upon his horses.” The impression created by this display had immediate consequences and far-reach- ing effects. On January 14th General Wal- pole advanced, with his Spanish dogs in the rear. Their fame, however, had reached the Maroons, and the force had penetrated but a short distance into the woods, when scene iE BLOODHOUND: a deputation arrived from the insurgents begging for mercy, and soon after between two and three hundred of them surren- dered, on no other condition than a promise of their lives. “Tt is pleasing to observe,” remarks the historian, “that after the dogs arrived in the island not a drop of blood was spilt.” Coming again to this country, we find the Bloodhound used from time to time in pursuit of poachers and criminals, and 143 prisons has been offered a working hound for nothing, the authorities. have refused to consider the question or give the hound a trial. The following account of the Bloodhound trials held in the district of West Wycombe, written by the late Mr. G. R. Krehl, editor of The Illustrated Kennel News, gives one a good idea of such a meeting :-— “Tt was a foggy morning, but about 10.30 o'clock the fog lifted, and the runner went to BLAZER RUNNING DOWN HIS QUARRY IN A TRIAL OF TRACKING ON A THREE-MILE SCENT. in many instances the recovered and the man arrested. Unfortunately, in country districts one often finds a great deal of prejudice exist- ing against the Bloodhound. To the writer’s personal knowledge, in one Sussex village the yokels firmly believe that Bloodhounds would attack, probably devour, any chil- dren that came in their way, and that once having smelt blood they were no more to be trusted than an escaped tiger. One owner, during his first six months’ resi- dence, had continually to be on the look- out for poisoned meat. Perhaps it is only fair to say that this myth was not con- tradicted but encouraged by a large circle of poachers living in the neighbourhood. There is no doubt that the police in country districts, and at our convict prisons, could use Bloodhounds to advantage ; but -public sentiment is decidedly against the idea, and although one of his Majesty’s game lay the first trail. Almost the entire line could be followed without the use of glasses. It was an ideal course on the far side of Radnage Valley, and from a 140-acre field most of the run could be seen without leaving the farm wagon, which formed a good grand stand. According to the conditions of the trials, a line of three miles on scent at least an hour cold had to be run, and the hounds were hunted singly, Mrs. Litkie, winning the toss, electing to run Rufus first. By this time the sun was high, and it was blazing hot ; and, as there was no shade on the side of the valley selected for the run, scent was not expected to be very good. Collett worked the hound, Mr. Edgar Farman (mounted) following as judge. For a start Rufus cast very prettily, and, having gained the line, gave tongue and went up the hill at a fair pace. Gibbs, it ought to be ex- plained, had mapped out the course with flags, so that we could see how the line was kept to. Halfway up the line the hound was at fault, but only momentarily, and, casting rather wide, he was speedily on terms again, and went 144 THE off to the left, hunting in the most approved fashion and at a good pace. The ground here is all arable land; but on reaching roots on the crest of the hill, scent was better, and the hound very quickly came into the open again, but was at fault on a strip of plough. Not far MR. C. REGENT, SON OF COLONEL COWEN’S DRUID. —. HOLFORD'S CH. Reproduced from a Drawing on Wood by Gesrge Earl. away a group of villagers were watching the sport, and-close to the line a woman was stand- ing; but Rufus paid no heed to either, and went on hunting every inch of the line until reaching the outside boundary, clearly defined by one of Gibbs’ white flags. Here he came to his first serious check, being out of view On coming into sight he ran heel for a distance; but, en- couraged by Collett, he at length regained the line, and rattling down into the valley, where for some minutes, in a wood. scent was warmer than on the higher ground, he ran into his quarry in exactly one hour and ten minutes—really an excellent per- formance. ‘* On... the seemed second day scenting conditions perfect; but, judging by the way Blazer shaped on being unleashed, the ground was holding scent no better than was the case Casting round in pretty style, he was quickly on the line, and by slow hunting he reached the point at which Rufus was first at fault on the previous day in twenty minutes —capital everything taken into sideration. The light plough proved no ob- stacle to Blazer, and, keeping up a nice pace, vesterday. time, con- NEW "BOOK. (OF “THE. DOG: but hunting perfectly mute, he reached the place where the Radnage villagers were as- He passed these without the least hesitancy, but met a much greater check in the shape of a flock of sheep, which had fouled the ground after the runner had passed. This was awkward, and for a time the obstacle fatal one; but, allowed plenty of liberty, Blazer took up a line and carried it to the end, making a beautiful point by round- sembled. seemed a ing a flag very closely, and running down his quarry in fifty minutes —really a capital per- formance. It was rather curious, by the way, that, like Ruius, who ran prac- tically the same time on the previous day, Blazer went on a voyage of dis- covery into the coppice to the nght of the turn- ing flag. We would have given a trifle to have had time to make personal investigations into that coppice. There was apparently something attractive to the Blood- hounds.” Half a century ago the Bloodhound was so little esteemed in this country that the breed was confined to the kennels of a very few owners; but the institution of dog shows induced these owners to bring their hounds into public exhibition, when it was seen that, like the Mastiff, the Blood- hound claimed the advantage of having many venerable ancestral trees to branch from. At the first Birmingham show, in 1860, Lord Bagot brought out a team from a strain which had been in his lordship’s family for two centuries, and at the same exhibition there was entered probably one of the best Bloodhounds ever seen, in Mr. T. A. Jenning’s Druid. Known now as “Old” Druid, this dog was got by Lord Faversham’s Raglan out of Baron Roths- child’s historic bitch Fury, and his blood goes down in collateral veins through Mr. L. G. Morrel’s Margrave, Prince Albert 145 ‘Odavad ‘H to) WLOIGAN38 ‘HO ‘tsa ‘HonoYs ‘jag00SO8 HO NIMa@a 40 73NN3M 3HL WOs 343M 3YNLOld SIHL NI SONNOHGOOTG 3H1 KOs STSGOW 3HL AYVa GNVW AB ONILNIVd 3SHL woud ‘YSSOUVEYYE HO gaissva 19 146 THE NEW Solm’s Druid, and Mr. Edwin Brough’s Napier into the pedigrees of many of the celebrated hounds of the present day. “ Druid’? was a name given with per- plexing frequency to Bloodhounds during the succeeding decade, and Mr. Jenning’s dog, who was exported into France when LUATH XI. W. CLAYTON'S FAMOUS CAPT. J. BY LUATH X.—~BRAN VIII. BRED BY THE REV. G. STRATON IN 1874 From a Drawing by C. Burton Barber. just in his prime, is not to be confounded with Colonel Cowen’s Druid, a champion of champions, bred in 1862, who was even more remarkable as a sire than his earlier namesake. With the and Major, Old Druid had no son of suffi- exception of Leo cient character to continue his reputation. Colonel Cowen’s hound, on the other hand, had progeny famous the Draco, Dingle, Dauntless, Hilda, Daphne, Mr. Wright’s Druid, and Mr. C. E. Holford’s Of these the last-named was the most notable, as, like his sire, Regent took among his immediate such representatives of breed as Regent. first prizes year after year at both Bir- mingham and the Crystal Palace. The Rev. Thomas Pearce, a very good judge of the breed, considered him absolutely faultless. BOOK OF THE DOG. of was the Hon. Grantley Berkeley. This typical dog was unsurpassed in his time, and his talent in following a line of scent was astonishing. His only blemish was one of character; for, although usually as good- tempered as most of the breed are, he was Another famous Druid—grandsire Colonel Cowen’s hound of the name by owned easily aroused to uncontrollable fits of savage anger. Her late Majesty Queen Victoria at various times possessed one or more fine specimens of the Bloodhound, procured for her by Sir Edwin Landseer, and a capital hound from the Home Park Kennels at Windsor was exhibited at the London Show in 1869, the judge on the occasion being the Rev. Thomas Pearce, afterwards known ‘“Tdstone.”’” Landseer was especially fond of painting the majestic Bloodhound, and he usually selected good models for his studies. The model for the hound in as his well-known picture, “ Dignity and Im- pudence,” was Grafton, who was a collateral relative of Captain J. W. Clayton’s cele- brated Luath XI. This last-named dog, bred by the Rev. G. Straton in 1874, by Luath X. out of Bran VIII., is more particularly remem- bered for his magnificent and noble head. In colour he was a pale tan. His legs were not of the best and straightest, and he was unfortunate in having a Dudley nose. These faults handicapped him severely in competition with such a well-shaped speci- men as his contemporary Don (owned by Mrs. Humphries); but he was most suc- cessful at stud, and his grandly developed head characteristics were transmitted with unvarying certainty to his offspring. His mating with Mr. E. Bird’s Juno II. pro- duced Tarquin, thought by many to have been the most perfect Bloodhound puppy ever Unfortunately, Tarquin died before his promise could be realised. A more litter was bred from Luath to Mr. Nichols’ Restless, a grand- daughter of Mr. Ray’s Roswell. It com- prised Napier, Nimrod, Diana, and Lawyer, besides Belladonna and Mr. Brough’s Bravo; all winners at first class shows. Seer. memorable foe BLOODHOUND: Mr. Reynold Ray’s Roswell, a dog of faultless quality, was of unrecorded pedi- gree; but he became the progenitor of many champions who have continued the merit of his strain in a more marked degree than is the case with almost any other Blood- hound sire in the stud book. Four superlative Bloodhounds of the past stand out in unmistakable the founders of nised strains. They are eminence as recog- 147 Brough is still a keen spectator at the ring side, and promises one day again to get together a kennel. The entries at shows and field trials indicate that the breed is not making the progress that one could wish, and it is hoped that before long he may fulfil his promise. Mrs. G. A. Olphant, of Shrewton, Wilts, whose kennels include Ch. Chatley Mr. Jenning’s Od Druid, Colonel Cowen’s Druid, Mr. Reynold Ray’s Ros- well, and Captain Clay- ton’s Luath XI.; and the owner of a Bloodhound which can be traced back in direct line of descent to any one of these four patriarchs may pride himself upon possessing a dog of unimpeachable pedigree. Among breeders within recent years Mr. Edwin Brough, of Scarborough, is to be regarded as the most experienced and suc- cessful. No record of the breed would be complete without some acknowledg- ment of the great services he has rendered to it. Bloodhounds of the correct type would to-day have been very few and far between if it had not been for his enthusiasm and patient breeding. Reference has already been made to the kennel of Mr. Nichols, and it was just as Mr. Nichols was giving up the breed that Mr. Brough came into it. During several years Mr. Brough bred and produced many hounds, which all bore the stamp of his ideal, and there is no doubt that for all-round quality his kennel stands first in the history of the Blood- hound. His most successful cross was, per- haps, Beckford and Bianca, and one has only to mention such hounds as Burgundy, Babbo, Benedicta, and Bardolph to recall the finest team of Bloodhounds that has ever been benched. Fortunately, Mr. MR. S. H. MANGIN’S CH. HORDLE HERCULES. BY MARCUS——-HORDLE DIANA Blazer and Chatley Beaufort, has of late years been a keen supporter of the breed. Mrs. Oliphant, who is the president of the ladies’ branch of the Kennel Club, is a great believer in hounds being workers first and show hounds second, and _ her large kennels have produced many hounds of a robust type and of good size and quality. There is no doubt that as far as hunting is concerned at the present moment this kennel stands easily first. But admirable Bloodhounds have also given distinction to the kennels of Mr. S. H. Mangin, Dr. Sidney Turner, Mr. Mark Beaufoy, Mr. F. W. Cousens, Mr. A. O. Mudie, Lord Decies, Mr. Hood Wright, Mr. A. Croxton Smith, Dr. C. C. Garfit, Dr. Semmence, and Mrs. C. Ashton Cross, to mention only a few owners and 148 THE NEW breeders who have given attention to this noble race of dog. Mr. Mangin was the breeder of Ch. Hordle Hercules, a dog of distinguished quality, and _ his prefix is familiar to all admirers of the Blood- hound. Hercules was the sire of the Cham- pion bitch, Mirables Mischief, and many another worthy representative of the breed. The another Dunsborough, Duchess of BOOk OF THE ‘DOG. as with philosophic thought, his flews deep and square, his dewlap loosely hanging, his whole expression that of ancient He is surprisingly active and of enduring strength. At tracking the clean boot he justifies the reputation of his keen- scented breed, and his hardy constitution an sphinx. makes him impervious to all physical ills. Probably he gets his hardiness from Wel- MR. ROBERT PRATT'S HIPPOLYTA BY CH. PANTHER——BRINDLESS. BRED BY bitch who won championship honours, was also of Mr. Mangin’s breeding. Mr. Croxton Smith has the distinction of having bred, amongst many other excellent hounds, Ch. Hengist, now the treasured property of Dr. C. C. Garfit, of Kirby Muxloe. Hengist is a black-and-tan hound, twenty-seven inches in height at the oak saplings for strength and firmness of His significant of all that is aimed at in Blood- magnificent upstanding shoulder, with legs like bone and muscle and sinew. head is hound type, high peaked and ponderous, with low-set ears pendulous as a chancel- lor’s wig, his sombre, inscrutable eyes look- ing out from their cavernous depths in sage contemplation, his forehead furrowed MR. CHATAIN. fare, his dam, whose own dam, Ch. What’s Wanted, was a result of Mr. Mark Beaufoy’s outcross through Babylone, a derived from Bloodhound with a Vendée and again cross- ing with a St. Hubert. On his sire Pan- ther’s side Hengist is descended directly from Mr. Ray’s Roswell, and he hits back X1I.—Restless litter. French hound crossing a to the famous Luath Restless herself was great-granddaughter of Mr. Cowen’s Druid; while Juno, who also is in Hengist’s pedigree, was four generations removed from Mr. Jenning’s Old Druid. Dr. Garfit’s dog can therefore be traced back in descent from all four of the great Bloodhounds of the past, who are recognised as the founders of the best strains. tHe BEOODHOUND. In dealing with the rearing and breeding of Bloodhounds, we will imagine that the beginner selects a couple of puppies from different strains with which to start his CH. PANTHER— WELFARE. DR. C. C. GARFIT'S HENGIST BY CH. BRED BY MR. A CROXTON SMITH. kennels. Before getting his puppies home he will naturally provide accommodation for them, and nothing is better than a good airy loose box or stall, with a bench raised some inches the floor with a good board in front of it to keep off the floor draught. Of course, if this is not possible, Spratt or some other well- above and known maker will supply a good house and ventilation case, instead of the bench, with windows for about £10, in which I would recommend a sort of low box on four feet, which can be easily moved and in which the puppy can jump easily and le snugly out of all draughts; but should not be too high, so that there is no strain or jar on his front legs as he jumps in and out. One does not want to coddle this puppies, 149 but all young animals do far better when they are kept reasonably warm. If they are always shivering and cold, they will not grow and do not enjoy those dead sleeps which overtake an active puppy after he has been running about for some hours. A dry, light soil is the best on which to rear puppies. When no paddock is avail- able, or is only to be had on clay soil, during the winter a good big stable yard or the run of the garden is the best thing for pups. Many gardeners object, but in the winter there are parts of the garden which (if one has not a big enough yard) will not be very much damaged by the CH. CHATLEY BEAUFORT BY CH. CHATLEY BLAZER—CHATLEY FRIVOL. BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. G. A. OLIPHANT, SHREWTON, WILTS. gambols of a two months’ old puppy. The exercise a pup gets at play with another dog is the very best he can have. Regular exercise is not necessary until 150 THE NEW the dog is at least six months old. Per- haps the stableman or gardener will let the puppy run about with him during the day, or trot behind him when he goes to meals if he does not live far away. This form of exercise will bring on a puppy as well as anything. When a puppy is from six to eight weeks old he should have four good meals a day. Brown bread and milk in the morning, some chopped meat about noon, rodnim about four o’clock, and chopped raw or cooked meat again at might. Little and often is a good rule with Bloodhounds. Where size is required, raw meat should certainly form half the puppy’s diet. Added to this, if you wish to do everything to bring your puppy on well, chemical. food and cod-liver oil—a tablespoonful every day— will do a lot to help him on, especially as regards bone. When the puppy is six months old this diet can be reduced to three meals a day, omitting the bread and milk, and directly his teeth are strong enough let him have broken dogs’ and sometimes a good bone with a little meat on it in place of one of the meat meals. At ten months old, three Spratt’s biscuits at twelve o'clock, and 14 Ib. of raw or cooked meat with a little rodnim mixed in (if bulk is wanted) about seven o’clock should be sufficient. The dog should be groomed every day— first with a dandy brush to get any mud off, then with a hand-glove, and_ finally run over with a wash-leather. The eyes should be sponged and the ears constantly looked at, and if any sign of canker or ear trouble appears inside the ear, powdered boracic acid should be dredged into the ear. Seven out of ten Bloodhounds fall victims to distemper, and great care should be taken to deal with it from the very first. A piece of blanket should be taken, two holes made in it, the front feet placed in the holes, and then the blanket should be drawn round the chest and over the back and ribs and sewn up tightly, and the patient put in a room temperature of 60° with plenty of fresh air. his biscuits BOOK OF THE DOG: As a rule, there is not much danger of infection, except after shows, and_ those who go in for showing should certainly wash their dogs’ flews and nostrils out well with disinfectant and water, and as a pre- cautionary measure give them about three Pearson’s antiseptic capsules twice a day during the show and for some time after- wards. When the dogs return from the show they should be given a dose of salts with their food. If a puppy is intended for the show ring, as soon as he begins to go ona lead he should be taught to stand properly. If he is allowed to grow up without having learned this, it will be difficult to make him show well unless he is what is termed “a natural shower,” but so many Bloodhounds shy that this is exceptional. When puppies are six months old they should begin to have short lessons in track- ing. Someone they know should run on, say across a field, perhaps hiding behind a fence some two or three hundred yards away, and then the puppies should be al- lowed to follow him. Then when they come up to him a fuss should be made of them, and they should be given a small piece of The distance can be increased in a day or two, and the runner can leave little sticks with pieces of paper in the top along his line, so that the puppies can be made to work the proper track. If a puppy is tired, or does not seem keen, take him home and bring him out another day; it is no good trying to make him work when he feels disinclined. In the writer’s opinion, every show hound should also be a working hound ; but for the show ring road exercise is necessary to bring the hound well up on his feet, and a judicious combination of road exercise and field work is advisable. The description of a perfect type of dog, as defined by the Association of Bloodhound Breeders, is as follows :— are meat. 1. General Character.—The Bloodhound pos- sesses, in a most marked degree, every point and characteristic of those dogs which hunt together by scent (Sagaces). He is very powerful and stands over more ground than is usual with Lane BLOODHOUND: hounds of other breeds. The skin is thin to the touch and extremely loose, this being more espe- cially noticeable about the head and neck, where it hangs in deep folds. 2. Height.—The mean average height of adult dogs is 26 inches and of adult bitches 24 inches. Dogs usually vary from 25 inches to 27 inches and bitches from 23 inches to 25 inches; but in either case the greater height is to be preferred, provided that character and quality are combined. 3. Weight.—The mean average weight of adult dogs in fair condition is 90 pounds and of adult bitches 80 pounds. Dogs attain the weight of 110 pounds, bitches The weights are to be preferred, provided (as in the case of height) that quality and proportion are also 100 pounds. greater also combined. 4. Expression.—The expression is noble and dignified and characterised by solemnity, wisdom and power. 5. Temperament.—In temperament he is ex- tremely affectionate neither with companions nor with other dogs. somewhat shy, and equally sensitive to kindness quarrelsome His nature is Or correction by his master. 6. Head.—The head is narrow in proportion to its ength and long in proportion to the body, tapering but slightly from the temples to the end of the muzzle thus (when viewed from above and in front) hav_ng the appearance of being flattened at the sides and of being nearly equal in width throughout its length. In the upper outline of the skull is nearly in the same plane as that of the foreface. The length from end of nose to stop (midway between the eyes) should be not less than that from stop to back of occipital protuberance (peak). The length of head ‘rom the posterior part of the occipital protuberance to the end of the muzzle should be 12 inches, or more, in bitches. 7. Skull.—The skull is long and narrow, with the occipital peak very pronounced. The brows are not prominent, although, owing to the deep-set entire profile entire inches, or more, in dogs, and 11 eyes, they may have that appearance. 8. Foreface.—The foreface is long, deep, and of even width throughout, with square outline when seen in profile. 9. Eyes.—The eyes are deeply sunk in the orbits, the lids assuming a lozenge or diamond shape, in consequence of the iower lids being dragged down and everted by the heavy flews. respond with the general tone of colour of the animal, varying from deep hazel to yellow. The hazel colour is, however, to be preferred, although very seldom The eyes cor- seen in red-and-tan hounds. 19. Ears.—The ears are thin and soft to the touch, extremely long, set very low, and fall in graceful folds, the lower parts curling inwards and backwards. IBSyit tr. Wrinkle.—The head is furnished with an amount of skin nearly every position appears superabundant, but more par- ticularly so when the head is carried low; the skin then falls into loose, pendulous ridges and loose which in folds, especially over the forehead and sides of the face. 12. Nostrils.—The nostrils are large and open. 13. Lips, Flews, and Dewlap.—In front the lips fall squarely, making a right-angle with the upper line of the foreface, whilst behind they and, being continued into the pendent folds of loose skin about the neck, constitute the dewlap, which is very pro- form deep, hanging flews nounced. These characters are found, though in a less degree, in the bitch. SLEEPING BLOODHOUND. THE 14. Neck, Shoulders, and Chest.—The neck the shoulders muscular and well sloped backwards; the ribs are and the chest well let down between the forelegs, forming is long, well sprung, a deep keel. 15. Legs and Feet.—The forelegs are straight and large in bone, with elbows squarely set; the feet strong and well knuckled up; the thighs and second thighs (gaskins) are very muscular ; the hocks well bent and let down and squarely set. 16. Back and Loins.—The back and loins are strong, the latter deep and slightly arched. 17. Stern.—The stern is long and tapering and set on rather high, with a moderate amount of hair underneath. 18. Gait.—The gait is elastic, and free—the stern being carried high, but not too much curled over the back. 19. Colour.—The colours are red-and-tan, and tawny —the darker being sometimes interspersed lighter or badger-coloured hair and sometimes flecked with white. A small amount of white is permissible on chest, feet, and tip of stern. swinging, black-and-tan, colours with U1 N THE LATE DUKE OF HAMILTON'S PACK OF OTTERHOUNDS. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw, CHAPTER. XIV. THE OTTERAHOUND:. BY GEORGE ‘S. LOWE. “My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind, So flew'd, so sanded; and their heads hung With ears that sweep away the morning dew ; Crook-knee'd, and dew-lapp'd like Thessalian bulls ; ave /¥\HE Otterhound is a descendant of the old Southern Hound, and there that all hounds hunting their quarry by nose had a similar source. Why the breed was first called the Southern Hound, his became practical in Great Britain, must be subjects of conjecture ; but that there was a hound good enough to hold a line Is reason to beheve or when use ior many hours is accredited in_ history that goes very far back into past cen- turies. The hound required three centu- ries ago even was all the better esteemed for being slow and unswerving on a line of scent, and in many parts of the King- dom, up to within half that period, the so-called Southern Hound had been especi- In Devonshire and Wales the last sign of him in his purity was perhaps ally employed. Slow in pursuit, but match’d in mouth like bells, Each under each. A cry more tuneable Was never halloo’d to, nor cheer’'d with horn, In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly : Judge, when vou hear.” DREAM.” —‘‘ A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S when Captain Hopwood hunted a small pack of hounds very similar in character on the fitch or pole-cat ; the modus operandi being to find the foraging grounds of the animal, and then on a line that might be two days old hunt him to his lair, often enough ten or twelve miles off. When this sort of hunting disappeared, and improved ideas of fox-hunting came into vogue, there was nothing left for the Southern Hound to do but to hunt the otter. He may have done this before at various periods, but history rather tends to show that otter-hunting was originally associated with a mixed pack, and some of Sir Walter Scott’s pages to indicate that the Dinmont and kindred Scottish terriers had a _ good deal to do with the sport. It is more seem Dandie ELE: than probable that the rough-coated terrier is identical with the now recognised Otter- hound as an offshoot of the Southern Hound ; but be that as it may, there has been a special breed of Otterhound for the last eighty years, very carefully bred and gradu- ally much improved in point of appear- ance. They are beautiful hounds to-day, with heads as typical as those of Blood- hounds, legs and feet that would do for Fox- OTTERHOUND. 153 the river, and fish down and back. He is then more accessible, and it is under such conditions that the best sport is obtained. But still these. animals are wrapt in won- drous mystery. The Rev. C. wrote in The New Sporting Magazine under Davies, who the sxomme de guerre of “ Gelert,” in giving his experience of South Devon otter-hunt- ing early in the “forties, relates that he hounds, a unique coat of their own, and they are exactly suitable for hunting the otter, as everyone knows has had the enjoyment of a day’s river or brook. The very existence of the otter is a mystery. He seldom allows him- self to be seen. There is a cunning about the animal that him to live from the haunts of man, and to occupy who sport on induces far away two totally different points of vantage, it In as hours. He may live in a burrow cliff by the sea, and his fishing exploits may as were, any ere many From “The Sp on a extend seven or eight miles up a river, generally in the hours nearest midnight. A stream in South Devon defied generations of otter hunters, or perhaps, more properly speaking, the otters did. No matter how early in the morning the hunt was started, there would be a hot trail up stream, hounds their tongues and dashing from bank to bank, through pools, over clitters of rocks, and often landing on meadow-side ; but there would be no otter, and then the hunt would turn and hounds would revel on a burning scent down stream, the quarry meanwhile sleep- ing in his sea-girt holt perfectly safe from any interference. Then, again, the otter may live on the moorside at the head of whole throwing 20 THE SOUTHERN HOUND (1803). Cabinet.” By P. Reinagle, quite astonished old resident farmers when he first commenced hunting near their hornesteads. They asked him what he He replied that he was “ otter- laughed, and _ told him they had never heard of such an and yet he must have killed over fifty in the next five years within a mile of them, and of otters had always been there. It was the reverend gentle- man’s surmise, therefore, that the otter in- habits nearly every river in Great Britain, but that there is no knowing his where- abouts until he is regularly hunted. There are different opinions on the sub- ject as to how the otter should be hunted, and the kind of hound best suited for the sport. Mr. Davies leant towards the was doing. hunting,’ and they animal ; course 154 THE modern Foxhound, and he had many dis- ciples holding the same views. They be- lieved in the dash of the Foxhound to keep the otter moving as soon as he was dislodged from his holt, and it is certainly very grand to see a pack of Foxhounds swimming at really a great pace up stream and to hear their voices fairly echo amid the petty roar of waterfall or the bubbling It is sport that can never Such by Mr. of rapid stream. be forgotten. was shown Cc. CARRICK'S SWIMMER BY LUCIFER—-COUNTESS. MR. J. From a Painting by George Earl. Davies, and later by Mr. Trelawny’s hounds, the latter being the Master of the Dartmoor country at the time; and in the summer he hunted otter with fourteen or fifteen couples of his Foxhounds, and about one couple of rough Otterhounds (Cardigan being a notable one), and of course two or three terriers. The old squire would never admit, however, that the regular Otter- hound was as good as the Foxhound, which he would argue was better in every part of a hunt than Cardigan. Others differ partially from this view, and consider that Foxhounds will miss a good many otters in their over-anxiety to get forward. The Otterhound proper is very steady and methodical; he feels for a trail on boulder or rock, and if he touches it he NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. will throw his tongue just once or twice. The scent may be one or two days old; but if fresher he repeats his own challenge, becomes full of intent, moves a little up stream, crosses the river, back again per- haps, tells by his manner that the quarry is about; and if the hound is a good one, and he is not hurried, he is sure to find, although it may be three or four miles from the starting point. Foxhounds might miss all this. The Otterhound, again, is the far better marker. The otter may be in some drain a couple of hundred yards away from the river, and his outlet may be at the root of some old trees washed by the con- stant flow into a deep refuge under water to the depth of possibly four or five feet. Foxhounds may flash over such a _ holt, but the experienced Otterhound is always on the look-out for such places. He steadies himself as he swims that way, turns his head to the bank, is not quite sure, so lifts himself to the trunk of the tree bending down to the water. The otter has landed there in the night, and a voice like thunder says so. It is a find. The pack will be all there now, and the notes of delight, becoming savage, concern the otter so far that he will generally shift his quarters at this stage without the aid of the terrier. The tell-tale chain of bubbles is then seen, or the animal coming up to vent, and then the hunt is in all its fullest excitement. He may beat them, by slipping down stream, or into very deep water; but, with good hounds and the right sort of men as the hunters, the odds are against the otter. There was one point upon which Squire Trelawny was very particular, and that was that the otter was not to be touched in any way, but left entirely to the hounds. If | it came to his ears that one had been hit by a pole, nothing couid well exceed his anger ; and this was in contrast to the old- fashioned ways of Scotland, of which there | are pictures of the otter being held up on a barbed spear. The Dartmoor was always a very fait hunt, and it is so now, although for many years since detached from the fox-hunting establishment. It was in the hands at foe Of LEKRHOUND: first of the late Mr. Gage Hodge, of Glaze- brook House, and afterwards of Major Green and Mr. A. Pitman. There