BRITISH*WILD ‘FLOWERS
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BRITISH WILD FLOWERS

Described by A. R. HORWOOD
With Sixty-four Plates in Colour
Representing 350 Different Plants
From Drawings by J. N. FITCH

and Many Ttustrations from
Photographs

VOLUME VI

(

2 4 1969

CONTENTS

VOLUME VI

INTRODUCTION - - - = 3

FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS
FLOWERS

FLOWERS

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

OF

THE FIELDS AND MEADOWS
THE CORNFIELDS - -
THE SEA COAST - -

THE Woops AND CoPSES

THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES
THE Hitis, Dry PLAcEs, ETC.

THE LAKES, Rivers, DITCHEs,

WASTE PLACES, ETC. -
THE BoGs AND MARSHES

THE HEATHS AND Moors

THE Rocks AND WALLS, SANDY AND GRAVELLY PLACES

APPENDIX: ADDENDA - - -

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

In this volume are included the remaining British species not described in
Vols. II-V. They are also arranged in systematic order under each section based
on broad ecological lines. To assist in the identification of plants in this and
preceding volumes, a summary, first, of the natural orders and, secondly, of the
genera is given in Vol. V. But, the work not being primarily intended to define
the systematic characters of plants, reference to a work with analytical keys,
such as Bentham and Hooker, may be made for that purpose. In the introduc-
tion to this volume some remarks are appended upen:

(a) The composition of the British flora.

(6) Status of some Britannic plants.

(c) Some further notes on species and varieties.
(d) Hybrids.

(e) Identification of species.

(f/) Nomenclature.

The composition of the British Flora, as at present understood, may be best
gathered by a study of Mr. Druce’s British Plant List, which is very compre-
hensive, so that there is no danger of erring on the side of under-estimation.

In this list are included 2958 flowering plants, excluding Gymnosperms and
Cryptogams. Since it was published many more have since been added.

Of native or well-established species there are some 1759. These, includ-
ing some Gymnosperms and Cryptogams not embraced in that number, are made
up as follows:

Native species an ss ane 400 “7 LaGO
Sub-species.... oe Sor 401
Species doubtfully native ... S02 58c su SIS)

1880
Alien species now well established oo oop
Aliens more or less fugitive... Soe isi ..» 940

1084

This includes 5 extinct species and 5 others doubtful. There are 1430 varieties
and 259 hybrids, over and above 23 not included in these numbers.

Of the aliens 751 are natives of Europe,

102 An ae ASIcty
23 9 », Africa,

162° 35 ,, America,
Ones ,. Australasia,

30 are cultivated (in many cases natives of Asia and Africa).

1 See Adventive Flora of Tweedside and Mr. Druce’s Alien Flora.
vii

Vill INTRODUCTION

As regards duration, there are 52 British trees, 210 shrubs (129 being Rubi or
Brambles), 7 climbing shrubs, 1020 perennials (130 being Hieracia), 76 biennials,
350 annuals (25 being Characee (Cryptogams) ).

In this work all or most of the truly native plants are included, save varieties
and forms; also the better-established aliens, colonists, and denizens. The newer
aliens and a few doubtful species are not described.

In the London Catalogue of British Plants, Edition 10, 1908, the number of
species enumerated is 1977, including some colonists, denizens, and aliens. Pro-
fessor Henslow’s Caéalogue of British Plants, 1835, gave the number as 1381
species (native), 57 naturalized, 56 doubtful, or 1494; and the varieties as 1650
(native), 62 naturalized, and 58 doubtful.

From these totals it may be gathered what advance has been made during
the last half-century or more in the domain of British systematic botany. Between
the totals given by Henslow and Druce there is a difference of some six hundred
species, let alone varieties. Such increase may be due to several causes, of which
the main are:

(a) Division of aggregates into segregates.

(6) More systematic exploration of the flora, county by county.
(c) Annual introduction of plants from elsewhere.

(@) Better knowledge of species and varieties.

It is necessary to define the accepted terms used to differentiate between the
status of different plants, and for this purpose no better definitions can be had than
those proposed by Watson, the pioneer of British plant geography.

Watson used six grades to distinguish plant-nativeness or other degrees of
status, of which the first four are universally accepted.

1. Native.1—Apparently an aboriginal British species; there being little or no
reason for supposing it to have been introduced by human agency. Examples:
Corylus, Calluna, Bellis, Teesdalia.

2. DENIZEN.—At present maintaining its habitats, as if a native, without the
aid of man, yet liable to some suspicion of having been originally introduced.
Examples: Aconztum, Paonia, Viola odorata, Impatiens noli-me-tangere.

3. CoLonist.—A weed of cultivated land or about houses, and seldom found
except in places where the ground has been adapted for its production by the
operations of man; with some tendency, however, to appear also on shores, land-
slips, &c. Examples: Adonzs, Papaver, Agrostemma, Melilotus.

4. ALIEN (OR CasuAL).—Now more or less established, but either presumed
or certainly known to have been originally introduced from other countries.
Examples: Sempervivum, Mimulus, Hesperts, Camelina.

5. Incocnira.—Reported as British, but requiring confirmation as such. Some
of these have been reported through mistakes of the species, as Ranunculus
gramineus. Others may have been really seen in the character of temporary
stragglers from gardens, as Gentiana acaulis. Others cannot now be found in the
localities published for them, as Tusszlago alpina and other species reported by or
from Mr. George Don; though it is not improbable that some of these may yet be
found again. A few may have existed for a time, and become extinct, as Echzno-
phora spinosa.

6. HIBERNIAN (OR SARNIAN).—Native, or apparently so, in Ireland, or in the
Channel Isles, though not found in Britain proper. It is obvious that, in so

1 Of endemic species (confined to the British Isles) it has hitherto been considered that only some 147 species
can be regarded as such, mainly Rubi and Hieracia.

INTRODUCTION ix

peculiarly situated a group of islands as the British Isles, the flora must be very
varied. The world trade of the British Isles brings to us many aliens, and the
migration of birds, the lines of which lie across these areas, is responsible for the
occurrence of many plants here that grow in far-distant regions; and, similarly,
the Gulf Stream and prevalent winds may be the deciding factors in other cases.

As to the general character of the flora and the status of many species, and the
occurrence of endemic species, Mr. Druce in his report of the floristic results of
the International Phytogeographical Excursion, 1912, writes: ‘‘ Whereas many
leading British systematists have been extremely reluctant to acknowedge that
the British Isles contained endemic species . . . yet, as one would expect, a
more minute and critical study of plant forms . . . has led to well-marked
differences being established between many of our island species and their homo-
logues on the mainland of Europe”. Referring to some remarks by Dr. Graebner,
on the difference between British and Continental forms of Sedum acre (the British
type is distinguished as Sedum Drucez), Mr. Druce adds: ‘‘ This statement is
borne out by one’s own experience; one sees that the common species of Jersey
have a different facies from those of our Midlands, while those of the north Scottish
coast possess a distinct individuality from those of Devon and Kent. But it is only
exceptionally that sfeczfic distinctions can be found. This range of variation,
differing necessarily in degree, however, suggests that we may be unwise when
working with critical forms to attempt to identify the microspecies of Geranium,
Erodium, the Melanium Violas, and the critical species of Rose, Euphrasia,
Hreracia, and Taraxact, with Continental names. In many cases I strongly
suspect that the British plants are sufficiently distinct to warrant them being
described and named. Indeed, as will be seen, two of our British plants, Zvzgeron
alpinus and Melampyrum pratense, should bear, Dr. Ostenfeld suggests, other
names. And, if evolution be a fact, we might be prepared to expect that these
plants, living for solong under different climatal conditions and geographical
position, should have evolved a facies of their own.”

The influence of man over the character of the present flora has been emphasized
in previous volumes. His relation to the status of plants, as defined by Watson,
has been ably defined by the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock in Natural Habitats
and Nativeness, where he writes: ‘‘In relation to man as a predominating factor in
the botanical problem, all we have to set ourselves to disentangle is, ‘what is
permanent, and what is transitory?’ The former is natural, the latter accidental,
semi-alien, or alien. No other criterion appears to be possible. It has the advan-
tage of being simple and practical. It may be difficult to say whether a given species
is ‘native, denizen, colonist, or casual’ under a certain environment, but it is
easy enough to ascertain whether it is permanent or transitory. It is not difficult
to demonstrate whether a plant is found in the majority of fitting situations, or
whether it is peculiar to one locality, or at most a few, under suspicious circum-
stances, under the same conditions of growth.

“‘To help in this respect, and to escape from the difficulties and perplexities
of the Watsonian system of terminology, I propose to class all species into various
categories, as they stand in an intimate or more distant relation to man and his
undertakings. Their position in a category or categories will at once settle their
status. Samples only can be given here: Followers (1) of man, (2) of cultivation,
(3) of commerce. Frequenters (1) of broken ground, (2) of waste ground, (3) of
pasture, (4) of meadow, (5) of woodland, (6) of roadside hedges, (7) of field hedges,
(8) of lakes, (9) of ditches, &c., are much more simply applied, even though the
phrase lacks the sweet simplicity of the Watsonian word. Both should contain a

x INTRODUCTION

distinct idea, or set of circumstances; unfortunately, in practice, this is what
Watson’s words do not express.”

A further feature in the occurrence of plants of transitory type lies in the
necessity of absence of competition which determines the floral cycle of a piece of
ground. The last writer indeed says: ‘‘ A very little observation, properly directed,
will soon convince any unprejudiced mind, that freedom from competition is the
chief influencing cause of the appearance of annuals and biennials on freshly moved
soils. It settles the question of the duration of their stay; and everywhere, under
natural and artificial conditions alike, freedom from competition is the most potent
influence in the distribution of transitory species.

‘Man acts as a disturber of the floral cycles of nature, as a clearer and mover of
the ground, as an interrupter of competition, as a finder of elbow-room for annuals,
biennials, and the less powerful perennials. Directly or indirectly his influence is felt
in many other ways as a modifying force. Some have hardly been fully appreciated
yet. The one special manner in which every human being, by his actions or
through his wants, influences plant life, is as an aider and abettor of the weaklings
of our flora in their struggle for existence.”

Whilst most of the alien plants found in the British Isles colonize ground which
differs from their natural habitat in their country of origin, some may establish
themselves here in closely similar habitats. In Mr. S. T. Dunn’s Alien Flora of
Britain, the natural habitat of the species is given, but some of the plants included
in this work may, as the Rev. E. S. Marshall points out (Zhe Status of Some
Britannic Plants), be regarded as native in this country. The latter rightly
emphasizes the importance of correctly defining the width of meaning to be
attached to the somewhat loose term ‘‘ waste places”, and considers that in this
we should include village greens, rubbish heaps, unoccupied land near towns and
villages, and sandy commons, sea-shores, &c. The actual geographical distribution
in Europe of many species is complicated also by the existence of outliers.

Of plants regarded as alien by Dunn, Mr. Marshall would exclude, among others:
Aconitum Napellus, possibly Paonia corallina (though Mr. Druce thinks it is not
native), Lepidium Smithiz, Stsymbrium Sophia, Viola tricolor, Cerastium arvense,
Malva rotundifolia (near the sea), Geranium pusillum, Medicago minima, Vicia
lutea, Prunus insititia, Ribes Grossularia (in Yorkshire), Cotyledon Umbilicus, 4igo-
podium Podagraria, Anthriscus vulgaris (on the coast), Sherardia arvensis,
Artemisia Absinthium, Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Lactuca Scariola, Matricaria
tnodora (vars.), Sonchus arvensis (seashores), yoscyamus niger (in woods), Veronica
arvensis, Ajuga Chamepitys, Atriplex patula (by slow streams), Chenopodium album
(in marshes), Rumex pulcher (on the coast), Partetaria officinalis (on rocks and
cliffs), Galanthus nivalis (especially in the west), Apera interrupta.

These are but a few of the plants whose nativeness has been questioned, that
may be regarded as indigenous. It is important to remember that a plant may be
native in one situation and casual in others. Thus it is necessary to make a careful
rock-soil analysis of records of each species, and to determine where and when it is
permanent, and when transitory.

In considering the meaning of the terms species, varieties, &c., it is necessary
to admit the influence, not only of the zzherent tendency to vary, but also of such
physiological factors as po//ination (whether self-pollination or cross-pollination),
and of factors such as soil or climate.

Variation in some genera, even in the British Flora, is extremely marked, and
whilst the normal number of species in a genus is four or five, there are some
genera that include as many as 100 species (or sub-species or races).

INTRODUCTION xi

The whole problem centres around the interpretation of terms, and the value
attached to each. But whatever value be attached, the underlying causes remain.
The multiplication of forms may in some cases, as in Willowherbs, Willows, &c.,
be due to hybridization, in others to the normal causes of variation.

When a species is not adapted to cross-pollination, but is self-pollinated, and
produces a larger range of forms, they are not the result of natural selection, but
rather, as De Vries explains in regard to such mutations, or species in the making,
due to the production of mutants in the early history of the plant, differing in one
or more characters from the type, and perpetuated by the addiction of the plant to
self-pollination. By degrees the creation of small variations from the original will
bring about great divergence between the parent stock and the latest mutants, until
the extreme forms may rightly be considered distinct species, especially if the
connecting forms have failed to survive. Much then depends, in our conception of
species, upon the survival of intermediates, or the reverse. The existence of natural
selection, indeed, largely hinges upon the occurrence of such a phenomenon as
survival, or the reverse, or in other words of adaptations to meet special conditions.

Different from continuous variations are those.produced by a change in the
environment. Such small continuous variations were emphasized by Darwin as
being advantageous and in the struggle for existence liable to be selected, other
plants which do not possess them not surviving. The extremes survive, hence the
difficulty experienced in tracing the evolution of species owing to the disappearance
of connecting forms.

So far as the results of artificial selection go, in the cultivation of species,
Jolannsen has not found that divergent forms arise; the usual result is the pro-
duction of a pure line with a higher average weight of seed (the special character
experimented with), and beyond this no great variation occurs.

But there are other variations of kind rather than degree, and one obtains sports
(as in the case of white flowers), discontinuous variations, or mutations. According
to Darwin such sports or mutations are rare. His experience is in direct opposition
to that of De Vries, who worked upon Ginothera, the parent plant of his mutants
being, however, of doubtful nature. Whether mutations are frequent or not, species
may arise suddenly. Owing to the influence of cross-pollination, indeed, it is natural
that mutants should, once originated, be quickly altered, and their origin obscured,
by the influence of crossing, which is, as a rule, the prevalent type of pollination.
Mutations would also become crossed with typical forms, and rare mutants would
be eliminated.

Self-pollination would, on the contrary, help to perpetuate mutations, and the
rarer, more extreme form of pollination, or cleistogamy, whereby outside influence
of insect visitors is entirely excluded, would have the effect of establishing any
mutations that could arise and in due course of producing plants entitled to rank
as sub-species, or even new species.

There is in general a tendency in plants to preserve specific identity, given
uniform conditions of growth. The plant itself has a tendency to avoid variation
as a rule, a fact reflected in the prepotency of pollen or the readiness with which
one individual of a species is crossed with another of the same species, rather than
with that of another species, or even genus. Also like individuals of the same
species are more likely to be crossed than dissimilar individuals. This tendency is,
however, discounted by the erratic conduct of the agents that effect cross-pollination,
namely insects, though it has been shown by Lord Avebury that, as a rule, insects
have a marked preference for visiting plants of the same species in their wanderings
to and fro in search of pollen or honey. But, apart from colour and form of flower,

xi INTRODUCTION

insects are not, we must assume, to be credited with the power of discrimination
between forms differing in other respects, where those features do not affect their
search for the above items of food.

The relative scarcity of impure crosses or hybrids shows how unerring is the
instinct of insects. Hybrids, as distinct from species and varieties, are not the
main links in the chain of evolution of species. They are exceptional illustrations
of the influence of cross-pollination in the production of new forms. Incidentally
they may be the origin of new species, but they illustrate the manner in which
species or varieties may occur, since they are the results of the same process which
brings about evolution of forms in one direction, by cross-pollination. Mutations,
&c., produced in self-fertile plants are illustrations of a similar process of evolution
brought about by other means, and due presumably to the inherent tendency to
vary (where variation occurs), which is obscured somewhat in crossed plants by the
influence of the different characters of the parents in a cross-pollinated plant, or, at
any rate, the possibility of their difference, since dsfance may in such cases be
responsible for variation in the two individuals crossed, whereas in self-pollination
no such difference exists, and the plant is grown under szmz/ar conditions.

At one time it was considered hybrids were rare, and generally sterile. A
Frenchman, Naudin, disproved this, and found many hybrids capable of fertili-
zation.

It was reserved for the Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, to explain and express
arithmetically the principles of hybridity. He found the result of crossing two
different forms was not the production of intermediates, but of plants with the
characters of one of the parents. Wrinkled and smooth-seeded peas when crossed
produced hybrids with round peas in the first generation, and he termed the round-
pea type a dominant, whilst the other type was recessive. The hybrid, when
pollinated with its own pollen, in the second or F, generation, produced some
plants with round, some with wrinkled peas, in the proportion of 3 to 1; ie. a
quarter of the descendants of a generation revert back to the original with a
recessive character. The actual result in the first generation may be of an inter-
mediate type, and in the F, generation some of both characters of the parents,
and some intermediates, will occur. The resultant hybrid may appear to be inter-
mediate, when really the result is a combination of two dominant characters giving
the semblance only of an intermediate. These principles can be readily worked out
where the parent plants do not present a complex of characters each of which is
likely to influence the resulting hybrid. In such cases the elimination of each
character separately is the only means of determining the nature of the parents in
a first cross, and it becomes more difficult in a second or third cross.

Amongst British wild plants some genera are more liable to hybridize than others.
Exactly which are species and which are hybrids, indeed, is not certainly known.
Willow hybrids are generally fertile, and have been universally accepted as such.
Many so-called species of JJ/entha are sterile hybrids, and are largely reproduced
by suckers. It is also not clear whether some genera do not include some hybrids
that are usually sterile and others that are fertile. Formerly hybrid varieties were
held to be fertile, hybrid species sterile, but this view needs some modification
to-day.

Amongst British genera hybrids occur, e.g. in Ranunculus, Papaver, Cardamine,
Helianthemum, Viola, Silene, Lychnis, Hypericum, Medicago, Rubus, Geum, Rosa,
Drosera, Epilobium, Galium, Erigeron, Senecio, Carduus, Hieracium, Vaccinium,
Erica, Limonium, Primula, Gentiana, Pulmonaria, Verbascum, Linaria, Euphrasia,
Mentha, Lamium, Polygonum, Rumex, Daphne, Betula, Ulmus, Quercus, Salix,

INTRODUCTION xiil

Populus, Orchts, Ophrys, Juncus, Potamogeton, Scirpus, Carex, Alopecurus, Poa,
Festuca, Lolium, Agropyron.

One of the greatest cruxes the beginner has to face in studying British plants is
how to name his specimens. Identification, in a word, is a great bugbear to many
a young student. Asa matter of fact, a good deal of preliminary botanical work
is required before identification should be attempted. Unfortunately this is hardly
realized by nine out of ten whose ambition it is to acquire a knowledge of the
British Flora. Consequently the accomplishment of this ideal spreads itself over
a far longer period than if a solid basis of botanical knowledge had been gained
beforehand. Probably very few British botanists have been able to acquire an
intimate knowledge of the flora without a ten years’ acquaintance with plants in the
field—or otherwise. But this fact should not deter anyone.

It seems to the author that the following plan of study is essential to a proper
knowledge of British plants, though there is no royal road to success, and what
applies in one case may not in another.

In the first place, every aspiring systematic botanist should make himself
master of a general knowledge of botany. For this purpose he can attend classes
or receive help from a special tutor in the subject. Except in a science course,
either at school or college, botany is not taught; and the grown-up person who
would be a botanist, especially if resident in the country, is somewhat at a dis-
advantage. For unaided study the only method is to obtain the best textbooks,
and to follow out the work gradually, doing as much practical work as possible,
and experimenting as often as the call arises.

An elementary textbook may be chosen to begin with, such as Evans’s Bod/any
for Beginners. Botany is divided into:

Morphology, the study of form and structure of organs (which includes anatomy,
dealing with gross, and histology, dealing with minute structure).

Physiology, dealing with the function of organs and their relation to form and
structure; and especially with the activities of the plant, such as nutrition, move-
ment, growth, and reproduction.

Classification (taxonomy, systematic botany), or the study of the relationship of
plants, their arrangement or order.

Other branches are Ecology, the study of the habitat of the plant and its life-
history; geographical economic botany, diseases of plants, &c.1

As a matter of fact, a special knowledge of morphology is required. Each set
of main organs should be carefully studied as root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit, and
seeds, especially the last three. The terms applied to the different types of each
should be learnt by means of actual examples or specimens where possible. The
relation of one part to the other should be studied, also the order of development,
mode of insertion, cohesion, &c.

Floral structure is perhaps the most important, and with this study should be
combined some knowlege of the physiology of pollination and fertilization, and in
the case of fruits and seeds of maturation, in order properly to understand the form
of the flower, and the nature of the ovule and its structure, and development, as
also that of the seed. For upon the character of flower, fruit, and seed the most
important distinctions applied in classification, whether of orders, genera, or species,
are based.

Supplementary to the foregoing, but really part of their subject-matter, is the
study of a glossary or the terminology used in botany for the description of parts,
whether in general or as applied to special parts. No glossary should be learnt

1 For more advanced textbooks, see Bibliography.

XIV INTRODUCTION

or terminology acquired, however, without comparison between the terms em-
ployed and the parts they define in actual specimens if it is possible to obtain them.
When the mysteries of botanical terminology have been overcome, an attempt may
then be made to describe plants on an approved plan.

For this purpose the knowledge already acquired as to the parts of a plant will
be of the greatest value. For a description must be framed upon a systematic plan,
and the different parts should be described in the order of their development. The
main heads should be: Habit, root, stem, leaves, inflorescence, bracts, flowers,
calyx, corolla, andreecium, gynzcium, ovules, followed by a floral formula and
diagram. (See Zos?.)

The following is an example :—

Habit.—Erect, perennial, herbaceous, rosette plant.

Root.—Fibrous.

Stem.—Aerial stem a scape, leafless.

Leaves.—Radical, in whorl, simple, inversely ovate to spoon-shaped, stalked,
fleshy, blunt, midrib broad, no stipules.

Inflorescence.—Indefinite, capitulum.

Bracts.—\n 1-2 series, herbaceous, green, blunt, tipped with black, in an in-
volucre.

Flower.—Incomplete, perfect; actinomorphic, tubular in disk florets; incomplete,
imperfect, zygomorphic; ligulate in ray florets.

Calyx.—None.

Corolla.—Tubular florets gamopetalous, 5-lobed, epigynous, yellow; ligulate
florets, gamopetalous, 3-lobed, epigynous, ligule white.

Andrecium.—In disk florets only, syngenesious, 5, epipetalous, anther-cells
simple.

Gynecium.—In ray and disk florets syncarpous, carpels 2, inferior, style 2-fid,
arms linear blunt in ray florets, in disk florets short, thick, tipped with papillose
cones, ovary 1-celled.

Frruit.—An achene, flattened, inversely ovate, 1-seeded.

Floral formula.—K(5 — 0), C(5), A(5), G(z)-

Floral diagram.—(Disk floret).

Classification—Order Composite
Name—Bellis perennis (Common Daisy)

Floral formulae are designed to show graphically or in abbreviated form the
structure of the flower. For this purpose capital initial letters indicate the part of
the flower, thus: K = calyx, C = corolla, A = andrecium, G = gynecium.
Numerals indicate the number of parts, and 00 means indefinite. If there are
two whorls in any part the + sign is used. Union of parts is shown by (), and
adhesion of parts by [ |. Superior parts are shown by a line __ below the figure,
and inferior by a line — above (see formula above).

A floral diagram represents the same structure more graphically still. A flower
is taken, and the parts are outlined as if seen in transverse section to show their
number and relation to each other. The bract is shown in its relative position

INTRODUCTION XV

subtending the flower, as well as bracteoles, and also the axis upon which the
flower is borne.

A vertical section of the flower may also be drawn, in which the floral organs
are sketched more or less naturally.

Classification of a plant may follow the description. Such work is preliminary
to a knowledge of the unit of classification, the species. Flowering plants, accord-
ing to the Natural System, are called Phanerogams.

This major division includes:

Angiosperms— Ovules enclosed in an ovary.
Gymnosperms—Ovules not enclosed in an ovary.

The only native British Gymnosperms are Pine, Yew, Juniper.
The Angiosperms include:

Dicotyledons— 2 cotyledons, leaves net-veined, vascular bundles open.
Floral organs in fives, fours, or twos.

Monocotyledons—1 cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, vascular bundles
closed, scattered. Floral organs in threes or multiples thereof.

Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons are subdivided into several sub-classes, and
the latter into about ninety natural orders or families (described in Vol. V).
It is more difficult to acquire at once a knowledge of these on account of their
number, but it should not be difficult even for the tyro to master empirically the
characters of many of them without any actual acquaintance with the essential
scientific characters of the order. Thus the order Ranunculacez is not easily con-
fused with many others (save perhaps Cistacezee or Rosacez) owing to its distinct
petals (and sepals) and hypogynous stamens. In Rosacez the calyx is gamo-
sepalous, and the stamens perigynous or epigynous. The order Cruciferae, with
4 petals arranged in cruciform order, is fairly well marked, and has uniformly
4 long and 2 short stamens. The Umbelliferee have a characteristic umbellate
inflorescence, 5 sepals, petals, and stamens, and an unmistakable fruit, a schizo-
carp, of 2 mericarps.

It is a good plan to master a few orders at a time, and then by a process of
elimination the reference of a plant to its natural order becomes less difficult.

More troublesome is the knowledge of genera, the next stage in the classifica-
tion of plants. Of these the British Flora contains over 500, hence a proper
knowledge of these must take time. For a description of these see the summary
following that of the natural orders (Vol. V). The relationship of the various
divisions and lower grades of classification of plants has already been defined in
Vol. I, in the preliminary remarks prefacing the analytical summary.

In studying these different groups one must again emphasize the need for
learning their meaning with speczmens always, where possible, beside them.

When the species is being studied, in a genus consisting of more than one
species (as is usually the case), this becomes most difficult. One must then make
use of a good flora (as to which see advice given below).

In studying plants it is almost essential to dissect the specimens to be examined.
This at once gives an insight into the structure and the composition of a flower,
the part especially important in classification. For this purpose should be procured
a knife for cutting sections through a structure. For laying out or separating
the parts of a flower, one or two teazers or needles mounted in a match or similar
handle are required. A pair of fine-pointed scissors may be used for cutting out
fine structures where a knife would be too clumsy. In order, when the various

Xvi INTRODUCTION

parts are dissected, to keep them flat when laid out on a sheet of paper, glass
squares may be used as weights. To fasten the parts down when arranged as in
a diagram, one may use gum, water, or other adhesive, or pins.

Small structures may be studied by means of a hand-lens, and a microscope is
necessary to examine pollen and small sections, the presence of very small hairs,
glands, stomata, crystals, &c.

For lifting very small objects a pin dipped in water or a pair of forceps may be
used.

Sketching materials may be employed to draw the flower before dissection, from
one or more aspects, as well as after. Painting of the flower to show colour is to
be encouraged. Sections, vertical and otherwise, of the flower should be drawn.
For these purposes one needs a good Whatman drawing-block, or sketch-book,
pencils (H., H.B., &c.), and a box of good water-colour paints.

In endeavouring to progress at this stage in the identification of species, two
plans may be adopted, one preliminary to the other. One may first proceed from
the known to the unknown. Taking a number of field specimens, gathered fresh
or herbarium material, of plants known by their English names, study them, write
their description, after dissection, &c. Take a flora, in the index look up the
English name, and turn to the page where the plant is described. There one will
learn its Latin names, discover the natural order and other groupings. Some know-
ledge is thus gained of the species, genus, natural order, sub-class, class, and one’s
own description may be compared with that of the flora. If desired, other works
can be consulted in the same way, and as much learnt about the plant as possible.
It should not after some practice thereafter be difficult to recognize other (unknown)
plants of the same genus, order, &c., and to refer them to their proper groups.

And indeed this naturally leads up to the next plan, and that is to collect or
examine any fresh or dried specimen unknown to one, and by aid of the knowledge
already gained to refer it to its genus, order, &c., and then to the species. If the
first plan is carried out on systematic lines, by taking a common plant of each
natural order (there are 90 odd British orders, and at least 300 or 400 well-known
common plants, so there is plenty of scope for choice), then the reference to the
natural order should not be difficult, assuming some knowledge already of orders,
genera, &c., as advised previously. The whole plan of this work, apart from its
ecological basis, is to help the beginner with this end in view. The large number of
beginners who, foiled in their early attempts, give up systematic botany in despair
may indeed provide ample reason for the production of this work, apart from its
other, and, I trust, not less laudable objects, which have been followed out in re-
sponse to a widespread demand.

Having followed the two plans suggested for making progress in identification,
the botanist, as he or she may now be termed, having gone through a preliminary
botanical course, may take more definite steps to name species. A method largely
in vogue is to run down the species by a process of elimination, by aid of the various
analytical keys to orders, genera, and finally species, to be found in many floras
which describe the whole, or most, of the British Flora. Bentham and Hooker's
work for this purpose is invaluable, and another and more modern work is Babing-
ton’s Manual, where, however, the analytic key stops at genera, as do many others.
For readily identifying species, Druce’s edition of Hayward’s Botantst’s Pocket-book
is invaluable. The specific characters are brief and therefore easy to compare. The
method of using a key is well explained in Bentham and Hooker’s Handbook of the
British Flora, and the student may be referred to it. Other larger works, to be
used later, which have also analytical keys to genera, and sometimes to species, are

INTRODUCTION XVii

given in the Bibliography. Until the student is well advanced, Bentham and Hooker
will however suffice. Finally, so far as identification goes, there remains the process
of comparison with descriptions of species in any of the standard floras, such as the
above, perhaps a more natural method than the arbitrary use of analytical keys,
which are artificial.

Though not to be recommended in the first resort, comparison with figures may
be advised where descriptions, as too often happens, lack the power of expression
of the meaning of differences or separate characters. Only an illustration or
specimen can properly convey an idea of size, colour, relation of parts, habit, and
form-structure as a whole.

For the same reason that illustrations are more helpful than descriptions,
especially in the case of closely-allied species, comparison with herbarium specimens
may be recommended.

In each case comparison should follow, not precede or replace, an effort to
identify a plant by means of descriptions or the use of a key.

Not until the botanist has made some progress in the identification of plants,
and has gained some confidence, will he, if wise, undertake definite survey work on
any extensive scale. When, however, the time has come to study any particular
area, say a county, it will be of interest to discover the distribution of the plants
observed. For a single county the county flora will suffice to give the desired
information, and any plant found, which is not included in that work, or a supple-
ment to it, will constitute a new county record (N.C.R.), and proud will be the
botanist, in a well-worked area, if he or she can make any noteworthy additions to
the list. If the flora is an old one this will not be so difficult for such critical genera
as Rubus or Hieractum; for the older botanists only knew the aggregate species,
and were unacquainted with the new segregates; and, as has been seen, since 1835
some 600 species have been added to the British plant list.

If, moreover, the botanist elects to travel about and to botanize in a number of
counties, it will be more difficult to discover if a plant is new to any particular
district or not, without some knowledge of distribution generally.

In Vol. I some general remarks have been given upon distribution, and a sum-
mary and map of the botanical districts or vice-counties into which the country
was divided by H. C. Watson. The latter was indeed the pioneer of plant
geography in this country. His Topographical Botany is a summary of the flora of
each county, and to this work, and his other works, everyone interested in this
branch of botany must turn. The data given in Vol. II-V as to distribution
are based upon this and other works quoted below. Watson’s Topographical
Botany, 3rd Edition, with the supplement compiled by Mr. Arthur Bennett, extends
to 1903. Additions since that date are to be found in the Reports of the Botanical
Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles, edited by Mr. G. C. Druce, or in
the Journal of Botany; whilst if the flora of a county be a recent one, that work
should include all recent additions up to the date of its publication.

For Ireland, R. L. Praeger’s Jrish Topographical Botany should be consulted.
Three useful papers on Irish distribution have been published by the Rev. E. S.
Marshall, viz. Review of Irish Topographical Botany, On the Probable Status of some
Irish Plants, Remarks on the Cybele Hibernica. Ed. 2.

The distribution of Rubi in Great Britain is dealt with in a paper by the Rev.
W. M. Rogers, 1902. Comztal Census Numbers, by G. C. Druce, 1909, deals with
the estimate of counties throughout the British Isles, where each species has been
observed, as given in the Oxford Plant List. The London Catalogue of British
Plants also cites the census numbers for each species.

XViil INTRODUCTION

The distribution of plants in the British Isles is of interest from a broader point
of view, viz. the European range of each species. According to their British
range, Watson placed plants in groups, such as Germanic, Atlantic, &c., and these
terms have been used to denote the general range of a species in relation to the
Continent or their possible origin. There are divergent views as to the origin of
the British Flora, as expounded by Dr. Clement Reid and Dr. Scharff (see Vol. 1).

The range of our native species should, however, be studied in relation to that
of the range on the Continent. The countries in which British species are found
on the Continent or elsewhere are cited by Hooker in his various works, in the
Index Kewensis and Supplements, and Nyman’s Sy//oge; and the various floras of
each country give a more accurate idea of the range of each species. A compre-
hensive work upon the geographical distribution of plants remains to be written.

Perhaps the thorniest side of botany is that of nomenclature. Until a student is
quite proficient, however, this side-branch of botany should be left severely alone.
Even specialists in this department of botany differ widely in their choice of names
and the mode of citing them. There does not exist a single textbook upon the
subject at the present time, and the history and data of nomenclature are scattered
through a vast number of separate works, periodicals, and papers, to which access
is not always easily obtained. The amount of bibliographical work to be done in
this branch of botany is enough to occupy the entire attention of a student, a fact
which no doubt causes many an exponent of the subject to dogmatize where little
or no practical acquaintance with the plant itself has been obtained. Hence it is
not to be wondered at that the field botanist and the pure nomenclaturist are often
at variance.

Some principles affecting the nomenclature of plants have been given in
Vol. I. At the present time specific names date from 1753, the date of
Linneeus’s Speczes Plantarum, and the rules of nomenclature follow the Vienna
Actes, or International Rules, adopted in 1905 (see Vol. I).

In so far as British plants are concerned, the nomenclature used in the standard
works, such as Hooker’s Students’ Flora, Babington’s Manual, or F. N. Williams’s
Prodromus Flore Britannice, may suffice for the ordinary student. The history
of the standard names or their synonyms, and dates of adoption, are given in the
last, and some of the older works. The current names are given in Druce’s
List of British Plants, the London Catalogue of British Plants, and Rendle and
Britten’s Zzst of Seed Plants.

Some useful papers upon nomenclature, touching the priority of names so far
as a number of genera and species are concerned, have been written from time
to time (e.g. Mr. G. E. Druce’s papers On the Nomenclature of British Plants
[ 1906-07 )).

Further information will be found in the Journal of Botany, which is, in fact,
largely concerned with nomenclature, and in the Reports of the Botanical Exchange
Club of the British Isles and of the Watson Exchange Club.

So far as classification goes, changes are less frequent. Names may change
often, but the order of arrangement of plants is less frequently altered.

For a good summary of this question in general, see Dr. A. B. Rendle’s
The Classification of Flowering Plants. ULindley’s Vegetable Kingdom gives some
details of the early classification. Sachs’ History of Botany, Dr. J. R. Green’s
History of Botany, Mrs. Arber’s British Herbals (Cambridge University Press),
and Dr. Oliver’s work in the same series all give details of famous botanists
and their work, with some notes on classification. The classification used on
the Continent is that of Engler and Prantl, which is summarized in Dr. Carter’s

INTRODUCTION XIX

Genera of British Plants, and followed in the Cambridge British Flora (Vol. I
only published) by Dr. Moss. (See also a review of this and works by other
Continental botanists by the same writer as they affect the British Flora.)
Warming’s Sys/ematic Botany is a general textbook of some value, with an
appendix or summary of different systems by Dr. Ainsworth Davis.

The system followed in this country so far is that of Bentham and Hooker
in Genera Plantarum.

In order to go into the question both of nomenclature and classification, upon
which only hints can be given here without any discussion of either subject, the
student must not confine his attention, however, only to British works, but must
study foreign works, a selection of which only can be given. (de Bibliography.)
The subject is so vast and difficult that it can only be referred to in this work.
Fuller bibliographies are given in the works cited. Though not up-to-date as far
as authorities and information go, two small works that may be useful, as giving
the meaning of scientific names and a certain number of synonyms for species,
are ames and Synonyms of British Plants by J. Egerton-Warburton, 1889, and
Botanical Names for English Readers by R. H. Alcock, 1876.

Indispensable is /zdex Kewensts by B. D. Jackson, and Durand’s Supplement.
A handy pamphlet is /rdex Abcedarius by W. P. Hiern. Also useful are Pritzel’s
Icones Plantarum, Nyman’s Conspectus, and De Candolle’s Prodromus, as well as
Just’s Botanischer Jahresbericht.

In conclusion, it must ever be borne in mind that identification and correct
naming, though the first essential steps towards the investigation of a plant,
are nothing more. They constitute the indispensable means to a nobler end,
namely, the inexhaustible study of the structure and activities of the organism,
but can never be an end in themselves.

BRITISH FLORA

SUPPLEMENTARY TO VOLUMES II-V

BRITISH FLORA

SUPPLEMENTARY TO VOLUMES II-V

FLOWERS OF THE FIELDS AND MEADOWS

[In this volume the remaining British species, not described in greater detail in Vols. II-V, are arranged
according to their principal habitat. Some of the species might be included in more than one section, and,
as the distribution of some is limited and the habitats are restricted, the choice of habitat in such cases is
arbitrary. For convenience the large genera, such as Rudus, Rosa, Hieracium, Salix, and Carex, are very
largely described under some one section in which a large number of the species would be rightly included.
As far as possible all the British species are included, but in the case of the large number of “‘aliens” only the
better-known ones are described. Recently defined segregates, as far as possible, are also dealt with.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE=

Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens, L.).—
This common buttercup is found in Arctic Europe,
parts of Asia, Africa, and has been introduced
into America. It is found in every part of the
British Isles, up to nearly jooo ft. in Scotland.
The usual habitat is wet meadows, and almost
every roadside ditch contains it, whilst moist open
parts of woods also form a suitable spot for it.
The habit is procumbent or trailing. The stem
is provided with creeping stoles or underground
runners, from an erect main stalk, with fibrous
roots. It is usually found in patches for this
reason. The essential characters are the furrowed
flower stalk, and the erect sepals. The receptacle
is hairy. The lower part of the stem is often
purple. It is about a foot high, and is a perennial,
flowering in May till August. The pollination is
like that of the Upright Meadow Buttercup (q.v.).
The seeds are dispersed like those of the latter.
The soil is a loamy clay. The plant is poisonous,
being bitter, causing blisters.

Bulbous Crowfoot (Ranunculus bulbosus, L.).
—The range of this buttercup is the same as
that of the Creeping Buttercup. It occurs in all
but six of the counties of the British Isles. In
some meadows this form is the dominant butter-
cup early in the year, studding the earth profusely
with its golden cups. It is found indifferently in
both meadows and pastures. The habit is of the
rosette type. The stem is bulb-like at the base,
the leaves are chiefly radical leaves, the stems
erect. The flower-stalks are furrowed and smooth,
the sepals turned back. It flowers in May, and is
perennial. The plant is a foot high. The polli-
nation and dispersal are as in the last, the anthers
ripening first, the honey-glands being at the base
of the petals. The plant is a sand-lover.

3

ORDER CRUCIFER

Jersey Mustard (Brassica adpressa, Boiss.).—
This plant is found in the Channel Islands, in
Jersey, Alderney, when native, but is a casual
elsewhere, and is confined to Europe. It grows
in sandy fields. The habit is branched or pyra-
midal from below upwards. The stem bears few
divided leaves, with the leaflets, larger at the
extremity below, lance-shaped above. The chief
distinction between this and others lies in the
short beak of the pod with one seed, the pod
being pressed close to the stem, It flowers in
July and August, and is biennial. The seed-coat
swells when wetted, helping to fix the seed in the
ground when germinating.

Pepperwort (Zepidium campestre, Br.).—This
Crucifer is found in most parts of the British
Isles, and is distributed generally in Europe, parts
of Asia, Africa, being in America only an intro-
duction. The habitat is dry soil of a gravelly
character, fields, waste places, and roadsides.
The habit is erect. The stem is single, branched
above only, with leaves of an arrow shape. The
style between the paired valves is not longer than
the notch, the pouch scaly, with a broad wing.
The plant is as much as 1} ft. high. Flowers
may be found in June up to August. It requires
a sandy or gravelly soil. The flowers are not
attractive to insects, being diminutive. The pods
open when ripe, letting the seeds fall close to
the plant, which grows in clumps. Like other
members of this group condiments are prepared
from it.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE
Proliferous Pink (Dianthus prolifer, L.).—This

pretty plant is quite rare, being found, south of
Perth, in only eight counties, and in the Channel

4 BRITISH FLORA

Islands. It occurs also elsewhere as a casual,
The habitat is pasture-land of a sandy or gravelly
nature. It has an erect habit, the stem being
simple. The flowers are borne ina cluster, and the
scales of the calyx are membrane-like and almost
transparent. The flowers are small, rose-coloured,
and open singly. The plant may be as much as
18 in. in height, but is usually less. From June
onwards it may be found in flower up till October,
but is at its best in July. It is an annual. The
anthers ripen first, and the flowers are pollinated
by butterflies. The seeds are dispersed by the
wind, the capsule having the censer type of struc-
ture, opening above. It is not sufficiently large
to find a place in the garden.

Maiden Pink (Dianthus deltoides, L.).—Much

commoner than the last, this pink is found in half

of the counties, being a purely European species,
whereas the last is found in Asia and has been
introduced into the United States. The habitat
is similar, but it is often found on banks, usually
on dry soil, and commonly on hilly pastures.
The flowers are single, and the scales of the
calyx equal the tube. The stem and leaves are
downy and rough. The flower is rosy-white, and
has no smell. The dark circle round the mouth
of the corolla may serve as a honey-guide. The
flowers bloom from June to September. The
pollination and dispersal are as in the last. No
use is made of this plant. It is about a foot high.
The soil is a sandy loam.

ORDER MALVACE

Mountain Crane’s Bill (Geranium pyrenaicum,
Burm. fil.).—This plant may be found by the road-
side, often near gardens, on railway banks, by
river sides, in hedgerows, and in pastures and
meadows, but it is not a common plant. The
rootstock is spindle-shaped. The plant has no
underground stems, and a straggling habit. The
leaves are kidney-shaped, with 5-6 blunt divisions,
divided into three nearly to the base, with hairy
teeth. The deeply-notched purple petals are twice
as long as the sepals, and the flower is 4 in. across.
It is 1-3 ft. high. The flowers open in June and
may be found onward till August. It is perennial
(as another Latin name denotes).

ORDER LEGUMINOS

Meadow or Zigzag Clover (7rifolium medium,
L.).—This plant is found in dry pastures, on
rocky soils, meadows, and on banks of railways,
streams, &c. As the name implies, the hairy stem
is zigzag, the leaflets are oblong, blunt, with
lance-shaped stipules or leaflike organs, and the
leaf margins are fringed with hairs. The flower-
heads are brighter red than in the Red Clover,
larger, terminal, stalked. The calyx is quite
smooth, with bristle-like teeth. The pods open
lengthwise. It is from 1 ft. to 18 in. in height,
and flowers from June to September, and is
perennial.

Strawberry-headed Clover (Z77i/olium fragi-

Serum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is varied.
It occurs by the roadside close to the macadam,
on commons, and along sandy seashores, as well
as in dry pastures and meadows, and in ditches
and wet places. The habit is prostrate, with
smooth creeping stems, with inversely egg-shaped
leaflets, with small coarse teeth, triangular, oblong
stipules or leaflike organs, with along point. The
flowers are numerous, rose-coloured, in dense
heads, stalked, in the axils, and rounded. The
involucre or whorl of leaflike organs is multifid,
and equals the calyx, in which, after flowering,
two lobes become enlarged and enclose the pod.
The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft. or less in height, and
flowers late, in July and August, being perennial.

Lesser Yellow Trefoil (7Zri/olinm dubium, Sibth.
= TZ. minus, Sm., Relhan).—The habitat of this
plant is pastures, roadsides, and dry places. The
habit is prostrate or ascending. The stem is
wiry, straggling, slender. The leaflets are blunt,
narrow, inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped,
the middle one stalked. The stipules are egg-
shaped, not as long as the leaf-stalks, the upper
part with a long, narrow point. The flowers are
small, pale yellow, turning brown, bent back at
length, in a dense head of 4-20 on long, slender,
axillary, straight stalks, the ultimate stalks short.
The standard is narrow, folded, blunt, furrowed,
covering the pod. The style is shorter than the
pod. The calyx is bell-shaped, with triangular
teeth, short, the lower longer, lance-shaped. The
pod is inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Milk Vetch (Astragalus glycyphylios, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is fields, on banks, hedges,
and woods, and originally it was doubtless a
woodland plant. The habit is prostrate, or zig-
zag, and the stems are smooth, stout, with oblong,
blunt leaflets, smooth above, hairy beneath, with
egg-shaped to lance-shaped stipules or leaflike
organs. The flowers are dingy yellow, in com-
pact egg-shaped racemes, on peduncles or flower-
stalks shorter than the leaves. The smooth, up-
right linear pods (14 in. long) are bent inwards.
The calyx is bell-shaped, half as long as the
corolla. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height. It flowers
between June and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Great Hedge Lotus (Zotus uliginosus, Schkuhr).
—The habitat of this plant is meadows and pas-
tures, which are usually moist, and damp woods
or marshy tracts. The plant is erect in habit or
ascending, bearing underground shoots, or may
be prostrate. The stems are smooth or hairy as
a rule, with inversely egg-shaped leaflets. In
bud the teeth of the calyx are spreading, in the
common one erect. The flowers are large, golden
yellow, and the heads 8-12-flowered, the two
upper teeth of the calyx spreading, in the common
one (Lotus corniculatus) meeting. The standard
has a linear claw or stalk. The plant is 6 in. to
2 ft. or more in height. It flowers in July and
August, like other moisture-loving plants, rather
late. The plant is perennial, herbaceous.

FIELDS AND MEADOWS 5

ORDER UMBELLIFER-E

Caraway (Carum verticillatum, Koch).—The
habitat of this plant is meadows and fields or
upland marshy places. The root is made up of
several rootlets in a bundle. The habit is erect,
the stems finely furrowed, branched, the leaves
linear, narrow, with lobes each side of a common
stalk, with stalkless leaflets, with hairlike seg-
ments in whorls. The florets are white or pink,
the general and partial involucres made up of
many leaves. The fruit is egg-shaped, with
prominent ridges. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in July and August, and is perennial
and herbaceous.

Great Earth Nut (Carum Bulbocastanum,
Koch).—The habitat of this plant is chalky fields.
The Great Earth Nut has an erect habit, with a
much-branched stem arising from a large, black,
solitary tuber, with triangular 3-pinnate leaves, the
primary segments stalked, linear. The flowers are
white, the outer florets larger, there being many
bracts in the general and partial involucres. The
fruit is oblong, with a short fleshy disk above the
ovary, and the styles are bent back. It is 2 ft. in
height, the flowers opening in June, July, and it is
a herbaceous perennial.

Earth Nut (Conopodium majus, Loret).—The
habitat of this plant is fields and meadows, sandy
and gravelly pastures, and woods. The Earth Nut
has an erect habit, with a simple, slender, rounded,
wavy stem, arising from a tuber about the size of
a hazelnut. The radical leaves are on long stalks
with triternate leaves. The few stem-leaves are
deeply divided nearly to the base, with linear seg-
ments. There are no bracts or bracteoles. The
florets are white, and form a wide flowerhead; the
fruit is oval, with a long fleshy disk on the ovary,
and short erect styles. The fruit is narrowly egg-
shaped, the ridges not marked, with several vittze
or oil stripes. The plant is 2—3 ft., or usually 18 in.
in height. It flowers in May and June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Tuberous Meadow Dropwort (Qnanthe pim-
pinelloides, L.). — The habitat of this plant is
meadows, banks, and marshy places. The habit
is erect, the stem nearly solid, furrowed, arising
from tuberous root fibres (beyond the middle), with
radical leaves bipinnate, the lower leaves with
broad small segments, the upper linear and entire.
There are 6-12 rays in the compound umbel, which
is flat, with white florets, the partial umbels close,
involucre with many linear leaves; the fruit,
rounded above, is sub-cylindrical with an enlarged
corky base. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and is in
flower from June to August, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Pepper Saxifrage (Si7aus flavescens, Bernh.).—
The habitat of this plant is meadows, pastures,
commons, and damp places. The habit is erect,
the stems being angular, solid, grooved, leafless
above, with principally radical leaves, once or
thrice pinnate, with opposite, linear leaflets, en-
tire, or divided into three lobes. The flowers are
pale-green, small, the involucre of 1-2 segments,

the partial involucre of many, the fruit oblong,
nearly round, the carpels bluntly winged, and
ridged. The height of Pepper Saxifrage is 1-3 ft.
It flowers in July, up till September, and is a her-
baceous perennial.

Master Wort (Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch).
—The habitat of this plant is moist meadows. The
habit is erect, with round, hollow, stout, furrowed
stems. The leaves are triangular, biternate, with
3 broad segments, divided into 3 lobes, 3 in. long.
The leaflets are coarsely toothed, egg-shaped.
The flowers are white, in large umbels with many
rays. The fruit is oblong, with broad wings.
There is no general involucre or whorl of leaflike
organs, and no calyx teeth. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering in July and August, being a her-
baceous perennial.

Bur Parsley (Caucalis daucoides, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is chalky fields, near limekilns,
and it is introduced in ballast and cornfield weeds.
The habit is erect, the stem being grooved, with
angles, solid, and roughly hairy at the nodes.
The leaves are twice pinnate, with lobes each side
of a common stalk, the leaflets deeply divided,
linear, with small segments. The flowers are
pinkish-white, in terminal umbels, with 2-5 rays,
and linear bracteoles or minute leaflike organs.
The oblong fruit is 3-seeded, with long, smooth,
hooked prickles in one row, borne on the secon-
dary ridges. The plant is 6 in. to 14 ft. in height,
flowering in July, and is a herbaceous annual.

. ORDER RUBIACE®

Erect Bedstraw (Galium erectum, Huds.).—The
habitat of this plant is pastures, downs, banks,
waste places, railway banks. The habit is erect,
or ascending, the stem being smooth or hairy,
sparingly branched, with linear lance-shaped
leaves, 6-8 in a whorl. The flowers are white,
borne in a pyramidal panicle, with slender erect
or ascending branches. The fruit is smooth. The
plant is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers from June to
September, being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VALERIANACEE

Cat’s Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, L. = mi-
kanii, Syme). —This is a*native plant found in
wet meadows, marshes, and wet places. The
habit is erect, and the plant is provided with
suckers, not stoles, with solitary, furrowed, smooth
stems, hairy below, foetid, with alternate leaves,
with lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaf-
lets in 6-10 pairs (in V. sambucifolia in 4-6 pairs),
lance-shaped, toothed on one side. The radical
leaves are borne on long stalks. The flowers are
white, or flesh-coloured. The small fruit is egg-
shaped. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER DIPSACE

Purple Scabious (Scabiosa Columbaria, L.).—
Dry pastures and banks are the habitat of Purple

6 BRITISH FLORA

Scabious. The habit is erect. The rootstock is
woody and tufted. The stem is simple or branched
above, hairy above, with hairs pointing down-
wards. The radical leaves are on long stalks,
narrow, blunt, scalloped, entire or lobed, with the
uppermost lobe larger; the upper stem-leaves are
divided nearly to the base, with linear segments.
They are usually downy. The florets are 5-lobed,
lilac, or lilac-blue, collected into a conspicuous head,
the involucel notched, with 8 furrows, the outer
corollas larger, irregular. The 4-5 bristles of the
calyx do not fall. The fruit has a short beak, and
is inversely egg-shaped or rounded. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Sneezewort (Achillea Ptarmica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is meadows, pastures, waste places,
hedgerows, moist places, and thickets. The habit
is erect, the stem rigid, ribbed, with few branches.
The plant is smooth or downy. The leaves are
shining, linear lance-shaped, with few small coarse
teeth, stalkless, and distant. The flowerheads are
few, in corymbs, with white florets, those of the
disk greenish-white, tubular, bisexual, those of
the ray white, 8-12. The fruit is smooth, shining,
without pappus. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height.
It flowers later than Milfoil, and has larger flower-
heads. Sneezewort is a herbaceous perennial.

St. James’s Ragwort (Senecio Jacobea, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is pastures, roadsides,
waste ground, sand dunes, &c. The habit is erect.
The stem is tall, smooth, finely furrowed, rarely
cottony, with numerous leaves. The radical leaves
are lyrate, divided nearly to the base, with lobes
larger towards the extremity, but the terminal one
in this case smallest, toothed, the upper clasping,
sessile or stalkless, the lower oblong, stalked. The
flowerheads are in large corymbs, erect, with
spreading rays, yeliow, the fruit of the disk having
pappus, that of the ray being smooth. The plant
is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers between June and
September, being a herbaceous perennial.

Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry fields and pastures,
and sandy heaths. The habit iserect. The stem
is cottony, stout, branched, with corymbose heads,
purplish or yellow. The radical leaves are lance-
shaped, spreading, armed with spines, green above,
cottony below. The stem-leaves are half-clasping,
shorter, numerous. The flowers are purple, the
heads many, the corollas all tubular. The outer
involucral bracts are divided nearly to the base,
and fringed with hairs; the inner are white and
linear. The whole plant is spinous, the spines
serving as an adaptation to dry-soil conditions
and as a protection from cattle and creeping in-
sects. The fruit is brown, silky, with hairs divided
into two nearly to the base. The pappus is in
1 row, feathery, united into groups of 3 or 4 at
the base. The plant is 6 in. to 14 ft., and flowers
in July till October, being a biennial and her-
baceous.

Marsh Thistle (Cnicus palustris, Scop.).—The
habitat of this plant is wet meadows, ditches, and
moist woods. The habit is erect. The stem is
solitary, soft, stout, slightly branched, with many
wavy spines, winged. The leaves are spinous,
lance-shaped, running down the stem, deeply di-
vided to the base, the lobes 2~-3-fid, the segments
narrow-pointed, hairy both sides, cottony below.
The heads are in terminal, small, leafy clusters,
the florets dark-purple or white. The involucre is
cottony, ovoid, crowded. The phyllaries are ovate
to lance-shaped, closely pressed, the outer blunt-
pointed, the inner narrow-pointed, purplish-green.
The fruit is pale, narrow, smooth, with a dirty-
white pappus. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering
between July and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Brown Knapweed (Centaurea Jacea, L.).—This
plant is an alien, or native perhaps, in meadows
in Sussex. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped,
the lower leaves broader, toothed. The flower-
heads are purple, radiant. The involucre is not
spinous. The appendages of the phyllaries are
entire or rarely cut, erect, rounded. The outer
phyllaries have appendages deeply divided nearly
to the base, the inner are few, entire, the rest
irregularly cut. There is no pappus. The plant
is 1-14 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hardheads (Centaurea Scabiosa, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is dry pastures and waste
places. The habit is erect, with grooved stems,
with soft hair, with few branches. The leaves
are deeply divided nearly to the base, with in-
versely egg-shaped segments, which are entire or
lobed. The flowerheads are large and purple, the
flower-stalks smooth, with an outer row of sterile
florets. The brown involucral bracts have fringed
downy tips and margins. The grey, downy fruit
has pappus of the same length. The plant is
2-3 ft. in height, flowering between July and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is fields and dry pastures and
woods. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth,
slender, rigid, grooved, with numerous leaves, and
the heads are in corymbs. The leaves are lobed,
with the distant lobes larger towards the extremity,
divided nearly to the base, coarsely toothed. The
oblong flowerheads are terminal corymbs, with
purple flowers. There are scales between the
florets. The fruit is grey, smooth, with many
rows of dirty-white pappus. It is 2-3 ft. high.
It flowers late, in August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Woolly-headed Thistle (Cnicus eriophorus,
Roth).—The habitat of this plant is pastures,
roadsides, waste dry places, often near the coast.
The habit is erect. The tall stems are not winged,
furrowed, hairy, much branched, above. The
leaves are rough above, downy beneath, deeply
divided nearly to the base, half-clasping the base,
not running down the stem. The flowerheads are
large, woolly, the woolly involucre rounded, the
florets purple, the phyllaries lance-shaped, having

FIELDS AND MEADOWS G/

spines turned back. The fruit is smooth, with
feathery pappus. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height,
and flowers in July and August, being a_her-
baceous perennial.

Ground Thistle (Cnicus acaulis, Willd.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry pastures, usually cal-
careous. The plant has the rosette habit, with
radical leaves and a usually stemless flowerhead,
which, however, sometimes elongates in moist
spots. The leaves are usually stalkless, lance-
shaped, smooth, and deeply divided nearly to the
base, white beneath, with sharp spines, forming a
protection against cattle, the upper surface hairy
or smooth. The flowerhead is solitary, smooth,
egg-shaped, the flowers purple or crimson. The
fruit is smooth, brown, the pappus dirty-white.
It is 8-18 in. in height (when producing stalked
heads). It flowers from July to September. The
Ground Thistle is a herbaceous perennial.

Creeping Field Thistle (Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields and waste
places, roads, &c. The habit is erect, from a
creeping root, and the stem is not winged, grooved
and angular, cottony or smooth. The leaves are
lance-shaped, oblong, nearly stalkless, with lobes
deeply divided nearly to the base. The heads are
corymbose, smooth, egg-shaped with a_ short
flower-stalk, the phyllaries lance-shaped, closed,
associated, the flowers purple or white. The fruit
is smooth, shining, the pappus dirty-white. The
plant is 2-4 ft. high, and is in flower between July
and September. It is a herbaceous perennial,
increased by the creeping rootstock.

Tuberous Thistle (Cnicus tuberosus, Roth).—
The habitat of this plant is meadows, calcareous
downs, cliffs, and woods. The rootstock consists
of fibrous, spindle-shaped, fleshy tubers. Similar
in habit to Meadow Thistle it has no stolons, the
stem being erect, round, hairy, leafless above.
The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base,
the lobes distant, the stem-leaves stalkless, fringed
with hairs, lance-shaped, with coarse small teeth.
The flowers are rose-purple, the involucre flat-
tened below, egg-shaped, the bracts closely associ-
ated, and smooth. The pappus is feathery. This
plant is 1-134 ft. in height. It flowers in July up till
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spotted Cat’s Ear (Hypocheris maculata, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is meadows, waste
places, chalk and limestone hills, calcareous pas-
tures, sea cliffs, &c. The plant has the rosette
habit like the last. The flowering stem is simple
or forked, smooth, with few leaves, which are
frequently radical only, and spoon-shaped, oblong,
toothed, spotted, rough, stalkless, with soft hairs.
The flowers are deep yellow, in large heads, the
involucre bristly on the back with curled hairs,
with numerous slender bracts. The fruit is beaked,
the pappus in one row, white, outer absent. The
plant is 6 in. to 1 ft. high, and flowers between
July and September, being a herbaceous perennial.

Hairy-leaved Hawkbit (Zeontodon nudicaule,
Banks & Solander).—The habitat of this plant is
dry, sandy places, gravelly pastures, fields, fen.
The plant has the rosette habit.

is a single-flowered scape of which there may be
several. The leaves are radical and lance-shaped,
roughly hairy, wavy, with the lobes bent back
occasionally. The flowerheads are yellow, the
heads having the involucre smooth, keeled, the
edges fringed with hairs, and also down the
middle. The fruit has pappus of outside fruits
with scales, the inner feathery. The plant is 3-6
in. in height, and flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Rough Hawkbit (Zeonfodon hispidum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is meadows on dry soil,
sandy pastures near the sea, mossy ground, way-
sides, hills, inland. The habit is of the rosette
type. The aerial stems are scapes. The leaves
are radical, lance-shaped, oblong, roughly hairy,
the hairs forked at the tip or stellate, with lobes
turned back, the erect scapes single, hairy. The
flowerheads are yellow, solitary, glandular at the
tip, large, the involucres hairy. The fruit is
slender, with brownish-white feathery pappus with
an outer row of bristles. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering between June and September,
being a herbaceous biennial or perennial.

Autumnal Hawkbit (Zeon/odon autumnale, L.).
—This is a native plant, being found in pastures
and meadows, and waste places. The plant has
the rosette habit. The scapes or aerial stems are
forked above. The radical leaves are lance-
shaped, toothed, smooth, tapering at the base.
The flowerheads are yellow, large, few, with
smooth involucre, or if hairy sparsely so. The
fruit is slender, ribbed, with feathery pappus in
one row. The plant is 3-24 in. in height. It is in
flower from July to October, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Goatsbeard (7ragopogon pratense, L.).— The
habitat of this plant is meadows, pastures, waste
places, waysides, railway banks, &c. The habit
is erect, more or less grass-like. The stem is
bluish-green, smooth, tall, with a milky juice, the
leaves wavy, clasping, with swollen sheaths, linear,
tapering to a long point, furrowed. The flower-
heads are yellow, on thickened flower-stalks, the
involucre equalling the florets, the florets enclosed
by 8-10 bracts. The fruit is rough, with a long
beak and pappus in many rows. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July,
being a herbaceous biennial with a long yellow
tap-root forked below.

Rough Sow Thistle (Sonchus asper, Hill). —
The habitat of this plant is fields and waste places,
and cultivated ground. The habit is erect. It is
a brittle, succulent plant, with hollow stems. The
leaves are entire or divided to the base, wavy,
crisped, with rounded auricles, bent down, and
bent back. The flowerheads are yellow, the fruit
ribbed lengthways, not wrinkled crossways. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June to August,
and is a succulent herbaceous annual.

ORDER PRIMULACE

Oxlip (Primula elatior, Schreb.).—The habitat

The aerial stem | of this plant is meadows, clayey woods and copses.

8 BRITISH FLORA

The plant has the rosette habit. The aerial stems
are scapes. The leaves are radical, wrinkled, the
leaf-stalks winged, the leaves egg-shaped, nar-
rowed below. The flowers are pale-yellow, in
umbels on flower-stalks, the calyx tubular, softly
hairy, with lance-shaped teeth, and the flowers
are horizontal or drooping. The limb of the
corolla is coneave, broad, and flat, the tube is not
crowned or narrow at the mouth, the throat open
not folded. The capsule is oblong, linear, and
longer than the calyx. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
and flowers in April and May, being a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER GENTIANACE

Gentian (Gentiana germanica, Willd.).—The
habitat of this plant is calcareous places. The
habit is erect. The stem is ascending, much-
branched, larger than the Autumnal Gentian
(q.v.), with opposite leaves. The flowers are
bluish-lilac, the tube of the corolla inversely conical,
longer than the calyx, with unequal segments.
The capsule is many-seeded. The plant is 2-12 in.
in height, and flowers in August and September,
being a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER BORAGINACEE

Field Scorpion Grass (J/yosolis arvensis, Hill).
—The habitat of this plant is fields, hedge banks,
woods, shady places, waste places, cultivated
ground, The habit is erect. The stems are nu-
merous, the lower leaves stalked, oblong, blunt,
the upper acute. The flowers are blue, bell-
shaped, the corolla usually hollow, the calyx is in
5 segments divided to the middle, with spreading
hooked hairs. The limb of the corolla equals the
tube. The style is very short. The spreading
flower-stalks are longer than the calyx. The
small nutlets are flattened at the sides, brown,
bordered, keeled in front. The plant is 6-18 in.
in height, flowering in June up to August, and is
annual or biennial and herbaceous.

Dwarf Forget-me-not (J/yoso/7s collina, Hoftm.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields, dry sandy
places, banks, waste ground, walls. It has an
erect habit, with stems branched from the base,
slender or tufted with prostrate branches. The
leaves are oblong, linear, blunt, or with a point.
The flowers are bright-blue, with a short tube, the
calyx of the fruit open, and swollen below. The
style is half as long as the calyx. The hairs on
the latter are hooked and spreading. The calyx
is not so long as the flower-stalk. The plant is
3-12 in., usually 4-5, in height. It flowers between
May and July. The plant is an annual.

ORDER PLANTAGINACE

Lamb’s Tongue (Plantago media, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is fields, roadsides, waste
places, usually on dry soil. It is an erect plant,
with the rosette habit. The aerial stems are
scapes, the leaves radical, stalkless or nearly so,
oblong, toothed, downy. ‘The scape is round and

downy. The flowers are green, the anthers are
yellow, the filaments long, pink or purple. The
spike is oblong, dense. The sepals are not keeled.
The capsule is 2-seeded. The plant is 6-12 in, in
height, and flowers between June and October,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Ribwort (Plantago lanceolata, L.)—The habitat
of this plant is pastures, grassy places, and waste
places, cornfields. The habit is erect, or of rosette
type with erect leaves. The aerial stems are
scapes, the leaves radical. The leaves are lance-
shaped, narrowed at both ends, with 5 ribs. The
flowers are green, the long scapes furrowed, the
spike short. The capsule is 2-celled, with seeds
hollow in front. The plant is 2-12 in. in height,
flowering in May up till October. It is a her-
baceous perennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Thyme-leaved Speedwell ( Veronica serpyllifolia,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is fields, moist
waste places, and waysides. The habit is ascend-
ing, the stem branched, downy, with glands, the
leaves smooth, broadly egg-shaped, stalkless,
scalloped, the lower rounded. The flowers are
small, pale-blue or white, many, in a long spike,
the flower-stalks short and erect, the styles as
long as the capsules. The latter are inversely
egg-shaped, not so long as broad, smooth, the
seeds small and plano-convex. The plant is 3-10
in. in height, and flowers from May to August or
later, being a herbaceous perennial.