were three other otter hunts in Devonshire, notably Mr. Cheriton’s, Mr. Newton’s, and Mr. Collier’s. Mr. Cheriton hunted the pure-bred rough Otterhounds, and had some very good-looking ones. He started hunting the North Devon rivers about the year 1850, and continued to do so until early in the ’seventies ; but the pack still retains his name, and has now for its Master Mr. Arthur Blake Heineman. A late return gives from ten to fifteen couples of hounds; about half pure Otterhounds and half Foxhounds. Mr. Newton’s hunt became the Tetcot after that gentleman retired; while on Major Green’s retirement in 1902 the Dartmoor went into committee, and is so managed at present under the Mastership of Mr. A. J. Pitman, of the Manor House, Huish. The greatest otter hunter of the last century may have been the Hon. Geoffrey Hill, a younger brother of the late Lord Hill. A powerful athlete of over six feet, Major Hill was an ideal sportsman in ap- pearance, and he was noted for the long distances he would travel on foot with his hounds. They were mostly of the pure rough sort, not very big; the dogs he reckoned at about 234 inches, bitches 22: beautiful Bloodhound type of heads, coats of thick, hard hair, big in ribs and bones, and good legs and feet. In seeing them at a meet it was noticeable that some were much shorter in their coats than others— not shorter, however, than the coat of an Irish Terrier. Possibly these may have been cross-bred. Something, however, 155 must be allowed for the exposure and hard work that falls to the lot of an Otterhound in respect to coat. The Hon. Geoffrey Hill’s hounds were in perfect command : a wave of his hand was enough to bring them all to any point he wanted, and he was remarkably quiet. This may be essen- tial, as the otter is particularly wary and very easily disturbed. It was a narrow, but deep brook, and MR Do ay CHAMPION TEAM OF THE DUMFRIESSHIRE OTTERHOUNDS, WITH MR. WILSON DAVIDSON, HON. HUNTSMAN. hounds flew from side to side. They did not appear to miss an inch of ground ; everything was examined, and that an otter could be missed seemed impossible. Presently, as two streams met, there was a waving of sterns, a voice giving forth, and then another to swell into a big chorus in a few minutes, and the trail was found. They still hunted steadily. The otter might move now at any second; but there was no certainty that he would, and the hounds were hanging on his trail, probably twelve hours old, as if glued to him. Major Hill said very little to them, but his experienced eye saw where the real scene of action lay : a bit of a swamp, where several streams united, and down in a gorge under some 156 THE NEW trees where some deep back-water had col- lected, looked the ideal place for an otter’s holt. A hollow below proved that the wily one had slipped through; but the hounds forced him back to the holt, and each stream was tried in turn, but his re- lentless followers showed him no mercy, and in three parts of an hour from the time he left the holt they pulled him down, a big dog otter. Major Hill seldom exhibited his hounds. They were seen now and then at Birming- ham; but, hunting as hard as_ they did through Shropshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, and into Wales, where they got their best water, there was not much time for show- ing. Their famous Master has been dead now many years, but his pack is still going, and shows great sport as the Hawkstone under the Mastership of Mr. H. P. Wardell, the kennels being at Ludlow Racecourse, Bromfield. The leading pack in the Kingdom for the last sixty years, at any rate, has been the Carlisle when in the hands of Mr. J. C. Carrick, who was famous both for the sport he showed and for his breed of Otter- hound, so well represented at all the im- portant shows. Such hounds as Lottery, first at Birmingham some years back, and Lucifer were very typical specimens ; but of late years the entries of Otterhounds have not been very numerous at the great exhibitions, and this can well be explained by the fact that they are wanted in greater numbers’ for active there being many more packs than formerly—in all, twenty-one for the United Kingdom. Be- sides those already mentioned, there are, for instance, the Bucks, which hunt three days a week from Newport Pagnell on the rivers Ouse, Nene, Welland, Lovall, and Gleb; Mr. T. Wilkinson’s, at Darlington ; and the West Cumberland at Cockermouth. In Ireland there is the Brookfield, with its headquarters in County Cork; while in Wales there are the Pembroke and Carmar- then, the Rug, the Ynysfor, and Mr. Buck- ley’s. The Crowhurst Otter Hunt hunts most of the rivers in Sussex with sixteen couples service, BOOk OF THE DOG: of hounds, including seven couples of pure Otterhounds. The ‘ Master” last season was Mrs. Walter Cheesman.. The Essex have, appropriately enough, their kennels at Water House Farm, Chelmsford. They hunt three days a week on the rivers of Essex and West Suffolk, with a pack of about eight couples of pure Otterhounds and a like number of Foxhounds. L. Rose, Esq., is the Master, and he hunts them him- self. The Culmstock, with kennels now at Ilminster, is a very old hunt, established and maintained for over fifty years by Mr. Wiliam P. Collier, who hunted his own hounds, and showed great sport on the rivers in Somersetshire and North and East Devon. The Master at the present time is J. H. Wyley, Esq., and he carries the horn himself. Mr. Hastings Clay hunts a pack from Chepstow, and shows a good deal of sport on many of the Welsh rivers, as also in’ Gloucestershire and Hereford- shire. Otter-hunting, really introduced into the New Forest by the Hon. Grantley Berkeley, is now continued in that district very successfully by Mr. Courtney Tracey, with about fifteen couples of pure and hounds. The Northern Counties Hunt was established as recently as 1903, and up to the present the hounds have been drafts from the Culmstock, Hawkstone, Dumfriesshire, Mr. Thomas Robson’s, and the Morpeth. They hunt the rivers overa very wide country, as they find their sport on the Tweed and the Tyne in Northumber- land and go down to the Swale at Middle- ham, Yorkshire. Other packs have hunted these rivers in the past, such as those be- longing to the well-known Mr. John Gallon, Major Browne—the great buyer of the Pol- timore Foxhounds—and Mr. T. L. Wilkin- son; but they were not called the Northern Counties. They are now under the Master- ship of F. P. Barnett, Esq., of Whalton, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Another pack to hunt other Yorkshire waters, mostly in the West Riding districts, is the Wharfdale, with kennels at Adding- ton. The present hunt was only estab- lished in 1905, but there had been a Whart- dale Otter Hunt Club, who invited certain crossed “481740 at €q pandasad 4 s14KJoD "INQH HSLIVM AS PNILNIVd HL WOoHS YSAOO ONIMVSYS LHE hunts to their rivers. Now the whole country is taken up, and that also which was formerly hunted by the famous Kendal Otterhounds. The pack at present com- prises twenty couples. Mr. W. Thompson is the Master, and they hunt three days a week. The two packs that appear to be most staunchly attached to the pure Otterhound are the Dumfriesshire and the East of Scotland. The former of these admits of nothing but sixteen couples of pure- bred Otterhounds. The hunt was estab- lished in 1889, but not with such hounds as are kennelled now by J. B. Bell Irvine, Esq., of Bankside, Lockerbie. They hunt all the rivers in the South of Scotland as far as those of Ayrshire, and by all accounts show excellent sport. It is evident that the Dumfriesshire, as hunted now by the very well-known sportsman, Mr. Wilson Davidson, are the typical Otterhounds shown between 1870 and 1880, by Mr. J. C. Carrick, the Hon. Geoffrey Hill, Mr. W. Tattersall, Mr. C. S. Coulson, and Mr. Forster. Mr. J. C. Carrick had three very good hounds in_ the called Booser, Stanley, and the bitch Charmer. The two last were immensely admired when they took first prizes in their respective classes at Birmingham in 1876. In _ the following year there were good classes at the Alexandra Palace, when one of Mr. Carrick’s called Royal won. The mantle of Mr. J. C. Carrick has probably fallen on the Dumfriesshire, as in October, 1g06, at the Crystal Palace show, the entries were confined to the kennel in question with one exception—Mr. J. H. Stocker’s Dauntless Lady. The Dumfriesshire had two couples entered in the dog class—namely, Thun- derer, Stormer, Bruiser, and Bachelor, all home-bred examples, and lkewise the two bitches Thrifty and Darling, the first by Stanley out of Truthful, the other by the same sire out of Doubtful. The portrait on p.154 is that of Swimmer, shown some years back by Mr. J. C. Carrick at Birming- ham: the exact type of what the true- bred Otterhound should be. It is from an oil painting by George Earl. seventies, NEW BOOK OF THE DOG, The East of Scotland is a pack boasting of eleven couples of rough Otterhounds which was established in 1904. They hunt some of the rivers formerly belonging to the Dumfriesshire, or at least they were invited by the East Lothian Otter Hunt Club, which, with the half of the Berwick- shire, started the East of Scotland pack, They hunt on no fixed days. The Master is W. M. Saunderson, Esq., of Crammond Bridge, Midlothian. Enough has been said to show that the sport of otter-hunting is decidedly increas- ing, as there have been several hunts started within the last four years. There can well be many more, as, according to the opinion already quoted of that excellent authority, the late Rev. ‘‘ Otter ’’ Davies, as he was always called, there are otters on every river; but, owing to the nocturnal and mysterious habits of the animals, their whereabouts or existence 1s seldom known, or even suspected. Hunting them is a very beautiful sport, and the question arises as to whether the pure Otterhounds should not be more generally used than they are at present. It is often asserted that their continued exposure to water has caused a good deal of rheumatism in the breed, that they show age sooner than others, and that the puppies are difficult to rear. There are, however, many advantages in having a pure breed, and there is much to say for the perfect work of the Otterhound The scent of the otter is possibly the sweet- est of all trails left by animals. One can- not understand how it is that an animal swimming two or three feet from the bottom of a river bed and the same from the sur- face should leave a clean line of burning scent that may remain for twelve or eighteen hours. The supposition must be that the scent from the animal at first descends and is then always rising. At any rate, the oldest Foxhound or Harrier that has never touched otter is at once in ravishing excite- ment on it, and all dogs will hunt it. The terrier is never keener than when he hits on such a line, The Foxhound, so wonderful in his for- ward dash, may have too much of it for THE OTTERHOUND: otter-hunting. The otter is so wary. His holt can very well be passed, his delicious scent may be over-run; but the pure- bred Otterhound is equal to all occasions. He is terribly certain on the trail when he finds it. Nothing can throw him off it, and when his deep note swells into a sort of savage howl, as he lifts his head towards the roots of some old pollard, there is a meaning in it—no mistake has been made. In every part of a run it is the same; the otter dodges up stream and down, lands for a moment, returns to his holt ; but his adversaries are always with him, and as one sees their steady work the impression becomes stronger and stronger that for the real sport of otter-hunting there is nothing as good as the pure- bred Otterhound. There is something so dignified and noble about the hound of unsullied strain that-if you once see a good one you will 159 than either. With a narrow forehead, ascending to a moderate peak. 2. Ears.—The ears are long and sweeping, but not feathered down to the tips, set low and lying flat to the cheeks. 3. Eyes.—The eyes are large, dark and deeply set, having a peculiarly thoughtful expression. They show a considerable amount of the haw. 4. Nose.—The nose is large and well developed, the nostrils expanding. 5. Muzzle.—The muzzle well protected with wiry hair. The jaw very powerful with deep flews. not soon forget him. He is a large hound, as he well needs to be, for the “ var- mint” who is his customary quarry is the wildest, most vicious, and, for its size, the most power- ful of all British wild animals, the in- veterate poacher of our salmon streams, and consequently to be mercilessly slaugh- tered, although always in sporting fashion. To be equal to such prey, the hound must have a Bulldog’s courage, a Newfoundland’s strength in water, a Pointer’s nose, a Retriever’s sagacity, the stamina of the Foxhound, the patience of a Beagle, the intelligence of a Collie. THE PERFECT OTTERHOUND. I. Head.—The head, which has been described as something between that of a Bloodhound and that of a Foxhound, is more hard and rugged DOG HOUNDS OF THE DUMFRIESSHIRE OTTER HUNT, INCLUDING THUNDER ano SPANKER, ATTENDED BY THE WHIP'S DAUGHTER. 6. Neck.—The neck is strong and muscular, but rather long. The dewlap is loose and folded. 7. Chest.—The chest, deep and capacious, but not too wide. 8. Back.—The back is strong, wide and arched. 9. Shoulders.—The shoulders ought to be slop- ing, the arms and thighs substantial and muscular. 10. Feet.—The feet, fairly large and spreading, with firm pads and strong nails to resist sharp rocks. 11. Stern.—The stern when the hound is at work is carried gaily, like that of a rough Welsh Harrier. It is thick and well covered, to serve as a rudder. 12. Coat.—The coat is wiry, hard, long and close at the roots, impervious to water. 13. Colour.—Grey, or buff, or yellowish, or black, or rufus red, mixed with black or grey. 14. Height.—22 to 24 inches. 160 CHAPTER THE DPRISH BY FRED* XV. WOLFHOUND. GRESHAM. ‘An eve of sloe, with ear not low, With horse’s breast, with depth of chest, With breadth of loin, and curve in groin, And nape set far behind the head— Such were the dogs that Fingal bred.” —TRANSLATED FROM THE IRISH. T is now some eight and twenty years since an important controversy was carried on in the columns of The Live Stock Journal on the nature and history of the great Irish Wolfhound. The chief dis- dog was a true descendant of the ancient Canis gravus Hibernicus, or whether it was a mere manufactured mongrel, owing its origin to an admixture of the Great Dane and the dog of the Pyrenees, modified and brought to type by a cross with the Highland Deerhound. It was not doubted — indeed, _his- tory and_ tradition clearly attested — that had existed in early times in Ireland a very large and rugged hound of Greyhound form, whose vocation it was to hunt the wolf, the red deer, and the fox. It was assuredly known to the Romans, and there can be little doubt that the huge dog Samr, which Jarl Gunnar got from the Irish king Myrkiarton in the tenth century and took back with him to Norway, was one of this breed. But there (18093). THE From IRISH WOLFHOUND “ The Sportsman's Cabinet." By P. Reinagle, R.A. putants in the discussion were Captain G. A. Graham, of Dursley, Mr. G. W. Hickman, Mr. F. Adcock, and the Rev. M. B. Wynn, and the main point at issue was whether the dog then imperfectly known as the Irish Wolf- supposed by have become extinct soon after the disappearance of the last wolf in Ireland, and it was the endeavour of Captain Graham to demonstrate that specimens, although admittedly degenerate, were still to be found, and that they were capable of being it was many to THE IRISH WOLFHOUND. restored to a type. At the time when he entered into the controversy, Captain had actively interesting himself for something like a score of years in the resuscitation of the breed, and his patience had been semblance of the original Graham been 161 rough material the majestic breed that holds so prominent a position to-day. There is little to be gathered from ancient writings concerning the size and appear- ance of the Irish Wolfhounds in early times. Exaggerated figures are given as to height and weight; but all authorities agree that MRS. PERCY SHEWELL’S CH. COTSWOLD BY CH. O'LEARY——PRINCESS PATRICIA OF CONNAUGHT. Photograph by Holloway, Cheltenham. well rewarded. By the year 1881 the Irish Wolfhound had been practically restored, although it has taken close upon a quarter of a century to produce the magnificent champions Cotswold and Cotswold Patricia, which are such brilliant examples of the modern breed—a brace of Wolfhounds who bear living testimony to the vast amount of energy and perseverance which Captain Graham and his enthusiastic colleague Major Garnier have displayed in evolving from 2I were impressively large and imposing and that they were regarded as the giants of the canine race. Oliver Goldsmith, himself an Irishman and also a student of natural history, wrote of dogs in 177 or thereabout :— “ The last variety, and the most wonder- ful of all that I shall mention, is the Great Irish Wolfdog, that may be considered as the first of the canine species. He is ex- tremely beautiful and majestic in appear- they dogs, 162 ance, being the greatest of the dog kind to be seen in the world. The largest of those I have seen—and I have seen about a dozen—was about four feet high, or as tall as a calf of a year old. He was made extremely like a Greyhound, but robust, and inclining to the figure of the French Matin or the Great Dane.” Goldsmith, however, was more elegant as a writer than accurate as an observer, and it is not probable that the tallest of the Wolfdogs that he or any of his country- men ever saw stood over thirty-five inches at the shoulder. A better judge of dogs than the gentle and credulous author of “The Vicar of Wakefield” was the com- puller of the ‘‘ Sportsman’s Cabinet,” pub- lished in 1803, who wrote :— “The dogs of Greece, Denmark, Tartary, ind Ireland are the largest and strongest of their species. The Irish Greyhound is of very ancient race, and is still to be found in some remote parts of that kingdom, though they are said to be reduced even in their original climate. They are much larger than the Mastiff; exceedingly fero- cious when engaged.” In the same work a very spirited repre- sentation is given of this hound, engraved after a drawing by Philip Reinagle, R.A. (see p. 160). Although in some slight respects faulty, the illustration conveys an admirable impression of what the dog was like a hun- dred years ago animal of great power, closely resembling the Highland Deerhound, but evidently then, as now, considerably larger in build. It seems extraordinary that so little should have been accurately known and recorded more an immense rough-coated of a dog which at one time must have been a familiar figure in the halls of the Imsh kings. It was no mere mythical animal like the heraldic griffin, but an actual sporting dog which was accepted as a national emblem of the Emerald Isle, asso- ciated with the harp and the shamrock. Proof of its recognised nobility is shown in the circumstance that [rish Wolfhounds were formerly depicted as supporters of the armorial bearings of the Hibernian kings. They were usually collared Ov, with THE NEW BOOK OF “THE. DOG. the appropriate motto, ‘ Gentle stroked, fierce when provoked.” In the Dublin Museum there is pre- served the skull of one of the old Irish Wolfhounds, but this is of little help to those who would inquire into the nature and character of the original hound. It is short and round, and could not possibly have been taken from any but a medium- sized dog. Contributory evidence as to the size of the Wolfdog is perhaps better sought by considering the size of its quarry. The Irish wolf was probably no larger than the wolf of any other country; but it is certain that the hound was a contemporary of the extinct Irish Elk (Megaceros hiber- nicus), and that this immense animal was commonly hunted by these dogs. Skeletons of the Irish Elk are to be seen in most museums. It stood about six feet high at the shoulder, and the antlers often measure from ten to eleven feet from tip to tip, with a weight of eighty pounds.* Such an animal would require a very power- ful hound indeed to pull it down, and we may therefore assume that the original Irish Wolfdog was no pigmy. It is interesting to note that the Irish Wolfhound was legislated for in the days of Cromwell. A declaration against the transporting of * Wolfedogges ”? dated Kil- kenny, April 27th, 1652, reads as follows :— ‘* Forasmuch as we are credibly informed that wolves do much increase and destroy many cattle in several parts of this dominion, and that some of the enemy’s party whe have laid down their arms and have liberty to go beyond the seas, and others do at- tempt to carry away several such great dogges as are commonly called Wolfe Dogges, whereby the breed of them which are useful for destroying wolves would, if not prevented, speedily suffer decay, these are therefore to prohibit all persons what- soever from exporting any of the said dogges out of this dominion.” As regards the origin of the Irish Wolf- when * My friend Mrs. Clement K. Shorter possesses a well-preserved skull of an elk, dug up froma bog in Ireland. The stretch of the antlers is 8 feet 2 inches from tip to tip.—Eb. THE IRISH WOLFHOUND. hound, more than one theory is advanced. By some authorities it is suggested that it was the dog which we now know as the Great Dane. Others hold that as there were rough-coated Greyhounds in Ireland, it is this dog, under another name, which is now accepted. But probably Captain Graham is nearer the truth when he gives the opinion that the Irish hound that was kept to hunt wolves has never become extinct at all, but is now represented in 163 and they appeared to have very much deteriorated in bone and substance. Sir J. Power, of Kilfane, was responsible for one line, Mr. Baker, of Ballytobin, for another, and Mr. Mahoney, of Dromore, for the remaining strain. From bitches ob- tained from two of these kennels, Captain Graham, by crossing them with the Great Dane and Scottish Deerhound, achieved the first step towards producing the animal that he desired. Later on the Russian MR. I. BY KILCULLEN-——KITTY ASTORE. the Scottish Deerhound, only altered a little in size and strength to suit the easier work required of it—that of hunting the deer. This is the more probable, as the fact remains that the chief factor in the resuscitation of the Irish Wolfhound has been the Scottish Deerhound. The result of Captain Graham’s investiga- tions when seeking for animals bearing some relationship to the original Irish Wolfe Dogge was that three strains were to be found in Ireland, but none of the repre- -sentatives at that time were anything like so large as those mentioned in early writings, W. EVERETT’S BLACK AND TAN WOLFHOUND FELIXSTOWE YIRRA Wolfhound Koratai, better known as the Borzoi, who was an exceedingly large hound, was introduced, as also were one or two other large breeds of dogs. The intermixture of these canine giants, however, was not at first very satisfactory, as although plenty of bone was obtained, many were most ungainly in appearance and ill-shaped animals that had very little about them to attract attention. Captain Graham, however, stuck to his work, and very soon the specimens that he brought forward began to show a fixity of type both in head and in general outline. Brian 164 THE was one of his best dogs, but he was not very large, as he only stood just over thirty inches at the shoulder. Banshee and Fin- tragh were others, but probably the best of Captain Graham’s kennel was the bitch Sheelah. It was not, until to- wards the end of the past century that however, mR. A. S. HALL’S CH. GARETH By CH. DERMOT ASTORE——TYNAGH. the most perfect dogs were bred. These included O’Leary, the property of Mr. Crisp, of Playford Hall. O’Leary is re- sponsible for many of the best dogs of the present day, and was the sire of Mrs. Percy Shewell’s Ch. Cotswold and the same lady’s Kilcullen, besides several other high- class prize-winners. Then Captain Graham bred Dermot Astore in 1896, and sold him to Mrs. Williams, of Llanllowell Rectory, near Usk. This dog carried all before him for some time, but was never quite such a typical dog as O’Leary. He has, however, left many good dogs and bitches behind him NEW. BOOK OF THE DOG. to keep his name green; the best probably being Mr. Hall’s Ch. Gareth. Mr. F. M. Birtill in the following year produced Wargrave and Ballyhooley in one litter; these two, who were sired by Brian II., also becoming the parents of excellent Wargrave sent offspring. was out oy ‘a a ee by his breeder to a show at Gloucester when about a year old, and was entered in the catalogue to be sold for £25; he was nearly defeating Dermot Astore, was claimed by more than one would-be buyer, and was consequently put up to auction, when he was bought by Mr. Hood Wright for forty- five guineas. Later on he became the property of Mrs. Willams, who held a strong hand at that time. Wargrave soon became a champion, and when eighteen months old bred Ch. Artara, who was prob- ably the best Irish Wolfhound bitch that has ever been bred. When shown in con- THE IRISH WOLFHOUND. dition, Artara could beat all the dogs. Ch. Wargrave was also the sire of Wolf Tone, who has done an immense amount of good to his breed. He was bred by the late HEAD OF FELIXSTOWE YIRRA. Mr. Herbert Compton, who always had a very high opinion of him. Like his sire Wargrave, Wolf Tone has excellent legs and feet, and now that the dog belongs to Mrs. Shewell, the stock that he produces are all remarkable for their good limbs, and he has had a great deal to do with abolishing the straight hocks which were such an eyesore with many of the older hounds. Amongst the best of his off- spring is Ch. Cotswold Patricia, the hand- some animal who forms one of the illus- trations in this chapter (p. 166). Bally- hooley, the litter brother of Wargrave, went into the hands of Mr. W. Williams, who did very well with him. In 1900 Mr. Crisp bred Kilcullen from O’Leary, this dog winning the champion- ship at the Kennel Club Show at the Crystal Palace in 1902 under Captain Graham. This was the year the Irish Wolfhound Club presented the hound Rajah of Kidnal as a regimental pet to the newly formed Irish Guards, and the present Lord Powers- court went to the Crystal Palace with a non-commissioned officer to receive the dog. Rajah of Kidnal, who was bred and ex- hibited by Mrs. A. Gerard, of Malpas, was 165 the selection of Captain Graham and two other judges. This dog, which has been re- named Brian Boru, is still hearty and well, and was at his post on St. Patrick’s Day, 1907, when the shamrock that had been sent by Her Majesty Queen Alexandra was handed to the men. Mrs. Gerard owned one of the largest kennels of Irish Wolfhounds in England, and amongst her many good dogs and bitches was Cheevra, who was a wonderful brood bitch, and included amongst her stock were several that worked their way up to championship honours; she was the dam of Rajah of Kidnal. Besides Ballyhooley, Mr. W. Williams owned a good dog in Finn by Brian II. Finn produced Miss Packe’s Wickham La- vengro, a black and tan dog that has won several prizes. Some judges are’ opposed HEAD OF CH. COTSWOLD. to giving prizes to Irish Wolfhounds of this colour, but Captain Graham does not object to it. Finn was a very heavy dog, and weighed 148 Ibs. A hound that has been of great benefit 166 to the breed in Ireland is Ch. Marquis of Donegal. He is the property of Mr. Martin, and I believe I am correct in saying that he is an own brother to Dermot Astore. Mr. Martin has had several other high- class specimens, of which Connaught was one of the best. Amongst the bitches that have been in- THE NEW BOOK OF THE. DOG. most promising young dog in Felixstowe Yirra, a son of Kilcullen and Kitty Astore, with which he was second to Mrs. Shewell’s Ch. Cotswold, who is undoubtedly the grandest Irish Wolfhound ever bred, and has so far had an unbeaten record. In height Ch. Cotswold stands 34} inches, At the same show Miss Clifford, of Ryde, MRS. P. SHEWELL’S CH. COTSWOLD PATRICIA BY WOLF TONE——PRINCESS PATRICIA OF CONNAUGHT. strumental in building up tne breed to its present high state of excellence is Princess Patricia of Connaught, who is by Dermot Astore out of Cheevra, and is the dam of Ch. Cotswold Patricia. She is one of the tallest of her race, her height being 33 inches; another bitch that measures the same number of inches at the shoulder being Dr. Pitts-Tucker’s Juno of the Fen, a daughter of Ch. Wargrave, who has had several prizes placed to her credit. Mr. Everett, of Felixstowe, is now one of the most successful breeders. He ex- hibited at the last Kennel Club show a hound exhibited a good in Wildcroft, another of Dermot Astore’s sons, and other supporters of the breed are Lady Kathleen Pilkington, Mr. T. Hamilton Adams, Mr. G. H. Thurston, Mr. Bailey, Mrs. F. Mar- shall, Mr. J. L. T. Dobbin, and Miss Ethel McCheane. The following is the description of the variety as drawn up by the Club :— 1. General Appearance.—The Irish Wolfhound should not be quite so heavy or massive as the Great Dane, but more so than the Deerhound, which in general type he should otherwise resemble. Of great size and commanding appearance, very EE TRISH WOLFHOUND: muscular, strongly though gracefully built: move- ments easy and active; head and neck carried high ; the tail carried with an upward sweep, with a slight curve towards the extremity. The minimum height and weight of dogs should be 31 inches and 120 pounds, of bitches 28 inches and 90 pounds. Anything below this should be debarred from competition. Great size, includ- ing height at shoulder and proportionate length of body, is the desideratum to be aimed at, and it is desired firmly to establish a race that shall average from 32 inches to 34 inches in dogs, showing the requisite power, activity, courage, and symmetry. 2. Head.—Long, the frontal bones of the fore- head very slightly raised and very little indenta- tion between the eyes. Skull not too broad ; muzzle long and moderately pointed ; ears small and Greyhound-like in carriage. 3. Neck.—Rather long, very strong and mus- cular, well arched, without dewlap and loose skin about the throat. 4. Chest.—Very deep, breast wide. 5. Back.—Ratherlonzthanshort. Lo-ns arched. 6. Tail_—Long and slightly curv2d, of moderate thickness, and well covered with hair. 7. Belly.—Well drawn up. 167 8. Forequarters.—Shoulders muscular, giving breadth of chest, set sloping, elbows well under, neither turned inwards nor outwards. Leg—Fore- arm muscular and the whole leg strong and quite straight. 9. Hindquarters.—Muscular thighs, and second thigh long and strong as in the Greyhound, and hocks well let down and turning neither in nor out. to. Feet.—Moderately large and round, neither turned inwards nor outwards ; toes well arched and closed, nails very strong and curved. 11.. Hair.—Rough and hard on body, legs, and head ; especially wiry and long over eyes and under jaw. 12. Colour and Markings.—The recognised colours are grey, brindle, red, black, pure white, fawn, or any colour that appears in the Deer- hound. Faults.—Too light or heavy in head, too highly arched frontal bone, ears and hanging flat to the face; short neck; full dewlap; too narrow or too broad a chest ; sunken and hollow or quite level back; bent forelegs; overbent fetlocks ; twisted feet; spreading toes; too curly a tail; weak hindquarters, cow hocks, and a general want of muscle ; too short in body. large BRIAN BORU: THE IRISH GUARDS’ WOLFHOUND. Photograph by Pictorial Agency. 168 CHAPTER THE XVI. DEERHOUND. BY ROBERT LEIGHTON. “A chieftain’s, in good truth, this dog was once. And if in form and action he remained What he then was when first Odysseus left, His swiftness and his strength would well have roused Thy wonder at his hunting : never game Escaped him in the thickest woodland glade : Whatever he might follow, by their trail He knew them all most thoroughly.” of the impressively HE Deerhound is decorative of dogs, stately and picturesque wherever he is seen, whether it be amid the surround- ings of the baronial hall, reclining at luxu- rious length before the open hearth in the fitful light of the log fire that flickers on polished armour and tarnished tapestry ; out in the open, straining at the leash as he scents the dewy air, or gracefully bounding over the purple of his native hills. Grace and majesty are in his every movement and attitude, and even to the most prosaic mind there is about him the inseparable glamour of feudal romance and poetry. He ts at his best alert in the excitement of the chase ; but all too rare now is the inspiring sight that once was common among the mountains of Morven and the glens of Argyll of the deep-voiced hound speeding in pursuit of his antlered prey, racing him at full stretch along the mountain’s ridge, or baying him at last in the fastness of darksome corrie or Gone are the good romantic days of stalking, beloved by Scrope. The Highlands have lost their loneliness, and the inventions of the modern gunsmith have robbed one of the grandest of hunting dogs of his glory, relegating him to the life of a pedestrian pet, whose highest dignity is the winning of a pecuniary prize under Kennel Club rules. Historians of the Deerhound associate him with the original Irish Wolfdog, of one most deep ravine. —CORDREY’S ‘‘ ODYSSEY.” whom he is obviously a close relative, and it is sure that when the wolf still lingered in the land it was the frequent quarry of the Highland as of the Hibernian hound. Legend has it that Prince Ossian, son of Fingal, King of Morven, hunted the wolf with the grey, long-bounding dogs. ‘“‘ Swift- footed Luath ” and ‘‘ White-breasted Bran” are among the names of Ossian’s hounds. I am disposed to affirm that the old Irish Wolfhound and the Highland Deerhound are not only intimately allied in form and nature, but that they are two strains of an identical breed, altered only in size by circumstance and environment. There are reasons for the supposition that they were originally of one family. During the period of the Danish dominion over the Hebrides, the sport-loving Scandinavians held such constant communication between Scotland and Ireland that it is to be presumed they commonly interbred the hounds of both countries. Nor was the process confined to one channel of intercourse. In the southern parts of the main island, and particularly in Wessex, there existed in ancient times 4 rough-coated Gazehound of analogous type, which possibly drifted over the border to become more rugged and sturdy under the influence of a rigorous climate. The dogs of Great Britain have never for long remained strictly local in type and character. Civil wars, the courtesies of friendly kings, and PAE DEERHOUND: extensive hunting expeditions have all had their effect in the work of distribution. King Arthur and his noble knights of the Round Table—all of them imbued with enthusiasm for the chase—were experts in the knowledge of hunting dogs, and they took their hounds with them wherever they 169 distinct from its now larger Irish relative, it was recognised as a native dog in Scotland in very early times, and it was distinguished as being superior in strength and beauty to the hounds of the Picts. Stewart in his “Buik of the Cronicles of Scotland” * quaintly records that SCENE AT ABBOTSFORD. SIR WALTER SCOTT'S FRom THE Paintinc sy SIR EOWIN LANDSEER, R.A. went. It is difficult, even with the help of illuminated manuscripts and the records of contemporary to determine the particular breeds most in vogue; but King Arthur’s Cavall and the yet more famous Hodain were almost certainly of a rough Greyhound type. Hodain himself—the hound who shared the love potion with Sir Tristram and Iseult—was brought by the knight of Lyonesse over from Ireland, a gift from King Anguish of that land, and was presumably of the breed we are now considering. There is nothing more prob- able than that in the days of chivalry hounds were numbered among the presents given by king to king. Whatever the source of the Highland Deerhound, and at whatever period it became scribes, 22 MAIDA AND TORRUM. ““The Pictis houndis were nocht of sic speed As Scottis houndis, nor yet sae gude at need, Nor in sic game they were nocht half sae gude, Nor of sic pleasure, nor sic pulchritude.” The reference is included in the description of a battle fought on account of a Deer- hound. The hound’s name is not given, but he is said to have excelled all others “sae far as into licht the moon does near a star.” He was the property of a Scots king who had been enjoying a great hunting * This was a metrical version of Hector Boece’s History, which was written in Latin and pub- lished in Paris in The translation was made in 1531 by command of Margaret, Qneen of James the Fourth. 1526-7. 170 THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG: Queen Mary. But the organised coursing of deer by courtiers ceased during the Stuart troubles, and was left to servants, the pursuit of men being regarded as more suitable for the occupation of a gentle- man. At the time when Dr. Johnson made his tour in the Hebrides, deer hunting was still mainly in the hands of retain- ers, who thus replen- ished their chief’s larder. “The stags) of ‘the mountains are less than those of our parks and CH. TALISMAN BY CH. ST. RONAN’S RANGER——CH. BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. H. ARMSTRONG. Photograph by Russell. in the Grampians among the Picts, who coveted the dog. To console them the king made them a gift of a pair of his hounds, but, not wholly content, they stole his favourite. The thieves were pursued, and a bloody battle followed, in which sixty good Scots and a hundred Picts were slain, before the dog was restored to his rightful owner. From that time onward, Scottish nobles cherished their strains of Deerhound, seeking glorious sport in the Highland forests. In Pitscottie’s “* History of Scotland” (1528) it is said that ‘“‘ the King desired all gentle- men that had dogges that war guid to bring theme to hunt in the saides boundis quhilk the most pairt of the noblemen of the High- lands did, such as the Earles of Huntlie, Argyle, and Athole, who brought their Deerhoundes with theme and hunted with his majestie.” The red deer belonged by inexorable law to the kings of Scotland, and great drives, which often lasted for several days, were made to round up the herds into given neighbourhoods for the pleasure of the court, as in the reign of forests,’ wrote Johnson, CRAIGIE. with reference to sport in the Isle of Skye. “The déer are mot driven with horns and hounds. A sportsman, with his gun in his hand, watches the animal, and when he has wounded him, traces him by the blood. They have a race of brindled Greyhounds, larger and stronger than those with which we course hares, and these are the only dogs used by them for the chase.” Boswell mentions that Mr. Grant, of Glenmoriston, permitted any stranger to range his forest after deer, in the belief that nobody could do them any injury. The stag was valued only for the amount of venison it might yield. The abandonment of the sport and the gradual disappearance of the boar and the wolf naturally caused the Deerhound to decline both in number and in size and strength, and by the end of the eighteenth century the breed had become scarce. The revival of deerstalking dates back hardly further than a hundred years. It reached its greatest popularity in the High- lands at the time when the late Queen and Prince Albert were in residence at Balmoral. Solomon, Hector, and Bran were among the Balmoral hounds. Bran was an especially fine animal—one of the best of his time, THE DEERHOUND. standing over thirty inches in height. It was at this period that Sir Edwin Landseer was industriously transferring to canvas his admiration of the typical Deerhound. Sir Walter Scott had already done much to preserve public interest in the breed, both by his writings and by the fact that he kept many of these dogs at Abbotsford; but it is saddening to note that although his Torrum was the son of a true Glengarry sire, yet his famous Maida was a mongrel by a Pyrenean Wolfdog. Notwithstanding the sinister bend, however, Maida was a mag- nificent animal, partaking of the appearance of his Deerhound dam, but having height and power from his sire. The cross was of benefit to the breed, and from Maida many of our best modern Deerhounds de- scended. Washington Irving described him as a giant in iron grey. Landseer’s portrait of him (p. 169) shows him to have been a white dog with a grey saddle mingled with black, extending into patches on the thighs. He had a white blaze up the face. and a white muzzle and collar, and his dark ears The com- panion hound sitting behind him in the picture is of better type. Scrope’s neglected but delightful book on deerstalking was written when the | sport was at its zenith, and it tains fascinating de- scriptions of the glories of pursuing the red deer in the wilds of the forest of Atholl, and of the performances of such hounds as Tarff and Derig and Schuloch. are seem to have been cropped. con- agree oF YT .] The Deerhounds were used in two ways. In the one case they coursed the deer from first to last 171 wounded stag at bay. In the former case a hound of superior strength, speed, and courage was required. So soon as the herd were in sight, the hunters, getting as near as they could, shipped the hounds and the race began. On the roughest ground the strong-legged, hard-footed dogs could hold their own, while on the flat they overhauled their quarry. They stuck staunchly to the chase, and when within seizing distance would sometimes spring at the leg in order to confuse and encumber the stag until there came a better oppor- tunity of springing at the neck. If the stag stood at bay, woe betide the hound whose courage led him to make a frontal attack ; for he would surely pay for his valour with his life or sustain terrible injuries. If, however, the attack was made from behind, the hunter would generally come up to find the deer dead, while the hounds were unharmed. Their duty was not to kill their victim but to keep him at bay until the hunters arrived. Two historic feats of strength and en- durance illustrate the tenacity of the Deer- hound at work. A brace of half-bred dogs, named Percy and Douglas, the property of Mr. Scrope, kept a stag at bay from Saturday without the aid of : man. In the other, they held the CH. BLAIR ATHOL By CH. SELWOOD DHOURAN——KATRINE. BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. W. C. GREW. My i THE NEW night to Monday morning; and the pure bred Bran by himself pulled down two un- wounded stags, one carrying ten and the other eleven tines. These, of course, are record performances, but they demonstrate the possibilities of the Deerhound when trained to his natural sport. In Scrope’s time driving was commonly resorted to in the extensive forests, but nowadays when forests are sub-divided into limited shootings the deer are seldom moved from their home preserves, whilst with the use of improved telescopes and the small-bore rifle, stalking has gone out of fashion. With guns having a muzzle velocity of 2,500 feet per second, it is no longer necessary for sportsmen stealthily to stalk their game to come within easy range, and as for dogs, they have become so doubtful an appendage to the chase that we have an experienced deerstalker like Cameron of Lochiel soberly putting the question : “Ought dogs to be used in a forest at all 2”? * Obviously they ought still to be of use in enabling the sportsman to secure his wounded deer, which may not be crippled beyond the possibility of successful flight. Admitting that dogs are thus helpful in tracking, Cameron of Lochiel discusses the question as to the breed best adapted for this sport, and, with all a Highlander’s love for the Deerhound, he yet reluctantly decides that these magnificent dogs are not by any means the most suitable. ‘ For use on the hill,” he adds, ‘* nothing beats the Collie. He is possessed of instinct—one may almost call it sense—in a higher degree than any other breed, and he is more tractable—he will run by sight or by scent, loose or on a cord; he will keep close to his master, requiring no gillie to lead him; he can be taught to lie down, and will even learn to crawl when necessary ; and at any rate his motions are those of an animal who knows that he is trying to approach a prey unobserved. But the chief merit in a Collie over all other dogs for following a * “The Red Deer.’ Fur and Feather Series (Longman and Co., 1896). BOOk OF THE \DOGs wounded deer consists in his wonderful faculty for distinguishing between the track of a wounded and that of a cold stag.” Primarily and essentially the Deerhound belongs to the order Agaseus, hunting by sight and not by scent, and although he may indeed occasionally put his nose to the ground, yet his powers of scent are not remarkable. His vocation, therefore, has undergone a change, and it was recently ascertained that of sixty deer forests there were only six upon which Deerhounds were kept for sporting purposes. Happily the Deerhound has suffered no decline in the favour bestowed upon him for his own sake. The contrary is rather the case, and he is still an aristocrat among dogs, valued for his good looks, the symmetry of his form, his grace and elegance, and even more so for his faithful and affectionate nature. Sir Walter Scott declared that he was ‘‘a most perfect creature of heaven,” and when one sees him represented in so beautiful a specimen of his noble race as St. Ronan’s Rhyme, for example, or Talis- man, or Ayrshire, one is tempted to echo this high praise. In recent years the Deerhound has been fashionable at exhibitions of dogs, and although the number brought into com- petition is never very great, yet it is always apparent that the true type is being steadily preserved and that in many respects decided improvements are achieved. The oldest strain is probably that of Chesthill, on Loch Tay, established by the Menzies over a hundred years ago. It is no longer kept in its integrity by the Menzies family, but Mr. R. Hood Wright, whose name must always be intimately associated with this breed, came into possession of some of the strain, and bred from them to a considerable extent. Mr. G. W. Hickman, of Selly Hill, made similar efforts, his Morni and Garry being of true Chesthill descent. Cameron of Lochiel had also a venerable strain, of which his Torrum, exhibited at Birmingham in 1869, was a notable example. Other strains which have entered largely into our present day Deerhounds are those of Morrison of Glenelg, McNeil of Colonsay, aa) IN *NO/L037109 qWAOY ‘Y33SQNV17 NIMGS HIS Nivd 3HL WOH4 SSAAIYQ Y¥330 3HL AEF 174 THE NEW and Bateson of Cambusmere; the last mentioned providing the originals of some of the paintings by Landseer, who con- sidered them the finest Deerhounds he had ever seen. The Marquis of Breadalbane also owned a famous strain on the Black Mount Forest, as did Lord Campbell of Glendarule. The hounds kept at Windsor were usually of splendid type. Three of these, including the magnificent dog Keildar HEAD OF CH. BLAIR ATHOL. and his sister Hag, came nto the hands of Captain G. A. Graham, of Dursley, who is still one of our greatest authorities on the Deerhound. Five-and-twenty years ago Captain Graham drew up a list of the most notable dogs of the last century. Among these were Sir St. George Gore’s Gruim (1843-44), Black Bran (1850-51); the Marquis of Breadalbane’s King of the Forest, said to stand 33 inches high; Mr. Beasley’s Alder (1863-67), bred by Sir John McNeil of Colonsay ; Mr. Donald Cameron’s Torrum (1869), and his two sons Monzie and Young Torrum; and Mr. Dadley’s Hector, who was probably the best-bred dog living in the early “eighties. Torrum, however, ap- pears to have been the most successful of these dogs at stud. He was an exceedingly BOOK OF THE DOG, grand specimen of his race, strong framed, with plenty of hair of a blue brindle colour, Captain Graham’s own dog Keildar, who had been trained for deerstalking in Windsor Park, was perhaps one of the most elegant and _ aristocratic-looking Deerhounds ever seen. His full height was 30 inches, girth 33% inches, and weight, 95 lbs., his colour bluish fawn, slightly brindled, the muzzle and ears being blue. His nearest competitor for perfection was, after Hector, probably Mr. Hood Wright’s Bevis, a darkish red brown brindle of about 29 inches. Mr. Wright was the breeder of Champion Sel- wood Morven, who was the celebrity of his race about 1897, and who became the property of Mr. Harry Rawson, of Joppa House, Midlothian. This stately dog was a dark heather brindle, standing 322 inches at the shoulder, with a chest girth of 345 inches. A few years ago breeders were inclined to mar the beauty of the Deerhound by a too anxious endeavour to obtain great size rather than to preserve the genuine type; but this error has been sufficiently corrected, with the result that symmetry and elegance conjoined with the desired attributes of speed are not sacrificed. The qualities THE DEERHOUND. aimed at now are a height of something less than 30 inches, and a weight not greater than 105 lbs., with straight fore-legs and short, cat-like feet, a deep chest, with broad, powerful loins, slightly arched, and strength of hind-quarters, with well-bent stifles, and the hocks welllet down. Straight stifles are objectionable, giving a stilty appearance. Thick shoulders are equally a blemish to be avoided, as also a too great heaviness of bone. The following is the accepted standard of merit. THE PERFECT DEERHOUND. 1. Head.—The head should be broadest at the ears, tapering slightly to the eyes, with the muzzle tapering more decidedly to the nose. The muzzle should be pointed, but the teeth and lips level. The head should be long, the skull flat rather than round, with a very slight rise over the eyes, but with nothing approaching a stop. The skull should be coated with moderately long hair, which is softer than the rest of the coat. The nose should be black (though in some blue-fawns the colour is blue), and slightly aquiline. In the lighter-coloured dogs a black muzzle is preferred. There should be a good moustache of rather silky hair, and a fair beard. 2. Ears.—The ears should be set on high, and, in repose, folded back like the Greyhound’s, though raised above the head in excitement without losing the fold, and even, in some cases, semi-erect. A prick ear is bad. A big, thick ear, hanging flat to the head, or heavily coated with long hair, is the worst of faults. The ear should be soft, glossy, and like a mouse’s coat to the touch, and the smaller it is the better. It should have no long coat or long fringe, but there is often a silky, silvery coat on the body of the ear and the tip. Whatever the general colour, the ears should be black or dark- coloured. 3. Neck and Shoulders.—The neck should be long—that is, of the length that befits the Grey- hound character of the dog. An over-long neck is not necessary, nor desirable, for the dog is not required to stoop to his work like a Grey- hound, and it must be remembered that the mane, which every good specimen should have, detracts from the apparent length of neck. Moreover, a Deerhound requires a very strong neck to hold a stag. The nape of the neck should be very prominent where the head is set on, and the throat should be clean-cut at the angle and prominent. The shoulders should be well sloped, the blades well back, with not too much width between them. Loaded and straight shoulders are very bad faults. 175 4. Stern.—Stern should be tolerably long, tapering, and reaching to within 1} inches of the ground, and about 14 inches below the hocks. When the dog is still, dropped perfectly straight down, or curved. When in motion it should be curved when excited, in no case to be lifted out of the line of the back. It should be well covered with hair, on the inside thick and wiry, underside longer, and towards the end a slight fringe is not objectionable. A curl or ring tail is very undesirable. 5. Eyes.—The eyes should be dark: generally they are dark brown or hazel. A very light eye is not liked. The eye is moderately full, with a soft look in repose, but a keen, far-away gaze when the dog is roused. The rims of the eyelids shouid be black. 6. Body.—The body and general formation is that of a Greyhound of larger size and bone. Chest deep rather than broad, but not too narrow and flat-sided. The loin well arched and droop- ing to the tail. A straight back is not desirable, this formation being unsuitable for going up- hill, and very unsightly. 7. Legs and Feet.—The legs should be broad and flat, a good broad forearm and elbow being desirable. Fore-legs, of course, as straight as possible. Feet close and compact, with well- arched toes. The hind-quarters drooping, and as broad and powerful as possible, the hips being set wide apart. The hind-legs should be well bent at the stifle, with great length from the hip to the hock, which should be broad and flat. Cow hocks, weak pasterns, straight stifles, and splay feet are very bad faults. 8. Coat.—The hair on the body, neck, and quarters should be harsh and wiry, and about 3 inches or 4 inches long; that on the head, breast, and belly is much softer. There should be a slight hairy fringe on the inside of the fore- and hind-legs, but nothing approaching to the feathering of a Collie. The Deerhound should be a shaggy dog, but not over coated. A woolly coat is bad. Some good strains have a slight mixture of silky coat with the hard, which is preferable to a woolly coat, but the proper covering is a thick, close-lying, ragged coat, harsh or crisp to the touch. g. Colour.—Colour is much a matter of fancy. But there is no manner of doubt that the dark blue-grey is the most preferred. Next come the darker and lighter greys or brindles, the darkest being generally preferred. Yellow and sandy-red or red-fawn, especially with black points—z.e., ears and muzzle—are also in equal estimation, this being the colour of the oldest known strains, the McNeil and the Chesthill Menzies. White is condemned by all the old authorities, but a white chest and white toes, occurring as they do in a great many of the darkest-coloured dogs, are not so greatly objected 170 to, but the less the better, as the Deerhound is a self-coloured dog. A white blaze on the head or a white collar should entirely disqualify. In other cases, though passable, yet an attempt should be made to get rid of white markings. The less white the better, but a slight white tip to the stern occurs in the best strains. 10. Height of Dogs.—From 28 inches to 30 or even more if there be symmetry without coarseness, which, however, is rare. 11. Height of Bitches.—From 26 wards. There can be no objection to a bitch being large, unless she is too coarse, as even at her greatest height she does not approach that of the dog, and, therefore, could not well be too big for work, as over-big dogs are. a big bitch is good for breeding and keeping up the size. 12. Weight.—From 85 pounds to 105 pounds in dogs ; from 65 pounds to 80 pounds in bitches. inches, inches up- Besides, Among the more prominent owners of Deerhounds at the present time are Mrs. H. Armstrong, of Jesmond, near Newcastle ; Mrs. W. C. Grew, of Knowle, Warwickshire ; Mrs. Janvrin Dickson, of Bushey Heath ; Mr. Harry Rawson, of Joppa; and Mr. H. McLauchlin, of Dublin. Mrs. Armstrong is the breeder of a beautiful dog hound in Ch. Talisman, and of two typically good bitches in Fair Maid of Perth and Bride of Lammermoor. Mrs. Grew counts as her “friends”? many admirable specimens, among them being Ch. Blair Athol, Ayrshire, Kenilworth, and Ferraline. Ayrshire is con- sidered by some judges to be the perfect Deerhound of his sex exhibited for some time past. He is somewhat large, perhaps, but he is throughout a hound of excellent quality and character, having a most typical head, with lovely eyes and expression, perfect front feet and hind- quarters. Other judges would give the palm to Mr. Harry Rawson’s Ch. St. Ronan’s Ranger, who is certainly difficult to excel in all the characteristics most desirable in the breed. Mr. Harry Rawson inherits an active interest in the Deerhound. From his boy- hood he has been associated with one of the most successful kennels of the breed in the kingdom; and the St. Ronan’s prefix is to be found in the pedigrees of many of the best Deerhounds in the Stud Book. To him belongs the honour of having bred most ~ THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. what is acknowledged to be not only the. least assailable of her distinguished breed now living, but possibly the most flawless Deer- hound of any time in Ch. St. Ronan’s Rhyme. In the attempt to accord to this remarkable bitch the position which is her due, one can only refer to her achievements. One assumes that, if anywhere, the best dogs in the king- dom are to be seen at the show held annually by the Kennel Club at the Crystal Palace, and that the chosen judges on these occa- sions are unbiassed and unimpeachable. A customary event at this show is that of the general competition among dogs having full championship honours in their respective breeds, and the winning dog thus becomes veritably a champion of champions. It is the severest test of merit and breeding to which a dog is ever submitted. St. Ronan’s Rhyme went through the ordeal in Octo- ber, 1906, and she met with conspicuous success. This triumph of St. Ronan’s Rhyme was repeated a few days afterwards at the Edinburgh show of the Scottish Kennel Club, under different judges, when again she was awarded the laurel bestowed upon the best dog in the show. Some forty or fifty years ago the Deer- hound seems to have been in danger of degeneration, and to have declined in size and stamina, and there is no doubt that the various out-crosses which were tried at that time have been of permanent profit to the breed. Sir Walter Scott’s Maida was, as we have seen, the offspring of a Glengarry dam and a Pyrenean sire, who was probably responsible for the admixture of white in Maida’s coat, and for the white markings which even to this day are occasionally revealed. But the sturdy dog of the Pyrenees contributed materially to the strength of the Deerhound, and all other traces of his different type and character- istics disappeared in three generations. So, too, the cross from the Russian Borzoi, which was judiciously used half a century ago, imparted to the Deerhound a degree of quality, and a certain bloodlike look, with regained symmetry of shape and grace of action, which the breed was fast losing. RAE DEERHOUND: For the following additional notes on the Deerhound I am indebted to Mrs. H. Armstrong. “Though fast disappearing from the annals of hunting, the Deerhound isa great favourite to-day as a household pet and personal 177 after the style of the Royal beast, the lion, who appears to look over the heads, or actually through the bodies, of his ad- miring visitors at the Zoo, into the back of beyond. “Unfortunately, the Deerhound is to-day THE CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS ST. RONAN’S RHYME (BORN FEBRUARY 23rp, 1903) BY ST RONAN’S RANGER——GINAGACH. THIS BEAUTIFUL BITCH, THE PROPERTY OF HER BREEDER, HARRY RAWSON, ESQ., OF JOPPA HOUSE, MIDLOTHIAN, IS PROBABLY THE MOST PERFECT DOG OF ANY BREED AT PRESENT LIVING. Photograph by Russell. companion, and well worthy is he of his place ; for not only is he wondrous gentle for his great size, but he is faithful, sensible, and quiet. The latter quality, indeed, may almost be described as a fault, for except for his formidable size and appearance, which strikes terror into the hearts of evildoers, he cannot be said to be a good watch, inasmuch as he will either welcome all comers as personal friends, or he will of his dignity and_ stateliness overlook the approach of strangers, something 23 a most delicate and difficult dog to rear. Perhaps this is due to the extraordinary amount of inbreeding which has been so largely resorted to in this race. In order, probably, to keep the type and character, as also the pure lineage, we have the same names occurring over and over again in the same pedigree, and of those of the present day none appears more often or more surely than that of Ch. Swift—a hound bred by Mr. Singer, of Frome, Somerset, and who in turn is by Ch. Athole, the property of THE: DOG: 178 THE NEW BOOK OF _—_— CH. TALISMAN, BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR AND FAIR MAID OF PERTH. BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. H. ARMSTRONG. Photograph by Russell. Mr. Goulter, from a very famous bitch, Hedwig. Swift is described as a red brindle, 303 inches at the shoulder, and possessing in a marked degree, those most desirable points, size and quality. Before him again we have Ch. Fingall IL, another ancestral dignitary. He described as being the most noted Deerhound of his day. He was not only an excellent dog at the deer, but a winner of more first prizes than any Deerhound then living. He was a very dark blue in colour. “ Another celebrated hound was Ch. Sel- wood Dhouran, by Ch. Swift. This was an im- mense dog, said by his owner, Mr. R. Hood Wright, to weigh over 100 lbs., and to stand 31 inches at the shoulder. Ch. Selwood Morven, also bred by Mr. Hood Wright, was another enormous hound, standing 322 inches at the shoulder, while in girth he measured 34} inches. Many of the old breeders assert that this is too large, and that the present day craze for size is not in accordance with what used to be considered correct in the old days of exhibiting and hunting. For instance in 1859 the repre- sentative dog chosen by “* Stonehenge,” is viz.: Buscar, was 28 inches, and in 1872 the following hounds measured :— Dogs. Inches. Bitches. Inches. Charhe 274 Braie Bs) Arran . 292 Luffra . 26 Colin . 28 Hilda 28 Morna 30 Meg . 26 Torrum 30 ~+Bertha . 26 Bruce. . . - 28 Juno . 26 Oscar 28 Hylda . 29 Young Torrum . 30} Brenda . . 28 Bismarck. . . 28 Oscar . 28 Warrior . . . 28 Young Warrior . 28 Roswell . . . 28 Aitkin 28 “So that four out of fourteen dogs were over 28 inches high, and three out of eight bitches over 26 inches. “ Personally, I think a dog of 30 inches a very fair size, and it is unnecessary to strive after anything taller, for about this height we generally get the better type, character and quality, while dogs taller than this have a tendency to appear coarse and heavy at THE the shoulders, and lean too much to the Insh Wolfhound ; but there is little doubt that size will always be a subject of discussion amongst Deerhound breeders, although, in the standard of points, as laid down by the Club, dogs are given as from 28 inches to 30 inches, and bitches from 26 upwards. *“Tn conclusion, let me add that I think “once a Deerhound lover, always a Deer- hound lover,’ for there is something about the breed which is particularly attractive ; they are no fools, if brought up sensibly, and they are obedient, while, for all they are so large, it is astonishing what little inches CHAMPION TEAM OF MR. REGIUS, RHYME, RODERICK, DEERHOUND. 179 room they occupy: they have a happy knack of curling themselves up into wonder- fully small compass, and lying out of the They do not require a very great amount of food, and are readily and easily if let loose in some field or other convenient place, they soon gallop tired. They rule excellent followers, either in town or country, keeping close to heel and walking in a digni- fied manner; while, on the approach of a strange dog, a slight raising of the head and tail is generally all the notice they deign to give that they have even seen the passing canine.” way. exercised, as, themselves are aS a HARRY RAWSON’S DEERHOUNDS, AND RANGER. 180 CHAPTER THE BORZOI, OR RUSSIAN XVII. WOLFHOUND. BY MAJOR BORMAN. “* The lady's hound, restore the hound, Sir Knight. “The hound,’ said Gawaine, much relieved ; ‘what hound ?’ And then perceived he that the dog he fed, With grateful steps the kindly guest had found, And there stood faithful. ‘Friend,’ Sir Gawaine said, ‘What's just is just! the dog must have his due, The dame had hers, to choose between the two.’” F the many foreign varieties of the dog that have been introduced into this country within recent years, there is not one among the larger breeds that has made greater headway in the public favour than the Borzoi, or Russian Wolfhound.* Nor is this to be wondered at. The most graceful and elegant of all breeds, combining symmetry with strength, the wearer of a lovely silky coat that a toy dog might envy, the length of head, possessed by no other breed—all go to make the Borzoi the favourite he has become. He is essentially what our American cousins would call a “spectacular” dog. Given, for example, the best team of terriers and a fifth-rate team of Borzois, which attracts the more attention and admiration from the man in the street ? Which does he turn again to look at? Not the terriers! Add to this that the Borzoi makes a capital house dog, is, as a rule, affectionate and a good companion, it is not, I repeat, to be wondered at that he has attained the dignified position in the canine world which he now holds. In his native country the Borzoi is em- ployed, as his English name implies, in hunting the wolf and also smaller game, including foxes and hares. * Although commonly known as the Russian Wolfhound, this dog belongs of course to the Grey- hound family, Lévrier, running dog. —BUuULWER LYTTON. Several methods of hunting the larger game are adopted, one form being as follows. Wolves being reported to be present in the neighbourhood, the hunters set out on horseback, each holding in his left hand a leash of three Borzois, as nearly matched as possible in size, speed, and _ colour. Arrived at the scene of action, the chief huntsman stations the hunters at separate points every hundred yards or so round the wood. A pack of hounds is sent in to draw the quarry, and on the wolves breaking cover the nearest hunter slips his dogs. These endeavour to seize their prey by the neck, where they hold him until the hunter arrives, throws himself from his horse, and with his knife puts an end to the fray. Another method is to advance across the open country at intervals of about two hundred yards, slipping the dogs at any game they may put up. Trials are also held in Russia. These take place in a large railed enclosure, the wolves being brought in carts similar to our deer carts. In this case a brace of dogs is loosed on the wolf. The whole merit of the course is when the hounds can overtake the wolf and pin him to the ground, so that the keepers can secure him alive. It follows, therefore, that in this case also the hounds must be of equal speed, so that they reach the wolf simulta- neously ; one dog would, of course, be unable to hold him. qassny &q ydvadojpoy ey VWHONVXS1¥ NSSND ALSSAPWW YSH SO ALYSdOYd SHL ‘MOOSOW WVHONIYONVS ONY WZLId1IOX WVHONIYONVS = ~ + (TU SIS Pere 182 THE Naturally, the dogs have to be trained to the work, for which purpose the best wolves taken and sent to the kennels, where the young dogs are taught to pin him in such a manner that he cannot teeth. I are alive turn and use his know of no NEW BOOK OF THE DOG: in the United States as in Great Britain, and some excellent specimens are to be the annual Madison Square Gardens. To take the points of the breed in de- tail, the description of the perfect Borzoi is as follows :— 1. Head. — This seen at shows at FEDIA L. BORMAN’s CH. KIEFF By MRS. E. Photograph by T. Fall. reason why the Borzoi should not be used for coursing in this country. I have owned several that have been excellent at hares and rabbits. One ofthe first examples of the breed exhibited in England was owned by Messrs. Hill and Ashton, of Sheffield, about 1880, at which time good specimens were imported by the Rev. J. C. Macdona and Lady Emily Peel, whose Sandringham and Czar excited general admiration. It was then known as the Siberian Wolfhound. years later the Duchess of Newcastle ob- tained several fine dogs, and from this stock Her Grace founded the kennel which has since become so famous. Later still, Queen Alexandra received from the Czar a gift of a leash of these stately hounds, one of them being Alex, who quickly achieved honours as a champion. The breed has become as Some fashionable —INA. should be long and lean. Jit as} not only es- how- ever, sential for the head to be long, but it must also be what “ is termed well balanced, length, from the tip of the nose to the must be the as from the eyes to the occiput. A dog may have a long head, but the length may be all in front of the eyes. The heads of this breed have greatly improved the last few years; fewer “apple-headed ” specimens, and more of the de- sired triangular ” and the eyes, same heads being seen. The skull should be flat and narrow, the stop not perceptible, the muzzle long and tapering. Too much stress cannot be laid on the im- portance of the head being well filled up before the eyes. The head, from forehead to nose, should be so fine that the direction of the bones and principal veins can be seen clearly, and in profile should appear rather Roman nosed. Bitches should be even narrower in head than dogs. <8" S88 .5 a) Sl 2” a. 35 eins) Ch. Miss Piostri (bitch) : Height at shoulder . . . . 