Common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is heathy places,
heaths, moors, and hedgebanks and coppices in
S.E. England. The habit is prostrate, with as-
cending branches, the plant being hairy, the
leaves shortly stalked, coarsely toothed, elliptic.
The flowers are pale-blue, in erect racemes,
axillary spikes with many flowers, stalkless or
nearly so, the flower-stalks erect. The style is
very long. The capsule is inversely heart-shaped
and notched, blunt at the tip, and longer than the
oblong, linear sepals. The plant is 2-18 in. in
height, flowering between May and July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Germander Speedwell (Veronica Chamedrys,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is pastures, hedge-
banks, copses, &c. The habit is ascending, with
slender branches, the whole plant being hairy and
downy on opposite sides of the stem (not all round
as in V. montana), the leaves nearly stalkless,
egg-shaped to heart-shaped, deeply and coarsely
toothed. The flowers are numerous, large, blue,
in opposite racemes, with linear bracts less than
the flower-stalks, with linear sepals. The capsule
is inversely heart-shaped, deeply notched. The
plant is 8-24 in. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Yellow Marsh Eyebright (Bartsia viscosa,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is meadows and
grassy ground. The habit is erect, the plant being
a hemi-parasite on the roots of grasses, the
stem round, simple, the whole plant clammy, the

FIELDS AND MEADOWS 9

leaves stalkless, opposite, rough, with prominent
nerves below, egg-shaped or oblong lance-shaped,
coarsely toothed. The flowers are yellow, glan-
dular, in axils, distant, crowded above, the oblong
capsule downy, not so long as the calyx, with
numerous seeds, granulate. The plant is 4-18 in.
high, flowering from June to October, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Great Yellow Rattle (R/inanthus major, Ehrh.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields and cultivated
ground. The habit is erect, the stem tall, with
many branches, the leaves coarsely toothed, linear,
lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow with violet
spots, large, in a dense spike and numerous.
The bracts are yellow with green points. The lobes
of the upper lip of the corolla are oblong. The
seeds have a broad wing. The plant is 6-18 in.
in height, and flowers from June to August, being
an annual, herbaceous plant, semi-parasitic on
the roots of grasses.

Perrier’s Yellow Rattle (Riinanthus Perrieri,
Chabert).—The habitat of this plant is pastures,
cornfields. The plant is gregarious, with simple
stem or with few branches, the stem-leaves shorter,
simple, smooth above, rough below. The flowers
are few, yellow. The calyx in fruit blackish-violet.
The corolla-tube lengthens during flowering, and
in the absence of insects self-pollination takes
place. The seeds are adapted to dispersal by the
wind. The plant is 9-18 in. in height, flower-
ing in June and July, and is an annual hemi-
parasite.

Yellow Rattle (Riinanthus stenophylius, Schur.).
—The habitat of this plant is pastures. The habit
is as in the Common Yellow Rattle, but the simple
stem has many internodes, the leaves coarsely
serrate, lance-shaped, narrow, the stem-leaves,
with two or three leaves in the axils and inter-
calary branches. Otherwise it resembles the
Common Yellow Rattle, having yellow flowers,
being 9-18 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is an annual hemi-parasite.

Mountain Yellow Rattle (Riinanthus monticola,
Druce).—This is a native, and found on mountain
pastures, grassy ground, by stony footpaths in the
north. The plant resembles the last, but has a
shorter stem, with very short and numerous lower
internodes, the intercalary internodes elongate,
with many branches. The stem-leaves are very
narrow, linear, and often bent back. The flowers
are treacly-brown. The plant is 2-6 in. in height,
and flowers in July and August, being an annual
hemi-parasite.

ORDER OROBANCHACE2

Yarrow Broomrape (Ovobanche arenaria,
Borkh.).—This plant is parasitical upon Achillea
Millefolium, which grows in fields and by the
wayside. The stem is simple and leafless. The
corolla is tubular, curved in front, the tube flat-
tened at the back in the central part, the throat
expanded, glandular on the outside, the lobes of
the lip blunt, with edges bent back. The tubular
calyx is glandular, downy, has 5 sepals, with

awl-like teeth. The stigma is nearly 2-lobed, the
style glandular. The smooth filaments have hairs
below. The side bracts are awl-like, the inter-
mediate ones lance-shaped, narrow above. The
plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is perennial, parasitic, never green,
but brown.

Knapweed Broomrape (Ovobanche elatior,
Sutton).—The habitat of this saprophytic parasite
is that of the host-plants Cen/aurea Scabiosa,
Knautia arvensis, Carduus lanceolatus, meadows
and pastures, roadsides, and waste places. The
stem is erect, yellow, the bracts not so long as
the corolla, which is glandular outside, curved,
tubular, flattened at the side above, the upper lip
2-lobed, toothed, the lobes bent inwards. It is
at first rose-yellow, then pale or dull. The sepals
are divided into two nearly to the base, glandular,
hairy all over, as long as the tube. The stigma is
2-lobed, yellow, and the anthers white when dry.
The anther.«stalks are slender below, smooth
above. The plant is 9-24 in. in height, flowering
from June to August, and is perennial.

Clove-scented Broomrape( Orobanche caryophyll-
acea, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is that of
the host-plants Galium Mollugo, G. verum, and
Rubus fruticosus. The habit is erect, the stem
brown, the flower more or less bell-shaped, or
tubular, curved on the back, the sepals divided
into two nearly to the base, shorter than the tube,
the 3 lobes of the lower lip nearly equal, wavy
and toothed, the upper 2-lobed. The stamens
are inserted above the base of the tube, which
is hairy below, glandular above. The stigma is
purple, with 2 lobes nearly separate. The plant
is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers between May
and July, being perennial.

Common Broomrape (Orobanche minor, Sm.).—
The habitat of this plant is that of the host-plants
Clover and Crepis virens. The stem is erect, yel-
lowish-brown or purple, slender, the corolla yel-
lowish-white, with violet or black veins, the tube
narrow in the middle, the sepals many-veined, the
tube erect or curved downwards, the limb white
or yellow, the lobes of the upper lip spreading, the
lower toothed, nearly equal, wavy. The stigma
is purple, bilobed, the lobes hardly connected, the
anthers yellow when dry. The stamens are in-
serted below the middle of the tube, smooth, with
scattered hairs, below the style also smooth, with
only a few hairs anteriorly. The plant is 6-24 in.
high, flowering from June till August, and is annual.

Purple Broomrape (Orobanche purpurea, Jacq.).
—The habitat of this plant is grassy pastures,
where the host-plants, Achillea Millefolium, &c.
grow. The habit is erect, the stem blue-purple,
tough, not swollen below, downy, like the scales,
bracts, calyx, and corolla. There are 3 bracts.
The calyx is bell-shaped, with 4 teeth or lobes,
which are shorter than the tube, lance-shaped or
triangular. The tube is curved, the lobes of the
lips acute, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lobes pale-
blue with darker veins. The stigma is white,
hardly divided, the anther-stalks smooth. The
middle of the tube is narrow. The capsule has

fe)

the valves free above. The plant is 4-12 in. in
height, and flowers in June and July, being
perennial.

Picris Orobanche (Ovrobanche Picridis, F.
Schulze).—This is a native plant, with a predi-
lection for Picris hieracioides and Crepis as host-
plants, being found in disused quarries and else-
where. The habit is erect, the stem slender, hairy,
glandular, the plant very pale. The corolla is
erect or at right angles afterwards, the bracts
white with purple veins, 1-nerved. The sepals are
entire, slightly curved at each end, the corolla
nearly straight, and the upper lips of the corolla
are not notched but have the tip bent in. The
stigma is purple, the lobes touching, the stamens
hairy below within, and inserted below the middle
of the corolla-tube. The anthers are pale-purple,
brown, or yellow. The plant is 6-18 in. in height,
flowers from June to August, and is perennial.

Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hedere, Duby). —
This plant is parasitic on the Ivy, and found in
the habitat of the latter in woods and fields, in
hedgerows, &c. The habit is erect, the stem pur-
plish. The corolla is violet-brown, the sepals
1-veined, the spike loose, the upper lip egg-shaped,
entire, folded, notched, the corolla bent, the middle
lobe of the lower lip longest, the lobes of the stigma
partly attached, yellow, the anthers brown, paler
when dry, the stamens inserted below the middle
of the tube, smooth, with hairs below, the style
with hairs above, purple-tinged. The plant is
6-24 in. in height, and is in flower between July
and August, being a perennial.

Yellow Broomrape (Ovobanche Ritro, Gren. and
Godr.).—This plant is found where Cat's Tail
grows in pastures, &c. The habit is erect. The
flowers are yellow, the corolla hairy and very
glandular, like the whole of the plant, and downy.
It is 4-9 in. in height, and flowers in June and
July, being a perennial.

ORDER LABIATZ

Basil Thyme (Calamintha Acinos, Clairv.).—
The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, dry
gravelly places, cornfields, limestone rocks. The
habit is prostrate, then ascending, with branches
downy, stems with turned-back hairs, slender,
and bearing numerous leaves. The leaves are
narrow at the base, with the margin rolled back,
an adaptation to dry conditions, egg-shaped,
toothed, with a long point. The flowers are
bluish-purple, with white spots, in simple whorls,
5-6, with leaflike bracts, with bracteoles not so
long as the flower-stalk. The tube is closed with
hairs, the calyx swollen below, 2-lipped. The
plant is short, 4-10 in. high, and is in bloom from
June to September, being a herbaceous annual or
biennial.

Selfheal (Prunella laciniata, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is grassy places. The habit is similar
to the common form, but spreading, prostrate
below, and from this it differs in having the leaves
deeply divided nearly to the base. The flowers
are creamy-white, or in rare cases blue. The

BRITISH FLORA

teeth of the calyx are fringed with hairs. The
height is 2-9 in., and it is in flower in July and
August, the plant being a herbaceous perennial.

Meadow Clary(Salvia pratensis, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is dry fields and grassy places.
The habit is erect, tall, with glandular hairs above,
the stem square, with few leaves, wrinkled, the
radical leaves egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped
below, on long stalks, blunt, scalloped, toothed,
the upper stalkless, small, lance-shaped. The
large flowers are purple, or bluish-violet, smooth
inside, the corolla sticky, three times as long as
the calyx. The bracts are long-pointed, heart-
shaped below. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height,
being handsome, and flowers from June to August,
being a herbaceous perennial, and is well worth
a place in the garden.

Downy Woundwort (Stachys germanica, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is fields, roadsides, cal-
careous places, woods, hedges, on dry soil. The
habit is erect. The rootstock bears stolons, the
stem is thick, branched, and covered with a felt of
white down, or densely silky. The lower leaves
are tufted, egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped,
wrinkled, on long stalks, the upper stalkless,
lance-shaped, scalloped, toothed. The flowers
are in stout spikes, rose-purple, the corolla downy,
the upper lip spotted, the flowers in interrupted
whorls below, on short stalks. The calyx is softly
hairy, the upper lip longest. The bracts equal
the calyx. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. Flowers
are to be found in July and August. The plant is
a herbaceous biennial.

Germander (Zeucrium Botrys, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is stony fields and calcareous places.
The habit is erect, the stem branched from below,
and the leaves numerous, deeply divided nearly
to the base, or 3-lobed, the lobes oblong or divided,
or blunt, the veins prominent below. The flowers,
in whorls in the axils, are rose-purple, the calyx
swollen below, glandular, netted in fruit. The
lower lip of the corolla is spotted red and white.
The nutlets are pitted. The stem is 4-12 in. in
height. July to September is the flowering season.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ILLECEBRACE

Knawel (Scleranthus perennis, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is dry fields and sandy fields.
The habit is prostrate, the stem simple, or branched
irregularly, bluish-green. The leaves are erect,
all growing one way. The flowers are green and
white, the segments of the calyx in fruit united
below, blunt, rounded, with a broad membranous
margin. The tube of the calyx is downy, and the
bracts are short. The styles are not so long as
the stamens. The plant is 2-8 in. in length.
Flowers are found from June to September. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGONACE2

Bistort (Polygonum Bistorta, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is moist meadows. It has a large

FIELDS AND MEADOWS

rhizome, twisted (hence Snakeweed). The habit
is erect. The stem is simple, with egg-shaped
leaves, almost heart-shaped below, wavy, bluish-
green below, the leaf-stalk winged. The flowers
are in a dense terminal spike, the flowers white
or pink, the fruit brown, polished. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, and is in flower between June and
September. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Acute-leaved Dock (Rumex conglomeratus,
Murr.).—The habitat of this plant is wet meadows
or other places, waste places. The habit is erect,
branched, spreading, the stem slender, with egg-
shaped, lance-shaped leaves, heart-shaped below,
which are not narrowed above the base. The
flowers are in distant leafy whorls. The perianth
segments or sepals are enlarged, and are oblong,
entire, linear, nearly acute, or toothed at the base,
and bear 2 oblong tubercles. The flower-stalks
are jointed below the middle. The stem is tall,
1-3 ft. high. Flowers may be found from June to
October, and the plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Sorrel (Rumex Acetosa, L.).—The usual habitat
of this plant is meadows and pastures, or woods.
The habit is erect. The stem is slender and
simple. The lower leaves are arrow-shaped on
long stalks, the lobes rounded not spreading,
bluish-green below, the upper stalkless. There
are brownish stipules, toothed, torn. The leaves
are acid. The plants are dicecious, the males on
one, females on another plant. The outer sepals
are turned back in fruit, the inner rounded, with
a membranous border, with small tubercles. The
fruit is smooth and brown. The height is 1-2 ft.
It is in flower from May to August, and is a her-
baceous perennial.

ORDER ORCHIDACE

Green Winged Orchid (Orchzs Morio, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is pastures and meadows.
The habit is erect. There are 2 root tubers, which
are globose. The scape bears radical leaves at
the base, which are lance-shaped. The leaves
are unspotted, the upper erect. The bracts are
coloured, 1-nerved, the same size as the ovary.
The flowers are purple and green-veined, the blunt
sepals have green veins, and they form a hood
with the petals. The lip is pale and purple-spotted.
The spur is blunt and nearly straight. The lobes
of the lip are broad and scalloped, the middle one
longest. The height is 6-12 in. May and June
are the flowering months. It is a herbaceous
perennial, propagated by tubers. :

Irish Orchid (Habenaria intacta, Benth.).—The
habitat of this plant is limestone pastures. The
habit is the typical Orchid habit, the scape short.
The leaves are oblong, numerous, spotted occa-
sionally. The flowers are in a dense spike, pink,
the lateral petals and sepals form a hood. The
lip is 3-lobed and projects, the lobes linear, short,
the middle one entire or lobed. The nearly round
spur is short. The stigma has 2 ascending lobes,
and there is a broad flat disk between them. The
plant is 4-10 in. high. It flowers in June, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

1)

ORDER [RIDACEA2

Jersey Crocus (Romulea Columne, S. & M.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy pastures or other
places, dry sandy soil. The habit is that of other
bulbous plants, the corm being sheathed, egg-
shaped, as large as a pea. The radical leaves
are linear, channelled above, slender, bent back,
thread-like, flattened at the margin. The scape is
solitary, 1-flowered, somewhat drooping, with a
spathe longer than the tube. The perianth is
petaloid, regular, with 6 segments, which are
spreading. The flowers are green outside, white
inside, with purple stripes, with a yellow claw.
The flower-stalk is curved in fruit. The stamens
are epigynous on the throat of the tube, longer
than the style, with free, hairy stalks. The linear
stigma is divided into 2 lobes nearly to the base.
The capsule is egg-shaped, and the seeds are
nearly round, with a leathery coat. The plant is
4 in. high. *It flowers in March, up till May, and
is a herbaceous perennial, in danger of being not
long hence entirely exterminated.

Purple Crocus (Crocus vernus, All. = albiflorus,
Kit.).—The habitat of this plant is fields and mea-
dows. The plant is of the usual bulbous habit.
The corm is broad and flattened, with net-like
fibres in the tubular sheath, torn, and dirty-brown.
The scape is enveloped in the latter. The leaves
are formed with the flowers. The flowers are
white or purple. The spathe is simple. The
throat of the corolla has a fringe of hairs. The
stigmas are orange, toothed, 3-lobed, the lobes
wedge-shaped, erect, jagged. The anthers are
pale bright yellow. The capsule is large, the
seeds small and red. The plant is 3-6 in. in
height, and flowers from March till May, being a
herbaceous perennial geophyte.

ORDER AMARYLLIDACE2

Spanish Daffodil (Narcissus major, Curt.).—The
habitat of this plant is pastures, copses, orchards,
&c., where no doubt it has been planted. It differs
from the ordinary daffodil in being more robust,
frequently with double flowers, with the perianth
segments broader, the corona being lemon-yellow,
with 6 rounded lobes. It is 12-18 in. in height,
and is in flower from March till May. The Spanish
Daffodil is a herbaceous perennial.

Narcissus, Large Jonquil (Narcissus odorus, L.).
—This species is a native of Europe, the Pyrenees,
&c., and has been recorded from Cornwall, but is
not a native plant, being an escape from cultiva-
tion only. The leaves are semi-cylindrical, there
being two on the spathe, and the three flowers are
yellow, sweet-scented. The crown has 6 deep
lobes of a deep yellow.

Pale Twin-flowered Narcissus (Narcissus bi-
florus, Curt.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy
fields. The outer scales of the bulbs are mem-
branous. The habit is grass-like or lily-like. The
leaves are long, acutely keeled, linear, blunt, not
bluish-green, the margins turned back. The
scape is flattened, as long as the leaves, 2-edged.

The perianth is broad, with white or pale yellow-
coloured flowers, in pairs (hence the Latin specific
name), the margin bent inwards. The tube is
slender, sabre-shaped, the flower-stalk slender.
The 6 perianth-segments are blunt and egg-
shaped. The crown is pale yellow, scalloped,
short, hollow, the margin pale then white. This
Narcissus is 1-14 ft. in height. It is in flower in
April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Pheasant’s Eye Narcissus (Narcissus poelicus,
L.).—This plant is found in fields, or heathy open
fields. The habit is similar to that of the Daffodil.
The leaves are rather blunt, keeled, and linear.
The scape bears one flower as a rule, and is
flattened at the border, being 2-edged. The petals
are broadly egg-shaped, white, with a yellow
crown, which is hollow above, short, with a
scalloped red border (hence the English name).
The plant is from 1 ft. to 18 in. in height. The
Pheasant's Eye blooms in May, and isa herbaceous
perennial.

Snowflake (Zeucojum estivum, L.).—The Snow-
flake is found in wet meadows and by stream
sides, in osier beds. The habit is erect, the bulb
1 in. long. The leaves are produced at the same
time as the flowers. They are keeled, blunt,
rather bluish-green, and linear. The long scape
is 2-edged, with a spathe with many white flowers,
the tip green and entire. The flower in bud is
erect, drooping when open, and is bell-shaped,
the flowers in clusters of 2-6. The petals are egg-
shaped, green at the tip. The style is thicker above.
The fruit is conical. The seeds have no caruncle.
The height is 2-24 ft. Flowers may be gathered
in May, and the Snowflake is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

ORDER LILIACE4

Grape Hyacinth (Muscari racemosum, Lam. &
D. C.).—The habitat of this plant is grassy places.
The habit is lilylike, or that of a geophyte. At
the base of the small bulb are small bulbils. The
long linear leaves are bent back, channelled, half-
round, limp, wavy, prostrate. The scape is short,
round. The musk-scented, egg-shaped flowers
are numerous, dark-blue, borne in a raceme,
cylindrical, and the rachis after flowering be-
comes thickened. The slender flower-stalks are
long when the plant is in fruit, the upper flowers
almost stalkless, barren, or imperfect. The cap-
sule is notched. The plant is 4-10 in. in height.
The flowers open in May and June, and the plant
is a herbaceous, bulbous perennial.

ORDER MELANTHACE

Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is meadows and woods.
The plant has the lily habit, with tuberous root-
stock. The leaves are vernal, the flowers autumnal,
rarely vernal. The leaves are smooth and dark-
green, lance-shaped, flat, erect, with close nerves.
The sheath is long, large, and stout. The radical
flowers are purple, the tube 2-6 in. long, and the
ovary, buried in winter in the ground, rises up

BRITISH FLORA

with the leaves in spring. The anthers are large,
yellow, and there are 6 stamens (in Crocus 3).
The capsule is 14 in. long, membranous, 3-grooved,
shortly stalked, acute at both extremities. The
brown seeds are small and numerous. The plant
is 6-12 in, in height. The plant is in flower from
August till October, It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACE

Great Prickly Sedge (Carex muricata, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is ditches, gravelly
pastures, marshes, copses. The habit is tufted.
The stems are slender, with short stolons, wiry,
3-angled, roughish at the extremity. The leaves
are not so long as the stem, narrow, flat. The
4-6 spikelets are borne on a long oval spike or
panicle, with or without a bract below, and are
touching. The fruit is oval with a long point,
veined, finely toothed at the top, with a broad, flat,
long beak, divided into two nearly to the base.
The nut is egg-shaped. The style is club-shaped
below. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers
from May to July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Oval-headed Sedge (Carex leporina, L. = C.
ovalis, Good.).—The habitat of this sedge is wet
places, meadows, pastures, &c. The plant is
stout, having the sedge habit. The rootstock is
tufted, without stolons. The stems are 3-sided,
smooth, or rough above. The leaves are narrow,
not so long as the stem. There are about six
spikelets, which are oval, contiguous, lobed, close,
pale-brown, flattened, alternate. There are male
spikelets below. There are no bracts, or, if so,
they are awl-like. The glumes are acute, pale-
brown, with a green midrib, white edges, with
a membranous border. The fruit is erect, ovate,
narrow, plano-convex, lobed, with membranous
borders. The beak is divided into two nearly to
the base. The nut is elliptic, oblong, with a short
cylindrical beak, stalked, shining. The plant is
6-12 in. high, flowering in June, and is a her-
baceous perennial.

Carex Pairei, Sch.—This sedge is regarded as
only a variety of the last by Mr. G. C. Druce,
though raised to specific rank by others. It is
found in the S.W. of England and is very rare.
It differs from the last in its narrower leaves, the
spike being compact or occasionally interrupted
below. The fruit is short and spreading and
suddenly narrowed into a short beak. The square
small nut is blunt. It is from 1-2 ft. in height.
Flowers are found in May, June, and July. It is
a herbaceous perennial.

Glaucous Sedge (Carex glauca, Scop.).—The
habitat of this plant is grassy places, usually
damp, pastures, woods, rocks. The habit is
sedge-like. The stem is tall and wiry, with
narrow, bluish-green leaves, which are flat, erect,
or bent back. There are several male spikelets,
2-3 stalked, fertile spikelets, the flowers crowded,
drooping at length. The bracts are broad and
not sheathing. The glumes are dark, short, acute,
not as long as the stalkless, elliptical, blunt, rough,
swollen fruit, with a round, entire, turned-back

FIELDS AND MEADOWS

beak. The nut is egg-shaped, triangular. The
plant is 4-24 in. in height. It is in flower in May,
June, and July, and is quite a conspicuous feature
of some pastures, being a herbaceous perennial.

Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea, L.). —The
habitat of this sedge is wet meadows, marshy
places, and marshes. The habit is similar to the
last. The stems are curved, smooth, bluntly three-
angled, erect, and bear leaves. The leaves are
bluish-green, with rough edges, flat. The bracts
have long sheaths. The spikelets are oblong,
the oblong fertile ones inclined, loose, remote, the
solitary terminal spike being entirely male. The
fruit is egg-shaped, swollen, dotted, longer than
the dark, egg-shaped glumes, which are blunt or
acute, with a broad, green midrib and pale edges.
The beak is short and round. The nut is 3-angled,
dotted, brown, linear-elliptic. The plant is 9-24
in. in height. The flowers are open from June
to August, and it is one of our most handsome
sedges, known by its variegated glumes. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Hairy-fruited Sedge (Carex fomentosa, L.).—
Pastures, wet meadows, or water meadows as
they are often called, constitute the usual habitat
of this plant. The habit is typical of the Sedge
group. The stem is erect, acutely 3-angled, rough
above. The rootstock is creeping. The broad
leaves are bluish-green below, smooth, curved,
flat. There are no sheaths to the upper bracts,
the lower being leaflike with a sheath, reddish at
the base. The spikelets are nearly stalkless, the
solitary male spikelets erect, the short female
shortly-stalked, blunt, cylindrical. The glumes
are small, acute. The fruit is densely downy,
inversely egg-shaped, with a short beak, notched
and narrowed below. The nut is 3-angled, pale,
inversely egg-shaped. It is 9-18 in. high, and
flowers in May, June, July. It is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER GRAMINE

Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odora-
tum, L.).—This grass grows everywhere in
pastures and meadows or in woods. The habit
is typically grass-like, erect. The stem is smooth
and shining, nearly simple below, rarely rough.
The leaves are flat, hairy, the sheaths furrowed,
downy, witha hairy mouth. The panicle is oblong,
lance-shaped, interrupted at the base or close,
downy or softly hairy, with short branches. The
glumes are as long as the awns, which are not so
long as the flowers. The spikelets are in groups,
green, smooth, or hairy; the lowest glumes are
egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, nearly awned,
the next 2 awned, curved, with blunt tips. The
flowering glumes are smooth. The smooth fruit
is enclosed in the shining flowering glume and
palea. The height is 6-18 in. June and July are
the months when this grass scents the meadows.
It is the foliage that is aromatic. The plant is
a herbaceous perennial.

Anthoxanthum puellii, Lec. & Lam.—The habi-
tat of this species is pastures, fields, and waste
places. The habit is the same as that of Sweet

a3

Vernal Grass, from which it differs in being
slender, much-branched, bent at the nodes, with
smooth sheaths in the loose panicle narrowed to
the top, long slender awn, shorter glumes, the
lower 1-2 unequal, rough, membranous, the lower
half as long as the long-pointed upper glume, the
awned glumes straight. It is 4-8 in. high, and
flowers in Juneand July, being a herbaceousannual.

Meadow Foxtail Grass (Alopecurus pratensis,
L.).—The habitat of this grass is meadows, pas-
tures, grassy places. The habit is erect, grass-
like. The stem is smooth, the leaves are flat,
rough along the border, the sheath smooth, en-
larged above, the ligule blunt and large. The
cylindrical, blunt, dense panicle is slender, the
empty glumes hairy, with keel fringed with hairs,
the glumes lance-shaped, with a long point, united
below, hairy, the awn twice as long as the smooth
flowering glume. The anthers are yellow. The
styles are united. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height.
It flowers before other grasses in April, up till
June. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant, with
but slightly-creeping stem.

Cat’s Tail or Timothy Grass (Phleum pratense,
L.).—This plant is found in pastures and by the
wayside. The habit is erect, tufted. The stems
are smooth and ascending, with short, flat leaves.
The leaf-sheaths are parallel with the stem. The
ligule is long. The panicle is long, cylindrical,
blunt, green. The shortly-stalked spikelets are
crowded. The glumes are blunt. The rigid,
rough awns are half as long as (or less than) the
glumes, which have a stout, hairy, green keel,
with pale borders. The flowering glumes are
membranous and 5-nerved. The anthers are ob-
long, purple. There are 3 stamens, long styles,
slender and feathery stigmas. The fruit is en-
closed in the flowering glume, and flattened at
the margin. It is 1-4 ft. in height, and the rough,
blunt glumes and short awns distinguish it from
Alopecurus pratensis, with which it is often con-
fused. It is a herbaceous perennial, flowering
later than the last in June and July.

Fiorin Grass (Agrostis alba, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is pastures and waste places, grassy
places. The plant has the grass habit. The stem
is more or less prostrate below, rooting, then erect,
with long prostrate stolons. The leaves are flat,
sometimes rough, with smooth rough sheaths.
The ligule is long and acute. The panicle is
branched or lobed, green or yellowish, compact
after flowering, spreading in flower. The florets
seldom have awns. The empty glumes are large
and rigid, the flowering glumes are 5-nerved, and
rarely awned. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. in height,
flowering between July and September. The plant
is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Bent Grass (Agrostis vulgaris, With.).
—Meadows and marshy places are the habitat in
which this plant is found. The habit is prostrate,
then ascending, rooting at the nodes, with stoles.
The stems are smooth, with smooth sheaths, the
ligule blunt, and short. The panicle is long,
spreading, narrowly egg-shaped, branched below.
The empty glumes are egg-shaped, smooth, red

14

or purple and green, the flowering glumes are
blunt, shorter, 3-nerved, three times as long as
the 2-nerved palea. The awn is short or absent.
There are 3 stamens, a short style, and a feathery
stigma. The fruit is enclosed in the glume, and
is round and smooth. It is 1-1% ft. in height.
It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Meadow Soft Grass (/Holcus lanatus, L.).—
The habitat of this grass is meadows, fields,
copses, and waysides. The habit is erect. The
root is fibrous. The plant is softly downy. The
stems are tufted, ascending, with numerous leaves.
The latter are flat, downy, with the upper sheaths
swollen, and the knots softly hairy. The ligule
is short. The panicle is pale-green or pink, the
branches twice or thrice divided. The spikelets
are oblong. The upper glume is blunt, rough, the
empty glume acute, with strong nerves, and the
awn is included in the glume, with a smooth or
rough tip (not so long as in #. mollis). There is
no awn in the lower florets. There are 3 stamens,
and the stigmas are stalkless and feathery. The
height is 1-2 ft. It is in flower from June to
August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Yellow Oat Grass ( 7risetwm flavescens, Beauv.).
—The habitat of this grass is dry pastures and
fields. The habit is erect. The stem is smooth.
The radical leaves are hairy, flat, with hairy
sheaths. The ligule is blunt and fringed with
hairs. The panicle is open, much-branched, half-
whorled, spreading, hair-like, yellow. The spike-
lets are numerous, with 3-4 florets, yellow, shining,
glistening. There are 3 spreading awns (hence
the generic name) in the flowering glumes, and
the empty glumes are egg-shaped, with a long
point. The outer palea has 2 terminal bristles.
The rachis is hairy. The styles are distinct. The
stigmas are feathery. The fruit is furrowed with
a downy tip, and enclosed in the flowering glume
and palea. It is 1-1% ft. high. The flowers open
in June and July, and give a yellow tinge to the
meadows. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Silver Oat Grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum,
Beauv.).—The habitat of this plant is fields, pas-
tures, hedges, hedgerows, &c. The habit is erect.
The root is fibrous and creeping. The stem is
smooth, slender. The leaves are flat, rough, and
so protected against cattle. The nodes are smooth
ordowny. The ligule is blunt. The simple panicle
is loose, with the branches twice or thrice divided,
rough, long, close above, nodding. There is a
twisted bent awn in the lower flowering glume,
the upper having none. The lower empty glume
is less than the upper, which is acute, lance-shaped.
The flowering glume is hairy below the middle.
There are 3 stamens. The styles are short and
distinct. The stigmas are feathery. The fruit is
downy, enclosed in the flowering glume and palea.
It is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Dog’s Tail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus, L.).—
This plant is found in dry pastures and on banks.
The habit is erect, tufted. The stem is round,
smooth, leafless above. The leaves are thread-

BRITISH FLORA

like, with a few hairs. The sheaths are smooth.
The ligule is divided into two nearly to the base.
The spike is linear, stiff, with a wavy rachis. The
spikelets are stalkless, close, arranged all on one
side of the rachis, flattened in one plane, and with
a short awn. The empty glumes are abruptly
pointed, the flowering glumes rough above, faintly
g-nerved. There are 3 stamens. The terminal
styles are short, the stigmas feathery. The fruit
adheres to the flowering glume and palea. It is
6-24 in. high. It is in flower from July to August.
The plant is a perennial.

Cock’s Foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata, L.).—
This plant is found in pastures, waste places, &c.
The habit is erect, tufted, the root being tufted.
The plant is rough, the leaves flat, broad, long,
keeled, and flattened at the border. The sheath
is rough, the ligule long. The panicle is rigid,
with long, distant, spreading, distinct branches,
green or violet, with few branches below, rough,
horizontal in flower, in fruit ascending. The spike-
lets are arranged all on one side, in egg-shaped
clusters. The two empty glumes have a blunt
point, and are membranous, the upper are 3-
nerved, the flowering glumes are cartilaginous,
and larger, 5-nerved. The awn is short and rough.
There are 3 stamens. The stigmas are feathery,
the styles terminal. The fruit is flattened on one
side, grooved on the other, and enclosed in the
glume. The Cock’s Foot Grass is 1-4 ft. in height.
It flowers from June to July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Quaking Grass (Briza media, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is meadows, pastures, heaths, &c.,
usually on dry soil. The habit is prostrate, then
erect, with single stems, slender, and smooth.
The leaves are linear, with a long point, flat,
smooth or rough. The sheaths are smooth, the
upper ones inflated. The ligule is very short and
blunt. The panicle is spreading, pyramidal, light,
with long slender branches. The spikelets are
egg-shaped, pendulous, green or purple, shining,
of 5 florets. The glumes are not so long as the
lowest florets, the flowering glumes blunt, over-
lapping or sheathing. The lower palea is oval,
cartilaginous. The stamens are 3. The styles
are terminal and short, the stigmas feathery. The
fruit is flattened, and enclosed in the glume. The
plant is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers in June and
July. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Green Quaking Grass (Briza minor, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is fields, dry sandy fields in
the S.W., and cultivated ‘ground. The habit is
similar to that of the last. The stems are tufted,
erect, and slender. The ligule is long and lance-
shaped, acute. The panicle is similar to that of
the last, but there are 7 florets in the spikelets,
which are smaller, pale-green, and broader than
long, or triangular. The glume is longer than the
lowest florets. The lower palea is round or heart-
shaped, cartilaginous, swollen along the back.
The plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers from June
to August, being a herbaceous annual.

Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua, L.).—The
habitat of this grass is fields, pastures, waste

FIELDS AND MEADOWS

places, &c. The habit is prostrate below, then
ascending, and the stem is rooting at the base,
the root fibrous. The stems are flattened, the
plant limp, bright-green, smooth, often bluish-
green. The leaves are broad, blunt, wavy, linear,
with the margin inrolled. The ligule is long
and acute, the upper sheath longer than the
leaf. The panicle is nearly pyramidal, with
spikelets partly ranged all one way, green or
purple, the branches spreading, twice divided, at
an obtuse angle or horizontal, afterwards turned
down. The spikelets are nearly stalkless, egg-
shaped, with 5 florets. The lower palea is 5-nerved.
The flowering glumes are smooth, the upper glumes
broadest in the middle. There are 3 stamens.
The 2 styles are short and terminal, the stigmas
feathery. The fruit is 3-angled, grooved, enclosed
in the glume. The plant is 3-12 in. in height.
It is in flower from April to September. The
plant is a herbaceous annual, but perennial on
the Pyrenees and in India.

Smooth Meadow Grass (oa pratensis, L.).—
The habitat of this grass is meadows, pastures,
banks, &c. The habit’ is prostrate, then erect.
The rootstock is creeping, with stolons. The
round stem is smooth. The linear leaves are flat,
acute, with a hollow tip. The sheath exceeds the
upper leaves. The ligule is blunt and prominent.
The panicle is spreading, with branches 3-5 times
divided and rough, after flowering closed or open.
The spikelets are egg-shaped, with 3-4 webbed
florets. The lower palea has 5 prominent veins,
3 hairy. The plant is 1-2 ft. high. It flowers in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rough Meadow Grass (Poa trivialis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is meadows, moist and shady
places, and damp woods. The habit is similar to
that of the last, but there are no stolons. The stem
is tufted, like the root, rough. The leaves are
rough, and so are the sheaths, the upper longer
than the leaf. The long ligule is acute. The
panicle is erect, spreading, rough, and five times
divided. The flowering glumes 3-5, webbed, the
5 nerves distinct, the spikelets egg-shaped. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high. It flowers in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial, in other essentials
resembling the last.

Upright Brome Grass (Bromus erectus, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields, waste places
on dry soil, sandy and chalky soils. The habit is
prostrate below, then erect, the rootstock stout,
creeping, without stolons. The stem is rigid,
smooth, bent below. ‘he leaves are hairy, with
inrolled margins, adapted todry conditions, narrow,
the radical leaves convolute, the upper broadest.
The sheaths are hairy, with erect, scattered hairs.
The ligule is short. The panicle is narrow, nearly
erect, and simple, rigid, with 2-3 divided branches.
The rachis is rough. The green or purple spike-
lets are linear lance-shaped, with numerous florets,
flattened, distant. The flowering glumes are
hairy, twice as long as the awn. The lowest
glumes exceed the upper by one-third, the lower
palea being faintly 7-veined. The style is lateral
on the ovary, the anthers yellow. The plant is

us

1-3 ft. in height. It flowers from June to August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Lop Grass (Bromus racemosus, L.).— The
habitat of this plant is fields and waste places.
The habit is erect. The stem is erect and rigid.
The leaves are rigid, fringed with hairs, and
otherwise, as the sheaths, smooth, or but slightly
hairy. The panicle is long, simple, erect, narrow,
with branches with 3-5 divisions. The egg-
shaped spikelets are flattened, the flowering
glumes overlapping in fruit, rough, broadest
above the middle, the lower empty glume is half-
way to the top of the fourth floret. The awn is
slender, as long as the flowering glume. The
plant is 2-3 ft. in height, flowering in June and
July, being a herbaceous biennial.

Brome Grass (Bromus commutatus, Schrad.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields and waste
places. The habit is erect. The leaves and
sheaths are hairy. The plant is stouter than the
last. The panicle is compound, drooping, the
spikelets shorter, the margins of the falling flower-
ing glumes rounded at the broadest part. The
flower-stalks are as long as or longer than the
spikelets. The latter are lance-shaped, oblong.
The sides of the lower palea are uniformly rounded
at the side. The top of the upper glume is half-
way to the top of the fourth flower. The plant
is 1-3 ft. in height. It flowers in June and July,
and is a herbaceous biennial.

Couch Grass, Tare (Agropyron repens, Beauv.).
—The habitat of this grass is fields, waste places,
cultivated fields, hedgerows, and ditches, &c.
The rootstock is long and creeping. The stem
is prostrate and then ascending, hollow, smooth.
The leaves have inrolled margins at first, then
flat, rough above, or hairy, ribbed. The sheaths
are round, the ligules very short. The spike is
long, close, the rachis not brittle, smooth or
downy, rigid, erect or bent. The spikelets are
rigid, with 5-7 florets, rough on the keel, the
glumes blunt, 5-7 ribbed, the flowering glumes
with long points or awned. There are 3 stamens.
The ovary is hairy above. The feathery stigmas
are nearly stalkless and feathery. The fruit is
grooved and adheres to the palea as a rule. The
plant is 1-3 ft. in height, or more. It is in flower
from June to August. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Meadow Barley (Hordeum pratense, Huds.).—
The habitat of this grass is damp or wet meadows,
and it is frequent in some districts near the sea.
The habit is erect and grass-like. The rootstock
is creeping. The stem is slender, round, rough
above. The leaves are narrow, flat, rolled in-
wards at length, rough above, hairy below (the
narrow sheaths are the same), and the ligule is
very short. The spike is flattened, linear, yellow-
green, erect. The lateral spikelets are flowerless
or male, the central bisexual. All the glumes
are bristle-like and rough, not fringed with hairs
(as in the Common Wall Barley). The glumes in
the lateral flowers are shorter. The awns are
spreading. The two nearly stalkless stigmas are
feathery. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

FLOWERS

OF THE CORNFIELDS

(N.B.—Some of the plants placed in the section on Waste Places, might be equally included here, and vice
versa, but the choice is arbitrary, and those only that are more general in cornfields, or the most dominant

types, are included here.)

ORDER PAPAVERACEAE

Poppy (Papaver Lecogiz, Lamotte).—The habi-
tat of this plant is the sides of fields, chiefly on
calcareous soil. The habit is erect. The plant
differs from the smooth-headed Poppy in having
the sap dark-yellow on exposure, the leaf lobes
larger, the capsule club-shaped, oblong, broadest
one-third below stigma, and the lobes of the
stigmatic disk bent down. The flowers are large,
the petals red, distinct, inversely egg-shaped, or
wedge-shaped. Otherwise the plant resembles
Papaver dubium (q.v.). The plant is 1-2 ft. in
height, and flowers in June and July, being an
annual.

Violet Horned Poppy (Roemeria hybrida, D.C.).
—The habitat of this plant is chalky cornfields,
on dry soil. The habit is erect. The stem is
slightly hairy or hairless, with yellow juice. The
leaves are divided to the base, once or twice,
with lobes with a terminal bristle, rough, linear,
nearly smooth. The flowers are violet-blue, with
a black disk. The petals fall before midday.
The sepals are hairy. The pod is cylindrical,
rigid, sparingly hairy above, 3-valved, erect.
The seeds are numerous, rough, deeply pitted.
The plant is 1 ft. to 18 in. high, flowering in May
and June, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER CRUCIFER

Mithridate Mustard (7%laspi arvense, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and
roadsides, cultivated ground. The habit is erect.
The stem is simple, slender, the radical leaves
stalked, the stem-leaves oblong, arrow-shaped,
toothed, smooth, with rounded basal lobes. The
flowers are white in a long raceme, the pods flat,
on slender, spreading flower-stalks, large, rounded,
notched, the valves having a broad wing, the cells
5-6-seeded, the seeds rough and finely furrowed,
dark, with small pinholes. The plant is 1 ft. in
height. The flowers are in bloom from May to
July, and the plant is a herbaceous annual.

Wild Radish (Raphanus Raphanistrum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is cornfields and culti-
vated fields. The habit is erect, pyramidal. The
root is slender. The stem is stout, erect or spread-

16

ing, hairy. The leaves are simple, with coarse
teeth, the lobes distinct, the terminal lobe largest.
The flowers are white, with white petals with
violet veins, or yellow with darker veins. The
pod is moniliform or bead-like, the beak longer,
with slender ribs, awl-shaped, flat. The pods
open at the base above the first segment, which
is barren and small. The plant is 1-2 ft. high.
It flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Night-flowering Catchfly (Silene noctiflora,
L. ).—The habitat of this plant is sandy cornfields,
gravelly fields, cultivated fields, on light soil. The
habit is erect. The stem is rounded, glandular,
simple or forked, the leaves below stalked, in-
versely egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped,
acute. The flowers are in a panicle, open at
night, are fragrant, creamy-white. The calyx
is oblong, elliptic, clammy, veined with 10 ribs,
glandular, the teeth long and awl-shaped. The
flower-stalks are glandular also. The petals are
crowned, divided into two nearly to the base,
rolled up in the daytime. The capsule is egg-
shaped and has no septa, being as the calyx. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, but frequently 6-8 in. It
is in flower between July and September. It is
a herbaceous annual.

Corn Spurrey (Sperxgularia sativa, Boerm.).—
This plant is a colonist, found in cornfields, culti-
vated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is
succulent, the leaves in whorls, longer than in the
Common Spurrey, and the internodes are longer,
the leaves grey-green, linear, fleshy, very clammy.
There are 2 stipules below the leaves. The flowers
are white, the seeds black, flattened, with a narrow
wing, with minute, elevated points, not wart-like
projections. The plant is 4-15 in. in height, and
flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER LEGUMINOS-E

Lucerne (Medicago sativa, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is cultivated ground, railway banks,
hedges, and fields, hedgebanks and borders of
fields, and it is frequently sown by farmers. The
plant has an erect habit. The stem is erect,

CORNFIELDS

hollow, branched. The leaves are divided into
three. The leaflets are inversely egg-shaped,
oblong, toothed, notched above, with a short
abrupt point. The flowers are yellow, blue, or
purple, in a raceme of many flowers, the flower-
stalks not so long as the calyx, the main stalk
longer than the leaves. The pods are flattened
in a loose spiral of 2-3 turns, downy, the hairs
close. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers
from May to August, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Crimson Clover (7rifolium incarnatum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is cultivated fields, clover
fields, &c. The plant has an erect habit, with
slender stems, and is downy or softly hairy with
spreading hairs, the leaves shortly stalked, the
leaflets inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped.
The stipules are egg-shaped, blunt, and hairy.
The flowers are in a long, cylindrical, later egg-
shaped head, crimson, terminal, on stalks, the
calyx teeth not so long as the corolla, 10-veined,
and hairy, spreading in fruit, and the mouth is
also hairy. The petals do not fall. The wing
is longer than the keel, the latter springing back
into position after it is depressed by insects, and
the stamens are exposed. The stamens are dia-
delphous. The filaments have swollen tips. The
style is thread-like. The pod is stalkless, 1-seeded.
The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers in
June and July, being a herbaceous annual.

Leafless Yellow Vetchling (Lathyrus Aphaca,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is cornfields, waste
places, gravel pits, and about hedges and road-
sides. The habit is climbing, the stem weak.
The leaves are tendrils, and the stipules, which
are large, egg-shaped, spear-shaped, nerved, do
the work of the leaves. The first and second
leaves in the seedling are scale-like and 3-lobed,
with awl-like points, the third and fourth com-
pound, with one pair of leaflets and stipules, and
an awl-like tendril. The fifth and later leaves are
awl-like points and stipules. The point becomes
a'tendril above. The flowers are pale yellow,
single, rarely on long stalks, erect. The lobes
of the calyx are green, linear, about as long as
the corolla. The pod is sickle-shaped, broad,
nearly erect, beaked, netted, and the 6-8 seeds
are smooth and flattened. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, and flowers in June and July, being
a herbaceous perennial.

Tuberous Pea (Zathyrus tuberosus, L.).—This
plant is a denizen, found in cornfields. The plant
is of climbing or trailing habit. The rootstock
is creeping, the rootlets tuberous. The stem is
angled, not winged. The leaflets (one part) are
inversely egg-shaped, with spreading nerves.
The leaf-stalk and tendrils are stout, the stipules
are large and half-arrowshaped. The flowers
are borne on long flower-stalks, 2-5, crimson, in
araceme. The bracts are awl-like. The ultimate
flower-stalks are longer than the calyx, the latter
with teeth, triangular. The pod is smooth, netted,
the seeds smooth and round. The plant is 2-4 ft.
in height. It flowers from June to August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Vou. VL

17

ORDER UMBELLIFER

Broad-leaved Parsley (Caucalis latifolia, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is cornfields, waste places,
chiefly on a chalky soil, The habit is erect. The
stem is rough, simple, finely furrowed, round.
The leaves have the lobes arranged each side of
a common stalk, with leaflets divided nearly to
the base, lance-shaped, coarsely toothed, the base
running down the stem. The flowerheads are
white or pink, in shortly-stalked umbels with
2-4 rays, the bracts membranous. The branches,
bearing 5 fruits, with prickles in 2-3 rows, rough,
are 5-seeded. The plant is 6-18 in. in height,
and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
annual.

Spreading Hedge Parsley (Caucalis arvensis,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is fields,
hedgebanks, roadsides, waste places, and corn-
fields. The habit is erect, the stem roughly hairy,
much-branched, solid, with angles, bearing nume-
rous leaves, once or twice pinnate, the leaflets
loose, lance-shaped, cut or coarsely toothed. The
flowers are white or pink, in terminal stalked
umbels, with 2-8 rays, irregular. There is an
involucre of one bract or none. The oblong fruit
is rough, with spreading hooked prickles at the
tips. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and is in
flower between July and September, being a her-
baceous annual.

ORDER RUBIACE

Vaillant’s Bedstraw (Galium Vaillantii, D.C.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields. The habit
is spreading, and the plant resembles G. spurium,
but has stiffly hairy fruit, with hooked bristles,
and small green flowers in a cyme, 3-9. The
leaves are 6-8 in a whorl, linear, strap-shaped.
The plant is lighter green. than the Common
Cleavers, and the fruit is pale. The stem is
rough, and the leaves have turned-down prickles.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers in July,
being a herbaceous annual.

Cornfield Galium (Galium tricorne, Stokes).—
The habitat of this plant is cultivated fields, corn-
fields, &c. The habit is similar to that of Cleavers,
the stem prostrate, then ascending and spreading.
The leaves are narrow at the tip, 6-8 in a whorl,
linear, lance-shaped, rough, the prickles turned
back at the margin, and the 3 small creamy-
white flowers are in a cyme, on axillary flower-
stalks, shorter than the leaves, the middle one
only perfect. The fruit is granular, large, white,
and the fruit-stalk is turned back eventually.
The plant is 4-12 in. in height, and is in flower
from June to October. It is a herbaceous annual.

Cornfield Woodruff (Aspferula arvensis, L.).—
This plant is an alien or casual, found in cornfields
and waste places. It resembles Field Madder,
but has 6-10 leaves in a whorl, which are long,
blunt, linear, lance-shaped. The terminal flowers
are blue, in a cluster, with a fringe of long hairs
around them. The fruit is smooth. The plant
varies in height from 3-12 inches, and flowers

79

18
in June, July, and August. It is a herbaceous
annual,

ORDER VALERIANACEE

Lamb's Lettuce ( Valerianella eriocarpa, Desv.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, &c.
The habit is erect, branched, with slender spread-
ing stems. The flowers are small, pale-lilac, in
crowded cymes. The fruit is softly downy or
smooth, egg-shaped, and is crowned with the
large, toothed, nearly regular, truncate, net-veined
calyx. The empty cells are distant and slender,
and the fertile cell is not corky. The plant is 6 in.
to 1 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Lamb's Lettuce (Valerianella carinata, Lois.).
—This species may be found as a weed in corn-
fields, on garden walls, where many similar weeds
occur, and on hedgebanks. The plant is much-
branched, and like the Common Lamb's Lettuce
(V. olitoria), except in the following respects. The
radical leaves are spoon-shaped, those on the stem
oblong. The flowers are pale-blue, in a dense
cyme, forming a head. The bracts have a fringe
of hairs. The fruit is flattened from front to
back, boat-shaped, oblong, there being two large
barren cells, and the fertile cell is not corky (as
in V. olitoria), the cells being nearly equal. It is
crowned with a nearly straight tooth. The barren
and fertile cells are touching, with a deep furrow
between. The plant is 2-8 in. in height. It flowers
from April to June, and is a herbaceous annual.

Corn Salad (Valerianella rimosa, Bast. = Auri-
cula, D.C.).—The habitat of this species is corn-
fields and cultivated ground. The habit is as in
the next, but it is more slender. The lower leaves
are inversely egg-shaped, narrow below, the upper
oblong. The bracts are fringed with hairs. The
flowers are distant, in a loose cyme, repeatedly
forking, pinkish-blue. The fruit is nearly round,
swollen, with an erect, membranous, blunt tooth,
the calyx forming a crown, the barren cells larger
than the fertile, and swollen, with a narrow furrow
in front, touching, the fertile cell not corky. The
plant is 2-12 in. high. Flowers are to be found
in July and August. The plant is herbaceous and
annual.

Corn Salad (Valerianella dentata, Poll.).—This
species is found in cornfields, cultivated ground,
and on banks.
V. olitoria, branched, but slender. The flowers
are flesh-coloured, borne in a loose, spreading
cyme or corymb. The fruit is narrowly egg-
shaped, flat, crowned with the small calyx, which
is unequal, 4-toothed, and flat in front with a space,
smooth, the fertile cells not corky, the empty cells
smaller, and in a separate portion of the fruit wall
produced at each end. The plant is from 2 in. to
a foot high. It flowers in June and July, and is
a herbaceous annual.

ORDER COMPOSITZ

Corn Chamomile (An‘hemis arvensis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is borders of cultivated fields,

The habit is similar to that of

BRITISH FLORA

fields, and waste places. The habit is erect or
prostrate below. The stem is much-branched,
downy, finely furrowed. The leaf segments are
downy, linear, meeting. The flowerheads are
broad, the flower-stalk long, swollen above. The
receptacle is conical. The disk has yellow florets,
the ray florets white, with scales with a blunt
point, and exceeding the disk florets, which are
flat. The involucral bracts are blunt, with a
membranous border, the inner ones torn. The
achenes are smooth, ribbed, blunt. The plant is
6-24 in. high. It flowers from June to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Wild Chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is cultivated and waste
ground. The habit is similar to that of the last.
The plant is strong-scented, unlike the latter. The
branched stem is erect, and the whole plant is
smooth. The leaves have twice-divided leaves,
with lobes each side of a common stalk. The
lobes are linear, narrow, simple or divided. The
flowerheads are solitary or in a corymb, on long
stalks. The receptacle is conical, lengthening,
and hollow. The involucral bracts have no dark
border, and arelinear. The disk florets are yellow,
the disk oblique, the ray florets whiter. The ligule
is turned back in fruit. There are no scales be-
tween the florets. The fruit is 5-ribbed, on one
side, small and grey, the ribs white and slender.
The plant is 12-18 in. in height, flowering in June
and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Bristly Hawk’s-beard (Crepis sefosa, Hall., fil.).
—This plant is a casual in clover fields and on cul-
tivated ground. The habit is erect. The stem is
furrowed and angular, the whole plant erect. The
lower leaves have the lobes turned back, arranged
each side of the common stalk, toothed, the stem
leaves arrow-shaped, strap-shaped, clasping, en-
tire, or toothed below. The upper part of the
flower-stalk and involucral bracts is covered with
stiff bristles, slender, not thickened. The buds
are erect. The inner slender, rigid, keeled bracts
do not enclose the outer fruits. The outer are
awl-like. The flowerheads are yellow, bell-shaped.
The fruit is slender with a long beak. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER PRIMULACEZ

Blue Pimpernel (Anagallis femina, Hill).—This
plant is a casual, and found on cultivated ground,
being local. The habit is nearly erect, the leaves
egg-shaped, stalkless. The petals are blue, and
have no glandular hairs or rarely so, the corolla
being as long as the calyx. The plant is 6-12 in.
in height, and is in flower from June to November,
being a herbaceous annual.

ORDER CONVOLVULACE

Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is cornfields, hedges,
fields, waste places, and cultivated ground gener-
ally. The plant is a trailing or climbing plant,

CORNFIELDS

revolving from right to left, against the sun, in
about two hours. The stems are smooth or downy,
numerous, branched, angular. The leaves are
egg-shaped, arrow-shaped, entire, or wavy. The
bracts are linear, small, and some way down the
flower-stalk. The flowers are pink with white
bands, plaited in bud, rolling in when they fade,
two or more on a stalk. The flower-stalks are
4-angled, bent back in fruit. The sepals are un-
equal. The stigma is slender. The capsule is
2-celled, round, with a point. The seeds are
3-angled, with small prickles. The plant is 6 in.
to 2 ft. Gin. in height, flowering in June till Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Flax Dodder (Cuscuta epilinum, Weihe).—The
habitat of this plant is flax fields, roadsides. The
habit is festoon-like, the stem thread-like, pale-
green. The flowers are white, clustered, the calyx
is nearly as long as the corolla, which is inflated
and rounded, and the segments are acute. The
scales are closely pressed, the stamens do not pro-
ject. The capsule is 2-celled and 2-seeded. The
plant is 1-3 ft. long, and flowers in July and
August, being an annual.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Male Fluellin (Zinaria spuria, Mill.).— The
habitat of this plant is cornfields, ballast hills, the
former sandy and chalky. The stem is trailing,
downy, with short and long hairs, short-stalked.
The leaves are egg-shaped, nearly rounded, downy.
The flowers are yellow, large, the upper lip choco-
late or purplish-brown. The spur is curved, at
right angles to the tube. The flower-stalk is
hairy. The fifth stamen isa small scale. The cap-
sule is nearly round. The seeds are deeply pitted.
The plant is 4-15 in. in height, and is in flower
from July to October, being a herbaceous annual.

Narrow-leaved Toadflax (Zinaria Elatine,
Mill.).—The habitat of this plant is cornfields.
The habit is prostrate. The short hairy stem
bears long, trailing branches, with shortly-stalked
leaves, the lower egg-shaped, the upper arrow-
shaped. The flowers are as in the last, but not
so large. The flower-stalks are hair-like, curved
above, longer than the leaves. The sepals are
lance-shaped. The capsule is round, the seeds as
in the last. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. long, and
flowers from July to October, being a herbaceous
annual.

Small Toadflax (Linaria minor, Dest.).—The
habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, cultivated
ground, railway ballast, sidings, &c. The plant
is erect in habit. The stem is slender, branched,
glandular, downy, clammy. The leaves are alter-
nate, linear, lance-shaped, blunt, the radical leaves
almost spoon-shaped. The flower-stalks are in
the axils longer than the leaves. The flowers are
single, the corolla about as long as the calyx, with
linear, oblong sepals. The flowers are small, and
dull-yellow. The capsule is swollen below, open-
ing by pores, the seeds furrowed, oblong. The
plant is 4-15 in. in height. It flowers in May up
till October, and is a herbaceous annual.

r9

Green Field Speedwell (Veronica agrestis, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground,
fields, and waste places, or the wayside. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is downy, with slen-
der branches, the leaves stalked, blunt, toothed,
with regular, shallow teeth, heart-shaped, as long
as the flower-stalks. The flowers in the axils and
solitary, the lower petal white, are pale-blue. The
sepals are fringed with hairs, oval, oblong, blunt,
g-nerved in fruit, unequal. The capsule is hairy,
cells 2-lobed, 4-5-seeded, the hairs straight, glan-
dular. The plant is 4-8 in. in length. It flowers
between April and September, or later, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Buxbaum’s Speedwell (Veronica Buxbaumii,
Ten. = Zournefortii, Gmel.).—This plant is an
alien, found on cultivated ground, in fields, and
waste places, especially gardens. The habit is
prostrate. The long, much-branched stems, with
ascending tips, are hairy, and the leaves are
stalked, shining, broadly egg-shaped to heart-
shaped, with 5-6 rounded lobes, toothed and bent.
The leaf-stalk is enlarged above. The flower-
stalks are longer than the leaves. The flowers
are solitary, in the axils, pale-blue, larger than in
V. agrestis or V. polita. The sepals are lance-
shaped, acute, in front. The capsule consists of
2 spreading lobes, flattened above, with a sharp
keel, net-veined, downy, glandular, with 5-8 seeds,
and are twice as broad as long. The plant is
6-12 in. in height, and flowers between April and
October, or later, being a herbaceous annual.

Purple Cow Wheat (JZelampyrum arvense, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is cornfields, cultivated
ground, and dry banks. The habit is erect. The
stem is branched, covered with short, stiff hairs,
bluntly angled, stout, rather rough. The leaves
are lance-shaped, linear, acute, with a rough edge,
somewhat downy both sides, and entire. The
bracts are purple, broadly lance-shaped, with long,
slender, acute teeth, divided to the base. The
segments are awl-shaped. The flowers are rose
colour, with a yellow throat, and dark-pink, closed
lips, the tube curved, in loose, conical spikes. The
corolla is longer than the calyx, with long, slender
teeth. The capsule is egg-shaped, not so long as
the calyx, 1-seeded. The plant is 9-24 in. in
height, flowering from June to September, and is
a herbaceous hemi-parasitic annual.

ORDER LABIAT

Corn Mint (Mentha arvensis, L.).—This plant
is found in cornfields, cultivated fields, and waste
places. The habit is erect. The stem is short,
branched, with short hairs, dense, and turned
back. The leaves are narrowed below, stalked,
egg-shaped, oblong, lance-shaped, toothed, the
upper similar and large. The flowers are lilac, in
axillary, distant whorls, none at the top, the calyx
bell-shaped, with triangular, short teeth, as broad
as long. The throat of the calyx is naked. The
corolla is lined with hairs and hairy outside.
The bracteoles are acute, and not as long as the
flowers. The nutlets are dry and smooth. The

20

plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers late, like the
rest of the group, from August to October, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Field Woundwort (Stachys arvensis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and waste
places. The habit is prostrate, or may be as-
cending. The stem is weak, hairy at intervals,
branched from the base, rooting below. The radi-
cal leaves are shortly stalked, the upper leaves
stalkless, egg-shaped, heart-shaped, blunt, scal-
loped. The flowers are purple, in whorls of 4-6.
The bracts are stalkless, acute. The flower-
stalks are short. The small corolla is slightly
longer than or equal to the calyx. The nutlets
are covered with dots and warted. The plant is
6-18 in. in height, and flowers from April to
November, being a herbaceous annual.

Red Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis Ladanum, L.).—
This plant is found in cornfields, cultivated ground,
and waste places. The habit is erect. The stem
is softly downy, with hairs bent down, not thickened
at the joints. Briquet says that the thickened
nodes are differentiated to cause movements, such
as geotropism and heliotropism, these swollen
nodes being marked in Galeopsis Tetrahit (Vol.
III). The leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
toothed. The flowers are purple, the lower lip
mottled, with the tube of the corolla equal to
the calyx, in separate whorls. The nutlets are
flattened, rounded. The plant is 1o-12 in. in
height, and flowers from July to October, being
a herbaceous annual.

Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh.).—
This plant grows in sandy and gravelly districts.
It is distinguished from G. Ladanum by the nar-
rower leaves united below, toothed at intervals, or
nearly entire, the upper whorls close, the tube
exceeding the corolla and the slightly notched
upper lip of the corolla. It flowers in August and
September, and is an annual.

Downy Hemp Nettle (Galeopszs dubia, Leers).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy cornfields and
cultivated ground. The habit is similar to that of
G. Ladanum. The stem is not thickened at the
nodes, downy, glandular, with hairs turned back.
The leaves are broad, egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
toothed, downy both sides, soft. The flowers are
pale-yellow, white or purple, the upper corolla lip
deeply notched, the calyx glandular, downy, the
teeth not longer than the tube. The whorls are
dense. The bracteoles are small. The plant is
from 10-12 in. in height. July and August are
the months in which it is in flower. It is a her-
baceous annual.

Large-flowered Hemp Nettle (Galeopsis speci-
osa, Mill.).—The habitat of this plant is cultivated
ground. The habit is as in the Common Hemp
Nettle. The stem is thickened at the nodes, with
stiff hairs. The leaves are oblong, egg-shaped,
with a long point, toothed. The flowers are large,
yellow, and with a purple spot on the lower lip,
the corolla large and broad, the tube longer than
the bell-shaped calyx, the upper lip arched, as
broad as long. The teeth of the calyx are not so
long as the tube. The nutlets are convex above

BRITISH FLORA

and dark-brown, the inner angle rounded down-
wards. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and is in
flower in July and August, being a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Black Bindweed (Polygonum Convolvulus, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is fields, waste places,
and cultivated land. The habit is trailing or
creeping, twining. The root. is fibrous, The stem
is angular, downy on the angles, the leaves heart-
shaped, arrow-shaped, the leaf-stalk short, slender.
The flower-stalks are bent back, jointed above
the middle. The flowers are in a raceme, the
perianth segments bluntly keeled, the sepals
green, blunt, with white margins. The nut is
3-angled, opaque, finely furrowed. The plant is
1-4 ft. in height, and flowers in July up till Sep-
tember, being a herbaceous annual.

ORDER EUPHORBIACE

Dwarf Spurge (Euphorbia exigua, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, cultivated
ground. The habit is erect, branched from the
base. The stem secretes a milky juice, possibly
a protection to the plant. The plant is smooth.
The branches are erect and rigid, or prostrate.
The leaves are broader above the base, or below
the middle, linear, acute. The bracts are lance-
shaped, toothed at the base. The flowerheads
are forked, in rays of 3-5, the involucres small,
nearly stalkless, the lobes rounded, with 2 horns.
The small capsule has rough and warted angles,
smooth. The seeds are pale-grey, 3-angled,
keeled, wrinkled. The plant is 4-9 in. in height.
It flowers from July to October, and is a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER GRAMINACE2

Foxtail Grass (Alopecurus agrestis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is cornfields, fields, and road-
sides. The habit is erect, prostrate below. The
stem is rough. The leaves are flat, with rough
edges, the sheaths smooth or rough, the ligule
large and blunt. The wavy, slender panicle is
purple, tapered (hence myosuroides), with short
branches, hairy. The spikelets are two. The
empty glume is smooth, acute, united to the
middle, with a fringe of hairs on the back. The
flowering glume is slightly projecting. The awn
is twice as long as the palea. The styles are com-
bined. The fruit is enclosed in the palea. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers from May to
October, being a herbaceous annual.

Black Bent-grass (Agrostis nigra, With.).—The
habitat of this grass is cultivated fields or their
borders. It has been regarded as a variety of
A. vulgaris. The stem is erect, the plant being
taller and more robust than the latter. The ligule
is long, prominent, obliquely blunt. The sheaths
are rather rough. The panicle is rough, with
rigid branches, which are erect to spreading,
simple below. The glumes are nearly equal,
toothed above. The anthers are pale when ripe,

CORNFIELDS

half as broad as long. The plant is 1-3 ft. high.
Itis in flower in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wind Grass (Afera interrupta, Beauv.).—This
species is perhaps a colonist, and the plant is
found on sandy ground. The habit is similar to
A. spica venti (q.v.). But the panicle is narrow,
interrupted, and the anthers are oblong or oval.
The branches of the panicle do not spread but
divide from the base. The awn exceeds the palea
three times. The plant is 6-18 in. in height. It
is in flower in June and July. It is a herbaceous
annual.

Oat (Avena strigosa, Schreb.).—The habitat of
this grass is cornfields. The habit is erect, the
plant smaller and more slender than the Wild
Oat. The leaves are sometimes hairy. The
florets are ranged all on one side of the panicle,
with few branches, and about 2 florets in each
spikelet, drooping at length. The flower-stalks
are smooth. The lower palea is smooth, the
empty glumes 7-9 nerved, the flowering glumes
divided nearly to the base, with long straight
awns distinguishing it from the cultivated Oat.
The plant is 2-3 ft. in height, and is in flower
between June and July. It isa herbaceous annual.

21

Brook Rye (Bromus secalinus, L.).—This plant
is found in cornfields, cultivated fields, and by
roadsides. The plant has an erect, grass-like
habit. The stem is rigid, smooth, with broad,
smooth leaves, the sheaths furrowed, and the
ligule is short. The panicle is oblong, loose,
drooping in fruit, compound, the rachis rough,
wavy. The spikelets are flattened, egg-shaped,
the flowering glumes spreading, 5-8, not over-
lapping, round and rough, exceeding the awn,
7-9-nerved. The top of the upper glume is half-
way between the base and top of the fourth floret.
The empty glumes are rough, oblong. The plant
is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers between June and
July, being a herbaceous annual.