31 ims. Pleads 4s tap ee tad er a oe eis: Girth 2.9 & « 8 -.e = «<» 34}.ams: * The Hon. Sec. is Major Borman, Billericay, Essex, who will at all times be pleased to furnish any lady or gentleman desiring to join with full particulars. BOOK OF THE DOG. The above, of course, all combine quality with size ; mere size in itself is nothing to go by. A list of Borzois entitled to the coveted prefix of ‘‘Champion” at the present day (1907) may be of interest. Clumber Kennels (Her Grace the Duchess of Newcastle’s)—Docs: Ivan Turgeneff, Velsk, Votrio, Vassal. BircHEes: Sunbeam, Theodora, Tatiana. Ramsden Kennels (Mrs. Borman’s)— Docs: Kieff, Ramsden, Ranger, States- man. BitcH: Miss Piostri. Padiham Kennels (Mr. Murphy’s)—Doc Padiham Nordia. Mrs. Aitcheson’s Kennels—Doe: berry King. Burcu: Votrio Vikhra. Mrs. May’s Kennel—Doc: Berris. There are, however, a few others that have won one or two challenge prizes, and who, ere this appears in print, may rank with the elite of their breed. The above measurements, together with the accompanying photographs, should be sufficient guide to an intending purchaser of Borzois, who must, however, remember that they are given only as a guide, and that he must not expect quite such ex- cellence, unless prepared to dip very deeply into his pocket. Not many of us can afford to start at the top of the tree, and, except for the favoured few to whom money is no object, and who can buy ready-made champions, there is no better way of starting a kennel than to purchase a really good bitch, one, say, capable of winning at all but the more important shows. She must be of good pedigree, strong, and healthy; such an one ought to be obtained for £15 up- wards. Mate her to the best dog whose blood ‘‘nicks” suitably with hers, but do not waste time and money breeding from fourth-rate stud dogs, for if you do it is certain you will only meet with dis- appointment. You may save a_ guinea or two on the stud fee, but you will find you will have no sale for the progeny of unknown dogs; whereas strong, healthy puppies by a well-known sire will always command a ready market. On the other hand, if you have had little or no experi- Straw- 8 e "WV GNWW AB ONILNIvd 3HL WOHS SAILSVOMAN SO SSSHONG SHL SOVYD YASH SO ALYSdOYd SHL ‘NVSSNNS “HO—UYVZO ALIHM AB 4AANAODYNL NVAI NOIdWVHO = ‘ 1 . ’ ' ! . ; 1 | fi A ; { a -a 4 " : ‘ ‘v 4 ie 7 “+ . =A + j 14> } ; H ! ¢ " t a, ‘ . ‘ so hdyt By ‘ . ft 4 —_—— fHE BORZOL 185 ence of dogs, you may possibly prefer to start with a puppy. to place yourself in the hands of a breeder with a reputation at stake (unless you have a friend who understands the breed). It is a fact that even a “ good strain that has been bred for certain points for years is more likely to turn out a better dog than a pup whose dam has been mated “haphazard” to some dog who may or may not have been a good one. Big kennels also generally possess the best bitches and breed from them, and the bitch is quite as import- ant a factor as the sire. If, how- ever, you prefer to rely on your own judgment, and wish to choose a puppy yourself from a litter, select the one with the longest head, biggest bone, smallest ears, and longest tail, or as many of these qualities as you can find combined in one individual. Coat If so, my advice is cast off’ from a is a secondary matter in quite a young pup; here should be guided by the coat of the sire and dam. Still, choose a pup with a heavy coat, if possible, although when this puppy coat is cast, the dog may not grow so good a one as some of the litter who in early life were smoother. one MRS. As regards size, of three months should about Ig inches at the months about 25 inches, months from 27 to 29 inches. or twelve months, although some measure shoulder, at six and at After very slow, continue adding to their height until they are a year and a half old. They will, of girth of chest and develop muscle until two old; a sidered in its prime at from three to four years of nine ten growth is course, increase in years Borzoi may be con- age. As regards price, from £5 to £10 is not too much to pay for a really good pup of about eight to ten old; if you pay less you will probably get only a second-rate one. weeks Having pur- chased your puppy, there are three princi- 24 BORMAN'S BY WINDLE BRED BY MR a Borzoi pup pea ae 2) pal items to be considered if you intend to rear him well; firstly, his diet must be varied ; secondly, the pup must have un- limited exercise, and never be kept on the chain; thirdly, internal parasites must be kept in check. For young puppies the writer — who has tried nearly every ad- vertised remedy—has found nothing to equal *“* Ruby” Worm Cure; it is most PIOSTRI EARL——ALSTON QUEEN. SIDNEY TURNER. y W. H. Strick efficacious, and does not distress the patient. Food should be given at regular intervals —not less frequently than five times a day to newly weaned puppies—and may con- sist of porridge, bread and milk, raw meat table with plenty of new milk. Well-boiled paunch greatly appreciated, and, being easily digested, may be given freely. One important part of the puppy’s education that must by no means be neglected is to accustom him to go on the collar lead. Borzoi pups are, as a rule, extremely nervous, and it requires great patience in some cases to train them minced fine, and any scraps, is also and 186 to the lead. Short lessons should be given when about four months old. If you can induce the puppy to think it is a new game, well and good—he will take to it naturally ; but once he looks upon it as something to be dreaded, it means hours of patient work to break him in. If you decide on commencing with a THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG: but to rear them well they should not be allowed to suckle more than five—or, if a strong, big bitch, six—pups. If the litter is larger, it is better to destroy the remainder, or use a foster mother. One great advantage the breed has over many others is the absolutely natural state in which the dogs may be shown. No MRS. BORMAN’S TYPICAL BITCH CH. MISS BY PIOSTRI—FRINCESS RUBIKOFF. brood bitch, see that she is dosed for worms before visiting the dog ; that she is in good hard condition—not fat, however; and, if possible, accompany her yourself and see her mated. For the first week rather less than her usual quantity of food should be given; afterwards feed as her appetite dictates, but do not let her get too fat, or she may have a bad time when whelping. For two days before the puppies are due give sloppy but nourishing diet, and this should be continued, given slightly warm, for four or five days after the pups are born. Borzois as a rule make excellent mothers, PIOSTRI “trimming” is required. A good bath a day or two before the show is all that is necessary, for which purpose nothing 1s better than rain water; a little liquid ammonia in it helps to remove the dirt. Whatever they may be in their native land—and the first imported specimens were perhaps rather uncertain in temper— the Borzoi, as we know him in this country, is affectionate, devoted to his owner, friendly with his kennel companions—I have had as many as twenty all running loose to- gether, and kennel fights are practically unknown—and he makes a capital house . TELE BORZ OM. dog. As a lady’s companion he is hard to beat ; indeed, a glance at any show cata- logue will prove that the majority of Borzois are owned by the gentle sex. No one need be deterred from keeping a Borzoi by a remark the writer has heard hundreds of times at shows: “Those dogs are so delicate.” This is not the case. Once over distemper troubles—and the breed certainly does suffer badly if it contracts the disease—the Borzoi is as hardy as most breeds, if not hardier. Given a good dry kennel and plenty of straw, no weather is too cold for them; in fact, all my own dogs live in cold kennels with open doors the entire winter. Damp, of course, must be avoided, but this applies equally to other breeds. The adult hound, like the puppy, should never be kept on chain; a kennel with a railed-in run should be provided, or a loose box makes a capital place for those 187 kept out of doors, otherwise no different treatment is required from that of other large breeds. A dry biscuit in the morning, a good feed at night—most Borzois are, for their size, comparatively small eaters— a good grooming daily with an ordinary dandy brush, and plenty of exercise, should suffice to keep any Borzoi in excellent con- dition. A few minutes expended on the dog’s coat daily saves much trouble in the long run; a Borzoi “pays” for a little attention. His beautiful coat shines; the feathering keeps free from mats, the skin is clean and healthy, and a bath is un- necessary except before shows. One word more: feed, groom, and exercise your purchase yourself, at all events until he thoroughly knows you are his master. A dog arriving at a new home, petted and ordered about by all the inmates of the house, often ends by rendering obedience to none. GROUP OF MRS. BORMAN’S BORZOIS. 188 TYPES OF GREYHOUNDS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY 3.C. From Greek terra-cotta vases in The British Musewn. CHAPTER XVITI. EE: Gs REY HOU NeD* BY FRED™ GRESHAM. “Let us swear That you are worth your breeding ; which I doubt not; For there is none of you so mean and base, That hath not noble lustre im your eves. I see you stand like Greyhounds in the slips, Straining upon the start. HE Greyhound is the oldest and most conservative of all dogs, and his type has altered singularly little during the seven thousand years in which he is known to have been cherished for his speed, and kept by men for running down the the The earliest references to him are far back in the primitive he beautifully depicted by Assyrian artists, straining at the leash or racing after his The Egyptians loved him and appreciated him centuries In those gazelle or coursing hare. ages, long before was prey across the desert sands. before the pyramids were built.* * A recent American writer on the dog makes a point of his discovery of ‘‘a beautifully modelled dog of Greyhound type from an Egyptian tomb” preserved in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. We have scores of such beautiful models in the British Museum ; not the Greyhounds, however, but of the sacred Jackal of Anubis. This Jackal occurrence in Egyptian monuments, and is almost invariably represented in the couchant position. they are models of figure is of frequent The game’s afoot.” —Kinc HENRY V. days he wore a feathered tail, and his ears were heavy with a silken fringe of hair. His type was that of the modern Arabian Slughi, who is the direct and unaltered descendant of the ancient hound. The glorious King Solomon referred to him (Proverbs xxx. 31) as being one of the four things which “‘ go well and are comely in going—a lion, which is strongest among beasts, and turneth not away from any; a Greyhound ; an he goat also; and a king against whom there is no rising up.” That the Greyhound is “comely in going,” as well as in repose, was recognised very early by the Greeks, whose artists were fond of introducing this graceful animal as an ornament in their decorative workmanship. In their metal work, their carvings in ivory and stone, and more particularly as parts in the designs on their terra-cotta oil bottles, wine coolers, and other vases, the Greyhound is frequently to be seen, sometimes following the hare, and THE GREYHOUND. usually in remarkably characteristic atti- tudes, as in the third dog in the panel at the head of this chapter, which is copied from a wine jug of 500 B.c._ This is the dog of Cheiron the Centaur, fawning in front of Peleus and the infant Achilles. Usually 189 the fifteenth century, and Albert Diirer, in the same period, introduced a beautifully typical Greyhound in his pictorial interpre- tation of the somewhat similar subject, ‘The Vision of St. Hubert.” The hound in Van Dyck’s portrait of Philippe Le Roy, THE VISION OF ST. EUSTACE FROM THE PAINTING BY these Greek Greyhounds are with prick ears, but occasionally the true 3ritish Museum represented rose ear is shown, and in the there is a bronze lamp of the fourth century B.C., made in the form of a head, which might have been modelled by Elkington from Fullerton or Long Span. The lip of the lamp is fashioned in the form of a hare, held in the hound’s mouth, thus proving that the hare was the recognised quarry. The Greyhound enters largely into more modern European art. There is an admir- able leash of these dogs in Vittore Pisano’s “Vision of St. Eustace,” painted early in Grevhound’s the Wallace collection, is black with white markings. very much resembling Master McGrath. eloquent proof of the conservation of the now in All these examples give Greyhound type. the the Greyhound has highest type of the been the favourite of Emperors and Kings. Xenophon and Herodotus extolled his high qualities in prose, and Ovid in verse, though From earliest history of the breed considered the race; he been canine has there appears to be some doubt as to whether or not Xenophon in his treatise on hunting, when speaking of coursing, alluded to dogs hunting the hare by scent or by sight, but 190 THE NEW ‘BOOK THE VISION OF ST. HUBERT. Painteo By ALBERT DURER EARLY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. (The Greyhound in front of the horse should be particularly studied.) a good idea of a course is given in the lines of Ovid, translated by Dryden. “As when the impatient Greyhound, shpped from far, Sounds o’er the glade to course the fearful hare, She in her speed does all her safety lhe, And he with double speed pursues his prey, O’erruns her at the sitting turn; but licks His chaps in vain; yet blows upon the flix, She seeks the shelter which the neighbouring covert gives, And, gaining it, she doubts if yet she lives.” All writings in connection with Greyhounds point to the high estimation in which the dog always held. Dr. when referring to the name, says ‘‘ The Grey- hound hath his name of this word gre ; which word soundeth gradus in Latin, in Englishe degree, because among all dogges has been Caius, OF THE “DOG: these are the most principall, occupying the chiefest place, and being simply and absolutely the best of the kinde Houndes.”’ gentle of It was not, however, until the relen of Queen Elizabeth that coursing in England was con- ducted under established rules. These were drawn up by the then Duke of Norfolk. The sport quickly grew in favour, and con- tinued to increase in popularity until the first coursing club was established at Swaffham in 1776, Then in 1780 the Ashdown Park Meeting came into existence, and for several years was quite at the top of the tree. The New- market Meeting in 1805 was the next fixture rated, and that was inaugu- this now remains with the champion stakes as its most important After- wards came the Amesbury Meet- ing in 1822, but Amesbury, like Ashdown, although for many years one of the most celebrated institutions of the description, has fallen from its high estate. Three years later came the Altcar Club. But it was not until eleven years after this period that the Waterloo Cup was instituted (in 1836), to win which is the highest ambition event. of followers of the leash. At the present time the run for the Water- loo Cup, which at the commencement was an eight dog stake, is composed of sixty-four nominations, the entry fee for which is £25. The winner takes £500, and the cup, value £100, presented by the Earl of Sefton, the runner up £200, the third and fourth {£50 each, four dogs £36 each, eight dogs £20 each, and sixteen dogs {10 each. The thirty-two dogs beaten in the first round of the Cup compete for the Waterloo Purse, value {215, and the sixteen dogs run out in the second round for the Waterloo Plate, value £145. The winner in each case taking £75, and the runner up {30, the remainder being divided amongst the most forward runners THE in the respective stakes. The Waterloo Cup holds the same position in coursing circles as the Derby does in horse racing. The National Coursing Club was estab- lished in 1858, when a stud book was com- menced, and a code of laws drawn up for This is recognised in Australia and other parts of the regulation of coursing meetings. the world where coursing meetings are held. The Stud Book, of which Mr. W. F. Lamonby is the keeper, contains particulars of all the best-known Greyhounds in the United Kingdom, and a dog is not allowed to compete at any of the large meetings held under Coursing Club Rules been duly entered with its pedigree com- plete. In fact, the National Coursing Club is more particular in connection with the pedigrees of Greyhounds being correctly given, than the Kennel Club is about dogs that are exhibited ; great deal, for whereas the latter allows a dog to be registered whose pedigree is un- Known, a Greyhound without a pedigree is not allowed to compete at all. The National Coursing Club is conducted on somewhat the same lines as the American Kennel Club, the council being partly composed of repre- sentatives from the less important clubs, provided the latter are of more than one year’s standing, and have more than twenty members. It holds the same position in coursing matters as the Jockey Club does in racing. It is, in fact, the supreme au- thority on all connected with coursing. All disputes are arbitrated upon by the Council, which has power to disqualify any person who has disregarded the rules or dog about which there is any suspicion. For the benefit of the uninitiated in cours- ing lore I give the value of the points when a brace of Greyhounds leaves the slips: Speed is necessarily the important point, for although stakes are sometimes won by Greyhounds that are not remarkable for great pace, but are clever workers, and have plenty of stamina, the fastest dogs are those that get more often to the end of the stake. The points that are allowed for the “run up” may be one, two, or three, according to the length of the lead. and the conditions unless it has and that is saying a matters GREYHOUND. IgI upon which it is obtained. The ‘‘run up ” which is followed by a “‘ turn ” or “‘ wrench ” may give a Greyhound five points to start with. The ‘“ or three if it is on Sturn: go-bye”’ is valued at two points, the The at one point is when the hare, being pressed by the leading dogs, turns at a right from the that The ‘‘ wrench,” valued at half a point, is when the hare only bends from the line that is being taken. outer side. angle line she is running. If, however, the hare alters its course without being pressed The “trip,” for which allowed, is an nothing is allowed. one point 1S unsuccessful effort to kill, the hare being thrown off its legs or flecked by the Greyhound in the attempt. there is the “kill,” Then value PHILIPPE LE ROY. FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DyCK IN THE WALLACE COLLECTION. Photograph by Mansell, Oxford Street. 192 THE NEW two points, if the Greyhound accomplishes his object without any assistance from his opponent. If, however, the other dog causes the hare to turn to the one that kills, or way is instrumental in in any other effecting the kill, only one point may be given. The advantage of great speed is further demonstrated by the fact that if a dog after gaining the first six points is still in pos- double session of the hare he is allowed BOOK OF THE. DOG: goes off the line in pursuit of the hare, no points afterwards made by him are scored, and if the points that he has made up to this time are the same as those of. his opponent, he shall lose the course ; but should one or both dogs stop with the hare in view through being unable to get after her, the course shall be decided on the points gained by each dog during the whole course. Should a dog refuse to fence when his opponent has got over, any points subse- CZARINA AND MARIA. Drawn BY SAWREY GILPIN. ENGRAVED BY v. ScoTT (1801). points for all he afterwards does before his opponent begins to score, or what is more often spoken of as “gets in.” Accidents sometimes occur from a fall, or in some other way, during a course, but no points are allowed unless it is proved that the fall or accident has occurred from the owner (or his servant) of the competing dog having ridden over the injured animal. Then, though the course may have been given against the latter, he will be declared the winner, or his owner shall have the option of allowing the opposing dog to remain in the stake, when he will be entitled to take half its winnings. In addition to the foregoing there are certain negative points. If a Greyhound refuses to follow the hare at which it is slipped it will lose the course. When a dog quently made by him are not to be scored, but if he tries to get over or becomes hung up or foiled by being held in a meuse, the course will then end, and if the points are equal the dog that has fenced the better will be given the course. It is only the open meetings that have so far been alluded to, but some twenty years ago enclosed coursing meetings were introduced at Gosforth Park, Newcastle-on Tyne, Kempton Park, near London, and Haydock Park, near Liverpool. These were popular for a short time, but they had not the ring of the true metal, and nearly all of them have disappeared. The chief stake at the Kempton Park Meeting was worth a thousand pounds, and big prize money was offered at all the principal meetings. The mode adopted at these enclosed mit GREYHOUND: meetings was to have a small covert at either end of a large grass enclosure about half a mile distant from each other, and wired round with only one outlet ; the hares, which had been previously turned down in these coverts, were driven into one of them the day before the coursing event was to take place, and when the stake was run 193 Like horses, Greyhounds run in all forms, and there is no doubt that a really good big one will always have an advantage over the little ones ; but it is so difficult to find the former, and most of the chief winners of the Waterloo Cup have been comparatively small. Coomassie was the smallest Grey- hound that ever won the blue ribbon of COL. NORTH'S SIMONIAN and FULLERTON. FROM AN ENGRAVING BY R. WALLACE HESTER, AFTER THE By permission of the Trustees of they were driven one at a time through the aperture, the dogs being in the slips outside. A fairly fast hare would generally Manage to reach the opposite goals; some- times, without being turned or wrenched. The only time that I was ever present at one of these meetings was at Kempton Park, and then the company sat in the Grand Stand to watch the proceedings. This was a tame style of sport compared with some of the big open meetings where wild hares that know the country are coursed. Various opinions have been advanced as to the best size and weight for a Greyhound. 25 PAINTING BY HARRINGTON BIRD. the late F. C. McQueen, owners of the Copyright. the leash; she drew the scale at 42 Ibs., and was credited with the win of the Cup on two occasions. Bab at the Bowster, who is considered by many good judges to have been the best bitch that ever ran, was 2 lbs. more; she won the Cup once, and many other stakes, as she was run all over the country and was not kept for the big event. Master McGrath was a small dog, and only weighed 53 lbs., but he won the Waterloo Cup three times. Fullerton, who was a much bigger dog, and was four times declared the winner of the Cup, was 56 Ibs. in weight. 194 There are very few Greyhounds that have won the Waterloo Cup more than once, but Cerito, whose portrait appears in the group LORD LURGAN'’'S MASTER MCGRATH. THRICE WINNER OF THE WATERLOO CuP. From THE PaintiING BY GEORGE EARL. on the opposite page, was credited with it three times, namely, in 1850, 1852, and 1853, when it was a thirty-two dog stake. Cana- radzo, Bit of Fashion, Miss Glendine, Herschel, Thoughtless Beauty, and Fabulous Fortune, are probably some of the best Grey- hounds that ever ran besides those already alluded to. Bit of Fashion was the dam of Fullerton, who shares with Master McGrath the reputation of being the two best Grey- hounds that ever ran. But Master McGrath came first ; he was the property of Lord Lurgan, and was wonderfully quick to his hare, and when there made good use of his teeth. It was these qualifi- cations which helped him so greatly in his courses, as he had short spins which took but little out of him. No Greyhound prob- ably has had so many honours heaped upon him as Master McGrath, as at the command of the late Queen Victoria he was taken to Windsor Castle, there to be introduced to Her Majesty. During his remarkable career in public he won thirty-six courses out of thirty-seven, the only time that he was defeated being in THE NEW BOOK SIR R. W. BUCHANAN-JARDINE’S LONG OF “THE: DOG: 1870 at his third attempt to win the Waterloo Cup, and the flag went up in favour of Mr. Trevor’s Lady Lyons. He, however, retrieved his good fortune the following year, when he again ran through the stake. Fullerton, who, when he won all his honours, was the property of Colonel North, was bred by Mr. James Dent in Northumber- land. Colonel North gave 850 guineas for him, which was then stated to be the highest price ever paid for a Greyhound. He ran five times altogether for the Waterloo Cup, and was declared the winner on four occa- sions. The first time was in 1889, when he divided with his kennel companion Trough- end. Then he won the Cup outright the three following years. In 1893, however, after having been put to the stud, at which he proved a failure, he was again trained for the Cup, but age had begun to tell its tale, and after winning one course he was beaten by Mr. Keating’s Full Captain, in the second. This was one of the two occasions upon which out of thirty-three courses he failed to raise the flag. On the other he was beaten by Mr. Gladstone’s Greengage, when running the deciding course at Haydock Park. It was a great disappointment to Colonel North that Fullerton proved useless for BY PATELEY BRIDGE——FOREST FAIRY. WINNER OF THE WATERLOO Cup, 1907. Photograph by W. H. Pugh, Liverpool. 195 IND OONWWILVM Jb 4O YHINNIMA ‘L9aL NI ‘AWW AHL SO NAAND s1vassqqii Ad@ WVHVY9 AIHSNH )0d NMv4a SAdyVHS ‘AM ‘OW ‘LGBL NI dND OOTHALVM HMOs GHIHL ‘8p8lL NYOS ‘YNIAIWA—OuVvdIS AB GHIG ONIMOOW HOLIA WOvVId SANVEINOPYVA ‘3 YW ‘SSBL ‘'ZGRL ‘OGBL NI dNO OOIWILYM AHL AO HINNIM ‘8p8l NYOS ‘NOLNYWM—-OONI1 Ad OLIYSO HO1Id SLIHM ONY NMv4 S.GNIH GNVY S3xHOOO 'SYHSSSIA 196 stud purposes, as at a fee of forty guineas his list was quickly filled. After his last defeat in the Waterloo Cup, he retired into private life at Eltham, where he remained till the death of Colonel North, when he was sent back to his old home in Northum- On_ his presented to the berland, as a gift to Mr. Dent. death, Fullerton was THE NEW BOOK OF THE. DOG: Member’s Cup, when he easily led and defeated Flag of the Free; he was then again drawn. Amongst the six dogs that he defeated in the Waterloo Cup was Hop- rend, the winner of the Cup in the previous year. He is a good-looking dog with great muscular development behind. He is by Pateley Bridge out of Forest Fairy, the LE A HANDFUL, THE LATE SIR WILLIAM ANSTRUTHER'S GREYHOUNDS. Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw. Natural History Museum, where he may be seen, beautifully mounted by Mr. Ward. The hero of the present time, however, is Sir R. W. Buchanan-Jardine’s celebrated puppy Long Span, who ran so brilhantly through the Waterloo Cup in February, 1907. Previously to this he had run only one course in public, and his trainer had experienced great difficulty in getting him fit, owing to the weather in Scotland having been so severe. It is stated that Long Span not having been sold at the Barbican when the litter came under the hammer was after- wards purchased by his present owner for ninety guineas. Long Span was entered at the first Altcar Club meeting, and, being slightly amiss, he was drawn, but at the second meeting he ran one course in the former out of Thoughtless Beauty, the latter by Under the Globe, both of whom have been high class performers on the leash. It appears like descending from the sublime to the ridiculous to mention the Greyhound as a show dog, after the many brilliant performances that have been re- corded of him in the leash, but there are many dogs elegant in outline with fine muscular development that are to be seen in the judging ring. Mr. George Raper’s Roasting Hot is one of the most prom- inent winners of the day ; he is a fawn and white, as handsome as a_ peacock and, moreover, is a good dog in the field. On one occasion after competing successfully at the Kennel Club Show at the Crystal Palace, he was taken to a coursing meeting ULNIVd = GHL HONOYOSITYVW ‘SSNOH HSIS1YSAS 4 ‘HYSQNVXSqv ‘43 AS GASNMO ANY 4O 3Dy H 1 ONS dt ONISHNOD WWASSAOONS VYSYTIIN YNOW \ } nava AB QTC SELES where he won the stake in which he was entered. A brace of very beautiful bitches are Mr. F. Eyer’s Dorset Girl and Miss W. Eaton’s Okeford Queen. Although, as a rule, the most consistent winners in the leash have not been noted for their good looks, there have been ex- ceptions in which the opposite has been the Fullerton was a dog, if not quite up to the form required in the show ring. Mr. Harding Cox has had several specimens that could run well and case. good-looking win prizes as show dogs, and the same may be said of Miss Maud May’s fine kennel of Greyhounds in the North of England. In the South of England Mrs. A. a number of longtails that when not winning and elsewhere Deweé kee ps prizes at the Crystal Pala: are running at Plumpton and other meetings in Sussex. The following is the Greyhounds should be standard by which judged. GREYHOUND. 197 wider lips tight, without any flew, and eyes bright and in- 1. Head.—Long and narrow, slightly in skull, allowing for plenty of brain room ; telligent and dark in colour. 2. Ears.—Small and fine in texture, and semi- pricked. 3. Teeth.—Very strong and level, and not decayed or cankered. 4. Neck.—Lengthy, without any throatiness, but muscular. 5. Shoulders.—Placed well back in the body, and fairly muscular, without being loaded. 6. Forelegs.—Perfectly straight, set well the shoulders, with strong pasterns and toes set into well up and close together. 7. Body.—Chest very deep, with fairly well- sprung ribs ; muscular back and loins, and well cut up in the flanks. 8. Hindquarters.—Wide with hocks well bent and close to the ground, with and well let down, very muscular haunches, showing great propelling power, and taii long and fine and tapering with a slight upward curve g. Coat.—Fairly to. Weight.—The ideal weight of a dog is from 60 pounds to 65 pounds, of a bitch from 55 pounds fine in texture. to 600 pounds. FULLERTON, NOW IS IN AS HE HISTORY MUSEUM, THE NATURAL SOUTH KENSINGTON. 198 WHIPPET RACING: WEIGHING IN. CHAPTER XIX. THE WHIPPET. BY F. C. HIGNETT. “We slipped our dogs, and last my Lelaps too, When none of all the mortal race would do: He long before was struggling from my hands, And, ere we could unloose him, broke his bands, That minute where he was, we could not find, And only saw the dust he left behind.” OR elegance of style, cleanli- ness of habit, and graceful move- ment, few dogs can equal the Whippet, for which reason his popularity as a com- panion has increased very greatly within the past decade. No more affectionate creature is to be found, CH. SHIRLEY SIREN. TATE’sS ‘‘ OvID.” yet he possesses considerable determination and pluck, and on occasion will defend himself in his own way. Too fragile in his anatomy for fighting, in the ordinary sense of the word, when molested, he will “‘ snap” at his opponent with such celerity as to take even the most watchful by surprise ; while his strength of jaw, combined with its comparatively great length, enables him to inflict severe punish- ment at the first grab. It was probably MEE WEP PED owing to this habit, which is common to all Whippets, that they were originally known as Snap-Dogs. The Whippet existed as a separate breed long before dog shows were thought of, and at a time when records of pedigrees were not officially preserved ; but it is very certain that the Greyhound had a share in his genealogical history, for not only should his appearance be precisely that of a Grey- hound in miniature, but the purpose for which he was bred is very similar to that for which his larger prototype is still used, the only difference being that rabbits were coursed by Whippets, and hares by Grey- hounds. This sport has been mainly confined to the working classes, the colliers of. Lanca- shire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumber- land being particularly devoted to it. The manner in which it was formerly carried out was not in keeping with modern ideas, as the quarry was not hunted up anywhere near its accustomed haunts, but was first caught by the aid of nets, and when required was turned down in an enclosed space in front of a couple of dogs, who were in charge of an official slipper. The march of civi- lisation, however, put a stop to what was nothing more nor less than cruelty, for the rabbit had no possible means of escape, to say nothing of its terrified state when let loose, consequent on its previous im- prisonment. The intervention of the au- thorities brought about a change, which, though a great improvement from a moral point of view, has its drawbacks, for the present manner of Whippet racing cannot be called coursing, since it does not test the turning capabilities of the dogs engaged ; neither do the competitions take place over grass land, but on cinder tracks, very similar to those favoured by professional pedestrians, but always perfectly straight. The official slipper is dispensed with, instead of whom the owner of each competitor engages the services of an experienced person to start the dog on its journey at a signal given by the firing of a pistol. As a rule the contests are handicaps, the starting point of each competitor being regulated by its weight ; 199 but the winners of previous important events are penalised in addition, according to their presumed merit, by having a certain number of yards deducted from the start to which weight alone would otherwise have entitled them. Amongst Whippet racers the individual who can release a Whippet in a satisfactory manner is con- sidered to be quite a professor. In all events of importance the number of competitors necessitates the decisions being arrived at piecemeal, so to speak, some four or five dogs running together in heats. Each dog is taken to its stipulated mark according to the handicap, and there laid hold of by the nape of the neck and hind quarters; the real starter stands behind the lot, and after warning all to be ready, discharges a pistol, upon which each attendant swings his dog as far forward as he can possibly throw him, but always making sure that he alights on his feet. The distance covered in the race is generally 200 yards, minus the starts allotted, and some idea of the speed at which these very active little animals can travel may be gleaned from the fact that the full distance has been covered in rather under 12 seconds. In order to induce each dog to do its best, the owner, or more probably the trainer —for the same pains are taken to prepare these dogs for their engagements as are bestowed upon Greyhounds—stands beyond the winning post, which, by the way, is no post at all, but a white mark across the track, and frantically waves a towel or very stout rag. Accompanied by a babel of noise, the race is started, and in less time than it takes to write it the competitors reach the goal, one and all as they finish taking a flying leap at their trainer’s towel, to which they hold on with such tenacity that they are swung round in the air. The speed at which they are travelling makes this movement necessary in many cases to enable the dog to avoid accident, particularly where the space beyond the winning mark is limited. The judge’s position is, of course, at the end of the line. For racing purposes there is a wide margin of size allowed to the dogs, anything from 8 Ibs. to 23 lbs., or even more, 200 being eligible; but in view of the handicap terms those dogs which possess speed, and scale g to 12 Ibs. amongst the light-weights, and over 17 Ibs. in the heavy ones, are con- sidered to have the best chance. THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. About a dozen years ago an effort was made to give the sport a little more tone. Several ladies and gentlemen of influence were induced to give their patronage and prac- tical support to races which were run in the south of England, a favourable opportunity occurring in connection with the show of the Ladies’ Kennel Asso- ciation, which was held in the Ranelagh Club grounds at Barn Elms. The difficulty of disassoci- ating such MAKING READY: RUNNERS-UP MAKING THEIR DOGS TAKE NOTICE OF THE RAGS WHICH ARE TO BE WAVED AT THE WINNING LINE When rabbit- coursing was more in vogue it was the custom to arrange the handicaps ac- cording to the height of the com- petitors atthe shoulder, and not by weight. Whippet — racing in some form. or READY! WAITING FOR THE PISTOL SHOT. other has existed much longer than the generality of WHIPPET RACING. the present day fanciers imagine, for this writer can rely on his memory for at least half a century, and even so long ago the patriarchs of the period were prone to recount the wonderful deeds performed by famous Whippets of yet earlier years. competitions from the squabbling and com- monplace surroundings which were prevalent proved too much for the endurance of those who had undertaken the responsibility, and no headway was made, although Royalty gave its patronage to the event, hie WHIPPED. King Edward and Queen Alexandra (then the Prince and Princess of Wales) being present. There is no diminution in the popularity of the sport, however, in the northern shires ; rather is it on the increase. The principal handicaps attract not only a large number of entries, but also a big con- course of spectators, who, for the most part, take more than a passing interest in the success or defeat of the dog or dogs which may commend themselves to their ideas at the moment, for nearly all are financially interested one way or another. Probably there is no locality where the pastime has maintained such a firm hold as in and around Oldham, one of the most famous tracks in the world being at Higgin- shaw, where not infrequently three hundred dogs are entered in one handicap. The Borough grounds at Oldham and the Welling- ton grounds at Bury are also noted centres forraces. It isa remarkable but well recog- nised fact that bitches are faster than dogs, and in consequence the terms upon which they are handicapped are varied. The general custom is to allow a dog 2} to 3 yards advantage for every pound difference in weight between it and the gentle sex. One of the fastest dogs that ever ran was Collier Lad, but he was almost a Greyhound as regards size. Whitefoot, whose owner challenged the world, and was considered to be quite unbeatable, was a Whippet in every sense of the word, and was a nice medium weight, though probably Capple- bank’s time of 11} seconds stands alone ; it must be noted, however, that his record was made on the Wellington grounds at Bury, where the course is slightly downhill. The best of the present-day racing dogs are Polly fro’ Astley (15 lbs.) and Dinah (114 Ibs.), and of those which promise well for the future, Eva, whose weight is only 9} lbs., is most prominent, as may be gauged from the fact that she is at the time of writing entered in a_ handicap commanding three hundred entries, in which heavier dogs are given a longer start. The training of Whippets is by no means _ easy work, and is more expensive than most people imagine. To begin with, the very 29 201 choicest food is deemed absolutely necessary, in fact a Whippet undergoing preparation for an important race is provided with the most wholesome fare. Choice mutton-chops, beef-steaks and similar dainties comprise their daily portion. Of course exercise is a necessity, but it is not considered good policy to allow a dog in training to gambol about either on the roads or in the fields. Indeed, all dogs which are undergoing pre- paration for a race are practically deprived of their freedom, in lieu of which they are walked along hard roads, secured by a lead ; and for fear of their picking up the ‘least bit of refuse each is securely muzzled by a box- like leather arrangement which completely envelops the jaws, but which is freely per- forated to permit proper breathing. Any distance between six and a dozen miles a day, according to the stamina and con- dition of the dog, is supposed to be the proper amount of exercise, and scales are brought into use every few days to gauge the effect which is being produced. In addition to this private trials are necessary in the presence of someone who is accustomed to timing races by the aid of a stop-watch—a by no means easy task, considering that a slight particle of a second means so many yards, and the average speed working out at about 16 yards per second—nearly twice as fast as the fastest pedestrian sprinter, and altogether beyond the power of the fleetest racehorse. Formerly there were two varieties of Whippet, long and short ccated, but the former is rarely met with nowadays, either at the exhibitions or on the running track ; in fact, a long-coated dog, however good it might be as regards anatomy, would have a poor chance of winning a prize at a show, for its shaggy appearance would most likely hide the graceful outline which is a much admired and characteristic feature. Of course the handicapper is a most im- portant personage, and it is very creditable that amongst surroundings where temptation is so profuse, and could be embraced almost with impunity, men are still at work who have retained the confidence of the public for over thirty years. Such a one is Mr. 202 Ralph Harper, of Kearsley, a mining hamlet situated half-way between Manchester and Bolton. Probably no man living is so thoroughly acquainted with Whippet racing as he, in fact, it is pretty generally conceded that he has forgotten more about the sport than most others know. Another trust- worthy handicapper is Mr. Large, of Wolver- hampton, whose bitch Nance is at the present MR. J. J. HOLGATE’S SHIRLEY DIXIE BY SHIRLEY BANNER——SHIRLEY DAISY. time playing an important part in big events ; while Mr. Joe Chadwick, of Higginshaw, frequently takes charge of the very largest meetings with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of all interested. Reference las been made to the attendant who releases the dog for a race. He is officially termed a “slipper”; and so much depends upon his efforts, that his ability has to be taken into account by the handi- capper, as will be seen by the following rules, which, though somewhat quaintly worded, can be easily understood, and are still in force : 1.—Any slpper not slipped three winners in 1905 will be allowed one yard ; or four winners half a yard, and one yard in the final, or second day all through, providing he claims and names his dog, before the first heat is run, to the referee ; but must slip the dog all through till beaten. having THE NEW BOOK’ OF “THE DOG. 2.—If a slipper claims allowance’ and the dog is beaten first time through, he can claim the same for second and final rounds (of course, for such dogs as he may then be engaged to slip). 3-—If with the one yard allowance a slipper’s dog wins, he is entitled to half a yard and one yard in the final after till he has slipped three more winners. will be allowed to change slipper after claiming, for one slipper must slip the same dog all through till he is beaten, or the dog will be disqualified. 5.—If two dogs are handicapped off a mark, and one claims the allowance, that dog shall start on the left hand side. 4.—No owner It does not follow that the best-looking Whippet is the best racer, otherwise many of the champion show dogs would never have seen a judging ring in a show, for the majority of them have been disposed of by their breeders because they were not quite fleet enough to win races. The value of such Whippets as, in the opinion of experts, are quite qualified to win prizes has very much improved of late years, partly be- cause classes are liberally provided for them at all the shows of importance, but primarily because a few remarkably fine specimens had the good fortune to go into the possession of exhibitors who had the opportunity to attend a large number of shows, in which they figured successfully in variety classes. Of these some of the most noted have been shown by Mr. F. H. Bottomley, whose prefix “ Manorley” is well known. Another good one is Ch. Southboro Seniority, now the property of Mr. L. Crabtree, though she has probably seen her best days ; Mr. H. H. Taylor’s Fleetfoot, too, though not a cham- pion, has deservedly won scores of prizes ; while a comparatively new aspirant to fame in this direction is Mr. W. Proctor, who has recently bought several good specimens of the breed, amongst which Lottie Hampton has made a decisive mark already by winning at some dozen or more shows. These owners, with Mr. W. Proudlove, are the more prominent northern exhibitors, but Mr. J. J. Holgate must not be overlooked, for he invariably brings out something better than ordinary at the championship shows. The late Mr. A. Lamotte, one of LAHEY WHIPPET. ono Tron ae OY 7 eos ( the unfortunate victims of the wreck of the ss. Berlin at the Hook of Holland, is also to be remembered in connection with an excellent kennel of Whippets. The Whippet Club, which was inaugurated a few years ago, | has also been a great factor in aiding to popularise the breed, for by its influence and support it has been demonstrated that, given a fair number of classes, owners are not afraid to make long journeys with their dogs in order to participate in the ) 4G) honours of the show ring. L) Va: Colour in the Whippet is absolutely of no importance to a SS | /} see : v mF) good judge, though possibly what is known as the peach fawn ( i’ \ a iN) Ye iu 4 \l 2 far ah MR. W. -PROCTOR’S ia) MR. W. PROCTOR’S CH. MANORLEY MODE | | } LOTTIE HAMPTON BY JACK——FANNY. | [ BY MAGELS PADY—BELL %S <= = {N) = == Es ~ —————S—SS = - SSS 5 SS Sa SS DOSES i a ae ae Si Photograph by Hignett and Scn, Lostock, Photograph by Hignett and Son, Lostock 204 THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG. is the favourite among amateur fanciers. Red fawns, blue or slate coloured, black, brindled of various shades, and these colours intermingled with white, are most to be met with, however. In some quarters the idea is prevalent that Whippets are delicate in their constitution, but this is a popular error. Probably their disinclination to go out of doors on their own initiative when the weather is cold and wet may account for the opinion, but given the opportunity to roam about a house the Whippet will find a com- fortable place, and will rarely ail anything. In scores of houses Whippets go to bed with the children, and are so clean that even scrupulous housewives take no objection to their finding their way under the clothes to the foot of the bed, thereby securing their own protection and serving as an excellent footwarmer in the winter months. Probably in no other breed, except the Greyhound, do judges attach so little im- portance to the shape of the head; so long as the jaws are fairly long and the colour of the eyes somewhat in keeping with that of the body, very httle else 1s looked for in front of the ears. As in the case of racing competitors, really good dogs for show purposes are much more difficult to find than bitches. The best of the males are not so in outline as the females, though some of them are as good in legs and feet—points which are of the greatest Though it is not quite in accordance with the standard laid down by the club, it will be found that most judges favour dogs which are about 17 lbs. weight, and bitches which are between 15 lbs. and 16 lbs., the 20 lbs. mentioned in the classical importance. standard of points, without variation for sex, being considered altogether too heavy. Appearances are sometimes deceptive, but these dogs are rarely weighed for exhibition purposes, the trained eye of the judge being sufficient guide to the size of the competitors according to his partiality for middle-size, big, or little animals. The South Durham and Yorkshire Show at Darlington has the credit for first intro- ducing classes for Whippets into the prize list. Previous to this it had not long been generally recognised as a distinct breed, and it is within the last twenty years that the Kennel Club has placed the breed on its recognised list. The following is the standard of points adopted by the Whippet Club :-— 1. Head.—Long and lean, rather wide between the eyes and flat on the top; the jaw powerful yet cleanly cut ; the teeth level and white. 2. Eyes.—Bright and fiery. 3. Ears.—Small, fine in texture and rose shape. 4. Neck.—Long and muscular, elegantly arched and free from throatiness. 5. Shoulders.—Oblique and muscular. 6. Chest.—Deep and capacious. 7. Back.—Broad and square, rather long and slightly arched over the loin, which should be strong and powerful. 8. Fore-legs.—Rather long, well set under the dog, possessing a fair amount of bone. 9. Hind Quarters.—Strong and broad across stifles, well bent thighs, broad and muscular ; hocks well let down. 1o. Feet.—Round, well split up, with strong soles. 11, Coat.—Fine and close. 12. Colour.—Black, red, white, brindle, fawn, blue, and the various mixtures of each. 13. Weight.—Twenty pounds. CHAPTER, XX. THE FOXHOUND, THE STAGHOUND, AND THE WELSH HOUND. Be Ga LOWE. “Yes, I ken John Peel, and Ruby too, Twas the sound of his horn called me from my Ranter and Royal and Bellman as true ; bed, ‘ From the drag to the chase, from the chase to And the cry of his hounds has oft-times led, a view, For Peel’s view-hollo would awaken the dead From a view to the death in the morning. Or a fox from his lair in the morning.” JoHN Woopcock GRaVEs (circ. 1825). FYHE flight of society to the shires in It may be regarded as somewhat extra- the autumn is substantial proof of ordinary that persons of high social position what fox-hunting is to the country. should devote such a large proportion of Some years have elapsed since it was their lives and interests to hunting and to estimated that nine million pounds are the culture of hounds, but it must be said spent every year on hunting. This sum that much of England’s greatness is due appears to be prodigious, and so, indeed, to the power of the Foxhound. The daring it is, if only applied to kennel establishments. There are 204 packs of hounds in the United Kingdom, of which some could show an annual expenditure of £10,000, and many over £4,000. This is, how- ever, but the small side of total costs, as many thousands of studs of hunters are maintained, Tepresenting an enorm- ous amount of money, with veritable armies of employees, mansions of palatial proportions in nearly every quarter of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and a trade thereby in provincial towns that must be of considerable magnitude. A morning view of Mel- ton is quite suggestive of this computation of nine millions. THE DEATH OF THE FOX. From THE ENGRAVING BY P. C. CANOT, AFTER THE PAINTING BY J. WOOTTON (1770) 200 THE NEW deeds under the greatest difficulties in the Peninsular War; the important con- quests all over the globe with mere handfuls of men, and the hardihood of our Colonists came about after the hard riding era had commenced. The Iron Duke always in- RETURNING FROM THE CHASE. FROM THE ENGRAVING BY P. C. CANOT, AFTER THE PAINTING BY J. WOOTTON (1770 sisted that his best officers were the first flight men of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire, and he gave it as his opinion that Assheton Smith would have been the greatest cavalry general in the Then, again, the horses were improved by Hugo Meynell’s discovery of the forward dash of the Fox- hound and the development of the system of following hounds at high pressure. The horses were as much elated by the voice of the hound in full cry as the men, and the courageous jumping of high fences that could not have been taken in cool blood stamped the character of the English hunter and made him the utility horse for all world. BOOK OF THE DOG. nations. Our respect for the Foxhound, and the inspiriting cry of “ Tally-ho ! ” have had a tremendous influence upon the virility of our national life. There is plenty of proof that Foxhounds were the very first of the canine races in Great Britain to come under the domination of scientific breeding, There had been hounds of more ancient origin, such as the Southern Hound and the Blood- hound; but something different was wanted to- wards the end of the seventeenth century to hunt the wild deer that had become somewhat scattered after Crom- well’s civil war. The demand was _ conse- quently for a quicker hound than _ those hitherto known, and people devoted to the chase began to breed it. Whether there were crosses at first re- mains in dispute, but there is more proba- bility that the policy adopted was one of se- lection ; those exception- ally fast were bred with the same, until the slow, steady line hunter was improved out of his very character and shape. At any rate, there are proofs that in 1710 hounds were to be found in packs, carefully bred, and that at that time some of the hunts in question devoted attention to the fox. In his description of the De Coverley Hunt, in 1711, Addison writes that Sir Roger’s stable doors were patched with noses that belonged to foxes of the knight’s own hunting down. After this period the in- terest in hound breeding must have become very keen, as Somerville, who was born in 1699, and died in 1742, wrote much in the years between 1725-30 on the shape and THE FOXHOUND. breeding of hounds, and of their deeds in the field with the fox as their quarry. The first known kennel of all was at Wardour Castle, and was said to have been established in 1696; but more reliable isthe date of the Brocklesby, commenced in 1713. The first record of a pack of hounds being sold was in 1730, when a Mr. Fownes sold his pack to a Mr. Bowles. The latter gentleman showed great sport with them in Yorkshire. At that time Lord Hertford began to hunt the Cotswold coun- try, and was the first to draw coverts for fox in the modern style. Very soon after this it be- came the fashion of the day to _ breed hounds. Many of the nobility and large landowners devoted much of their and money to it, and would take long journeys to get fresh blood. It was the tule to breed hounds on the most scien- tific principles, and by 1750 there were time 207 fifty Duke such _ breeders, of Beaufort, including the fifth Lord Lincoln, Lord COL. THORNTON'S FAMOUS BITCH HOUND MERKIN (1794), CHALLENGED TO RUN ANY HOUND OF THE YEAR in Gloucestershire, FOR 10,000 GUINEAS. Drawn By SAWREY GILPIN, ENGRAvVEO BY J. SCOTT. Stamford, Lord Percival, Lord Granby, Lord Ludlow, Lord Vernon, Lord Carlisle, Lord Mexbro, Sir Walter Vavasour, Sir Roland Winns, Mr. Noel, Mr. Stanhope, Mr. Meynell, Mr. Barry, and Mr. Charles Pelham. The last-named gentleman, after- ward the first Lord Yarborough, was per- haps the most indefatigable of all, as he was the first to start the system of walking TYPICAL FOXHOUNDS OF A HUNDRED YEARS AGO. From “ The Sportsman's Cabinet "’ (1803). By P. Reinagle, R.A. puppies amongst his tenantry, on the Brocklesby estates, and of keeping lists of hound pedigrees and ages. By 1760 all the above-named noblemen and gentlemen had been breeding from each other’s kennels. The hounds were regis- tered, as can be seen now in Lord Middle- ton’s private kennel stud book, through which his lordship can trace the pedigrees of his present pack for a hundred and sixty years 208 THE NEW to hounds that were entered in 1760, got by Raytor, son of Merryman and grandson of Lord Granby’s Ranter. Another pedigree was that of Ruby, who is credited with a numerous progeny, as she was by Raytor out of Mr. Stapleton’s Cruel by Sailor, a son of Lord Granby’s Sailor by Mr. Noel’s. Victor. This shows well how seriously Foxhound breeding was gone into before the middle of the eighteenth century. Portraits prove MR. CHAS. RADCLIFFE'S GAINER (1872). From A DRAWING ON Wooo BY GEORGE EARL. also that a hound approaching very closely to those of modern times had been produced at this early period. By such evidence the Foxhound had outstripped the Harrier in size by nearly five inches, as the latter does not appear to have been more than eighteen inches, and the early Foxhound would have been twenty-three inches. Then the heavy shoulder, the dew- lap, and jowl of the Southern Hound had been got rid of, and the coat had been somewhat altered. The old school of breeders had evidently determined upon great speed and the ability to stay, through the medium of deep ribs, heart room, wide loins, length of quarter, quality of bone, straightness of foreleg, and round strong feet; the slack loined, loosely built, and splayfooted hound of former generations had been left behind. To such perfection, BOOK OF THE. DOG. indeed, had the Foxhound attained, that long before the close of the eighteenth century sportsmen were clamouring as to what a Foxhound could do. It had been proved over and over again that he could run a fox for four hours at such a pace as to bring horses to a complete standstill ; and so far as people could judge, nothing could tire him. The deeds of the Fox- hound became the talk of the sporting world; and so followed the matches, the great one in par- ticular being between Mr. Barry, the first Master of the Cheshire, and Mr. Hugo Meynell, the real founder of the Quorn. The former gentleman wagered five hundred guineas on his couple Blue Cap and Wanton against Mr. Meynell’s Richmond and a bitch, name has never transpired, to run a drag over the four-mile Beacon course at Newmarket. Sixty horsemen rode in the trial, but only twelve completed the course, and the Cheshire hounds won by a hundred yards in the won- derful time of eight minutes and twenty seconds. There was after this loud talk of match- ing hounds. Colonel Thornton offered to match his bitch Merkin to beat any other over five miles, and to give two hundred yards start, for ten thousand guineas a side, but fortunately for the good of fox-hunting and the Foxhound, such matches ended in talk, or there might have been Foxhound race meetings. whose With so much prominence given to the Foxhound in the comparatively short period of forty or fifty years, it is no wonder that individual hounds became very celebrated in almost every part of the country. Mr. Pelham’s Rockwood Tickler and Bumper were names well known in Yorkshire, and Lord Ludlow’s Powerful and Growler were talked of both in Lincolnshire and Warwick- shire. From the first, indeed, it appeared that certain hounds were very much better than others, and old huntsmen have gener- THE FOXHOUND. ally declared for one which was in the whole length of their careers (sometimes extending to fifty years) immeasurably superior to all others they had hunted. Harry Ayris, who was for just half a century with Lord FitzHardinge, declared to the day of his death that nothing had equalled Crom- well; Osbaldeston said the same of Furrier, and Frank Gillard, who is still alive, never falters from the opinion that Weathergage was quite by himself as the best hound he ever hunted. The Foxhound Kennel Stud Book abounds in the strongest proofs that hereditary merit in their work has been transmitted from these wonderful hounds, and they really make the history of the Foxhound. The first celebrity to have had a traditional repute brought down in print to present times was Mr. Corbet’s Trojan. This gentle- man had kept Harriers for some years before he thought of becoming a Master of Fox- hounds, and he commissioned his brother, Colonel Andrew Corbet, to buy for him a pack of Harriers that were advertised to be sold at Tattersall’s. Amongst these was a bitch called Tidings, evidently a dwarf Foxhound, and she proved so good in her work that when Mr. Corbet re-sold the pack he retained her, and she was sent to Lord Spencer’s (the Pytchley) Tomboy. In due course she had a litter that contained Trojan, who was almost drafted, as he would not look at a hare. Mr. Corbet, however, began to hunt fox from Sundorne shortly afterwards, and Trojan at his own noble game entered naturally. He was supposed to have been the best Foxhound ever seen, that he could not do wrong, could put the pack might on the coldest scent, could jump walls that no other hound would attempt, and then by him- self would run a fox for miles to earth, before the rest of the pack had joined him. He lived from 1780 to 1789, and in eight seasons he was never lame or missed a day, and was always the leading hound. So much was he talked of that a great many kennels bred from him, and Mr. Corbet’s famous pack that he sold to Lord Middle- ton for 1,500 sovereigns was nearly all by 27 209 Trojan. A famous toast in Shropshire and Warwickshire for years afterwards was: * Here’s to the Trojans.” Another noble example of the Foxhound was Lord Middleton’s Vanguard, got by a hound called Vaulter, that Lord Middleton (the sixth baron) got from Lord Vernon out of Traffic, a great grand-daughter of the famous Trojan. Lord Middleton, who hunted his own hounds and was very liberal in giving them away, would never part with Vanguard, declaring that no man could possess two such hounds in a lifetime, and that he was much too good to give away. Vanguard’s time was from 1815 until 1823, and his portrait was taken by Fearnley, who also painted a picture, now at Birdsal, of Vanguard running a fox to ground. There is a line of ancestry from Vanguard to the Oakley Driver, whose blood is in almost every kennel list in England. Next to Vanguard would come the Osbaldeston Furrier, quite the greatest in Foxhound heraldry for the last eighty- seven years, as he was whelped in 1820. Bred at Belvoir by Saladin out of Fallacy by Lord Lonsdale’s Wonder out of Frantic, he was purchased by Osbaldeston, of Goosey, the Belvoir huntsman, as an unentered puppy, the probable reason for his being drafted was on account of his colour— black and white with a little tan on his head; and it is said that he was none too straight. He was, however, a wonder in the field when Osbaldeston hunted the Quorn. He was exactly the hound his master wanted, as he would get to the head of the pack at once, and lead at such a pace that few horses could live with them. It was then that Osbaldeston would turn round and say, “Now, gentlemen, catch them if you can.” Socrates is said to have sworn by his dog, and to the day of his death Osbaldeston certainly swore by Furrier, and the very name would make the little old man, close on eighty, start when talking seriously or playing a game of billiards. When he took the Pytchley country more than half his pack were by Furrier or that dog’s sons, and he once 210 THE NEW took out a whole pack of twenty-one couples of Furriers. The old hound and his sons Ranter, Castor, Random, Falstaff, Ferryman, and Sir Tatton Sykes’ Furrier were bred from immensely by other kennels, and to-day it would be no uncommon thing to find a hound with forty crosses of Furrier in him. The fourth in greatness next to Furrier might be Lord Henry Bentinck’s Contest by Comus, son of Mr. Foljambe’s Herald by the Osbaldeston Ranter, son of Furrier. Mr. Foljambe had two brothers, Herald and Harbinger, by Ranter out of Harpy by Herald, a son of the Belvoir Saladin (the sire of Furrier), and they almost made the Grove pack. Lord Henry Bentinck’s Contest, had much to do in spreading the sort, and he must have been a very exceptional hound, as Lord Henry was never emotional. He would have the best, discarding anything the least faulty. In his diary he speaks of Contest more than once as a very remarkable hound, and he also refers to him as a wonderful jumper. He lent him to some of his old friends, such as the Duke of Beaufort and Sir Richard Sutton, and it was during his stay at Badminton that he was used very success- fully by Harry Ayris with a bitch called Crazy by the Warwickshire Tarquin out of Charity. One of the litter so obtained was Cromwell, who came after his grand-sire Tarquin in being a grey pied. For seven seasons he was far and away the best hound in Lord FitzHardinge’s kennel. He, too, could not possibly do wrong, so Harry Ayris used to say, and the old man would go almost into tears as, when quite past duties in the hunting field, and resting a gouty foot on the skin of Cromwell, he would never tire in recounting the great days he had seen with him. Contest gained much honour, too, in the kennels of Sir Richard Sutton, as there he was the sire of Dryden, thought by some huntsmen to have been the best hound ever seen in Leicestershire, and never to be forgotten in pedigrees, as he was the sire of Destitute the dam of the Belvoir Senator. The Grove—or, rather, Lord Galway’s— however, BOOK OF THE DOG: Barrister was a very remarkable hound. Jack Morgan, his huntsman, thought him one of the best he had ever hunted, and inheriting as he did all Mr. Foljambe’s old sorts, and hitting three times to Ranter the son of the Osbaldeston Furrier, it was no wonder that Lord Galway maintained the great prestige of the Grove in a measure through Barrister. The Drake Duster was another hound held in the highest esteem by breeders, and this was probably due to the fact that both Mr. Drake and his son Mr. Tom Drake, junior, thought him un- deniably good in every part of a run, and their judgment was greatly respected. Duster went back to Mr. J. M. Warde’s sorts, as he was by Bachelor son of Regent, son of Mr. Warde’s Rascal, and in three or four other lines he hit to Mr. Warde’s. It is sixty-three years since Duster was entered. and yet the mention of the Drake family is the mention of Duster. Such is the power of the Foxhound. Senator must always be regarded as one of Belvoir’s chief landmarks, and he inherited the blood of nearly all the hounds mentioned above. He had plenty of Furrier in him; his dam Destitute was by Sir Richard Sutton’s Dryden son of Lord Henry Bentinck’s Contest, and his grand- dam’s sire was by the Drake Duster. He was therefore a combination of the great ones, and no hound ever put more character into his progeny. He was a good honest hound, a rare finder, and would run with his hackles up right to the front and drive hard to the death. Then he was a demon, would fight another hound in his terrible passion for blood, and no run could tire him. Huntsmen will say that the Senators were all like this. There was Lord Polti- more’s Woldsman of that strain, and his son the Bicester Whipster, after him— devils incarnate as they were called, and at a kill the whips, if they could get at them, would always couple them up to avoid mischief. But Senator left his mark at Belvoir and elsewhere in regard to a commanding carriage and colour. The exquisite Belvoir tan, and just half the ‘ SLUSH TWH WVWH13d tIN3YS HAW “OSS “AvIOYVEs 3 GuyvyMG3S 3O ALY3dOYHd SHL TWNIGHYVYO GNY ILSINOTODO SGONNOHXKOS 390I4YSyONd SHL THE stern white as a wonderful setting off, came down from Senator. His head was set up, and now adorns a wall in Belvoir Castle, and, by-the-bye, the head of Cromwell occupies a similar panel at Berkeley Castle. The celebrity, famous in every quarter where hounds are talked about, was the Belvoir Weathergage, entered in 1876. He strained from Senator on his dam’s side as FOXHOUND. 