Rye Grass (Lolium remotum, Schrank).—This
plant is a rare species, found in cultivated fields
and waste places. The habit is erect. There
are no barren shoots. The spike is slender, with
7-11 florets, longer than the glumes. The awn
of the lower palea is less than the palea, or it
may be awnless. It is swollen in fruit and car-
tilaginous below, narrower than the upper. The
plant is 6-18 in. in height. It flowers in June and
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

FLOWERS OF THE SEA-COAST

(The maritime species form a distinct formation, growing in a fringe or zone around the coast.

A few,

however, are found on high mountains, and at a distance from the sea, where the water is brackish or saline,

and a few are general in their occurrence.
than inland.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Thalictrum dunense, Dum.—The habitat of this
plant is sandy shores and sand-hills or dunes
(hence dunense). The plant is similar in habit
to 7. minus. The stem is leafless. The floral
branches are horizontal or bent down. The
panicle is broad and short, with spreading
branches.

Ranunculus baudotii, Godr.—The habitat of
this plant is slightly brackish water, or near the
sea. The habit is trailing or floating. The
floating leaves are stalkless or stalked, the
segments 3-4 lobed, wedge-shaped, the leaves
kidney-shaped, broader than long, or with linear,
blunt segments. The submerged leaves are 3-
forked, with rigid segments. The flower-stalks
are long, thick, narrow above, longer than the
leaves. The petals do not fall and do not touch,
being 7-veined, the flowers white, starlike. The
buds are globular, slightly flattened above. The
stipules are parallel with the stem. The stamens
(15-20) are not longer than the pistil. The stigma
is tongue-shaped, the style is straight, persistent
below, bent back above. The receptacle is long
to conical, thicker than the flower-stalk. The
carpels are numerous, half inversely egg-shaped,
inflated above. In R. marinus there are no float-
ing leaves. The plant flowers between May and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Peony (Paeonia corallina, Retz.).—The
habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The Wild
Peony has the shrub habit, but is herbaceous.
The roots are fleshy, with knobs. The leaves are
in threes, with the divisions also in threes. The
leaflets are egg-shaped, bluish-green below. The
flowers are crimson. The anthers open inwards,
and are yellow. The stamens spring from a
glandular disk. The calyx consists of 5 per-
sistent sepals. The petals are 5 or more. The
2-5 follicles are downy, bent back from the base.
The seeds are numerous and burst inwards. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers in May and June,
being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CRUCIFERE

Queen Stock (Matthiola incana, Br.). —The
habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The plant has

Many waste-ground plants are more abundant on the sea-coast

the shrub habit. The stem is branched, erect,
hoary. The leaves are entire or obscurely toothed,
oblong to lanceshaped. The flowers are purple
to violet. The pods are cylindrical, glandless.
The seeds are round, winged. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in May and June, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Seastock (M/atthiola sinuata, Br.).—The habitat
of this plant is shores and sea sand. The plant
has a spreading habit. The stem is herbaceous,
woolly or downy, branched above. The radical
leaves are stalked, linear, inversely egg-shaped
or oblong, the lower leaves are wavy to toothed.
The flowers are in a raceme, pale-lilac, fragrant
at night. The pod is flattened at the border,
prickly, glandular. The seeds are winged. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sea cliffs. The plant is
prostrate in habit. The rootstock is fleshy,
cylindrical, stout, branched, leafy above. The
stem is stout, twisted, scarred, persistent. The
leaves are hairless, with stomata, the upper sur-
face protected by waxy secretions, bluish-green,
wavy, lobed, the lower with the lobes larger up-
wards, the upper stalkless, oblong, thick, fleshy,
enlarged at the base, not auricled. The flowers
are large, pale-yellow, in a long raceme before
the flowers open. The calyx is erect, with closely-
pressed sepals. The pods are spreading, flattened
at the border, with a short awl-like beak, seedless,
the valves keeled and nerved. The seeds are
round. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering be-
tween May and August, and is a herbaceous
biennial or perennial.

Isle of Man Cabbage (Brassica monensis,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is seashores,
sandy western coasts. The habit is erect or pros-
trate. The stem is simple, hairless, leafless.
The rootstock is stout and woody. The leaves
are chiefly radical, hairless, stalked, deeply
divided nearly to the base, with oblong lobes,
with unequal teeth; the upper leaves linear. The
flowers are pale-yellow. The pods are spreading,
with a thick beak, 1-3 seeded. The valves are
3-nerved. The seeds are dark, dotted with pin

holes, round. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high,

SEA-COAST

flowering between June and August, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

Brassica Cheiranthus, Vill.—The habitat of this
plant is dry places. The plant has the same
habit as the Isle of Man Cabbage. The stem is
erect, leafy below, hairy below, branched. The
leaves are hairy. In other respects the plant
resembles B. monensis. It is 1-3 ft. high, flower-
ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

Stalked Scurvy Grass (Cociilearia danica, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is the sea-coast, sandy
and muddy shores. The plant has the loose rosette
habit. The lower stem-leaves are stalked, with
3-5 lobes, the upper leaves with short stalks, clasp-
ing, lobed. The radical leaves are triangular,
heart-shaped, lobed, the stalks long, shortened
farther from the root. The flowers are white,
with small petals. The pods or silicules are egg-
shaped, 2-celled, with 4-6 seeds in each cell. The
seeds are flattened at the side. The style is
short. The plant is 1-12 in. in height, and flowers
between April and August, being a herbaceous
biennial.

Northern Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia grenian-
dica, L. = C. alpina, Wats.).—The habitat of this
plant is mountains, seashores on the Scotch coast.
The plant has more or less the rosette habit. The
plant is small, tufted, fleshy. The radical leaves
are numerous, fleshy, rounded to kidney-shaped,
entire, stalkless. The upper stem-leaves are
stalkless or shortly-stalked, elliptic, lance-shaped,
or egg-shaped, spoon-shaped. The pod is more
or less rounded, rhomboid to oblong. The style
is short. The plant is 2-6 in. in height, flowering
from June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Dittander (Lepidium latifolium, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is salt marshes where native, and
where introduced, old castles, &c. The habit is
erect. The stem is branched. The plant is hair-
less, bluish-green. The rootstock is long, and
the plant is stoloniferous. The radical leaves are
long-stalked, oblong, coarsely-toothed. The stem-
leaves are more or less stalkless, narrower, oval
to lance-shaped, toothed or entire. The flowers
are creamy-white, small, in short or compound,
panicled, dense corymbs, with bracts. The pods
are egg-shaped, downy, entire, on short stalks,
the valves not winged. The style is very small.
The plant is 2-4 ft. in height. It flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sea Radish (Raphanus maritimus, Sm.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy, rocky shores, sea-
coasts. The habit is as in Jointed Charlock, of
which it may be regarded as the wild form, as the
former is the wild form in turn of the cultivated
R. sativus. The plant is more hairy. The root
is thick. The radical leaves are interruptedly
pinnate. The leaf-segments are numerous, close,
overlapping, horizontal, or reversed, the alternate
smaller. The flowers are smaller also, yellow,
rarely white. The pod is jointed or moniliform
with fewer joints, longer than the short beak,
deeply constricted, the joints ribbed. The beak is
slender, awl-like. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flower-

23

ing between June and August, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

ORDER FRANKENIACE

Sea Heath (Frankenia levis, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is salt marshes, ballast hills. The
plant has the shrub habit. The stems are creep-
ing, slightly downy, prostrate, wiry. The leaves
are in whorls or clusters, with rolled-back mar-
gins, adapted to dry conditions, linear-oblong,
hairless (hence /evis), or fringed with hairs at the
base. The flowers are small, rose colour, terminal,
or in the forks stalkless. The calyx is slightly
hairy between the prominent angles, the sepals
forming a tubular calyx with 4-5 sepals. The
petals are 4-5, the claws long, the laminze spread-
ing. The capsule is 3-sided, the seeds are small,
and the embryo is straight, surrounded by albu-
men. The plant is creeping. It flowers between
June and September. The plant is a herbaceous
or shrubby perennial.

ORDER RESEDACE

White Rocket (Reseda alba, L.).—This plant
occurs by roadsides, in garden rubbish-heaps, and
near the seashore, in waste, sandy places. The
habit is erect. The stem is shrubby below. The
leaves have the lobes each side of a common stalk,
wavy, bluish-green, the lobes linear, acute, entire.
The flowers are white, with 6 sepals, linear-lance-
shaped, with 6 nearly equal petals, 3-fid, longer
than the calyx, with a flower-stalk not so long as
the latter. There are 4 stigmas, 12-14 stamens.
The fruit is oblong, wrinkled. The seeds are
rough, kidney-shaped. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

ORDER VIOLACE

Viola curtisit, Forst.—The habitat of this violet
is sandy shores and dunes. The habit is creeping.
There is no rootstock. The stems are rough,
angular, and the plant is branched, tufted, stolon-
iferous. The lower part of the stipule is length-
ened, separating the lateral lobes. The petals
are not much longer than the sepals, spreading,
blue, purple, or yellow. The capsule is 3-angled.
The plant is 1-5 in. high, flowering between May
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE:

Seaside Mouse-ear (Ceras/ium telrandrum,
Curt.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy and
waste places, usually near the sea, pastures, walls,
&c. The habit is branched. The plant is clammy.
The stems are cymose from the base. The leaves
are egg-shaped, oblong, the radical leaves in-
versely egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the stem-
leaves broader upwards. The bracts are herba-
ceous, broad, oval, acute, blunt-pointed, leaflike.
The sepals are clammy, 4-5, lance-shaped, acute,
the tips and margins narrowly membranous, glan-
dular. The petals are notched, with branched

24
veins. The capsule is straight, slightly longer
than the calyx. The fruit-stalks are 2-4 times as
long as the capsule, erect at length. The plant is
1-10 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Sea Pearlwort (Sagina maritima, Don.).—The
habitat of this species is maritime places (hence
maritima), sandy seashores. The habit is pros-
trate or ascending. The plant is hairless. The
central stem is long, forked, erect, with ascending
branches, producing flowers, purple, brittle, slen-
der, with long internodes. The leaves are fleshy,
blunt, blunt-pointed, rounded at the back, linear.
The sepals are blunt, concave, the tips bent in-
ward, as long as the capsule, somewhat spreading
at length, nearly erect in fruit. The flower-stalk
is erect. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering be-
tween July and September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Jersey Sea Spurrey (Spergularia atheniensis,
H. & S.).—The habitat of this plant is sea-coasts.
The habit is as in the other species of British Sea
Spurrey. The leaves are not fleshy, and there is
no basal rosette of leaves. The stipules are
broadly triangular, dull-yellow, white. The
flowers are pink. The capsule is not longer than
the sepals. The plant is from 3-5 in. in height,
and is in flower in June and July, being a herba-
ceous annual.

Sea Spurrey (Spergularia salina, Presl.).—The
habitat of this plant is sea-coasts. The habit is
prostrate. The plant is more or less downy. The
rootstock is scarcely woody, flattened, small, the
branches stout. The leaves are long, fleshy, flat,
half-cylindrical, long, and narrow-pointed. The
bracts are short, entire, dark, triangular, egg-
shaped, leaflike. The flower-stalks are shorter
than the bracts. The petals are pink with a white
base, not so long as the calyx. The stamens are
less thanto. The capsule is longer than the calyx,
and as long as the fruit-stalks. The seeds are
round, with thickened border, or flattened at the
border, or with a broad, membranous wing, pale-
brown. The plant is 4-12 in. long, flowering from
June to September, and is a herbaceous annual or
biennial.

Sea Spurrey (Sfergularia media, Presl. = S.
marginata, D.C.).—The habitat of this plant is
maritime places, muddy salt-marshes. The habit
is prostrate. The rootstock is scarcely woody,
slender, the branches stout, flattened at the border.
The leaves are long, half-round, fleshy, blunt,
more or less acute, smooth. The bracts are en-
tire, broadly triangular. The flowers are pale-
pink with a white base, as long as the sepals.
The flower-stalks are long. The capsule is large,
twice as long as the calyx, not half as long as
the fruit-stalk. The seeds are reddish, rounded,
smooth, with thickened borders, and a broad,
membranous wing. The plant is 4-15 in. in height,
flowering between June and September, and is a
herbaceous biennial or perennial.

Sea Spurrey (Spergularia rupestris, Lobel =
Alsine rupicola, Hiern = A. rupestris, Lobel =
Lepigonum rupestre, Kindb.).—The habitat of this

BRITISH FLORA

plant is rocky places near the sea. The plant is
in habit like S. media (also maritime). It is glan-
dular, downy. The rootstock is thick, woody.
The stem is round in section. The leaves are
tufted, short, flat or half-cylindrical, fleshy,
pointed, downy. The stipules are broadly ovate,
prolonged, more or less entire. The flowers are
pale-pink, the petals are longer than the calyx.
There are 1ostamens. The capsule is large—equal
to, or longer than, the calyx, half to two-thirds
shorter than the fruit-stalks. The seeds are flat-
tened, pear-shaped, with a thick border. The
plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering from May to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum,
L.).—The habitat of this species is S.W. coasts of
S.W. England, and waste places in the Channel
Islands where it is more common. The habit is
prostrate. The lower leaves are 4 in a whorl
(hence fetraphyllum), those on the branches oppo-
site, inversely egg-shaped, and in young plants
the leaves are often all opposite. The flowers are
triandrous in crowded clusters, the petals notched.
The capsules are numerous (hence Polycarpon).
The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering between May
and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER MALVACE

Guimauve or Marsh Mallow (A/‘hea officinalis,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is marshes near the
sea. The habit is erect. The plant is softly
downy, velvety, the stem more or less simple. The
leaves are soft both sides, velvety, entire, 3-5 lobed,
broad, shortly -stalked, egg-shaped to heart-
shaped, or nearly round, thick, toothed, scalloped.
The involucre is 6-9 lobed, and is an epicalyx.
The flower-stalks are axillary, with many flowers,
not as long as the leaves. The flowers are rose-
colour in a cyme. The sepals are egg-shaped.
The carpels are downy. The plant is 2-3 ft. high,
flowering in August and September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Tree Mallow (Zavatera arborea, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is maritime rocks. The habit
is erect. The stem is stout and woody. The
plant is softly downy. The leaves are velvety,
plaited, 1-7 lobed, scalloped, nearly round, long-
stalked, with broad, short lobes, the upper more
entire. The flower-stalks are axillary, crowded,
1-flowered, shorter than the leaf-stalks. The
flowers are large, rose-colour, with dark veins,
glossy. The involucre or epicalyx is 3-lobed, the
lobes large, egg-shaped. There are 10 carpels,
or more, in a ring on a common axis, from which
they break off separately when ripe. The carpels
are like brown or green caterpillars, and birds
may disperse them. The plant is 3-8 ft. high,
flowering between July and September, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

ORDER GERANIACE®

Bloody Crane’s Bill (Geranium sanguineum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is rocky, dry places,

SEA-COAST

sandy shores. The habit is prostrate, then ascend-
ing, the stem geniculate. The rootstock is stout
and blunt. The plant is hairy, with scattered,
spreading, horizontal hairs. The leaves are nearly
round, 5-7 lobed, the lobes divided into 3 nearly
to the base, narrow, linear to oblong, lance-shaped,
blunt or more or less acute. The leaves are vertical
in sunlight. The stipules are egg-shaped, acute.
The flowers are solitary, large, crimson or pink
(hence sanguineum). The petals are long, in-
versely heart-shaped, with bearded claws. The
sepals are spreading, oblong, blunt, awned. The
flower-stalks are long. The carpels are smooth,
crowned with few bristles. The seeds are dotted,
wrinkled. The anther-stalks are swollen below.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sea Stork’s Bill (Zrodium maritimum, L’Her.).
—The habitat of this plant is bare places near the
coast, sandy and gravelly. The habit is prostrate.
The stem is slightly hairy, the hairs soft and
glandular. The leaves are simple, egg-shaped,
oblong or heart-shaped, shortly-stalked, lobed,
not cut deeply into segments, scalloped. The
stipules are egg-shaped. The flowers are pale-
pink, sometimes apetalous, or with very small
petals, 1-2 on each stalk. The carpels are hairy,
with a transverse straight, deep furrow below the
deep semicircular pit near the apex. The anther-
stalks are entire. The plant is 4-18 in. long,
flowering between May and September, and is a
herbaceous biennial or perennial.

ORDER LEGUMINOS

Annual Rest Harrow (Ononzs reclinata, L.)—
Annual Rest Harrow is found in short turf near
the coast, sandy places, sea cliffs. The habit is
prostrate, or ascending. The plant is spread-
ing, hairy, clammy, branched. The leaflets are
inversely egg-shaped, wedge-shaped, acutely
toothed at the tip. The stipules are large, half-
egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are 1-flowered,
slender, jointed below the flower, shorter than the
leaves, the flowers or pod bractless. The flowers
are rose-colour in the axils. The corolla is as long
as the calyx. The pod is glandular, hairy, as
long as, or longer than, the calyx, cylindrical,
oblong, bent back (hence veclinata). The seeds
are 14-18, tuberculate. The plant is 1-6 in. high,
flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Seaside Clover (7rifolium maritimum, Huds.=
T. squamosum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
muddy salt marshes, stiff soil near the coast,
ballast hills. The habit is prostrate, then ascend-
ing, spreading. The stem is rigid, nearly erect,
the plant downy. The leaflets are oblong, in-
versely egg-shaped, blunt or acute, nearly entire.
The stipules are broadly awl-like, linear, very
long, spreading, herbaceous. The heads are
egg-shaped to rounded, terminal, lengthening in
fruit, shortly-stalked, with opposite leaves below.
The calyx is strongly veined, the teeth awl-like,
fringed with hairs at first, erect, not so long as

25

the corolla, afterwards broad, leaflike, spreading,
acute, herbaceous, the 4 upper shorter than the
ribbed tube, the lower longest and 3-veined, the
tube hairy above, inversely conical in fruit. The
flowers are small, pale-red. The pod is 2-valved.
The plant is 6-18 inches in height, flowering be-
tween May and August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Buried Clover (7rifolium suffocatum, Linn.).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy and gravelly
places, and it is sublittoral, found on sandy sea-
shores. The plant is prostrate in habit, smooth,
with short, slender, spreading stems, buried in the
sand in circular tufts (hence ‘* buried”), with in-
versely heart-shaped leaflets on long leaf-stalks,
the leaf-like organs egg-shaped, with a long point.
The flowers are white, small, with a standard
(which does not fall) with a membranous border,
the teeth of the calyx bent back and lance-shaped,
longer than the corolla, membranous. The plant
is 1-3 inches in length, and flowers in June and
July, being annual.

Upright Trefoil (77ifolium strictum, L.).—The
habitat of this Trefoil is grassy places near the
sea. The habit is erect orascending. The stems
are few, hairless, branched. The leaflets are
toothed, with slender nerves, linear to lance-
shaped, the upper oblong. The leafstalks are
very short. The stipules are broadly egg-shaped,
acute, toothed. The heads are terminal and
axillary, broad, round, the flower-stalks short,
rigid, longer than the leaves. The flowers are
rose-purple, the corolla longer than the calyx.
The calyx is stalkless, 13-veined, the tube bell-
shaped, the teeth unequal, awl-like, spinose,
spreading in fruit. The pods are obliquely rounded,
flattened at the margin, beaked, the dorsal entire,
thickened, projecting. The 1-2 seeds are egg-
shaped, with a rather prominent radicle. The
plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Slender Bird’s Foot (Lotus angustissimus, L.).
—The habitat of this species is dry banks near
the sea. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The stem is not wavy, and very hairy, dark-green,
very slender. The leaflets and stipules are lance-
shaped, acute, the former elliptic or blunt. The
flowers are 1-2 on short flower-stalks, shorter
than the leaves. The standard is broader than
long, the claw linear, not so long as the wings,
turning green. The fruit-stalk is twice as long.
The calyx teeth are straight in bud, awl-like.
The pods are 6 times as long as the calyx, linear.
The seeds are rounded. The plant is 2-8 in, in
height. Flowers may be found between June
and August, and the plant is a herbaceous
annual.

Hairy Annual Lotus (Lotus hispidus, Desf.).—
The habitat of this species is dry banks near the
sea, sunny places, roadsides. The habit is pros-
trate, then ascending. The plant is loosely or
softly hairy. The stemsare slender. The leaflets
are inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, elliptic,
The stipules are half-heart-shaped. The
flowers are 3-4 on each stalk, the latter longer

acute.

26

than the leaves, and the calyx teeth are awl-like,
straight in bud. The standard is inversely egg-
shaped, the claw awl-like, longer than broad,
longer than the wings, and does not turn green.
The pods are rough, round, twice as long as the
calyx. The seeds are more or less kidney-shaped.
The plant is 2-12 inches long, flowering from June
to August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Smooth Vetch (Vicia levigata, Sm.). — This
vetch is allied to V. dufea. The plant is hair-
less (hence /evigafa). The flowers are blue or
whitish. The calyx-teeth are unequal. The pods
are smooth. Only a single specimen is known,
that in Smith's herbarium, It is 6-15 in. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Sea Pea (Lathyrus maritimus, Big.). — The
habitat of this plant is sea shingle, pebbly sea-
shores, on the E. coast, pebbly beaches. The
habit is vetch-like. The stem is angular, not
winged. The plant is hairless, bluish-green. The
rootstock is black, long, and stout. The stem is
creeping below, prostrate. The leaflets are in
3-5 pairs, oval, oblong, alternate, or more or less
opposite, nerved, large, blunt. The leaf-stalks are
sometimes curved back. The tendrils are short.
The stipules are leaflike, large, heart-shaped to
egg-shaped, half spear-shaped, stalkless. The
flowers are variegated, purple, turning blue, on
stout stalks, with 5-10 flowers, shorter than the
leaves. The ultimate stalks are shorter than the
calyx. The bracts are small. The pod is hair-
less, swollen, bent back, straight. The 6-8 seeds
are smooth, rounded, one-third surrounded by the
hilum. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Rubus dumnoniensis, Bab.—The habitat of this
plant is sandy places among rocks by the coast.
The stem is strong and stout, furrowed, with a
few short, stiff hairs at first. The prickles are
crowded, long, straight, and slender. The leaf-
lets are large, dark-green above, felted below.
The panicle is pyramidal, large, the partial rachis
and long flower-stalks covered with fine acicles or
needle-like points. The petals are large, roundish,
milky-white. The contrasting colours, crowded
long prickles, large panicle and white handsome
flowers help to distinguish this species, and it is
nearest to R. incurvatus and R. rhamnifolius.

Scotch or Burnet Rose (2osa spinosissima, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is open places, especially
near the sea, heaths, and sand dunes. The plant
has the shrub habit, and is small, erect, bushy,
much branched. The stem is erect, the branches
compact and short. The prickles are many,
crowded, unequal, passing into bristles and glandu-
lar hairs, awl-like, nearly straight. The leaves
are slightly or not glandular, the 7-9 leaflets are
simple, toothed, simply or doubly, small, hairless
above, broad. The flowers are small, white or
pink, 3 or more, with long-pointed, simple sepals,
the calyx-tube hairless, the limb simple, without

BRITISH FLORA

glands. The styles are free. The fruit is nearly
round, with no disk, hairless, erect, black. The
plant is 6-24 inches high, flowering from May to
July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rosa rubella, Sm.—The habitat of this plant is
sands by the coast. It is a small spreading bush.
The leaflets are simply or doubly toothed, elliptical
to oval, rounded at the tip, hairless, without glands,
rather acute. The leaf-stalks are long, densely
glandular. The prickles are slénder, straight, or
acicles only. The flower-stalks are aciculate,
hairy, glandular. The sepals are glandular on
the back. The petals are.cream-colour or reddish,
the flowers 1 or 2, The styles are densely softly
hairy. The fruit is egg-shaped, pitcher-shaped,
tapered each end, hairy below, drooping when
ripe, scarlet. The flowers and leaves are red-
tinted.

ORDER CRASSULACEAE

White English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum,
Huds.).—The habitat of this species is rocks, and
banks chiefly near the sea, sandy places. The
plant has the cushion habit, forming matted tufts.
The plant is smooth, bluish-green or reddish,
The stems are prostrate, then ascending. The
flowering stems are leafy, ascending. The leaves
are crowded, mostly alternate, gibbous below,
ovate, oblong, fleshy, spurred below. The flowers
are crowded, few, white or pink, with red spots,
in short, smooth, bifid scorpioid cymes. The sepals
are short, blunt. The petals are lance-shaped,
acute - pointed, keeled. The carpels are pink.
The plant is 3-5 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER ONAGRACE

Evening Primrose (@nothera odorata, Jacq.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy ground on the
coasts of Somerset and Cornwall. The habit is
erect. The stems are purplish, branched, with
spreading hairs. The foliage is bright-green.
The leaves are short-stalked, the lower nearly flat,
with green or purple nerves, the radical leaves
linear to lance-shaped, toothed, wavy, the stem-
leaves egg-shaped to lance-shaped, narrowed.
The flowers are large, bright-yellow, fragrant
(hence odorata), becoming red. The petals are
longer than the stamens. The capsule is long,
cylindrical, club-shaped, downy. The plant is
2-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Gnothera Lamarckiana, Ser.—This species is a
casual which occurs in waste places, and is well
known from the interesting experiments made by
De Vries upon the variations to which the plant
is liable, which he calls mutations. It differs from
Gn, biennis (Sect. XII, Vol. V) in having more
pointed radical leaves. The style is longer than
the stamens. The capsule is less hairy. The
plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering between July and
September, and is a herbaceous biennial.

@nothera ammophila, Focke.—This plant is a
North American species which has been found on

SEA-COAST

the Somerset coast, and has become naturalized
on the Somerset coast.

ORDER UMBELLIFERAE

Slender Hare’s Ear (Bufpleurum tenuissimum,
L.).—jThe habitat of this plant is salt marshes,
pastures near the sea, and waste places. The
habit is more or less the grass habit. The
stem is solid, wavy, ribbed, wiry, very slender,
branched, erect or prostrate. The leaves are
linear-lance-shaped, with a long, narrow point,
g-nerved, rigid, the lowest slightly swollen up-
wards. The bracts are awl-like, unequal, 3-5,
the bracteoles the same. The flowers are yellow
and very small, in umbels or stalkless, in the axils
or terminal, the partial umbels of 3-5, overtopping
the involucre, in a raceme, or more or less spike-
like along the branches. The fruit is broad, small,
granulate between the 5 prominent ridges. There
are no vitte. The plant is 6-12 in. in height,
and flowers between July and September, being
a herbaceous annual.

Wild Celery (Apium graveolens, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is wet places, marshes and
ditches, especially near the sea. The plant is erect
in habit, and has a strong scent. The root is
spindle-shaped. The stem is smooth, erect, stout,
grooved, branched, and leafy. The leaves are
pinnate, with lobes each side of a common stalk,
or trifoliate. The leaflets in the upper leaves are
wedge-shaped, those of the radical leaves are
stalked, round-lobed. The flowers are small,
greenish-white, in stalkless or shortly-stalked ter-
minal or lateral umbels, with no partial involucres,
with one or two leaves, with leaflets in threes.
The petals are hooded. The fruit is round. The
styles are short, bent back, and spreading. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and
August, and is a herbaceous biennial or perennial.

Fennel (Feniculum vulgare, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is sea cliffs, rocks, and walls.. The
habit is erect. The stems are branching, round
below, finely furrowed, polished, filled with pith
or nearly solid. The leaves are dark-green, much
divided, 3-4-pinnate, shortly-stalked, with many
slender, linear lobes, hair-like, limp, channelled,
the upper long. The flowers are small, yellow,
in large bluish-green, concave umbels, with many
rays. The fruit is egg-shaped. The plant is
3-5 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Lovage (Ligusticum scoticum, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is rocky coasts, sea cliffs in northern
Britain, rocks on the northern sea-coast. The
habit is the rosette habit. The rootstock is stout,
branched. The stems are erect, little branched,
nearly simple, hollow, round, grooved, herbaceous,
tinged with red. The leaves are dull-green, mainly
radical, twice ternate. The leaflets are egg-
shaped, rhomboidal, or round to heart-shaped,
toothed, opaque, large, lobed or cut, scalloped.
The flowers are white or pink, nearly regular, in
umbels with 8-12 rays. The involucres consist of
5-7 leaves, the bracts are few, and the bracteoles

27

linear to awl-like. The calyx is 5-toothed. The
fruit is brown, the ridges winged, the interstices
with 3, the commissure with 6 stripes. The seed
is free. The style is short, bent backwards. The
plant is 9 in. to 3 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hog’s Fennel (Peucedanum officinale, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is maritime marshes and
cliffs, salt marshes. The habit is erect. The
stems are rounded, solid, furrowed. The leaves
are five times ternate, oblong. The leaflets are
linear, limp, long and narrow, acute. The flowers
are small, yellow, in a large umbel, on spreading,
more or less opposite, branches, with many rays,
spreading. The central flowers are imperfect.
The involucre consists of 3 bracts which soon
fall, and the bracteoles are short and thread-like.
The ultimate flower-stalks are slender, longer
than the fruit. The fruit has narrow wings, and
the stripes of the commissures are superficial.
The styles are stout, bent back. The plant is
2-3 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER DIPSACE

Sea Scabious (Scadbiosa maritima, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy places. The habit is
the rosette habit more or less. The leaves are
deeply-divided nearly to the base. The flower-
heads are purple. The involucel and its base are
furrowed. The corolla is 5-cleft. The plant is
g-18 in. high, and flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Sea Aster (Aster Trifolium, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is muddy salt-marshes. The plant is
erect in habit. The root is spindle-shaped, with
long fibres. The stem is hairless, leafy, corym-
bose above, with few branches, stout. The leaves
are spoon-shaped, linear-lanceshaped, or inversely
egg-shaped, succulent or fleshy, smooth, scat-
tered, faintly 3-nerved, slightly toothed, the upper
linear. The flowerheads are in a corymb, large,
the disk florets yellow, complete, the ray florets
purple, female, 20-30. The disk florets are tubular
below, bell-shaped above. The flower-stalk is
slender. The involucre is overlapping, with blunt
phyllaries and membranous, the inner longer,
closely pressed, few, oblong. The fruit is hairy.
The pappus is dirty-white. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in August and September, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Golden Samphire (Zula crithmoides, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is maritime rocks, or salt-
marshes, rocks, and muddy salt-marshes. The
habit is erect. The plant is yellowish-green, hair-
less. The stem is stout, leafy, slightly branched
near the top, each ending in a solitary head. The
leaves are linear, stalkless, blunt or with 3 points,
fleshy, succulent, narrow below, entire or with
2-4 shallow lobes. The flowerheads are few, in
simple corymbs on long stalks, with orange disk

28

florets, complete, and female ray florets, in 1 row,
yellow. The involucral bracts are linear-lance-
shaped, taper-pointed. The ligule is short. The
fruit is round in section, silky. The pappus has
an outer series of short bristles or scales, and is
rigid, unequal, dirty-white. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Sea Cottonweed (Diotis maritima, Cass. = D.
candidissima, Desf.).—The habitat of this plant is
sandy shores and sea shingle. The habit is pros-
trate below, then ascending. The rootstock is
woody, creeping. The stems are numerous, stout,
branched above. The plant is adapted to dry
conditions densely cottony (hence Cottonweed),
and white (hence candidissima), The leaves are
stalkless, thick, blunt, entire or toothed, oblong,
scalloped, and persist. The flowerheads are
yellow, small, in dense, terminal, clustered cor-
ymbs. The involucre is cottony, the scales of the
receptacle oblong, long-pointed, woolly at the tip.
The fruit is smooth, hairless, 5-ribbed, curved.
There is no pappus. The plant is 6-18 in. high,
flowering in August and September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Matricaria maritima, L.—The habitat of this
plant is sea-coasts. The rootstock is woody. The
leaf-segments are short, fleshy, shining, and suc-
culent. The stem is ascending. There are no
barren shoots. The heads are fewer. The re-
ceptacle is narrower. The spaces between the
ribs of the fruits are narrower. The plant flowers
between June and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Sea Wormwood (Artemisia maritima, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes and
ditches. The habit is erect, prostrate, or ascend-
ing. The rootstock is woody, branched. The
stem is branched, woolly. The leaves are white,
woolly below, deeply divided nearly to the base,
the segments linear, blunt, narrow, numerous,
spreading. The flowerheads are drooping, few,
crowded, oblong, in short panicle-like spikes, the
florets reddish, all fertile, narrow. The receptacle
is hairless. The phyllaries are oblong, the outer
woolly, the inner membranous. The plant is 9-18
in. high, flowering in August and September, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Kamtchatka Wormwood (Artemisia Stelleriana,
Besser).—The habitat of this plant is seashores.
The plant is densely white-felted. The leaves are
deeply divided nearly to the base, with broad,
blunt segments. The flowerheads are pale-yellow
in simple or nearly simple racemes, the heads
large, erect, rounded, bell-shaped. The stem-
leaves and phyllaries are all densely white-felted.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Senecio spathulifolius, D.C.—The habitat of
this plant is maritime rocks, sea cliffs, calcareous
rocks, and the plant is rare. It has been re-
garded as a variety of S. campestris. The plant
is shaggy. The plant has the rosette habit. The
stem is simple, and is tall and stout. The radical
leaves are ovate to spoon-shaped, arachnoid

BRITISH FLORA

(covered with a cottony down) above, woolly
below. The stem-leaves are enlarged below,
ovate to oblong, narrowed into broadly-winged
stalks. The upper leaves have no stalks, and
are linear or lance-shaped, clasping. The flower-
heads are yellow, the involucre woolly. The
fruit is stiffly hairy. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
biennial or perennial.

Slender - flowered Thistle (Carduus pycno-
cephalus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy
places near the sea. The habit is erect. The
stem is erect, branched, hoary, the leaves densely
hoary or cottony beneath. The branches are
long and slightly winged. The florets are purple
in 1-3 large heads, with spreading phyllaries.
The fruit is minutely pitted with several rows of
pappus. It is 1-4 ft. in height, and flowers from
June to August, being biennial.

Jersey Knapweed (Centaurea paniculata, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy fields, shores,
and slopes. The habit is erect, the stem being
branched, forming a panicle above. The stems
and branches are rigid, covered with a cottony
down, slender, with acute angles. The lower
leaves are divided nearly to the base, with linear
segments. The heads are oblong with purple
flowers. The pappus is not so long as the fruit,
consisting of scaly bristles. The plant is 1 ft. in
height, flowers in July, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

False Jersey Knapweed (Centaurea aspera,
L.).—The habitat of this Knapweed is sandy
places near the sea. The habit is prostrate, then
ascending. The stem is slender, with slender -
branches, spreading, downy, the tips cottony.
The leaves are stalkless, linear, entire. The
flower-stalks are leafy, the flowerheads brownish
red, the involucre rounded, the leathery bracts
tipped with turned-back spreading spines, the
heads solitary and terminal. The fruit is grey
and downy, the pappus not so long as the fruit.
The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering from June
to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

St. Barnabas Star Thistle (Centaurea solsti-
tialis, L.).—The habitat of this thistle is fields,
dry pastures, and other places near the sea. It
is often introduced with Lucerne, Sainfoin, and
usually found on cultivated land. The habit is
erect, the rigid stems numerous, being branched,
winged, cottony, the lower leaves with lobes
larger towards the tip, the upper entire, the base
running down the stem. The terminal solitary
heads are borne on flower-stalks, the flowerheads
yellow, with long, spreading upper bracts, the
central involucral spines long and slender, needle-
like. The fruit is white, with soft pappus as long
as the fruit. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers
between July and September, being a herbaceous
annual.

Hieracium subramosum, Lonrr.—The habitat of
this species is maritime. It has not been met
with since 1876, when it was found at Pethy Cur
by Syme. The stem is branched, tall, hairy,
stifly hairy below, woolly-felted above. The few,

SEA-COAST

2-3, basal leaves form a false rosette, and are egg-
shaped to lance-shaped, elliptic, blunt, nearly
entire, the inner lance-shaped, toothed. The 3-5
stem-leaves are nearly stalkless, acute, like the
basal, sharply toothed, all narrowed below, bluish-
green below, stiffly hairy on the midrib and
margin. The panicle forms a kind of corymb,
branched, with 1-2 lower ascending branches,
with few flowers. The stalks bear bracteoles,
and are stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular.
The few heads are rounded to egg-shaped. The
phyllaries are dark green, linear, narrow, lance-
shaped, blunt, the inner rather acute, with a pale
border, woolly-felted, hairy and glandular. The
ligules are fringed with hairs. The styles are
yellow turning brown. The plant is 1-24 ft. high,
flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PLUMBAGINACE

Jersey Thrift (Statice (Armeria) plantaginea,
All.).—The habitat of this plant is dry sandy
places, sandy banks. The plant has the rosette
habit. The plant is hairless and is more rigid,
stouter, and larger than Statice (Armeria) vul-
garis. The leaves are linear-lance-shaped, nar-
rowed into long points, the margins cartilaginous
or membranous, wavy when dry, 3-5 veined. The
scapes are rough, taller. The involucre is longer,
less deeply cut, the outer bracts with a long, herba-
ceous point, triangular or lance-shaped, abrupt,
or inversely egg-shaped, with a broad, membran-
ous margin, blunt. The calyx-teeth are long,
bristle-like, awned. The flowers are darker, on
shorter stalks. The plant is 4-20 in. high, flower-
ing between June and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Remote - flowered Sea Lavender (Limonium
(Statice) humile, Mill. = S. rariflora, Bab. non
Drej. = S. Bahusiensis, Fr.).—The habitat of this
plant is muddy salt-marshes. The plant has the
rosette habit. The stem is somewhat angular,
branched below, not forming a corymb above,
panicled. The leaves are oblong to lance-shaped,
stalked, blunt-pointed, 1-ribbed, faintly-veined.
The flowers are distant, purplish, in long spikes,
erect or bent inwards. The spikelets are loose,
or 1-3 flowered, arranged one side of the stalk,
not overlapping. The calyx-segments are acute,
finely-toothed. The outer bract is keeled on the
back, pointed, the inner 1-14 as long as the inter-
mediate. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Limonium (Statice) recurvum, C. E. Salmon =
S. Dodartit, Bab. Man., Ed. 5-8).—The habitat of
this plant is rocky shores. The plant has the
rosette habit. The stem is rigid, with thick
branches, not barren, short, and often simple,
usually not branched below. The leaves are in-
versely egg-shaped to spoon-shaped, not pinnately
veined (as they are in the next), narrowed into a
broadly-winged stalk, 3-veined below. The flowers
are purple, in nearly-erect, linear, thick spikes,
the panicle branches short, often in pairs, spread-
ing. The spikelets are 2-4-flowered, stout,

29

crowded, spreading, overlapping, in 2 rows. The
calyx-segments are without intermediate teeth,
blunt, and entire. The inner bracts are inversely
egg-shaped, very blunt, with white, or pinkish,
margins. The anthers are linear. The plant is
in flower in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Upright Sea Lavender (Limonium (Statice)
binervosum, C. E. Salmon = S. auriculefolia,
Hook. non Vahl. = S. occidentalis, Lloyd = S.
spathulata, Hook. non Desf.).—The habitat of this
plant is rocky shores. The plant has the rosette
habit. The plant is hairless. The rootstock is
short, stout, branched. The stem is branched from
near the middle, the branches repeatedly forked,
long, sometimes rough. The leaves are lance-
shaped to spoon-shaped, acute, narrowed to a
short stalk below, blunt, 3-nerved below. The
branches of the panicle are all flowering, ascend-
ing, the few lower often flowerless, the scapes
slender, wavy, forked. The spikelets are 2-4-
flowered, slender, overlapping, in 2 rows, erect
or ascending, and the spikes are linear, nearly
erect. The calyx-segments are blunt, entire,
without intermediate teeth. The inner bracts are
oval, with a broad, membranous edge, pink. The
anthers are oval. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Limonium (Statice) bellidifolium, D. C. non
Dum. = S, reticulatum, Huds. = S. caspia, Willd.
—The habitat is salt-marshes, and muddy sea-
shores. The plant has the rosette habit. It is
hairless, rough to granular, especially above.
The scape is stout or slender, much branched
near the base, erect, or prostrate when it forms a
circle. The leaves are not persistent, 1-3 veined,
small, inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute,
or blunt-pointed. The leaf-stalk is as long as
the blade. The branches are erect, spreading,
branched, bent back, the lower barren, much
divided, simple, and all flowering. The branch-
lets are much divided. The scales are triangular
to acute, the larger with long, narrow points,
the lower leafy occasionally. The spikes are
scorpioid, short, dense, or longer and loose. The
spikelets are 2-3-flowered, in 2 rows, densely
overlapping, close or distant. The outer bract
is egg-shaped, blunt, membranous, faintly-veined
below. The middle bract is irregularly oblong to
inversely egg-shaped, divided or blunt, rounded,
membranous, veined. The inner bract is long,
egg-shaped, membranous, more than half as long
as the outer bract. The bracteoles are oblong to
inversely egg-shaped, membranous, rounded or
blunt. The calyx is irregularly hairy below,
sometimes hairless, the lobes triangular to acute,
rounded, the veins not running beyond the base
of the lobes, or rarely so far, white, finely toothed,
with no intermediate teeth. The corolla is small,
pale lilac. The plant is 14-16 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Limonium (Statice) lychnidifolium, Cir.=var. b,
corymbosum, Boiss.—The habitat of this plant is
maritime rocks. The plant has the rosette habit.

30 BRITISH
The root-stock is stout and woody. The stem is
stout, branched one-third to four-fifths of its length,
tapering upwards with barren branches occasion-
ally. The leaves are inversely egg-shaped to
spoon-shaped, shortly blunt-pointed, with broadly-
winged stalks, are 5-9-veined, thick, leathery.
The scales are large, egg-shaped to triangular.
The inner bracts are roundish, twice as long as
the outer, with a bright-red band and mem-
branous border. The spikelets are 2-flowered,
densely overlapping, in 2 rows. The spikes are
thick, spreading or nearly horizontal. The calyx-
segments are short, with blunt ribs, hairy. The
anthers are oblong. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER GENTIANACE

Centaurium (Erythrea) latifolium, Sm.—The
habitat of this plant is sands by the sea. The
plant has the rosette habit. The stem is short,
more or less simple, branched, 3-cleft at the top.
The lowest leaves are more or less round. The
upper leaves are egg-shaped, oblong, 5~-7-nerved,
blunt. The flowers are rose-colour, more or less
in a head or cyme, or in terminal, forked, round,
compact tufts, with short stalks. The tube of the
corolla is as long as the calyx, the lobes lance-
shaped. The flowers are half as large as in
Centaurium umbellatum. The plant is 2-4 in. in
height, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Centaurium vulgare, Raf.=C. littoralis, Fr.—
The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The
habit is as in the last. The stem is simple (1 or
more). The radical leaves are narrow, numerous,
spoon-shaped, crowded, the upper oblong, linear,
blunt, narrowed below. The flowers are rose-
colour, stalkless, between the floral leaves, in
dense cymes, or corymbose, usually 3-forked,
with long branches. The corolla-tube equals the
calyx, and the lobes are oval, oblong, blunt. The
plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering between June and
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Centaurium pulchellum, Druce (= C. ramosissi-
mum, Pers.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy
ground. The habit is as in the last. The stem
is simple, with 1 flower, or much-branched with
several, acutely square in section. The leaves
are egg-shaped to oblong, the upper lance-shaped.
The radical leaves are few. The flowers are with-
out bracts, rose-colour, all stalked, terminal, and
in the axils, in a loose cyme or forked panicle, with
a flower in each fork. The corolla tube is longer
than the calyx, the lobes elliptic to oblong, lance-
shaped, blunt. The lateral flowers are distant
from the floral leaves. The plant is 1-6 in. high,
flowering from June to September, and is a herba-
ceous annual.

Small Yellow Gentian (Microcala filiformis, H.
& L.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy bogs,
damp sandy places. The plant has the rosette
habit. The stem is slender, threadlike (hence /i/7-
JSormis), forked, angled, simple or branched above,

FLORA

the branches more or less erect. The radical
leaves are linear to lance-shaped, the stem-leaves
awl-like, all stalkless. The flowers are solitary,
yellow, with the parts in fours, the calyx bell-
shaped, with broad, triangular, acute lobes, the
corolla-lobes blunt, as long as the tube. The
flower-stalks are stout and very long. The stigma
is pin-headed. The capsule is round. The plant
is 4-8 in. in height, flowering between July and
October, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Blue Gromwell (Pneumaria (Mertensia) mari-
tima, Don).—The habitat of this plant is northern
seashores and sea shingle. The habit is prostrate,
then ascending. The root-stock is fleshy, and the
plant is stoloniferous. The stems are leafy, much-
branched. The plant is hairless, bluish-green.
The leaves are fleshy, egg-shaped, acute, rough,
with hard dots, in 2 rows, the lower stalked, the
upper stalkless, with prominent horny points (when
dry), and are said to taste like oysters. The flowers
are purplish-blue and pink, in forked cymes, with
2 opposite, leafy bracts below. The flower-stalks
are short, curved back in fruit. The calyx in fruit
is angular. The corolla is 5-lobed to the middle,
with yellow folds or protuberances in the throat.
The nutlets are flattened, large, fleshy, free,
smooth, and form a pyramid, the membranous
outer coat becoming inflated and papery, rounded
on the back, and longer than the calyx. The
seed-cavity is larger than the seeds. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between May and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Euphrasia scotica, Wettst.—This plant is dis-
tinguished by its long and slender habit, the leaves
being shorter and narrower with longer internodes
and more compact flowers than in £. minima, to
which Mr. Beeby reduced it as a variety, in which
opinion Mr. F. N. Williams (Prodr., p 307) concurs.
The stem is firm, simple, or branched at or below
the middle. The leaves are rigid, nearly hairless,
with few short hairs on the margin, ovate to
oblong, with 6-8 teeth. The stem-leaves have
blunt teeth. The spike is interrupted below. The
lower bracts have blunt teeth. The upper bracts
have a wedge-shaped base, and the teeth have a
short awn, the lower ones being bent inwards.
The flowers are white or violet and white. The
calyx-teeth are broadly triangular, acute, and
clothed with small bristles, like the veins. The
corolla is small. The upper lip has notched lobes,
the lower is the same length, longer than the tube.
The capsule is oblong or narrow below, fringed
and covered with hairs above.

Euphrasia occidentalis, Wettst.—The habitat of
this plant is maritime. The whole plant is downy.
The stem is stout, ascending, branched below.
The leaves are clothed with small stiff bristles
and short glandular hairs. The stem-leaves are
ovate, or more or less acute, with 6-10 acute teeth.

SEA-COAST

The spike is dense as a rule. The flowers are
whitish. The bracts are broadly ovate, acute,
with 8-14 acute teeth. The calyx has small stiff
bristles, and glandular and lance-shaped, narrowly-
pointed teeth. The corolla is small, the lobes of
the upper lip entire or notched. The capsule is
elliptic, notched, fringed with hairs.

Euphrasia foulaensis, Towns. — This plant is
without hairs or slightly, softly downy. The stem
is stout, simple, or but little branched. The leaves
bear few hairs. The stem-leaves are few, distant,
ovate, blunt, with 4-6 blunt teeth. The spike
lengthens a little. The flowers are purple. The
bracts are not so large as in the last, and rather
distant, sometimes acute, with acute-pointed teeth.
The calyx is devoid of hairs, or there may be a
few bristles, and the teeth are triangular to lance-
shaped. The corolla is small, with the lobes of the
upper lip entire. The capsule is elliptic, long,
notched, fringed with hairs, longer than the calyx-
teeth.

Euphrasia salisburgensis.—The habitat of this
plant is limestone pavements and cliffs, walls,
sand-dunes, or non-calcareous rocks. As a rule
it appears to be a lowland plant, but ascends to
goo metres. The plant belongs to the group with
narrow leaves, usually more than twice as long as
broad. The stem is simple or branched below.
The leaves are without hairs, or have few, very
small, bristles. The stem-leaves are lance-shaped,
2-5 times as long as broad. They are very acute
with 4-6 distant, long, spreading, awned teeth.
The spike finally is much lengthened. The
flowers are white or bluish-purple or violet. The
bracts are ovate to lance-shaped, with 4-10 (usually
6) teeth, similar. The calyx is devoid of hairs, or
has a few very small bristles, with triangular to
lance-shaped teeth. The corolla is small, the lobes
of the upper lip turned back, notched, or with a
few small teeth. The capsule is wedge-shaped to
long, blunt to notched, without hairs, or slightly
hairy above.

ORDER OROBANCHACE

Broomrape (Orobanche amethystea, Th.).—This
plant is a native species, parasitical on Daucus
gummifer, in habitats near the sea, as a rule.
The habit is like that of Common Broomrape,
with which it was united as a sub-species. The
corolla is purple or white, and much curved below,
the upper part almost straight, extending forwards
at first, bent down after flowering. The middle
lobe of the lower lip is the largest, serving as an
alighting-place for insects. The lobes of the
stigma are partly attached, and it is purple,
reddish-brown, or yellow. The sepals are entire,
egg-shaped, then awl-like at the tip, many-veined.

The plant is 6-24 in. in height, and flowers in

June and July, being an annual.

ORDER PLANTAGINACE®

Buckshorn Plantain (P/antago Coronopus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is all the maritime coasts,

ar

dry and gravelly commons inland, gravelly barren
spots near the sea, and it becomes more maritime
northwards. The plant has the rosette habit.
The plant is downy, with long hairs, but varies
much in this respect and in size. The leaves are
linear, deeply divided nearly to the base, or toothed,
1-ribbed, and may be entire. The scape is round,
hairy, ascending, equalling or exceeding the leaves.
The spikes are slender, many-flowered, short or
long, cylindrical. The bracts are awl-like, erect,
the base egg-shaped, exceeding the sepals, which
are blunt. The lateral sepals have a membranous
wing fringed with hairs. The corolla-tube is
downy or hairless. The stamens are pale-yellow.
The seeds are pale-brown, with white extensions
at each end, and mucilaginous, adhering to the
soil when they fall. The plant is 1-8 in. high,
flowering between June and August, and isa herb-
aceous annual.

, ORDER ILLECEBRACE

Whorled Knot Grass (Jilecebrum verticillatum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is wet sandy and
boggy places. The habit is prostrate, then ascend-
ing. The stem is slender, hairless, and the plant
is branched from the root. The branches are
ascending, covered with leaves and flowers in
tufts. The leaves are round, variable, egg-shaped,
spoon-shaped, oblong, hairless. The flowers are
in whorls (hence vertzcr/latum) in the axils, small,
with a short stalk, not so long as the leaves. The
plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Strapwort (Corrigiola littoralis, L.).—The habit-
at of this plant is sandy shores and dry places,
damp sandy spots near the sea. The habit is
prostrate or ascending. The stems are many,
slender, leafy, amongst the flowers. The leaves
are linear, lance-shaped, narrowed into an ob-
scure stalk. The stipules are half arrow-shaped,
oblong. The flowers are white, stalked, small,
crowded, in small clusters, or terminal cymes.
The petals and sepals are the same size. There
are 3 stigmas, and the anthers are small. The
plant is 3-9 in. in length, and flowers between
July and September, being a herbaceous annual.

Smooth Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy soils and dry
places. The habit is prostrate or subterranean.
The stems are herbaceous, numerous, tufted,
hairless or downy, clothed with bent-down hairs.
The autumnal shoots are ascending, irregularly
branched, with spreading, not overlapping leaves.
The lateral branches resemble leafy spikes from
the close clusters. The plant is pale yellowish-
green. The root is woody. The leaves are ob-
long, hairless, narrowed below. The flowers are
small, green, stalkless, in axillary spike-like
clusters. The calyx is hairless or thinly hairy.
The fruit is 1-seeded. The plant is 4-6 in. long,

flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous

annual, biennial, or perennial.
Herniaria ciliata, Bab.—This plant was re-
garded as a variety of the last, than which it is

32

much stouter, forming larger tufts, with broader
leaves, larger, whiter stipules. The habit is pros-
trate. The plant is dark-green. The root is
strong and woody, the stem spreading from the
crown, but scarcely rooting until the autumn, when
it is prostrate, with regular alternate branches,
the leaves in two rows, overlapping. The stem
is shrubby, with small bent-down hairs on the
upper surface only. The leaves are round to egg-
shaped, fringed with hairs (hence ciliata). The
flowers are in clusters of 1-3, in small distinct
clusters, stalkless, in the axils of the lateral
branches. The flowers are larger than in the last.
The sepals are bristle-pointed. The plant flowers
in July and August, and is a herbaceous, diminu-
tive, shrub-like perennial.

Hairy Rupture Wort (Herniaria hirsuta, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy ground, waste
places, cultivated ground. The habit is prostrate.
The stem is herbaceous, clothed with straight,
spreading hairs (hence hirsuta). The leaves are
elliptic, oblong, hairy, narrow both ends, yellow-
ish-grey. The calyx is hairy like a small bur.
The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous annual. ;

ORDER CHENOPODIACE

Goosefoot (Chenopodium botryoides, Sm.).—The
habitat of this plant is muddy coasts or tidal rivers,
moist sandy places near the sea, on the S.E. coast.
The habit is erect or prostrate. The leaves are
thick, fleshy, more or less triangular, slightly
toothed. The plant when fresh is succulent,
brittle, limp when dry. The flowers are in a
dense, compound spike, leafless above. The seeds
are vertical, small, smooth, shining, keeled at the
edge. The pericarp is loose. The plant is 2-6 in.
high, flowering in September, and is a herbaceous
annual,

Sea Beet (Beta maritima, L.).—The habitat of
the plant is maritime places, muddy seashores.
The habit is pyramidal. The root-stock is thick
and fleshy, branched, tapered into a fleshy root.
The stems are prostrate below, long, spreading
in a circle, then ascending, numerous, branched,
angular, striped, ascending at the apex. The
leaves are fleshy, shining, the lower rhomboid,
triangular to egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped,
narrowed into a broad leafstalk. The flowers are
green, in long, clustered spikes, slender, simple,
leafy, 2-3-flowered, stalkless. The bracts are
linear to lance-shaped, longer than the clusters.
The perianth-segments have entire keels, the
outer (sepals) bent inwards, blunt, with mem-
branous margins. The stigmas are lance-shaped.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June
and October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved Sea Orache (A/rip/ex littoralis,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is salt-marshes,
brackish marshes, banks. The habit is erect. It
closely resembles A. patula, but has narrower,
usually entire leaves, not spear-shaped, or seldom
rhombic. The plant is mealy. The stems are
striped, with ascending branches. The leaves are

BRITISH FLORA

narrow, entire or toothed, linear-oblong to lance-
shaped. The upper leaves are very narrow. The
flowers are in slender, terminal, clustered spikes.
The fruiting perianth is rhomboidal, triangular,
toothed, tubercled on the back. The seeds are
nearly smooth, shining, all vertical. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and Septem-
ber, and is a herbaceous annual.

Orache (Afriplex patula, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is cultivated and waste ground, where
it iscommon. It may be native on the seashores
of Great Britain. The habit is erect or ascending.
The plant is mealy, deep green. The stem is
striped, with spreading branches. The lower
leaves are opposite, rhombic, or spear-shaped
with ascending, blunt teeth, from a wedge-shaped
base, entire or coarsely toothed, acute. The
flowers are in simple spikes usually leafy below,
the bracts broad. The female perianth-segments
are rhombic, triangular, toothed, tubercled, rarely
hardened, mixed with the males, the axillary soli-
tary. They are spear-shaped, blunt at the base
or triangular. The seeds are, when large, dark
brown, flattened, the smaller smooth, shining.
The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering from July to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Atriplex Babingtonii, Woods.—The habitat of
this plant is sea-coasts. The plant has been re-
garded asa subspecies of A. patula. The habit is
as inthe last. The plant is pale and very mealy.
The stems are spreading, prostrate then ascend-
ing, with spreading branches. The leaves are
egg-shaped, usually opposite, triangular, or rhom-
boid to egg-shaped, entire, wavy, the upper lance-
shaped, 3-lobed below, toothed, The flowers are
in distant, axillary and terminal, clusters, the
spikes loose and leafy, few-flowered. The fruiting
perianth is rhomboidal, acute, toothed, tubercled
on the back, the sepals united belowat the hardened
base, or to the middle. The seeds are minutely
tuberculate, all vertical, large, pale. The plant is
6-36 in. high, flowering between July and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Atriplex laciniata, L.—The habitat of this plant
is sandy sea-coasts. The habit is prostrate then
ascending. The plant is clothed with persistent,
silvery scales. The stem is buff or reddish, not
striped, angular, branched from the base, the
branches spreading, stout or slender. The lower
leaves are opposite, mealy below, entire or
toothed, acute or blunt, rhombic to egg-shaped,
wedge-shaped below, the upper the same or spear-
shaped, shortly-stalked. The floral leaves are
stalkless. The male flowers are in short, dense,
naked spikes, the females in the axils, with a few
males between. The fruiting perianths are united
to the middle, broader than long, rhomboidal, 3-
lobed, with blunt, lateral lobes ending in tubercles,
3-ribbed on the back, entire, toothed “or lobed.
The disk is prominently veined or wrinkled,
rarely tubercled. The seeds are reddish-brown,
large, much flattened at the border, rough, opaque.
The plant is 6-36 in. in height, flowering between
July and October, and is a herbaceous annual.

Atriplex Calotheca, Fr.—It differs from A. has-

SEA-COAST

tata, L., of which it has been regarded asa variety,
only in having a prostrate stem, more fleshy
leaves, and sepals deeply cut, with slender teeth.
It is 6-18 in. high.

Sea Purslane (A/riplex portulacoides, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is muddy maritime cliffs and
marshes, muddy salt-marshes. The habit is
shrubby. The plant is mealy, covered with small,
persistent, greyish-white scales. The rootstock
is woody and branched. The stem is woody below,
prostrate, wavy, the branches erect. The leaves
are silvery white, usually opposite, with a rounded
tip, spoon-shaped to lance-shaped, entire, narrow
below, the upper narrower, linear. The flowers
are in terminal, interrupted spikes or panicles,
leafy below. The fruiting perianth is cupular,
stalkless, wedge-shaped, inversely triangular to
rounded below, with 3 unequal or equal lobes
above, rough on the back, flattened at the border.
The seed is rough, chestnut colour. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from August to October,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Atriplex pedunculata, L.—The habitat of this
plant is muddy shores, muddy maritime marshes,
and salt-marshes. The habit is herbaceous. The
plant is mealy. The stem is wavy, branched or
simple, slender, round. The leaves are narrowly
inversely egg-shaped, oblong, narrow below,
entire, with a rounded tip, shortly-stalked, the
upper narrower. The flowers are in terminal
spikes, reduced to axillary clusters, more or less
stalkless, one or two fruiting in each cluster, when
the stalk lengthens and spreads. The fruiting
perianths are long-stalked, bell-shaped, wedge-
shaped, with 2 bent-back lobes, with 2 intermediate
teeth, 2 lateral lobes. The plant is 3-8 in. high,
flowering from August to October, and is a herba-
ceous annual.

Glasswort (Salicornia europea, L.=S. procum-
bens, Sm., seg., S. herbacea, L.).—The habitat of the
plant is muddy seashores, salt-marshes, maritime
and inland, it being abundant and often social.
The habit is ascending to erect. The root is
slender. The stems are herbaceous, leafless, the
joints succulent, compressed, thickened upwards,
notched, all the branches flowering, spindle-
shaped. The plant is bright green. The inter-
nodes are contracted above and below, the lower
woody, slender, the upper fleshy. The flowering
internodes are in short spikes. The flowering
spikes are tapering, blunt, cylindrical, each spike
has 8-16 flowering segments. The flowers are
nearly equal in size, 3, the centre one two-thirds
the way up the segment, with 1 stamen as a rule,
or with a secondary rudimentary one, and if there
are two they ripen successively. The styles pro-
ject. The fruiting perianth is narrowly winged at
the top. The seed is egg-shaped or oblong, green,
with curled hairs. The plant is 6-18 in. high,
flowering in August and September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Salicornia europea, L. (forma stricta, Moss. =
S. stricta, Dum.).— The habitat of this plant is
erect. The stem is erect, much-branched, vigorous,
the branches in clusters, the terminal spikes usu-

Vou. VI.

a3

ally very long. The spikes are cylindrical, 2-3 in.
long. The plant is always green in colour. The
plant is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia ramosissima, Woods.—This plant is
polymorphic in colour, size, and branching. The
colour is apple-green or grass-green to dingy red
and crimson. It is usually much-branched (hence
ramosissima), even bushy, but less branched and
branchless forms occur. It is 30 mm. in height.
The vegetative segments are about 10 mm., rarely
zomm. long. The terminal flowering spikes are
not so long as in S. europea, not more than 5-10
mm. long, acute, tapering, with 4-6 flowering seg-
ments. The spikes are rather lance-shaped. The
central flower is about twice as large as the lateral
ones, reaching two-thirds the way up the segment.
It has two stamens. The plant is a herbaceous
annual.

Salicornia pusilla, Woods.—The habitat of this
plant is salt-marshes. The plant is very small
(hence pusilla). The colour is grey-green, and
the plant does not exceed 12 cm. in heights It is
branched when full-grown, with curved, graceful
branches, but it is sometimes less so, as in the
type specimens. The vegetative segments are
6-10 mm. long. The terminal flowering spikes
are short (5-10 mm.), with few flowers (2-4), which
are globular. The lateral flowers are only one-
third as large as the central one, which reaches
two-thirds up the segment. The seed has spirally-
coiled hairs, which differ from those of other annual
species in not being crozier-shaped. The plant is
2-6 in. high, and is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia intermedia, WWoods.—The habitat of
this plant is salt-marshes. The plant, which may
be regarded as the type, differs from S. pusilla
only in having much longer and redder spikes.
The plant is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia appressa, Dum.—This plant is dingy-
red to crimson in colour. It is a prostrate plant,
triangular in outline, fan-shaped, the branches
ascending at the tip. The stems are loose, pros-
trate, then ascending, appressed to the mud (hence
appressa). The main stem is 15 cm. or more long.
The vegetative segments are 7-9 mm. long. The
terminal flowering-spikes are short (10-22 mm.),
tapering, and acute. The central flower is larger
than the lateral ones, and reaches nearly to the
top of the segment. The plant is a herbaceous
annual. The height of the plant is 6-12 in.

Salicornia gracillima, Moss.—This plant is green
or red in colour. The habit is erect, rigid, more
or less racemose. The stem is 12 cm. long. The
branches are ascending, somewhat unequal, para-
llel. The non-flowering segments are short (5-8
mm.), the spikes are larger and longer than in S.
pusilla (and the whole plant less fleshy), short,
6-12 mm., with 2-4 segments. There are 2 lateral
flowers, usually smaller by half than the central
flower, which extends half-way up the segment.
The spikes contain cellules, which are spiral,
spicular. The plant is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia disarticulata, Moss.—The habitat of
this plant is the drier parts of salt marshes, where
the plant grows among turf formed by Glyceria

80

34

marilima. Anatomically the plant is allied to
the last, but in its loosely-attached segments and
single-flowered, cyme-like inflorescences it is dis-
tinct from all other members of the sub-section
Erectz. It is recognized by the easily-disarticu-
lating (hence disarticulata) segments and single
flowers. The plant is yellowish-green, the tips of
the branches reddish. The habit is erect, rigid,
much-branched, the stem 15-16 cm. high. The
segments are short, easily disarticulating at matu-
rity (2-5 mm. long). The terminal spikes are
short (2-6 mm. long), with 3-6 segments, the
lateral spikes very short (1-3 mm.). The spikes
contain cellules, which are spiral or spicular. The
plant is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia smithiana, Moss. (=S. procumbens,
Auct. p.p.).—This plant is green in colour to red
at maturity. The habit is prostrate, then slightly
ascending, procumbent (hence procumbens). The
stem is short, 15 cm., with few ascending branches.
The non-flewering segments are short, 10 mm.
The lower branches are longer than the upper,
and are arranged crosswise. There are 2 lateral
flowers, smaller by half than the central flower,
extending half-way up the segment. There are
no spiral or spicular cellules. The plant is a
herbaceous annual.

Salicornia dolichostachya, Moss.—The habitat
of this plant is shingle near high-water mark.
The plant is green or yellowish-green. The habit
is prostrate. The stem is limp, or more or less
so, often much-branched, 5-8 cm. high. The seg-
ments are short or long. The spikes are very
long (hence dolichostachya), 8-10 cm. long, with
sometimes curved, short branches, especially at
the base, with 15-30 segments. The lateral flowers
are separated by the central one, and the species
bridges over the perennial forms with the central
flower separating the lateral ones, and the annual
where they are not, but the central flower rests
on the lateral ones. The species is recognized by
the prostrate habit, much and irregularly branched.
The plant flowers in mid-August, being the first to
flower and fruit in the middle of September. The
spikes also are very long, curved, branched. The
plant is a herbaceous annual.

Salicornia perennis, Mill., var. lignosa, Moss.—
This plant is stiffer, not, or little, rooting, the stem
thicker, shorter, more woody below (hence /ignosa).
The plant is a prostrate dwarf shrub, with a single
stem, unilateral. The branches are prostrate, and
have no adventitious roots. The 3 flowers in the
cyme are subequal, the central reaching two-thirds
the way up the segment. The seeds have shorter
hairs than in S. perennis. The plant is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Salicornia perennis, Mill. = S. radicans, Sm. =
S. fruticosa, Auct.—The habitat of this plant is
salt marshes and muddy seashores. The plant
is often social, growing in matted clumps, and
(when isolated) it is a metre across. It is a tufted,
dwarf shrub, spreading by freely-rooting branches.
The root-stock is woody, creeping, perennial, with
herbaceous, round, barz:en, and flowering seg-
ments. The colour is browner than in S. herbacea.