2IT ments, and mated him with Susan by Stormer, a grandson of the Drake Duster. The produce, numbering two and a half couples, included two very hand- some dog-hounds Warrior and Woodman, and the former due course was the sire of Weathergage, always regarded by Gillard as the best hound ever known. He would find nine foxes out of ten, was never in LORD COVENTRY'S (ENTERED 1873) G FROM THE PAINTING BY C. she was by Rambler, son of Senator, but his breeding much brought about for other qualities. When Frank Gillard went on as huntsman in 1867, he became aware that the Singers, Rallywoods had plenty of drive, but when revelling on the most exquisite line almost tied to their fox, they said very little about it. There was one with a beautiful voice like a bell, and he used him. This was Wonder by Chanticleer out of Willing, by the Brocklesby Rallywood, who in- herited the blood of the Osbaldeston Furrier. There was one objection, as he Was swine chapped, but Gillard forgave him this on account of his vocal attain- Was Senators, and (ENTERED 1874). AND MARKSMAN known to make a mistake in any part of a run, driving in front, ready to put the pack right in a minute, and as desperate kill. He was quite a huntsman’s friend, as to see what Weather- gage was doing revealed the whole story. He was not notable for extraordinary good looks, and might have been included in the second draft if he had not done some exceedingly puppy. His stock were better-looking than him- self. Frank Gillard has always said that the best hound he ever saw in a field was Weathergage, but the best-looking Fox- hound in the world he always reckoned to be Gambler, son of Weathergage. as a Senator at a good work as a THE Z2i2 In showing how certain individual hounds excel their comrades, in as great a degree as is seen in the noble race of man where generals, statesmen, and poets flutter as it were, there are many instances to be cited. The opinion over the common herd, A CHECK. FROM THE PAINTING BY FRANK P. FREYBURG. of Mr. E. P. Rawnsley, noted as perhaps the greatest of amateur huntsmen, is that after hunting hounds for twenty-five years, he could only recall three that were abso- lutely perfect; these were Baronet by the South Notts Decorate, Bachelor by the Quorn Warrior, and Freeman by the Bel- He leaned most to the last-named of the trio, perhaps because his work was the exact counterpart of his voir Weathergage. sire. ‘*‘He could not do wrong,” Mr. Rawnsley said affectionately of him, ‘‘ and he could always put ws right.” The Earl of Coventry had the same belief in Rambler, who was so perfect, so true, and such a NEW BOOK OF ~ THE “DOG. hound to disentangle a difficulty, that it was delightful to see him in the field. He came down in pedigree from the very per- fect order as he was got by Lord Fitz- Hardinge’s Collier out of Ransom by Lord Henry Bentinck’s Regulus, and Collier was by Prompter out of Costly by Chieftain out of Cynthia by Cromwell. Like the Belvoir Weathergage, there is scarcely a kennel in England now that cannot claim as an ancestor Lord Coventry’s Rambler. There have been many more great hounds; the late Tom Firr would have had some- thing to say about his Alfred; Mr. Batt Miller of the V.W.H. would dispute high prestige for Harlequin, Lord Bathurst for Crusty, who hunted for twelve seasons ; the whole of the Grafton Hunt for Wood- man, who was also a twelve-season hunter ; and the late John Walker for the Wynnstay THE FOXHOUND. Royal. But there must be the greatest of the great. I think I shall be correct in naming the following hounds as the twelve best England has ever seen :— Mr. Corbet’s Trojan (1780), by Pytchley Tomboy out of Tidings. Lord Middleton’s Vanguard (1815), by Lord Vernon’s Vaulter out of Traffic. Mr. Osbaldeston’s Furrier (1820), by Belvoir Saladin out of Fallacy. Lord Henry Bentinck’s Contest (1848), by Comus out of Sanguine. Lord FitzHardinge’s Cromwell (1855), by Contest out of Crazy. Mr. Drake’s Duster (1844), by Bachelor out of Destitute. Sir Richard Sutton’s Dryden (1849), by Contest out of Daphne. The Duke of Rutland’s Senator (1862), by Singer out of Destitute. The Duke of Rutland’s Weathergage (1874), by Warrior out of Royalty. The Earl of Coventry’s Rambler (1874), by Lord FitzHardinge’s Collier out of Ransom. Mr. E. P. Rawnsley’s Freeman (1884), by Belvoir Weathergage out of Freedom. The Grafton Woodman (1892), by Wonder out of Durable. Breeding Foxhounds is one of the most fascinating of all the pleasures of animal culture, as the above list, so full of extreme merit, can be traced for nearly a hundred and thirty years from Trojan to Vanguard, and the Oakley Driver, the great-great- grandsire of Durable, the dam of the Grafton Woodman. Then the many branches to the Osbaldeston Furrier, the share of Lord Henry Bentinck’s Contest through Dryden, and also the Drake Duster in the Belvoir Senator, and so on to Weather- gage, the sire of Why-not the sire of Work- man the sire of Wonder the sire of the above- named Grafton Woodman. The truth is that Frank Gillard and Frank Beers, the Grafton huntsmen, were great friends and _ allies, and when the former had found quite a precious gem in the shape of a Foxhound, he imparted the fact to Beers, who conse- quently used Weathergage in his second ' season to the ultimate benefit of a great the 213 many packs as traced through Why-not, Workman, Wonder, and Woodman, and con- tinued to some extraordinary families for work, notably the V.W.H. (Mr. Batt Miller’s) Worcester, and the Puckeridge (Mr. E. Barclay’s) Councillor. It was in this way that the old school of sportsmen bred Foxhounds. Men such as Mr. G. S. Fol- jambe, Captain Percy Williams, Mr. Oakley, Mr. Nicholas Parry, Lord Portsmouth, Mr. Robert Arkwright, and Mr. George Lane Fox. What a debt is due to them from the hunting world! There is, however, a present generation to continue the good work. None are keener, or can love Fox- hounds more, than the Duke of Beaufort, Lord Harrington, Lord Middleton, Lord Bathurst, Mr. Batt Miller, Mr. Edward Barclay, Mr. J. C. Monro, Mr. Gerald Hardy, or Mr. Fernie. They breed on the lines that have been made famous, and they have brought the Foxhound to a greater pitch of perfection than ever. THE VALUE OF THE FOXHOUND. It cannot be said that the prices paid for Foxhounds in very recent times have greatly exceeded those of the past. In 1790 Colonel Thornton- sold Merkin for four hogsheads of claret, and the seller to have two couples of the whelps. Then in 1808 Mr. John Warde sold a pack of hounds to Lord Althorpe for 1,000 guineas, and the same gentleman sold another pack for the same sum a few years later. In 1838 Lord Suffield offered 3,000 guineas for Mr. Lambton’s pack, and afterwards sold it to Sir Matthew White Ridley for 2,500. In 1834 Osbaldeston sold ten couples of bitches, all descendants of Furrier, for 2,000 sovereigns or £100 a hound—a record that was almost eclipsed at the sale of Lord Poltimore’s hounds in 1870, when twenty-two couples of dog-hounds sold for 3,305 guineas. Of late years there has been the sale of the Quorn for, it was said, £3,000, and the late Lord Willoughby de Broke valued the North Warwickshire for the county to purchase at £2,500. In 1903 the Ather- stone was valued by Mr. Rawlence, the 214 well-known representative of Tattersall’s, at £3,500, or something like £50 a hound, and that has been considered very cheap. If, therefore, modern prices have not greatly exceeded those of the far past, there has not been any particular diminution, and there is no doubt about it that if certain packs could be purchased the prices would far exceed anything ever reached before. It has been stated on pretty good authority that certain American gentlemen would give {10,000 for either the Belvoir or the Warwickshire, and a suggestion of this was given less than two years ago, when, after Ben Capel had been taking two sportsmen from America through the Belvoir kennels, a couple of bitches in whelp, that had been running about in the park, came up to them, and were so greatly admired that one of the visitors said to Capel, ‘‘ You can tell your master I will give him 500 sovereigns for those two bitches.” With prices on such a high scale, it is really wonderful that the drafts are sold at such low figures. For years it was the custom to sell young drafts, the rough with the smooth, for three guineas a couple, and for old drafts the same, with five or six guineas for second drafts. It is equally wonderful, too, that those possessing judg- ment and an eye to a hound may form a very good pack in that way. The late Mr. Henry Ashton, Master of the North Warwickshire, took the view of buying old draft bitches from good packs like the Belvoir, Lord Galway’s, the Brocklesby, Lord Harrington’s, and the Rufford, as it seemed reasonable that they would not have been kept four or five seasons in such kennels unless they had been uncommonly good. These he mated carefully to the crack sires of the day, such as Gambler, Gordon, and Galliard, and in six years he made the pack that the late Lord Willoughby de Broke valued at £2,500. This requires great judgment, however, for, as shown in these pages, there are Foxhounds and Foxhounds, and in breed- ing it does not do to accept conclusions too quickly. The old breeders were very THE NEW. BOOK OF THE DOG: particular in regard to the sources from which they drew fresh blood. Mr. Lane Fox, for instance, would only touch four or five kennels, no hearsay, or extra- ordinary beauty of form had the slightest effect on him. He would never use a sire unless he had seen him in his work, and a good thick gorse covert was one of his favourite scenes for a trial of ability. Those who can be led away by what other people say will never make a pack of Foxhounds. They would spoil one, for that is not a difficult operation. As the late Lord Portsmouth used to say, “It takes a good man fifteen years to make a pack of Foxhounds, and it takes a bad one three years to spoil one.” Much has been done of late years for breeders of hounds and buyers by the Messrs. Tattersall’s Rugby sales, always so ably conducted by Mr. J. R. Rawlence. A pack can be easily made from amongst those coming under that gentleman’s ros- trum. THE PETERBOROUGH SHOWS. The hound shows were commenced very nearly as early as the dog shows. It was in 1860 that one was held at Yarm, which was followed by a more important one the next year at Middlesbrough. From that time they became closely asso- ciated with the Great Yorkshire Agricul- tural Society under Mr. Tom Parrington, and famous gatherings of the hunting world were seen at York, Malton, Redcar, Harro- gate, Beverley, Hull, Doncaster, Leeds, and Driffield. Everyone talked of the York- shire hound shows and of Tom Parrington, who is still alive to tell the stories. Con- templating retirement from the manager- ship of the Great Yorkshire, he trans- ferred the hound show to Peterborough in 1877, and in the interim it has become a very great national institution. Masters of hounds send representatives there from every part of the kingdom, and the annual show in. July brings more hunting people together than any other fixture of the summer season. That the shows have helped hound-breeding there can be no foe EOXHOUND: question whatever. The fact that from the very first they were both countenanced and supported by such great sportsmen as the Duke of Beaufort, Lord Willoughby de Broke, and Mr. Robert Arkwright, was a certain guarantee that the policy of the show ring was correct and sound. Lord Willoughby de Broke the greatest evidence of all this, as in twenty-five years he made the Warwickshire to be as nearly as pos- sible equal to the Bel- voir,and he never missed showing. He used such champions as the Quorn Alfred, the Fitzwilliam Richmond, the Pytchley gave Prompter, and others seen on the Peter- borough flags. Then his lordship’s own prize- takers, Hermit, Wild- boy, Furrier, Trampler, Sampson, and many more had the patronage of the kingdom through their good looks at Peterborough. Lord Willoughby’s quiet re- buke to a would - be fault-finder that he was not at all likely to breed from or even to keep a faulty hound was quite enough to show that only the best were good enough for his lord- ship. Splendidly managed by a strong committee and most able secretary, Mr. John Smart, who has held the post for twenty-seven years, the Peterborough shows afford excellent opportunities for seeing the best hounds and for breeders to com- pare notes as to what they are breeding themselves, and how other people are breeding. At any rate, Foxhounds very much improved in looks during the past five-and-twenty years, and unques- tionably they are quite as good in the field or better. Whenever hounds have good foxes in front of them, and good hunts- ‘Men to assist or watch over them, they are Photograph by Russell have 215 as able as ever, but the drawbacks to good sport are more numerous now than they used to be. The noble hound will always be good enough, and ever and anon this is shown by a run of the Great Wood order, to hunt over five-and-twenty to thirty miles at a pace to settle all the horses, and yet every hound will be up. There has been OLD BERKELEY FOXHOUNDS GEOFFREY ano HAWKER. PROPERTY OF ROBERT LEADBETTER, ESQ, M.F.H. and Sons a slight tendency to increase size of late years. The Belvoir dog-hound is within very little of 24 inches instead of 234, the standard of twenty years ago, and this increase has become very general. In elegance of form nothing has been lost, and there can be no other to possess beauty combined with power and the essential points for pace and endurance in the same degree as a Foxhound. William Somerville’s poetical description, written in 1735, still applies to the perfect Foxhound of to-day. «See there with countenance blithe, And with a courtly grin, the fawning hound Salutes thee cowering, his wide opening nose Upwards he curls, and his large sloe-black eyes Melt in soft blandishments, and humble joy! THE NEW His glossy skin, or yellow-pied, or blue, In lights or shades by Nature’s pencil drawn, Reflects the various tints: his ears and legs Flecked here and there, in gay enamelled pride, Rival the speckled pard; his rush-grown tail O’er his broad back bends in an ample arch ; On shoulders clean, upright, and firm he stands, His round cat foot, strait hams, and wide-spread thighs, And his low dropping chest, confess his speed, His strength, his wind, or on the steepy hill, Or far-extended plain; in every part So well proportioned that the nicer skill Of Phidias himself can’t blame thy choice. Of such compose thy pack.” But a more detailed description is neces- sary for the modern sportsman, and is here given :— 1. Head.—Somewhat broad, not peaked like the Bloodhound, but long from the apex to the frontal bones, eyebrows very prominent, cheeks cut clean from the eye to the nostril, ears set low and in their natural condition thin and shapely, but not large, nose large, jaw strong and level, and small dewlaps, expression fierce, and with the best often repellent. 2. Eyes.—Very bright and deeply set, full of determination, and with a very steady expres- sion. The look of the Foxhound is very remark- able. 3. Neck.—Should be perfectly clean, no skin ruffle whatever, or neck cloth, as huntsmen call it. The length of neck is of importance both for stooping and giving an air of majesty. 4. Shoulders.—The blades should be well into the back, and should slant, otherwise be wide and strong, to meet the arms, that should be long and powerful. 5. Legs and Feet.—The bone should be per- fectly straight from the arm downward, ‘and descend in the same degree of size to the ankles, or, as the saying is, ‘‘down to his toes.’”’ The knee should be almost flat and level ; there should be no curve until coming to the toes, which should be very strong, round cat-shaped, and every toe clean set as it were. 6. Fore-ribs and Brisket.—Deep, fine ribs are very essential, and the brisket should be well below the elbows. 7. Back and Loins.—Back should be straight. A hollow back offends the eye much, and a roach back is worse. The loin wide, back ribs deep and long, a slight prominence over the croup. 8. Quarters and Hocks.—The quarters cannot be too long, full showing a second thigh, and meeting a straight hock low down, the shank bone short, and meeting shapely feet. 9g. Coat.—The coat is hard hair, but short BOOK OF; THE DOG, and smooth, the texture is as stiff as bristles, but beautifully laid. Io. Colour.—Belvoir tan, which is brown and black, perfectly intermixed, with white markings of various shapes and sizes. The white should be very opaque and clear. Black and white, with tan markings on head and stifles. Badger pied a kind of grey and white. Lemon pied, light yellow and white. Hare pied, a darker yellow and white. 11. Stern.—Long and carried gaily, but not curled ; often half white. 12. Height.—Dogs from 234 bitches from 22 to 22} inches. to 24 inches; PUPPY WALKING. The Foxhound is bred at the kennels, but in many cases belongs to the hunting country in which his lot is cast; then he is walked by a member of the hunt, or more frequently by a friend of the same, one who has no objection to his lands being ridden over. At one time many agreements of estates included a clause requiring tenants to keep a Foxhound during certain months of the year. The obligation is now merely a social one, but it 1s almost equally binding, and it is recognised that the ladies of the hunt shall assist the M.F.H. in this manner. Puppies cared for and reared under individual attention in comfortable homes, necessarily prosper and become more healthy and intelligent than when crowded together in the thronged kennels. Lovers of dogs who live in the neighbourhood of a hunt may usually be allowed to take a puppy into their charge, and in the early days of May one of the whips from the kennel may be expected to drive round to the hall or to the cottage— “With an innocent bundle of white and tan, A fat little Foxhound bred to the game, With a rollicking eye and a league long name, And he’ll play with a cork on the end of a string, And walking a puppy will be ‘ just the thing.’ ” Doubtless, the rearing of a Foxhound puppy is a great responsibility, but it is also a delight to many who feel that they are helping in the advancement of a great national sport, and there is always the possibility that the particular puppy may turn out to be a future Cromwell or Furrier IN ON NOLLSu1S lV LS3W V 218 THE NEW or Rambler. There is but one sad side to the pleasure, and that is that the affections lavished upon the maturing visitor are bound very soon to receive the shock of necessary Young Foxhounds are not less than the puppies of other breeds, but neither are they less winning, and when the time comes for the sturdy severance. mischievous BOOK OF THE DOG. stones, sharing his bread and cheese at noon, and certain of a good supper at night. She proved the best of the bitch entry, and the cup went to the stone-breaker. Lord Middleton kindly thought that a five-pound note would be more acceptable than the cup, and so sent that proposal. “Na, na,” said the road-maker, ‘‘ I might FOXHOUND PUPPIES OF THE LANARK AND Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw, youngster to be removed to the kennels and entered, one forgets his juvenile in- discretions as . the days went by and the bundle grew, And broke the commandments and stole and slew, And covered the lawn with a varied loot, Of fowl and feather and bone and boot ; And scratched in the garden a hundred holes, And wearied our bodies and damned our souls.” And his departure is not seldom accom- panied by a surreptitious tear. In the times of Assheton Smith, and even in those of Lord Henry Bentinck, the puppy walking was all done for honour and glory, but of late years three or four silver cups are presented to those rearing the best. This new development has added to the spirit of the cause. A couple or three years back a puppy was taken by an old stone- breaker in Lord Middleton’s hunt. The little thing in her small days would lhe upon his coat all day on a near heap of RENFREW HUNT. spend the money, but the coup Ill keep in memory of her.” This is the English view in all classes towards the Foxhound, and he is no ordinary animal to be the national favourite. He has been brought to wonderful perfection in beauty and frame, he is quite untire- able; foxes may run for miles through parishes and almost counties, to bring horses to every kind of grief and distress, but the hounds will not be beaten. They will be always showing the same dash over plough or pasture, ridge or furrow, and leave every kind of fence behind them, amid a music of their own which is charming. THE STAGHOUND. THERE is very little purpose in saying much about the old Staghound. He practically ceased to exist some sixty or seventy years ago. A writer under the nom de guerre ot “Shamrock” in the New Sporting Maga- zine of April, 1840, asserted that the Massy- ‘ERE buck hounds was a crack pack in the *thirties, and he describes their breeding as a cross of the Irish Wolfhound and the Trish Bloodhound, whatever that was, a Spanish dark red Bloodhound, and last of all with the large English Bull-dog. Dreadful mongrels, therefore, and as a matter of course they did not last long. There was an old Staghound breed in the Royal kennels at Wind- sor as late as 1820, and one called Windsor has been described as a white hound with a small spot of yellow on each ear, and a large mark of the same colour on his right flank. He stood thirty inches high, and showed all the points of a lordly breed, having the full and kindly eye, heavy dewlap, immense fore- quarter, and somewhat cat hammed. As he was bred in 1815, he must have been very nearly the last of the old race in the British Islands. It was shortly -: MASTER after this date that the STAGHOUND. 219 Baron Rothschild’s hunt, established in the Vale of Aylesbury late in the *thirties, was made up entirely of Foxhounds from the very beginning. They were bred by the Baron, and walked by his tenantry and friends in the Vale. Old Fred Cox, who was nearly fifty years in the service of DOG HOUND ARGUS. THE PROPERTY OF SIR R. R. WILMOT, BART. OF THE BERKS AND BUCKS STAGHOUNDS. Photograph by Russell and Sons. 6 fs 2 Eccentric Colonel Thornton bought the whole of the old Royal pack, consisting of forty couples of recognised Staghounds, and took them to France, and at the same time the Duke of Richmond gave his Majesty the King his Goodwood pack, composed mostly of Foxhounds. Since that date the Royal Buckhounds were to all intents and purposes Foxhounds. Charles Davis, the huntsman for over forty years, bred a few, but he mostly got them from the Leicestershire or the Duke of Beaufort’s kennels. Any breed of Staghounds was unknown in Davis’s time, and he commenced as whip to the Royal hunt in 1816, and was ’ promoted to the post of huntsman in 1824. the family, had carte-blanche to go where he pleased for blood, and in “ Will” Goodall’s time at Belvoir, he was con- stantly there selecting sires, and dipped pretty deeply into the Singer and Senator blood. He also visited Harry Ayris at Berkeley Castle, and gave patronage to Cromwell in 1857-58. He did not forget to go to Belvoir again in the days of Weather- gage, and one of his last hits was getting a famous litter by Gambler, a son of Weather- gage. Whenever Fred Cox heard of a good hound he was always after him, pro- vided he belonged to a crack kennel, as the old man was very particular about 220 THE NEW strains of blood. On his retirement the post of Lord de Rothschild’s huntsman was filled by John Boore, who had been kennel huntsman to Lord Willoughby de Broke during nearly the whole of the time his lordship was building up the Warwick- shire to be worth £10,000. It will be seen, therefore, that the Rothschild hunt has been gifted with the greatest advan- tages in the breeding of a pack of hounds in Fred Cox’s time, and they are said to have improved since then. In those days, however, it was a_ beautiful pack of hounds. All alike, dogs 23} inches, bitches 22 inches, and as sorty in re- gard to colour as those of Belvoir. The good the Rothschild hunt has done to Buckinghamshire cannot be estimated. It has enriched the county so that it is one of the most prosperous in the kingdom, and Lord de Rothschild and Mr. Leopold de Rothschild are ever the farmers’ best friends. If ever the faddists succeed in the suppression of hunting the carted deer, Lord de Rothschild has only to turn his pack from deer to fox, to equal in quality the beauties of the Belvoir and the War- wickshire. The old Staghounds were at Badminton before 1750, as seen by pictures in the possession of the Duke of Beaufort, but the story of the Silkwood run in the fifth Duke’s time, when hounds by accident settled on a fox and had a brillant run of an hour and a half, decided the question of Fox versus Deer, and from that time Foxhounds only have been located in the famous Gloucestershire kennels. The big 25-inch hound of Badminton, however, has aiways been in great request amongst the patrons of stag-hunting, and for many years the Devon and Somerset, hunting the wild red deer, were ever anxious to get the draft from Badminton. In other countries— France and Germany especially—the Stag- hound of the day is really the English Foxhound. THE WELSH HOUND. THe wild mountains of Wales have al- ways wanted a low scenting hound with BOOK OF THE DOG. a great deal of tongue and in other re- spects bearing a similarity to the Fox- hound. They must be stout, as the hill foxes give tremendously long runs, often of three or four hours, and the steep declines into the valleys are a test indeed for shoulders. Without plenty of music, too, they would become lost to the field in the majority of cases, and those who have enjoyed runs with them speak rapturously of the steadiness of Welsh Hounds, their never-failing cry, and general staunchness. Some great sportsmen, Colonel Anstruther Thomson for one, have been so enamoured with Welsh hunting as to have thought the hounds superior to English Foxhounds ; but in this they have been mistaken, as whenever the experiment has been tried of bringing hounds from Wales into English counties they have been found much too slow, and wanting in drive. Colonel Thom- son had many hounds of the Gogerddan blood at one time in the Atherstone, but they did not do at all for Warwickshire and Leicestershire. It is well authenticated that the Llangibby pack existed as far back as 1750, and for nearly a hundred years the hounds were inbred to a sort of their own, but much resembled the rough Otter-hound, standing about 23} inches (the dogs), long and low, with heads of almost a Bloodhound type, very strong and bony for their size, coats very wiry and somewhat rough, and stern a little shorter than in Foxhounds, but carried gaily. That good authority, ‘‘ Borderer,” says that when Mr. John Lawrence took the country in 1856, he got a different stamp of hound with much Harrier blood in them; and it is notable that Mr. Lawrence was Master for fifty years, and lived until he was ninety-two. He appeared to have every faith in Welsh Hounds, as when his friend, Mr. Reginald Herbert, commenced hunting the Monmouthshire and did not kill many foxes, he wrote and said: “My dear fellow you must have Welsh blood in your pack, I will help you.” The Llangibby had a great name, but what proportion of the pack was pure Welsh it PAE WELSH HOUND: is hard to say if Mr. Lawrence had Harrier blood in it in 1856. Some of the packs in Wales are pure English Foxhounds, but those that are known to have at any rate some Welsh blood in them are the Llangibby, the Neuadd-Fawr, kept by Mrs. T. H. R. Hughes—that lady having twenty couples described as Welsh and first cross of Welsh- English—but every effort is made to keep them as Welsh as possible. Then there is the Ynysfor, the Master of which is Mr. Evan Bowen Jones of Ynysfor, Penrhyn- Deudreath. The pack has been in that gentleman’s family for a hundred years, having been hunted by his great-grandfather from 1765 to the date of his death at eighty-five years in 1829. His son then held the reins of government until 1851, and a son of the latter again from 1851, when an uncle carried it on for another twenty-one years, to be succeeded by the father of the present Master, whose death took place in got. The hounds are of the old Welsh breed, some rough, some smooth, and many are of the old black and tan colour. The Teme Valley pack is cross-bred, English and Welsh, and the Gelligaer, of 221 which Mr. David Jones was the recent Master, was as pure Welsh as that gentle- man could get them, as he had a strong belief in the stamina and excellence of those so bred. There is no doubt that the breed is still to be had, but so many Masters of the Welsh hunts have endeavoured to improve by the admixture of English blood that it has made it extremely difficult to breed the pure ones excepting through continual in- breeding, which is always fatal. It is said that the English cross is not to be depended upon, as sometimes the results of such alliances have been good working hounds, with the qualities perceptible from both sides, and in other cases there has been a loss of nose and tongue, and no great advant- age shown in either pace or stamina. Again also, when a good hound has been obtained, his progeny has been of no use. Very few English Masters would venture on such experiments, and, in fact, they are not wanted, as there are English Foxhounds in goodly numbers with nose and tongue equal to any Welsh Hound, and they are naturally better to breed true to their own kind. THE MONMOUTHSHIRE PACK NS CHAPTER XXI. THE HARRIER. BY THE LADY GIFFORD, M.H. *“ And since we have the vaward of the day, My love shall hear the music of my hounds : Uncouple in the western vallev ; let them go :— Despatch, I say, and find the forester.” HE Harrier is a distinct breed of hound used for hunting the hare— or rather it should be said the Asso- ciation of Masters of Harriers are doing their HARRIERS AT WORK. FROM A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ILLUMINATED MS. IN THE BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE, PARIS. REPRODUCED FROM “ THE MASTER OF GAME” BY PERMISSION OF W. A. BAILLIE-GROHMAN, Esq. utmost to perpetuate this breea ; the Harrier Stud Book bearing witness thereto: and it is to be deplored that so many Masters of Harriers ignore this fact, and are content to go solely to Foxhound kennels to start their packs of Harriers, choosing, maybe, 20 inch to 22 inch Foxhounds, and thence- forth calling them Harriers. And indeed, ‘MIDSUMMER NIGHT’s DREAM.”’ if it were not for the Stud Book we should soon lose the breed of hound that can boast of possibly greater antiquity than any other. For did not the cavalry soldier Xenophon at the age of fifty-four keep a pack of Harriers, over two thousand years ago—which he hunted on foot near Olympia in Elis? He has left behind him a disquisition on hounds and hunting which any Master of Harriers would do well to study; for it evinces a mar- vellous mastery of this par- ticular form of hunting. Be- ginning with a description of a good hound, the points of which are practically the same as we seek in a good hound of to-day, Xenophon also enumerates the faults of a bad hound, point- ing out most clearly what to guard against in make and shape, and afterwards, in the hunting field, what to look for, to note, and check. He also describes minutely the ways of a hare, and how she should be hunted, showing most perfect knowledge of his subject in every particular. In forming a pack of Harriers, opinions differ as to what standard of height it is advisable to aim at. If you want to hunt your Harriers on foot, 16 inches is quite big enough—almost too big to run with ; but if you are riding to them, 20 inches is a useful height, or even 1g inches. Either PoE HARRIE RE is a good workable size, and such hounds should be able to slip along fast enough for most people. Choose your hounds with plenty of bone, but not too clumsy or heavy ; a round, firm neck, not too short, with a swan-like curve; a lean head with a long muzzle and fairly short ears; a broad chest with plenty of lung room, fore legs like gun barrels, straight and strong ; hind legs with good thighs and well let down docks; feet, round like cats’ feet, and a well-set-on, tapering stern. Such a make and shape should see many seasons through, and allow you to be certain of pace and endur- ance in your pack. It is useless to lay down any hard and fast rule as to colour. It is so much a matter of individual taste, but light-coloured hounds are useful in a kennel in point of enabling you to see them well in the distance. Some Masters have a great fancy for the dark colouring of the old Southern Hound, but nothing could look much smarter than a good combination of Belvoir tan with black and white. Puppies, as a rule, a week or two after they are whelped, show a greater proportion of dark marking than any other, but this as they grow older soon alters, and their white marking be- comes much more conspicuous. Some particular marking shows itself for generations. It may be a little forked white mark on the forehead of a hound, and if watched for, it will be seen quite distinctly occurring over and over again in different members of that one family. Again, particular traits of character are seen recurring in a most curious way, such as the fear of thunder, or of guns. There is much to be taken into consideration before starting to breed your own hounds. The most satisfactory way of keeping a really good pack together is to breed your own hounds when you have got a thoroughly good strain, taking care to replenish them by occasional drafts from well-known reliable kennels. And then, ‘too, every young entry coming into work 223 provides a fund of interest, and I think here may be urged the necessity of naming your hound puppies say at two months old. They learn their names astonishingly quickly at this period of their lives, and I am con- vinced that it saves them in after life much HUNTING 5 HARRIERS. FROM A SEVENTEENTH*CENTURY PRINT. of the whip and rating from Hunt servants, who are seldom sufficiently quiet with hounds. By learning their own names thus early in life, they become obedient and acquire good ways before the fact of being obedient is any trouble to them ; and there are not many prettier sights than to watch a lot of very young puppies answering their names in turn. It also prevents their being shy. What is more tiresome than to call a young hound up to you, and find that he promptly goes in the opposite direction ? Let your puppies from their earliest youth be out of doors all day long, if possible on grass with a movable wire-netting enclosure, 224 so that the ground can be changed every few days. Never keep puppies on stale ground; and place inside the enclosure or- dinary big dog kennels to provide shelter for them. They may begin this out of door life directly they are weaned, and even before, if there is sufficient space for the mothers to be out too; they should not be put out until the dew gets off the grass, but may remain out until sunset in summer. It is a good plan to have their night kennel so situated that every time the LORD HOPETOUN’s WINIFRED and) ARTFUL Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw. puppies are taken to bed and brought out in the morning they have to pass through a yard where the grown hounds are; it gives the puppies confidence, and takes all fear away. The earlier they learn kennel ways the better it will be for them in after life ; habits of discipline thus early instilled will never be forgotten. Let them le on low hound benches (not boxes) and gradually heighten these as the puppies grow larger. They are much more airy and healthy for them than an enclosed thing lke a box. Be very careful in your choice of walks, and when you have puppies going out to walk, make it thoroughly understood that the first symptom of distemper be reported to you ai once. The life of many a valuable young hound has been lost through not taking the proper steps in time. And so the months pass by, and the time arrives for them to come back to kennel. THE NEW - a 4 4 : PACK OF GRIFFONS VENDEENS THE PROPERTY OF M. Photograph by M. Rol et Cue., HENRI Parts He is a dog of high upstanding shape, with an obviously sound constitution and meant by nature for the chase, which leads him often into waterways. The prevailing colour of his thick wiry coat is white or wheaten, orange, grey, His head is large and imposing, ascending to a well-developed peak, the length, the pansive, and the long ears hanging loose, with mouse red or brown splotches. muzzle of good nostrils ex- sweeping the grass when his nose is lowered to the track of deer or boar. The best and most pure of the race in France to-day are kept by M. Henri Baillet, whose Ronflo and Bacchus are admirably typical. Very similar to the rough Vendéen hound, BOOK OF. PEE DOG: but often darker in colour and longer in the body, is the Griffon Nivernais, of which Baron Joubert’s Bolivar is perhaps the best living specimen, and a popular and useful hound for rough work in the forest is attained by the crossing of these two Of the Griffon Vendéen-Nivernais excellent working packs are kept by MM. Merle and Roday of Monthelon, M. Henri strains. se m/ TT AND VENDEENS-NIVERNAIS. BAILLET, VILLENAUXE (AUBE). Baillet of Villenauxe, and Baron Joubert, domaine de Givry. The Norman Hound, which appears to have been introduced in the time of Louis XIV., is adapted for the pursuit of all kinds of the larger game in the French forests. He is a heavy, strong dog, somewhat coarse in bone, in shape approaching the Blood- hound rather than our Foxhound. His head is long, the skull broad, and the forehead divided by two large frontal bumps. The skin of the head is very loose and wrinkled ; the muzzle is coarse, with lips thick and pendulous. The eyes, which are full and gay, show a good deal of the haw. The ears are set on low,and are long, thin and FRENCH AND OTHER =} GRIFFON VENDEEN-NIVERNAIS PISTOLET. PROPERTY OF M. E. COSTE, LACAUCHE. velvety, folding inwards. The body is long and heavy, broad and muscular, the neck short in proportion and heavily dewlapped. His short coat is harsh, in colour usually white with large brown, black or grizzle patches ; occasionally it is tricolour with a grizzle saddle. The height is often 29 inches, and the weight about 78 lb. A more generally useful hound is the Chien de Gascogne. He is lighter built, weighing about 62 lIb., but he is strong and of great endur- ance. He, too, has something of the St. Hubert in his in- heritance, which is visible in his occipital peak, his very long and much-folded ears, his wrinkled visage and deep flews. His coat is hard on the body, but soft and silky about the head and ears. In colour he is blue, or white with many black spots, blue mottled, with slight pale tan markings. Often there is a pale tan about the eyes and feet. One of the best packs in France is that of M. le Prince de la Tour d’Auvergne. This hound has been successfully crossed with the Saintongeois. CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 487 The Gascon-Saintongeois is quite unlike any hound we have in England. It is larger, less compact, and more leggy than the English Foxhound, and the loose skin about the head and throat, the long muzzle and heavy flews, with the high occiput and the low, pendulous ears give the dog a character peculiarly his own. The smooth white coat is marked with large black patches, and frequently speckled with black spots. The height averages 29% inches. In many departments there are hounds which, although possessing distinctive fea- tures, are yet of a type approximating to those already referred to. One needs to see them and make intimate comparisons in order to detect the shades of difference. Illustrations and bald descriptions are of little help in defining the disparities between the Gascon and the Montemboeuf, and the Saintongeois, the Haut-Poitou, or between any of these and the multitude of batards, limiers and briquets that give distinction to the hunting equipages of the nobility of France. It would become tedious, too, if one were to attempt to particularise the countless varieties of dogs used in the chase in other Continental countries; although in some instances these differ considerably from our familiar Foxhound and Harrier types. There TYPICAL NORMAN HOUND LANCIER. OWNED BY COMTE H. MALEYSSIE, CHARTRES. 488 are, for example, the light and elegant little German hounds, with their smooth coats and feathered These are seldom more than 4o lb. in weight, and sterns. CHIEN GASCOGNE-SAINTONGEOIS. COMTE G. DE vezIN’'s SOUVERAINE. may be of any hound colour. Somewhat similar are the hounds of Austria, which often all white, but otherwise semble the English Harriers. are re- The idea! hunting dog in Germany is the Schweiss-hund, which many of the characteristics of the Bloodhound. In the neighbourhood of Hanover he is popular as a limiter, and is used for the purpose of tracking wounded deer. Marvellous stories are told of his powers of scent. The pre- vailing colour of the breed is red-tan, with a black mask, and in many instances there is a black saddle, which in- creases the resemblance to the English Blood- hound. Twenty-one inches at the shoulder is an average height. In gene- ral has appearance he is a long-bodied of symmetrical propor- tions. The skull is broad and slightly domed, with a well developed occi- pital bone. The forehead is slightly wrinkled, with strong, dog projecting eyebrows, the muzzle square, the lips falling over in decided THE. NEW BOOK OF THE .DOG: flews. There is loose skin about the cheeks, but it is not sufficiently heavy to draw down the lower eyelid and disclose the haw. The nasal bone is shghtly aquiline, much broader than that of the Bloodhound. The ears are set high and are very broad, rounded at the ends and lying without folds close to the cheeks. With a long, strong neck, a broad, deep chest, a long, nicely arched back, and muscular quarters, he is, when seen at his best, an admirable representative of the Continental sporting hound, elastic in action, energetic in expression, and in shape and colour decidedly attractive. The Bavarian Schweiss-hund is somewhat smaller than the Hanoverian, but very similar in general type. A very distinctive hound is that of Russia, the Géntschaga Sobaka, of which the Czar and the Grand Dukes keep huge packs of aristocratic and exclusive strain. Seen at a distance, this hound has the general appearance of a wolf, the hind- quarters being much lower than the fore- quarters. The head, too, is wolf-like ; broad between the ears, and tapering to a fine muzzle. The ears are not large, and although they hang over, they have a tendency to prick when the dog is excited. There is a good deal of dewlap about the strong and muscular neck. The coat is hard and rather long, with a woolly undercoat, and_ the stern, which is carried straight, is a short brush. The colour is grizzle or black, with tan markings, often with HANOVERIAN SCHWEISS-HUND. FRENCH AND OTHER a white collar and white feet and tail tip. The maximum height is 20 inches, and the weight about 58 lb. Some of the Continental hounds would not readily be recognised as such by English sportsmen. The Bosnian Brack, as an instance, might almost be mistaken for a sheep-dog. It is wire-haired, and about the size of a Collie, generally red or brown, or white with yellow or red patches. They have a good Foxhound in Norway, in CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 489 the sport. They cannot all be mentioned here, and readers desiring technical informa- tion concerning them may be referred to Count Henry de Bylandt’s valuable and exhaustive volumes.* For large and savage game, such as the wild boar,- the bear and the wolf, more powerful hounds are, of course, required, and in all*European countries where these dangerous animals are the frequent quarry, dogs have been selected and adapted. Many of them are of veryancient type. RUSSIAN HOUND KASTROMSKA. PROPERTY OF M. J. REVAL, MOHILEW. Sweden, in Finland, even in Livonia and Lithuania, and travellers among the Alps will have noticed the workmanlike little hound of the Swiss valleys, and its elegant, large-eared neighbour of Lucerne. They may also have observed the Bruno, which variety is the heaviest of the Swiss hounds, short-legged, and long in the couplings, with a long, sharp muzzle and pendulous ears, which, with its yellow-brown self-colouring, give it the appearance of a large and leggy Dachshund. The Dachsbrack, by the way, is not to be confused with the smaller Dachshund familiar to English fanciers. It is taller—often 16 inches high—heavier, and stands on long, straight legs. There are many excellent packs of these useful little Bracks in Germany. In all European countries where sports- men hunt the fox, the stag, and the hare, there are packs of hounds suited to the Manner of the chase and the conditions of 62 The Wolfhound of Albania, for example, which is still used to protect the flocks, was’ known to the Greeks in the time of Alexander the Great. Pliny is the authority for the exag- gerated story that when Alexander was on his way to India the King of Albania gave him one of these dogs. It was of great, size, and Alexander, delighted at its evident strength, commanded that bears, boars, and stags should in turn be slipped to it. When this was done, the hound regarded these animals with calm contempt, whereupon Alexander, ‘“‘because his noble spirit was roused,” ordered the dog to be slain. The Albanian king, hearing of this, sent another dog, with the warning that it was useless to try a hound so redoubtable with small and __ insigni- ficant game, but with lions and elephants, which were more worthy quarry. A lion was then slipped and the hound rose to the attack, and =M PP. a y ve, Te. speedily proved aiganian WOLFHOUND. himself equal to From AN ANTIQUE GREEK VASE the occasion. The elephant gave him a severer task, but was finally laid low. The Albanian Wolfhound is seldom seen out of its native land, but one was brought to these islands some years ago, and became * “Tes Races de Chiens.” Par Comte H. de Bylandt, vols., 2 1905. 490 THE the property of Miss Burns, of Glenlie, Hamilton, who gave him the appropriate name Reckless. In appearance he closely resembled the Borzoi, which may be a de- scendant of the Albanian type, and is used, as all his admirers know, as a wolf dog. Originally the dog that we now know as THE BEAR HUNT. FROM THE PAINTING BY SNYDERS. the Great Dane was used for hunting the wild boar; work for which his immense size and strength, combined with his speed, admirably fitted him. bear hunting, and the dogs shown in Snyders’ well-known picture are probably of this breed, although the artist has given them longer and sharper muzzles than would be recognised as typical in the improved Great Dane of the present time. The Medelan, or Bear-hound of Russia, is a more dog, resembling the Mastiff, or the dog of Bordeaux, rather than He was also used for massive NEW BOOK’ OF “THE DOG. the Great Dane, and he has a dense, long coat, similar in texture to that of the St. Bernard. His head is heavy and powerful, with a short, blunt muzzle, broad and square, with heavy flews. The body is strong, with broad shoulders, a deep, broad chest, and a broad, muscular back, somewhat long for his height, which is about 27 inches. His weight is 189 Ib. or thereabout. In colour he is dirty yellow, or grizzle red, with white patches, and always shaded with black or dark muzzle and ears. Until comparatively recently the bear provided excellent sport in Norway, but during the past thirty or forty years the number of bears has greatly diminished in the Scandinavian forests. The Norwegian Bear-hound (Norlandshund, or Jamthund) still exists, however, as a well-trained and intelligent hunter, with magnificent scenting FRENCH AND OTHER powers. For the chase he is usually fitted with a light leather harness to which the leash is attached, and when properly trained he will lead the hunter surely and silently straight up to his game. They are of Spitz CAPT. G. FERRAND'S YEMTLAND BEAR- ELK-HOUND TROFAOS. AND type, and are of several varieties, differing mainly in size. Some of them are bobtailed. Prominent among these varieties is the Elk-hound, which may be termed the Scan- dinavian Pointer, for, as well as for elk and bear hunting, it is used as a gun-dog for blackcock. It is remarkable for its powers of scent, and under favourable conditions will scent elk or a bear three miles away. Technically, however, it is not a hound, but general utility dog. The breed is a very ancient one, dating back in its origin to the times of the Vikings. Intelligence, courage, and endurance are an a among its notable characteristics. It is rather short in stature, with an average height of twenty inches. The head, which is carried high, is large and square, broad between the ears ; the stop well defined, the muzzle of good length, the eyes dark and full of expression, the ears sharply pointed, CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. — 401 erect, and very mobile. The neck is short and thick, the chest broad and deep, the back straight and not long. The stern is thick and heavy, and carried curled over the back. As in most northern dogs, the coat is long and deep on the body, with a dense woolly undercoat, but short and smooth about the head. In colour it is grizzle in all its shades, grizzle brown, black brown, or black. Tan is rare. A white patch on the chest is frequent, as are white feet. The undercoat is always pale brown. These alert and companionable dogs are becoming popular in England. Lady Cath- cart’s Jager is a typical specimen, and Major A. W. Hicks Beach owns and frequently exhibits several good ones, notably Clinker and King. Clinker of his own breed- ing, by Vold out of Namsos, and has taken many first prizes at important shows. In Siberia the Samoyede Dog is used to some extent in the. hunting of the bear. at which work he shows considerable cour- Among the Laplanders he is employed is ace age. LADY CATHCART'S ELK-HOUND JAGER. for rounding up the tame elk; and farther north, of course, he becomes a draught dog, There are dogs in Iceland of a somewhat similar type, with prick ears, a bushy tail 492 THE NEW carried curled over the back, and a hard deep coat, which lengthens to a ruff about the neck. In colour the Iceland Dog is brownish or greyish, sometimes dirty white or dirty yellow. A frequent distribution of colour is black about the head and along ELK-HOUNDS CLINKER AND KING. PROPERTY OF MAJOR A. W. HICKS-BEACH. the back, broken by patches of white, with the under side of the body, the feet, and tip of the tail dirty white. Mrs. McLaren Morrison has possessed specimens of the breed. In the variety of the northern dog known as the Wolfspitz we doubtless have the origi- nal type of Pomeranian, through which the derivation of the breed is traceable step by step through the dogs of Lapland, Siberia, Norway, and Sweden, to the wolf’s first cousin, the Eskimo dog, growing at each step to resemble the wolf more and more. The Wolfspitz is the largest of the Pomer- amians. He derives his name from his wolfish colouring. On account of being much used in Germany by carriers to guard their vans, he is also called the Fuhymanss- spitz or carrier’s Pomeranian; the smaller black or white Poms being called simply Spitz, black or white, the dwarf variety now so popular being the Zwergspitz. Mr. Charles Kammerer, an English speak- ing cynologist residing in Austria, not un- known to several of our more cosmopolitan judges, has made a speciality of this breed, BOOK OF THE: DOG: and has bred them to the great size of 22 inches at the shoulder—the height of a fair-sized Eskimo dog—and weighing as much as 60 lb. or more. The Wolfspitz has on several occasions been exhibited of late years at English shows. Possibly the first was a very handsome specimen called Kees, shown by a Miss Beverley at one of the Ladies’ Association shows as a Meeshond, this being simply the Dutch name for the breed, which is common in Holland. It was entered in the foreign dog class and promptly objected to by Mr. H. C. Brooke, on the ground that its proper place was in the class for Pomer- anians over 8 Ib. Mr. G. R. Krehl and a number of Continental cynologists sup- ported Mr. Brooke’s contention, and the dog was disqualified ; but later on won in his proper place at other shows. Since then several other specimens have been seen, not of the size of Mr. Kammerer’s giant strain, but of the average dimensions, about 14 inches high and 35 Ib. in weight. Turning again to the south of Europe one may include a reference to the hound known in Spain and Portugal as the Podengo. This dog, with its racy limbs, its pointed muzzle, erect ears, and keen, obliquely set eyes, reminds one at once of its probable ancestor, the jackal, and the resemblance is rendered yet more close when the coat happens to be red. In build it is of Grey- hound type, and it is frequently used for coursing rabbit and hare; but in the Peninsula, and more especially in La Mancha, Andalusia and Estramadura, it is slipped to the stag and the bear, and is also employed as a gun-dog. It has a reputation for keen scent, but in this respect it cannot, of course, be compared with the Setter or the Pointer. As a companion dog it is not desirable, as it is of vicious temper and extremely surly. The average height is 27 inches. There is a hound very similar to the Podengo peculiar to the Balearic Isles, although one may occasionally see it in the neighbour- hood of Valencia, Barcelona and_ other places along the eastern shores of Spain, where it is known as the Charnigue. A lean, ungainly dog, with a long muzzle, IKkennel FRENCH AND OTHER and long erect ears, and stilty legs, it gives one the impression that it is masquerading as a Greyhound or an overgrown Whippet. Its innate sporting qualities are mostly ex- ercised on its own account, but with training it might be made a creditable hound. The gardens at Sans Souci, where the graves of many dogs are to be seen, bear testimony to the high regard in which Frederick the Great held his hounds, and in the Palace of Potsdam there is a statue of the dying king surrounded by his favourite canine friends. A story is told of how a pair of his dogs saved the king’s life. Frederick was accustomed to drink a cup of chocolate in the middle of the morning, THE SPANISH PODENGO TURCO. PROPERTY OF SENOR J. DE ROSADO, ARRAYOTTOS. and on one occasion, when sitting at his writing-table, he reached for the cup and saw that a spider had dropped into it from the ceiling. Not wishing to share the chocolate with the insect, he poured the liquid into the saucer, and gave it in turn to two of his Greyhounds. The dogs drank it, but to the king’s alarm they were almost im- mediately seized with convulsions. Within an hour they were both dead, evidently from poison. The French cook was sent for, but on hearing of the death of the hounds and the cause of their death, he blew out his CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 493 brains, dreading the discovery which was afterwards made that he was in the pay of Austria, and had poisoned the chocolate. These two dogs were Potsdam Grey- hounds, a breed of Italian origin, much favoured by Frederick the Great, who kept POTSDAM GREYHOUND KAISER. » BRED AND OWNED BY LADY PAUL. many of them as companions, and pampered them so much that they had special valets to attend them exclusively, and were always allowed the best seats in the royal coach. They were strictly preserved as a breed peculiar to Potsdam, and were maintained as a distinct strain until long after the reign of their great master was ended. But in the time of the late Emperor Frederick only one pair remained. This pair, Dandy and Fly, came by the Emperor’s bequest into the possession of Countess Marie Munster, daughter of the German Ambassador at the Court of St. James’s, and from them have descended specimens now treasured by the Duchess of Somerset and Lady Paul, of Ballyglass, Waterford. Lady Paul describes them as resembling the Italian Greyhound, but that they are larger, standing some twenty inches high. Unlike the ordinary Greyhound, they have wonderfully good noses, and will follow a scent like a terrier. Their coats are very fine in texture, and in colour fawn, blue, black, silver grey or a peculiarly beautiful bronze. They are exceedingly clean and exceptionally affectionate. Essentially they 494 SHE are indoor dogs, and they seem born to lie, as did their ancestors, in graceful attitudes on drawing-room sofas. The Phu Quoc Dog.—A very curious member of the canine race is the dog of Fu Oc, or Phu-Quoc. It is indigenous to the island of that name in the Indo-China sea. No specimen has ever been seen in England, and the Marquis de Barthelémy, who holds a concession in the island from the French government, states that owing to the want of care in keeping the breed pure it is rapidly becoming extinct. The BITCH CAN-LE’. IMPORTED BY THE MARQUIS DE BARTHELEMY. THE PHU-QUOC Marquis had, with difficulty, brought three specimens to Europe, and there was also a couple in the Jardin d’ Acclimitation. Unhappily one bitch belonging to the Marquis died of exhaustion in trying to rear a litter of thirteen pups. The Comte Henri de Bylandt on one occasion judged the breed at Antwerp, and Mr. Brooke, who has seen several, describes the dog as “rather dark brown in colour, well-built and active look- ing, with powerful jaws. The type,” he adds, “is that of all wild or semi-wild dogs of the Far East, somewhat resembling a leggy, smooth Chow.’ What distinguishes the pure Phu-Quoc is the curious growth of coat along the back, near the shoulders, NEW BOOK OF THE DOG: the hairs pointing forward towards the head. Comte H. de Bylandt describes the dog as follows, but I doubt if he is rght in calling it a Greyhound. It is not technically a hound. 1. General Appearance.—A heavy kind of Grey- hound. 2. Head.—Long;_ skull slightly domed and the skin wrinkled, muzzle rather broad, in length the half of the entire head ; jaws long and power- ful; lips and tongue black ; teeth well developed and meeting evenly. 3. Eyes.—Reddish, with a savage expression. 4. Nose.—Black ; nostrils rather developed. 5. Ears—Erect, shell shaped, not too pointed, inside almost hairless. 6. Body. —Somewhat coarse ; neck very long and flexible ; shoulders sloping ; belly drawn up ; loins broad and strong. 7. Legs. — Straight and lean ; stifles rather straight ; thighs muscular. 8. Feet.— Longish ;_ toes slightly arched ; pads hard. 9. Tail—Short, very supple, carried curled over the back. 10. Coat.—On the whole body and legs very short and dense ; on the back the hair is growing the wrong way, towards the head, and is much longer and harder. 11. Colour.—Reddish-fawn, with black muzzle ; the coat on the back is darker. 12. Height at Shoulder.—21} about 4o Ib. inches. Weight A Parisian Dogue de Bordeaux fancier who had lived some years in the island records that though these dogs are intract- able, they can be trained for hunting. He regarded them as intelligent, and instanced the case of one that, being pestered by a European dog, dragged it to a pond of water, and held it under until it was drowned. For the use of the portrait of the Marquis de Barthelémy’s bitch Can Le’ I am in- debted to Mr. H. C. Brooke. 495 CHAPTER LVIII. GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS. ‘© Bon chien chasse de race.” N referring to foreign gun-dogs it must at the outset be understood—as it is generally acknowledged by the sports- men of other lands than our own—that the British breeds used in the process of fowling are far superior to their foreign relatives. In all parts of Europe and America, where dogs are engaged for finding game and retrieving it when killed, there the English Pointer and Setter hold the highest favour. Pointers have been sent abroad from all our best working kennels ; and the Llewellyn Setter has established a reputation for adroit work in the United States, which will not be effaced for many generations. The demand for both breeds has been so great in foreign lands that in some instances we have been obliged to bring back the progeny of our exported dogs to keep up the standard at home. In Russia English Pointers and Setters are more esteemed than perhaps in any other part of the world, and at the competitive shows of the Imperial Gun Club at Moscow more Gordon Setters may be seen than are to be found all over England. In France the black-and-tan and the Irish Setters are regarded with almost as great favour as the Belton, and the display of all three varieties in the Tuileries Gardens is comparable only with the display at Birmingham and the Crystal Palace. It is only fair to our fellow sportsmen on the Continent, however, to remember that our Setters, our Pointers, our Spaniels and Retrievers, have all been derived from strains imported into these islands from abroad. France contributed the original stock of our Clumbers; we got our Field Spaniels from Flanders, our Springers from Spain. Our Retriever came from far Lab- rador, our Pointer from Andalusia, and our Setter from the same generous source. OLD FRENCH PROVERB. Yet in Spain, in France, in Germany and Russia, varieties of game-finding dogs are retained which are still unknown in Great Britain, and for the information of English readers it is necessary to notice some of the more important and distinct. SETTERS. Our improved and perfected British Set- ters are so successful in Continental coun- tries, where they are systematically bred, that there is little need to increase the native stock of setting dogs, which are few and not of great account, and where the Setter is not employed, his work is commonly performed by the Braque. The native Setter where it occurs in France is still called the Epagneul ; but the Epagneul de Picardie, or Epagneul noir du Nord, as it is sometimes designated, is actually a Setter in all essential respects. It is often entirely black, sometimes black and tan, or brown and grizzle, and in size and shape it resembles the Gordon. There is another variety usually classed merely as the Epagneul Frangais, a strong, imposing dog, of true Setter character, with a thick, but not very long, coat of dull white with chestnut patches. . The state of the BowELS and IXIDNEYS should never be overlooked in disease. An abundance of pale urine proves indirectly that no fever is present. S. Loss or APPETITE is usually, but not always, present in disease; hence the fal- lacy of believing that so long as a dog takes his food well he is all right. 9g. Turrst alone does not indicate fever; any large discharge, from either the in- testines or the kidneys, induces it. In diuresis, diabetes, and diarrhoea there is thirst. 10. Pain does not, as some people imagine, always indicate inflammation. There are nervous pains, and pains of many different descriptions. 11. TENDERNESS.—This is an important point in our diagnosis, for the pain of in- flammation is almost invariably of a tender nature; that is, it is increased by pressure, and cannot be felt without pressure. 12. VomitTinc.—A dog can vomit at will, or by merely eating a little grass or some rough leaf, such as that of vegetable mar- row. The character of the vomit is often characteristic of some organic or functional disorder, as the bilious, yellow-looking matter dogs bring up of a morning when stomach and liver are out of order, or the vomit mixed with blood in cases of gas- tritis or gastric catarrh. 13. EXPRESSION OF THE COUNTENANCE.— When the animal is in pain and suffering, his face is pinched, he looks nervous and thin; even if he does not moan, he appears by his countenance to think that he is being badly treated in some way. In dyspncea there is a look of anxiety mingled with that of terror. 14. EMACIATION is always a bad sign, but taken alone it is not diagnostic. It is very rapid, however, in many febrile disorders, such as distemper, for example. Emacia- tion, when coming on slowly, indicates mal- nutrition of the body in some way, some interference with the blood-making process, and great debility. sometimes 15. OBESITY is to all intents a disease. It must not be confounded with anasarca or general dropsy of the flesh. A fat dog feels firm, the flesh of a dropsical dog gives 5S way to the fingers—pits on pressure. BOOK OF THE DOG. 16. POSITION OF Bopy.—The wish to lie on the belly in disease of the liver, especi- ally in some cold corner; the persistent standing or sitting up in cases of pneu- monia; the arched back of inflammations in the abdominal regions (arched in order to release the muscles and prevent press- ure on the painful parts); the pitiful appearance of a dog in rheumatism—all tell their own tale, and speak volumes to the skilled veterinary surgeon. A slow gait is indicative of debility, stiffness of rheu- matism, or old age, and the curious twitch- ing or jerking movements of St. Vitus’s Dance need only be once seen to be remembered. Simple Remedies.