BRITISH FLORA

The joints are deeply notched, hardly thickened.
The spikes are blunt, thick, oblong, nearly stalk-
less. The central flower of the cyme is slightly
larger than the lateral, which reach half-way up
the segment. The seeds are nearly globular, with
curved hairs, longer than in the foregoing species.
The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering from
August to October. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Seablite (Sueda fruticosa, Forsk. = obtusifolia,
Steud. ).—The habitat of this plant is sandy, pebbly,
or shingly coasts, where the plant is a factor in
forming lateral banks and in protecting the coast.
The plant has the shrub habit. The stem is erect,
woody, with erect or ascending branches, hairless,
and rather bluish-green. The leaves are crowded,
fleshy, blunt, semi-cylindrical, dotted with white.
The flowers are in the axils, solitary or 2-3, on
short stalks. There are 3 styles. The seeds are
vertical, black, smooth, shining. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, and flowers from July to September
and October. The plant is a perennial shrub.

Annual Seablite (Su@da maritima, Dum.).—The
habitat of this plant is salt marshes and muddy
seashores. The plant is erect or prostrate in habit.
The stems are herbaceous, with many spreading
branches, hairless, bluish - green, red in late
autumn, branched from the base, the branches
slender, straggly. The leaves are tapered below,
more or less acute, semi-cylindrical. The flowers
are rarely solitary, 3-5, shortly-stalked. There
are only 2 styles. The seeds are horizontal, shin-
ing, finely furrowed, brown or black, beaked.
The plant is 3-18 in. high, flowering between July
and October, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER POLYGONACE-®

Polygonum Roberti, Lois. = P. Razi, Bab.—The
habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is long, straggling.
The leaves are flat, elliptic to lance-shaped, bend-
ing towards the stem. The ocrezx, or tubular
membranous stipules which surround the stem, are
lance-shaped, acute, with a few distant, simple
veins, and are at length torn. The anther-stalks
are broader at the base. The nut is smooth, shin-
ing, and longer than the perianth. The plant is
1-3 ft. long, flowering between July and September,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Sea Knot Grass (Polygonum maritimum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is shingle, seashores,
sands of the coast. The habit is prostrate. The
stem is woody below, stout, rigid, darker when
dry, broader at the base, often buried. The leaves
are elliptic to lance-shaped, the nerves netted
below, thick, bluish- green below, leathery, the
edges rolled back, convex above, spreading from
the stem. The ocrez are lance-shaped, with
branched veins at length torn, silvery-white, con-
spicuous, membranous, large. The anther-stalks
are broader below. The fruit is longer than the
perianth. The nut is smooth, shining. The plant
is 3-9 in. long, flowering in August and September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rumex rupestris, Le Gall.—The habitat of this

SEA-COAST

plant is sea-coasts. The habit is erect. The
radical leaves are oblong, not so broad as in &.
conglomeratus, strap-shaped, rounded, narrowed
at both ends. The bracts are few, narrow. The
panicle is tapering, with close whorls, all, but the
2-3 lowest, leafless. The enlarged fruiting seg-
ments are large, with nearly parallel sides, very
large tubercles, and narrow, egg-shaped to oblong,
blunt. The nut is egg-shaped, acute. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between June and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Curled Dock (Rumex crispus, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is roadsides, field borders, waste
ground, and it is native on seashores, glades in
woods, natural broken ground. The habit is erect,
more or less of the rosette or pyramidal type.
The stem is branched, sometimes reddish. The
leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, acute, wavy,
crisped, the base blunt, rounded, or acute. The
flowers are in a panicle, with erect branches, leafy
below, in crowded whorls, leafless. The flower-
stalks are jointed below, twice as long as the fruit-
ing perianth-segments, or shorter. The perianth-
segments are oblong, ovate, heart-shaped, blunt,
more or less entire, the upper ones having a broad,
smooth tubercle. They are green or red, netted,
the inner are entire or scalloped, the upper one
principally tubercled. The nut is elliptic, brown.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER EUPHORBIACE

Portland Spurge (Zuphorbia portlandica, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The
habit is erect or ascending. The rootstock is
cylindrical, woody, twisted. The plant is bluish-
green, hairless. The stems are numerous, tufted,
naked, scarred below, branched, leafy above. The
leaves are inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
blunt, leathery, alternate, scattered, spreading,
acute or blunt-pointed, entire. The bracts are
triangular, or kidney-shaped to heart-shaped,
broader than long, keeled, abrupt. The flower-
heads are in umbels of 3-5 rays, forked, the invol-
ucral lobes 4, moon-shaped, long-horned. The
capsules are rough at the angles or on the backs
of the valves, faintly keeled. The seeds are
whitish, with brown pits, and netted, opaque, the
cuticle brown, the caruncle large. The plant is
6-18 in. high, flowering between April and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sea Spurge (Euphorbia Paralias, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is sandy seashores. The
habit is erect or ascending. The plant is bushy,
reddish or bluish-green. The rootstock is woody,
tough. The barren stems are numerous, naked,
with tubercles below. The leaves are pale-green,
thick, leathery, overlapping, entire, elliptic, oblong,
lance-shaped, the radical linear to inversely egg-
shaped, oblong, the upper egg-shaped. The bracts
are broadly heart-shaped, broader than long. The
flowering stem is about 1 ft. high. The flower-
heads are in umbels of 5-8 forked rays, short,
stout. The involucres are stalkless or stalked,

33

with 3-4 short points. The capsules are leathery,
wrinkled, lobed, with rough valves with a dorsal
depression. The seeds are egg-shaped, dotted,
whitish, with a very small caruncle. The plant is
9-18 in. in height, flowering between July and
October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Purple Sea Spurge (Zuphorbia Peplis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy shores, loose sand,
shingle. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The plant is bluish-green or purplish. The stems
are numerous, forked, dividing into two forks re-
peatedly, spreading from the base. The leaves are
opposite, half heart-shaped, with stipules (egg-
shaped, divided into two nearly to the base) nearly
entire, leathery, shortly stalked, blunt or notched,
the base auricled on one side, blunt on the other,
hairless. The flowerheads are solitary, the invo-
lucres in the axils or forks, shortly stalked, with
oblong glands. The capsule is keeled, with
smooth, hairless valves. The sceds are white,
and have no caruncle. The plant is 2-10 in. in
height, flowering between July and September,
and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER LILIACE

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis, L.).— The
habitat of this plant is sea-cliffs. The habit is
prostrate below. The rootstock is prostrate, the
young shoots having triangular scales below.
The stems are numerous, round in section, more
or less erect, wavy, branched, spineless, the
branches slender, the cladodes bristle-like, in
groups, flexible. The flowers are drooping, in
the axils, unisexual, yellowish-green, or dirty-
white to yellow, with red veins, the males the
larger. The stalk is as long as the flower, jointed
in the middle. The berry is round, red, smooth,
shining, 3-celled. The seeds are large, hard,
black, smooth. The plant is 6-18 in. in height,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Baltic Rush (Juncus balticus, Willd.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy wet seashores, inland
lakes (Aberdeen). The habit is rush-like. The
rootstock is far-creeping, not tufted. The stems
are rigid, with continuous pith, few, pale green,
hardly finely-furrowed. The leaves are wanting, or
small points at the top of the sheathing scales.
The flowers are few, in an erect panicle, slightly
branched. The perianth is dark brown, with a
pale midrib, the segments acute, egg-shaped to
lance-shaped, as long as the capsule. The anthers
are longer than their stalks. There are 3 stamens.
The capsule is 3-angled, egg-shaped, blunt-pointed,
elliptic. It is distinguished from /. g/aucus by the
far-creeping rootstock, hardly finely - furrowed
stem, and continuous pith. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Juncus Gerardi, Lois. —The habitat of this plant
is sea-coasts, salt marshes. The plant has the
rush habit. It has been regarded as a subspecies

36

or variety of J. compressus, a more inland species.
There are one or more leaves on the stem, which
is creeping, 3-angled above, distant. The leaves
are linear, channelled. The flowers are in a
terminal, compound, rather cymose panicle, longer
than the bracts. The perianth-segments are as
long as the capsule, and are oval to oblong, blunt.
The floral bracts are shining, brown. The anthers
are long. The style is as long as the ovary.
The capsule is blunt-pointed, and oval to oblong.
The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Great Sea Rush (Juncus acutus, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is sandy seashores. The plant has
the rush habit, forming circular tufts. The stems
are erect, rigid, with a very sharp rigid point
(hence acutus), round in section, hardly finely-
furrowed, the flowerless ones numerous. The
leaves are round in section, sharp-pointed, mostly
reduced to long, shining sheaths. The flowers
are in a dense, corymb-like panicle, very com-
pound and close, large in fruit. The bracts are
lance-shaped, awl-like, longer than the flowers.
The perianth is brown, the 3 inner segments
notched, with a broad membranous border, winged
near the apex, the perianth-segments egg-shaped
to lance-shaped, half as long as the broad, blunt,
egg-shaped capsule, which is swollen, hardly 3-
angled. The seeds are broadly egg-shaped.
The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER NAIADACEZ

Sea Arrow Grass (7 riglochin maritimum, L.).—
The habitat of the plant is muddy salt marshes.
The habit is tufted. The stems are thickened
below. The leaves are radical, linear, fleshy,
flattened at the tip. The scape is curved. The
flowers are in a loose, simple, long raceme, and
are greenish. The fruit is egg-shaped, oblong,
not appressed to the scape. There are 6 stamens.
The 6 carpels are grooved at the back. The
plant is 10-12 in. high, flowering between May
and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Tassel Pondweed (Ruppia maritima, L.=R.
spiralis, Dum.).—The habitat of this species is
salt water and brackish ditches, salt-marshes.
The plant has the pondweed habit. The stem is
slender, much-branched. The leaves are linear,
narrow, opposite or alternate, the first leaf of
each axillary shoot opposite a narrow, blunt, or
notched cellular scale, arising from the base at
the side next the axis. The flowers are in a
spadix arising from the leaf-sheath. The leaf-
sheaths are inflated. The flower-stalk is spirally
coiled (as in Vallisneria), long, short and straight
in flower, when fruiting 5-6 in. The anther-cells
are 14 times as long as broad. The nut is egg-
shaped, green, beaked, obliquely erect, the stalk
1-2in. The plant is floating. It flowers between
July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Ruppia rostellata, Koch.—The habitat of this
plant is salt marshes. The plant has been re-
garded as merely a subspecies of the last. The

‘tufted, stout.

BRITISH FLORA

plant as a whole is very slender. The leaves are
narrower, slender to linear. The sheaths are
smooth, close, closely pressed to the stem. The
fruiting-stalks are short, wavy, not spiral. The
anther-cells are more or less round, rather square,
as broad as long. The drupe is swollen below,
obliquely ascending when young, the beak long
(hence vostellata). The plant is floating. The
flowering period is between June and August.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Zannichellia pedunculata, Reichb. = Z. mari-
tima, Nolte.—The habitat of this plant is brackish
water. The habit is that of a pondweed. The
leaves are opposite, threadlike. The achenes are
2-5, stalked (hence pedunculata), with strong
prickles on the back. The styie is as long as the
achenes. The stigma is large, scalloped. The
anther-stalks are up to } in. long. The anthers
are 2-celled. The plant is floating. Flowers are
to be found between May and August. The plant
is a herbaceous annual.

Small Grasswrack (Zoslera nana, Roth).—The
habitat of this plant is muddy estuaries or salt
water. The habit is ribbon-like or zosteroid (hence
Zostera), like other grasswracks. The plant is
small (hence zana). The leaves are slender, linear,
1-3-veined. The flower-stalks are slender, pale in
colour, half as broad and as long as the spathe.
The spathe is swollen above the stalk, oblong to
lance-shaped, with a short blade. The spadix is
few-flowered, short, with 2-5 clasping bands, the
margin having membranous appendages bent in-
wards. The nuts are smooth, faintly furrowed,
the seeds shining black when ripe. The plant is
floating, flowering between April and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACE

Heleocharis uniglumis, Sch.—The habitat of
this species is wet sandy places, especially near
the sea. The plant has the sedge habit more or
less. The rootstock is far-creeping. The stem
is clothed with transversely blunt sheaths at the
base. The lower glumes are brown, egg-shaped,
almost surrounding the spikelet, somewhat acute,
the edges narrow, pale. The nut is pear-shaped,
blunt, flattened at the border, the edge rounded.
The surface is finely furrowed, dotted. The nut
is crowned with the style, which is conical below,
and is not as long as the bristles. The plant is
6-8 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Cluster-headed Club Rush( Scirpus Holoschenus,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy sea-coasts.
The plant has the bulrush habit. The rootstock
is creeping. The stems are tall, round in section,
The margins of the sheaths are
united by netted fibres. The leaves are few, erect,
channelled, awl-like, rigid, and occur on the upper
sheaths, and are not so long as the stem, half
round, with rough margins. The spikelets are
very small, in dense, round clusters forming a
cyme, the upper shortly stalked or stalkless, the
branches half round and very stout. The lower

SEA-COAST

bract is erect, oblong, with a flat, open channel,
the upper spreading or ascending. The glumes
are inversely egg-shaped, notched, with a blunt
point, fringed with hairs, variegated brown and
white. The fruit is nearly round, blunt-pointed,
wrinkled. The anthers have a long point, and are
entire or toothed. There are 3 stigmas. The
plant is 3-4 ft. in height, flowering from August
to October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Small Club Rush (Scirpus parvulus, R. and S.
= S. nanus, Spreng.).—The habitat of this plant
is sandy seashores, mud flats, and estuarine mud.
The habit is as in the last. It is a small species
(hence parvulus and nanus). The rootstock is
creeping, long, with hair-like or slender stolons,
with egg-shaped to awl-like tubers. The stems
are numerous, grooved, transversely rounded, with
one small sheath, very slender, closely pressed,
leafless. The leaves are radical, slender, bristle-
like, enlarged below, bent back, channelled. The
spikelets are very small, few-flowered, pale, egg-
shaped, oval. The glumes are egg-shaped, blunt,
keeled, membranous, the lowest flowerless, not
longer than the spikelet, the two outer longer.
The bristles are 4-8, twice as long as the nut,
barbed, the hairs bent downwards. The nut is pale,
inversely egg-shaped to oblong, 3-angled, smooth,
blunt-pointed. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Scirpus Tabernemontani, Gmel. = S. glaucus,
Sm.—The habitat of this plant is brackish ditches,
usually near the sea, rivers, and ponds. The habit
is as in the last. The plant is creeping below.
The stems are round in section, bluish-green (hence
glaucus), with 1 or 2 long sheaths below. The
plant has 2 floating leaves, as in S. /acustris. The
spikelets are in a terminal, compound panicle,
smaller than the common type. The lower bract
is short. The glumes are rough, notched, fringed,
the anthers are not bearded, but the tips are
smooth. There are 2 stigmas. The nut is flat-
tened at the border, round, oblong, smooth. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering between July and
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Triangular Bulrush (Scirpus triqueter, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is muddy tidal rivers.
The plant has the bulrush habit. The stems are
acutely 3-sided, with concave faces. There are
1-2 long sheaths below, the upper ending in a
short, broad, 3-sided leaf, or usually leafless. The
flowers are in a small, lateral, cyme-like panicle,
with short, stout branches. The lower bract is
long and rigid, like a continuation of the stem.
The spikelets are small, stalked and stalkless,
solitary or few, ovoid, long. The glumes are
inversely ovate, notched, smooth, fringed, with
rounded, blunt lobes. The nut is 3-angled,
roundish to inversely ovate, plano-convex, shining,
smooth. The anthers have a short, beardless
point. There are 2 stigmas. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in July and August up to October,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Brown Club Rush (Scirpus rufus, Schrad.).—
This species is found in wet pastures or marshes,
salt marshes, especially near the sea, on the north-

37

ern and western coasts. The stems are slender,
round, tufted. The rootstock is creeping. The
leaves are short, channelled, smooth, half-round in
section. The spikelets contain 2-4 flowers, and
are chestnut - brown, few and short, not longer
than the bract. The glumes are dark-brown and
polished, the outer glume smooth, as long as the
spikelet. There are 1-6 slender, deciduous, short,
rough bristles, with spreading or ascending teeth.
The fruit is brown, ovate, opaque, with a long
beak. The plant is 3-12 in. high, flowering in
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Large-headed Sand Sedge (Carex incurva,
Lightf.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy shores
of the north, damp sea sand. The habit is grass-
like, drooping. The stem is smooth, stout, bent
down, nearly round, with spreading soboles. The
leaves are channelled, as long as the stem, with
the margins inrolled. The spikelets form a head,
the male above. The glumes are blunt, egg-
shaped, not so long as the perigynia, which are
egg-shaped, swollen, spreading, the smooth beak
split. The nut is inversely egg-shaped. The plant
is 2-4 in. in height, and flowers in June and July,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Carex divisa, Huds.—The habitat of this sedge
is marshes near the sea, brackish marshes, espe-
cially on the southern and eastern coasts. The
habit is grass-like. The stem is slender, rough
at the top, the long, narrow leaves are wavy, and
have the margin inrolled, an adaptation to dry
conditions. The spikelets form a crowded head,
and there is a bristle-like bract below, brown, with
a membranous border. The fruit is egg-shaped,
and as long as the egg-shaped acute membranous
glumes, with a blunt point, plano-convex, veined.
The beak is divided into two nearly to the base,
and has the edges roughly and coarsely toothed.
The nut is brown, rounded. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, and flowers in June and July. It isa
herbaceous perennial.

Carex salina, Wahl. = var. b. kattegensis, Fr.—
The habitat of this species is the margins of tidal
rivers. The plant has the sedge habit. The stem
is 3-angled, tall. The leaves are narrow, yellow-
green, with rough keel and margin. The sheaths
are not webbed. The spikes are erect, the lower
drooping. The male spikelets are 2-3, the fertile
3-4, on short stalks, sometimes male above. The
glumes are brownish, egg-shaped, blunt or with
a short point, the lower with an excurrent, rough
midrib. The bracts are as long as the spikes, leaf-
like. There are 2-3 stigmas. The fruit is egg-
shaped, flattened, with many veins and a short
beak. The nut is inversely egg-shaped, narrow
above and below. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Distant-spiked Sedge (Carex distans, L.).—The
habitat of this species is marshes, chiefly maritime,
and wet meadows. The plant has the sedge habit.
The rootstock is tufted and creeping. The stems
are 3-angled, smooth or roughish above, leafy
below the middle. The leaves are broad, bluish-
green, often bent back, flat. The sheaths are long.

38

The bracts are leafy, sheathed. The fertile spike-
lets are distant (hence distans), erect, cylindric to
oblong, the upper stalk included; the lower bract
is not so long as the stem, the lower stalked, The
male spikelets are long-stalked, slender, club-
shaped to cylindrical. The glumes are egg-shaped,
blunt, short-pointed, broad, rather acute, brown
with a green midrib, the margins and tip white.
The fruit is nearly erect, stalkless, opaque, green,
egg-shaped, ascending, 3-angled, equally faintly
ribbed, dotted, smooth, longer than the glumes,
the beak broad, rough, slender, flat, short, and
straight, blunt and pointed, the mouth mem-
branous. The nut is broad, inversely egg-shaped,
g-sided, brown. The plant is 10-18 in. high,
flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spotted Sedge (Carex punctata, Gaud.).—The
habitat of this plant is marshy places near the
sea, wet places in the south of England and Ire-
land. The plant has the sedge habit. The plant
is slender. The stems are smooth and slender.
The leaves are short, flat, somewhat bent back.
The bracts are leafy, with sheaths. The fertile
spikelets are erect, cylindrical, with somewhat
projecting rough stalks, especially the lowest.
The lowest are often distant, the upper close.
The glumes are blunt or shortly crowned or
pointed, the point rough, pale-red, with a broad
green dorsal band, egg-shaped. The fruit is
swollen, pale, shining, membranous, scarcely
3-angled, spreading, egg-shaped, transparently
dotted (hence punctata), not ribbed, longer than
the glumes, the beak short, linear, with 2 points.
The nut is egg-shaped to rhomboidal, narrowed
both ends, triangular, rough. The plant is 1-14 ft.
high, flowering in May, June, July, and is a her-
baceous perennial.

Long-bracted Sedge (Carex extensa, Good.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshes, chiefly near
the sea, brackish or salt. The habit is sedge-like.
The rootstock is tufted. The plant is slender.
The stems are 3-angled, smooth, slender, curved,
longer than the leaves asa rule. The leaves are
bristle-like, rolled up lengthwise, usually below
the middle, rigid, wavy, the margin inrolled, an
adaptation to drought (in this case physiological).
The bracts are leafy, narrow, very long, at length
horizontal. The sheaths are short. The spikelets
are 3-4, shortly stalked, the male are solitary,
brown, slender. The fertile spikelets are short,
distant, oblong, or 2 upper or all close, or the
lower rather distant. The glumes are blunt-
pointed, small, brown, with a green midrib, the
edges of the same colour. The fruit is egg-shaped,
3-sided, inflated, ribbed, leathery, opaque, spread-
ing, dotted, narrowed above to a straight, short,
smooth beak, divided into two nearly to the base.
The nut is oblong to elliptic, olive-brown. The
plant is 4-18 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACEZ

Spartina stricta, Roth.—The habitat of this
plant is muddy salt marshes, creeks, mudflats, in

BRITISH FLORA

south and east of England. The plant has the
grass habit. It forms small tufts 4 to 14 ft. high.
The rootstock is long, branched, creeping, the
rhizomes and stolons wiry. The stems are erect,
rigid, and strict (hence s/ricfa), stout, polished,
culms with a succession of tight, firm, short
sheaths, which (with the exception of the upper)
soon throw off the blades. The leaves are jointed
to the sheaths, broad, strict, erect, not so long as
the spike, rolled lengthwise, smooth, bluish-green
above, narrowed to the base, breaking from the
sheath. The ligule is short, silky. The panicle
is strict, of 2-3 spikelets, the point of the rachis of
the spike awl-like, and scarcely projecting, angled,
smooth, the point as long as or longer than the
upper spikelet. The spikes are usually close, rigid,
overtopping the leaves. The spikelets are yel-
lowish-green, erect, 54-7 in. long when flowering.
The empty glumes are acute, the upper with 2
teeth and a stiff awn, silky, with a rough keel.
The second glume is 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
with membranous tips. The outer glume is hairy.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between July
and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spartina alterniflora, Lois.—This species occurs
on mud flats at Southampton Water, South Hants.
The habit is the grass habit. The leaves are
broadest at the base and continuous with the
sheaths, and are equal to or longer than the
spikes (6-8), the tip of the rachis wavy, exceeding
the spikelets. The spikelets are numerous and
loosely pressed together. The outer glume is hair-
less. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering between
July and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Dr. O. Stapf has recently described it as follows:
“Forming large clumps or beds, 2-3 ft. high,
rhizomes and stolons soft, culms with a succes-
sion of up to 8 or g soft and very smooth sheaths,
not throwing off the blades, which gradually decay,
spikes usually 5-7, suberect, slender, and often
slightly flexuous, overtopped by the long-drawn-
out blades, spikelets glabrous to the naked eye,
6-74 in. long, second glume delicately 5-6-nerved
keeled to the very tip”.

Rice Grass or Sea Rice (Spartina Townshendi,
Groves = 5. alterniflora x stricta).—The habitat of
this plant is mud flats, and it is rapidly spreading
on the south coast, where it covers an area of
6000-8000 ac. It was first discovered by Messrs.
H. and J. Groves in 1879 at Hythe, Southampton
Water, but was there in 1870. The plant forms
large clumps or beds 2-4 ft. high, with soft rhiz-
omes and stolons. The culms have a succession
of up to 10 or 12 somewhat soft sheaths, increasing
in length upwards, the lowest throwing off the
blades. The leaves are broadest at the base,
shorter than in the other species, jointed to the
sheaths, not so long as the spike. The spikes,
3-5 as a rule, are more or less erect, rigid, extend-
ing above the leaves. The spikelets are 4-9, about
84 lines long, rather spreading, softly downy, the
rachis produced beyond the spikelets, wavy. The
second glume is 3-6-nerved, with one or two stouter
lateral nerves, the keel ending abruptly below the
short, membranous tip. The outer glume is slightly

SEA-COAST

downy. The plant is 14-4 ft. high, and flowers
from July to September, being a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Alopecurus bulbosus, Gouan.—The habitat of this
plant is salt marshes in the south. The plant has
the grass habit. The stem is smooth, prostrate or
ascending or erect, tuberous (hence du/bosus), form-
ing a circular tuft, geniculate or bent, the lower-
most nodes forming egg-shaped, fleshy tubers.
The plant is not bluish-green. The upper sheath
is enlarged. The ligule is oblong. The panicle
is slender, cylindrical, rather acute, long-pointed.
The stalks are 1-2-flowered. The empty glumes
are acute, free, the keel fringed with short hairs,
the flowering glume longer than the palea, the
awn projecting half-way beyond the latter from
its base. The palea is blunt, notched, with 2
small teeth in the middle. The plant is in flower
in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Milium scabrum, Rich. = M. vernale, Bieb.—The
habitat of this plant is grassy cliffs. The plant
has the grass habit. The stem is rough (hence
scabrum), as indeed is the whole plant. The leaves
are linear to lance-shaped, short. The panicle is
small, close. The palea is blunt. The bracts are
few, short, wavy. The glumes are 3-veined. The
plant is 1-4 in. in height, flowering in April and
May, and is a herbaceous annual.

Sandhill Cat’s Tail (Phleum arenarium, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy dunes, sands
near the coast, sandy commons inland, being a
sand-loving plant (hence arenarium). The plant
has the grass habit. The stems are leafy, crowded,
variable in height. The leaves are flat, broad,
with enlarged upper leaf-sheaths, which are
smooth. The ligule is long. The panicle is egg-
shaped, cylindrical to oblong, narrow below,
blunt, bluish-green, a common character amongst
xerophytes. The spikelets are close. The empty
glumes are lance-shaped, long-pointed, scarcely
awned, the keel fringed with hairs above. The
flowering glume is very small, hairy. The lower
palea is notched, one-third as long as the glumes.
The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Mibora verna, Beauv.—The habitat of this plant
is dry, sandy places and wet sands, especially
near the sea. The habit is erect. The stems are
numerous, slender, tufted. The leaves are short,
erect, bristle-like, rough, blunt, with inrolled mar-
gins, adapted to drought. The swollen sheaths
are white. The ligule is short. The spikes are
slender. The spikelets are stalkless, 5-10. The
glume is longer than the 2-nerved palea, hairy,
blunt, and torn. The empty glumes are longer
than the flowering glumes, and there is no awn.
There are 3 stamens, with short anthers, and the
styles are long, the stigmas hairy. The fruit is
flattened at the border, enclosed in the glume and
palea. It is only 1-3 in. high. The flowers open
in April and May. It is a herbaceous annual.

Beard Grass (Polypogon monspeliensis, Des.).—
The habitat of this plant is damp pastures, sandy
places near the coast, salt marshes. The habit is
erect, and it isa most handsome grass. The stems

39

are stout, arising from a fibrous root, smooth. The
large, broad leaves are flat and roughish, with
smooth sheaths, and the ligule is blunt and large.
The panicle is dense, oblong, egg-shaped, lobed,
blunt, pale yellowish-green, soft, and silky. The
glumes are rough, notched, blunt, hairy, linear,
the awn longer by three times, and straight.
The flowering glume is silvery, not as long as the
empty glume. The stamens are 1-3, with small
The short styles are free, the stigmas
feathery. The fruit is enveloped in the glume and
palea. The plant is 9-18 in. in height. It flowers
late from July to August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Perennial Beard Grass (Polypogon littoralis,
Sm.).—This species is found in sandy places near
the coast and in muddy salt marshes. The plant
has the grass habit. It has been considered a
hybrid between P. monspeliensis and Agrostis alba
by Douval-Jouve. The root is creeping. The stem
is erect or prostrate, slender below. The panicle
is close, lobed, purplish. The glumes are linear
to lance-shaped, faintly notched, acute, as long
as the awns. The empty glumes are smoother
than in the next, more acute, the awns not so
long, the keel rough. The flowering glume is
one-third shorter, awned. The awns project. The
plant is 4-18 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Nit Grass (Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud. =
G. australe, Beauv.).—The habitat of this grass
is damp places, especially near the sea, maritime
sandy marshes, and cultivated ground (inland).
The plant has the grass habit. The stems are
tufted, erect or ascending, leafy, slender. The
leaves are rough at the edge, short, flat. The
sheaths are smooth. The ligule is oblong. The
panicle is large, dense, spike-like, spindle-shaped
to cylindrical, pale-green, and glistening. The
branches arerough. The glumes are lance-shaped,
with a long narrow point, swollen (hence Gas/ri-
dium), polished, shining below. The ultimate
flower-stalks are swollen above. The empty glumes
are erect, long-pointed, the keel faintly rough.
The flowering glume is white, shining, with 4
teeth. The awn projects near the top, and is very
slender, longer than the glumes. The plant is
12-18 in. high, flowering between June and Octo-
ber. The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Baltic Marram Grass (Ammophila baltica,
Link).—The habitat of this grass is sandy coasts
on the east coast of England. The plant has the
grass habit, like the commoner form. From the
latter it is distinguished by the looser, less cylin-
drical, long, interrupted panicle, the more lance-
shaped, long-pointed glumes, more acute, like the
palea. The nerves in the flowering glumes are
less distinct. The glumes are twice as long as
the hairs. It has been supposed to be a hybrid
between the common form and Calamagrostis
Epigeios. The panicle is not so silvery-white.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering between June
and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hare’s Tail Grass (Lagurus ovatus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy shores. The plant

anthers.

40

has the grass habit. The stems are numerous,
erect, or prostrate below, stout, downy, leafy at
the base. The leaves are short, broad, flat, lance-
shaped, downy. The sheaths are downy and in-
flated. The ligule is short. The spikes are white,
blunt, egg-shaped (hence ova/us), soft. The empty
glumes are very slender. The awn is twice as
long as the nearly hairless flowering glume. The
plant is 3-12 in. in height, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous annual,

Grey Hair Grass (Weingaertneria [Coryne-
phorus| canescens, Bernh.).—The habitat of this
grass is sea-coasts. At Salthouse, Norfolk, it
forms a short turf on the landward side of the
shingle banks. The plant has the grass habit,
forming rigid, hard tufts. The stems are slender,
bent below, hairless above, with short branches.
The leaves are numerous, short, rigid, bristle-like,
bluish-green, reddish below, the margins rolled
inwards. The upper sheaths are long, rough.
The ligule is lance-shaped. The panicle is narrow
to oblong, silvery (hence canescens) or purplish,
close, spreading in flower. The branches are
short and thickened at the forks. The spikelets
are narrow, pale-silver or purple, variegated.
The empty glumes are narrow, long-pointed, with
membranous tips. The flowering glumes are not
so long, softly hairy below, the keel channelled.
The awn is short or projecting, the lower part
dark-yellow or purple below, straight and cylin-
drical, twisted, bearded in the middle where it is
bent, the upper part club-shaped, white, with a
purple tinge. The anthers are purple. The plant
is 4-8 in. high, flowering in July, and is a herba-
ceous annual.

Dog’s Tooth Grass (Capriola Dactylon, Druce
= Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.).—The habitat of this
plant is sandy shores in south-western England.
The plant has the grass habit, and to some extent
mimics Panicum. The plant has a creeping root.
The stem is stout, woody below, the barren shoots
with spreading leaves, prostrate, with leafy, rather
erect, short, smooth, flowering branches, the
sheaths strongly furrowed. The leaves are awl-
like, bluish-green, stiff, short, the margin inrolled,
the tips blunt, with prominent nerves, downy
below, in two rows on the barren shoots. The
sheaths are pale, the mouth hairy. The spikes
are slender, many-flowered, purple, and radiate
in a cluster from a common centre, being 3-6, and
finger-like. The rachis is convex, with a groove
above. The spikelets are overlapping. The empty
glumes are egg-shaped, acute. The keel is rough,
fringed with hairs. The palea is smooth, fringed
with hairs. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Bulbous Meadow Grass (Poa bulbosa, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy maritime places
in southern and eastern England. The plant has
the grass habit. The plant is hairless, and rather
rigid. The lower nodes are tuberous (hence dz/-
bosa), the tubers egg-shaped, with loose sheaths,
the base of the stem tuberous and the offsets bulb-
ous. The root is fibrous. The stem is smooth,
round in section, soon withering, the tubers lying

BRITISH FLORA

loose till autumn. The leaves are narrow, curved,
keeled, with a white toothed border, The upper
leaves are very short. The lower sheaths are
short, the upper long and flattened at the border
and below the middle of the stem, much longer
than the leaf. The ligules are long and acute.
The panicle is egg-shaped, flattened, erect, close,
the branches 2-lobed, rough. The spikelets are
green and purplish-brown, with 3-4 webbed florets,
egg-shaped. The empty glumes are egg-shaped,
acute, the keel rough. The flowering glumes are
broad, acute, 3-6, downy at the border and on the
acute keel, the nerves being indistinct. The plant
is 6-8 in. high, flowering in April and May, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Glyceria foucaudii, Hack.—This species has
been regarded as a variety of G. maritima. It
differs in the stem, which has a large central
cavity. The leaves are flat. The spikelets and
flowers are larger than in the type.

Glyceria festuctformis, Heyn.—The habitat of
this species is coasts. The stem is firm, erect,
slightly arching at the top. The leaves are broader
than in G. maritima, of which it has been regarded
as a variety, but are not flat. The spikelets and
flowers are larger than in the latter. The plant
is 2-3 ft. in height.

Slender Manna Grass (G/yceria distans, Wahl.).
—The habitat of this species is sandy (chiefly
maritime) places, seashores, and waste sandy
places. The plant has the grass habit. There
are rarely rooting stolons. The stem is prostrate
below. The root is tufted. The stem is usually
tall and slender. The leaves are flat, broad, with
8-10 prominent ridges above. The ligule is short
and blunt. The panicle is long, spreading,
branched, the branches 4—5-lobed, long, slender,
bent down at length, or horizontal, the lowest in
fours or fives. The spikelets are 3-5-flowered,
linear, the rachis half-round in section, flat one
side. The lower palea is blunt, the midrib not
reaching the tip, the edges not rolled inwards.
The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering between July
and October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Borrer’s Manna Grass (Glyceria Borreri, Bab.).
—The habitat of this species is salt marshes on
the eastern and southern coasts. The plant has
the grass habit. The plant is bluish-green in
colour. There are no stolons. The stems are
densely tufted, stout. The leaves are flat, short.
The sheaths are very long. The ligule is blunt,
short. The panicle is short, contracted, strict,
not or slightly lengthened in fruit, with a stout
rachis, 2—3-branched, the branches solitary, at
length erect to spreading, the lowest usually in
fours, stiffly hairy. The spikelets are rather small,
linear, 4-7-flowered, the rachis round in section.
There are 3-5 flowering glumes. The lower palea
has a rigid, hard point, formed by the tip of the
dorsal vein, the edges not being rolled inwards.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between June
and September. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Procumbent Manna Grass (Gilyceria procum-
bens, Dum.).—The habitat of this plant is muddy
seashores and salt marshes. The plant has the

SEA-COAST

grass habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are
prostrate, erect in water, rigid, short, stout, spread-
ing. The leaves are flat, short, bluish-green, more
or less acute, hairless. The sheaths are large,
grooved, inflated. The ligules are short. The
panicle is rigid, green, inversely lance-shaped,
egg-shaped, compact, in two rows, the branches
short and rigid, solitary or 2-3, stout, erect to
spreading, smooth, more or less intwo rows. The
spikelets are but shortly stalked, crowded, linear-
lance-shaped, 4-10 - flowered. The rachis is
angular. The flowering glumes are 3-5, blunt,
with a short point. The florets are large. The
plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Secund Grass (Festuca uniglumis, Sol. = F.
membranacea, L., non Kit.).—The habitat of this
plant is sandy sea-coasts. The plant has the grass
habit. The root is fibrous. The stem is erect,
leafy throughout almost, bent below, slender,
hairless. The leaves are bristle-like, short. The
upper sheaths are large, inflated, the uppermost
distant from the spike. The ligule is short and
auricled. The panicle is erect, simple, one-sided,
close, short, oblong, pale-green, shining. The
rachis is smooth. The spikelets have awl-like
awns, and are all turned one side, being in fruit
wedge-shaped, and the flowers are keeled and
flattened. The flower-stalks are short and stout.
The rachilla is smooth. The lower empty glume
is very small, with awl-like tips, the upper 3-nerved,
membranous (hence membranacea). The flowering
glumes are distant, very narrow, with prominent
nerves, rounded below, flattened above, narrowed
to the awl-like awn. The flowers are triandrous.
The ovary is hairless. The glumes are very un-
equal, often only one (hence unzglumis). The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Desmazeria (Festuca) loliacea, Huds. = F. rott-
bellioides, Kunth.—The habitat of this plant is
sandy shores. The plant has the grass habit.
The root is fibrous. The stems are spreading,
erect, or ascending, leafy, stout, slightly curved.
The leaves are flat, rolled together lengthwise,
small. The sheaths are smooth. The ligule is
oblong. The spikes are strict, half-round, wavy,
with smooth edges, a raceme-like panicle, simple,
with alternate, solitary, linear- oblong spikelets
in two rows, stalkless, erect, green. The flower-
ing glumes are 8-12, blunt, witha short point, with
faint nerves, bluntly keeled, smooth, the lateral
nerves strongest. The upper glume reaches to the
base of the fourth floret. The plant is 4-8 in. high,
and flowers between May and July, being a herb-
aceous annual.

Festuca ambigua, Le Gall.—The habitat of this
plant is sandy places, walls, and sandy shores.
The plant has the grass habit. This plant has
been regarded as a variety of F. ciliata = F. bar-
bata and asa subspecies of #. Myurus. The plant
is slender, with the leaves with inrolled margins.
The panicle is short and close, long, narrow, erect.

41

The glumes are not hairy. The upper sheath
nearly reaches the panicle. The upper empty
glume is 3-6 times as long as the flowers. The
flowers are round in section, rough. ‘The plant is
4-8 in. high, flowering from May to July, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Jersey Brome Grass (Bromus maximus, Desf.
= B. rigens, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
sandy and dry places on the shore. The plant
has the grass habit. The root is fibrous. The
stems are round in section, downy. The leaves
are broad, bright-green, flat, hairy. The sheaths
are round, the hairs spreading or turned back.
The ligule is short and blunt. The panicle is loose,
erect, nodding at length, slightly branched. The
branches are short, closely pressed, slightly divided
after flowering, lengthening. The rachis is downy.
The spikelets are downy, long, lance-shaped,
stalked in fruit, long-awned, pale-green or purple.
The rachilla is hairless. The empty glumes are
membranous, narrowed, awned. The upper glumes
are twice as long, nearly equalling the lowest
flowering glume. The flowering glumes are thin,
narrow, rough, narrowed to the awn, which is also
rough. The nerves are indistinct. There are 2-3
stamens. The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering
in June, July, and August, and is a herbaceous
annual,

Sharp Couch Grass (Agropyron pungens, Roem.
et Schult.).—The habitat of this plant is seashores
and tidal rivers, maritime shores. The plant has
the grass habit. The stems are erect, solid above,
densely tufted. The plant is soboliferous. The
leaves are rough, firm, pungent, with the margin
rolled inwards, an adaptation to drought, ribbed,
the ribs rough in one line. The spike is close,
5-12-flowered. The spikelets are rough on the
keel. The lower palea is acute. The glumes are
keeled, acute, with 7-9 ribs reaching the tip, the
rachis having broad internodes, and nearly or
quite smooth, not brittle. The lower palea is
awned. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hardgrass (Lepturus filiformis, Trin.). —The
habitat of this plant is gravelly and waste places
near the sea. The plant has the grass habit.
The plant is not hairy. The root is fibrous. The
stems are bent, curved below, ascending, stout or
slender (hence fi/zformis). The leavesare leathery,
short, rather rough, with inrolled margins. The
sheaths are flattened, smooth, the upper inflated.
The ligule is very short, auricled. The spike is
slender (hence fi/iformis), awl-like, erect or pros-
trate, straight, short. The rachis is ridged,
grooved, concave. The green spikelets are spread-
ing, or closely pressed to the rachis. The empty
glumes are oblique, linear to oblong, acute. There
is one green nerve in the flowering glume. The
keels of the palea are not hairy. The two glumes
are united below, and equal or exceed the flowers.
The plant is 4-10 in. high, and is in flower be-
tween July and September. It is a herbaceous
annual.

FLOWERS

OF THE WOODS AND COPSES

(N.B.—The woodland plants preceded the vegetation or the open country, ¢.g. meadows and cornfields,

but they may be found lingering where woods have been cut down, in shaded places, or in the open.

Scrub,

also, is an intermediate stage, and therefore the plants enumerated here may be found in some cases not
in actual woodlands to-day, in meadows, or in hedges, &c.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Meadow Rue (TZhalictrum majus, Crantz).— |
The habitat of this plant is copses, wet rocky |

places, damp bushy and stony places. The habit
is erect. The stem is branched, tall, with nu-
merous large leaves below, solid, finely furrowed.
The leaves are twice or thrice pinnate, with lobes
each side of a common stalk, 3-5-lobed, and
the stipules have the auricles bent back. The
flowers are drooping, in a panicle, with spread-
ing branches. The flower-stalks have spreading
branches. The carpels are elliptical. The anthers
have a point at the tip. The plant is 2-4 ft. high,
and flowers in July and August. It is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Yellow Wood Anemone (Anemone ranuncu-
loides, L.).—The habitat of this plant is planta-
tions, and the plant is rare. The habit is that
of the Wood Anemone, with a horizontal root-
stock. The leaves are 5-lobed. The scape bears
an involucre of deeply-cut, ternate bracts. The
flowers are yellow, drooping, solitary or two
together. The 5-7 sepals are elliptic, externally
downy. The carpels are downy, pointed, not
feathery. The plant is 4-6 in. in height. It
flowers in April and May, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Blue Mountain Anemone (Anemone apennina,
L.).—This species is an alien introduced from
Italy, and scarcely naturalized, being found in
plantations. The habit is similar to the last, the
rounded rootstock tuberous. The leaves are thrice-
ternate, stalked, and deeply cut. The involucre
of bracts is similar to the leaves. The flowers
are blue, solitary, erect. There are many (10-14)
lance-shaped sepals. The carpels are not feathery,
but pointed. The Blue Mountain Anemone is
4-6 in. in height. It flowers in April. The plant
is a herbaceous perennial.

Stinking Hellebore (He/leborus fetidus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, plantations,
and thickets in S. and E. England. The habit
is erect. The stems are leafless, smooth below
and downy above, below scarred. The leaves
are stalked, with lobes arising from a centre, and

42

the lateral ones also lobed, bent back, the lower
stalked, the upper leaves having large sheaths
and becoming bracts above. The flowers are
numerous, green, drooping, the sepals green,
blunt, with purple margin. The petals are not
as long asthe stamens. The follicles are wrinkled
and glandular, with an awl-like style. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers from March to May.
It is an evergreen perennial.

Winter Aconite (Zranthis hyemalis, Salisb.).—
In the south of England this plant is naturalized
in thickets, and occurs in ornamental plantations,
parks, and old gardens. The plant has an erect
habit, with a tuberous rhizome or underground
stem. The radical leaves are rounded, on long
stalks, the lobes 5-7, blunt, deeply cut, the lobes
oblong, linear, arising: from a common centre or
palmate. The stem-leaves are in whorls, and
form an involucre of stalkless bracts below the
flowers, which are single and yellow, cup-shaped.
There are 5-8 oblong sepals, which are petaloid,
overlapping and falling. The small petals are
clawed, and2-lipped. Therearenumerous stamens,
longer than the petals. The carpels are stalked,
5-6, the follicles being separate, with numerous
egg-shaped seeds. The plant is 4-6 in. in height,
flowering from January to April, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is shady places, near streams,
banks of rivers and brooks. The habit is tufted.
The black root of 2 knobs is spindle-shaped.
The stem is erect, simple, slightly downy. The
leaves are much divided, with deeply-cut seg-
ments arising from a common centre, 3-5-lobed,
the upper ones stalkless. The leaf-stalk is en-
larged below. The flowers are purple, irregular,
inaraceme. The petals small, 2-5, the two upper
swollen above, forming spurs which are bent down,
horizontal, on long curved stalks, the lip large.
The sepals are large, coloured, the upper enclos-
ing the rest and curved back, helmet-shaped.
The erect flower-stalks are downy. The filaments
are hairy, with blunt-pointed wings, enlarged
below. The stamens are numerous, the anthers
greenish-black. The carpels are spreading, the

WOODS AND COPSES

follicles (3-5) cylindrical, beaked, and many-seeded,
the seeds black, triangular, wrinkled. The plant
is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Baneberry (Actea spicata, L.).—The habitat of
this species is woods, mountainous pastures, moun-
tainous limestone tracts, calcareous woods, copses
on limestone. The habit is erect. The stem is
simple or branched. The radical leaves are on
long stalks, 2-3 ternate, with lobes each side of
a common stalk, the leaflets smooth, egg-shaped,
g-lobed, with a long point, coarsely toothed. The
flowers are white, in a long simple raceme, the
sepals petaloid, blunt, falling, the petals small,
as long as the stamens. The flower-stalks are
downy. The anther-stalks are swollen above.
The berries are black, egg-shaped, many-seeded.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER BERBERIDACEAE

Barren Wort (Zpimedium alpinum, L.).—This
plant is found in plantations, rock-works, old
castle gardens, and subalpine woods in which it
has been planted. The habit is prostrate or erect.
The stem produces rhizomes bearing stems and
leaves. The stem-leaves are twice-ternate, the
leaflets egg-shaped, heart-shaped, toothed. The
flowers are red, in a short panicle, less than the
leaves, as if growing from the leaf-stalk. The
4 sepals fall, and there are 4 petals. The 4 nec-
taries are cup-shaped. There are 4 stamens.
The capsule is a pod, with numerous seeds. The
plant is 6-18 in. in height, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER FUMARIACE-E

White Climbing Fumitory (Corydalis clavi-
culata, D.C.).—The habitat of this plant is
thickets, heaths, copses, banks, thatched roofs,
stony places, trees, or damp and loose soil in
shady places. It has a climbing habit, inter-
mediate between a leaf-climber and a tendril-
climber, the leaves ending in branched tendrils.
The stem is slender and brittle. The leaves are
bluish-green, with lobes each side of a common
stalk, ternate, the leaflets entire, elliptic, 3-5-
lobed, with small egg-shaped segments. The
leaf-stalk bears tendrils. The bracts are oblong,
with a blunt point, longer than the flower-stalks.
The small flowers are white or cream-coloured,
with a very short spur. The pods are linear,
oblong, the seeds small, granulate, shining. The
plant is a climber, flowering between June and
September, and is either annual, biennial, or
perennial.

ORDER CRUCIFER

Mountain Bitter Cress (Cardamine impatiens,
L.)—The habitat of this plant is woods, shady
copses, talus slopes, rocks, hilly districts, prefer-
ably on limestone. The habit is as in the last,
but the stem smooth, more leafy, and branched.

43

The rootstock is spindle-shaped. The leaves have
lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets
stalked, lance-shaped, with narrow, sharp divi-
sions, the lower egg-shaped, 3-lobed, the upper
oblong, lance-shaped. The leaf-stalks have bent-
back, arrow-shaped lobes at the base, fringed
with hairs. The flowers are white (} in.), in a
panicle, the petals erect, linear, egg-shaped. The
anthers are yellow, and the style is slender. The
pods are shortly stalked and erect, with many
seeds. The plant is 9-24 in. in height, flowering
between June and September, and is annual or
biennial, and herbaceous.

Coral Root (Dentaria bulbifera, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is woods, copses, and shady
places. The thick rootstock is white, hence the
English name, scaly, and creeping, the knobs
tooth-like. Thestem iserect, simple, leafless below.
The lower leaves have lobes each side of acommon
stalk, the leaflets lance-shaped; the upper simple,
entire, alternate, with bulbils in the axils (hence
the Latin specific name), the margin sometimes
toothed, or fringed with hairs. The flowers are
large, rose-colour or purple, lilac or white. The
flower-stalk is slender. The pods are erect.
Seed is rarely matured. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, and flowers in April and May, being a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VIOLACE

Dog Violet (Viola sylvestris, Kit. = reichen-
bachiana, Jord.).—The habitat of this plant is
woods and shady places, hedgebanks, and thickets.
The habit is diffuse, the stem short without a true
sobole. The leaves are prolonged, heart-shaped,
dark-green. The flowers are small, pale-violet,
with a long spur flattened, slender, entire, darker
than the petals, not furrowed. The petals are
oblong, lilac, narrow, the lower with few parallel
nearly simple veins not reaching the margin. The
calyx segments are small, indistinct, and hardly
produced in fruit. The anther spurs are lance-
shaped, narrow. The flowering branches are in
the axils, with a central rosette of leaves. The
stigma is hooked with a horizontal beak. The
fruit-stalks are erect. The plant is 2-6 in. in
height. It is in flower between March and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wood Violet (Viola Riviniana, Reichb. =
sylvatica, Fries).—The habitat of this plant is
copses, woods, thickets, hedgebanks, and heaths.
The habit is similar to that of the last. The stem
is short, branched, smooth, with a very short
rootstock below. The leaves form a rosette.
They are heart-shaped, prolonged. The flowering
stems are in the axils. The flowers are violet-
blue, with broadly egg-shaped petals, handsome,
large, the spur broad and short, pale, flattened,
furrowed. The lower petal has many branched
veins reaching the margin. The sepals are pro-
duced at the base in fruit. The capsule is smooth,
g-angled. The plant is 2-6 in. in height, and
flowers in April up till September, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

44

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE®

Wood Stitchwort (S/ellaria nemorum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is damp woods, chiefly
in the north. The habit is grass-like. The stem
is erect or ascending, round, stout, downy above,
shining, brittle. The lower leaves are rough
above, long-stalked, heart-shaped, the upper
stalkless, egg-shaped. The flowers are white, in
a loose-panicled cyme on slender flower-stalks,
the petals longer than the sepals, deeply cut,
narrow. The sepals are blunt, lance-shaped, with
membranous margins. There are 3 styles. The
capsule is egg-shaped, as long as or longer than
the sepals, the fruit-stalk spreading or turned
back. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers
in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Stitchwort (S/e//aria neglecta, Weihe, non Bab.).
—The habitat of this plant is shady banks. The
habit is erect. The plant resembles S. media, but
has larger leaves, with longer stalks, the upper
stalkless, the lower inversely heart-shaped. There
are also 10 stamens. The seeds have prominently
rounded wart-like knobs. The plant is 3-12 in.
in height, or more, up to 18 in., and is in flower
from April to July, being a herbaceous annual.

ORDER HyPERICACE=

Tutsan (Hypericum Androsemum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is thickets. The habit is
that of undershrubs in generai, the stem being
shrubby, erect, square, flattened at the margin.
The leaves are large, stalkless, almost heart-
shaped to egg-shaped, blunt, aromatic, glandular.
The flowers are in terminal cymes, few, yellow,
the petals oval, short, oblique, falling, the sepals
broad, blunt, unequal, glandular, as long as the
petals and stamens. The 3 styles are bent back,
shorter than the capsule. The stamens are in 5
groups. The fruit is a black round berry, pulpy,
blunt, imperfectly 3-celled. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, flowering in July and August. It is
a perennial undershrub.

Stinking St.John’s Wort (Hypericum hircinum,
L.).—This plant is established in some spots in
the country in plantations, but it is not a native
species. The habit is shrubby like that of the
last, the stem being erect. The leaves are stalk-
less, lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow, with
lance-shaped, acute, falling sepals. The petals
are not as long as the stamens. The 3 styles
are nearly erect. The plant otherwise closely
resembles H. elatum (q.v.). The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, and flowers from June to August. It
is a perennial shrub.

Tall Tutsan (Hypericum elatum, Ait.).—The Tall
Tutsan is established in plantations, not being
a native of this country, but found in Europe.
The habit is that of Tutsan; it is, however,
taller. The stems are 2-edged, much-branched.
The leaves are heart-shaped to egg-shaped, or
acute, longer. The flowers are large, yellow, on
2-winged stalks, in a few-flowered terminal cyme,
the petals twice as long as the sepals, which are

BRITISH FLORA

broad and unequal and do not fall, and nearly as
large as in Tutsan. The petals are as long as
the stamens, which are not as long as the nearly
erect styles. The capsule is oval. The stem is
3-4 ft. in height, and flowers in June up till August
or September, being a perennial shrub.

Rose of Sharon (/ypericum calycinum, L.).—
This plant is established in plantations, bushy
places, hedges, and thickets. The habit is shrub-
like, creeping, the stem erect. The stem is nearly
simple, square or flattened at the margin. It has
creeping suckers, and grows and spreads freely,
but rarely sets seed. The leaves are stalkless,
oblong, blunt, leathery, with large scattered
glands. The flowers are large, yellow, solitary
(3-4 in. across). The outer sepals are rounded,
half as long as the petals, which are unequal-
sided, the former blunt, inversely egg-shaped.
The stamens are in bundles of 5. The capsule
is egg-shaped, 5-celled at the base. The plant
is 6-18 in. in height, flowering from June to
September. The Rose of Sharon is a perennial
shrub.

Hairy St. John’s Wort (Hypericum hirsutum, L.).
—This plant is found in woods, copses, thickets,
hedgerows. The habit is erect. The stem is
rounded, downy, nearly simple, the leaves hairy
below, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt, shortly stalked,
with pellucid or nearly transparent glands (none
on the margin), dotted. The flowers are pale-
yellow, in the axils, or terminal in forked panicles,
the sepals linear-oblong, nearly acute, fringed
with shortly-stalked glands. The petals are twice
as long as the sepals, and lance-shaped, acute,
tipped with stalked glands. The styles fall. The
stamens are in bundles of three. The plant is
1-3 ft. in height. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain St. John’s Wort (Hypericum mon-
tanum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is thickets
on calcareous soil, bushy limestone hills, copses,
in gravelly and chalky soil. The habit is erect or
ascending. The stems are smooth, round, rigid,
slender, leafless above. The leaves are mem-
branous, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt, stalkless, with
pinholes and transparent glands, and black dots
near the border, the upper heart-shaped, linear,
downy below. The pale-yellow flowers are in
dense terminal panicles, fragrant. The petals are
without glands, twice as long as the sepals, elliptic,
entire, the sepals lance-shaped, acute, with a fringe
of shortly-stalked glands. The styles are half as
long as the capsule, the stamens in 3 bundles.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers from
June to August. It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER MALVACE2

Hairy Mallow (Althea hirsuta, L.).— This
species is an alien, found in woods, fields, dry
places, cornfields, and cultivated ground. The
habit is prostrate or ascending. The stems are
stiffly hairy, numerous, ascending, slender, the
leaves stiffly hairy, heart-shaped, on long stalks,
kidney-shaped, with 5 acute lobes, scalloped, the

WOODS AND COPSES

upper 3- or 5-lobed, palmate. The flowers are
pale-rose or white. The flower-stalks are in the
axils, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves.
sepals are lance-shaped and hairy. The carpels
are smooth. The carpels are 1-seeded, in a whorl,
indehiscent. The plant is 6-18 in. in height. It
flowers from June to August. The plant is a
herbaceous annual.

ORDER TILIACE

Linden (Zilia parvifolia, Ehrh. = ulmifolia,
Scop. cordata, Mill.).—The habitat of this tree
is woods.
and drooping branches. The twigs, &c., are
smooth, the leaves small, bluish-white, downy in
the axils of the nerves below, egg-shaped, heart-
shaped, with a long point, finely toothed, smooth
below, leathery, thick, opaque above, little longer
than the leaf-stalks. The flowers are in cymes,
with 5 sepals, and 5 petals, valvate in bud. The
flowers are yellowish-green, and sweet-scented.
The fruit is downy, round or ellipsoid, angular,
ribbed, thin, brittle. The stigma lobes spread at
length. The height is 50-60 ft. The flowers are
met with in July and August. The tree is de-
ciduous.

Broad-leaved Lime (TZi/ia platyphyllos, Scop.
= grandiflora, Ehrh.).—This species of lime is an
alien and rare, found in old rocky woods. The
twigs are downy. It has the tree habit.
leaves are large, downy below, with simple hairs,
obliquely heart-shaped below, with woolly tufts in

The |

The |

It has the tree habit, with smooth bark, |

the axils of the veins, thin, membranous, bright |

transparent green, longer than the leaf-stalks.
The flowers are in threes. The ripe fruit is in-

versely egg-shaped or round, with 3-5 prominent |

ribs, downy, the angles woody, downy. The tree
is 70-90 ft. in height. It is in flower in June and
July, and is a deciduous tree.

ORDER GERANIACE2

Wood Geranium (Geranium sylvaticum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, in the
north, moist meadows, mountain districts in
North Britain. The habit is erect. The stem is
~branched above, erect, downy and glandular
above, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stem-
leaves stalkless, shield-shaped, with deep lobes,
toothed and cut. The flowers are blue-purple, in
a cyme, the petals notched, the sepals awned, the

45

or black, rarely white, on 2-flowered flower-stalks,
the petals wedge-shaped, bent back, rounded,
wavy, longer than the sepals, oblong, shortly
awned. The carpels are hairy below, transversely
wrinkled above, the seeds smooth with pinholes,
and ribbed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers
in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial,
growing from a root with long fibres borne on
a short, thick, underground stem.

Long-stalked Crane’s Bill (Gerantum colum-
dinum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is dry
copses and pastures, calcareous places. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is hairless or has
turned-back hairs, much-branched, slender. The
leaves are broad, on long stalks, with 5-7 lobes,
narrow, irregular, divided nearly to the base.
The stipules are ovate, lance-shaped. The flowers
are rose-colour, with entire, inversely egg-shaped
petals, notched, few, the claws fringed with hairs,
on long slender flower-stalks, 2-flowered, longer
than the leaves. The sepals are awned, spreading,
as long as the petals, the calyx angular. The
carpels have a few scattered hairs and are not
wrinkled, smooth, keeled, the seeds pitted. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER RHAMNACEZ

Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, woods,
chiefly on chalk. The plant has the shrub habit.
The plant is rigid, much-branched, with black
bark. The branches are opposite and spinous.
The leaves are grouped at the end of the shoots,
egg-shaped, round, oval, coarsely toothed, the
serratures curved, glandular, with spreading
nerves, shortly-stalked. The thorns are terminal.
The young leaves are downy below. The leaf-

| stalks are longer than the awl-like deciduous or

| falling stipules.

flower-stalks 2-1-flowered, erect, the anther-stalks |

thread-like, fringed with hairs. The fruit-stalk is
erect, the seeds netted. The plant is 1-2 ft. in
height, and flowers from June to August, being a
herbaceous perennial.

Dusky Crane’s Bill (Geranium pheum, L.).
—This plant is found in plantations, thickets,
woods, near parks and gardens. The habit is
erect, the stems numerous, loosely hairy, and glan-
dular above, the rootstock blunt. The leaves are
rounded and 3-7-lobed, the lobes acute, toothed,
cut, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stipules
lance-shaped. The flowers are purplish-brown

The flowers are yellowish-green,
solitary or grouped in the axils of the leaves on
previous year's wood, the calyx of the male flower
bell-shaped, of the female cupular, with acute
sepals. The flowers have the parts in fours. The
plant is dicecious, but each has rudimentary male
or female flowers respectively. There are four
forms: long-styled male, short-styled male, long-
styled female, short-styled female. The styles
are 4- or 2-5-lobed, four united half-way up. The
flowers are sweet-scented. The drupe is rounded,
black, with four stones, which are inversely egg-
shaped, grooved on the back. The seeds are
notched. The plant is 5-10 ft. high, flowering
from May to July, and is a deciduous shrub,

ORDER ACERACE

Common Maple (Acer campestre, L.). —The
habitat of this tree is thickets and hedgerows,
woods and hedges. The habit is the tree habit.
The trunk is often thick, with a straight bole,
much-branched above, with rough, fissured, and
corky bark. The leaves, downy when young, are
5-lobed, kidney-shaped or scalloped, the lobes

46

blunt, the leaf-stalk The flowers are
green or yellow, in a cormyb, on short stalks.
The petals are linear-oblong, hairy, and the
sepals are similar, broader. The horizontal wings
of the fruit are linear-oblong, curved, downy.
The stamens are as long as the corolla. The
Common Maple is to-go ft. in height, flowering
in May and June, and is a deciduous tree.
Sycamore (Acer Pseudoplatanus, L.).—The
habitat of this tree is plantations, hedges, even
in the N. of Scotland. The Sycamore has the
tree habit. The trunk is stout, with smooth,
cracked bark, which falls off with age. The
leaves, yellow at first, are 4-5-lobed, with unequal
teeth, 5-angled, opposite, bluish-green below, the
lobes scalloped or toothed. The flowers are in
long pendulous racemes, with short flower-stalks.
The stamens are twice as long as the corolla.
The wings of the fruit, a scimitar-like samara,
are spreading. The Sycamore grows from 40-60

slender.

ft. in height, and flowers in May and June. It is
a deciduous tree.
ORDER LEGUMINOS=
Bitter Vetch (Vicia Orobus, D. C.). —The

habitat of this plant is northern rocky woods or
western wooded rocky districts. The habit is
erect or ascending, the stem downy, stout, with
tendrils or petioles reduced to a short slender
point or wanting. The leaves are stalkless,
the leaflets are egg-shaped, oblong, linear, acute,
hairy, in 7-10 pairs. The stipules are half-arrow-
shaped, toothed below. The 6-20 flowers are
white with a purple tinge, in loose racemes,
ranged on one side. The flower-stalk is longer
than the leaves. The calyx teeth exceed the
tube, the upper two being triangular and longer
than the flower-stalks. The pods are oblong,
lance-shaped, acute below and above, smooth.
The seeds are 3-5. The plant is 1-2 ft. in
height. It flowers in May and June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Pencilled Wood Vetch (Vicia sylvatica, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, rocky
woods, and cliffs, &c. The habit is trailing. The
rootstock is creeping. The stem climbs by forked
tendrils. The leaves are stalkless, the leaflets
oblong, blunt, with a blunt point, smooth, mem-
branous, in eight pairs. The stipules are moon-
shaped, toothed below, the teeth bristle-like,
spreading. The flowers are white with blue veins,
in loose racemes, 6-18, ranged all one side. The
flower-stalk exceeds the leaves, and the ultimate
stalks are as long as the calyx tube, which is in-
flated on the upper side. The calyx teeth are not
so long as the tube, awl-shaped. The pods are
oblong, lance-shaped, with a long point, each end
curved, with 3-4 seeds. The height of the plant
is 2-6 ft., and it flowers from June to August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Pea (Lathyrus sylvestris, L.).—The habi-
tat of this species is woods, thickets, rocky thickets,
and sea cliffs. The habit is climbing, the root-
stock creeping. The stem is winged, the plant

BRITISH FLORA

being smooth, bluish-green. The leaflets are
large, broad, sword-shaped, with parallel veins,
linear-lance-shaped. The stipules are half-arrow-
shaped, sickle-like, with lance-shaped basal lobes.
The leaf-stalk is sometimes also winged. The
tendrils are slender and branched. The bracts
are thread-like. The flowersare purple, inaraceme,
3-10, on long flower-stalks, the ultimate stalks
longer than the calyx. The standard is rose-
colour, the wings purple. The calyx teeth are
awl-shaped, triangular. The smooth pods are
stalkless, winged above, with 10-14 seeds half-
enclosed by the hilum and flattened along the
border, rough, with few distant wart-like knobs.
The plant is 5-6 ft. in height, flowering from July
to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Bitter Vetch (Lathyrus macrorhizus,
Wimm. = montanus, Bernh.).—The habitat of this
vetch is woods and bushy places, thickets, copses.
The stem is winged and simple, without tendrils.
The leaves have lobes each side of a common stalk,
the leaflets in 2-4 pairs, though green below, with
nerves, oblong, elliptic, smooth, blunt. The stip-
ules are half-arrow-shaped, toothed below. The
2-4 flowers are variegated red and blue, turning
green or yellow when faded, on slender stalks, as
long as, or longer than, the leaves, the ultimate
stalks less than the calyx, with triangular teeth
less than the tube. The pods are cylindrical, with
round seeds, partly surrounded by the hile. The
plant is 6-15 in. in height, and flowers from May
to August, being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Bullace (Prunus insititia, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods and hedges. The habit is
that of a shrub, in general like that of the Sloe,
which it resembles (though it is taller), but the
straight branches are not, or very slightly, spinous,
the bark brown, the leaves oblong, inversely egg-
shaped, larger and broader, with blunt teeth,
downy below, the flowers appearing usually with
the leaves with broader petals, the flower-stalk
downy, the fruit a drupe, round, drooping, black or
yellow. The height is 6-15 ft. It flowers in March
onward till May, and is a deciduous shrub.

Gean (Prunus Avium, L.).—The habitat of this
tree is woods. The habit is the tree habit. There
are no suckers. The branches are rigid, short,
stout, ascending. The leaves are drooping, limp,
large, pale-green, oblong, inversely egg-shaped,
downy below, long-stalked, the margin toothed.
The leaf-buds have the outer scales bent back,
the flower-buds are not leafy. The flowers are
white, in nearly stalkless umbels, the petals divided
into two nearly to the base, and stalked, the
corolla open, and limp, the tube of the calyx nar-
rowed above, the sepals entire. The fruit is heart-
shaped, sweet or bitter, the juice staining black.
The tree is 20-30 ft. high, flowering in May, and
deciduous.

Bird Cherry (Prunus Padus, L.).—The habitat
of this tree is woods and hedges, especially in
North Britain. The Bird Cherry has the tree

WOODS AND COPSES

habit, with drooping, clustered branches. The
leaves are folded upon each other lengthwise in
bud, elliptic, lance-shaped, smooth, finely doubly-
toothed, unequally heart-shaped below, downy in
the axils of the veins. The stipules are awl-like,
linear, glandular, toothed. The flowers are white,
erect, then drooping, in long drooping racemes in
the axils, or terminal, and appear after the leaves.
The flower-stalks are erect in fruit. The fruit is
round, or oblong, egg-shaped, black, bitter. The
nut or stone is wrinkled, rounded. The tree is
10-25 ft. in height. It is in flower in May and
June, and deciduous.

Willow-leaved Spirza (Spirea salicifolia, L.).
—This plant is an alien in this country and not
indigenous, growing in plantations and hedges.
It multiplies freely by stolons. The habit is shrub-
like. The branches are smooth, round, straight.
The leaves are lance-shaped, oblong, unequally
toothed, smooth. There are no stipules. The
flowers are pink or flesh-coloured, in compound,
erect, dense, terminal racemes, nearly cylindrical.
The petals are not so long as the stamens, which
project. The carpels are smooth, and contain
many ovules. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, and
flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Raspberry (Rubus Jdeus, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is woods and thickets. The habit is
shrubby. The stem produces numerous suckers,
and is erect, with many prickles, round. The leaves
have lobes each side of a common stalk, with 3-5
leaflets, stalkless, coarsely toothed, egg-shaped,
with a long point, hoary-white below. The flowers
are drooping. The petals are white, short. The
red or amber drupes fall when ripe. The Rasp-
berry is 4-6 ft. in height, and flowers from June to
August, being a deciduous shrub.

Rubus fissus, L.—This shrub is a native species
found in sunny spots and wet places. The habit
is shrub-like, erect or arched. The stem bears
many slender awl-like scattered prickles, from an
oblong, slightly-dilated base. The leaves are
folded, hairy below. The basal leaflets are stalk-
less. The stamens and style nearly equal each
other. The fruiting calyx is erect to right-angled.
The fruit is dark-red. The height is 1-2 ft. The
plant flowers from June to August, and is a decid-
uous shrub.

Rubus nessensis, W. Hall = suberectus, And.—
The habitat of this shrub is wet thickets, boggy
woods, and heaths. The habit is shrub-like, the
stem erect. The leaflets are pale-green, nearly
smooth, flexible, flat, those at the base nearly
stalkless, the upper ones narrow below. There
are few, short prickles, conical, with a long base,
at the angles, or absent. The pale stamens are
longer than the style. The sepals are bent back.
The fruit is dark-red. The plant is 3-6 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rubus sulcatus, Vest.—The habitat of this plant
is wood borders. The habit is shrub-like, the stem
suberect, the plant luxuriant. The stem is fur-
rowed, The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are

47

large, distant, the basal ones stalked, the terminal
long-stalked, with a long point, oval. The panicle
is long, loose, in a raceme, and handsome. The
stamens at first exceed the style. The fruiting
sepals are turned back. The fruit is remarkably
long.

Rubus plicatus, Wh. & N.—This Rubus is a
native species, found in woods, heaths, and moors.
The habit is shrubby. The stem is suberect. The
leaflets are plaited, softly hairy below, coarsely
toothed, the terminal leaflet egg-shaped, heart-
shaped, with a short point, the basal one nearly
stalkless. The lateral leaflets of the flowering
shoot are rhomboidal, egg-shaped, enlarged at
the base. The panicle is rather short, more or
lessa raceme. The stamens and style are of about
the same length. The fruiting sepals are more or
less at right angles. The plant is q ft. in height,
flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rubus nitidus, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
plant is thickets, heaths, and stream sides. The
habit is shrub-like. The stem is suberect, rooting.
The leaves are shining (like the calyx). The ma-
ture leaves are flat, the leaflets bright-green, thinly
hairy on the prominent nerves below, the terminal
oval, oblong, acute, the basal shortly-stalked.
The prickles are numerous, long, slender, crowded,
straight, or hooked, especially on the panicle. The
panicle bears many small cup-like flowers. The
stamens are longer than the style.

Rubus affinis, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
species is open woods, sandy commons, and heaths.
The habit is shrub-like, the stem suberect or
arched, not rooting, very tall. The prickles are
long and narrow. The leaves are thick, over-
lapping, wavy at the end, grey, silky below. The
terminal leaflet is egg-shaped, cordate, with a
long point, those of the flowering shoot narrowed
below. The panicle bears cymose branches, and
is armed with long, slender prickles. The flowers
are large and cup-like. The sepals are bent back.
The plant is very tall, flowering in July and August,
and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus cariensis, Genev.—This species is locally
abundant in the west, especially in N. Devon.
The habit is shrub-like, suberect, high-arching,
the plant very dark purple. The leaves are very
large, deeply cut, with an ash-coloured felt, or
softly hairy below, the terminal one oblong,
oval, with a long narrow point. The panicle is
dense, compound, cylindrical, very strong. The
sepals have an ash-coloured felt. The bracts
and flower-stalks have occasionally a few, short-
stalked glands.

Rubus holerythros, Focke.—The habitat of this
species is sandy commons and wood borders,
The plant has the shrub habit, growing in clumps,
arched, the stem lustrous, the leaves very large,
greyish, softly hairy below. The leaflets are wide-
spreading, with even, scalloped, bluntly-pointed
teeth, soft and pale below at first. The panicle is
a raceme above, with very showy flowers on long
stalks. The petals are very large, and pink. The
stamens, which are long, and the style, are also

48

pink. The sepals are greyish-olive.
bright-red, then glossy-black.

Rubus latifolius, Bab. — The habitat of this
species is open woods. The habit is shrub-like,
the stem furrowed, very soon prostrate, slightly
hairy. The leaves are dull-green, very large,
thinly hairy. The leaflets are all broad, with com-
pound, deeply-cut teeth, harsh to the touch below,
the terminal leaflet heart-shaped, with a long point.
The panicle is narrow, blunt, cylindrical, with
a densely hairy rachis and conspicuous bracts,
The sepals are grey with a yellow base. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rubus imbricatus, Hort.—The habitat of this
plant is wood borders and open commons. The
habit is prostrate or arched, remarkably branched.
The leaflets are convex, wrinkled, overlapping,
the terminal leaflets roundish, egg-shaped, with
an abrupt, long point, heart-shaped, the basal
leaflets small. The panicle has distant, long, very
strongly ascending lower branches, and several
lobes. The top of the panicle and the flower-
stalks are scarcely felted, the sepals uniformly grey
and hairy. The ripe fruit is glossy-black. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rubus carpinifolius, Wh. & N.—The habitat of
this plant is wood borders, hedges, heaths, open
places in hilly districts. The habit is erect, arched.
The leaves are plaited, with long teeth, soft be-
neath, the terminal leaflets long, usually oval, with
a long point. The panicle is narrow, pyramidal,
or in a sort of raceme, with branches erect, or
widespreading. The sepals are widely spreading
in fruit. The petals are white. The panicle is
very prickly and pale-coloured. The fruit is large.
The plant flowers in July and August, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Rubus incurvatus, Bab.—The habitat of this
plant is thickets, open woods, heaths, and hilly
slopes. The habit is prostrate, arched. The leaf-
lets are hollowed, lobed, toothed, with incurved
wavy edges, greenish-white, soft, with felted down
below, thick. The terminal leaflets are broadly
egg-shaped, heart-shaped. The panicle is long,
the top ultra-axillary, the branches short and
widespreading. The flowers are pink, as also
the stamens and style. There are no glands.
The plant flowers in July, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rubus Lindleianus, Lees.—The habitat of this
species is wood borders and hedges. The habit
is erect, and arching, the stem shining (hence
nitidus, Bell Salter), glossy. The leaflets are
inversely egg-shaped, wedge-shaped, wavy-edged,
with irregular, shallow teeth, and narrow below.
The panicle has a long, broad, cylindrical, blunt
top, and long, nearly equal, widespreading
branches, in a cyme. The rachis is hairy. The
petals are white. The fruit and drupelets are
small. The plant flowers in July and August,
and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus argenteus, Wh. & N. (= erpthrinus,
Genev.).—The habitat of this species is woods,

The fruit is

BRITISH FLORA

hedges, and open sunny places. The habit is
high-arching. The stem is dark-purple (hence
erythrinus). The prickles have a wide base. The
leaflets are leathery, with an ash-coloured felt
below, the dark-purple of the stem extending fre-
quently to the leaf-stalk and midrib, convex,
inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt, long point, the
terminal leaflets long-stalked, broadly egg-shaped.
The panicle is loose, pyramidal, with a narrow,
rounded top, and strongly-ascending lower
branches. The fruit and drupelets are large.
The panicle distinguishes it from the last, as well
as the leaves, fruit, and colour of the stem, &c.

Rubus durescens, W. R. Linton.—This plant is
found in hedges by the roadside, and in woods.
The habit is arching. The stem is purplish, with
leathery leaflets, brownish-green, hairless on the
upper surface, with a few short, stiff hairs on the
prominent nerves below, the larger teeth wide-
spreading. The leaflets are oblong, egg-shaped.
The terminal leaflets are egg-shaped, heart-
shaped. The panicle is broad, short, cylindrical,
in a corymb, the branches widespreading, forming
a cyme, the top broad but hardly blunt. In the
panicle the plant resembles 2. Lindletanus. The
colour and leaves, &c., are as in 2. erythrinus.

Rubus rhamnifolius, Wh. & N.—The habitat of
this species is wood borders, thickets, and hedges.
The habit is arching. The leaflets are thick, flat,
with ash-coloured or white felt below, and finely-
pointed close and simple teeth, the terminal ones
often not twice the length of the leaf-stalk, with
a blunt point, and heart-shaped below. The
terminal ones are very long-stalked, roundish,
egg-shaped, heart-shaped. The basal ones are
not overlapping. The panicle is rather close
and cylindrical, the flowers cup-like, the petals
roundish, white. The sepals are turned back.
The stamens are erect and longer than the style.
The plant flowers in July and August, and is a
deciduous perennial.

Rubus nemoralis, P. J. Muell.—The habitat of
this plant is wood borders and hedges. The habit
is arching. The leaflets are pale-green both sides,
rather finely and evenly toothed, paler, and thinly
hairy below. The panicle is very loose, ascending,
leafy, at first pyramidal, then forming a corymb,
with several simple floral leaves above, and very
long lower strongly-ascending branches forming
a raceme-like corymb. The petals are pink. This
species is handsome, strong, long. The narrow
base of the terminal leaflet is heart-shaped as age
advances. The numerous floral leaves, the long
lower branches of the panicle distinguish this
species. Its nearest ally is RX. rhamnifolius.

Rubus pulcherrimus, Neum.—The habitat of
this plant is wood borders, hedges, and commons.
The habit is prostrate, arching, forming extensive
patches as underwood in woodlands. The stem
is rather hairy, dull-red or green. The prickles
are widespreading or bent downwards. The leaves
are 6-7-lobed. The leaflets are convex, leathery,
dull grey-green, with a greenish ashy felt below,
opaque above, the terminal leaflets 24-3 times as
long as the leaf-stalk. The panicle is long, with

WOODS AND COPSES

narrow ultra-axillary top, with numerous stalked
glands on the rachis, flower-stalk, and bracts.
The petals are broad, small, and pink. Some
forms have white petals and no glands. . The
distinctive features are the lobed leaves, narrow
and many-flowered panicle, stalked glands, and
pink petals.

Rubus Lindebergii, P. J. Muell.—The habitat
of this plant is thickets, open places, dry and
stony. The habit is prostrate, arching, the stem
tall. The prickles are stout, sickle-like, or hooked,
especially on the panicle. The leaves are 5-
lobed. The leaflets are pale greyish-green above,
narrowed below, with even, nearly simple teeth,
the terminal are narrow, inversely egg-shaped,
about twice as long as the leaf-stalk. The panicle
is narrow, without glands, wavy, with crowded,
strong, sickle-like prickles, and short branches,
with few flowers. The petals are white, large,
inversely egg-shaped, with long claws.

Rubus mercicus, Bagnall.—The habitat of this
species is hedges. The habit is erect, arching.
The prickles are rather unequal, bent back, and
scattered. The leaves are 3~-5-lobed, arising from
a common centre with lateral lobes, the terminal
leaflet broadly oval or roundish, with short, blunt,
narrow point, and entire, or nearly entire, base,
more than twice as long as the stalk. The panicle
is loose, sometimes glandular, little narrowed to
the top, forming a corymb. The rachis and
flower-stalk are clothed with long, fine hair. The
petals are white, becoming pink. The stem and
rachis are dark-purple.

Rubus villicaulis, Koehl.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, wood borders, hedges, open stony
places. The habit is high-arching. The stem
is hairy (as the Latin specific name indicates).
There are many long, straight prickles, wide-
spreading, or bent back. The leaflets are egg-
shaped or oval, with a narrow, long point, soft,
with long silky white hairs below. The panicle
is open, long, compound, with long, bent-down
slender prickles, the branches forming a cyme,
the rachis softly downy. The stamens are much
longer than the styles. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a deciduous shrub. It is
distinguished by the numerous long, straight
prickles, shaggy rachis and flower-stalks, prickly,
branched panicle, broad, oval leaflets, softly hairy
below.

Rubus Selmeri, Lindeb.—The habitat of this
species is woods and sandy and gravelly commons.
The habit is similar to the last. The stem and
leaves are not so hairy. The prickles are sickle-
like. The leaflets are concave, with wavy margin,
smooth above, thinly hairy below, the terminal
leaflets roundish, egg-shaped. The rachis is thinly
hairy, with many strongly sickle-like or hooked
prickles. The flowers are showy, star-like. The
petals are bright-pink. The stamens are short,
sometimes not longer than the style. In the
young state the plant is like R. gratus, as when
large-flowered.

Rubus rhombifolius, Weihe.—The habitat of this
plant is thickets and open commons. The habit

Vou, VI

49

is similar to the last, the stem dark-red. The
prickles are broad-based, the leaflets rhomboid or
egg-shaped, with a long, narrow point, green or
white-felted below. The leaflets in mature leaves
are distant, all narrow at both ends, with a long
tip, with short hairs beneath. The panicle is
pyramidal, with sickle-like prickles, with strongly
bent-back white sepals, the petals, style, and long
stamens all red. The lower panicle-branches are
long and strongly ascending. The plant is inter-
mediate between &. villicaulis and R. Selmeri,
distinguished by the thinner, narrower, acuminate,
rhomboidal leaflets, with short hair beneath, pyra-
midal panicle, bent-back sepals, and red flowers.

Rubus gratus, Focke.—The habitat of this plant
is arching, prostrate. The stem is furrowed.
The prickles are rather short, with a broad base,
spreading, or somewhat bent down. The leaves
are large. The leaflets are at first softly downy,
later bare below, broad, coarsely, irregularly
doubly-toothed. The panicle is leafy, branched,
few-flowered. The rachis is clothed with long
hair. The flowers are very large, the petals pink
or with a pink claw. The sepals are erect in
fruit. The pollen-grains are large, equal, regular.
The fruit is large and oblong. The plant is
luxuriant. It-is distinguished from R. Se/meri by
the rounder, more wavy leaflets, strong sickle-like
prickles, cylindrical panicle, turned-back fruiting
sepals, and short stamens.

Rubus leucandrus, Focke.—This is a local plant,
found in thickets, hedges, and commons. The
habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is blunt-
angled. The prickles are rather long, wide-
spreading to some extent. The leaflets are softly
hairy below, overlapping, hollow, the terminal
leaflet egg-shaped, heart-shaped, with a long
narrow point. The panicle bears no glands, is
irregularly branched, with felted flower-stalks, and
conspicuous flowers. The fruiting sepals are
turned back. The flowers are showy with large
petals, pure white like the stamens (hence /eu-
candrus). The fruit is large and oval. The plant
is intermediate between 2. affinis and R. gratus.

Rubus ramosus, Briggs.—The habitat of this
species is rocky, bushy places. The habit is
straggly, erect, arched. There are few prickles.
The leaves are 3-5-lobed, arising from a common
centre with lateral leaflets. The leaflets are con-
vex, leathery, shining above, coarsely and irregu-
larly toothed, with close ashy or white felt under
the hairs, the terminal leaflets oblong or slightly
inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point. The
panicle is loose, with long branches, forming a
corymb at the top. The rachis, flower-stalk, and
sepals are ashy-white felted and thinly hairy. The
sepals are loosely turned back. The fruit is small
and poor. The plant is near R. Questieriz in the
felted panicle and shape of leaflets only. It flowers
in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus thyrsoideus, Wimm.—The habitat of this
species is thickets and hedges. The habit is
striking, tall, erect, high-arching. The stem is
strong, smooth, and rarely roots. The leaflets
are flat or hollowed, nearly smooth above, with

81

ite)

pale felt below, with deeply-cut, compound teeth,
the terminal leaflet oval, or egg-shaped, with a
long, narrow point. The panicle is long, the ultra-
axillary part cylindrical above, weakly armed, the
lower branches with sickle-like prickles. The
calyx is hairy and felted. The flowers are showy,
the fruit fine. The panicle and foliage are excep-
tionally fine. The plant flowers in July and August,
and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus Godront, Lecoq. & Lamotte = argentatus,
auct.—The habitat of this species is wood borders,
bushy places, and hedges. The habit is high-
arching at first, then climbing, or bending low
and rooting. The stem is pruinose below, hairy.
The prickles on stem and panicle are long and
rather unequal, straight or sickle-like. The leaf-
lets are rather leathery, shining above, greenish,
white-felted, with shining hairs below, 5-lobed,
finger-shaped, or with lobes arising from a common
centre with lateral leaflets, the terminal leaflet
with rounded or nearly heart-shaped base. The
panicle is loose, pyramidal, narrowed above. The
rachis and flower-stalk are felted, with thick, soft
hair. The flowers are showy, with long flower-
stalk, bright-pink flowers, the sepals with yellowish-
grey felt, and hairs loosely turned back. The
pink stamens are much longer than the green
styles. The plant flowers late.

Rubus rusticanus, Merc.—This species is found
in thickets and hedges, in open ground, at low
altitude, and by the sea-coast, being especially
common on the East coast. The habit is arching,
prostrate, climbing, rooting. The stem is fur-
rowed, pruinose, stellately downy. The prickles
have a very wide base. The leaflets are leathery,
oval, or inversely egg-shaped, convex, with close,
white-felted down below, and the terminal leaflet
is inversely egg-shaped, with a blunt point. The
panicle is long, narrow, cylindrical. The rachis
is furrowed, with strong, stout-based, hooked, and
sickle-like prickles. The flower-stalks are also
felted and hooked. The stamens are equal to or
less than the style. The sepals in flower and fruit
are turned back. The plant flowers in July and
August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus pubescens, Weihe.—The habit of this
Rubus is high-arching at first, then low and root-
ing, the stem having a rather thick coat of short
stellate down. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger-
shaped, the leaflets with irregular shallow teeth,
grey or greenish, white-felted below, oval or in-
versely egg-shaped, witha long, narrow point, the
terminal one with an entire base. The panicle is
rather loose, long, felted, hairy, with widespread-
ing few-flowered branches, and strong hooked or
sickle-like prickles on the branches. The sepals
have an upwardly-curved tip. The plant is inter-
mediate between 2. thyrsoideus and R. rusticanus.

Rubus sylvaticus, Wh. & N.—This is an un-
common species found in woods, thickets, by
bushy river sides. The habit is arching, pros-
trate, rarely climbing. The prickles are short,
crowded near the base of the stem, awl-shaped.
The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are hairy
both sides, the terminal one slightly inversely egg-

BRITISH FLORA

shaped, or oval, with entire or notched base.
The panicle is dense, long, with small, crowded,
needle-like prickles, and softly hairy rachis and
flower-stalk. It is not glandular. The fruiting
sepals are loosely turned back. The carpels are
hairy. The plant is like 2. macrophyllus in the
small prickles and hairy character, and also like
R. villicaulis and R. Lindleianus, but less prickly
and more softly downy than either.

Rubus myrice, Focke = var. hesperius, Rogers.
—The leaves of this species are broad, 5-lobed,
with 3 lobes radiating from a common centre, and
2 lateral ones, with very compound finely-pointed
teeth, the terminal leaflet roundish, egg-shaped,
with a long narrow point. The panicle is more
compound than in the type (not found in Britain),
more prickly, with many sunk, nearly stalkless,
glands on the rachis, the panicle being long,
pyramidal, and compound. The fruiting sepals
are widespreading. The plant is like A. sv/va-
ticus and R. hirtifolius.

Rubus lentiginosus, Lees.—The habitat of this
species is rough, rocky, and bushy ground. The
habit is arching, prostrate. There are numerous
prickles. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with finely
pointed, compound, deeply-cut teeth, thinly hairy
only on the nerves beneath, the terminal one oblong
or inversely egg-shaped, with rather narrow,
notched base. The panicle is rigid above, blunt,
forming a raceme, with 1-2 long-stalked flowers,
widespreading branches, and nearly stalkless
terminal flowers. The prickles are crowded on
the rachis and flower-stalks, turned down or
shortly hooked. The sepals are erect in fruit.
The stamens and style are nearly of the same
length. The fruit is oblong. The plant differs in
habit from &. nztidus, approaching FR. Colemannt
and R. Questieriz. The form of the panicle is very
characteristic.

Rubus macrophyllus, Wh. & N.—The habitat
of this plant is woods and thickets, and it appears
to thrive in the shade. The habit is arching, pros-
trate, climbing, much-branched. The leaves are
5-lobed, finger-shaped, often very large. The leaf-
lets are smooth above, softly hairy below, doubly
and widely toothed, the terminal leaflet oval to
heart-shaped, with a long narrow point. The
panicle is loose, normally weak, with grey felt,
and a hairy rachis, and flower-stalk, with weak,
turned-down, or rather sickle-like prickles. The
lower branches are very distant. The sepals are
shaggy, with grey felt below, strongly bent back.
The flowers are of medium size. The carpels are
smooth. The plant flowers in July and August,
and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus amphichloros, P. J. Muell.—The leaves
of this species are 3-5-lobed, finely and evenly
toothed. The terminal leaflet is roundish to oval.
The panicle is long and loose. The sepals are
loosely turned back. Dr. Focke regards it as
distinct from &. amplificatus by the shape or
rounded outline and fine toothing of the leaflets.

Rubus Questierii, Lefv. & Muell.—The habitat
of this species is woods and thickets in rough
rocky ground. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger-

WOODS AND COPSES

shaped, with 3 lobes radiating from a centre, and
lateral leaflets, the same colour each side. The
leaflets are thinly hairy, and green each side, long
and narrow, oval or inversely egg-shaped, with
a long narrow point. The panicle is long, loose,
narrow, With widespreading upper branches, over-
topped by the very narrow, simple, floral leaves.
The rachis and calyx are grey-felted. The flower-
stalk and sepals, which are strongly bent back,
have abundant white felt. The long narrow
panicle and white-felted rachis, flower-stalk, and
sepals, and green leaves help to distinguish it.
The plant approaches R. amplificatus and R.
Colemanni.

Rubus Salteri, Bab.—The habitat of this species
is woods, thickets, and open rough ground, and
hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate, the
stem furrowed, angular, and nearly smooth. The
prickles are rather widespreading, and slender.
The leaves are chiefly 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiat-
ing from a common centre, and 2 lateral lobes,
with compound, deeply-cut teeth above. The
leaflets are rather overlapping, nearly smooth
above, with ashy felt below, and loose, or deeply
cut and lobed, or closer and shallow and finely
pointed, the terminal one long-stalked, with a long
point, and entire or heart-shaped below. The
panicle is long, cylindrical above, with 1-3 flowers
on long stalks, widely-spreading branches, and
blunt top. The long-pointed sepals embrace the
fruit. It flowers in July and August, and is a her-
baceous shrub. The soil is siliceous, &c. The
species approaches &. hirtifolius, but has a less
hairy stem, more deeply cut leaflets, smooth, and
ashy-felted, a less glandular rachis and flower-
stalk.

Rubus Colemanni, Babington.—The habitat of
this species is thickets, hedges, and heaths. The
habit is arching, the stem having many flattened
prickles, and occasionally acicles and stalked
glands, with a very long, broad base. The leaves
are convex, 5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from
a centre, and 2 lateral. The leaflets are the same
colour each side, green and hairy on the veins
below. The leaf-stalks are very prickly, the ter-
minal leaflet is broadly inversely egg-shaped, with
a long narrow point, and heart-shaped. The
panicle is long and pyramidal. The rachis and
flower-stalk are very strongly armed with prickles,
acicles, and stalked glands. The fruiting sepals
are loosely turned back. The plant flowers in
July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. The
soil is siliceous, &c. The plant is close to R. affinis,
Wh. & N., and R. infestus, Weihe.

Rubus Sprengelii, Weihe.—The habitat of this
species is woods, thickets, and heaths. The habit
is arching, soon nearly prostrate, the stem having
unequal bent-back prickles, and is roundish, hairy,
often slightly glandular. The leaves are usually
3-lobed, the same colour each side. The leaflets
are thin, coarsely and irregularly toothed. The
panicle is short, loose, diffuse, with long widely-
spreading branches, with few flowers, long slender
flower-stalks, usually glandular. The rachis and
flower-stalks are softly felted, with few or many

Si

sunken glands. The petals are bright-pink. The
stamens are pink, not longer than the style, and
not united below. The loosely-branched panicle,
long flower-stalks, short stamens, and erect fruit-
ing sepals are characteristic. It flowers in June
and July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus orthoclados, Ley.—The habitat of this
plant is woodlands. The habit is very high arch-
ing, or suberect. The stem has some nearly stalk-
less glands. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3
lobes radiating from a common centre, 2 lateral,
the same colour each side. The panicle is weak
and glandular, in a raceme or corymb above.
The stalked glands are longer than the hairs.
The sepals are externally olive, with narrow white
margin, the points embracing the fruit. The car-
pels are hairy at the tip. The plant approaches
the last and 2. hesperius.

Rubus hypoleucus, Lefv. & Muell. = micans,
Gren. & Godr.—The habitat of this plant is bushy
places and open, stony ground. The habit is low-
arching. The stem is clothed with dense felt, or
close, short hair, and is slightly glandular. The
leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from
a common centre, and 2 lateral. The leaflets are
greyish-green, opaque above, with ashy felt and
soft hair below, with compound strongly and
deeply cut toothing, with a long, narrow point.
The panicle is loose, the branches long, nearly
or quite widespreading, forming a corymb. The
rachis is wavy. The sepals are strongly bent
back. The whole plant is greyish. The chief
characters are the grey tint, close-haired and felted
sepals, deeply-cut leaflets, and wavy panicle rachis.

Rubus hirtifolius, Muell. & Wirtg.—The habitat
of this plant is bushy places, hilly districts, and it
is locally abundant in West England and Wales.
The stem is considerably hairy, rarely glandular
oraciculate. The leaves are 5-lobed. The prickles
on the panicle have a long base. The leaflets have
shining, close hair, and are often much wrinkled
above, hairy, with prominent ribs below. The
terminal leaflet is variable, usually egg-shaped,
with a narrow, long point. The panicle has a
long, loose, ultra-axillary top. The rachis and
flower-stalk are softly hairy. The petals are
narrow, pink, soon falling. The flowers are very
showy, white. The fruiting sepals are wide-
spreading. The fruit is oblong. The soil is
siliceous. It approaches R. macrophyllus and
R. pyramidalis, distinguished from the latter by
the less velvety leaves, looser, broader, less leafy
panicle, ascending fruiting sepals, and oblong
fruit.

Rubus iricus, Rogers.—The stem of this species
is stout, with many widespreading, white hairs.
The leaves are large, 5-lobed, with very long,
narrow stipules, fringed with hairs. The leaflets
are thick, ledthery, with an ashy felt below
when young, opaque and rough above, the ter-
minal leaflet broadly egg-shaped, with a long,
narrow point, with compound teeth. The panicle
is blunt, stout, broad, very large, broadly cylin-
drical, the ultra-axillary top forming a corymb,
the branches stout, nearly widespreading, the

52 BRITISH
rachis, fower-stalk, and base of the sepals clothed |
with dense, yellowish-grey, soft hairs. The sepals
have a long, narrow point, strongly bent back
when the petals fall. The petals are large, bright-
pink. The plant is very stout and hairy. It re-
sembles most 2. mollissimus.

Rubus pyramidalis, Kalt.—The habitat of this
species is wood borders, hedges, bushy and
heathy places. The habit is nearly prostrate.
The prickles are strong and short. The leaves
are 5-lobed, finger-shaped. The leaflets are thick,
soft, velvety beneath, convex, coarsely toothed.
The panicle is long, truly pyramidal, with close,
1-3-flowered, short, widespreading branches in
the long, ultra-axillary part. The rachis is
straight and rigid. The petals are oval. The
fruiting sepals are turned back. It flowers in
July and August, and is a deciduous shrub. The
soil is sandy, siliceous, &c. It is intermediate
between 2. villicaulis and R. leucostachys.

Rubus leucostachys, Sm.—The habitat of this
plant is wood borders, thickets, hedges, and
rough banks. The habit is arching, prostrate.
The stem is woolly and hairy, densely felted.
The prickles are long and nearly straight, very
strong. The leaflets are broad, softly yellow and
white-felted below, round, wavy at the edge, with
nearly simple, even, shallow teeth, the terminal
leaflet nearly round, with a blunt point. The
panicle is long, cylindrical. There are few stalked
glands. The petals are round. The stamens are
only just longer than the style. The fruiting
sepals are bent back. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus lasioclados, Focke.—The stem of this
plant has a dense mat of felt and long hair. The
leaves have also a white felt below, and irregular
deeply-cut teeth. The terminal leaflet is oval or
roundish. The panicle is broad, very prickly,
strongly developed. The rachis and flower-stalk
are densely hairy and felted, with crowded,
slender, large-based, sickle-like, and bent-down
prickles. The petals are white. The plant differs
from R. rusticanus in the long hairs on the stem
and rachis with straight prickles, more hairy
leaves, prickly panicle, white petals, and wide-
spreading fruiting sepals, resembling also &.
leucostachys, being a cross between the two.

Rubus criniger, Linton.—The habitat of this
species is woods and bushy places. The stem
is densely hairy and pruinose. The leaves are
5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common
centre, 2 lateral. They are greyish-green. The
leaflets are not overlapping, irregularly lobed,
toothed, ashy-felted, with prominent ribs beneath.
The terminal leaflet is egg-shaped, with a long,
narrow point. The panicle is narrowed above,
the top blunt, with long lower branches, like
secondary panicles. The rachis and flower-stalk
are covered with very unequal stalked glands and
small acicles. The plant resembles &. Gelertiz,
R. Leyanus, R. Drejeri, and R. scaber.

Rubus Lettii, Rogers. —The habitat of this
plant, first found in Ireland (now in two vice-
counties there), is woods. The habit is high-

FLORA

arching. The stem is stout, bluish-green, clothed
with long, fine, shining hairs. The acicles are
very unequally scattered, and stalked glands very
rare or absent. The prickles are remarkably
flattened and straight, long, slender. The leaves
are greyish-green, the leaf-stalks long, with many
unequal, partly gland-tipped organs. The panicle
is cylindrical, the lowest branches moderately long
and nearly erect. The rachis has very close, grey
felt under the long hairs, with some of the long,
slender prickles gland-tipped. The prickles are
almost invariably straight and generally widely
spreading. The sepals are bent back. The plant
is remarkably grey. It resembles 2. Questierii
and R. micans or R. criniger, distinguished by the
flattened slender prickles, inversely egg-shaped,
terminal leaflet, more finely-pointed teeth, &c.

Rubus adenanthus, Boul & Gill.—The prickles
on the stem of this species are strong, with numer-
ous pricklets and stalked glands. The leaves are
3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common
centre and 2 lateral, greyish-green, with ashy
felt below, and compound deeply-cut teeth. The
leaflets are ashy-felted and thinly hairy below, the
terminal one broadly oval. The panicle is long,
glandular, forming a more or less pyramidal
corymb. The rachis and flower-stalk have crowded
soft hair, which obscures the numerous unequal
acicles and stalked glands. The sepals are long,
widespreading, with sunken glands and long
points ascending when the petals drop. The plant
approaches #. micans in leaf characters and hairy
stems, but is also like Radulan forms in other
respects.

Rubus Boreanus, Genev.—The habitat of this
species is bushy places and hedges. The stem is
not felted. The pricklets are usually numerous,
with a stout base. The leaves are 5-lobed, with
3 lobes radiating from a common centre and 2
laterals, and 3-lobed. The leaflets are wavy at
the edge, with an ashy felt and hair below. The
panicle is cylindrical throughout, the branches
rigid and strongly ascending, weakly armed in
the ultra-axillary part. The small petals and style
are dark-red. The stamens are not so long as
the style. The sepals rise when the petals fall.
The stout-based pricklets are characteristic, also
the unarmed panicle rachis and rigid ascending
branches, with small deep-red flowers.

Rubus cinerosus, Rogers.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, thickets, and open commons. The
stem is very bluntly angled and round, with many
very small pricklets, acicles, and bristles, the arma-
ture on stem and panicle being variable. The
leaflets have broad, shallow, even teeth, with close
ashy-felt and rather few hairs below, the ter-
minal leaflet roundish, inversely egg-shaped. The
panicle is broadly cylindrical, with widespreading
branches. The rachis and flower-stalk have an
ashy felt, are densely softly hairy, and have many
very slender more or less widespreading prickles.
The stalked glands are crowded and sunken, with
a few gland-tipped bristles. The plant approaches
R. puicherrimus, differing in armature, glands,
&c., and shape of panicle.

WOODS AND COPSES

Rubus mucronatus, Bloxam.—The habitat of
this plant is bushy places, hedges, heaths, and
banks. The habit is arching, prostrate. The
stem is nearly round. The prickles are very
slender. The leaflets are thin, with simple, shallow
teeth, rather thinly hairy below, the terminal
rounded, inversely egg-shaped, with a_ short,
abrupt, blunt point. The panicle is very loose
below, forming a raceme above, with long, wide-
spreading to erect flower-stalks, with rather few,
very slender, turned-down prickles, and slender,
unequal acicles, bristles, and stalked glands. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a decid-
uous shrub.

Rubus mucronatoides, Ley.—This Scottish plant
is stouter than the last. The habit is low, arched.
The stem is angled, with few hairs and acicles.
The armature is stronger, and more unequal,
both on the stem and rachis. The leaves are
g-5-lobed. The leaflets are large, with the ter-
minal leaflet with a long narrow point, and partly
lobed, coarsely toothed. The panicle is pyramidal,
broad, straggling, and the rachis is wavy, with
many unequal prickles. The large flowers are
cup-shaped, the narrow petals rose colour, the
stamens white, the sepals reflexed in flower and
fruit.

Rubus Gelertii, Frider.—The habitat of this
species is woods. The habit is arching, prostrate.
The stem is stout. The prickles are long, nearly
equal, confined to the angles. The leaflets are
almost leathery, large, coarsely and irregularly
toothed, the terminal one broadly oval, with a long
narrow point and heart-shaped base. The panicle
is strongly developed, very compound, with large
broad leaves, with a round-topped, ultra-axil-
lary part, with long, distant, strongly-ascending
branches like the secondary panicle below. The
rachis and flower-stalk have dense, grey felt, few
or many acicles, and short-stalked glands. The
sepals are reflexed in flower and fruit. The plant
is intermediate between R. pulcherrimus and R.
anglosaxonicus, but the leaflets are broader and
not so parallel-sided as in the latter.

Rubus anglosaxonicus, Gelert.—The habitat of
this species is bushy places and hedges. The stem
is smooth, shining as if varnished, with numerous,
scattered pricklets. The prickles are strong. The
leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from
a common centre and 2 laterals. The leaflets are
thick, leathery, coarsely and irregularly toothed,
with a grey felt below, the terminal leaflet long,
narrow, oval, with nearly parallel sides, a short
point, and notched base. The panicle is narrow
above, with strongly ascending 1-3-flowered
branches, the axillary leaves large.

Rubus melanoxylon, Muell. & Wirtg. —The
habitat of this species is moist bushy places and
heaths. The stem and panicle rachis have a
blackish-brown or dark-purple bloom. The arma-
ture is partly strong but very variable, some prickles
being stout-based. The leaflets have close, even
teeth, the terminal one narrowed to a short point,
evenly toothed. The panicle is long, nearly cy-
lindrical. The rachis has very unequal acicles,

53

bristles, and stalked glands, the largest prickles
long, and strongly bent down. The plant re-
sembles R. mucronatus, R. villicaulis, and R.
rosaceus.

Rubus infestus, Weihe.—The habitat of this
plant is thickets and hedges. The habit is high-
arching, then bent down. The stem has mixed
prickles, bent down, sickle-like, and hooked. The
pricklets, acicles, and stalked glands on the faces
are unequal, the prickles on the angles strong,
nearly equal, long-pointed, very stout-based, sickle-
like, and bent down. The leaflets are pale, often
felted below, sharply and unevenly toothed, the
terminal one egg-shaped, with a long point, the
basal one very shortly stalked, The rachis is very
strongly armed, the prickles more hooked, the
smaller arms more glandular. The sepals are
greyish-olive, with a white margin, widespread-
ing or erect in fruit. The plant recalls the Sub-
erecti group.

Rubus uncinatus, P. J. Muell.—This plant is
only found in woods. The armature is slender,
both prickles and pricklets, which are bent down.
The leaflets are thin, usually softly hairy, with a
grey felt below, the terminal one nearly wedge-
shaped, inversely egg-shaped. The stalks and
midribs have slender, sickle-like, and hooked
prickles. The panicle is very hairy, narrow, and
cylindrical. The rachis and flower-stalk are
densely, softly hairy, with many nearly sunk
stalked glands, and crowded acicular, sickle-like,
hooked, and bent-down prickles. The sepals are
narrow, and bent back. The plant resembles 2.
infestus.

Rubus Borreri, Bell Salt.—The habitat of this
plant is hedges and commons. The habit is nearly
prostrate. The stem is long, yellowish-brown.
The prickles are very crowded. The pricklets,
acicles, and stalked glands are most numerous
below, the two last small. The leaflets are opaque
above, yellowish-green, paler below, soft, with
prominent ribs, with compound, finely-pointed,
deeply-incised teeth, the terminal leaflet inversely
egg-shaped, with a long narrow blunt point. The
panicle is strongly developed, with a broad, round
top, forming a corymb, with many unequal, sunk,
nearly stalkless glands, and yellowish prickles.
The plant is quite distinct from 2. Sprengelii, and
nearest R. infestus, distinguished by the prostrate
stem, nearly equal prickles, terminal leaflet, broad
panicle, and yellow tint.

Rubus Drejeri, G. Jensen.—The habitat of this
plant is wood borders, thickets, and hedges. The
stem is hairy, dull-brown. The leaves are 3-5-
lobed, the same colour on both sides. The pricklets,
acicles, and stalked glands are unequally scattered
and of various lengths. The prickles are unequal.
The leaflets are thin, with irregular, shallow teeth,
shortly pointed, roundish, inversely egg-shaped,
harsh beneath. The lateral leaflets of the 3-lobed
leaves are enlarged. The panicle is long, narrow,
The rachis is wavy, with soft-haired felt.
The prickles are various, chiefly bent down. The
plant is allied to 2. melanoxylon and R. podo-
phyllus.

loose.

54

Rubus radula, Weihe.—The habitat of this plant
is rough bushy places, hedges, &c. The habit is
high-arching, climbing, or prostrate. The stem
is strong, angular. The prickles are rather few,
very strong, all on the angles, about equal. The
faces of the stem have a very short, nearly equal,
mixed armature. The leaflets are finely, closely,
greenish-felted below, not overlapping, the ter-
minal leaflet broadly egg-shaped, with a long,
narrow point. The panicle is showy, pyramidal,
withstrong prickles. The rachis has many, sunken,
unequal, stalked glands, some small acicles, and
strong, awl-shaped, rather straight prickles. The
sepals are turned back. This species flowers in
July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus echinatus, Lindl.—The habitat of this
species is thickets and hedges. The stem is fur-
rowed and hairy. The numerous prickles are
long and nearly equal. The leaflets are thick,
lobed, deeply cut, with very compound, sharp-
pointed teeth, and velvety ashy-felted below when
young, greenish-grey with close felt when older.
The panicle is long, narrow, cylindrical, leafy
nearly to the top. The sepals have long points
and are very strongly bent back. The fruit is long.
The furrowed stem (hairy), unequal prickles, deeply-
cut leaflets, narrow cylindrical leafy panicle dis-
tinguish the plant from #. radula; the dense hair
on stem and rachis, deeply cut, thick, leaflets,
narrow, less-branched panicle, stouter flower-
stalks, larger flowers, from R. rudis.

Rubus rudis, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, thickets, and hedges. The habit
is arching, prostrate, or climbing, furrowed above,
and usually quite smooth, rough, with very short
unequal-stalked glands and acicles. The prickles
are numerous and short. The leaves are large,
the leaflets when young with ashy and white felt
below, coarsely and doubly toothed, the terminal
leaflet roundish egg-shaped or oval, with a long,
narrow point. The panicle is diffuse, broad,
with crowded, often interlacing, many-flowered
branches. The rachis and long, slender flower-
stalk have very crowded stalkless glands. The
leaflets are large and wedge-shaped. The flowers
are rather small. The plant flowers in July and
August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus oigocladus, Muell. & Lef.—The habitat
of this plant is woods and thickets. The stem is
bluntly angled, dark bluish-green, thinly hairy.
The leaflets are pale green, thinly hairy below,
the terminal one inversely egg-shaped, with a
blunt point, narrowed to the notched base. The
panicle is narrow, very loose, with nearly erect,
racemose branches forming acorymb. The rachis
and flower-stalk have a white felt and dense short
hair, nearly hiding the crowded nearly stalkless
glands. The sepals are strongly bent back when
the petals fall. The fruit is rather long.

Rubus regillus, Ley.—The habitat of this plant
is woods and hedges. The habit is low-arching.
The stem is bluntly angled, hairy, bluish-green,
pale, very leafy, with numerous, short, unequal,
bristles, and stalked glands rarely exceeding the
hair. The leaves are mainly 3-5-lobed. The

BRITISH FLORA

leaflets are large, the terminal one oblong, with
a long blunt point. The panicle is long, narrow,
forming a raceme above, with short branches of
2-4 long, stalked flowers below. The close felt
and widespreading hairs obscure the numerous
stalked glands and bristles. The sepals are bent
back in flower and fruit. The plant resembles
R. oigocladus or R. podophyllus, distinguished
from the last by the yellowish-green colour, larger
leaflets, blunt point, long, dense, widespreading
hairs on the rachis, bent-back sepals.

Rubus podophyllus, P. J. Muell.—The habitat
of this plant is bushy places in slate quarries, &c.
The habit is nearly prostrate. The stem is bluntly
angled, dark, usually nearly smooth. The prickles
are unequally scattered. The leaflets are convex,
green, with a few widespreading teeth. The
terminal leaflet is bluntly and narrowly pointed,
oval-oblong, with a rather short point. The panicle
forms a raceme above. The rachis has close grey
felt. The prickles are chiefly acicular, the acicles
and stalked glands are weak and unequal. The
plant resembles R. mucronatus and R. melanoxylon
or &. ericetorum.

Rubus Griffithianus, Rogers. —This species
occurs chiefly in hilly places. The stem and the
prickles, which are unequal, are dark-red with
appressed and widespreading hairs. The prickles
are large, unequal, almost confined to the angles.
The leaflets have a white or ashy felt below, the
terminal one roundish, inversely egg-shaped, with
along, narrow point. The panicle is rather narrow,
loose, nearly cylindrical. The prickles, like those
on the stem, are slender, widespreading. The
upper leaves are conspicuously white or ashy-
felted. The sepals have a pale velvety felt. It is
characterized by the unequal, bright-red prickles
on stem and panicle, rachis, the white felt on the
rachis, sepals, and under surface of the leaflets.
The plant resembles 2. preruptorum.

Rubus preruptorum, Boul.—The habitat of this
species is hedges. It has an arching, prostrate
stem, the prickles slightly swollen at the base,
with unequal glands and acicles, the leaflets
coarsely, unequally, and doubly toothed, softly
hairy only on the veins below. The panicle is long,
narrow, leafy, the rachis straight, prickles slender,
bent down. The sepals are egg-shaped, aciculate,
with long bristles. The plant flowers in July and
August.

Rubus melanodermis, Focke.—The habitat of
this species is bushy places and heaths. The habit
is prostrate. The stem is nearly smooth, blackish-
purple (hence melanodermis), with a few inter-
mediate prickles on the faces. The large prickles
are strong. The leaflets are plaited, green, the
terminal leaflet inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with
a long, blunt, narrow point. The panicle is narrow,
cylindrical, with short, strongly-ascending lower
branches, forming a raceme, andthe upper branches
are very short. The sepals are bent back in
flower and fruit. It differs from R. melanoxylon
in being less glandular, and in leaf and panicle;
and from &. Bloxamii in the paler, more hairy
stem, shorter prickles, more lobed leaflets, &c.

WOODS AND COPSES

Rubus Babingtonii, Bell Salt.—The habitat of
this plant is open woods, bushy places, and
commons. The habit is arching, prostrate. The
stem has many widespreading, clustered, and
single hairs. The stem is fuscous, and so are the
unequal prickles. The large ones are numerous
and fairly strong, with a slender yellow point.
The leaflets are thick, softly hairy below. The
terminal leaflet is rather broad, oblong, oval, with
a fairly long, narrow, blunt point. The panicle is
broad, usually very large, long, broadly cylindrical
to blunt, with strong sickle-like prickles, and
several simple leaves, the branches mostly equal,
widespreading. The rachis and flower-stalk have
a dense, soft felt. The sepals are clothed ex-
ternally with long yellowish-grey hair, rising as
the fruit forms. The stamens are only just longer
than the style. The plant is characterized by the
soft hair on the stem and rachis, the thick, broad,
soft leaflets, long, cylindrical, blunt panicle, with
widespreading branches. The plant flowers in
July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus Leyeunei, Wh. and N.—The habitat of
this plant is woods and hedges. The habit is
arching, prostrate. The prickles on the angles
of the stem are slender. The leaves are 3-4-lobed.
The leaflets are bright green, thin, hairy below,
the terminal one inversely egg-shaped, and rhomb-
oidal. The panicle is loosely pyramidal, form-
ing a corymb, with slender, unequal armature.
The rachis and flower-stalk have scattered, un-
equal, stalked glands, and a few gland-tipped
bristles. The prickles are slender. The sepals
are bent back, with close greenish-grey felt, and
many protruding stalked glands and acicles. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Rubus ericetorum, Lefv.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, thickets, and commons. This
species is near the last, but is stronger armed and
more glandular. The stem is strong and sharply
angled, with stouter, longer prickles on the angles.
The leaves are 5-lobed, the leaflets have a longer,
narrow point, with grey felt below, and deeply cut
teeth. The panicle is very long, pyramidal, form-
ing a corymb, more prickly and glandular. The
petals are narrow, white or pink. The rachis and
flower-stalk are densely glandular and aciculate.
The sepals have a soft cushion of grey felt hiding
the purplish glands. The plant is distinguished
from R&. Babingtoniz by the more unequal arma-
ture, thinner, inversely egg-shaped, grey-felted
leaves, and pyramidal, loose panicle, with bent-
back, fruiting sepals, long stamens, and short
loose hair on rachis and flower-stalk.

Rubus cavatifolius, P. J. Muell.—The habitat of
this plant is bushy places, hedges, and thickets.
The stem is nearly smooth, and pale or reddish

- brown, like the unequal prickles. The leaflets are
yellowish-green, the terminal one very broadly
heart-shaped to egg-shaped, with a long narrow
point. The panicle is nearly cylindrical, with
slightly narrow, blunt top, the branches wide-
spreading, with many narrow, simple leaves. The
plant is recognized by the pale-yellowish, heart-

55

shaped, egg-shaped terminal leaflet, with long
point, and spreading branches. The plant flowers
in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus mutabilis, Genev.—The habitat of this
plant is bushy places. The habit is arching,
prostrate. The prickles are large and numerous,
often sickle-like. The leaflets are very long and
narrow, deeply cut, with close white or grey felt
below, the terminal one narrowed both ends, with
very long, narrow point, inversely egg-shaped, the
basal leaflet stalked, not overlapping. The panicle
is strongly developed, very large, nearly cylin-
drical. The rachis and flower-stalks have crowded
sunken glands, acicles, and long prickles. The
sepals are bent back. The plant resembles 2.
echinatus and R. pallidus, Wh. and N. It flowers
in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus Bloxamii, Lees.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, bushy places, and heaths. The
habit is arching, soon prostrate, the stem bluish-
green, hairy. The larger prickles are rather
weak, small, widespreading, purplish-red. The
terminal leaflet is broadly inversely egg-shaped,
the leaflets convex, coarsely toothed, green, softly
hairy both sides, wavy at the edge, the teeth lobed,
deeply cut above. The panicle is long, leafy to
the top, broadly pyramidal, round-topped, with
long, ascending, distant lower branches. The
rachis and flower-stalks are straight, stout, densely
softly felted. The sepals are white-felted within,
widespreading, and star-like when the petals fall.
The carpels are very small. The species flowers
in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus fuscus, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
plant is woods and open places. The habit is
arching, prostrate. The stem is densely hairy.
The prickles are rather short, scattered. The
leaflets have compound, irregular, coarse teeth,
and are softly hairy below, the terminal one rather
broad, with a long point. The panicle is narrow,
nearly cylindrical, with nearly equal few-flowered
branches, with sunken stalked glands and acicles.
The plant flowers in July and August, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Rubus pallidus, Wh. & N.—The habitat of
this species is hilly woods, thickets, and hedges.
The habit is arching, prostrate, the stem with
prickles usually confined to the angles, with
abundant, rather short, somewhat spreading hair.
The leaflets are long and narrow, thin, often
slightly felted, and soft beneath, coarsely and
irregularly toothed, with a long narrow point.
The panicle is loose, rather straggly, the upper
leaves narrowly egg-shaped, with a long point or
linear, the rachis wavy, the flower-stalk slender,
the terminal one of the branches often longer than
the lateral ones. The glands are stalked, black,
and the acicles small. The sepals on the unripe
fruit are turned back. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus scaber, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
plant is open woods, bushy places, and damp
hollows. The habit is arching, prostrate, the stem
round, bluish-green, downy, the prickles small,
strong, short, bent down, rough with small acicles,

56

with short-stalked glands and scale-like tubercles.
The leaflets have fine teeth and a short point, and
are wrinkled. The panicle is narrow, with short
hair and short-stalked glands on the rachis and
flower-stalks. The plant flowers in July and
August, and is a deciduous shrub,

Rubus thyrsiger, Bab.—The habitat of this plant
is bushy places and hedges. The habit is arching,
prostrate. The stem has abundant, somewhat
spreading, partly closely-pressed hairs. The
leaflets are irregularly and coarsely toothed, the
terminal one obtusely angled, inversely egg-
shaped, nearly wedge-shaped at the base, which
is entire. The panicle is loose and long, forming
more or less of a raceme, the upper part long with
1-2-flowered branches, the flowers on long stalks,
with acicular prickles. The flowers are very
showy. The plant is like R. micans and R.
oigocladus, weth more unequal prickles, and dis-
tinguished by the remarkably hairy stem and
rachis, the long nearly naked panicle, numerous
1-2-flowered, long-stalked branches, and handsome
flowers.

Rubus Lintont, Focke.—The habitat of this
plant is woods and heathy pastures. The habit
is soon prostrate. The stem is nearly smooth.
The prickles are rather few, very slender. The
leaves are 3-lobed. The leaflets are shining, with
close, fine-pointed teeth. The panicle is cylin-
drical, forming a corymb-like raceme, the rachis
Wavy, with unequal, partly sunk, stalked glands,
and very slender bent-down prickles.

Rubus longithyrsiger, Bab.—The habitat of this
plant is woods, damp, hilly, and shady places.
The habit is prostrate. The prickles are short.
The leaves are usually 3-lobed. The leaflets are
more or less equal, nearly uniform, with shallow,
even teeth, the terminal one inversely egg-shaped,
with a blunt point. The panicle is pyramidal,
forming a raceme above, the flower-stalk and
rachis rigid, purple, with dense, short-stalked
glands, with grey felt, and short hairs.

Rubus botryeros, Focke.—The habitat of this
plant is sunny spots. The stem is bluish-green,
with scattered, unequal, numerous prickles and
acicles. The leaves are frequently 4-5-lobed. The
leaflets are blunt, with a short point, narrowed at
the base. The panicle is less rigid, usually more
compound and interrupted than in the last, with
larger flowers, less rigid flower-stalk, and hairy
carpels. The plant resembles 2. longithyrsiger
and R#. otgocladus.

Rubus foliosus, Wh. & N.—-The habitat of this
plant is damp woods and bushy places. The
habit is arching, prostrate, climbing, in thickets.
The prickles are numerous, weak, and subequal.
The leaves are mainly 3-lobed. The leaflets are
nearly uniform, unequally toothed, paler and
downy below, broadest near the middle, with an
ashy felt below, the terminal broader near the
middle, gradually narrow-pointed, narrowed to
the entire or notched base. The panicle is long
and narrow, with wavy rachis, with numerous
short, few-flowered, tufted branches above, and
several egg-shaped leaves with a long, narrow

BRITISH FLORA

point. The upper leaves have a white felt below.
The sepals are egg-shaped, narrow, aciculate,
with bristles. The plant flowers in July and
August, and is a deciduous shrub, often covering
the ground in a wood for long distances.

Rubus rosaceus, Wh. & N.—The habitat of
this plant is cleared spots in woods, and wood
borders, woods, andhedges. The habit is arching,
prostrate. The large prickles are nearly equal,
chiefly on the angles, strong but rather short, the
short ones slightly exceeding the nearly equal
aciculi, setzz, and hairs. The stem is round,
downy or nearly smooth. The leaves are chiefly
g-lobed. The leaflets are broad, hairy on the
nerves beneath, the lateral ones expanded. The
terminal one is round. The panicle is broad and
spreading, nearly pyramidal, blunt, very glan-
dular and prickly. The petals are bright-pink,
and the plant is a very handsome species. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a de-
ciduous shrub.

Rubus horridicaulis, P. J. Muell. (= R. saxicolus,
P. J. Muell.).—The habitat of this species is woods
and lanes. The stem is stout, blunt-angled,
bluish-green, brown, smooth. The large prickles
are unequal, scattered, sickle-like, or bent down.
The leaves are 3-5-lobed, large, with uneven
toothing, green, harsh below. The leaflets are
equal, the terminal subrotund, with a blunt point.
The panicle is broad, pyramidal, nearly cylin-
drical, the rachis is very prickly, with mixed
armature, the sepals are triangular, clasping the
hairy fruit. The petals are pink or white.

Rubus hostilis, Muell. & Wirtg.—The habitat of
this species is woods, bushy, heathy ground. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is bluntly angled.
The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are rather
thin, narrow, with very long points, the terminal
one with long, narrow point, with a narrow,
entire, or notched base, with irregular partly-
compound teeth. The panicle is short, forming a
raceme or corymb above, loose, with all the
branches ascending. The sepals are strongly
turned back. The petals are small and narrow.
The plant resembles #. echinatfus in the strongly
turned-back sepals, deeply-cut leaves, but differs
in the armature and thin, narrow, green leaflets.

Rubus fuscoater, Weihe.—The habitat of this
species is bushy places. The habit is nearly
prostrate. The stem is stout and very hairy, dull
purplish-brown. The prickles are very unequal,
fromalong, broad base. The leaves are moderate.
The leaflets are thick, roundish, egg-shaped, with
a fine point, with fine-pointed, compound, not
deeply cut teeth, soft beneath, with grey-green
felt and short hair. The armature is very strong.
The petals are bright-red, the sepals in fruit erect
or widespreading. The plant is dark and shaggy,
and intermediate between 2. Ayramidal’s and R. .
Marshalli or R.h ystrixe

Rubus Koehleri, Wh. & N.—The habitat of this
species is woods, thickets, bushy places, and
hedges. The habit is arching, prostrate. The
stem has crowded, unequal, scattered prickles,
acicles, bristles, and stalked glands, even, the

WOODS AND COPSES

longest bristles and acicles not unfrequently tipped
with glands. The leaflets have uneven, rather
coarse compound teeth, even above, hairy on the
veins below, the basal leaflets not overlapping.
The panicle is open, narrowed to the blunt top,
rather loose. The rachis and flower-stalk have
very crowded, widespreading, long, slender
prickles, acicles, bristles, and stalked glands.
The fruiting sepals are turned back. It flowers
in July and August, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus dasyphyllus, Rogers. —The habitat of
this species is woods, bushy places, hedges, espe-
cially in hilly districts. It differs from R. Aoeh/leri
in the densely hairy stem, with fewer intermediate
prickles. The leaflets are thick, leathery, very
softly hairy, and usually much paler beneath, the
principal teeth, which are compound, being wide-
spreading or bent back. The panicle is long, very
narrow, and interrupted. The petals are pink.
The sepals are turned back in fruit.

Rubus plinthostylus, Genev.—The habitat of
this Rubus is woods. It has armature of the sub-
Koehlerian group, nearer to RX. mufadilis than R.
Koehleri. The long leaflets are narrowed both
ends, with a narrow, long point, and very pale
beneath. The branches of the panicle bear many
flowers, and the sepals are loosely turned back.
The panicle is large, the fruit small.

Rubus Marshalli, Focke & Rogers.—The habitat
of this species is bushy places and heaths. The
plant is hairy. The stem is densely clothed with
stout-based pricklets and unequal acicles and
stalked glands. The armature is dense, unequal,
and widespreading. The leaves are small, 3-5-
lobed, with 3 lobes radiating from a common
centre, 2 lateral. The leaflets have thick, soft
hair below. The panicle is very elongate, ultra-
axillary, narrowed almost to a point at the top,
with long lower branches, like secondary panicles.
The sepals are somewhat widespreading when
the fruit is young. The plant is intermediate be-
tween R. Koehleri and R. fuscoater.

Rubus viridis, Kalt.—The habitat of this species
is woods and bushy places. The habit is pros-
trate. The stem is armed with numerous, unequal,
acicular bristles, stalked glands, and slender, bent-
down, large-based prickles and pricklets. The
leaflets are softly hairy, and nearly smooth be-
neath, usually thin and brittle, with irregular,
shallow teeth. The panicle has spreading, few-
flowered, long-stalked branches, forming a raceme
above. The stamens exceed the styles. The
young carpels are downy. This species differs
from R. pallidus in the more unequal armature,
less compound panicle, and broader leaflets with
less conspicuous, long points.

Rubus durotrigum, R. P. Murray.—The habitat
of this species is woods and bushy ground. The
habit is prostrate or climbing. The stem is clothed
with dense prickles, acicles, and bristles. The
prickles are very crowded, slender, with a long
base. The leaves are large. The leaflets are very
broad, shining, slightly hairy on the veins beneath,
the terminal leaflet roundish, egg-shaped, with a
long, gradually-narrowed point, with deeply-cut

Ey

The
The young

or lobed teeth. The panicle is pyramidal.
stamens and style are nearly equal.
carpels are thinly hairy.

Rubus divexiramus, P. J. Muell.—The habitat
of this species is woods and heaths. The stem is
slender, round, bluish-green, dark-purple. The
leaves are mostly 3-lobed, with lateral leaflets
deeply lobed or enlarged. The leaflets are yel-
lowish-green, with fine, close, compound teeth,
with short hair below, the terminal one obtuse-
angled, inversely egg-shaped. The panicle is
rather broad, rounded, with ultra-axillary top.
The stamens are longer than the style. The young
carpels are rather downy. The plant resembles
R. viridis, R. longithyrsiger, and R. infecundus.
The chief characters are the terminal leaflet, dark
purple stem and rachis, rather broad, rounded
panicle, and erect, fruiting sepals.

Rubus Bellardi, Wh. & N.—This species is found
chiefly in moist woods. The habit is arching pros-
trate. The stem is round, with acicular prickles
conical from a large base. The leaves are 3-lobed.
The leaflets are nearly equal, rather evenly and
finely toothed, the terminal one oval, the lateral
ones very similar, with very short, spreading stalk.
The panicle is short, forming a raceme above, with
long, thin flower-stalk with crowded, unequal, red-
stalked glands and acicles. The stamens and
style are nearly equal. The sepals embrace the
young fruit. The young carpels are smooth. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a decidu-
ous shrub.

Rubus serpens, Weihe.—The habitat of this spe-
cies is hilly woods. The stem is green, with short
prickles. The leaves are 3-5-lobed. The leaflets
are unequal, irregularly toothed, the terminal one
with a long narrow point. The panicle is narrow,
forming a raceme, with racemose branches below.
The stamens hardly exceed the style. The young
carpels are smooth. The plant is in flower in June
and July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rubus hirtus, Waldst. & Kit.—The habitat of
this species is hilly woods. The habit is prostrate
from a low base, rarely climbing, the stem densely
covered with stalked glands, glandular bristles,
and acicles. The prickles are straight, bristle-
like. The leaves are principally 3-5-lobed, rarely
4-5-lobed. The leaflets are broad, coarsely toothed,
very hairy on the veins below. The rachis is
violet or red-brown, with stalked glands, and many
long, glandular bristles. The stamens exceed the
style. The carpels are hairy. The plant is densely
glandular and bristly.

Rubus acutifrons, Ley.—The habitat of this
species is woods and thickets. The prickles are
rather stout, strongly bent down or hooked. The
leaves are 3-5-lobed, the leaflets are opaque above,
thinly hairy beneath, with fine lobed teeth, shining,
the terminal one with a long narrow point. The
panicle is very loose, and most of the flower-stalks
are aggregated into a corymb, the ultra-axillary
top forming a corymb. The stamens are much
longer than the styles. The young carpels are
hairy. The plant is intermediate between 2. viri-
dis and R. Lintoni.

58

Rubus terelicaulis, P. J. Muell.—The habitat of
this species is woods and heathland. The stem is
densely hairy, with crowded, spreading hairs and
acicles. The prickles are slender. The terminal
leaflet is inversely egg-shaped, rather narrow,
with a long narrow point. The rachis is rather
wavy, and the flower-stalk spreading, densely felted
and hairy, with crowded, unequal, sunken, black,
stalked glands, the longer stalked glands and
gland-tipped bristles few or none. The stamens
are nearly equal to the style. The carpels are
smooth. This species is intermediate between #.
Soliosus and R. hirtus, var. rotundifolius, differing
in being more hairy than either and much smaller.

Rubus ochrodermis, Ley.—The habitat of this
plant is woods and rough open ground. The stem
is stout, rich yellow-brown, or dark-brown in
exposed places. The plant is very prickly and
nearly smooth. The prickles are crowded, short,
passing into minute tubercles. The leaves are
chiefly 3-lobed. The leaflets are nearly equal, the
terminal one roundish, inversely egg-shaped, with
a short narrow point. The panicle is long. The
flower-stalk is strongly ascending. The sepals are
turned back in flower and fruit. The stamens are
longer than the style. This plant recalls A. mu-
cronatus in the leaves and panicle, differing in
armature and stem. It is intermediate between it
and R. foliosus.

Rubus velatus, Lefvy.—The habitat of this plant
is woods. The stem bears scattered silky hairs
(hence the name velatus). The prickles have a
stout base. The leaves are 3-5-lobed, with 3 lobes
radiating from a common centre, and 2 lateral.
The leaflets have short, shining hairs below, and
fairly even, scalloped, toothed margin. The ter-
minal leaflet is roundish, inversely egg-shaped,
with an enlarged lower side. The panicle is long
and cylindrical. The calyx is less deeply cleft
than usual, with greenish, narrow sepals clasping
the fruit. The stamens exceed the style. The
carpels are downy. The plant is intermediate
between the Bellardiani and Ceszi, distinguished
by the long sepals completely embracing the small
fruit.

Rubus corylifolius, Gm. (sp. coll.).—The habitat
of this plant is thickets, hedges, and commons.
The habit is arching, prostrate. The stem is
roundish, with few or no stalked glands and
acicles. The prickles are awl-like, nearly equal,
irregularly scattered. The leaflets are fairly thick,
with felt below, the terminal one with a fairly long
stalk. The panicle is rather irregular, with few
axillary branches, and white felted rachis. The
flower-stalk and sepals are also felted. The ordi-
nary stalked glands and acicles are few or absent.
The fruiting sepals are turned back in fruit, egg-
shaped, with a long narrow point, erect or turned
back. The petals are round to egg-shaped. The
plant flowers in June till August. It is a shrub.

Rubus Balfourianus, Blox.—The habitat of this
plant is thickets and hedges. The habit is arching,
prostrate. The stem has many fine, silky hairs.
The stalked glands are short, fairly numerous,
unequally scattered. The leaflets are thin, hairy

BRITISH FLORA

below, wrinkled above, large. The stipules are
rather large. The panicle is spreading, loose,
with a wavy rachis, with unequal, scattered,
short, stalked glands, the branches few-flowered
and straggling. The flowers are usually large,
and so is the fruit. The sepals are narrow, erect
in fruit, or widespreading. The stamens are
short, or equal to the flesh-coloured style. The
fruit is handsome, inversely egg-shaped. The
plant flowers in July and August. The plant is a
shrub.

Rubus Bucknalli, J. W. White.—This species
grows luxuriantly in open glades and on the out-
skirts of aboriginal woodland, at an elevation of
over 600 ft. on oolitic hills. The habit is arching,
prostrate. The stem is greyish, densely hairy, the
silky hairs curved and wavy, with resinous exuda-
tion in the young state. The prickles are nume-
rous, scattered, nearly equal, straight, slender,
bent down or widespreading. The leaves are
made up of 5 leaflets. The leaflets are thick, dull-
green, hairy both sides, toothed or lobed, broad,
overlapping, heart-shaped below, the terminal one
broadly heart-shaped, or egg-shaped, with a long
narrow point. The leaf-stalks and midribs are
armed with hooked prickles and stalkless minute
glands. The stipules are linear, hairy, bristly.
The panicle is long, narrow, leafy, with a close,
blunt top, and distant, ascending, axillary branches,
shorter than the leaves. The rachis and flower-
stalks are armed with slender prickles, densely
hairy, with scattered, stalked glands on upper
part. The sepals are egg-shaped, narrow, glan-
dular, bent back in fruit. The petals are broad
and oval, touching, white. The anther-stalks are
white, and exceed the green styles. This bramble
is distinguished from &. Balfourianus by the
angular, densely hairy and prickly stem, absence
of acicles and stalked glands, the long, narrow,
close-topped panicle, and white corolla.