—Much good may at times be done to sick dogs by administer- ing even seemingly simple medicines, and these do all the more good if given in time, for little ailments, if not seen to, often lead to very serious mischief. Take, then, a case of simple fever. This is sometimes called ephemeral fever, be- cause it is supposed only to last for about a day.* Towards evening the dog will seem dull and dispirited, and either refuse his food or eat lazily; his nose may not be hot, nor his eye injected, but under the thighs greater heat than usual will be felt; and if the dog’s owner has been in the habit of feeling his pulse in health, he will now find it is increased in frequency, and he will be sensible, too, of a greater heat than usual on the top of the head. Now what has to be done in this case is sim- plicity itself. First give a pill, compounded of from one-sixteenth of a grain of podo- phyllin for a Toy up to half a grain or more fora St. Bernard or a dog of that size, mixed with from three to fifteen grains of extract of dandelion.t This at once; then, before sleeping time, give from a teaspoon- ful up to six drachms of the solution of the acetate of ammonia in a little water, adding thereto from ten drops to two tea- spoonfuls of sweet spirits of nitre. In the morning give a simple dose of castor-oil— *In the dog its usual duration is from one to five days, + In this treatise, wherever such words occur as say, ‘‘ Dose from two drachms to one ounce,” the, smaller dose has reference to a Toy dog, the larger one to St. Bernard or Mastiff size. SIMPLE REMEDIES. 589 from one teaspoonful to one ounce. Evxer- cise (moderate) and a non-stimulating diet will soon make matters straight. HEADACHE.—Dogs frequently suffer from headache. The symptoms are dulness, quietness, slight injection of the eye, and heat on the top of the head. Bathe the head for.a quarter of an hour at the time with cold water. Give in the morning a dose of Epsom salts, with a little spirits of nitre. Give sulphur, a small dose, half a drachm to three drachms, every second night; reduce the diet, and let the dog have abundance of fresh air. SIMPLE CATARRH succumbs readily to a dose of mindererus spirit at night, or to a dose of Dover’s powder. Foment the fore- head and nose frequently with hot water. Give Epsom salts, with a little spirits of nitre, in the morning, adding thereto from one to six grains of quinine. Light diet. SIMPLE CONSTIPATION is relieved by the bucket bath every morning, or a quarter of an hour’s swim before breakfast. A piece of raw liver is a good aperient. Opening the bowels is not curing constipation. The cause must be sought for and removed. Plenty of exercise and a non-binding diet will do much good. Srwpce SKIN DIsEASES usually yield to application of the home-made lotion, com- posed of one part of paraffin, two parts of salad oil, mixed with sufficient powdered sulphur to form a cream. Pain.—Pain is inseparable from animal life, but much can be done to relieve it. No one except a professional man ought to handle such powerful narcotics as opium and its preparations, but there are other means which anyone can apply. The warm bath (not hot) is an excellent remedy for little dogs. Then we have hot fomenta- tions. are used thus: Have two pieces of flannel, each large enough to well cover the part. The flannel must be three or four ply. Wring each piece, time about, out of water as hot as the hand will bear it, and apply to the seat of pain; keep on These fomenting for half an hour atatime. This is best suited for short-haired dogs. For long-haired there is nothing better than the bag of hot sand, or ironing with a heated iron, if there is no skin tenderness. Chloral hydrate is seldom to be given to =) produce sleep, or allay internal pain, with- out the orders of a skilled veterinary sur- geon; but in cases of rheumatism, or great pain from injury, such as broken bones, etc., a littke may be given. The dose is from five grains to twenty or thirty. The hydropathic belt often does much good. It is used thus: A bandage is to be wrung out of cold water and wound several times round the animal’s body— the hair being previously wetted—and then covered with a dry bandage, or oiled silk may be placed over the wet bandage. It must, however, be kept wet. This, worn for a day or two, is found useful in cases of chronic or sub-acute bowel disorder, whether diarrhoea or constipation. Two grains of powdered alum to an ounce of water is a nice little wash for sore eyes. Drop a little in night and morning. Cold green tea infusion is another. Tincture of arnica half an ounce, one ounce of brandy, and a tumblerful of cold water make a soothing wash for sprains or bruises from blows. When the skin is not off, turpentine acts like a charm to a burn. Quinine and Virol are capital restoratives when a dog is thin and out of sorts. Examples might be multiplied, but enough has been said to prove that simple remedies are not always to be despised. So valuable an animal as the dog de- serves all the care and attention we can give him when ill. It is not possible to cure every case, but in the very worst cases there is one thing that can always be done — we can alleviate suffering. It is well to conclude this chapter with a warning to over-anxious owners of dogs. These are generally very tender and affec- tionate masters or mistresses, but make ex- ceedingly bad nurses. The practice I wish to mention, and at the same time to con- demn, is that of recklessly dosing a sick dog with nutriment when he has no inclina- tion but probably a loathing for food. It is impossible for anything forced into the stomach at such a time to do the slightest good, because it remains undigested; but it will do much harm by acting like a foreign body in the stomach, and at such a time, if nature makes an attempt to assimilate such nourishment, it will be added to the 590 THE NEW fever of the system and cause greater ex- penditure of the much-needed nervous force. Yet men, and especially women, who have sick pet dogs will persist in cramming them with spoonfuls of beef-tea and doses of port wine. Such a silly prac- tice tends to lead to a fatal termination to the case. In all cases of severe illness let BOOkKk OF “THE. DOG: a skilled veterinary surgeon be called, and if he be a skilled one, and not a mere rule- of-thumb man, he will give full directions about food and nursing, and tell the owner straight, as I do here, that these are more important than medicine, which, after all, is merely adjunctive, and never to be ad- ministered haphazard. CHAPTER. il: RULES FOR PRESCRIBING—ADMINISTERING MEDICINES—PREVENTION OF DISEASE—POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. Tue medicines or drugs used in treating the ailments of dogs need be but very few and simple. Blind faith should never be placed in medicine alone for the cure of any ailment. If we can, first and foremost, arrive at a correct knowledge of the nature of the disease which we propose to allevi- ate, there need not be much difficulty in prescribing secundum artem; but medicine alone is only half the battle, if even so much; for good nursing and attention to the laws of hygiene, combined with a judiciously-chosen diet, will often do more to cure a sick dog than any medicine that can be given. The following rules are worth remembering :— 1. In prescribing medicines we should rather err on the side of giving too little than too much. 2. A strong medicine should never be prescribed if a milder one will suffice. 3. The time at which medicines are given ought to be well considered, and the vet- erinary surgeon’s orders in this respect strictly obeyed; if a drug is ordered at bed- time, the dog should on no account be allowed his freedom that night after the administration of the dose. 4. Age must be considered as well as weight, and a young dog and a very old dog require smaller doses. : 5. Mercury, strychnine in any form, arsenic, and some other medicines require extreme caution in their administration. They should never be used by an amateur. 6. Quack medicines should be avoided, for many and obvious reasons. 7. Never despair of a dog’s restoration to health; he may begin to come round when least expected. 8. Cleanliness of all surroundings is most essential to sick dogs; so are gentle warmth, fresh air, and perfect quiet. 9. Be very careful in dividing the doses, 1.e. never guess at the quantity, but always measure it. 10. One word as to the quality of the medicine prescribed. Expensive remedies, such as quinine, etc., are greatly adulter- ated. Get all articles, therefore, from a respectable chemist. The best are cheapest in the end. For example, never give to a dog—for how dainty and easily nauseated his stomach is we all know—the castor oil usually administered to horses, nor ordinary coarse cod liver oil, nor laudanum that has been made with methylated spirit, nor any medicine one would not take one’s self. Of late years there has been a scarcity of cod liver oil of a good quality almost amounting to a famine, and it has conse- quently been very much adulterated. At the best this oil is now almost out of date, and in a very large number of hospitals Virol has taken its place. This is prepared from the red marrow of the ox, and for puppies that are not thriving, also for leanness in dogs, and chronic chest com- plaints of all kinds, as well as the hacking cough of old dogs, I find it of very great value indeed. Plasmon is also excellent. 11. Do not force a dog with medicine if he is going on well without it; recovery must be slow to be safe. ON ADMINISTERING MEDICINES. On Administering Medicines.—A dog should never be roughly treated. Strug- gling with a sick animal often does him more harm than the medicine to be given can do good. Medicines are prescribed in the form of either pill, bolus, mixture, or powder. When giving a dog a pill or bolus, if a small dog, he may be held either on the administrator's knee or on that of an assistant. The mouth is then gently but firmly opened with one hand, and the pill is thrust as far down as possible before it is let go, the head being meanwhile held at an angle of 45° or thereabouts. Close the mouth at once thereafter, and give a slight tap under the chin to aid deglutition by taking the dog by surprise. See that the upper lips are folded under the teeth during the operation, thus protecting the fingers from being bitten, for the dog will hardly care to bite through his own lips to get at the hand. With a very large dog the best plan is to back him up against the inner corner of a wall and get astride of him. Tasteless medicines can generally be given in the food; those, however, that have a bad flavour must be forcibly put over the throat. Hold the dog in the same position as in giving a bolus, only there is no necessity for opening the mouth so wide, although the head is to be held well back, gradually then, and not too much at a time, pour the mixture over the front teeth well down into the back part of the throat. When it is all down, giving the animal a morsel of meat, or anything tasty, will often prevent him from bringing it back again. The ease with which he can vomit is characteristic of the dog, but may often be overcome by taking the animal out into the open air for a little while after he has been drenched. Powders, if taste- less, are mixed with the food, or, if nause- ous and bitter, and still not bulky, they may be given enclosed in a thin layer of beef, only do not let the dog see you pre- paring it; or they may be mixed with butter, syrup, or glycerine, rolled in tissue paper, wetted or greased, and placed well back on the tongue, or given as a bolus. Close the mouth after placing it there until you hear the act of deglutition performed. 59gt _ A better plan of drenching and a safer is to keep the mouth shut and form the upper and lower lips of one side into a funnel. Get an assistant to pour the medi- cine, a little at a time, into this funnel, and keep the mouth closed, or mouth and nose shut, until each mouthful is swallowed. N.B.—In giving medicine to a dog one must keep very cool, and on no account make a fuss, or any great display of bottles and preparations, or the poor animal may think some great evil is going to happen to him, and be obstreperous accordingly. Medicines are sometimes administered by enema; in this case it is well to oil both the anus and nozzle of the syringe, and to be exceedingly gentle; it is a tender part, and we must therefore assure the animal we mean no harm. Powders may be rolled in greased tissue paper and given in the form of bolus. Prevention of Disease——Property hath its duties, and, apart from the sin of keeping any animal in an unhealthy con- dition, by so doing we bring upon our- selves endless trouble, disappointment, and mortification. It might be said, with but little fear of contradiction, that every ailment of the dog is~preventible, but as many of these are contracted by the breathing of germ-laden air or the drink- ing while out of doors of impure water, diseases are contracted without our know- ledge. But with ordinary care every dog should live until he is thirteen or fourteen years of age. The following hints may well be borne in mind by dog-owners :— 1. To keep a dog in health trust to food more than to physic. Food makes blood, physic never. Even iron itself only in- creases the number of red corpuscles in the blood, and this is often less advan- tageous than it may appear, for dogs whose blood is too rich are more subject to in- flammatory ailments than those who are less strong, though wiry and fit. 2. Next in importance to well-selected food is fresh air. The food is assimilated or taken up by the absorbents as chyle, and poured directly into the blood; but it must be properly oxygenated, for if it be not it will not nourish. If it be but par- tially purified, owing to the air breathed being foul, digestion is hindered, nerves 592 THE NEW are weakened, the heart is slowed, and the brain is rendered dull. It is from amongst dogs who are kept constantly in the house or in badly-ventilated kennels that most ailments originate. 3. Impure water is the cause of many diseases, including skin complaints, and some forms of internal parasites, whose larvee may have found their way into such water. 4. Cleanliness of the dog’s coat is essen- tial to health. ‘There is no rule as to how often a dog should be washed. As a general thing, say, once a month or three weeks. It should be done very thoroughly when it is done; the best of soap is essen- tial. Spratt’s Patent have all kinds, and 1 know they are good, but their finer sorts should be used for Toy and other house dogs. Good drying, without too much rubbing, a bit of food immediately after the washing, then a run on the another rub down, and off to kennel and grass, to sleep. 5. Prevent disease also by keeping the dog-dishes, the dog’s bedding, his collar, his clothing, and even his leading-strap scrupulously clean. 6. Prevent it by extra care when at a dog show. See that the bench is clean, and those adjoining his. Many a splendid specimen contracts a fatal ailment at such shows, and this, perhaps, from no fault of those in charge of the benches. Don’t let your specimens make acquaintance with any strange dog while leading him in or out of the show hall or round the exercise ground. Don’t cuddle strange dogs your- self, or you may bring distemper to your own at a show. 7. Prevent disease by open-air exercise. Swimming is one of the best forms of this. So is racing or chasing on the grass after a piece of stick or a ball. 8. Prevent disease (going thin, worms, etc.) in puppies by seeing to it that the dam’s whelping bed is perfectly clean, and that she herself has been washed in tepid water and rinsed with tepid water (not cold) a week before her time. 18; on Bounce—Pope’s Dog, 18 Boxer, The, 505 Brabancon, The Petit, 461, 538 Bracco—Italian Pointer, 498 Bran, Legend of, 16 Braque Charles X., 499 Braque d’Auvergne, 499 Braque de Bourbonnais, 498 Braque de l’Anége, 499 Braque Dupuy, 499 Braque St. Germaine, 408 Breeding, Discrimination in, 578; selection im, 5793 methods of, 5803 out-crossing and in-breeding, 580; atavism, 581; question of sterility, 581; direc- tions for, 582; foster-mothers, 583; rearing by hand, 584 Breughel, Skye Terrier by, 1 Brocklesby Hunt, 207 Bruno, The, 489 Brussels Griffon, Origin of, 456; introduction to England, 4573; breeding for size, 458; treatment of puppies, 459; preparation for shows, 460; varieties of, 460 Buffon, on Origin of Dog, 6 Bull-baiting, Bulldogs in, 35; laws relative to, 556 Bulldog, Dr. Johnson and, 18; early ,references to, 33; use of in bear and bull-baiting, 34; as fighter, 373 tenacity of, 38; modern history and development of, 39 ef seg.; treatment of puppies, 51; miniature, 523 French, 57; Spanish, 510 Bull-terrier, as fighting dog, 329; origin of, 329; Hinks’ strain, 330; cropped ears, 331-2; in Lancashire and Yorkshire, 331; in America, 333; Toy, 465 Bull-terrier, Toy, 465; sporting instincts of, 465; weight of, 465; colour of, 466 Burns, Robert, on the Collie, roo Byron, Epitaph on Newfoundland, by, 74 Caius, Dr. John, “ Of Englishe Dogges,” 19, 33; on the Greyhound, 190; on the Setter, 243; on origin of the Spaniel, 269; on Terriers, 315, 324, 394; on Toy Spaniels, 431; on Maltese, 448 Carlin 4 Poil Long, 455 Carriage of Dogs, The Law and, 566 Cave-dwellers, Domestic Dogs, and, 2 Cerberus, 13. Charnigue, The, 4092 Chaucer, Mention of Spaniel by, 268 Chesapeake Bay Dog, 265 Chien de Beauce, 520 Chien-de Brie, 520 ; Chien de Franche-Comté, 485 Chien de Gascogne, 487 Chiens de Normandie, Probable Scandinavian origin of, 15; description of, 486 Chiens Plongeurs, 522 Chihuahua Dog, The, 535 Chow-Chow, ‘* Royal Dog of China,” 124 Clumber Spaniel, The, 275 Clydesdale, Terrier, Home of, 414; coat of, 415; breed- ing of, 416 “ Coach Dog’ (see Dalmatian) Cocker Spaniel, 294 Collie, The working, 98; the bearded, 102, 114; Sheep- dog trials, 103; the show Collie, 105; the smooth Collie, 109; miniature, 469; use in war of, 523, 524 Congo Terrier, 506 Constantinople, Pariah Dogs in, 524 622 THE NEW Continental Hounds, 484 Coursing, History of, in England, 190; points in, Ig1, meetings, 192 “Cowley ” Terriers, 319 Cox, Nicholas, on Terriers, 315 Cuba, Use of Bloodhounds in, 142 Dachsbrack, The, 489 Dachshund, as Badger hunter, 305; origin of, 306; breed- ing and training of, 307; varieties of, 309 Dalmatian, Origin of, 92; history and development of in England, 93 Dandie Dinmont Terrier, as assistant to Otterhound, 152; origin of, 397; Sir Walter Scott, and, 308; early breeders of, 398; exaggeration of points of, 400; as fighter, 403; breeding of, 403 Deniel, on Terriers, 316 Deerhound, Early British breed of, 15; King Arthur’s, 15, 169; origin of, 168; history of, 169, 1703 use of, 1713 recent history of, 172 ef seq. Deerstalking, 170 Denmark, Traces of Prehistoric Dogs in, 2 Dickens, Charles, Story of a Newfoundland by, 78 Dingo, Origin and Taming of, 470; in England, 471 Diseases of Dogs, 585 ef seg. Distemper, 602 Dobermann Pinscher, 504 Dog, Domestic, Origin of, 1-5; worship of, in Peru, 33 in Assyrian sculpture, 3; in Ancient Egypt, 4; im Grecian literature, 4, 12 ef seg.; in Phoenicia, 53; in Roman literature, 13; in Scandinavian literature, 14; as sacrifice in Rome, 13; in Scandinavia, 153 intro- duced to England by Normans, 15 Dog-keeping, Delights of, 572 Dog-stealing, Punishment for, 552; the Law and, 560 Dog-worship in. Peru, 3 Domestic Dog, Probable origin of, 1-5 Draught Dogs, Eskimo, 526, 528; Samoyede, 528; Hud- son Bay, 529; the ‘‘ Huskies,” 530; Belgian, 532; in England, 534 “Dudley Nose’? in Bulldogs, 44 Diirer, Albert, ‘‘ Vision of St. Hubert,’ 189 Dutch Sheepdogs, 518 Dutch Terriers, 505 Egypt, Domestic Dog in Ancient, 4 Elk-hound, 491 Elterwater Terrier, 319 English Water Spaniel, The, 275 Epagneul de Picardie, 495 Epagneul Ecossais, 495 Epagneul Frangais, 495 Eskimo Dogs, 526, 528; in England, 530 Eton, ** Beagling ’ at, 231 Exercise, The Necessity of, for Dogs, 577 Feeding, Hints on, 576 Field Spaniel, The, 285 “First Bite,” Privileges of, 557 Flush, Mrs. Browning’s, 18 Foreign Gun Dogs and Terriers, 465; Pet Dogs, 535 Foreign Hounds, 484 Forest Laws, Early, 21, 554 Fox as alleged Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 6 Foxhound, Origin of, 206; celebrated packs, 207; pace of, 208; best twelve hounds, 2133 value of, 213; Peterborough Shows of, 214; puppy walking, 216; in Wales, 221 Fox-terrier, Smooth, Origin of, 337; Burbridge Kennel, 340; Clarke Kennel, 340; Redmond Kennel, 340; Vicary Kennel, 341; Tinne Kennel, 342; question of size, 342; how to breed, 343 Wire-hair, Origin of, 344; disabilities of 345; cross- ing with smooth variety, 347; incompetency of judges of, 348; trimming, 340; condition of breed to-day, 351; question of size, 353 BOOK OF THE . DOG: French Bulldog, 57 French Hounds, 484 French Pointers, 498 French Sheepdogs, 520 French Spaniels, 500 French Terriers, 503 Gainsborough, T., R.A., “ Duke of Buccleuch, with an Old English Sheepdog,” 113 Gascon-Saintongeo!s, 487 Gazehounds, Early British breed of, 15 Gazelle Hound, 474 Geist, Matthew Arnold’s, 18 Gelert, Story of, 16 German Hounds, 488 German Pointer, 497 German Setter, 496 German Sheepdogs, 519 German Spaniels, 501 German Terriers, 503 German Toy Dogs, 537 Ghosts, Dogs and, 16 Goldsmith, Oliver, on Trish Wolfhound, 161 Gontschaga Sobaka, 488 Great Dane, the, Origin of, 84; history and development of, in England, 85 e¢ seg. Greece, Reference to Dog in literature of, 4, 12 ef seg.3 Greyhound in, 189 Greyhound, in Assyrian sculpture, 3; Egyptian sculp- ture, 4, 1883; history of, 188; coursing, 190; Waterloo Cup, 190; points in coursing, ig1; winners of Water- loo Cup, 193; Italian, origin of, 467; in art, 468; Oniental, 4743; Kirghiz, 480; of Sudan, 481; Afghan, 481; of India, 482; Potsdam, 493; as draught dog, 330; punishment for keeping, 553 Griffon Basset, 300, 303 Griffon Boulet, 502 Griffon de Bresse, 500 Griffon Korthals, 501 Griffon Guerlain, 501 Griffon, Vendéen, 486; Nivernais, 486 Hairless Dogs, 539 Halstead Park Beagles, 229 Hapa Dog, The, 538 Harrier, Antiquity of, 222; Xenophon, on the, 222; in England, 222; training of puppies, 223 Havana Spaniel, The, 530 Herodotus, and Greyhound, 189 Hodiin, Legend of, 15, 169 Hogg, James, on Sheepdog, 99 Hollandsche Smoushond, 505 Homer, References to Dog by, 12 Hudson Bay, Hauling Dogs of, 529 Hungarian Sheepdog, 517 “ Huskies,’ The, 530 Icelandic Dog, 491 Importation of Dogs, Law and the, 563 India, Dog in, 16 In-breeding, 580 Treland, Wolfhound in, 14 Trish Terrier, Merits of, 3673; origin of, 368; size and colour, 309 Trish Water Spaniel, 269 Trish Wolfhound (see Wolfhound) Italian Greyhound, 467 Italian Gun Dogs, 502 Italian Pointer, 408 Jackal, as Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 5, 7 Japanese Spaniel, Origin and home of, 4413; breeding of, 442; treatment of, 442 Kaiser, Matthew Arnold’s, 18 EN DEG > 5 Kangaroo Hound, 471 Kelpie, The, 472 Kennel Club, the, Foundation of, 542; origin of, 5433 tules of, 544; stud-book, 544 Kennel, Establishment and management of, 573; styles of, 575 Kennel Gazetie, Founding of, 545 Kerry Beagle, 231 King Charles Spaniels, Name of, 430; Dr. Caius on, 431° origin of, 432; as favourites of Charles II., 432; varieties of, 433; Marlborough, 433; King Charles, 435; Prince Charles, or tricolour, 435; Blenheim, 435; Ruby, 435; treatment of, 437; breeding of. 439; puppies and their management, 439 Kirghiz Greyhound, 480 Komondor, The, 517 Korthals Griffon, 501 Kurzhaariger Vorstehhund, 497 Labrador Dog, 255, 261 Ladies’ Kennel Association, Founding of, 548; first show, 549; icorporation of, 549; liability of members, 550 Landseer, Sir E., “A Distinguished Member of Humane Society,” 74 Lane Basset, 300 Law and the Dog, 552 ef seg. Leonberg, The; 518 Lhasa Terrier, 507 Licences, The Law relative to, 561 Literature, The Dog in, 18, 74 Little Lion Dog, The, 537 Llangibby Pack (Welsh Hounds), 220 Luath, Legend of, 16 Mackenzie River Dog, 530 Maida, Sir Walter Scott’s, 18 Maltese Dog, the, Origin of, 448; care of, 449; Dr. Caius on, 448 Manchester Terrier, 324 Manilla Spaniel, The, 539 Marlborough Spaniel, 433 ““Master of Game,” by Edward Plantagenet, 18; the Spaniel in, 267 Mastiff, in Assyrian sculpture, 3, 20; bred by Phcenicians, 4, 20; early British breed of, 15, 20; of Knights of Rhodes, 17; in Bayeux tapestry, Thibetan, 511; early laws relative to, 555 Mastiff, the English, Antiquity of, 20; in Anglo-Saxon times 21; in bear-baiting, 22; modern records of, 22 ef seg.; treatment of puppies, 31 Mathe, Story of, 17 Medelan, The, 490 Millais, Sir J. E., as breeder of Bassets, 300, 302, 303 Miniatyre Breeds: Bulldog, 52; French Bulldog, 59; Trawler Spaniel, 440; Black and Tan Terriers, weight and origin of, 463; breeding of, 464; Toy Bull Terrier, 465; Collie, 469 Molossian Dog, 20 Mongolian Dog, The, 539 Mopshund, 455 Motor Cars and Dogs, 564 Muzzling Orders, 561 422 Newfoundland, The, in literature and art, 74; origin and history of, 75; treatment of puppies, 80; classified with Labradors, 261; as draught dog, 530 Norfolk Retriever, The, 266 Norman Hound, 486 Normans, as Importers of Dogs into England, 15 Norwegian Bear-hound, 490 Notices, Warning, as to Dogs, 55 Old Braque, 498 Old Working Terrier, The, its origin, 315; “ Pitch,” 316; described in “ Sfortsman’s Cabinet,” 316; ‘* Boxer,” 623 317; “Jack Russell” strain, 317-18; “ Cowley ” strain, 319; Elterwater Terrier, 319 Otter, Habits of, 153 Otterhound, Origin of, 153; development of, 154; cele- brated packs, 155 Ouida, and Dogs, 18 Outcrossing in Breeding, 580 Ovid and Greyhound, 189 ““Owd Bob,” 18, 08 Owtchar, The, Russian Sheepdog, 113, 518 Paisley Terrier (see Clydesdale) Papillon, The, 53 Pariah Dogs, 524 Pekinese, the, History of, in England, 444; true type of, 445; colouz of, 446; treatment of puppies, 447 Pelléas, Maeterlinck’s, 18 Pepys, on Bull-baiting, 35 Pera, Pariah Dogs in, 524 Peru, Dog worship in, 3 Pet Dogs, Enghsh, 422 et seg.; foreign, 535 Peterborough, Hound shows at, 214 Phoebus, Gaston, on the Spaniel, 268 Pheenicia, Mastiff and Water Spaniel in, 5 Phu Quoc Dog, 494 Om Pinscher, Dobermann, 504; wire-hair, 504; smooth- coated, 505 Pittenweem Terrier, 319 Plutarch, Reference to dogs by, 13 Podengo, The, 492 Pointer, Origin of, 232; field trials for, 234; develop- ment of English, 235; foreign, 496 Poisons and Antidotes, 592 Police Dogs, 521° Poligar Hound, 482 Poltalloch Terriers, 391 Pomeranian, the, German origin of, 422; Ouida and, 422; antiquity of, 423; points of, 426; colour varie- ties of, 427; Wolfspitz, 492 Pont-Audemer Spaniel, 500 Poodle, Characteristics of, 128; cleverness of, 129; origin of, 129; history and development of, 130; corded variety, 131; curly, 131; puppies, 132; as progenitor of curly-coated Retriever, 259; as pru- genitor of English Water-Spaniel, 275 Poodle-Pointer, 497 - Postal Dogs, 523 Potsdam Greyhounds, 493 Prehistoric Dogs, 1 Prevention of Disease, 591 Pug, the, Origin of, 451; varieties of, 452; black, 454 Puppies, Treatment of: Mastiff, 31; Bulldog, 51; miniature Bulldog, 56; French Bulldogs, 61; New- foundland, 80; Old English Sheepdog, 118; Poodle, 132; Bloodhound, 149; Borzoi, 185; Foxhound, 216; Harrier, 223; Dachshund, 307; smooth Fox-terricr, 343; King Charles Spaniels, 439; Pekinese, 447; Brussels Griffon, 459; at birth, 583 Pyrenean Dog, 515; uses of, 516; in war, 523 Quarantine for Dogs, 563 “Rab and His Friends,” 18 Rabies, Board of Agriculture and, 564, 613 Rampur Hound, 482 Ranelagh, Whippet-racing at, 200 Reindeer Period, Traces of Dogs in, 2 Rehpinscher, The, 537 Retrievers, The Flat-coated, 254; origin in the Labrador and the Setter, 255; as sporting dog, 255; curly- coated, 259; Labrador, 261; Chesapeake Bay Dog, 265; the Norfolk, 266; foreign, 496 Rome, Dogs in literature of, 13, 21, 34 Roseneath Terrier, 319 Rothschild, Baron, Staghounds of, 219 Rottweil Dog, The, 520 624 THE «NEW Royal Buckhounds, 219 Ruskin, on the Dog in Art, 13 Russell, Rey. John, and his Terriers, 318 Russian Hounds, 488, 490 Russian Retriever, 490 Russian Setter, 496 Russian Sheepdog, 518 Samoyede Dogs, 491, 528; in England, 530 Scandinavia, Dogs in literature of, 14 Schipperke, Origin and CharacteristicS of, 135; history of, in England, 135 Schweiss-hund, 488 Scott, Sir Walter, as breeder of Deerhound, 171 Scottish Terrier, Controversy over, 381; as show dog, 3833 origin of, 384; known as “ Aberdeen”’ Terrier, 3853; points of, 388 Sealy Ham Terrier, 317, 318 Seidenspitz, The, 537 Setters, The, English, 243; crigin of, 244; Irish, 248; Black and Tan, or Gordon, 250; Welsh, 2523; field trials for, 253; foreign, 405 Sheepdog, The Old English, as worker, 112; in art, 113; history of, 114; tail docking, 117; treatment of puppies, 1193; as sporting dog, 254 Sheepdog Trials, 103 Sheepdogs: Russian, 113; of Australasia, 472; Hun- garian, 517; Russian (Owtchar), 518; French, Belgian, and Dutch, 519; German, 519 Shirley, Mr. S. E., and Kennel Club, 542 Siberia, Draught Dogs in, 527 Simple Remedies, 588 Skye Terrier, in Painting by Breughel, 1; the ‘ Heavenly breed,” 4053; origin of, 406; controversy respecting the, 407; as fox-hunter, 4o8; points of, 408; coat of, 411; breeding of, 413 Sleuth-hound, 140 Slughi, Progenitor of Greyhound, 188; in Greek art, 189; description of, 474; of the Sahara, 480 Smuggling Dogs, 129, 522 Snap Dog (see Whippet) Snarleyow, 18 Somerville, William, description of Foxhound, 215 Southern Hound, Origin and use of, 152 Spaniel, bred by Phoenicians for export, 5; in history, 178; King Charles, 430; miniature Trawler, 440; Japanese, 441; Pekinese, 444; as draught Dog, 530; the Thibet, 538; Havana and Manilla, 539 Spaniel, the Sporting, Development cf, 267; Blenheim, as sporting dog, 269; the Irish Water Spaniel, 269; English Water Spaniel, 275; Clumber, 277; Sussex, the, 282; Field, the, 285; English Springer, 290; Welsh Springer, 292; the Cocker, 294; foreign, 500 Spanish Bulldog, 510 Spanish Pointer, 408 Spinone, The, 502 Springer, as Progenitor of English Water Spaniel, 275; English, 290; Welsh, 292 Staghound, 219; French, 484 St. Bernard, the, History of, 63; in England, 65 e¢ seg. ; use of, in war, 523 St. Eustace, Patron Saint of Dogs, 16 St. Hubert, Legend of, 16; festival of, 17; hounds of, 17 Strabo, References to British Pugnaces, 21, 140 Stray Dogs, The Law and, 562 Stud-book, Establishment of Kennel Club, 544 Sudan, Greyhound of, 481 Superstition, Dogs and, 16 Sussex Spaniel, The, 282 Swiss Hounds, 489 Switzerland, Traces of Prehistoric Dogs in, 2 BOOK OF THE. DOG: Terriers, The old working, 315; ‘‘ Jack Russell,” 317-18; Sealy Ham, 317-8; Wire-haired Black-and-Tan, 318; “ Cowiey”’ strain, 319; Elterwater, 319; the Rose- neath, 319; Pittenweem, 319; classification of, 3193 white English, 320; Black-and-Tan, 324; Bull, 329; Boston, 334; Smooth Fox, 337; Wire-haired Fox, 344; Airedale, 355; Bedlington, 363; Irish, 367; Welsh, 373; Scottish, 381; ‘‘ Aberdeen,” 385; West Highland White, 590; Dandie Dinmont, 397; Skye, 405; Clydesdale, or Paisley, 414; Yorkshire, 4173 Maltese, 448; Australian, 472; foreign, 503 Thibet Mastiff, Description of, 511, 5133 uses of, 514 Thibet Spaniel, The, 538 Tie-dog, 22 Toy Dogs, Pomeranian, 422; King Charles Spaniels, 4503; miniature Trawler Spaniel, 440; Japanese Spaniel, 441; Pekinese, 444; Maltese, 448; the Pug, 451; Carlin a Poil Long, 455; Brussels Griffon, 456; miniature’ Black-and-Tan and Toy Bull-terriers, 4603; Italian Greyhound, 467; miniature Collie, 469; foreign, 5353; how to keep, 573 Travelling Boxes, 577 Trawler Spaniel, Miniature, 440 Useful Hints on Dog Keeping, 618 Vendéen Griffon, 486 Vendéen Hound, 485 War, Dogs in, reference by Xenophon, 13 War, Dogs of, 523 Warrigal, The, 470 Waterloo Cup, Establishment and history of, 190; chief winners of, 193 Water Spaniels, 269-275 Weimar Pointer, 498 Welsh Hound, 220 Welsh Terrier, Colour of, 373; coat-of, 3743 origin of, 374; Jones of Ynysfor strain, 374; Hughes strain, 374; South Carnarvonshire strains, 3753 in poetry, 375; as show dog, 375 West Highland White Terrier, Home of, 390; history of, 3913; at Poltalloch, 392; coat of, 3933 sporting ability of, 393; breeding of, 394; ‘“‘ gameness” of, 3953 points of, 395 Westminster, Dog-pit at, 37 Whelping, Hints upon, 583 Whippet, Description of, 198; racing, 199; training of, 201 White English Terrier, Origin of, 320; crossed with the Whippet, 322 Wolf, as Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 5, 7 ef seg. Wolfdogs, Early British breed of, 15 Wolfhound, the Irish, Origin of, 160; Goldsmith, on, 1613; history of, 162; development of, 163 e¢ seg.; of Albania, 489; Russian (see Borzoi) Wolfspitz, The, 492 Worms in Puppies, 584 Wirtemburg Pointer, 408 Xenophon, Reference to “Dogs of War” by, 133 on Greyhound, 189; as keeper of Harriers, 222 Yorkshire Terrier, Origin of, 417; coat of, 418; in America, 421; in France and Germany, 421 Youatt, on origin of Domestic Dog, 5; on Newfound- lands, 76; on origin of English Water Spaniel, 2753 on Sussex Spaniel, 282 Zulu Sand Dog, 541 Zwerg Pinscher, The, 537 PRINTED BY CASSELL AND COMPANY, LimiTED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C. ¢ / *” dy, ie a el a lien ia vy PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY SF Leighton, Robert 427 The new book of the dog L42 Biological & Medical etl ete: irr Pemnte? & ibbehoactare sia ee op) Dry popelay Sa ins Sy iawn a ae anh rt a NY sreetarh ita) Sab . ye 5a be i 4 hi ren in e ote 2S ‘ Mas ES ee wate Se tated aye SHENG