Dewberry (Rubus cesius, L.).—The habitat of
the Dewberry is thickets, hedges, damp places.
The habit is prostrate. The stem is round, bluish-
white. The prickles are weak, short, and awl-
like. There are few or no stalked glands and
acicles. The leaves are 3-lobed. The leaflets are
thin, irregularly cut, and lobed. The stipules are
usually very wide in the middle, tapering at both
ends. The panicle is loose, with few flowers.
The fruiting sepals are clasping, with long points.
The drupelets are few, large, bluish-white, and
acid. The plant is weak and slender. It flowers
in June and July, and is a shrub.

Stone Bramble (Xubus saxatilis, L.). —The
habitat of the Stone Bramble is moist woods and
rocky thickets, stony mountains. The stem is
herbaceous, rooting at the tip, annual. There
are few, weak, and scattered, or no prickles, but
the plant is hairy, very slender. The leaf is made
up of 3 leaflets. The barren stem is whip-like,
the flowering stem short, erect, simple, or branched,
with acicles, and egg-shaped stipules. The ter-
minal shoots form a corymb, with few flowers.
The flowers are small. The petals are lance-
shaped, erect, white, equalling the sepals. The

WOODS AND COPSES

stamens are longer than the styles. The flowering
shoots are radical. The drupelets, 1-6, are large
and deep-red. The plant flowers in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Avens (Geum urbanum, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is thickets, borders: of copses, hedges,
and hedgebanks. The habit is that of a rosette
plant. The radical leaves are long-stalked, with
lobes each side of a common stalk, the terminal
leaflet large, rounded, scalloped, lobed, the lateral
ones stalkless, oblong. The stem-leaves are made
up of 3 leaflets, variable. The stipules are large,
lobed, and cut. The flowers are small, erect,
yellow. The petals are spreading, inversely egg-
shaped, and the flower-stalk is slender. The
achenes form a head which is not stalked, the
upper joint of the awn being short and smooth.
The achenes are roughly hairy and spreading.
The receptacle is roughly hairy. It is 1-3 ft. high,
and flowers from June to August, being a herb-
aceous perennial.

Water Avens (Geum rivale, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is damp woods. The habit is that
of a rosette plant. The lower part of the stem
is clothed with bent-back hairs, and it is very
downy above. The radical and stem-leaves are
as in the last, with more numerous segments,
the lateral larger. The stipules are egg-shaped,
small, toothed. The flowers are drooping, purplish-
brown, with darker veins, larger than the last,
the petals are notched, broadly inversely egg-
shaped or heart-shaped, the claw wedge-shaped.
The purple calyx lobes are reddish-brown, downy,
with a long, narrow point. In fruit it is erect,
the lobes closely pressed. The stalk of the ovary
is long. The lower joint of the style equals the
long, hairy, upper joint, the point smooth. The
achenes form a head which is stalked. The plant
is 1 ft. or more in height. It flowers in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Geum intermedium, Ehrh. = rivale x urbanum.
—The habitat of this cross is damp woods. The
habit is the rosette habit. The leaves are as in
the last two. The stipules are round, toothed.
The flowers are erect or drooping, larger than in
Geum urbanum. The flowers are paler and more
yellow than in Water Avens. The purple calyx
is intermediate, not turned back in fruit, but wide-
spreading. The stalk of the ovary is short, or it
is stalkless. The lower joint of the style is longer
than the upper, which is hairy, with long, smooth
point. It is 1-2 ft. high. The fruit is stalkless.
The plant flowers in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Downy Rose (Rosa villosa, L.).—The habitat
of this rose is thickets and hedges. The habit
is that of an erect shrub, with straight then arch-
ing branches. It is a large bush. The prickles
are uniform, slender, and nearly straight, and
serve as a protection. The leaflets are acute,
with usually doubly-toothed margin, with few or
no glands, softly downy. The flowers are deep
rose colour on short flower-stalks. The erect
sepals, lance-shaped, convex at the back in fruit,
are quite persistent, and densely glandular, slightly

39

pinnate. They are unequal, due to their arrange-
ment in the bud. The corolla is fringed with
hairs and glandular. There is no disk. The
fruit is round, densely prickly or naked, bright-
red, ripe in August. Downy Rose is 3-6 ft., and
flowers in June and July, It is a deciduous shrub.

Downy Rose (Xosa omissa, Desegl.). — The
habitat of this species is thickets. The mature
thorns are straight, rarely or slightly curved.
The stem is tall, prickly, nearly straight. The
leaflets are egg-shaped, elliptic, with numerous
glands, hairy. The sepals are persistent till the
fruit is ripe, glandular, egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
sub-erect in fruit, the flower-stalk short, variable
in length, with large bracts. The plant is 3-6 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a decid-
uous shrub,

Rosa agrestis, Savi. = R. sepium, Thuill.—The
habitat of this plant is thickets, chalk downs, &c.
The stem is sub-erect, with long, loose branches.
The prickles are unequal, hooked, with a few
aciculi and glandular hairs. The leaflets are
small, narrowed both ends, very glandular below,
hairless or hairy on the veins below, doubly-
toothed. The flowers are 1-3, pink. The sepals
are nearly persistent, closely pinnate. The flowet-
stalk is naked. The styles are hairy, downy.
The early fruit is egg-shaped or nearly rounded,
naked. The disk is moderate. The plant is 3-6
ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a de-
ciduous shrub.

Evergreen Rose (Rosa sempervirens, L.).—This
rose is commonly found in plantations and is an
escape from cultivation. The plant is evergreen,
shining, the branches are long, prostrate, the
leaflets on the flowering branches are only 5.
The sepals are shining, glandular on the back.
The column of the styles is hairy. The plant is
3-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is an
evergreen shrub.

Pyrus latifolia, Syme.—The habitat of this plant
is copses and borders of forests, hilly woods. This
and other species were formerly considered sub-
species of Pyrus Aria (see Volume III, Section V).
The habit is the tree habit, as in the latter. The
leaves of the flowering shoots are elliptical, with
5-9 lateral veins on each side, less prominent
below, egg-shaped, acute or oblong, lobed, the
lobes often acute, triangular, deepest near the
middle, toothed, with a long narrow point. The
under side of the leaves is grey-felted, and floccu-
lent with tufts of wool. The white flowers are in
a corymb, The fruit is red or darkish-brown.
The plant is considered a hybrid between P. Aria
and P. torminalis. It is a tall tree, flowering in
May and June, and is deciduous.

Pyrus intermedia, Ehrh.—The habitat of this
plant is woods. The plant has the tree habit, and
the leaves are oblong, doubly-toothed near the
tip, deeply divided nearly to the base below, the
lobes oblong, lance-shaped, toothed, the lobes
more united toward the extremity of the leaf, which
is only deeply doubly-toothed, hence the name
intermedia. The under side is white and downy.
The white flowers are in a corymb. The anthers

60

are pink, the stamens long. The fruit is scarlet.
The plant is tall, flowering in May and June, and
is a deciduous tree.

Pyrus scandica, E. & H., non Aschers.—This
species is only found in two vice-counties. Mr.
Druce in his Oxford list unites ?. scandica, As-
chers, with P. infermedia, Ehrh. The late Rev.
A. Ley regards the Arran plant with broader
leaves and larger fruit, from the west of England,
as distinct from the Arran plant (P. scandica,
Syme, Sorbus scandica, Fries) and P. scandica,
Aschers. This name is retained in the last roth
edition (1908) of the London Catalogue. The P.
scandica, E. & H., Mr. Druce places as a variety
of P. intermedia, Ehrh. It differs from the latter
as defined by Mr. Druce in the leaves being less
narrowed, almost rounded at the base, deeply
lobed, with numerous sharp teeth, and 6-8 pairs
of leaves. The fruit is large.

Pyrus semipinnata, Roth.—This plant is found
in seven vice-counties, but is as a whole doubtful.
The plant resembles P. fennica, Bab. = P. pinna-
tifida, Ehrh., having oblong, lance-shaped leaves,
bluntly lobed, pinnate below. The habitat is
shrubberies.

Pyrus cordata, Desv. = Briggsit, Syme.—The
habitat of this plant is woods and hedges. The
plant has the tree habit. The leaves are heart-
shaped, egg-shaped, with a round base, nearly
hairless. The flowers are white. The fruit is
very small, pear-shaped or rounded. The plant
is 10-22 ft. in height, and flowers from April to
June, being a small deciduous tree.

Wild Pear (Pyrus communis, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods, thickets, and hedges. It
has the tree habit. The branches bear spines,
and are pendulous. The leaves are in groups on
the last year’s wood. They are alternate, elliptic,
oblong, egg-shaped, toothed, sometimes inversely
egg-shaped, and narrowed to an acute point,
downy below, and lobed when young, then smooth.
The leaf-stalk is slender. The flowers are white,
in a simple cyme or corymb, the style is distinct,
the ovary woolly, the fruit long, pear-shaped, the
base inversely conical. The plant is 20-40 ft. in
height, flowering from April to May, and is a
deciduous shrub or small tree.

Wild Service (Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh.).—The
habitat of this plant is woods, hedges, in the south
especially. The Wild Service has the tree habit.
The branches and young leaves are downy below.
The leaves are egg-shaped, heart-shaped, oblong,
6-10-lobed, smooth, the lobes triangular, toothed,
the lower lobes larger and spreading, with a long
narrow point. The numerous flowers in compound
corymbose cymes are white. There are two car-
pels. The fruit is oval, pear-shaped or nearly
round, and greenish-brown, 2-celled, spotted or
dotted, acid. The plant is a small tree, 10-30 ft.,
flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous
tree, attaining a large girth when full-grown.

Medlar (Pyrus germanica, Hook., fil.).—The
habitat of this plant is thickets and hedges. The
Medlar has the tree habit. The stem is much-
branched, bearing spines when wild. The leaves

BRITISH FLORA

are lance-shaped, simple, entire, downy below,
inversely egg-shaped or oblong, rarely simply
or doubly toothed. The flowers are white, on
short flower-stalks, solitary, The calyx is downy,
the persistent lobes having enlarged, leafy tips.
There are 5 styles. The fruit is rounded, large,
with a bony endocarp, 5-celled, the cells seeded,
with a large flattened area at the top. The plant
is a fairly tall tree, flowering in May and June,
and is deciduous.

ORDER RIBESIACE®

Gooseberry (Ribes Grossularia, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is copses. The habit is of the
bush or shrub type. The plant is spreading, the
stem and branches prickly, with 1-3 thorns at the
base of the branches. The leaves are plaited
in the bud. They are rounded, 3-5-lobed, the
margin cut, scalloped, smooth or hairy, grouped
on short, lateral branches. The flowers are
green, drooping, the flower-stalk short, downy,
3-flowered, having 2 bracts below. The calyx
is bell-shaped, with turned-back, purplish sepals,
which are inversely egg-shaped, and round petals,
erect, and small. The fruit in the wild form is
smooth, stiffly hairy in the cultivated one. The
plant is 2-4 ft. in height, and flowers in April and
May, being a deciduous shrub.

Alpine Currant (2zbes alpinum, L.).—The habi-
tat of the plant is woods in the N.E. The branches
do not bear spines. The leaves are smooth or
with a few hairs, with 3 acute, deeply-toothed
lobes, shining below, egg-shaped, the leaf-stalk
slender. The plant is dioecious. The flowers
are in erect, glandular, hairy racemes, the larger
male flowers in a dense raceme, 20-30 flowers,
the female short, 8-10, the flowers yellow, the
female greener. The bracts are linear, and longer
than the flower-stalks, lance-shaped. The petals
are shorter than the sepals, the calyx smooth, and
the limb flat. The berry is round, scarlet, insipid.
The styles are short and cleft. The plant is 2-4
ft. in height, flowering in April and May, and isa
deciduous shrub.

Red Currant (Ribes rubrum, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods, thickets, brushwood, stream
sides, &c. The habit is the bush or shrub habit.
The leaves are 3-5-angled, blunt, smooth, the
leaf-base heart-shaped, the lobes triangular,
scalloped, the leaf-stalk downy or bristly. The
flowers are in smooth, glandular racemes, droop-
ing in fruit, with egg-shaped bracts less than the
flower-stalks. The calyx is smooth, with a flat
limb. The greenish-yellow flowers are numerous.
The petals are small. The fruit is red and acid.
The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, flowering in April
and May, and is a deciduous shrub.

Black Currant (2ibes nigrum, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods, thickets, damp swampy
places. The habit is the shrub habit. The stem
is not spinous. The leaves are odorous, glan-
dular, dotted below, angled, 5-7-lobed, the lobes
acute, triangular, toothed. The leaf-stalk is slender,
downy. The flowers are yellowish-green, in droop-

WOODS AND COPSES

ing racemes, loose, woolly, without glands, a
separate flower-stalk for each, the bracts awl-like,
not so long. The calyx is downy, bell-shaped,
glandular. The petals are small. The berry is
large, round, black. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height,
flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous
shrub.
ORDER CRASSULACE

Orpine (Sedum Fabaria, Koch = purpureum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is copses, stony
hedgebanks, and thickets. The habit is the rosette
habit. The fleshy leaves check transpiration, and
the succulent tissue is adapted to drought. The
leaves are wedge-shaped at the base, and the stalks
are very short. The leaves are toothed, oblong,
lance-shaped. The plant is more slender than S.
Telephium (see Volume V, Section XII). The
flowers are purple, in a dense corymb, the petals
are spreading. The carpels are not furrowed.
The plant is 6-24 in. in height. It flowers in
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ONAGRACE4

Rose Willow Herb (Zfilobium roseum, Schreb.).
—The habitat of the plant is copses, wet or moist
places, brook sides. The habit is erect. The
stem is much-branched, brittle, with autumnal
stolons, with loosely rosulate leaves in a rosette.
The stem is smooth when young, with woolly
hairs later, and small, spreading, jointed hairs
above. The stems are square-stalked, with 2-4
raised lines, and the wings give strength and
conduct moisture. The leaves are long-stalked,
alternate, egg-shaped, oblong, narrow above and
below, smooth, toothed. The veins are prominent,
The buds are nodding, with a narrow, long point.
The flowers are numerous, rose-coloured. The
calyx has lance-shaped sepals with a long, narrow
point. The capsule is downy. The stigma is
entire or slightly lobed. The seeds are inversely
egg-shaped, oblong, the base rounded. The plant
is 9-24 in. high, and flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circea ai-
pina, L.).—The habitat of the plant is woods and
thickets in hilly districts, shady places. The habit
is erect. The plant is smaller and less hairy than
the common Enchanter’s Nightshade. The plant
is usually hairless. The leaves are opposite,
shining, deeply toothed, heart-shaped, with a long,
narrow point, the margin wavy, toothed. The
leaf-stalks are longer and winged, flat, the wings
membranous. The bracteoles are bristle-like.
The flowers are pinkish-white. The petals are
divided nearly to the base, shorter than the mem-
branous sepals, with oblong lobes, narrow below,
the calyx hairless. The fruit soon falls. The
ovary is 1-celled. The plant is 6-18 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFERZ

Astrantia (Astrantia major, L.).—The habitat
of the plant is woods in hilly districts. The habit

61

is the rosette habit. The radical leaves are 5-7-
divided, palmate, the lobes egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, toothed, the teeth bristle-pointed. The
leaf-stalk is long. The flowers are pinkish-white.
The involucre equals the umbel, and is silvery
or straw-coloured, the bracts egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, netted, white below, dark-green, tinged
with pink, toothed. The flower-stalks are thread-
like. The calyx teeth are longer than the petals
and egg-shaped, lance-shaped, narrowed to an
acute point. The fruit is egg-shaped, the car-
pels flattened, ribbed, furrowed. The styles are
spreading. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and
flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Bladder Seed (Danaa (Physospermum) cornubi-
ense, Burnat).—The habitat of this plant is thickets,
oak coppices. The habit is the rosette habit.
The stem is smooth, erect, round, furrowed, with
panicled branches, the radical leaves on long
stalks, flat, 2-3 ternate, the segments wedge-
shaped, deeply divided into narrow lobes, long-
stalked. The stem-leaves are in threes, lance-
shaped, entire. The flowers are white. The
umbels are on long stalks with rays of 10-20,
nearly erect, furrowed, terminal, and axillary.
The fruit is bladdery, in pairs. The carpels are not
so broad as long, furrowed, the seeds loose. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Milk Parsley (Selinum Carvifolia, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is moist copses and marshes.
The plant has the pyramidal habit like Daucus
Carota. The stem is angular, furrowed, with
winged ridges, nearly smooth. The leaves are
thrice pinnate. The leaflets are egg-shaped, the
lower deeply divided to the base, the segments
lance-shaped, linear, with a blunt point, toothed,
or entire, with thickened margins. The leaf-
stalk is long and slender. The flowers are white
in flat-topped umbels, of 1o-20 rough rays, the
few bracts awl-like, the partial bracts or bracte-
oles numerous. The styles are slender and bent
back. The fruit has the lateral ridges winged
and spreading. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height.
It is in flower in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE

Guelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is wet woods, copses, thickets,
and hedges. The habit is the tree or shrub habit.
The branches are square when young, slender.
The buds are scaly. The leaves are delicate,
smooth above, downy below, protected by the
lower leaves in bud, which are leathery and folded
up in bud, so that they are lobed, with linear
glandular stipules at the base. The leaf-stalks
bear honey-secreting hollows, attractive to wasps,
which prevent the leaves being eaten by larve.
The plant has a peculiar odour in the evening.
The leaves are 3-5 lobed, with a long narrow
point, the lobes toothed, unequal. The flowers are
white in a large rounded cyme with linear bracts,

62

the inner small, fertile, the outer larger neuter,
forming a ray. The corolla is wheel-shaped, i.e.
the outer flowers, inner bell-shaped, creamy white.
The berries are scarlet, rarely (Leicestershire,
Derbyshire) orange. The seeds are keeled, flat-
tened. The plant is 6-8 ft. in height, flowering in
June and July, and is a deciduous tree or shrub.

Perfoliate Honeysuckle (Lonicera Caprifolium,
L.).—The habitat of the plant is woods, copses,
borders of woods, hedges in woods, lanes, and in
open fields. The habit is climbing or twining,
The upper leaves are oblong, united below round
the stem, forming a cup in which water collects,
serving to prevent insects from climbing up. They
are bluish-green below, the lower are stalked,
smooth both sides, and distinct, broadly egg-
shaped, oblong. The bracts are leafy, large, con-
nected; the flower-heads terminal, stalkless, with
a gaping corolla, the tube long. The flowers are
white or purple, whorled. The calyx-limb is short,
and persists. The style is smooth. The berries
are round and scarlet. The pericarp and placenta
are fleshy. The plant is a climber, flowering in
May and June, and is a deciduous shrub,

Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera Xylosteum, L.).—
The habitat of the plant is copses. The habit is
climbing. The plant isdowny. The stem is erect,
or nearly so. The leaves are stalked, egg-shaped
or inversely so, downy. The flowers are axillary,
in pairs, short, pale yellow, on 2 flower-stalks,
which are downy, as long as the flowers, shorter
than the leaves. The limb of the calyx falls at
length. There are 2 linear, downy bracts, and
minute bracteoles. The ovaries are connected at
the base. The anther-stalks are downy. The
berries are small, scarlet or crimson. The plant
is a climber, flowering in May and June, and is
a deciduous shrub.

Linnea (Linnea borealis, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is fir forests and plantations, and heathy
woods. The habit is trailing or creeping. The
plant is without hairs, except the inflorescence,
which is glandular. The stemsare slender, thread-
like. The leaves are opposite, in distant pairs,
broadly egg-shaped, blunt, scalloped, stalked,
dark-green above, paler below, leathery. The
flowers are pink, sweet-scented, on erect, thread-
like, 2-flowered flower-stalks, with 2 bracts above,
and are drooping, purple within. The flower-
stalks arise from short lateral branches, with 2-4
leaves. The fruit, which is rare, is small, black
when ripe. The plant is a trailer, 3-8 in. long,
flowering in July, and is an evergreen shrub.

ORDER RUBIACE

Madder (Rubia peregrina, L.).—The habitat of
this species is copses and rocks, chiefly near the
sea, stony places in S. and W. England. The habit
is erect or spreading. The plant is smooth, shin-
ing, except for the recurved prickles on the stem
angles, midrib, and leaf margins. The old stem
is round, the shoots square, spreading. The leaves
are in whorls of 4-6, elliptic, oblong, lance-shaped,
smooth above, nerveless, the margin and keel

BRITISH FLORA

having turned-back bristles, rigid, and evergreen.
The flowers are in axillary or terminal, panicled
cymes, longer than the leaves, greenish-yellow.
The lobes of the 5-cleft, wheel-shaped corolla are
spreading, oval, narrowed to a fine point. The
stamens are short, the 2 styles united below, the
stigmas pinheaded. The fruit is black, small,
rounded. Madder is 1-2 ft. high. The flowers
appear from June to August. The plant is a herb-
aceous perennial. ;

Asperula taurina, L.—This plant is an alien
found in shrubberies. The habit is erect. The
leaves are 4 ina whorl, elliptic, witha long, narrow
point, 3-veined. The flowers are pinkish-white in
a corymb, the tube of the corolla very long, the
fruit rather rough. The plant is 6-28 in. in height,
and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER COMPOSIT#.

Elecampane (Zula Helenium, L.).—The habitat
of the plant is copses, and meadows, or moist
pastures. In Scotland it is found naturalized
about old houses and castles. There is a large,
succulent rootstock. The habit is erect. The
stem is tall, stout, branched” above, round, fur-
rowed, solid, with many large leaves which are
smooth above, velvety below. The radical leaves
are long-stalked, oblong, lance-shaped. The
stem-leaves are stalkless, toothed, heart-shaped
or egg-shaped, auricled, acute. The flowerheads
are large, the flower-stalk long, stout, and naked,
terminal, solitary, or few. The florets are bright
yellow, the ray florets ligulate. The ligules are
long and slender. The bracts are leafy, the inner
inversely egg-shaped, the outer broadly egg-
shaped, turned back, velvety. The smooth fruit
is 4-angled, the pappus pale red. Elecampane
grows to a height of 3-4 ft., and flowers in July
and August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Wood Cudweed (Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L.).
—The habitat of the plant is woods, copses, alpine
places, pastures, and heaths. The plant has a
woody rootstock. The habit is erect. The stem
is simple, the leaves are woolly below, linear,
lance-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, acute, the
stem-leaves narrower, acute, 1-nerved. The leaf-
stalk is not half-clasping. The flowerheads are
cylindrical in a long, leafy raceme or spike, or axil-
lary or terminal. The florets are dark brown, the
involucral bracts unequal, yellow or reddish brown,
blunt, the outer ones cottony. The fruit is downy,
the pappus white or brown. The wood cudweed
is 3-24 in. in height, flowering from July up till
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Leopard’s Bane (Doronicum Pardalianches, L.).
—The habitat of the plant is plantations, damp,
hilly woods, and pastures. The rootstock is creep-
ing and bears stolons. The habit is erect, solitary,
the stem hollow, hairy or smooth, glandular above.
The radical leavesare stalked, egg-shaped to heart-
shaped, rounded at the tip. The lower stem-leaves
clasp the stalk, the upper are stalkless and clasp-
ing. The leaves are hairy, with fine teeth, soft,
blunt, those above acute. The 3-5 flowerheads

WOODS AND COPSES

are numerous, large, the florets yellow (both disk
and ray). The earlier heads are shorter than the
later ones. The flowerheads are on long stalks.
The involucral bracts are long, awl-like, lance-
shaped, glandular. The receptacle is downy. The
fruit is oblong, black, ribbed, that of the ray
florets smooth, with no pappus, that of the disk
florets hairy with white pappus. The plant is 2-3
ft. in height, flowering from May to July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Plaintain-leaved Leopard’s Bane (Doronicum
plantagineum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
plantations, where it is naturalized, and damp
places. The habit is as in the last, but it is
smooth and slender. The crown of the root is
woolly. The radical leaves are long-stalked, egg-
shaped, narrower, narrowed into the leaf-stalk,
the stem-leaves stalkless, clasping with a winged
stalk, the upper oblong, tapered to a long point,
and toothed, 3-5 ribbed. The flowerhead is soli-
tary, or, when one or more, the lateral are not
longer than the central ones. The bracts are awl-
like. The fruit of the ray is smooth. The plant is
2-3 ft. in height, and flowers from May to July,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Burdock (Arctium nemorosum, auct. angl. =A.
Newbouldii, Williams).—The habitat of the plant
is woods. The leaves are convolute, heart-shaped,
oblong to ovate, on hollow stalks, angular, nearly
flatabove. The flowerheads are purple, racemose,
hardly stalked, round, ovate, contracted at the
mouth in fruit, slightly webbed, in threes, close,
at the end of branches, when young ovate, pro-
longed, not umbilicate. The phyllaries are as-
cending, and equal or exceed the florets, being awl-
like, the inner row lance-shaped, shorter. The
upper part of the florets is more or less cylindri-
cal, as long as the lower part. The plant is 2-4 ft.
high, flowering in August, and is a biennial.

Scabious-leaved Hawkweed (Crepis hiera-
cioides, Waldst. & Kit. = H. mollis, Aschers).—The
habitat of this plant is woods in the north, moun-
tain woods, and shady places. The habit is the
rosette habit. The plant is erect, the stem purple
below, slender, hairy or smooth. The lower
leaves are oblong, spoon-shaped, narrowed into a
foot-stalk, the upper stalkless, half-clasping, linear,
oblong. The flowerheads are few, the florets
yellow, in a corymb, the flower-stalk glandular,
hairy. The involucral bracts are tipped with
glands, lance-shaped, narrow, the involucre nearly
cylindrical, the outer bracts close, short, as long
as the pappus. The fruit is smooth, striate, with
many ribs, narrowed above and below, as long
as the white silky pappus. The plant is 2-3 ft.
in height, flowering in July and August, and isa
herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Hawksbeard (Crepis paludosa, Moench).
—The habitat of this plant is moist mountain
meadows, moist grassy ground, shady places,
woods, and copses. The habit is erect, the stem
being smooth, unbranched, angular, with many
leaves, the radical ones egg-shaped, oblong,
tapered, lance-shaped, the stem-leaves oval, large,
heart-shaped, clasping, the leaf-stalks slender.

63

The flowers are yellow, the involucral bracts
glandular, with black hairs. The fruit is cylin-
drical, not beaked, the pappus stiff, brittle, dirty
white or brown, 10-ribbed. The plant is 2 ft. in
height and is in flower between July and Septem-
ber, being a herbaceous perennial.

Orange Hawkweed (/ieracium aurantiacum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods, pastures,
waste places, where it is naturalized, railway
banks, copses, in the N. of England and Scotland.
The habit is the semi-rosette habit. The root-
stock is creeping, with short or no stolons. The
stem is leafy, slightly hairy, bristly, and woolly
above. The leaves are green, egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, hairy both sides, not cottony below.
The flowerheads form a corymb. The florets
are orange. The involucral bracts are blunt, the
ligules orange. Thestyles are brown. The plant
is 9-15 inches in height, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium pinnatifidum, Lonnr.—The habitat
of this plant is woods. The stem is tall, wavy,
purplish, stiffly hairy below and above, downy
above. The radical leaves are 3-4, the outer soon
fading, oval, toothed or nearly entire, the inner
oval to oblong, lance-shaped, the innermost acute,
shortly toothed. The stem-leaves are distant, the
lower large, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, long-
pointed, deeply divided nearly to the base, toothed
below, with irregular lobes, stiffly hairy, stellately
downy. The panicle is simple, the lower branches
distant, the upper close, longer than the acladium.
The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy, glandu-
lar. The involucre is slender, rounded below.
The phyllaries are linear to lance-shaped, the
inner with a green border, with long, naked,
points, woolly-felted at the base, glandular,
sparsely hairy. The styles are yellowish or
dingy.

Hieracium tridentatum, Fr., pro parte.—The
habitat of this plant is hedgebanks and borders of
woods. The stem is purplish, stiffly hairy, woolly-
felted, nearly smooth above. The lowest leaves
form a rosette or are close, and the outer are
oblong, lance-shaped, acute, toothed. The lower
stem-leaves are shortly stalked, lance-shaped,
toothed, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy below, fringed
with hairs on the border. The panicle is a com-
pound corymb, the branches racemose, slender,
erect to spreading, the upper close to spreading.
The flower-stalks are arching, stiffly hairy, gland-
ular. The heads are small, dark green, egg-shaped
below. The phyllaries are dark green, linear,
triangular to lance-shaped, the inner narrow, pale-
tipped, woolly-felted, senescent, glandular, hairy.
The styles are yellow to brown. The plant is
1-24 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Savoy Hawkweed (/ieracium boreale, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is copses, hedgebanks,
banks, and heaths. The plant has the erect habit.
The stem is very hairy, often reddish, downy
above, leafy. The leaves are broad at the base,
egg-shaped, lance-shaped, toothed, the lower
stalked, the upper broader, stalkless, scarcely

64

clasping, falsely 3-veined, the lower narrowed
below, hardly stalked. The heads form a corymb
or panicle, leafy. The flower-stalks are cottony,
the involucre egg-shaped below, dark, nearly
smooth, with close, broad, blunt bracts. The
ligules are smooth. The style is blackish livid.
The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, and flowers in
August and September, being a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Narrow-leaved Hawkweed (/ieracium umbel-
latum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is thickets,
&c., dry rocky places, and heaths. The plant
has the erect habit. The stem is wiry, with long,
loose hairs below, short, without radical leaves.
The leaves are stalkless, numerous, smooth, or
hairy below, linear-oblong, lance-shaped, the
base narrowed, toothed, uniform, the teeth dis-
tant, netted, stellately downy below. The heads
form an umbel or corymb. The florets are yellow,
the top of the slender, rigid flower-stalk cottony.
The involucral bracts are dark green, smooth,
with bent-back points, blunt. The ligules are
smooth. The styles are yellow. This plant is
1-4 ft. high. It flowers in July up till September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CAMPANULACEZ

Spiked Rampion (Phiyteuma spicatum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods and thickets.
The habit is erect. The stem is smooth and
ribbed. The lower leaves are heart-shaped to
egg-shaped or oblong, toothed, stalked, the stem-
leaves spreading and bent back, stalkless, linear,
lance-shaped. The bracts are linear. The flowers
are in an oblong, terminal, solitary head, longer
in fruit, with yellow flowers. The styles are long,
and there are 2 stigmas. The capsule is 2-celled,
opening by longitudinal valves below the middle.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in May,
June, and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spreading Bell-flower (Campanula patula, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is copses, thickets, and
hedges. The habit is erect or rosette-like. The
stem is rough, downy, slender, angled, the radical
leaves inversely egg-shaped, oblong, stalked, scal-
loped, the stem-leaves linear, lance-shaped, wavy.
The flowers are in an erect, loose, open panicle or
corymb, branched, spreading, blue, rarely white,
funnel-shaped, open, on long stalks. The corolla
is 5-lobed to the middle, the lobes spreading.
The calyx-tube is inversely conical, the segments
toothed, awl-like, varying in width. The capsule
is erect, inversely conical, the valves close under
the lobes of the calyx. The height of the plant is
1-3 ft. It flowers in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Peach-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula persici-
folia, L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods,
plantations, and downs. The plant has the rosette
habit. The rootstock is branched, creeping, with
stolons. The stem is round, smooth, and bears
few flowers. The radical leaves are stalked, in-
versely egg-shaped, the stem-leaves stalkless,
linear, lance-shaped, blunt, toothed, long and

|

BRITISH FLORA

narrow, leathery, with obscure nerves. The
flowers are blue or white, few, in a raceme,
large, solitary. The calyx-segments are entire,
triangular, lance-shaped. The open corolla is as
long as broad, the tube hemispherical, the lobes
erect, short. The flower-stalk is stout, with 2 bracts
at the base. The capsule is erect, egg-shaped, the
pores large. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flower-
ing in July, and is a herbaceous perennial or bi-
ennial.

Great Bell-flower (Campanula latifolia, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, copses, thickets,
and bushy places. The habit is erect. The root-
stock is stout and woody. The stem is stout,
simple, leafy, slightly angular, furrowed, downy.
The radical leaves are long-stalked, stiffly hairy,
downy below, egg-shaped, heart-shaped below,
the stem-leaves stalkless, bluntly toothed, oblong,
egg-shaped. The flowers are large, blue or white,
numerous, erect or partly drooping, in a raceme,
with many large bracts or leaves. The stalks are
1-flowered. The lobes of the corolla are narrow
and long-pointed, smooth, hairy within. The tube
of the calyx is broad, short, 5-ribbed, lance-shaped,
finely toothed, smooth, with a long, narrow point.
The capsule is short, erect, stalked, with basal
pores. The plant is 3-4 ft. high, and flowers in
July and August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Nettle-leaved Bell-flower (Campanula Tra-
chelium, L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods,
copses, on dry soil, thickets and hedges, especially
in the south. The plant has the pyramidal habit.
The stout rootstock is short. The stem is usually
simple, leafy, with stiff, reversed hairs, tall, angu-
lar. The leaves are all stalked, coarsely toothed,
rough, with short hairs. The radical leaves are
long-stalked, heart-shaped, the upper shortly-
stalked, narrowed from the base, acute, egg-
shaped, with a long, narrow point. The flowers
are blue, 2-3, on each short stalk, in a raceme or
panicle, the flowers single or numerous, erect or
partly drooping, the uppermost flowers opening
first. The corolla is large, truly bell-shaped, the
lobes acute. The lobes of the calyx are entire,
stiffly hairy, erect, triangular, lance-shaped. The
capsule is drooping, with basal pores. The plant
is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering from July to Sept-
ember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ERICACEX

Strawberry Tree (Arbutus Unedo, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is woods. The plant has the
shrub habit. The stem is small, with rough bark,
rounded, much branched. The small branches
and leaf-stalks are hairy and glandular. The
leaves are leathery, smooth, linear, lance-shaped,
toothed. The flowers are numerous, nodding, in
a terminal, loose, smooth panicle, on short stalks,
cream-coloured. The sepals are short and rounded.
The berry is orange scarlet, tubercled, nearly
round. The plant is 8-10 ft. in height, flowering
in September and October, and is an evergreen
shrub.

Intermediate Winter Green (Pyrola media, Sw.).

WOODS

—The habitat of this plant is woods, and heaths in
the north. The plant has the rosette habit. The
rootstock is creeping. The stem is short, rather

woody, and the leaves are numerous, rounded or |

oval, scalloped, with large bracts. The flowers
are milky-white with a pinky tinge, numerous, not
much expanded, in a raceme, the lobes of the calyx
egg-shaped, acute. The stamens are bent in-
wards, not so long as the straight or slightly bent
style, with a ring at the base of the stigma which
has 5 small, blunt, erect lobes. The style projects
slightly, and is somewhat longer than the ovary.
The capsule is 5-valved, with minute seeds. The
plant is 8-12 in. in height, flowering in July and
August, and isa herbaceous perennial.

Round-leaved Wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia,
L.).—The habitat of the plant is mountain woods,
moist woods, and copses, damp bushy places, and
reedy marshes, heaths, &c. The habit is as in
the last. The stem bears larger spreading bracts.
The leaves are numerous, round, entire, slightly
scalloped, inversely egg-shaped. The leaf-stalks
are long and slender. The flowers are in a long
raceme, white, numerous, expanded. The seg-
ments of the calyx are lance-shaped, acute. The
stamens are shorter than the style, turned up,
ascending or erect. There is a ring below the
stigma on the style which is bent down, and
curved up at the end, longer than the corolla.
The lobes of the stigma are erect and small. The
plant is 8-12 in. in height, and flowers in July and
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Wintergreen (Pyrola secunda, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is mountain woods, rocky
woods, mossy alpine woods, and heaths. The
habit is as in the last or more prostrate, the stem
straggling with ascending branches. The leaves
are numerous, egg-shaped, acute, toothed, form-
ing a rosette, or alternate, thin, netted, on short
stalks. The scape is slender with 1-5 bracts. The
flowers are arranged all on one side of a raceme,
with linear bracteoles, drooping or horizontal,
nearly closed, greenish-white, with hollowed, oval-
oblong petals, the sepals blunt, notched, rounded,
triangular. The stamens are in-bent, not so long
as or equal to the style, which is long and straight,
ascending. The stigma is broad and lobed, with-
out a ring, and the style lengthens in fruit, and
projects. The capsule is drooping. The plant is
2-6 in. high, and flowers in July and August, being
a herbaceous perennial.

Snowdrop Wintergreen (Moneses uniflora, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is woods chiefly in the
N. & W. Highlands of Scotland. The habit is as
in the last. The stem is leafy. The leaves are
few, rounded, toothed, or spoon-shaped, wavy,
alternate, membranous, shortly-stalked. The scape
bears one bract at the top. The flowers are large,
open, solitary, drooping, then erect, terminal,
white. The petals are nearly flat, spreading.
The sepals are fringed with hairs, blunt and broad.
The stamens are shorter than the corolla, closely
pressed to the petals. The stalks of the anthers
are curved. There is no ring round the long style.
The long stigmas are persistent, large. The cap-

Vou. VI.

AND COPSES

| dense and compound, white,

65

sule is erect. The plant is 1-3 in. in height. It
flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER MONOTROPACEA

Yellow Bird’s Nest (Monotropa Hypopitys, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is woods, near roots of
fir and beech, and the plant is a saprophyte. The
plant feeds on decaying vegetable matter. The
stem with fleshy roots is scaly, with bracts above,
and is creamy-white, turning black, succulent,
unbranched above, forming a terminal raceme or
cluster, which is drooping, then erect. The flowers
are yellow, hairy, numerous, on short stalks, erect
in fruit. The sepals are irregular in position. The
anther-stalks are bent inwards, the alternate
longer. The upper flowers are in 5 or 6 parts,
with 1o stamens, those below in 4 parts, with 18
stamens. The style is short. The fruit is egg-
shaped or round, and erect. The plant is 3-12 in.
in height, and flowers from June to August, being
perennial.

ORDER PRIMULACE

Sowbread (Cyclamen hederefolium, Ait.).—The
habitat of this species is hedgebanks, copses,
woods, and plantations. The habit is like that of
a bulbous plant. The root is a flattened tuber,
turnip-shaped, fibrous. The autumnal leaves ap-
pear after the plant has flowered, and are heart-
shaped, 5-9-angular, toothed, dark green, blotched
with white, wavy, marginal blotches, purple below.
The flowers are pink, with a red base, borne on
scapes. The sepals are egg-shaped with a long,
narrow point, toothed. The throat of the corolla
is 5-angled. The stalk is rolled up spirally when
the flower is in fruit. The capsule is 5-valved.
The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in August and
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Chickweed Wintergreen (77rientalis europea,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is sub-alpine woods,
and woods in N. Britain. The habit is erect. The
roctstock is creeping. The stem is slender, wiry,
with the leaves at the top. The leaves are lance-
shaped, inversely egg-shaped, rigid, shining, blunt
or acute, shortly-stalked. The flowers are white
with a yellow ring on slender stalks. The sepals
are linear, awl-like, the petals egg-shaped, acute,
and as the sepals in whorls of 7-9. The capsule
is large, the size of a pea, the valves soon falling.
The seeds are 6-sided, flattened, shield - shape.
The plant is 2-8 in. in height. It flowers in June
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER OLEACE

Privet (Zigustrum vulgare, L.).—The habitat of
this shrub is woods, thickets, especially in the
south. The plant has the shrub habit. The plant
is nearly an evergreen, with smooth slender
branches, and bark. The leaves are shortly-
stalked, oblong, lance-shaped, entire, acute, op-
posite. The flowers are in terminal panicles,
The berries are

82

66

round, purplish black or yellow. There are 4
ovules, 1-2 seeds. The plant is 4-15 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a semi-ever-
green shrub.

ORDER APOCYNACEA

Great Periwinkle ( Vinca major, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is copses and hedges. The habit
is that of a trailer. The stem is slightly ascend-
ing, then prostrate, and does not rootagain. The
leaves are egg-shaped, heart-shaped at the base,
acute, fringed with hairs. The flowers are bluish-
purple, the corolla salver-shaped in flower. The
calyx-segments are long, awl-like, fringed with
hairs, and equal to the corolla. The flowering
stems root at the tip, and are not tough. The
plant is 3-6 ft. long, flowering in April, May, and
June, and is a herbaceous or ligneous perennial or
undershrub.

ORDER POLEMONIACE

Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium ceruleum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is copses, streams, bushy
hilly places. The plant has the rosette habit more
or less. There is a short, creeping rootstock.
There are no hairs on the stems, or the plant may
be downy and glandular above, hollow, angular,
leafy, simple. The leaves are alternate, pinnate,
with 6-12 pairs of nearly stalkless leaflets, with a
short-winged stalk. The leaflets are entire, ovate,
oblong to lance-shaped, acute or blunt, The
flowers are numerous, drooping, blue or white, in
a downy glandular panicle. The calyx is bell-
shaped, with oblong, acute lobes. The lobes of
the corolla are spreading, more or less acute.
The capsule is erect and included in the calyx.
The seeds are angular, flattened at the border,
with a winged, rough testa. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Tuberous-rooted Comfrey (Symphytum tuberos-
um, L.).—The habitat of this plant is copses in
wet places, shady places, damp woods, and river
banks. The habit is erect, the stem being slender,
glandular, hairy, leafy, nearly simple, scarcely
winged, the rootstock tuberous. The leaves
hardly run down the stem, the radical leaves being
long-stalked, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, the stem-
leaves lance-shaped. ‘The flowers are yellowish-
white, small. The anthers are twice as long as
the stalks. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and
flowers from May to July, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Purple Gromwell (Lithospermum purpureo-
ceruleum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is copses
and thickets. The habit is prostrate. The barren
shoots are creeping, the flowering stems rigid,
erect, simple or branched, the branches rough.
The leaves are lance-shaped, narrow, nearly

BRITISH FLORA

closely pressed, bulbous. The flowers are bright
blue, large, few, in terminal cymes, the corolla
longer than the calyx, with large, leafy bracts.
There are no scales in the throat of the corolla,
but five downy folds. The nutlets are smooth,
shining, polished, white, round. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and July,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Spotted Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is plantations, woods,
copses, thickets, and it is frequent in cottage
gardens. The habit is the rosette habit. The
leaves are spotted, blotched with pale green, egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, heart-shaped, long-stalked,
the upper stalkless, oblong. The flowers are in a
terminal, forked cyme, pale purple, then pink.
The throat of the corolla is usually smooth. The
plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering from April to
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved Lungwort (Pulmonaria angusti-
Solia, L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods in
the South of England. The habit is erect. The
rootstock is short and stout. The stem is hairy,
brittle. The radical leaves are stalked, spotted,
pale green, lance-shaped, narrow, the stem-
leaves stalkless, smaller, oblong, acute, half-clasp-
ing. The flowers are pink, then blue, in a short
cyme, bent inwards, with leafy bracts. The
flower-stalks are slender. The lobes of the calyx
are lance-shaped, enlarged in fruit. The corolla
is hairy inside. The nutlets are black and smooth.
The plant is 6-15 in. in height, flowering in May
and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Green-leaved Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum
montanum, L.).— The habitat of this plant is
woods, copses, shady situations, and waste places.
The habit is erect. The stem is rough with short,
straight, spreading hairs with a bulbous base.
The plant is more slender and green than the
common form. The leaves are thin, semi-trans-
parent, slightly hairy or smooth, shining above,
acute, rough below, the lower leaves oblong, long-
stalked, and the stem-leaves are stalkless, nar-
rowed below, half-clasping. The flowers are red
then blue. The sepals are linear, long in fruit.
Tke nutlets are not thickened on the margin, and
the marginal spines are the longest. It is 1-3 ft.
in height, flowering in June and July, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Knotted Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is thickets, plantations,
shady places, moist hedges, and waste places.
The habit is erect. The stem is four-angled,
without wings, smooth below, simple. The root-
stock is tuberous, nodose. The leaves are egg-
shaped, heart-shaped to triangular, acutely and
doubly toothed, the lower teeth large, with strong
nerves, shortly-stalked. The flowers are small,
green or reddish-brown, in loose cymes, with a
scale or staminode under the upper lip, notched,
wedge-shaped. The sepals have a narrow mem-

stalkless, acute, roughly hairy, the hairs above | branous margin, and are egg-shaped, roundish.

WOODS AND COPSES

The tube is pale greenish-purple. The bracts are
linear, acute, leafy below, the slender erect flower-
stalks glandular below. The capsule is broadly
egg-shaped, with a narrow point. The plant is
1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Downy Figwort (Scrophularia Scorodonia, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is shaded places, moist
situations, and way-sides in the S. and E. of Eng-
land. The habit is as in the last. The stem is
downy or hairy, glandular, simple, blunt, 4-angled.
The rootstock is creeping. The leaves are downy
both sides, scalloped, toothed, wrinkled, egg-
shaped, triangular, the leaf-stalk not winged.
The flowers are dull purple in long loose panicles,
corymbose, on slender flower-stalks. The corolla
has the upper lip divided. The staminode is
round, entire. The membranous margin of the
downy sepals is broad. The bracts are leaflike.
The capsule is egg-shaped or nearly round, with
a long, narrow point. The plant is 2-4 ft. in
height, flowering from June till August. It is a
herbaceous perennial.

Sylvan Speedwell (Veronica montana, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is moist woods and
thickets. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The stem is branched, spreading, downy all round.
The leaves are stalked, broadly egg-shaped, in-
versely heart-shaped, toothed. The flowers are
pale blue, few, in loose, short racemes, alternate,
with broad, lance-shaped (acute) sepals. The
capsule is large, rounded, flat, longer than the
calyx, smooth, the margin rather scalloped, fringed
with hairs. The plant is 6-20 in. in length, flower-
ing from May till July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Alpine Cow-wheat (Welampyrum sylvaticum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine or sub-
alpine woods. The habit is erect and branched
above. The leaves are smooth or finely downy,
linear, lance-shaped, entire. The flowers are very
small, deep yellow, nearly erect, axillary, arranged
on one side of the stalk, or in distant pairs. The
corolla is twice as long as the calyx, the lip not
closed, the lower bent down, and the tube curved,
the flowers unsymmetrical. The bracts are linear,
lance-shaped, entire. The calyx-teeth are spread-
ing. The capsule is not bent down. The plant
is 6-24 in. inheight. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Crested Cow-wheat (Melampyrum cristatum,
L.).—The habitat of this species is woods, copses,
thickets, and fields in the E. counties. The habit
The stem is erect, rigid, blunt,
4-angled, downy above. The leaves are narrow,
linear, lance-shaped, acute, spreading, entire, with
netted veins below. The flowers are yellow, with
purple tips, in dense, oblong, 4-sided, overlapping
spikes. The bracts are overlapping, finely fringed,
pink, rose or purple, heart-shaped, the margins
enclosing the calyx, folded, with a long point,
bent back. The tube is bent, longer than the
calyx, with closed lips. The sepals are acute and
unequal, short, the upper longer, awl-shaped.
The capsule is longer than the calyx. The plant

is as in the last.

67

is 8-24 in. in height, and flowers from July to
October, being a herbaceoushemi-parasitic annual.

ORDER OROBANCHACE

Toothwort (Lathrea Squamaria, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is woods and thickets, or
damp shady places, where it is parasitical on the
roots of hazel, &c. The habit is erect, that of a
parasite. Both the branched rhizome and scapes
bear scales, those on the rhizome thick and fleshy,
and folded back on themselves. The leaves have
undulating chambers, with glands of two kinds,
the one club-shaped, 2-celled, stalked, in the other
the cells are like a flat dome. The cells bear fila-
ments which entangle and capture animals that
enter the chambers, digesting their juices. The
rootlets are attached to the roots of the host by
tubercles. The plant is flesh-coloured or bluish.
with purple streaks. The scapes are stout. The
flowers are dull purple or white in bent-down
racemes, one-sided, the flowers nearly stalkless.
The bracts are entire, egg-shaped, lance-shaped.
The calyx is 2-lipped. The lower lip of the arched
corolla is divided into three, the upper entire or
divided nearly to the base into two lobes. The
anthers are united and covered with hairs. The
style projects, and is bent down or straight, and
the stigma is purple. The capsule is egg-shaped.
The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering in April and
May, and is perennial.

ORDER LABIATA

Bastard Balm (Melittis Melissophyllum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods and copses in
the south. The habit is erect, more or less pyra-
midal. The stem is simple or branched. The
leaves are oblong, egg-shaped, heart-shaped,
toothed, scalloped, with the scent of Woodruff,
stalked or stalkless, the nerves hairy below. The
bracts are leaflike. The flowers are creamy-
white, with white margin and pink or purple
spots or variegated. The corolla-tube is nearly
straight, with an oblique mouth and spreading
lips. The upper lip of the calyx with 2-3 teeth
is open, with short, broad sepals. The nutlets
are smooth or netted. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Alpine Woundwort (S/achys alpina, L.).—This
plant is found in woods at medium altitudes.
The habit is erect. The stem is hairy, glandular
above. The leaves are oblong, egg-shaped,
heart-shaped below, toothed, the lower ones are
scalloped, long-stalked. The leaves on the flower-
ing stems are large, stalkless, mostly toothed.
The bracts are linear, lance-shaped, as long as
the calyx. The flowers are purple, with white
spots, in distant axillary whorls. The corolla
much exceeds the calyx, which is hairy extern-
ally, the teeth of the latter being broadly and
narrowly pointed. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

68

ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACE®

Asarabacca (Asarum europaeum, L.).— The
habitat of this plant is woods (in Yorks), shady
places, banks, under hedges. The habit is rosette-
like. The rootstock is creeping and fleshy. The
stem and branches are short. Two leaves and two
large scales are developed annually. The leaves
are radical, dark-green, on long stalks, evergreen,
kidney-shaped, blunt, shining. The scapes are
axillary, short, and downy. The flowers are bell-
shaped, drooping, lurid purple, or greenish-brown,
solitary, the stalk short and bent back. The peri-
anth lobes are bent inwards, egg-shaped. The
anther-stalks are awl-like, the alternate ones
longer. The styles are bent back, the stigma
projecting. The fruit is round, leathery, with
wrinkled, boat-shaped seeds. The plant is 4-6 in.
high, flowering from May to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER THYMELEACE

Mezereon (Daphne Mezereum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is woods and copses. Mezereon
has the shrub habit. The branches are few and
erect. The leaves are deciduous, inversely egg-
shaped or spoon-shaped, lance-shaped, narrow
below, acute, membranous, stalked, and appear
after the flowers. The flowers are usually in
threes, stalkless (or nearly so), lateral in the axils
of the previous year's leaves, purple, pink, rarely
white. The tube is hairy, as long as the lobes,
which are egg-shaped, acute. The fruit—a berry
—is bright red, egg-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, flowering in March, and is a deciduous
shrub.

ORDER LORANTHACE

Mistletoe (Viscum album, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is woodlands, where it is parasitic on
trees—Hawthorn, Apple, Poplar, rarely on Oak.
It is a parasite, with the shrub habit. The branches
are smooth, yellowish-green, rounded, dividing into
two regularly, knotted. The yellow-green colour
is supposed to be due to the plant being nourished
by the descending sap, which is partly elaborated,
and green leaves are thus dispensed with. But
the leaves undoubtedly manufacture carbohydrates
in winter in the ordinary way, and the root is fixed
in the host so that it receives both the ascending
and the descending sap. The plant thus estab-
lishes a symbiotic relationship. The leaves are
broader in the male plant, opposite or in whorls
inversely egg-shaped or lance-shaped, blunt. The
flowers are green, the males in threes, the females
in fives, in axillary clusters, stalkless. The berries
are rounded, clammy, white, transparent, 1-seeded,
crowned with the calyx. The plant is 1-3 ft. in
height, flowering from February to May, and is
an evergreen shrub.

ORDER EUPHORBIACE

Spurge (Euphorbia stricta, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is woods. The habit is erect, spurge-like.

BRITISH FLORA

The stem is much branched. The leaves are
oblong, lance-shaped, scattered, clasping. The
“flowers " or flowerheads are greenish-yellow in a
moderate umbel, with a small involucre with oval
lobes, 3-5, with 3-5 divided and forked rays. The
general and partial bracts are clasping, the re-
maining bracts heart-shaped. The stamens are
usually 2 in each involucre. The capsule is small,
with conical warts. The seeds are small, smooth,
shining, oblong, reddish-brown, The plant is
12-36 in. in height, flowering from July to Septem-
ber, and is a herbaceous annual.

Irish Spurge (Zuphorbia hiberna, L.).—The
habitat of this Spurge is copses and hedges, shady
places. The plant is downy. There are several
leafy more or less simple stems. The leaves are
elliptic, ovate, lance-shaped, oblong, the upper
ones heart-shaped, entire, stalkless, blunt or
notched at the tip, thin, broad, downy below.
The flowerheads are in an umbel of 5 rays, twice
forked. The bracts are broad, the upper ones
rounded at the base. The lobes or glands of the
involucre are kidney-shaped. The capsule is nearly
round, furrowed, warted, the warts cylindrical,
the valves not keeled, smooth. The seeds are
smooth, broad, pale brown, inversely ovate,
shining. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Euphorbia dulcis, L.—This species occurs in
plantations. The habit is erect. The leaves are
long, lance-shaped, narrowed to the base, inversely
ovate, blunt. The bracts are similar. The flower-
heads are in umbels of 5 long rays, divided into
2 nearly to the base. The partial bracts are tri-
angular to ovate, blunt at the base. The invo-
lucral glands are purple and rounded. The cap-
sule has few prominent tubercles, when young
downy. The plant is 9-18 in. long, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hairy Spurge (Zuphorbia pilosa, L.).—The
habitat of this species is shaded places. The
habit is as in the last. The plant is hairy or
downy. The stem is tall, branched at the top,
with numerous leaves. The leaves are hairy, ob-
long, lance-shaped, with fine teeth, blunt. The
bracts are yellow, oblong, blunt, egg-shaped or
elliptic. The flowerheads are greenish-yellow,
in an umbel of 4-6 rays, divided into 3, then 2,
nearly to the base. The involucre is smooth or
hairy, with oblong glands, with oval lobes. The
capsule is smooth or hairy, warted, the seeds in-
versely egg-shaped, smooth. The plant is 2-4 ft.
in height, and flowers in May and June, being a
herbaceous perennial.

Leafy Wood Spurge (Zuphorbia Esula, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, fields, stream-
sides. The habit is creeping. The stem is erect,
slender, leafless below, simple, the lateral branches
in the axils not bearing flowerheads. The leaves
are oblong, lance-shaped, with small teeth, stalk-
less, blunt or acute, thin, 1-nerved. The bracts
are kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, blunt, with a
point. The flowerheads are greenish-yellow in
an umbel with 10-20 rays, which are forked at
the top, and slender. The involucres are long-

WOODS AND COPSES

stalked, small, the lobes with 2 points. The cap-
sules are granulate, the seeds smooth, brown,
rounded. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering trom
June till August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia Cyparissias, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods and plantations
and grassy places, railway banks, brick pits, &c.
The habit is that of the last. The plant is bluish-
white. The rootstock is creeping and stolon-
iferous. The leaves are more numerous, narrow,
linear, entire on the barren shoots, bristle-like,
close, turning red. The bracts are blunt, heart-
shaped, united below, rounded. The flowerheads
are bright yellow, in an umbel of many forked
rays. The involucre has lobes with 2 horns. The
capsule bears tubercles, and contains many white,
smooth, rounded seeds. The plant is 9-15 in. in
height. It flowers in June and July. The plant is
a herbaceous perennial.

Caper Spurge (Euphorbia Lathyris, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is stony and rocky woods,
and copses and cultivated ground. The habit is
erect. The stem is purplish, thick, short, bearing
leaves the first year, flowering the next. The
leaves are numerous, opposite, in alternate pairs,
linear-oblong, the upper heart-shaped, smooth,
bluish-white, stalkless, spreading, 1-nerved, blunt,
the apex rounded, with a short point. The bracts
are heart-shaped below. The flowerheads are
yellow, large, in umbels with 3-4 forked rays,
which are unequal. The involucre is large, stalk-
less, the glands moon-shaped, with 2 nearly erect,
blunt points. The capsule is smooth, with a dorsal
line. The seeds are rigid, wrinkled. The plant is
1-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a
biennial or perennial.

ORDER AMENTACE

Silver Birch (Betula alba, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is woods and heaths. The Birch has
the tree habit. The bark is silvery white, flaky.
The branches are erect, or drooping. The
leaves are smooth, rhomboid, triangular, toothed,
leathery, resinous, blunt below. The leaf-stalks
are slender. The young shoots have resinous
tubercles. The stipules are egg-shaped, lance-
shaped. The male catkins are pendulous, with 1
sepal. The female catkins are in a solitary spike,
not so long, and nearly erect. The scales of the
fruit are winged, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed to the
middle, the lateral lobes bent back, spreading.
The fruit is inversely egg-shaped, rounded, with
a notched wing, in threes. The Birch is 20-80 ft.
in height. It flowers in April and May, and is
a deciduous tree.

Birch (Betula tomentosa, Reich.).—This plant
differs in habit, being bushy, with rhomboid, egg-
shaped leaves, the lateral lobes of the fruiting
bracts being erect. The young shoots are downy.
The leaves are smooth, flat above, with raised
veins beneath. The stipules are egg-shaped,
blunt, twice as broad as long, the sides turned
down. The buds are egg-shaped. The twigs
are often pendulous. It is 6-15 ft. in height,

69

flowering in May and June, and is a deciduous
tree or shrub.

Hazel (Corylus Avellana, L.).—The habitat of
this shrub is woods, copses, and hedges. The
Hazel has the tree or bush habit. The trunk may
have a girth of 3 ft. It has the young twigs
usually glandular, roughly hairy or downy. The
branches are tufted, the bark rich brown, smooth,
warted. The leaves are rounded, in two rows,
with an unequal base, heart-shaped, with a narrow
point, downy below, toothed, with blunt points.
The stipules are blunt, oblong. The male catkins
are long, drooping, in a raceme, the female
flowers in egg-shaped buds nearly stalkless. The
fruit is woody, clustered, the involucre bell-shaped,
spreading, or palmate, a cupule. The Hazel
grows to a height of 6-20 ft. or rarely go ft. It
flowers in March, and is a deciduous shrub.

Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus, L.).--The habitat
of this tree is woods in central and southern
England, damp clayey woods, and hedges. The
Hornbeam has the tree habit. It is a small tree,
with a trunk, flattened, frequently of 10 ft. girth.
The bark is smooth and ashen-grey. The leaves
are more or less in two rows, shortly stalked, egg-
shaped, elliptical, plaited in the bud, with double,
deep, and sharp teeth, hairy below. The male
catkins are pendulous, the bracts acute, egg-
shaped, lance-shaped. The female catkins are
pendulous in fruit, cylindrical, with an entire or
toothed bracteole. The female bracts are 3-lobed,
the middle one largest, the lobes lance-shaped.
The fruit is green with 7-11 ribs. The Horn-
beam is 7o ft. in height when full grown. It
flowers in May. It is a deciduous tree.

Sweet Chestnut (Cas/anea sativa, Mill.).—In
this country it is a very doubtful native, having
been cultivated since Caesar's time, and found in
parks and plantations. The Sweet Chestnut has
the tree habit. The trunk is usually twisted, and
deeply, spirally furrowed. The leaves are oblong,
lance-shaped, toothed, smooth both sides, with
narrow, long, blunt points. The barren catkins
are long and cylindrical. The perianth is made
up of 6 segments. There are 8-20 stamens. The
fertile flowers are 3 in a 4-lobed prickly involucre.
There are 6 stigmas. The nut is 1-celled with
1-3 seeds. The Sweet Chestnut is 60-go ft. in
height, flowering in April and May. It is a
deciduous tree.

ORDER SALICACE®

White Poplar (Populus alba, L.).—The habitat
of this tree is moist woods, river banks, &c. The
White Poplar has the tree habit. The bark is
grey and smooth. The branches are spreading.
The buds are cottony. There are many suckers.
The leaves are triangular, egg-shaped, 5-lobed,
and toothed. The leaves are smooth at length,
downy in bud, roundish, heart-shaped, wavy,
white and cottony below. The leaf-stalk is long,
slender, flattened. The catkins are cylindrical,
the males hairy, longer. There are 6-10 stamens,
and the anthers are purple. The stigmas (2-4)

70

are linear, yellow, cross-like. The capsules are
egg-shaped, narrow. ‘The tree is 60-100 ft. high,
flowering in March and April, and is a deciduous
tree.

Sallow (Salix Caprea, L.).—The habitat of this
willow is woods, copses, hedges, stream-sides,
&c. The habit is that of a small tree or shrub.
The stem is grey. The leaves are egg-shaped,
elliptic, lance-shaped, acute, with a long point,
scalloped, reticulate, cottony below, flat, wavy at
the border, deep-green, whitish above. The twigs
and buds are downy. The stipules are small,
narrow, rather kidney-shaped or moon-shaped.
The catkins are short, silky, with bracts, blunt
and thick, stalkless, the female longer, the male
oblong. The female catkins nod at length. The
scales are hairy. The style is short. The capsule
is silky. The stalk is slender. The Sallow is
10-30 ft. high, flowering before all others in April
and May.

Eared Sallow (Salix aurita, L.).—The habitat
of this species is woods, moist copses, heaths, &c.
The habit is as in the last, with straggling branches
with reddish twigs. The leaves are wrinkled
when young, reddish, scalloped, crisped, stalked,
downy, netted below, the point hooked, edges
bent down. The buds are smooth. The stipules
are large, kidney-shaped, the catkins stalked.
The catkins appear before the leaves, are shorter
than in the last, the male egg-shaped, the female
cylindrical. The stigma is usually entire. The
style is short. The scales are persistent. The
capsule is cottony, narrower, awl-like, lance-
shaped. The Eared Sallow is 2-4 ft. in height,
flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Grey Sallow (Salix cinerea, L.).—The habitat of
this species is woods and wet places. The plant
has the tree or shrub habit. The buds and twigs
are cottony. The leaves are elliptic to oblong,
lance-shaped, inversely egg-shaped, acute, toothed,
the borders wavy, downy above, bluish-white or
ashy (hence cinerea) below. The stipules are large,
half heart-shaped. The male catkins are not so
stout as in the Sallow, and open later. The
anthers are pale yellow, the anther-stalks hairy
at the base, the stigmas simple or divided into two
nearly to the base. The capsule is lance-shaped
and awl-like. The plant is 10-20 ft. high, flower-
ing from March to April, and is a deciduous shrub
or tree,

ORDER ORCHIDACEZ

Bird’s Nest Orchis (Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.).
—The habitat of this species is dark woods,
-especially beech woods, but it grows also on hazel,
like Toothwort. It is a saprophyte, with the
habit of a parasitical plant. The root is formed of
a mass of thick fibres (hence Bird's Nest). There
is a succulent rhizome. The stem is leafless,
thick, sheathing, brown, hairless, scales taking
the place of leaves. The numerous flowers form a
dense cylindrical spike, and are pale brown. The
lip is linear-oblong, bent down, the 2 lobes spread-
ing. The sepals and petals are hooded. The lip

BRITISH FLORA

has a hollowed-out base. The anther is hinged to
the column, which is slender and free, 2-celled.
The 2 pollinia are powdery, the glands united
below. The stigma stands out. The rostellum is
tongue-shaped. The plant is 6-18 inches high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Lesser Twayblade (Zis/era cordata, R. Br.).—
The habitat of this species is mountain woods and
moors, turfy moors, and it is frequent in Scotland.
The habit is erect. The stem is short, slender,
hairless, angled, delicate, brownish-green. The
leaves are membranous, heart-shaped to egg-
shaped, acute, stalkless, opposite, paired. The
flowers are few, small, in a loose raceme, the
sepals and petals olive-brown, blunt, the tip dirty
yellow-green, with 4 lobes, 2 basal, 2 terminal,
linear. The column has no crest. The plant is
3-6 in. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Creeping Goodyera (Peramium (Goodyera)
repens, Br.).—The habitat of this plant is pine
and fir woods. The plant has a prostrate then
ascending orchid habit. The root is creeping
(hence repens), slender, matted. The whole plant
is covered with glands. The stem is slender, and
with the spike glandular, downy. The leaves are
stalked, egg-shaped, netted, downy below, acute,
dark green. The spike is slender with linear, awl-
like, lance-shaped, closely pressed bracts, longer
than the ovary. The flowers are spiral, small,
creamy-white. The sepals, petals, and the lip are
egg-shaped, lance-shaped. The plant is 4-10 in.
in height. It flowers from June to August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Epipogium Gmelini, Rich.—The habitat of this
plant is shady woods, amongst decaying leaves.
The plant is a leafless saprophyte, brownish.
The rhizome consists of short, thick, fleshy,
branched fibres. The stem is pale yellowish-
brown, sheathed, swollen above the base, with
1-2 closely-pressed bracts. The flowers are 2-6,
pale yellow, shortly stalked, in a raceme. The
sepals and petals are lance-shaped, acute, pale
yellow, nearly equal, with inrolled margins, the
middle lobe of the lip egg-shaped, furrowed, white,
with 4 rows of purple tubercles. The lip is bent
back, the lateral lobes are small. The spur is
blunt, very thick, and short. The ovary is broad
and short. The column is short, swollen above
the stigma to take the base of the anther. The
anther is terminal and falls. The 2 pollinia are
stalked, the glands united at the base. The
stigma is prominent, horseshoe-shaped. There
is no rostellum. The plant is q-8in. The plant
flowers in August and September, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Broad-leaved Helleborine (Hel/eborine latifolia,
Sw.).—The habitat of this orchid is woods, moun-
tain woods, &c. The habit is erect. The stem is
erect. The stem is downy above, solitary. The
leaves are many-veined, rounded, egg-shaped to
lance-shaped, oblong, longer than the internodes,
the upper ones egg-shaped, oblong. The sheaths
are close below. The bracts exceed the flowers,

WOODS AND COPSES

the lower being leaflike, narrow. The flowers are
pendulous, numerous, in a raceme, nearly all onone
side of the stalk, green, the lip purple, with white
or yellow margins. The sepals are broadly egg-
shaped, the petals white, egg-shaped to lance-
shaped. The lip may be as long as or shorter than
the lance-shaped sepals. The labellum is round
to heart-shaped with a bent-down point, broader
than long, scalloped. The terminal lobes have
thickened ridges on the disk. The flower-stalk is
shorter than the ovary. The basal hunches are
smooth. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Helleborine atroviridis, W. R. Linton. —This
species is found in Derbyshire and elsewhere, and
closely resembles the last, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the labellum having 2 side hunches
and 1 median, linear hunch.

Helleborine violacea, Bor.=H. purpurata, Druce.
—The habitat of this species is woods. The habit
is like that of HY. /atifolia. The plant grows in
clusters. The stem and leaves are purple-tinted.
The lower leaves are 3-4 by 14-2 in., egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, the upper narrowed, passing into
slender bracts, and the latter are longer than the
oblong, downy ovaries. The flowers are violet-
purple. The sepals are oblong to lance-shaped,
more pointed than in 77. /a/ifolia. The tip of the
lip is as broad as long, and sub-triangular, less
than the sepals and petals. The hunches are
plaited, scalloped. The stalks are shorter than
the downy ovary. The label is longer than broad,
entire, with a narrow point. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, flowering in August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

LargeWhite Helleborine(Cephalanthera pallens,
Rich.=C. Damasonium, Druce).—The habitat of
this species is woods and copses. The habit is erect,
the stem tufted. The leaves are oval to oblong,
lance-shaped, the upper narrower, the bracts
longer than the hairless ovary. The flowers are
creamy-white, distant, nearly erect. The sepals
and petals are egg-shaped to oblong, blunt. The
terminal lobe of the lip is rounded, erect, yellow.
The lip has raised, longitudinal lines. The plant
is 9-18 in. in height, and flowers in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved Helleborine (Cepha/anthera ensi-
JSolia, Rich.=C. longifolia, Fritsch).—The habitat
of this plant is hilly woods and copses. The habit
is erect, the stem nearly solitary, slender. The
leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, not so long
as in the last species. The bracts are not so long
as the hairless ovary, the upper minute. The
flowers are white, and narrower. The sepals,
especially the outer, are more acute. The lip has
several raised white lines and a yellow spot in
front, and is blunt. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height,
flowering in May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Red Helleborine (Cephalanthera rubra, Rich.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods and copses.
The habit is erect. The stem is slender, red-
tinted. The leaves are lance-shaped, acute, and
the bracts are longer than the glandular, downy

71

ovary. The flowers are open, few or many,
purple or rose colour. The lip is white, with a
purple border as long as the petals, with many
wavy, longitudinal lines, the terminal lobe egg-
shaped, lance-shaped. The sepals and petals
have a long, narrow point. The point is 6-18 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

True Military Orchis (Orchis militaris, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is chalky hills and woods.
The habit is erect. The tubers are egg-shaped.
The leaves are large, 3-5 in., oblong, blunt, con-
cave, without spots. The bracts are short, 1-
nerved. The flowers are bright or pale purple,
in an oblong dense spike. The sepals and petals
have a narrow point. The petals are pale purple
or white. The lip is pale, with raised rough
points, 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, crimson, with
purple dots. The basal lobes are narrow, the
lateral lobes linear, the middle broader, suddenly
widened, 2-lobed, with an intermediate tooth,
entire at tlie tip, broad. The helmet, formed by
the hooded sepals which include the petals, is
rose-coloured. The spur is about half as long as
the ovary, bent down, blunt. The plant is 1-14 ft.
high, flowering in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Monkey Orchis (Orchis Simia, Lam.).—The
habitat of this plant is chalky hills, woods on cal-
careous soil. The plant is not so large as the last,
more slender. The bracts are minute. The lip
is long, narrow, 1-veined, with an intermediate
bristle-like tooth. The lobes are equal in size
and resemble in form the legs, arms, and tail of
a monkey (hence Sma), and are rose-purple,
linear, long, entire. The middle lobes are very
narrow. The sepals are acute, meeting to form
an egg-shaped hood. The helmet is rose-colour
outside, paler within. The spur is half as long as
the ovary. The plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers
in May, being a herbaceous perennial.

Lizard Orchis (Orchis hircina, Crantz).—The
habitat of this plant is copses, bushy chalk hills,
and grassy places. The habit is erect, the stem
tall. The tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are
mostly radical, oblong, blunt. The bracts exceed
the flowers. The flowers are large, purplish-
white, loose, in a long spike, with a hircine, goat-
like (hence hircina), fetid scent. The sepals and
petals form a green hood, the lateral sepals con-
niving. The lip is 3-lobed, white, with purple
spots below, spiral in bud, the lateral lobes wavy,
narrow, the middle broad, green, twisted. The
spur is short and conical. The pollen-glands are
united. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Orchis cruenta, Muell.—This rare species is
found in Cumberland and Westmorland. It is
closely allied to O. /aizfolia, but differs in having
the leaves broadest in the middle, short, blunt.
The plant is 7-12 in. in height, and flowers in June
and July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Man Orchis (Aceras anthropophora, R.Br.).—
The habitat of this plant is copses, pastures, dry
chalky places. The habit is erect. The root-knobs

72

or tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are oblong
to lance-shaped, the lower blunt, the upper acute.
The bracts are small. The perianthis green. The
flowers are greenish-yellow, in a long, dense spike.
The sepals are egg-shaped, acute, meeting to-
gether, with a purple border, and include the
linear, lance-shaped, blunt petals. The lip is
g-lobed, perpendicular, yellow, with red borders,
narrow, With 2 lateral and 2 terminal lobes, equal
and linear, thread-like, the middle one divided
into two nearly to the base, with an intermediate
tooth. The plant is 8-16 in. high, flowering in
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spider Orchid (Ophrys aranifera, Huds. =O.
sphegodes, Mill.).—The habitat of this plant is
copses, downs, chalky places. The habit is as in
the last. The flowers are few, purplish-brown.
The petals are green, hairless, short, linear, ob-
long, the sepals yellow, green inside. The lip is
deep, dull brown, hairy, swollen, broad, convex,
4-lobed, with no intermediate appendage in the
notch, and has hairless, pale markings resemb-
ling a Greek letter in the centre, the edges
shortly-lobed, and not (or very slightly) turned

down. The middle lobe is large, entire, or
notched. The anther is acute, the beak not
hooked. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in

April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Fly Orchid (Ophrys muscifera, Huds.).—The
habitat of this orchid is woods, copses, downs,
damp chalky thickets, and pastures. The habit is
as in the last. The stem is slender. The leaves
are few, linear to oblong. The flowers are dis-
tant, bluish-purple. The petals are very narrow,
linear, thread-like, reddish-brown. The sepals
are yellowish-green. The lip is narrow, oblong,
dark purple, 3-lobed, with a broad, nearly square,
pale-blue spot in the centre, edged with yellow,
the middle lobe long, and divided into two nearly
to the base, the lateral lobes turned back. The
anther is short and blunt, not beaked. The plant
is 6-15 inches high, flowering from May to July.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

Butterfly Orchid (Habenaria bifolia, Br.).—The
habitat of this orchid is wet meadows, woods,
heaths. The habit is erect. The stem is tall,
and, as the second Latin name denotes, there are
only 2 leaves, which are large and oval, blunt.
The bracts are small and lance-shaped, as are the
upper leaves. The flowers are white, in a slender
close spike, small, with an entire linear lip, the
petals blunt, meeting together, the spur linear,
twice as long as the ovary, the anther cells parallel,
and the caudicle short, the gland oblong or oval.
The stigma is blunt, with a notch and pointed
lobes. The flowers are sweet-scented. The
plant is 9-18 in. high. It is in flower from June
to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Large Butterfly Orchid (Habenaria chlor-
antha, Bab.=H. virescens, Zollik.).—The habitat
of this orchid is moist woods and thickets. The
habit is erect. The plant is tall and stout. The
2 leaves are opposite, large, oval. The flowers
are creamy-white, large, arranged in a loose or
dense spike. The petals are blunt, uniting. The

BRITISH FLORA

lateral sepals are broad, spreading. The spur is
long, stout, bent down, club-shaped, twice as long
as the ovary. The lip is entire, linear. The
anther-cells are distant, usually spreading, twice
as distant at the base as at the top. The central
line between is a prominent ridge in front, a groove
behind. The stalk of the pollinia or caudicle is
longer, attached by a short drumlike stalk to the
rounded gland. The stigma is broad, pointed in
the middle. The anther is blunt. The plant is
6-20 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium Calceolus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is dense northern woods,
chalky woods, or limestone woods. The habit is
as in other orchid types. The stem is leafy below
or above, downy. The leaves are 3-4, large, ob-
long, egg-shaped, pointed, ribbed. The bracts
are leaflike. The flowers are solitary or 2, large,
yellowish-brown. The upper sepal is erect, egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, pointed, the lateral nar-
rower, united below, under the lip. The lip is
entire, long, inversely egg-shaped, pale yellow,
with darker, netted veins, with a round, upturned
end, not so long as the sepals, depressed, swollen.
There are 2 fertile anthers, distinguishing it from
other British orchids. The middle lobe of the
column is egg-shaped, blunt, bent down. The
plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER IRIDACE

Feetid Iris (777s fetidissima, L.).—The habitat
of this orchid is copses and dry hedgebanks. The
habit is typically flag-like. The rootstock is stout
and creeping. The stem is flattened at the mar-
gin, angled. The leaves are green, foetid when
bruised, limp. The scape is leafy. The flowers
are blue or purple, livid. The stalks are not
longer than the ovary. The spathes are long-
pointed. The sepals are petaloid, lance-shaped
to inversely egg-shaped, purple, or yellow. The
petals and stigmas are yellow, spoon-shaped.
The perianth is beardless, the segments bent
back. The berries are rounded, orange-red, with
a fleshy testa, the capsule club-shaped. The
plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Gladiolus (Gladiolus zllyricus, Ker.).—The habi-
tat of this species is open woods, amongst bracken,
in the New Forest. The habit is similar to that
of the last. The corm is about the size of a nut,
egg-shaped, pointed, with bulbils below, with
nearly parallel fibres, netted above, with long,
narrow openings. The leaves are sword-shaped,
bluish-green, slender. The sheaths are 2-edged.
The scape is leafy. The spathes are lance-shaped,
nearly equal. The flowers are in a spike, arranged
all one side of the stalk, 4-8, red, changing to
blue. The perianth is bent over, bell-shaped, the
3 upper segments spoon-shaped, the 3 lower in-
versely egg-shaped, paler, with purple veins. The
tube is nearly 3 times the length of the ovary.
The basal petal is acute, longer than the blunt

WOODS AND COPSES

lower lateral petal, the edges of the upper not
covered by the 2 others. The stigmas are spoon-
shaped, narrow below, widening upwards, and
fringed. The anther-stalks are longer than the
anthers. The capsule is leathery, club-shaped,
oval, notched, the 3 angles rounded. The seeds
are winged. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER AMARYLLIDACE®

Daffodil (Varcissus Pseudo-Narcissus, L.).—The
Daffodil is a native species, and is found in woods,
copses, and pastures. The habit is erect. The
bulb has membranous outer scales. The 2-3
leaves are linear, with a blunt keel, nearly flat,
rather bluish-green, blunt. The flowers are soli-
tary, yellow, bell-shaped. The scape is 2-edged.
The tube and acute perianth-segments are nearly
equal, long. The crown is bell-shaped, the mar-
gin 6-lobed, crisped, scalloped. The spathe sur-
rounds the flower-stalk, which is short. The cap-
sule is conical. The plant is 6-12 in. in height,
the leaves never more than a foot long. The
Daffodil flowers from March to May. It is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Daffodil (Narcissus incomparabilis, Mill.).—Like
the last this plant, which is a native of Europe, is
not indigenous in this country, but occurs in the
south in many spots, as at Little Park, Margam,
and in shrubberies, parks, and gardens. The
habit and other characters are like those of JV. 0b-
vallaris, but it has an erect crown half as long as
the perianth, which in the Tenby plant is all yellow,
the segments twice as long as the tube, and the
crown 6-lobed.

Spring Snowflake (Zeucojum vernum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is copses. The habit is lily-
like. The plant is bulbous. The flowers and
leaves are vernal (hence vernum). The leaves are
nearly in 2 rows. The scape bears 1-2 flowers,
not markedly winged. The spathe is divided into
two nearly to the base. The flowers are drooping,
greenish-white. The style is thickened above.
The ovary is rounded. The seeds are caruncled.
The plant is 6-12 in., flowering in March and April,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LILIACEX

Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus aculeatus, L.).—The
habitat of this shrub is copses and thickets. The
plant has the shrub habit. The stems are tufted,
branched, rigid, erect, stout, angled. The young
shoots are scaly. The flattened branches or clad-

odes are twisted below, and take the place of

leaves, the leaves being small scales, the cladodes
in theiraxils. The cladodes are spiny, egg-shaped,
narrowed, acute, tough, woody, rigid. The
flowers are borne in the centre of the cladodes, and
are white and solitary, on the upper, which is the
apparent lower surface. The short flower-stalk is
parallel with the surface. The male flowers are
borne on the narrower cladodes. There are
usually 1-2 flowers, with a flat membranous border,

73

1-veined, awl-like bract. The fruit is a berry,
scarlet, 1-celled. The seeds are rounded. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in March and April.
It is an evergreen shrub, perennial.

Whorled Solomon’s Seal (Polvgonatum verli-
cillatum, All.).—The habitat of this plant is woods,
wooded banks, and glens. The habit is erect, from
a prostrate rhizome, with an arching, graceful
scape. The stem is angled, erect, tall. The
leaves are in whorls of 3-5 (hence verticiliatum),
stalkless, limp, the margins and veins below
fringed with hairs, and linear to lance-shaped.
The flowers are greenish-white. The perianth is
narrowed in the middle, greenish. The flower-
stalks bear 1-5 flowers. The anther-stalks are
papillose. The fruit is a berry, red when ripe.
The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum multi-
florum, All.).—The habitat of this plant is woods.
The habit is as in the last. The stem is rounded,
leafless below, arching. The leaves are alternate,
arranged one side of the stalk, oblong to egg-
shaped, half-clasping, hairless, shortly stalked,
acute or blunt. The perianth is greenish-white,
narrowed in the middle. The stalks bear 2-5
flowers. The anther-stalks are downy. The
berries are bluish. The plant is 2-4 ft. high,
flowering in May, June, July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Small Solomon’s Seal (/olygonatum sigillum,
Lej.).—The habitat of this plant is woods and lime-
stone cliffs. The habit is as in the last. The
stem is angled and arched. The leaves are altern-
ate, elliptic, lance-shaped, or oblong to egg-
shaped, arranged one side of the stalk, half-clasp-
ing, leathery. The flowers are solitary, large.
The perianth is cylindrical, greenish-white, the
lobes broad. The anther-stalks are without hairs.
Rarely the flower-stalks bear 3 flowers. The
berry is bluish-black. The plant is 6-18 in. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Mayflower (Unifolium bifolium, Druce = Matan-
themum Convallaria, Roth.).—The habitat of this
plant is woods. The habit is lily-like. The plant
is downy or smooth. The stem is erect, wavy.
The rootstock is thread-like, creeping. The radi-
cal leaves are heart-shaped, acute, 2-lobed below,
with many nerves, long-stalked. The 2-3 stem-
leaves are short-stalked, the upper stalkless. The
flowers are fragrant, small, yellow, sulphur colour,
in a terminal, spiked raceme, nearly erect. The
stalks are slender and solitary. The bracts are
minute. The 4 segments of the perianth are
turned back. The fruit is a round berry, white,
dotted, with a blunt point. The plant is 4-8 in.
high, flowering in May (hence Mayflower), and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Bath Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyre-
naicum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods
| and copses. The habit is lily-like. The bulb is
| egg-shaped. The aerial stem is a tall, stout scape.
| The leaves wither before the stalk appears, and
| are vernal, hollow above, bluish-green, linear.

74

The bracts are awl-like. The flowers are numer-
ous, in a long, narrow, spiked raceme. The
flower-stalks are spreading at first, then erect.
The perianth-segments are narrow to oblong,
variable in length, green, the margins white in-
side. The anther-stalks are swollen below to the
middle, long-pointed. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum
nutans, L.).—The habitat of this plant is copses,
shrubberies, orchards, fields, and waste places.
The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, broad, bluish-
green, with a white stripe, grooved. The scape
is as long as the leaves. The bracts are long and
slender. The flowers are white, few, drooping
(hence nutans), in a loose raceme. The flower-
stalks are curved, shorter than the bracts. The
perianth is broad, with lance-shaped segments,
green externally. The anther-stalks are broadly
swollen upwards, 3-lobed, flat, membranous, the
lateral points acute, the middle short, bearing the
anther. The capsule is pendulous, egg-shaped,
green, and fleshy. The plant is 9-12 in. high,
flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Purple Martagon Lily (Lilium Martagon, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is woods and copses.
The habit is lily-like. The stem is downy, rough,
rounded. The leaves are stalked, inversely egg-
shaped to lance-shaped, in whorls of 6-8, the upper
linear, acute. The flowers are in an erect raceme,
drooping, sweet-scented at night. The bracts are
green, linear to lance-shaped. The perianth-seg-
ments are flesh-coloured to purple, bent back, ob-
long, with dark, raised papilla. The honey-gland
has thick, raised borders. The plant is 1-1} ft.
high, flowering from June to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Pyrenean Lily (Lilium pyrenaicum, Gouan).—
The habitat of this lily is hedgebanks. The habit
is as in the last. The leaves are scattered, linear,
lance-shaped. The flowers are yellow, with black
dots below, nodding. The perianth is turned
back, and the segments linear lance-shaped,
yellow. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem (Gagea /utea, Ker.).
—The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets,
pastures. The habit is lily-like. The stem is
angular, not as long as the leaf. The bulb is
solitary, small, egg-shaped or nearly round, with
basal bulbils. The radical leaf is linear lance-
shaped, ribbed, flat. The scape is short. There
are 1-3 bracts, 2 opposite, 1 exceeding the flowers.
The sheath is slender. The flowers are yellow,
in an umbel. The perianth-segments are linear-
oblong, blunt, thin, yellow-green at the back.
The flower opens only in the middle of the day.
The capsule is membranous, the seeds numerous.
The plant is 6-10 in. high, flowering in March till
May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is damp woods. The habit is
erect. The rootstock is white, creeping. The

BRITISH FLORA

stem is round, leafy above, with a sheath below.
The leaves are egg-shaped to oblong, or inversely
egg-shaped, 4 as a rule when the flowers are in
4's, or more when the segments are more, 3-5-
nerved. ‘The flowers are solitary, stalked, erect.
The sepals are lance-shaped, green, with a long
point, as long as the yellow awl-like petals. The
connective is produced. The fruit is a black
berry, which bursts irregularly. The seeds are
black. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in
May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACEZ

Hairy Wood Rush (Zuszula vernalis, D.C.=
Juncoides pilosum, Morong.).—The habitat of this
rush is woods, thickets, and shady places. The
habit is the usual rush type. The rootstock is
short and tufted, with slender stolons. The stems
are slender, numerous. The leaves are as long
as the stem, broad, lance-shaped, soft, sparsely
hairy. The bracteoles are short and broad. The
flowers are in a loose cyme, with few, turned-
down, hair-like branches in fruit. The flowers
are more or less solitary, chestnut-brown, paired.
The perianth-segments have a long, narrow point,
shorter than the capsule, which is broad, egg-
shaped, blunt-pointed. The crests of the seeds
are curved, terminal. The plant is 6-12 in. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Forster’s Wood Rush (Zusula forsteri, Sm.).—
The habitat of this species is thickets, woods, and
shaded places. The habit is as in the last. It is
more slender than the last. The leaves are linear,
hairy. The flower-stalk is 1-flowered, erect in
flower and fruit, the flowers in a panicle with few
branches. The stamens are as long as the style,
the anther-stalks as long as the anthers. The
capsule is acute, 3-angled, not narrowed below.
The seeds have a short, terminal, straight, blunt
crest. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in
March to June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACE

Grassy Sedge (Carex remota, L.).—The habitat
of this sedge is copses and damp places. The
habit is sedge-like. The stem is slender, inclined,
3-angled. The leaves are channelled, narrow, as
long as the stems, flat. The bracts are long, leaf-
like. The spike has a rough rachis, and the
spikelets are all simple, the upper crowded, ob-
long, the lower remote (hence remota). The fruit
is egg-shaped, lance-shaped, longer than the
glumes, narrow to egg-shaped, pale, finely fur-
rowed. The beak is broad, with toothed margins.
The midrib of the glume does not reach the point.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Elongate Sedge (Carex elongata, L.). —The
habitat of this sedge is wet copses and marshes.
The habit is sedge-like. The plant is slender,
with a tufted rootstock and many stems, 3-angled,
rough, graceful, leafy. The leaves are longer

WOODS AND COPSES

than the stems, limp, flat. The bracts are short
ornone. The spike is slender. The spikelets are
numerous, the upper close, oblong, erect or spread-
ing, those below loose, not distant. The glumes
are egg-shaped, dark-brown, with green keel
with white edges. The fruit is pale, stalkless,
ribbed, spreading, longer than the glumes, blunt,
with a long point. The beak is nearly entire,
with rough edges. The nut is linear to oblong.
The style does not fall. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from June to August, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Pale Sedge (Carex pallescens, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods, shady places, marshy
copses, and meadows. The habit is sedge-like.
The stem is slender, leafy, 3-angled, rough above,
wiry. The leaves are erect, softly sparsely hairy,
flat, green. The spikes are blunt, pale-green.
The small spikelet is erect, yellowish-red, the
female rather nodding, close, 2-3, oblong, egg-
shaped, shortly-stalked. The glumes are blunt-
pointed, few, pale-brown, with white borders and
a green midrib. The fruit is hairless, egg-shaped,
oblong, blunt, convex both sides, veined. There
is no beak. The nut is inversely egg-shaped,
linear to elliptic, 3-angled. The plant is 9-18 in.
in height, flowering from June to August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Great Pendulous Sedge (Carex pendula, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is damp woods. The
habit is sedge-like. The stem is tall and leafy,
g-angled or rounded, smooth or rough. The leaves
are broad, pale-green, flat. The bracts are leaf-
like, sheathed below, nearly as long as the flower-
stalks. The fertile spike is long, drooping (hence
pendula), nearly stalkless, curved, blunt, cylin-
drical, dense, the stalks enclosed by the bracts,
the upper with male flowers above. The male are
inclined, sometimes with male and female flowers,
or female below only. The glumes are spreading,
blunt, or divided nearly to the base, pale-brown,
with a hairy awn, green midrib, pale ragged
border. The fruit is hairless, swollen, overlap-
ping, with a short, notched, 3-angled beak. The
nut is short, broad, pale. The plant is 3-6 ft.
high, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Fingered Sedge (Carex digitata, L.).—The
habitat of this species is copses on limestone.
The habit is sedge-like. The stems are smooth,
slender, erect or curved, sheathed below, bluntly
g-angled. The radical leaves are bent back, with
a rolled-back margin, flat, soft, linear. The bracts
are blunt, the lower awl-like, membranous, brown,
green-tipped. The fertile spikelets are 2-3, with
6-8 flowers, loose, distant, erect, linear. The
males are solitary. The fruit is inversely egg-
shaped, hairy, 3-angled, narrow below, as long
as the glume, with a short, straight, nearly entire
beak. The nut is stalked, brown, 3-angled, with
a short beak. The plant is 6-10 in. high, flower-
ing in April and May, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Hammer Sedge (Carex hirta, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is damp copses, wet places, grassy

75

places. The habit is sedge-like. The stem is
slender, hairless, leafy, shining, 3-angled. The
leaves are long, flat, hairy, with split sheaths,
rarely hairless. The sheaths are long. The lower
bracts are sheaths. The male spikes are close,
2-3, pale, glistening. The fertile spikes are dis-
tant, green, cylindrical, oblong, stalked. The
glumes are small, broad, with membranous margin
and a green midrib, the awn rigid, rough, spread-
ing. The fruit is tawny, egg-shaped to oblong,
narrowed into a short beak, deeply divided nearly
to the base. There are 3 stigmas. The nut is
inversely egg-shaped. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Tall Wood Sedge (Carex levigata, Sm.=C.
helodes, Link.).—The habitat of this plant is wet
thickets and copses, and marshes. The habit is
sedge-like. The stem is tall, smooth. The leaves
are broad, short, dotted beneath. The bracts are
sheathing, auricled opposite the blade. The
male spikelets are 3-angled, 2, with blunt, short-
pointed glumes. The fertile spikelets are droop-
ing, cylindrical, distant, with exserted stalks.
The glumes are acute, purple, with a pale dorsal,
longitudinal band. The fruit is green, egg-shaped,
narrowed, finely furrowed. The beak is slender,
long, with rough edges. The ligule islong. The
nut is stalked, 3-angled, pale, dotted, narrowed
below, rather pear-shaped. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering in June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Few-seeded Sedge (Carex depauperata, Good.
=C. ventricosa, Curt.).—The habitat of this
species is dry woods. The habit is sedge-like.
The stem is slender, smooth, leafy, 3-angled.
The leaves are long and flat. The bracts are flat,
rough, leaflike, the sheaths long. The spikelets
are erect, short, distant, 3-4-flowered, the males
with a blunt, pale glume, very slender, with many
flowers. The fertile spikes are erect, distant,
3-4-flowered, on exserted stalks. The fruit is
large, rounded, with a long slender beak, divided
into 2 nearly to the base, with rough edges, ribbed.
The nut is elliptic, 3-angled, the angles blunt.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Wood Sedge (Carex sylvatica, Huds.).
—The habitat of this species is damp woods. The
habit is sedge-like. The plant is slender, with a
3-sided, smooth stem, rough at the top. The
leaves are flat, membranous, bright-green, nar-
row. The bracts are leaflike with long sheaths,
not half as long as the flower-stalks. The male
spikelets are pale. The female are thread-like,
branched below, the stalk half projecting. The
glumes are loose or scattered, acute, egg-shaped,
green, keeled. The fruit is elliptic, nearly stalk-
less, obscurely veined, with a long, slender, smooth
beak, which is divided into 2 nearly to the base.
The nut is broad, 3-sided. The plant is 2 ft. in
height, flowering in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Loose Sedge (Carex s/rigosa, Huds.). —The
habitat of this plant is woods, groves, thickets,

76

copses. The habit is sedge-like, the stem smooth,
leafy, 3-angled. The leaves are flat, broad, pale-
green, limp, the sheaths auricled opposite the
blade. The bracts are leafy, shorter than the
stems, the sheaths long. The male spikelets are
pale and slender. The fertile spikelets are slender,
drooping, distant, long, loose, many-flowered, with
exserted stalks. The fruit is oblong, lance-shaped,
veined, narrowed each end, with a blunt mouth,
the beak obscure. The nut is elliptic. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Millet Grass (Wilium effusum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this grass is damp, shady woods. The
habit is grass-like. The stem is stoloniferous
below, tall, tufted, erect, shining. The leaves are
lance-shaped, linear to oblong, broad, flat, thin,
acute, rough above, pale-green, scented. The
sheath is smooth. The ligule is long, blunt, torn.
The panicle is branched, spreading, loose, and
slender, bent down in fruit, vertical in flower,
the whorls distant, few-flowered. The pales are
acute. The empty glume is elliptic to egg-shaped,
blunt, with rough, transparent edges, and the
flowering glume is smooth, white, polished. The
fruit is rounded, included in the glume and palea.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rough Drooping Brome Grass (Bromus asper,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets,
hedgebanks. The plant has the grass habit.
The stem is tall and smooth. The leaves are
broad, flat, with hairy sheaths, with downwardly-
directed hairs, long, the lower broadest. The
ligule is short. The panicle is drooping, downy,
with flowers arranged all one side. The lower
branches are 2-6-divided, loose, thread-like, with
a roughrachis. The spikelets are narrow, bluish-
green. The empty glumes are long-pointed,
hairy or not. The flowering glumes are 5-8,
twice as long as the awn, spreading in flower,
erect in fruit, hairy, the tip 2-toothed. The plant
is 4-5 ft. high, flowering in July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Common Wood Reed (Calamagrostis epigeios,
Roth.).—The habitat of this plant is damp woods,
and damp shady places. The habit is grass-like.
The stem is simple, stout, the leaves rough above,
bluish-green below, the point slender. The ligule
is acute and torn. The panicle is purplish-brown,
open, erect, with nearly erect branches, close,
lobed. The spikelets are crowded, arranged one
side of the stalk. The empty glumes are narrow.
The hairs are longer than the pales, the awn
straight. The plant is 3-5 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, aud is a herbaceous perennial.

Small Wood Reed (Calamagrostis lanceolata,
Roth.).—The habitat of this plant is damp woods,
copses, hedges, marshes, and wet places. The
habit is as in the last. The stem is erect, smooth,
slender. The leaves are narrower and smoother
than in the last. The ligule is shorter.

The | has the grass habit.

BRITISH FLORA

panicle is erect, loose, purplish, the branches
spreading, with a drooping apex. The spikelets
are spreading. The empty glumes are lance-
shaped, broader. The awn is not so long, small,
terminal. The hairs are longer than the flower-
ing glume. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flower-
ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Soft Grass (//v/cus mollis, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is dry woods, thickets, heathy places,
sandy waste places, open places on a light soil.
The plant has the grass habit. The root is creep-
ing. The plant is more slender than HZ. danatus.
The stem is smooth or slightly hairy, softly hairy
at the nodes. The leaves are rovgh, the sheaths
hairless. The lower flower has no awn. The
upper glume is acute, the awn rough, kneed,
longer than the glumes. The glumes are rough,
long-pointed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
in June till August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Melic Grass (Medica nutans, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is caleareous woods.
The habit is the grass habit. The plant is stoloni-
ferous. The stems are thread-like, drooping,
3-sided, rough above, with scaly sheaths. The
leaves are flat, slender, sparsely hairy, rough on
the keel and margin. There is no ligule or a
short one. The panicle is drooping, or a one-
sided, simple raceme, the rachis wavy. The
spikelets are drooping, egg-shaped, 6-10, and
2-flowered, the 2 upper flowers complete. The
empty glumes are purple, oblong, the flowering
glumes greenish, keeled, purple, hairless. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sylvan Melic Grass (Melica uniflora, Retz.).—
The habitat of this plant is shady and rocky
places. The habit is as in the last. The leaves
and spikelets are few, erect, the perfect flowers
similar. The panicle is loose, branched, slightly
drooping, the rachis thread-like. The ligule is
long, from the auricles of the sheath. The stalks
are hairlike, roughish, 2-flowered. The glume
equals the palea. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Sylvan Poa (Poa nemoralis, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is woods, copses, and shady places.
The habit is the grass habit. The root is some-
what creeping. The stem is smooth, like the
sheaths, which are furrowed, the upper not longer
than the leaf, green or bluish-green, very slender,
rounded or slightly flattened. The leaves are
linear, narrow, limp, the upper horizontal. The
ligule is short and blunt. The panicle is slender,
drooping, with branches 2-5-divided, roughish.
The spikelets are egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the
3-4 flowers webbed, yellowish-green. The empty
glumes equal the 1-5 flowering glumes with a
downy keel and margin. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Poa chaixii, Vill.—The habitat of this plant is
woods and plantations in deep shade. The plant
The stem is 2-edged, with a

WOODS AND COPSES

creeping rhizome. The plant is tufted. The
leaves are hooded, broad, the edges and midribs
rough as well as the sheaths, the upper sheath
not longer than its leaf.
and very Short. The panicle is branched. The
spikelets are oval, with 3-5 acute, not webbed
florets, the lower pale with 5 hairless veins.
plant is 2-5 ft. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Great Brome Grass (fes/uca gigantea, Vill.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods and shady
places, moist thickets, damp woods, hedgebanks.
The plant has the grass habit. The root is
fibrous. The stem is smooth, round, nodding.
The leaves are very long, broad, flat, rough both
sides, except near the base below, linear, lance-
shaped, limp, bright-green, finely furrowed. The
sheaths are smooth. The ligule is unequal,
auricled. The panicle is open, drooping, branched.
The spikelets are linear, egg-shaped, pale-green,
and bear 3-8 florets, roughish, and the awn is
slender, wavy, twice as long as the flowering
glume. The empty glumes are lance-shaped, the
flowering glumes divided into 2 nearly to the base.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Various-leaved Fescue (Festuca heterophylia,
Lam.).—The habitat of this plant is woods and
plantations. The stem is tall. The plant is not
stoloniferous. The radical leaves are long, bristle-
like, densely tufted. The stem-leaves are flat.
The panicle is long, loose. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herba-
ceous perennial.

Great Wood Brome Grass (/estuca sylvatica,
Vill.).—The habitat of this plant is woods in hilly
and mountainous districts. The habit is the grass
habit. The root is fibrous, the stolons sheathed.
The stem is stiffly erect, smooth, rounded, sheathed
below, the sheaths tufted, acute, broad, smooth,
overlapping, the lower loose. The leaves are
broad, green, with a rough edge.
of the upper sheaths are long. The panicle is
spreading, open, nodding, branched, erect, with
branches one side of the stalk. The rachis is
long, slender, rough. The 3-5 flowering glumes
are acute, rough, without an awn. The top of the
ovary is hairy. The spikelets are egg-shaped,
flat, pale yellow-green, the empty glumes linear
to awl-like. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sylvan False Brome Grass (Brachypodium

The ligule is blunt |

The |

The ligules |

Th

sylvaticum, R. and S.).—The habitat of this plant
is copses, woods, hedges, and hedgerows. The
plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous.
The stems are erect, very slender, rounded, in-
clined, leafy, solitary or 2-3 from the same root.
The leaves are broad, flat, hairy, bright-green,
linear-lance-shaped, limp, fringed with hairs.
The sheaths are hairy, round. The ligule is short,
blunt, torn, or notched. The spike is drooping,
with a flattened rachis, smooth and slender. The
spikelets are rounded, alternate, in two rows,
linear, appressed, hairy or smooth, green. The
empty glumes are 3-5-nerved, the flowering
glumes 8-10, linear-oblong, the tip long and
narrow, awned, the awn as long as the glume,
those of the upper flowers longer than the hairy
palea. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in
June, July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Dog’s Wheat Grass (Agropyron caninum,
Beauv.).—The habitat of this grass is woods,
shady places, hedges, banks, and waste places.
The plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous.
The stems are bright-green, erect, slender. The
leaves are flat, rough both sides, ribbed, slender
on the upper surface. The spike is slender, wavy,
close, nodding. The spikelets are slender, green,
2-5-flowered, with 3-5 ribs, with a short stalk,
downy or smooth. The 2 empty glumes are
rough, shortly awned, the awn long and rough,
3-nerved, firm, the flowering glumes linear-lance-
shaped, 5-nerved at the tip, the awn rough,
longer or shorter than the palea. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, flowering in June till August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Wood Barley (Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds. = Ely-
mus europeus, L.).—The habitat of this species is
woods, thickets, copses. The plant has the grass
habit. The plant is bright-green. The stems are
rigid, erect, smooth. The leaves are broad, flat,
thin, rough. The sheaths are hairy, with bent-
back hairs. The ligule is very short. The spike
is nearly rounded, rough, rigid, erect, green.
The spikelets are erect, nearly stalkless, sometimes
with a second flower. The glumes are awl-like,
rough, not fringed with hairs. The lateral flowers
are perfect, the middle male. The flowering
glumes are linear to oblong, rough, shorter than
the awn, which is straight and wavy, nerved. The
empty glumes are long-awned, awl-like, rough.
The fruit is narrow. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

[As in the case of cornfields, hills, waste places, walls, &c., the plants that are included here may be found in

some other habitats occasionally, since the roadside and the hedge are of modern origin.

But the latter are

pre-eminently the stations for a number of plants that are especially fond of a hedge-bottom or a bank, and

they afford a place of refuge for such species from the attacks of cattle.

The shade-lovers also that have sur-

vived the cutting down or disappearance of the woods and forests are able to flourish in the hedge.)

ORDER CRUCIFER2

Barbarea arcuata, Reichb.—The habitat of this
plant is roadsides, banks of ditches, cultivated
ground. The habit is the rosette habit, the plant
having radical leaves and an erect stem. The plant
is yellowish-green. The leaves are much as in the
common Yellow Rocket. The flowers are larger,

the petals last longer, are more than twice as long |

as the sepals, and are in a long looser raceme.
The pods are long, spreading (the raceme being
arched when young), and are 5-8 times as long as
the stalks. The styles are longer. The seeds are
smaller, darker, more than twice as long as broad.
The plant is similar in height, flowering, and dura-
tion to B. vulgaris.

American Cress (Barbarea precox, Br.).—The
habitat of this plant is roadsides, cultivated

ground, and waste places, and it is a garden |

escape. The plant has the rosette habit. Hooker
considered it a cultivated form of B. vulgaris, to
which it is closely allied. The lower leaves are
divided nearly to the base, with narrow lobes, or
lyrate, larger upwards, the upper pair of lobes a's
long as the nearly heart-shaped terminal lobe.
The upper leaves are divided nearly to the base,
the lobes entire, linear, oblong. The flowers are
yellow, medium-sized, in a close raceme, the petals
3 times as long as the sepals, the flower-stalks
short and stout. Thestyleis short. The pods are
spreading, long, distant, not much broader than
the flower-stalks, jointed, with a short, thick point.
The seeds are longer than broad by one-quarter,
twice as broad and ellipsoid as in B. vulgaris.
The plant is 9 inches to 2 ft. high, flowering from
May to July, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Bury Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium polycera-
dium, L.).—The habitat of this plant is roadside
paths. The habit is prostrate or erect, and
branched. The stem is hairless, leafy. The leaves,

with lobes turned back, divided nearly to the base, |

hairless, or only with a large terminal lobe, are tri-
angular and toothed. The flowers are in short,
leafy racemes, small, yellow. The style is short,
thick, the stigma blunt. The pods are 1-3, in the
axils of leafy bracts, awl-like, spreading, broad

78

below, stalkless, or shortly stalked, the stalks
short and thick. The valves of the pods are
3-nerved, convex, beaded, blunt. The plant is 18
in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous annual.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is roadsides, hedges, riverbanks,
fields, banks of streams on the borders of Wales,
&c., in which last case it may be indigenous. The
habit is erect. The rootstock is white, fleshy,
stoloniferous. The stem is stout, leafy, straight,
ascending. The plant is hairless, bluish-green.
The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped, 3-ribbed,
the upper sheathing, united below. The flowers
are in a cyme or panicled corymb, large, pale-
pink or white. The petals are inversely heart-
shaped, with a long narrowclaw, crowned, notched,
the calyx cylindrical, not angled. The capsule is
egg-shaped. The seeds are kidney-shaped. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in August and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Bladder Campion (S7/ene Cucubalus, Wib.=S.

| inflata, Sm., and S. latifolia, Mill.).—The habitat

of this species is roadsides, fields, and waste
places. The habit is erect. The plant is branched,
bluish-green except in the axils, where rain col-
lects and is probably absorbed, smooth as a rule.
The stem is erect, with no barren prostrate stems.
The leaves are hairless, egg-shaped or inversely
so, oblong, or elliptic to lance-shaped. The bracts
have a membranous border. The flowers are
white, terminal, panicled, the branches unequal,
numerous, drooping, the petals deeply cleft, rarely
crowned, with narrow lobes, the calyx inflated
(hence znflata), netted, the mouth narrower than
the base. The capsule is rounded, conical above.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Three-nerved Sandwort (Arenariatrinervis, L.).
—The habitat of this species is hedgebanks, moist
copses, woods, damp shady places. The habit is
prostrate. The stem is limp, weak, branched,
with spreading hairs. The leaves are stalked,

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

egg-shaped, acute, 3- or rarely 5-nerved (hence
trinervis in the first case), fringed with hairs, like
the stalks, the upper stalkless. The flowers are
small, in the axils, solitary, or in a cyme, long-
stalked, the stalks slender and spreading at length,
white. The petals are inversely egg-shaped,
lance-shaped. The sepals are 3-ribbed, the lateral
veins faint, the intermediate rib strongest, rough,
lance-shaped, longer than the petals. There are
1o stamens, or the plant may rarely be pentandrous.
The capsule is nearly round, included in the calyx,
the seeds smooth, with an arillus. The plant is
6-12 in. long, flowering in May and June, or as
late as November, and is an annual.

ORDER GERANIACEAE

Small Crane's Bill (Geranium pusillum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is waysides, hedge-
banks, cultivated ground, and waste places. The
habit is prostrate, then erect, or with a semi-rosette
habit. The stem is spreading, downy, the down
soft and short. The leaves are as in G. molle,
but deeply lobed, kidney-shaped, with 5-7 lobes
radiating from a common centre, divided into three.
The flowers are numerous, small, pale-rose, not
longer than the calyx, the stalks in the axils shorter
than the leaves, bent down in front. The petals
are notched, the claw fringed with hairs. The
sepals are blunt, pointed, or acute. The perfect
stamens are often only 5. The style is pale flesh-
colour. The carpels persist, and are keeled, not
wrinkled, with closely pressed hairs. The seeds
are smooth. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering
from June to September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Jagged-leaved Geranium (Geranium dissectum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is hedges, waste
places, and cultivated ground. The habit is pros-
trate, then ascending. The stem is branched,
hairy, and rather glandular. The leaves are
much-divided nearly to the base, with 5-7 linear
segments, deeply irregularly lobed, longer than
the short flower-stalks. The footstalks are short.
The stipules are egg-shaped, with a long, narrow
point. The flowers are axillary, small, shortly-
stalked, bluish-purple or bright-red, the petals
notched, short, inversely egg-shaped, the claw
fringed with hairs, about as long as the sepals,
which have a long awn. The carpels are not
wrinkled, smooth, even, or with erect hairs. The
seeds are pitted. The plant is 6-18 in. high,
flowering from June to August, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Shining Crane’s Bill (Geranium lucidum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is hedgerows, hedge-
banks, rocky places, and old walls. The habit
is prostrate, then ascending. The plant is brittle
and succulent. The stem is hairless, shining (hence
lucidum), spreading, tinged with red. The upper
branches have two lines of hairs. The leaves are
rounded, kidney-shaped, 5-lobed, the segments
scalloped, bent, blunt-pointed. The leaf-stalk is
long, but less than the flower-stalk. The stipules
are egg-shaped, acute. The flowers are rose-

|

79

colour. The calyx is wrinkled, pyramidal. The
claw of the inversely egg-shaped, entire petal is
without hairs, long, nearly equal to the calyx,
which has long-awned sepals, shorter than the
petals. The carpels are wrinkled, keeled, netted,
separating from the axis, hairless, glandular, or
hairy above. The seeds are smooth,

ORDER LEGUMINOSZ®

Smooth Tare (Vicia tetrasperma, Moench).—
The habitat of this plant is hedgerows, bushy
places, hedges, meadows, cornfields, and woods.
The habit is climbing. The stems are thread-like.
The leaflets are in 3-6 pairs, blunt, narrow, linear
to oblong, with a short point. The stipules are half
arrow-shaped, the lower divided into two nearly to
the base. The tendrils are once- or twice-forked.
The stalks bear 1-2 flowers, which are as long as
the leaves, pale-blue, the standard with blue
streaks, notched. The calyx-teeth are long, tri-
angular, unequal, shorter than the tube, the two
upper spreading. The ultimate flower-stalks are
short and curved. The pods are shortly-stalked,
4-seeded, smooth, linear to oblong, the hile oblong.
The seeds are 3-5, rounded, dull-brown, roughish.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to
August. It is a herbaceous annual.

Slender Tare ( V’icta gracilis, Lois.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is hedges, fields, in the south,
and waste places, and the plant is rare. The
habit is as in the last. The leaflets are in 3-4
pairs, linear, long, narrow, with a long narrow
point, acute. The stipules are half arrow-shaped.
The flowers are twice as large as in the last, the
stalks bearing 1-4 flowers, and longer than the
leaves, pale-blue, with a notched standard. The
calyx-teeth are unequal, shorter than the tube,
the 2 upper shortest, meeting together, long,
triangular. The pods are 5-8-seeded, hairless,
longer than in the last, linear, the upper entire,
rather bent down at the end. The seeds are
rounded, dark-brown and yellow, half as large as
in the last, and the hile half as long, round to
oval. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Common or Hairy Vetch (Vicia hirsuta, Gray).
—The habitat of this plant is hedges, cornfields,
waste places. The habit is as in the last. The
plant is, however, hairy (hence irsufa). The
leaflets are not so large, in 6-8 pairs, linear,
lance-shaped, blunt, with a short point. The
stipules are 4-lobed. The stalks bear 1-6 flowers,
and are as long as the leaves, the ultimate ones
straight, the flowers smaller, pale-blue, the stand-
ard not notched. The calyx-teeth are equal, as
long as their tube, the 2 upper meeting, awl-like.
The pods are 2-seeded, hairy, rarely smooth,
stalkless, shorter, oblong, blunt, the upper entire,
nearly straight, and prominent at the end. The
seeds are round, flattened at the border, red with
dark spots, smooth. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering between June and August, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Common Hedge Vetch (Vicia sepium, L.).—

80

The habitat of this plant is hedges, woods, and
copses. The habit is climbing or trailing, the
lower part of the stem weak and thin, The leaves
are hairy, the leaflets egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
blunt, in 4-8 pairs, smaller upwards on the leaf-
stalk, membranous. The stipules are half arrow-
shaped, entire or divided. The flowers are in a
raceme, nearly stalkless, axillary, purplish, 2-6-
flowered, the stalks shorter than the calyx-teeth.
The calyx-teeth are unequal, shorter than their
tube, the 2 upper curved upwards, hairy.
upper part of the style is hairless, or nearly so,
bearded. The pod is stalked, hairless, erect,
linear to oblong, beaked, black, 6-10-seeded. The
seeds have the hile linear, extending two-thirds
round the seed. The plant is 6 in. to 3 ft. high,
flowering from May to August, or as late as
November, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Vetch (Vicia sativa, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is hedges, roadsides, waysides,
where it is an escape from cultivation. The
habit is as in the last, climbing or trailing. The
stem is stout. The leaflets are in 5-7 pairs,
variable, elliptic, inversely heart-shaped, or egg-
shaped to oblong, blunt or notched, the lower
shorter and broader, the upper narrow, linear,
blunt, short-pointed. The stipules are half spear-
shaped, entire. The flowers are axillary, solitary,
or usually paired, nearly stalkless, pale-purple,
the standard smooth. The calyx-teeth are equal,
lance-shaped to awl-like, as long as their tube.
The pods are mostly parallel to the stem, stalk-
less, 2-3 in., linear, 4-10-seeded, rather hairy or
silky. The seeds are rounded, slightly flattened
at the border. The hile is linear, extending 4
round the seed. The plant is 6-18 in. high,
flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Bithynian Bush Vetch (Vicia bithynica, L.).—
The habitat of this species is bushy places on a
gravelly soil, and waste places. The habit is
trailing or climbing. The stems are numerous
from the root, hairless except above, wavy. The
leaves are long. The tendrils are long, branched.
The leaflets are in 1-2 pairs above, linear, lance-
shaped, blunt, short-pointed, acute. The stipules
are large, toothed, half arrow-shaped. The
flowers are pale-purple with paler wings. The
calyx-teeth are slender, longer than their tube,
unequal, lance-shaped, awl-like. The calyx is
swollen below. The stalks are 1-3-flowered, less
than the leaves, the ultimate ones as long as the
calyx. The pod is shortly stalked, netted, hairy,
linear-oblong, rough, large, beaked, 4-6-seeded.
The seeds are large, round, speckled, dark-
brown, with an oval hile. The style is hairy all
over above. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Grass-leaved Vetchling (Zathyrus Nissolia, L.).
—The habitat of this species is grassy bushy
places, banks. The plant has the grass habit.
The stems are ascending, very slender. There
are no leaves or tendrils, but grass-like leaf-stalks
which are leaflike, or phyllodes, which serve as

The’

BRITISH FLORA

leaves. They are long, flat, entire, fine-pointed,
with many parallel nerves. The stipules are
minute, awl-like. The flowers are erect, crimson
or purple, the stalks 1-2-flowered, long, slender.
The teeth of the calyx are lance-shaped, the lower
longest. The pods are slender, cylindrical, flat-
tened at the border, hairless. The seeds are
granulate, round, with a small, oval hile. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous annual or perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Wild Plum (Prunus domestica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this species is hedges. The plant has the
tree or bush habit. Suckers are produced, but
the plant when cultivated is usually grafted. The
branches are straight, spineless, downy, the bark
brown. The leaves are egg-shaped, elliptic, downy
on the ribs below. The flower-stalks are hairless.
The fruit, a drupe, is oblong, round to egg-shaped,
yellow, or purple, or black. The plant is 6-20 ft.
high, flowering in April and May, and is a decid-
uous tree.

Rubus castrensis, Wolley-Dod.—The habitat of
this plant is field and roadside hedges. The habit
is arching, prostrate. The stem is olive-green.
The prickles are numerous, wide-spreading or bent
down, fairly strong. The leaves have lobes radiat-
ing from acommon centre, with lateral lobes, over-
lapping, olive-green. The leaflets are coarsely,
doubly, or irregularly toothed. The terminal
leaflet is nearly round, broadly inversely egg-
shaped, oval, with long, blunt, and narrow point,
heart-shaped. The panicle is long, cylindrical to
pyramidal, loose, the branches wide-spreading,
with 1-4 flowers forming a corymb. The sepals
are wide-spreading or loosely turned back through-
out. The petals are quite white.

Rubus dumetorum, Wh. & N.—The habitat of
this plant is hedges, waste ground, &c. The stem
and panicle rachis are armed with many unequal,
straight prickles, acicles, and gland-tipped organs.
The leaflets are usually thick. The stipules are
usually narrow. The panicle is long, regular,
compound, the rachis hairy, strongly armed like
the stem. The petals are large, round, hardly
clawed. The fruit is partly imperfect, composed
of few large drupelets, and the fruiting sepals are
erect or partly spreading. The plant flowers in
July and August. It is a deciduous shrub.

Silverweed (Potentilla anserina, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is waysides, roadsides, damp
pastures, and the coast, &c. The habit is prost-
rate. The plant is stoloniferous, silky. The
rootstock is slender, branched. The leaves are
green above, interruptedly pinnate, with stolons
from the axils, silky below. The leaflets are
numerous, oblong, deeply toothed, the teeth tipped
with silky hairs, or divided nearly to the base,
alternate, close, stalkless, inversely egg-shaped,
oblong, blunt. The stipules enclose the buds, and
are hooded. The flowers are large, solitary, yel-
low, on axillary, solitary, slender stalks. The
bracteoles are toothed. The achenes are smooth,

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

The plant is 3-12 in. long, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rosa involuta, Sm.—The habitat of this rose
is hedges, banks, bushy places. The plant has
the shrub habit. It is intermediate between 2.
villosa and R. spinostssima, nearer the former.
The plant is small, erect or arching, with short,
sometimes arching branches. The prickles are
unequal, crowded, straight, or hardly curved,
passing gradually into bristles. The leaflets are
doubly toothed, downy, glandular sometimes
below, or smooth, open. The leaf-stalk and stip-
ules are densely glandular and fringed with hairs.
The flowers are 1-3, white or pink. The sepals
are persistent, leaflike, simple or pinnate, gland-
ular at the back. The flower-stalk is densely
bristly. The fruit is erect, nearly round, with no
disk, red, but is not often produced, and ripens
late. The plant is 1-5 ft. high, flowering in June
and July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Irish Rose (Rosa hibernica, Templ.)—The habi-
tat of this rose is hedges and bushy places. The
habit is shrub-like, compact, erect. The plant is
small, with short branches, which sometimes arch.
The prickles are stout, few, scattered, passing
into bristles, unequal, the larger curved. The
leaflets have simple teeth, hairless or downy below,
without glands, bluish-green above, the nerves
below and midrib above with few hairs. The leaf-
stalk is downy. The stipules are naked on the
back, with a fringe of glands on the auricles or
lobes. The flowers are pale-pink, up to 12, the
stalks naked like the calyx-tube. The sepals are
leafy, more or less persistent in fruit, naked on the
back. The fruit is erect, nearly rounded, naked,
with a small disk, blood-red, pitcher-like, with a
narrow mouth, ripening in October. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in June and July,
being a deciduous shrub.

Rosa suberecta, Ley.—This species occurs in 23
vice-counties, chiefly in North England and Scot-
land. The leaflets are glandular, nearly hairless
or grey-downy, the bracts vinous-red. The leaf-
stalk has biternate prickles. The fruiting sepals
are narrowly egg-shaped, lance-shaped, or pin-
nate, nearly erect, the stalks and fruit densely
bristly. Otherwise it resembles FR. mollissima,
Willd. (=. tomentosa, Sm.), of which it was re-
garded as a variety.

Rosa andrzeiovit, Steven.—The principal prickles
of this species are large, sickle-like. The leaflets
are broadly elliptical, glandular. The sepals are
erect to spreading. The flower-stalks are hairy,
glandular. The fruit is globular. The plant is
in other respects like 2. tomentosa, Sm., of which
it was regarded as a variety.

Rosa uncinata, Ley.—The thorns of this rose
are uncinate, hooked, and stout. The leaflets are
hairy both sides, and glandular. The flower-
stalks are bristly. The fruit is pear-shaped.
The plant is allied to R. fomentosa, Sm., of which
it was regarded as a variety.

Rosa scabriuscula, Sm.—The prickles of this
species are straight, awl-like. The leaflets are
variable in shape, nearly hairless above, hairy

VoL. VI.

81

principally and only thinly so on the veins below,
rough to the touch, and sparingly glandular, or
without glands, greener below, large, oblong.
The sepals are turned back or rising. The fruit
is egg-shaped, oblong, aciculate. The style is
hairless. The plantis allied to 2. /omentosa, Sm.,
of which it has been regarded as a variety.

Downy-leaved Rose (osa tomentosa, Sm., pro
parte=. mollissima, Willd.).—The habitat of this
species is hedges and thickets. The stem is erect.
The branches are arching, long, 6-10 ft., the
prickles uniform, straight, slightly curved, slender.
The leaflets are elliptic, or rather inversely egg-
shaped, doubly-toothed, downy, especially below.
The flowers are 1-3, white or pink, on long stalks.
The sepals are pinnate, not quite persistent, falling
as soon as the fruit changes colour, spreading.
The fruit does not soon ripen, being bright-red
in September, and is oblong, with a distinct but
small disk, pitcher-shaped with a narrow mouth.
The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rosa farinosa, Bechst.—This species has the
leaflets densely grey-downy, glandular below,
with compound teeth. The flower-stalk is short
and naked. The fruit is naked. The styles are
woolly. The plant has been regarded as a
variety of R. mollissima, Willd., but Major Wolley-
Dod does not consider the plant typical in Britain
at any rate.

Rosa cinerascens, Dum.—This rose is a bush,
4-5 ft. high, with branches with bluish-green
powder. The prickles are straight, swollen below.
The leaflets are hairy both sides, simply toothed,
egg-shaped, acute, the leaf-stalks glandless, grey-
downy (hence cinerascens), softly hairy, without
prickles. The flowers are few, rose colour, the
stalks glandular, hairy. The sepals are spread-
ing, persistent till the fruit is ripe. The fruit is
red, nearly globular, egg-shaped, aciculate or
smooth. The styles are hairy.

Rosa cuspidatoides, Crépin. —The prickles of
this rose are sickle-like. The leaflets are broadly
oval, hairy, glandular below. The flowers are
rose colour. The sepals are nearly simple. The
fruit is nearly rounded, aciculate, as are the
flower-stalks, and small. The styles are densely
hairy or woolly. This species is allied to 2. mol-
lissima, Willd., of which it has been regarded asa
variety.

Rosa obovata, Ley.—The prickles of this species
are strongly curved, slender. The leaflets are in-
versely egg-shaped, thinly hairy, glandless below,
with very sharp double teeth. The flower-stalk is
short, naked.

Sweet Briar (Rosa eglanteria, L.=R. rubiginosa,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets,
bushy places. The plant is a small, suberect bush,
with erect or arching, compact branches, with
many prickles, stout at the base, scattered, the
largest hooked, the smaller unequal, awl-like,
straight, with glandular hairs and bristles. The
leaflets are doubly toothed, densely glandular
below, hairless or thinly hairy below, sweet-
scented, downy below. The sepals are glandular,

83

82

pinnate, somewhat persistent. The flowers are
1-3, rose colour. The flower-stalks are hairy,
and the styles also hairy. The fruit is nearly
round, egg-shaped, or oblong, pear-shaped at
first, with a very small disk, and ripe in October.
The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Sweet Briar (Rosa micrantha, Sm.).—The habi- |

tat of this species is hedges and thickets. The
stem is suberect, with long, loose, arched branches.
The foliage is scarcely scented. The leaflets are
rounded below, small, pointed, hairless above,
densely glandular below, doubly toothed, hairy in
the veins below. The prickles are uniform. The
flowers are few, pale, the sepals falling, densely
glandular, with a leafy point and 1-2 leaflets. The
flower-stalk is usually hairy. The styles are hair-
less. The fruit is pitcher-shaped to egg-shaped,
scarlet, rounded below, with a disk, ripe in Sep-
tember and October. The plant is 3-6 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous
shrub,

Rosa Borreri, WWoods.—The habitat of this rose
is heaths and hedges. In this species, placed by
Mr. Druce under #. obluszfolia, Desv. (=tomen-
tella, Lem.), the leaflets are flat, hairless above,

hairy beneath, with obscure glands, larger than |

in the latter. The leaflets are double-toothed.
The bracts are densely fringed with glands, the
backs naked. The styles are thinly hairy. The
prickles are stout and much hooked. The sepals
arenaked. The flowers are numerous. The flower-
stalk is short, bristly, naked, slightly glandular.
The calyx-tube is egg-shaped, naked, the sepals
at length spreading or turned back, falling when
the fruit ripens.

Rosa dumetorum, Thuill.—The habitat of this
species is hedges. The leaflets are green, the

terminal one large, with simple teeth, soft, grey- |
| is a deciduous shrub.

green, thinly hairy both sides, downy below, at

least on the midrib. The flowers are pink, rather |

deep. The flower-stalk is naked, as the leaf-stalk.
The styles are softly, not very, hairy. The fruit
is nearly round, large, egg-shaped. The plant is
3-6 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Rosa glauca, Vill.—The habitat of this species
is hedges, thickets, chiefly in hilly northern dis-
tricts. The plant forms a compact bush. The
rootstock is erect, arched. The leaflets are hair-
less or hairy, often bluish-green, egg-shaped,
simply or doubly coarsely toothed, simple. The
prickles are slender, equal hooked. The leaf-stalk
is hairless. The flowers are rose-pink. The sepals
are ascending after flowering or erect. The flower-
stalk is naked, short, nearly hidden by the large
bracts. The bracts, stipules, and branches turn
red. The styles are woolly, free. The fruit is
egg-shaped, pitcher-like, with a narrow mouth,
or roundish, ripening in September. The disk is
narrow. The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a deciduous shrub.

Rosa cesia, Sm.=coriifolia, Dr.—The habitat
of this plant is hedges, thickets, &c., chiefly in
hilly or northern districts. The leaflets are hairy

BRITISH FLORA

| both sides, softly hairy below, or doubly toothed,

| below, oblong, acute, rounded below.

grey-green. The flower-stalk is glandular. The
stipules and bracts are downy on the back. The
fruit is nearly round. The plant is 3-8 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous
shrub.

Rosa stylosa, Desv.—The habitat of this species
is hedges, chiefly in the south of England. The
plant is a tall bush, rarely low, with an erect to
arching stem. The root-shoots are erect, arched.
The leaflets are usually simply toothed, hairy
The leat-
stalks are glandular and bristly, like the flower-
stalks. The prickles are equal hooked. The
flowers are 3-6, pale-pink or white. The sepals
are bent back, falling, pinnate, with a tapered
point. The styles are hairless, and protrude and
fall short of the stamens. The disk is very pro-
minent. The fruit is egg-shaped. The plant is
4-12 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Trailing Rose (Rosa arvensis, Huds.).—The
habitat of this species is hedges, thickets, and
woods, The habit is trailing. The plant is a
large bush, with long, arching branches or root-
shoots, purple, bluish-green. The prickles are
sometimes very large, unequal, those on the
ramuli awl-like, stout, strongly hooked. The

| leaflets are glandless, hairless, or slightly downy,

point.

bluish-green below, simply toothed, nearly flat.
The flowers are 4-6, white, with a yellow throat.
The sepals are naked on the back, short, broad,
bent back, falling, simply pinnate, with a short
The calyx is purple. The flower-stalk is
glandular. The style is in a round head, united
into an exserted column, hairless, as long as the

stamens. The fruit is nearly round, small, with

| a convex, thickened disk, ripening late. The plant

is 2-6 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and

The French Rose (Rosa gallica, L.).—This rose
is a bushy shrub. The prickles are unequal. The
stipulesare narrow. The leaflets are 5-7, leathery,
rigid, elliptic. The flowerbud is egg-shaped to
round. The flowers are red, crimson, or white,
single or double under cultivation. The sepals are
spreading during flowering. The fruit is red,
nearly round, very leathery. The calyx and
flower-stalk are more or less hairy with glandular
hairs, and sticky. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height.
It flowers in June and July, and is a deciduous
shrub. The fruit ripens in August.

Cinnamon Rose (Rosa cinnamomea, L. = R.
blanda, Aiton).—This rose is an alien species, intro-
duced. The stem has deep-red bark, slender, hori-
zontal, or bent-back prickles, unequal, numerous,
awl-like. The stipules are oblong, pointed, fringed
with glands. The leaflets are oblong, simple,
toothed, greyish-green, downy, without glands.
The flowers are purplish-red, with broad, hollow
petals. The flower-stalks are smooth. The fruit
is deep-red, egg-shaped or rounded. The plant is
4-5 ft. high, flowering in May onward, and is a
deciduous shrub.

Dickson’s Rose (Rosa Dicksonz, Lindl.).—The

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

stem of this rose is erect, with spreading wavy
branches, dark-red tinged with grey. The
prickles are scattered. The leaflets are oval, 5-7,
grey both sides, with spreading hairs, doubly
toothed. The flowers are deep-pink, the petals
not as long as the calyx. The flower-stalks are
bristly, enlarged above. The fruit is egg-shaped.
The plant flowers in June.

Hawthorn (Crategus monogyna, Jacq. =C. Oxy-
acantha, L.).—The habitat of this plant is hedges,
thickets, and forests. The plant has the tree or
bush habit. The plant is spinous. It differs
from Crategus Oxyacanthoides, already described,
in the more deeply lobed, entire leaves, the lobes
lance-shaped, narrow, and long-pointed, with
narrower segments. The veins of the lower lobes
curve outwards. The flowers are in a corymb.
The calyx and flower-stalk are downy. The
flowers and fruit are not so large, and appear
later. There is 1 style, rarely 2, bent. The fruit
is nearly round. The plant flowers in May and
June, and is a deciduous tree or shrub.

ORDER ONAGRACE

Broad Smooth-leaved Willow Herb (Zpilobium
montanum, L.).—The habitat is shady banks,
walls, cottage roofs, dry places, woods, &c. The
habit is the rosette habit. The rosettes are stalk-
less, oblong, fleshy, and the stolons may be sub-
terranean and autumnal. The root is blunt. The
stem is erect, hairless, or downy, slender. The
leaves are stalked or in whorls of 3, the edges and
veins downy, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, oblong,
the base rounded, toothed, opposite, hairless.
The buds are nodding, egg-shaped. The flowers
are pale-purple. The sepals are lance-shaped.
The lobes of the stigma are 4, short, not rolled
back. The capsule is finely downy. The plant is
6-24 in. high, flowering in June and July, andis a
herbaceous perennial.

Lanceolate Willow Herb (Zfilobium lanceola-
tum, Sebast. et Maur.).—The habitat of this plant
is roadsides, dry stony places, garden walls, &c.
The habit is as in the last. The root is blunt.
The stolons are autumnal, the leaves in loose
rosettes, spreading. The stem is obscurely angled,
round, erect, branched, downy, the hairs short,
bent back. The leaves are oblong, lance-shaped,
opposite below, toothed, alternate, stalked, nar-
rowed to the base, the lower pairs limp, drooping.
The buds are inclined, egg-shaped. The leaf-stalk

ends in obscure lines running down the stem. The
flowers are numerous, pale-rose. The sepals are
broadly linear, with a long narrow point. The
stigma lobes are 4, short, and spreading. The

capsule is finely downy. The seeds are tubercled,
inversely egg-shaped to oblong, nearly acute
below. The plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFER2

Corn Parsley (Carum segetum, Benth. and Hook.
fil.).—The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks,

83

waste places, damp calcareous fields, and near the
The plant has the rosette habit, with radical
leaves. The stem is smooth, erect, branched,
rounded, nearly leafless above, finely furrowed,
solid. The lower leaves have lobes each side of a
common stalk, and are oblong, the leaflets nearly
stalkless, egg-shaped, lobed, scalloped, coarsely
toothed. The upper leaves are entire or divided
into three. The flowers are whitish, in a drooping
umbel, small, and irregular, the rays unequal. The
bracts and bracteoles are linear or awl-like. The
general involucre consists of 1-2 bracts. The fruit
is egg-shaped. The styles are short and erect.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial, annual,
or biennial.

Hedge Honewort (Sison Amomum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, moist places,
damp places on a calcareous soil. The plant is
similar to the last in habit, &c., but the radical
leaves are larger and more coarsely toothed.
The root is spindle-shaped. The stem is erect,
branched, panicled, slender, leafy, solid. The
radical leaves have lobes each side of a common
stalk, the upper are divided into narrow lobes, and
the leaflets are oblong, toothed, cut. The flowers
are small, white, in compound, irregular, terminal
or axillary umbels, with few, slender, unequal
rays. The bracts and bracteoles are 2-4, short,
awl-like. The petals are inversely heart-shaped,
with a deep notch, the point long, hooded. The
styles are short, bent back. The lobes of the
disk are thick, depressed. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering late in August, and is a herb-
aceous biennial.

Great Burnet Saxifrage (Pimpinella magna, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is bushy waste places,
shady hills, and woods. The habit is erect. The
stem is angular, leafy, finely furrowed. The leaves
all have lobes each side of a common stalk, the
leaflets egg-shaped, toothed, cut, the terminal one
3-lobed, the lateral 3-lobed, broad, membranous,
those of the radical leaves egg-shaped, nearly
heart-shaped, of the stem-leaves narrower. The
radical leaflets are stalked. The flowers are white,
in a broad umbel, the outer flowers complete, the
inner male. The styles are longer than the ovary,
or as long as the fruit, which is oval. The plant is
1-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Chervil (Cherophyllum temulum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is fields, banks, road-
sides, hedges, and waste places. The habit is
erect, the stem being swollen below each node,
spotted with purple, stiffly hairy, branched,
grooved, solid, round and rough below, the hairs
above bent downwards. The leaflets are egg-
shaped, entire, the leaves triangular, bipinnate.
The flowerheads are wide, with small, white
florets. The short, spreading styles equal the
fleshy disk on the top of the ovary. The fruit is
egg-shaped, flattened upwards. The plant is 1-3
ft. high, flowering between April and July (I have
| found it in flower as late as November), and isa
| herbaceous perennial or biennial.

sea.

84

Beaked Parsley (Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh. =
Anthriscus scandix, Beck.).—The habitat of this
plant is hedgebanks, roadsides, sunny places on dry
soil. The habit is erect. The stem is branched,
hairless, leafy, hollow, swollen below the nodes.
The leaves are thrice pinnate, the leaflets are egg-
shaped, divided nearly to the base, the segments
are short, blunt, slightly hairy. The flowers are
small, in lateral, stalked umbels, the rays unequal.
There are no bracts, short, oblong bracteoles.
The partial involucre consists of a few leaflets
fringed with hairs. The fruit is egg-shaped, hairy,
with hooked bristles, the beak short, smooth.
The ultimate flower-stalks have a ring of hairs.
The styles are short. The plant is 13 ft. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

Wild Chervil (Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm.).—
The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, hedges,
and banks, woods, and shaded places. The habit
is erect. The stem is branched, hairy below,
smooth above, stout, erect, hollow, furrowed,
leafy, swollen below the nodes. The leaves are
twice to thrice pinnate, the leaflets are divided
nearly to the base. The bracteoles are oblong,
lance-shaped, fringed with hairs, green, spread-
ing or turned back, pink. The flowers are white,
in terminal stalked umbels, drooping at first, with
a partial involucre of several leaflets, egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, fringed with hairs. The petals are
oblong, inversely egg-shaped, hardly notched,
hooded. The fruit is smooth, shining, narrowed
to the tip. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering
from April to June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Great Hartwort (Zordylium maximum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waste
places. The plant is of erect habit. The plant is
hairy with short hairs turned back on the stem,
which is slender, erect, hollow, grooved. The
leaves are pinnate. The leaflets are in 1-3 pairs,
deeply divided nearly to the base, oblong-lance-
shaped, cut, toothed, the leaf-stalk sheathed. The
bracts and bracteoles are short and stiff, 6-8. The
flowers are stalkless, pink, in a small, crowded
umbel, with 6-8 rays, stout, short, hairy. The
partial involucres are linear, shorter than the
umbel. The outermost petals are radiant, with 2
equal lobes. The fruit is hairy, the margin scal-
loped, hairless, thickened, oblong. The styles are
short, stiff, and erect. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from June to July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER RUBIACE2

Ladies’ Bedstraw (Galium verum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy banks, shores, pas-
tures, downs, dry sandy places, &c. The habit
is erect or ascending. The stem is branched,
rather woody, 4-angled, sometimes downy. The
leaves are 8, in a whorl, linear, awl-like, with the
margins rolled back, rough above, bluntly pointed,
bent back, channelled above, downy below. The
flowers are golden-yellow, in numerous small,
dense, compound panicles, nearly terminal or
axillary, in a sort of spike. The petals are blunt,

BRITISH FLORA

with a short point. The fruit-stalks are spread-
ing. The fruit is small, black, smooth. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Crosswort (Galium Cruciata, Scop.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is hedges, roadsides, and copses.
The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The root-
stock is creeping. The stem is simple above,
slender, branched below. The leaves are 4, in
a whorl (hence Cruciata and Crosswort), hairy
both sides, elliptic to oblong, egg-shaped, 3-nerved.
The flowers are in axillary cymes, with bracts, the
flowers terminal, complete, few, on short stalks,
the outer male, 8, in a corymb, not so long as the
leaves. The fruit is rounded, with the stalk bent
back. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May
and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Great White Bedstraw (Galium Mollugo, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is hedges and copses.
The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem
is branched, 4-angled, thickened at the nodes,
limp, hairless or hairy. The leaves are 6-8, in
a whorl, inversely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, ob-
long, with a blunt point, the margins rough, with
erect or forwardly-directed prickles, slightly trans-
lucent, veined, hardly separate below, the leaves
on the main stem horizontal or bent down. The
flowers are small, white, numerous, in horizontal
or bent-down cymes, the branches of the panicle
broad and spreading. The petals are slightly
hooded. The fruit-stalks are spreading. The
fruit is black, shagreened, hairless. The styles
are nearly free. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

ORDER DIPSACE

Shepherd’s Rod (Difsacus pilosus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is moist hedges, banks, and
shady places. The habit is erect. The stem is
slender, rough, branched, leafy, and the ribs have
short, soft, hair-pointed prickles. The leaves are
stalked, with a pair of basal leaflets, the radical
hairy, scalloped, the stem-leaves oblong, scalloped,
toothed. The white florets form a hairy, rounded
head, drooping in bud, longer than the involucre,
the numerous linear, pointed, hairy bracts bent
down. The scales of the receptacle are inversely
egg-shaped, hooked, blunt - pointed. The invo-
lucel, calyx-tube, and corolla are white, and very
hairy. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in
August and September, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial or biennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is hedges, hedgebanks,
and waste places. The habit is erect. The plant
is strong-scented. The stem is downy, branched
above, furrowed, panicled. The leaves are stalked,
pinnate, light-green, with egg-shaped, blunt, cut
lobes, deeply divided nearly to the base. The
flowerheads are numerous, corymbose. The disk
is yellow, the ray white or absent. The receptacle

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

is hemispherical. The phyllaries are blunt, linear.
The ligules are short and broad. The bracts have
a membranous border, broad, ribbed, downy. The
fruit is crowned with a short, jagged membrane,
the disk cup-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is hedges, hedgebanks, waste
places. The habit is erect, pyramidal. The plant
is strong-scented. The stem is reddish, angled,
grooved, branched, leafy. The leaves are broad,
woolly, white below, dark-green above, deeply
divided nearly to the base, the lobes broad, lance-
shaped, long and narrow-pointed, cut and toothed,
acute, the margins bent back. The leaf-stalk is
auricled. The flowerheads are few, reddish, or
yellowish-brown, or creamy-white, crowded, in
short, erect panicles, egg-shaped, leafy, simple.
The receptacle is hairless. The corollas of the
ray florets are cylindrical, slender. The phyllaries
are woolly. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Welted Thistle (Carduus crispus, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waysides, dry
banks, and waste places. The habit is erect.
The stem is winged, the wings narrowed, wavy,
cottony or downy above, the branches ascending.
The leaves run down the stem below, are fringed
with spines which serve as a protection, lance-
shaped, cottony below or hairless, deeply divided
nearly to the base, the lobes divided into 3 nearly
to the base, toothed. The flowerheads are round,
clustered, small, erect, the florets purple or white.
The flower-stalks are leafy. The involucre is
webbed, egg-shaped, the phyllaries linear, awl-
like, erect or ascending, slender, not contracted
above the base. The fruit is pale, shining, fur-
rowed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial or
annual.

Hawkweed Oxtongue (Picris hieracioides, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry banks, hedge-
banks, dry sunny places, waste places on a stiff
soil. The habit is erect. The plant is hairy with
short, stiff, straight, curly or hooked hairs. The
stem has irregularly spreading branches, and is
stout and rough. The leaves are linear-lance-
shaped, wavy, toothed, narrow, the lower stalked,
the upper clasping. The flowerheads form a
corymb, and are solitary, terminal, on the stem
and branches. The flower-stalks bear bracts.
The florets are yellow. The outer phyllaries are
narrow, loose, oblong, smooth at the border, with
a bristly keel, and the involucre more or less bell-
shaped. The fruit is not beaked, the pappus
whitish. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
between July and September. It is a herbaceous
biennial.

Oxtongue (Picris echioides, L.).—The habitat
of this species is hedges, pathways, hedgebanks,
ditches, borders of fields, and waste places on a
stiff soil. The habit is as in the last. The stem
is erect, branched, stout, hairy, the bristles 3-fid,

85

rigid, hooked, and tuberculate at the base. The
radical leaves are stalked, wavy, toothed, the upper
heart-shaped, clasping, oblong, lance-shaped.
The flowerheads are large, the florets yellow.
The flower-stalks are stout, stiff, enlarged, spread-
ing, naked. The involucre is hemispherical,
brisuly. The outer bracts are leaflike, heart-
shaped, the inner long, narrow-pointed. The
ligules are short. The fruit is shortly, narrowly
beaked, reddish-brown, angular. The pappus is
snowy-white. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
between June and October, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Hieracium surrejanum, F. J. Hanb,—The habitat
of this species is sandy hedgebanks. The stem is
usually simple, finely furrowed, reddish, hairy below,
woolly-felted, stiffly hairy above. The earlier radi-
cal leaves are not persistent, oblong to elliptic, the
later broad to egg-shaped, blunt, narrowed below,
toothed, the inner egg-shaped tolance-shaped, blunt,
wedge-shaped below, purplish, stiffly hairy below
and on the border. The stem-leaves are 2-5, the
lower stalked, egg-shaped, oblong to lance-shaped,
the upper blunt, narrowed to the nearly stalkless
base, toothed. The panicle has 1-2, erect, spread-
ing, 2—3-flowered branches in a corymb, the upper
arching, exceeding the acladium. The 3-7 heads
are broad, egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are
woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The phyllaries
are dark, the outer linear, acute, the inner broader,
lance-shaped to oblong, narrow above, blunt, with
a pale border, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy.
The ligules are hairless. The styles are yellow.
The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Acrid Lettuce (Zactuca virosa, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is hedgebanks, dry banks, and
waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is
leafy, branched above, panicled, rough. The
plant is bluish-green, full of milky acrid juice,
which serves to protect it. The leaves are spread-
ing, the radical leaves inversely egg-shaped,
oblong, toothed, wavy, stalked, with black spots,
the stem-leaves clasping, with auricles, pointing
downwards, hardly narrowed below. The flower-
heads are pale-yellow, scattered, with few, green,
red-tipped, acute, heart-shaped bracts, rarely
with the lobes pointing backwards. The panicle
branches are long-spreading. The flower-stalks
are slender and bear bracts. The involucre is
narrow, conical. The fruits are black, beaked,
the beak as long as the fruit, with a cellular wing,
and ribbed faces. The pappus is white, slender.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Gromwell (Zithospermum officinale, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, woods,
thickets, copses, dry and stony places. The habit
is erect. The rootstock is woody, stout, whitish.
The stems are tall, numerous, branched, rough,
the hairs tuberculate at the base, leafy. The
leaves are rough, green above, paler below,

86

downy above, half-clasping, narrow to lance-
shaped, acute, veined, roughly hairy, the bristles
closely pressed and bulbous above. The nearly
stalkless flowers are greenish, yellowish-white, in
a small cyme, the throat of the corolla having
small seales. The bracts are longer than the
calyx, which is as long as the corolla. The 1-2
nutlets are white, hard, stony, smooth, shining,
narrowed above. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Cornish Moneywort (Sb/horpia europea, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is damp, shady places,
and banks in the S. and S.W. The habit is trail-
ing, prostrate. The stem is creeping, thread-like,
slender, the hairs limp and jointed. The leaves
are alternate, round to kidney-shaped, 7-9-lobed,
the lobes broad, rounded, notched, long-stalked,
scalloped. The flowers are small, pink, solitary,
in the axils, on short stalks. The calyx and co-
rolla are 5-lobed, the sepals lance-shaped, 2 of the
petals yellowish. There are 4 stamens. The cap-
sule is very small. The plant is 6-12 in. long,
flowering from June to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER LABIAT=

Black Horehound (Ballota nigra, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, roadsides,
and waste places. The habit iserect. The plant
is coarsely hairy, hoary or woolly-felted, dull-green,
feetid, with a pungent odour. The stem is stout,
branched, with bent-back hairs. The upper leaves
are egg-shaped, stalked, the lower heart-shaped,
scalloped, lobed. The bracts are leaflike, linear,
awllike. The bracteoles are small. The flowers
are pale reddish-purple, 3-6, stalkless, in many-
whorled, stalked cymes. The calyx is funnel-
shaped, the teeth broadly egg-shaped, short,
spreading or bent back, with a long, narrow point,
enlarged in fruit. The tube is cylindrical, ribbed,
the limb is short, expanded, with 5 teeth, nerved,
spiny. The upper lip of the corolla is hairy inside
and out. The middle lobe of the inner lip is in-
versely heart-shaped. The nutlets are bluntly 3-
angled, brown, smooth, shining.
ft. high, flowering from June to October, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Climbing Bush Knotweed (Polygonum dume-
forum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is hedges,
thickets in the S. The habit is climbing, twining.
The stem is wiry, furrowed, round or angled.
The leaves are heart-shaped, arrow-shaped. The
outer perianth-segments are broadly winged.
The flower-stalks are hair-like, slender, jointed
below the middle. The nut is small, smooth, highly
polished. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering
between July and September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

The plant is 1-3 |

BRITISH FLORA

Rumex aculus, L.(=R. pratensis, Mert. et Koch).
—The habitat ef this species is roadsides, marshy
places. It is similar in habit to &. ob/usifolius,
with narrower leaves. The stem is tinged with
red. The radical leaves are linear, oblong to
lance-shaped, wavy, heart-shaped below, acute.
The panicle is leafy below, the whorls close, not
crowded. The inner fruiting sepals or perianth-
segments are unequal, heart-shaped, triangular,
shortly toothed below, with a Small, entire, tri-
angular point, the upper tubercled, the tubercle
egg-shaped or lance-shaped. The anthers are
white before they open. The nutlets are numerous,
elliptic. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Blood Dock (Rumex sanguineus, L.). — The
habitat of this species is roadsides, hedges, wooded
places, waste places. The habit is as in the last.
The stem is slender, ascending, simple or little
branched. The leaves are egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, the lower heart-shaped, fiddle-shaped, a
little wavy, with red nerves. The leaf-stalk is
black, short. The panicle is leafy below, loose,
with distant, many-flowered whorls. The flower-
stalks equal the perianth-segments, and are jointed
below. The inner fruiting sepals are oblong,
blunt, with a round base, entire, one, the outer,
larger, with a large bright-red, smooth, nearly
round tubercle, broadest above the middle. The
nut is brown, drooping, egg-shaped to elliptic,
shining. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
between July and October, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Monk’s Rhubarb (Rumex alpinus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is roadsides, near cottages.
The habit is as in the last. The rootstock is stout.
The plant is downy, with cellular hairs. The stem
is stout. The leaves are broadly egg-shaped or
rounded to heart-shaped, blunt, with wavy borders,
the upper egg-shaped. The leaf-stalk is long,
stout, channelled. The panicle is leafy below,
with numerous, erect branches, the whorls
crowded, numerous. The inner fruiting sepals are
triangular to egg-shaped, net-veined, membranous,
entire or toothed, with no tubercles. The flower-
stalks are twice as long, jointed below the middle.
The nut is elliptic, grey. The plant is 2-4 ft. high,
flowering in July, and isa herbaceous perennial or
biennial.

ORDER URTICACE

Hop (Humulus Lupulus, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is hedges and copses. The habit is twin-
ing, climbing, and the plant is rough. The root-
stock is stout, branched. The stem is tall, almost
prickly, tough. The branchlets are hairless. The
leaves are stalked, heart-shaped, opposite, smooth
above, rough below, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acutely
toothed, egg-shaped, toothed, the uppermost egg-
shaped. The male flowers are loosely panicled,
the female on curved flower-stalks, in fruit yellow,
egg-shaped, globular, with egg-shaped scales, the
scales rounded, glandular, resinous, like the fruit
and bracteoles. The fruit is dry, with pendulous
seeds. The plant is climbing, revolving to the

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

right, a revolution taking 2 hours.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER SALICACEA

Black Poplar (Populus nigra, L.).—The so-called |

Populus nigra has recently been found to have
heen generally confounded with the Canadian
Black Poplar, which is extensively planted in this
country (Populus monilifera). The latter has the
leaves broadly triangular, and greyish-green. The
trunk is much smoother, the branches curve up-
wards. The leaf-buds are sticky. The catkins
areloose. In the true ?. nigra the leaves are tri-
angular with a long point, smooth below, and
yellowish-green, The young buds are sticky. The
branches spread horizontally. The trunk has
rough bosses. The style is 2-lobed at the apex.
The catkins are loose. The habitat is hedgerows.
The tree grows toa height of 60-90 ft., and flowers
in April and May.

ORDER LILIACE®

Field Garlic (A//ium oleraceum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is borders of fields and waysides.
The habit is as in the last. The stem is leafy
below. The leaves are almost flat, channelled,
keeled below, the ribs rough, fleshy, thick, and
solid. The scape is cylindrical half-way up,
sheathed by the leaves, and slender. There are 2
spathes, unequal, with a slender beak. The um-
belled head is loose, with bulbils, the flower-stalk
Wavy, spreading. The perianth is bell-shaped,
with blunt segments, pale-brown or greenish-pink.
The stamens are as long as the perianth, or

shorter, or included. The anther-stalks are awl- |

shaped, united below for a short distance. The
Field Garlic is 10-18 in. in height. It flowers late
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Garlic (Allium carinalum, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is banks, &c. The habit is of the usual
garlic type, lily-like or grass-like. The stem is
leafy below, the leaves furrowed with 3-5 furrows
below, linear, flat above, sheathing the scape,
which is cylindrical to the middle, erect. The
scape is umbelled, bearing few, if any, bulbils, and
there are 2 spathes, with unequal long beaks. The
perianth-segments are blunt, the flowers rose-
coloured. The stamens project, being twice as
long as the perianth-segments when ripe. The
plant is 6-15 in. in height. It flowers in July and
August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial.
Narrow-leaved Ramsons (Ad/ium triguetrum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks and
meadows. The habit is lily-like. The bulb is
egg-shaped, small.

The stem is 3-sided. The !

87

It is 4-12 ft. | leaves are radical, linear, flat, sharply keeled, bent

back, or the margin rolled back, angularly folded,
acute. The scape is 3-sided. The spathe is 2-
valved, lance-shaped. The head is loose-flowered.
The perianth is bell-shaped. The segments with
a green midrib are linear-oblong, the stalks
curved, the tip club-shaped. The flowers are
drooping, white, arranged one side of the stalk,
without bulbils. The stamens are short, half as
long as the perianth, free, and included, the anther-
stalks slender. The stigmas are distinct, thread-
like. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in April
till June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ARACEA

Arum (Arum tlalicum, L.).—The habitat of this
plant is banks in the south-east of England. The
habit is like that of Cuckoo-pint. It is larger and
stouterthan the latter. The leaves are yellow, veined,
dark-green,-more triangular, with spreading lobes,
blunt, appear before the winter, and are all radical.
The leaf-stalk is longer than the limb. The spathe,
swollen below, nearly flat, broad above, falls over
as soon as it expands, closing the opening like a
flap, and is three times the length of the spadix,
which is club-shaped and yellow. The pistillodes
or functionless pistils are long above and below
the stamens. The berries are longer and the
seeds larger than in the Cuckoo-pint. The plant
evolves greater heat than the temperature of the
surrounding atmosphere, the spathe being at go-
44° C. when the atmosphere is 15°C. The plant is
6-12 in. high, and flowers in May and June, being
a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Meadow Brome Grass (Bromus mollis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is roadsides, fields,
and waste places, &c. The plant has the grass
habit. The plant is softly downy (hence mollis).
The stems are rounded. The leaves are broad,
soft, with rough edges. The sheaths are round,
softly hairy. The ligule is short. The flowers
are in an erect or nodding, rigid, egg-shaped
panicle, close, branched, nearly simple. The
spikelets are flattened at the border, egg-shaped,
oblong, with conical tips, downy. The empty
glumes are egg-shaped, acute, with strong nerves.
The florets are closely overlapping as long as
the straight awn. The flowering glumes are
6-10, downy, falling, broadly and bluntly angled
above the middle, opaque. The top of the upper
glume is half-way to the top of the sixth floret.
The anthers are three times as long as broad.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from May to
August, and is a herbaceous annual.

FLOWERS OF THE HILLS, DRY PLACES,“ EinG:

[The plants included in this section are usually montane species, but altitude is not the only factor, and the

relative moisture is equally important.

The species here included are chiefly those that occur on dry hills,

where the soil is fairly deep, and the Alpine species which require less soil and moister conditions are included
in the last section, which comprises plants more allied to species that grow on rocks or on walls, &c.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Meadow Rue (Zhalictrum minus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry and rocky places. The
plant has the erect habit, and is inversely pyra-
midal. The stem is solid, smooth or finely fur-
rowed, sheathed below, rigid, zigzag, furrowed
when dry, leafless, branched. The leaves are tri-
angular, 3-4 times pinnate, 3-cleft, bluish-green,
the leaflets roundish, acutely or bluntly lobed.
The stipules are parallel with the leaf-stalk, with
spreading or bent-back auricles. The branches
are angular, ascending. The flowers are droop-
ing, greenish-yellow, in a loose, branched panicle,
with 4 yellow-green sepals. The anthers are
apiculate. The achenes are fusiform, stalkless,
elliptic to oblong, straight or swollen below, 8-10-
ribbed, more or less flattened at the border. The
plant is 3 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Pasque Flower (Anemone Pulsatilla, L.).—The
habitat of this species is chalk downs, limestone
pastures, &c. The habit is erect. The plant is
silky. The rootstock is stout and woody. The
leaves mature after flowering, and are 3 times
divided nearly to the base, with linear seg-
ments. The involucral leaves are silky, stalkless,
divided nearly to the base, with long, linear seg-
ments. The flowers are solitary, bell-shaped,
drooping in bud, erect later, dull-purple, silky
outside. The sepals are 6, erect, silky, petaloid.
The flower-stalk lengthens after flowering. The
outer stamens are yellow, reduced to glands, and
may be reduced petals, the imperfect ones con-
taining honey. The achenes have long, feathery
tails. The plant is 5-8 in. high, flowering in April
and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Crowfoot (Ranunculus cherophyllus, L. = R.
flabellatus, Desf.).—The habitat of this species is
hedgebanks and dry banks. The habit is erect.
The root consists of short, egg-shaped knobs and
fibres. The stoles are slender with small scales
which give rise to a new plant. The stem is
generally simple, slender, swollen below, silky,
hairy, with tuberous offsets. The leaves are
hairy, 3-foliolate. The radical leaves are 3-lobed,
with 3-7 divisions. The stem-leaves are 1-2, with

linear segments. The flowers are bright-yellow.
The receptacle is smooth, oblong. The calyx is
hairy, spreading. The flower-stalks are furrowed.
The achenes form a head, and are hairy, flattened
at the border, acute, dotted, oblong, cylindric,
numerous, rounded, with an acute beak, rough,
small. The plant is 4-12 in. high. It flowers in
May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Small-flowered Crowfoot (Ranunculus parvifio-
rus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is fields, banks,
roadsides, cornfields, and dry banks. The habit
is prostrate. The root is fibrous. The stems and
branches are slender, spreading. The leaves are
rounded or kidney-shaped, 3-5-lobed, the lobes
toothed, the upper leaves oblong, entire, or 3-lobed,
with entire, deeply-cut lobes, the lowest entire.
The flower-stalks are lateral, opposite a leaf or
in the forks, furrowed. The flowers are yellow,
with 3-5 small, narrow, oblong petals, the gland
with a small scale. The calyx is erect at first,
afterwards turned back. The receptacle is hair-
less. The achenes are small, rounded, with
hooked tubercles. The styles are nearly straight,
and short. The plant is 3-12 in. long, flowering
in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER CRUCIFER&

Wall Cress (Arabis hirsuta, Br.). —The habitat
of this plant is dry banks, rocks, walls, dry places
generally. The habit is the rosette habit. The
stems are hairy (hence Azrsuta), with hairs closely
pressed, the hairs simple, spreading, leafy, slender,
numerous. The radical leaves are more or less
narrowed below, shortly-stalked, toothed, the
stem-leaves stalkless, or half-clasping, blunt, with
spreading auricles, or heart-shaped below. The
flowers are small, white, the petals spreading.
The pods are erect, narrow, slender, straight,
closely pressed. The style is short. The seeds
are distant, with a narrow wing. The plant is
9-18 in. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous biennial.

Alpine Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia alpina, Wats.
=C. grenlandica, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant
is mountains. The plant was formerly regarded
as a sub-species of C. officinalis. It has more

HIELS,* DRY PLACES, ETC.

or less the rosette habit. It is a more slender
plant, with smaller leaves. The radical leaves are
broadly heart-shaped, blunt, entire or rather ob-
scurely lobed, the upper stem-leaves triangular,
clasping, 3-lobed, or broadly egg-shaped, with
4-6 teeth. The pods are rhomboid to oblong,
narrowed both ends, inversely egg-shaped. The
style is short. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flower-
ing from June to August, and is a perennial or
biennial.

Cochlearia micacea, E.S.M.—The habitat of this
species is high Scottish mountains. The plant is
regarded as a variety of the last. It differs in
being a small, prostrate plant. The leaves are
small. The pod is narrower, 14-3 times as long
as broad. The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering
from June to August, and is a herbaceous bien-
nial.

Teesdale's Cress (Zeesdalia nudicaulis, Br.).—
The habitat of this species is sandy and gravelly
places. The plant has the rosette habit. The
stems are numerous, or solitary, slender, ascend-
ing, with one or two small leaves. The leaves
are radical, numerous, flat, divided nearly to the
base, the lobes larger upwards, or rounded, spoon-
shaped, entire. The flowers are white, in a
corymb, then a raceme, the 2 outer petals twice
as long as the rest, unequal. The stamens bear
scales. The style is very short. The pods are
notched, winged, on short, slender, spreading
stalks. The plant is 5-12 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER RESEDACE

Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea, L.). — The
habitat of this species is chalky and sandy fields,
limestone tracts, waste places. The habit is
erect. The stem is smooth, branched, ribbed.
The leaves are divided nearly to the base, 2-3-
lobed, the lobes few, distant, blunt, linear. The
flowers are in a dense raceme, conical, pale-yellow.
The sepals and petals are unequal. The 5 sepals
are linear, the upper smaller. The 6 petals are
unequal. The 3 upper petals have wing-like lobes,
the claw is 2-lobed, the limb 3-lobed, the lateral
2-lobed with 1 wing, the lower nearly entire, pro-
tecting the honey. There are 3 stigmas. The
capsule is oblong, wrinkled, 3-toothed. The seeds
are black, smooth, shining, inversely egg-shaped.
The plant is 2 ft. high, flowering from June to
August. The plant is a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER CISTACE4

White Rock Rose (Helianthemum polifolium,
Mill.).—The habitat of this species is stony places,
slopes near the base of hills. The habit is trail-
ing, prostrate, shrubby. The stem is branched,
prostrate, hoary, downy both sides, with stipules.
The leaves have bent or rolled-back margins, and
are opposite, with stipules, egg-shaped to oblong,
linear. The flowers are white, in racemes, with
bracts on the stalks. The sepals are downy, the
inner blunt. The style is bent below, longer than

89

the ovary. The plant is 8-10 in. high, flowering
from May to July, and is a perennial under-
shrub.

Spotted Rock Rose (/elianthemum gutlalum,
Mill.).—The habitat of this plant is stony, heathy
places. The habit is erect. The stem is hoary
or downy, simple or forked, and branched from
the base, without bracts. The leaves are oblong
to lance-shaped, linear, the lower leaves are
opposite, the upper alternate, with stipules. The
flowers are yellow, with deep-red or chocolate
spots below (hence guf/atum). The petals are
wedge-shaped. The fruit-stalks are spreading,
without bracts. The stigma is nearly stalkless.
The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering between May
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hoary Rock Rose (Helianthemum canum,
Baumg. = H. marifolium, Mill.).—The habitat of
this species is dry banks, rocks, limestone rocks.
Thehabit is prostrate, shrubby. The stem is woody,
much-branched, hoary (hence canum), with stipules.
The leaves are hoary both sides, or hairy above,
egg-shaped, oblong, stalked, flat, opposite. The
flower-stalks bear bracts. The flowers are few,
small, yellow, in terminal racemes with bracts.
The style is twisted below, bent back at the tip,
bent in, longer than the stigma. The anthers are
notched both ends. The plant is 6-8 in. long,
flowering from May to July, and is a perennial
shrub.

ORDER VIOLACE

Viola calcarea, Greg.—The habitat of this violet
is calcareous ground. The plant was formerly
regarded as a variety of Viola hirta. It is small,
glabrous, without stolons. The rootstock is
branched, thick, woody. The leaves are small,
egg-shaped, oblong, heart-shaped. The flower-
stalks are longer than the leaves. The flowers are
very small, violet or mauve, the throat the same.
The petals are narrow, the 4 upper forming a St.
Andrew's cross, the sepals oblong to egg-shaped.
The spur is very short, straight, conical. The
capsule is small, roundish, depressed. It is a her-
baceous perennial plant, flowering in April and
May.

Sand Violet (Viola arenaria, D.C. = rupestris,
Schmidt).—The habitat of this species is elevated
calcareous pastures. The habit is tufted. The
rootstock is thick, woody, brown, clothed with
bases of earlier leaves. The stipules below are
small and narrow, nearly entire, the upper ones
longer, broader, hairy. The leaves are short-
stalked, rounded, kidney-shaped, broadly heart-
shaped, with a short point, thick, dotted, nearly
entire. The flowers are large, blue, the anterior
petal long, narrow, notched, with a blunt point.
The spur is short, thick, furrowed. The sepals
are hardly acute. The bracts are slender, entire,
or above the curvature of the flower-stalk. The
anther-spurs are very slender, sickle-like, as long
as the anther, which has a blunt scale. The cap-
sule isdowny. The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering
in May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Viola lutea, Huds.—The habitat of this species

go

is mountain pastures, hilly districts.
has been regarded as a sub-species of V. ¢ricolor,
L. The habit is ascending. The stem is branched
and thread-like underground. The rootstock is
slender, branched, the branches slender, with
short stems and underground runners. The leaves
are scalloped, toothed, the lower egg-shaped or
lance-shaped. The stipules are lobed, linear, 3
lateral one side, 1 on the other, the middle one
entire and larger, divided nearly to the base, the
lobes radiating from a centre. The flowers are all
yellow (hence /u/ea), the petals spreading, longer
than the sepals. The capsule is round. The
plant is 4-9 in. high, flowering from Junetill August,
and is a perennial at high elevations or annual.

ORDER POLYGALACE

Polygala oxyplera, Reichb.—The habitat of this
species is limestone and chalky soils, sandy shores.
The habit is prostrate. The branches are wavy,
the leaves linear, the inner sepals wedge-shaped
below, shorter and narrower than the capsule. The
flower-stalks are hairless, with smaller flowers,
usually blue. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering
from June to August, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Polygala austriaca, Crantz.—The habitat of this
species is chalk downs. It differs from P. amara,
L., in the colour of the flowers, which are very
small, dull-blue or bluish-white. The capsule is
rounded below, narrowed to the base, and the
leaves are less fleshy. The plant is 1-3 in. high,
flowering in June, July, and is a perennial.

Chalk Milkwort (Polygala calcarea, E. Schulz).
—The habitat of this species is dry soil and rocks,
chalk hills. The habit is the rosette habit. The
stem is weak, prostrate or ascending, nearly naked
below, branched, the many branches rooting and
proliferous, spreading in an umbel-like manner
from the root. The radical leaves are in an
irregular rosette, large, egg-shaped, blunt, those
of flowering stems short, smaller, lance-shaped,
elliptic. The stem-leaves are oblong. The flowers
are blue. The calyx-wings are oblong or in-
versely egg-shaped, larger than the fruit, the veins
branched, the lateral looping, with a branch above
the middle of the central vein. The capsule is
oblong, inversely heart-shaped. The lobes of the
aril are unequal, the lateral half as long as the
seed. The plant is 1-6 in. long, flowering from
May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE
(See also p. 99)

Deptford Pink (Dianthus Armeria, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is fields, dry banks, sandy
and gravelly places, waste places, clayey pastures,
cloverfields, roadsides, woods, hedgebanks. The
habit is erect. The stems are downy, few, rigid,
branched. The leaves are linear, opposite, united
below, downy, the lower blunt, the upper acute.
The bracts are lance-shaped, downy, as long as
the calyx, with awl-like tips. The flowers are red
with dark dots, or rose with white dots, close,

BRITISH FLORA

The plant | grouped, in loose cymes. The calyx-tube is cylin-

drical with many nerves, the calyx-scales lance-
shaped, awl-like, downy. The petals are narrow,
distant, toothed. The capsule is 4-valved above.
The seeds are nearly flat one side, hollowed out,
with a longitudinal keel. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Silene gallica, L.—The habitat. of this plant is
gravelly places. The plant is erect or much-
branched. ‘The plant is hairy and clammy. The
lower leaves are spoon-shaped. The flowers are
white or pink, in leafy racemes, the petals large,
and scales small, entire, or divided into two nearly
to the base. The calyx is membranous, with
bristle-like teeth, and green, downy ribs. The
capsule is egg-shaped on a bent-down flower-
stalk, andis incompletely divided internally. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to
October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Nottingham Catchfly (Sz/ene nudans, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry places, limestone,
chalky places, rocky places, walls. The habit is
as in the last. The plant is downy. The root-
stock is woody and branched. The stem is erect,
clammy above, hairy. The radical leaves are
spoon-shaped, oblong to lance-shaped, stalked,
tufted. The stem-leaves are linear to lance-
shaped, stalkless. The flowers are white or pink,
in (hence zu/ans) drooping cymes. The branches
are opposite, 3-flowered. The calyx is clammy,
tubular, swollen in the middle, long, the teeth
acute, membranous, with purple veins. The petals
are divided into two nearly to the base, crowned,
with linear, spreading lobes, narrow, hooded.
The capsule is erect, exceeding and rupturing the
calyx, longer than the carpophore. The scales
are blunt. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Least Mouse Ear (Cerastium pumilum, Curt.
=glutinosum, Fr.).—The habitat of this species
is dry banks, calcareous places. The plant is
small and sticky, has an erect stem, branched
above the middle. The radical leaves are spoon-
shaped, with long, linear stalks, the upper oblong.
The flowers are in terminal, forked cymes, the
petals notched, with branched veins. The sepals
are lance-shaped, acute, with the borders and tips
membranous. The upper bracts have a narrow,
membranous border. The fruit-stalk is short,
curved at the top, bent down from the base, at
length erect. The capsule is curved upwards,
longer than the calyx. The plant is 1-4 in. high,
flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Five-stamened Mouse Ear (Cerastium semi-
decandrum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is dry
places, sandy, calcareous places, walls and banks.
The habit is erect or prostrate. The plant is
downy or clammy, or hairless, branched from the
base. The leaves are broadly egg-shaped or oval,
the lower with long, linear tufts. The bracts in
the upper half have a membranous border. The
flowers are white, in cymes, few or many. The
petals are slightly notched, with simple veins,

HILLS, DRY PLACES, ETC.

shorter than the sepals. The 5 sepals are bent
down between flowering and fruiting, and are
glandular, acute, with broad, membranous mar-
gins. The stamens are 4-5, or 10. The capsule
projects and is slightly curved, then erect. The
fruit-stalk is longer than the calyx. The plant is
1-8 in. high, flowering from April to June, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Dense-headed Mouse Ear (Cerastium glomera-
fum, Thuill=C. viscosum, L.).—The habitat of this
species is dry places, fields, and banks. The habit
is erect as in the last, or branched, but the plant
is larger and the leaves oval-shaped, pale-green.
The bracts are not membranous, hairy. The
flowers are in close, tufted cymes, more or less
forming a head at first, longer than the stalks.
The petals are divided into two nearly to the base,
not so long as the sepals. They are acute, lance-
shaped, the margin narrowly membranous, hairy,
with few glands. The capsule is twice as long as
the sepals, bent, cylindrical, the stalks as long as
the calyx. The plant is 3-10 in. high, flowering
between April and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Sandwort (Arenaria verna, L.).—The habitat
of this species is dry rocks, pastures, banks, rocky
places in mountainous districts. The habit is the
rosette or cushion habit. The stems are tufted.
The rootstock is woody. The plant is bright-
green, glandular, with few hairs. The leaves are
appressed, awl-like, linear, crowded, 3-nerved,
acute, with a sharp point. The flowers are few,
white, on slender, rigid branches. The bracts
are acute, with membranous margins. The
flower-stalks are slender, glandular. The sepals
are ovate, lance-shaped, acute, 3-veined, with
membranous margin. The petals are round, in-
versely ovate, narrow below, longer than the calyx.
The capsule exceeds the sepals. The plant is
1-4 in. high, flowering from June to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Lloyd’s Sandwort (Avenaria serpyllifolia, L.).
—Lloyd’s Sandwort is found in dry places and on
wall-tops. The habit is prostrate, or more or less
erect. The stem is much-branched, rigid, downy,
greyish-green, the hairs bent back. The leaves
are ovate, long-pointed, more or less stalkless,
1-3 nerved, fringed with hairs. The flowers are
numerous, white, in cymes from forks of the stem
or axils of the leaves, with leaflike bracts. The
sepals have 3-5 hairy ribs, with narrow margins,
and are longer than the petals, ovate, lance-
shaped, acute. The petals are ovate, narrowed
below. The fruit-stalks are erect or spreading,
straight, longer than the capsule. The capsule is
pitcher-like, ovoid, brittle when ripe. The seeds
are rough, shining, without an aril. The plant is
2-12 in. high, flowering from May to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Cyphel (Arenaria cherlieri, Benth. = A. sedoides,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is summits of lofty
Scotch mountains. The habit is the cushion habit.
The plant is tufted, with many compact stems,
with a long tap-root, short, moss-like. The leaves
are numerous, linear, awl-like, fringed with fine

gl

hairs, overlapping, 3-angled, blunt, grooved above.
The flowers are solitary, often apetalous, stalk-
less, or shortly-stalked. The sepals are blunt,
3-nerved, with membranous borders. In the male
flowers the petals are awl-like. The capsule is
egg-shaped, not so long as the sepals. The plant
is 1-2 in., forming cushions 6 in. to 1 ft. in dia-
meter, and flowers from June to August, being a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LINACE4

Perennial Flax (Linum perenne, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is chalky and limestone soils.
The habit is grasslike. The stems are erect,
numerous, wiry, slender, smooth. The leaves are
alternate, narrow, lance-shaped, linear, acute.
The flowers are bright-blue, few, in racemose
cymes. The sepals are inversely egg-shaped, ob-
scurely 5-veined, hairless, the inner 3 very blunt,
entire. The petals are large, distinct. The fruit-
stalks areerect. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flower-
ing in Juneand July, and isa herbaceous perennial.

Branching Flax (Linum angustifolium, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry sandy and
chalky places in the south. The habit is as in the
last. The stems are numerous, loose, with few,
irregular, spreading branches. The leaves are
narrow (hence azgus/ifolium), alternate, linear to
lance-shaped, fewer and smaller than in Z. perenne.
The flowers are pale-lilac or blue, few, arranged
in a cyme. The sepals are elliptic, pointed,
fringed with hairs, the outer egg-shaped, with a
long, narrow point, the inner 3-nerved, fringed
with hairs. The capsule is downy within. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LEGUMINOSA®

Rest Harrow(Ononisrepens, L. = O. arvensis, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry pastures, barren,
sandy places, sandy shores. The habit is shrubby,
prostrate, then ascending (hence repens). The
stem is hairy all round, spineless, clammy, with
soft hairs, with stolons, rooting at the base. The
leaflets are broad, oblong, the lateral sometimes
wanting. The flowers are rose colour, axillary,
solitary, stalked. The wings equal the keel, the
standard being rather longer. The pods are egg-
shaped, erect, not so long as the calyx, the seeds
tubercled. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
from June to September, and is a herbaceous or
shrubby perennial.

Subterranean Trefoil (77i/olium sublerraneum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is dry gravelly and
sandy pastures. The habit is prostrate. The
stems are numerous, hairy. The leaflets are hairy,
broadly, inversely heart-shaped. The stipules are
egg-shaped, pointed. The flowers are white,
longer than the calyx, 2-5 ina head. The stalks
are erect at first, curved after flowering, and the
plant buries the fruit in the ground (hence sub/er-
The calyx is hairless, with threadlike
teeth, equal, as long as the tube, inflated in fruit,

raneum).

92

then split lengthwise. The abortive calyces are
numerous, slender, with 5 rigid points. The pod
is rounded, flattened at the margin. The seeds
are shining. The plant is 2~18 in. long, flowering
in May and June, and is a herbaceous annual.

Cream-coleured Clover (77%ifolium ochroleucon,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is dry gravelly
soils, dry pastures, waysides, in the eastern coun-
ties, clover fields, ballast hills. The habit is erect
or ascending. The plant is softly downy. The
lower leaves are long-stalked, the leaflets inversely
egg-shaped, elliptic, oblong, the tip entire or
notched, the lower notched, or heart-shaped. The
stipules are lance-shaped, awl-like, parallel with
the stem to the middle. The flowers are cream
colour, brown when old, in round, then egg-shaped,
solitary, terminal stalked heads. The calyx is
downy, 1o-veined, half as long as the corolla, the
teeth spiny, spreading, bent back in fruit, the
stalks short, opposite a pair of leaves. The lower
tooth of the calyx is longer than the tube, the
others two-thirds shorter. The pod is ribbed.
The top falls away when ripe. The plant is
6-18 in. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial. ;

Boccone’s Clover (77ifolium Bocconet, Savi).—
The habitat of this plant is dry places on short
turf. The habit is erect. The plant is downy.
The leaves are short-stalked. The leaflets are
hairless, inversely egg-shaped, the lower roundish,
the veins equal, straight at the border. The sti-
pules are oblong, with an awl-like point. The
flowers are small, pale yellow or white, in axillary
and terminal, oblong, egg-shaped, cylindric, stalk-
less, paired heads. The teeth of the calyx are erect,
as long as the corolla, hairless, spinose, lance-
shaped, awl-like, the calyx with a ring in the
throat, 1o-veined, with one strong prominent vein.
The pod is enclosed in the calyx. The seeds are
oval, brownish-yellow, with a prominent radicle.
The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Soft Knotted Clover (77folium striatum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is dry pastures, dry sandy
fields. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The stem is softly hairy or silky, spreading. The
leaflets are silky, inversely heart-shaped or egg-
shaped, entire, stalked, the veins equal and straight
at the border. The stipules have reddish veins,
and are egg-shaped, membranous, the free portion
broadly triangular, the tip bent back. The flowers
are small, rose colour, in egg-shaped or oblong,
stalkless, terminal, paired, and solitary, axillary
heads, broadest below. The tube of the calyx is
egg-shaped, swollen in fruit (the teeth not rigid or
bent back), ribbed, with a narrow mouth. The
calyx-teeth are not so long as the corolla, unequal,
short, spiny, triangular to awl-like, 1-nerved,
spreading in fruit. The seeds are oval, brownish-
yellow, and the radicle is not prominent. The
plant is 2-12 in. long, and flowers in June and July,
being a herbaceous annual.

Rough Clover (Zvifoliwm scabrum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry sandy places, stony
pastures, or dry fields. The habit is prostrate,

BRITISH FLORA

then ascending. The stems are downy, rigid,
zigzag, the leaves being borne on short stalks, the
leaflets rigid, inversely egg-shaped, The flowers
are white, or pinkish-white, borne in terminal or
axillary heads, which are egg-shaped, stalkless,
the teeth of the calyx being lance-shaped, with 1
strong prominent vein. When in fruit the calyx
is cylindrical, the teeth bent back, stiff, and un-
equal. It is 4-10 in. long, and flowers in May up
till July, being an annual and herbaceous.

Round-headed Clover (77ifolium glomeratum,
L.).—The habitat of this Clover is gravelly places,
commons, sandy pastures, ballast hills. It is a
prostrate plant, ascending at the extremities, with
smooth, slender, spreading stems. The leaflets
are inversely heart-shaped, the egg-shaped stipules
or leaflike organs having long points. The flowers
are rose-coloured, borne in stalkless heads, which
are rounded, terminal, or in the axils. The calyx
is stalkless, the acute teeth being 1o-veined and
egg-shaped. The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft. in length,
and flowers in June, being a herbaceous annual.

Narrow-leaved Bird’s Foot(Zo/us /enuzs, Waldst.
& Kit.).—The habitat of this plant is damp and
stiff soils, meadows, moist banks, waste places.
The habit is prostrate or ascending. The stem is
hairless or thinly hairy, threadlike (hence ¢Zenzzs).
The leaflets are linear, acute, or inversely egg-
shaped, lance-shaped with a long narrow point.
The stipules are narrow, half egg-shaped. The
flowers are small, few, 2-5 in a head, light yellow,
the petals turning green when dry. The wings
are oblong to inversely egg-shaped, the lower
border abruptly curved at the apex. The teeth of
the calyx are short, awl-like, closely pressed in
bud, the points of the two upper teeth meeting to-
gether. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Purple Vetch (Astragalus hypoglottis, L. = A.
danicus, Retz.).—The habitat of this plant is
chalky and gravelly places, dry, sunny pastures.
The habit is prostrate, or ascending. The stem is
short, clothed with soft hairs, which are black
above, slender. The rootstock is slender, branch-
ing, straggly. The leaves are shorter than the
stout flower-stalks. The leaflets are in 8-10 pairs,
blunt, small, numerous, oblong, linear. The stipules
are united below opposite the leaves. The flowers
are purple, in large heads, or ascending, egg-
shaped racemes. The calyx has black hairs
longer than the bracts. The pods are shortly-
stalked, hairy, short, egg-shaped, nearly erect,
included in the calyx, 2-seeded. The ovary is
twice as long as the stalk. The plant is 2-9 in.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Bractless Bird’s Foot (Ornithopus ebracteatus,
Brot. = O. pinnatus, Mill.).—The habitat of this
plant is dry and sandy places. The habit is pros-
trate or ascending. The stem is threadlike, and the
plant is nearly hairless, bluish-green. The leaves
have lobes each side of a common stalk (hence
pinnatus), stalked. The leaflets are distant, ob-
long, elliptic, the lowest pair distant from the
stem. There are no bracts (hence ebracfeatus).

HIEES, DRY PLACES, ETC:

The flowers are small, bright-yellow, in heads,
2-5, the standard red outside, with red veins.
The flower-stalks are as long as the leaves. The
pod is slender, beaked, or curved upwards; the
10-14 joints cylindrical, rough or granulate. The
plant is 4-18 in. high, and flowers from May to
August. It is a herbaceous annual.

Narrow-leaved Crimson Vetch (Vicia angusti-
JSolia, L.).—The habitat of this Vetch is dry places,
banks, &c. The habit is climbing, as in V. sa-
tiva. The plant is stout, the stem slender. The
upper leaves have linear, lance-shaped, oblong
leaflets, acute or blunt. The lower leaflets are
notched or inversely heart-shaped, or egg-shaped.
The flowers are smaller, often solitary, or in pairs,
rose colour. The calyx-teeth are nearly as long
as the tube. The pods are chiefly spreading, not
splitting the calyx. The plant is 6-12 in. high,
flowering from April to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Spring Vetch (Vicia Jathyroides, L.).— The
habitat of this Vetch is dry gravelly and sandy
places, dry pastures, roadsides. The habit is
prostrate, then ascending. The plant is hairy.
The stem is slender, spreading. The leaflets are
in 1-3 pairs acute, blunt, or notched, inversely
egg-shaped, linear to oblong. There are no
tendrils or simple ones. The flowers are small,
solitary, stalkless, lilac-purple, in the axils. The
calyx is funnel-shaped, and the calyx-teeth are
awl-like, equal, straight, as long as the tube.
The pods are hairiess, linear, stalkless, tapered
both ends, beaked. The 8-12 seeds are tubercled,
obtusely angled, nearly cubical, with a very short
hilum. The plant is 3-8 in. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER ROSACE

Rubus scheutzii, Lindeb.—The habitat of this
Rubus is open stony places. The habit is that of
a bush forming large, low, circular masses. The
stem is smooth or nearly so, and shining. The
leaflets are the same colour both sides, with a few
hairs only. The leaflets are all especially broad,
a little paler and soft beneath. The terminal leaf-
lets are round, with a very short, blunt point, with
almost entire base, and long leaf-stalk. The panicle
is long, narrow, leafy. The large petals are pale-
lilac. The plant is very prickly.

Spring Cinquefoil (Po/entilla verna, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry hilly pastures. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is woody, tufted,
branched. The radical leaves have 5-7 wedge-
shaped, inversely egg-shaped leaflets, and are
green both sides, toothed at the end, the terminal
tooth smallest and shortest, with the border bristly,
and on the ribs below, blunt, scalloped, or lobed
above, with narrow stipules, awl-like above. The
stem-leaves have 1-3 leaflets, with egg-shaped,
lance-shaped stipules. The flowers are yellow,
solitary, or 2-3. The achenes are smooth, hair-
less. The plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering from
April till June, and is a herbaceous or semi-shrubby
perennial.

93

ORDER SAXIFRAGACE

Kidney-leaved Saxifrage (Saxi/raga Geum, L.).
—The habit of this Saxifrage is the rosette habit.
The plant is hairy. The stem is slender. The
leaves are hairy, leathery, round, transversely
oval or kidney-shaped, scalloped or toothed,
heart-shaped below, broader than long, purple,
netted below, the leaf-stalk slender, semi-cylind-
rical, the edges raised. The flowers are in a
racemose panicle. The flowers are as in S.
umbrosa. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering
in June, and is a herbaceous perennial,

ORDER UMBELLIFER

Burnet Saxifrage (Pimpinella Saxifraga, L.).—
The habitat of this species is dry pastures, bushy
waste places, and calcareous soils. The habit is
erect. The stem is branched, rounded, slender,
furrowed, hairless or downy, naked. The root-
stock is slender, hot, and acrid. The radical
leaves are stalkless, arranged each side of a stalk.
The leaflets are in 4-8 pairs, variable, toothed,
lobed, the leaves sometimes nearly divided to the
base, nearly round, the stem-leaves bipinnate, the
lobes much narrower. The flowers are small,
white, in a flat-topped umbel. The styles are
shorter than the ovary. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Sweet Cicely (I/yrrhis odorata, Scop.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry hilly pastures, waysides,
and hedgerows. The habit is erect, with hollow,
grooved, stout stems, the leaves large, with tri-
angular leaves, tripinnate, with lance-shaped leaf-
lets divided nearly to the base, whitish below,
blotched above. The flowerheads are large with
white florets with petals slightly bent in, the bracts
lance-shaped. The fruit is linear, 1 in. long, with
rough ridges, beaked, with slender, spreading
styles. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in
May and June, and is perennial, herbaceous.

Mountain Stone Parsley (Sese/i Libanotis,
Koch).—The habitat of this plant is chalk hills
and pastures. The habit is erect, the rosette habit.
The plant is hairless or slightly downy, covered
below with the remains of decayed leaf-stalks.
The stem is stout, solid, furrowed, with few
branches. The leaves are twice pinnate, with
lobes each side of a common stalk, the leaflets
divided nearly to the base. The leaflets are stalk-
less, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, blunt-pointed, the
lower crossing. The flowers are small, in rounded,
terminal, convex umbels, with many downy rays,
and nearly equal, awl-like, turned-back bracts,
and bracteoles fringed with hairs. The calyx-
teeth are awl-like, falling. The fruit is hairy,
egg-shaped. The styles are slender, curved back.
The plant is 4 in. to 2 ft. or more high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. _

Bald Money (Meum athamanticum, Jacq.).—
The habitat of this plant is hilly fields and dry
The habit is tufted, erect, with rounded
stems, with fibrous remains of decayed leaf-stalks

pastures.

9+

at the base, the leaflets much divided, dark-green,
with bristle-like segments and spreading, the leaf-
stalk as long as the leaf-blade. The flowerhead
is a many-rayed umbel, with violet or yellow-white
florets, the fruit brown, oblong, nearly round, the
carpels with acute ridges, the seeds hollow ven-
trally. The plant is from 6 in. to rf ft. in height,
and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Knotted Hedge Parsley (Caucalis nodosa,
Scop.).—The habitat of this plant is dry sunny
banks, cornfields, &c. The habit is prostrate.
The stem is spreading, slender, wavy, angled,
solid. The upper leaves are 1-2 pinnate, the lower
2 pinnate, with lobes each side of a common stalk.
The leaflets are divided nearly to the base, small.
The flowers are small, regular, pink, in dense,
stalkless, lateral, small, round umbels opposite a
leaf-stalk. There is no general involucre. There
are no bracts. The fruit has spreading, barbed
bristles, hooked at the tip, egg-shaped, the inner
tubercled, the outer with one or more carpels,
with hooked spines. The styles are very short.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER RUBIACEX

Limestone Bedstraw (Galium sylvestre, Poll. =
G. asperum, Schreb. = G. pusillum, L. = G. umbel-
Jatum, Lam.).—The habitat of this Galium is dry
rocky hills, pastures, limestone hills. The habit is
ascending or erect. The stems are rigid, smooth,
hairless, or downy below, numerous, slender,
square, branched. The leaves are 6-8, in a whorl,
narrow, stiffer, awned, with a long, narrow point,
slightly rolled back at the margins with a slender
prominent midrib, with marginal hairs, spreading
or turned back. The flowers are in loose cymes,
narrowed above, white, few, erect to spreading,
with acute petals. The fruit is granulate. The
plant is 6-10 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Squinancy Wort (Asferula cynanchica, L.).—
The habitat of this species is dry banks in lime-
stone districts, chalk downs, banks, and pastures.
The habit is prostrate or ascending. The root is
spindle-shaped. The stems are numerous, hair-
less, tufted, with ascending branches. The lowest
leaves are inversely egg-shaped, the intermediate
ones inversely egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the
upper lance-shaped, narrowed, mostly linear and
unequal, 4 in a whorl, 2 smaller, close set, rigid,
blunt-pointed, bent back, not fringed with hairs.
The flowers are pink in a loose cyme, the corolla
covered with wartlike knobs outside, white within.
The fruit is small, warted, wrinkled. The plant
is 6-10 in. long, flowering in June and July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE
Least Erect Cudweed (Fi/ago minima, Fr.).—

The habitat of this species is dry, sandy, gravelly
soil, dry places. The habit is erect, or prostrate,

BRITISH FLORA

spreading. The stem is slender (the plant greyish),
repeatedly forked. The leaves are linear, lance-
shaped, acute, flat, small, erect, closely pressed
to the stem. The flowerheads are terminal, and in
the axils, longer than the leaves, pyramidal, woolly,
stalkless. The phyllaries are in 2 series, spread-
ing at length, swollen, hollow below, lance-shaped,
blunt, hairless, the tips discoloured, the florets
yellowish. The fruit is rounded, with wartlike
knobs. The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering from
June to September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Chamomile (An/hemis nobilis, L.).—The habitat
of this species is dry pastures, conimons, especially
in the South of England, and it is now on the
decrease in the Midlands and northwards. The
habit is prostrate, ascending at the extremity.
The whole plant is strong-smelling, downy, the
stem branched from the base, with numerous
leaves. The leaves are twice pinnate, with linear
segments. The involucral bracts are blunt. The
solitary terminal flowerheads are conspicuous with
a yellow disk and white ray, the latter sometimes
absent, the florets in the former cylindrical, the
ray florets female. Between each 2 florets is an
oblong blunt scale. The fruit is round or inversely
egg-shaped. There is no pappus. The plant isa
foot in height. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Field Ragwort (Senecio campestris, D.C. = S.
integrifolia, Clairv.).—The habitat of this species
is dry banks, chalk downs. The habit is erect.
The flowering stem is simple, shaggy. The root-
stock is short with thick fibres. The radical
leaves are egg-shaped, entire (hence in/egrifolia)
or Wavy, spreading, leathery, short-stalked, blunt,
downy and cottony above. The stem-leaves are
small, lance-shaped. The scape is stout or slender,
with long, narrow, closely pressed bracts. The
flowerheads are pale-yellow, few, in a corymb, on
short, erect stalks with bracts below. The in-
volucre is broadly bell-shaped, pale, hairless above,
woolly below. The ray florets are as long as the
bracts, which are blunt and narrow. The fruit is
hairy, ribbed. The plant is 4-15 in. high, flowering
in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Swine’s Succory (Arnoseris pusilla, Gaert.).—
The habitat of this plant is dry pastures and
fields, gravelly and sandy fields, cultivated ground.
It disappears after cultivation. The plant is erect,
with the rosette habit. The stem is hollow up-
wards, swelling, leafless, being a scape, with a
small bract below each branch, which overtops
the previous one. The scapes are numerous,
slender, rigid, with few branches above. The
radical leaves are narrow, oblong, inversely egg-
shaped to spoon-shaped, or lance-shaped, toothed.
The flowerheads are yellow, terminal, solitary,
small, or bell-shaped, inclined in bud. The
phyllaries are herbaceous, downy, linear to lance-
shaped, the tips narrow, blunt. The receptacle is
honeycombed at the border. The fruit is small,
pale-brown, rough between the ribs, crowned by
a minute raised border, 5-angled, narrow below.
The plant is 4-12 in. tall, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous annual.

HILES:; DRY “PLACES; “ETC.

Feetid Hawksbeard (Crepis fwtida, L.).—The
habitat of this species is chalky and gravelly
banks, chalky places, chalk downs, shingle. The
habit is the rosette habit. The stem is ribbed and
furrowed, hairy, branched from below, round.
The leaves are chiefly radical with lobes, turned
back, each side of a common stalk, deeply divided
to the base, the stem-leaves few, small, stalkless,
lance-shaped, toothed below. The flowerheads
are yellow, solitary, few, terminal, on long simple
stalks, with bracts bent inwards, thicker above.
The buds are drooping. The phyllaries are
glandular, cottony, the inner hardening and en-
closing the outer achenes, the outer erect or
spreading. The fruit is yellow to brown, the
beak of the outer ones shorter than the bracts, the
inner longer beaked. There are closely-pressed
hairs in the interior of the bracts. The plant has
a strong odour. It is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is an annual or biennial and
herbaceous.

Dandelion Hawkweed (Crepis taraxacifolia,
Thuill.).—The habitat of this plant is dry banks,
chalky pastures, limestone districts, and cultivated
ground. The habit is as in the last. The stem is
furrowed, angular, hairy, branched above, purple
below. The leaves are rough, deeply divided
nearly to the base, the lobes turned back, chiefly
radical, with backwardly directed teeth, the ter-
minal lobe large. The stem-leaves are few, stalk-
less, clasping, toothed, deeply divided nearly to the
base. The flowerheads are yellow, purple below,
the outer florets striped with brown on the back.
The heads are cylindric to bell-shaped, on slender
stalks, glandular, cottony, the outer phyllaries
covering half the pappus, spreading, not enclosing
the outer fruits. The buds are erect. The fruit
is yellowish-brown, equally long-beaked, slender,
narrowing into a bristle-like beak of the same
length, with rough ribs. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous biennial.

Taraxacum erythrospermum, D.C.—The habitat
of this species is dry sandy calcareous soils. The
habit is much as in the type. The leaves are dull-
green or bluish-green, deeply divided nearly to
the base, the lowermost sometimes inversely egg-
shaped and toothed, the upper with lobes each
side of a common stalk, turned back, the teeth un-
equal, the intermediate ones smaller. The outer
phyllaries are lance-shaped, close-pressed or
spreading, the inner appendiculate below the tip
or swollen. The fruit is bright-red, prickly at the
apex, the beak having a thickened, coloured base.

ORDER CAMPANULACE

Blue Rampion (Phyteuma orbiculare, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is chalk downs. The habit is
erect or ascending. The stems are numerous,
smooth, or slightly hairy. The radical leaves are
long-stalked, oblong, lance-shaped, rarely heart-
shaped, scalloped, toothed, the stem-leaves linear,
lance-shaped, stalkless. The bracts are short,
oblong, linear, acute. The flowers are deep-blue,

95

in round terminal heads, oval in fruit. The calyx-
tube is short, with triangular lobes. The corolla-
lobes are free to the base at length. The capsule
is short, 2- to 3-celled. The stigmas are 3. The
plant is 4-15 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Clustered Bellflower (Campanuila glomerata, L.).
—The habitat of this Campanula is dry calcareous
pastures and downs. The plant is erect. The
stem is simple, rounded, angular, short, leafy,
slender. The plant is downy. The rootstock is
short and stout. The leaves are hoary below,
rough, oblong to lance-shaped, scalloped, finely
toothed. The radical leaves are long-stalked,
oblong, egg-shaped, heart-shaped. The upper
leaves are half-clasping, stalkless, egg-shaped,
acute. The bracts are egg-shaped, with a long,
narrow point, shorter than the flowers. The
flowers are bright-blue, erect, stalkless, in a leaty
terminal head, with axillary buds below. The
central flower opens first. The corolla is funnel-
shaped, large, downy. The lobes are bent back
and acute. The calyx-tube is short, inversely
conical, 5-ribbed, the lobes egg-shaped. The
capsule is short, with basal valves. The plant is
2-18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER GENTIANACE4

Centau:rium (Erythraea) capitatum, R. and B.—
—The habitat of this species is downs and the
South coast of England. The plant is erect, with
the rosette habit. The stem is short, simple.
The stem-leaves are egg-shaped, spoon-shaped,
blunt, 3-veined. The radical leaves form a rosette,
3-5 nerved, with 3 long and 2 short veins. The
flowering tufts are stalkless, some long-stalked
tufts overtopping the primary tuft from the outer
bracts. The flowers are stalkless, in close, ter-
minal tufts, rose-colour, the cylindrical corolla-
tube longer than the calyx, the top not narrowed,
nor lengthening, the lobes oblong, blunt. The
stamens are inserted at the base of the tube above.
The capsule half-projects. The plant is 2-4 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Gentiana lingulata, C. A. Agardh, 6. precox,
Raf.=G. campestris, L., b. obtusifolia, Williams.
—This plant is an early vernal flowering state of
G. campestris, according to Mr. F. N. Williams
(Prodr., p. 235), and not of G. amarella, with all
the leaves blunt, the calyx-lobes unequal, and
with tetramerous flowers. It flowers in May and
June.

Gentiana bailtica, Murb.—This species is re-
garded by Mr. F. N. Williams (Prodr., p. 235) as
synonymous with G. campestris. It is an annual
form, with the lower leaves egg-shaped to lance-
shaped, and smaller flowers.

Yellow Wort (Blackstonia (Chilora) perfoliata,
Huds.).—The habitat of this species is clay or
calcareous banks and pastures, damp chalky
places. The plant has the rosette habit. The
stem and leaves are bluish-green. The stems are

96

simple, the leaves enveloping them at the base,
so that creeping insects cannot climb up the stem,
and are square or round, several. The radical
leaves are inversely egg-shaped to spoon-shaped,
blunt, narrowed below. The stem-leaves are
smaller, broadly egg-shaped, acute, in distant
pairs, clasping the stem. The flowers are num-
erous, yellow (hence ch/ora), in a forked panicle.
The calyx is divided to the base into 8 slender,
narrow, linear, awl-like segments. The corolla-
lobes are oblong, blunt, the tube ruptured by the
ripe capsule. The stigmas are yellow, divided
into 2 nearly to the base. The plant is 4-18 in.
high, flowering from June to September, and is a
herbaceous annual.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE-E

Large-flowered Mullein (Verbascum virgatum,
Stokes).—The habitat of this plant is gravelly
banks, waste places. This species has been re-
garded asa sub-species of V. Blattaria. The habit
is erect, pyramidal. The plant is stouter than the
latter. The leaves are doubly toothed, glandular,
hairy, and run down the stalk. The radical leaves
are oblong to lance-shaped, with lobes more or
less larger upwards, lobed, scalloped, toothed,
the upper oblong, with a long, narrow point, half-
clasping. The flowers are yellow, on short stalks,
with 1-5 flowers, shorter than the bracts or calyx.
The flowers are in a dense raceme, glandular,
softly hairy. The anther-stalks have purple hairs,
2 longer and only hairy within, the stamens nearly
equal. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

ORDER LABIAT

Wood Calamint (Satureia (Calamintha) sylva-
tica, Bromf. = S. grandiflora, Sch. = C. officinalis,
Moench).—The habitat of this plant is bushy
places and chalk banks. The habit is somewhat
creeping. The branches are long, ascending
(or not). The stem is nearly simple, wavy. The
leaves are broadly egg-shaped, scalloped, toothed,
large. The flowers are large, in loose, many-
flowered cymes, the common stalk as long as the
primary partial stalk. The calyx is tubular,
2-lipped, the upper teeth turned back, fringed
with hairs, purple-tinged, bent on the stalk. The
lower lip of the large purple corolla has touching
or overlapping lobes, long, nearly equal, the
middle lobe short and broad, nearly equalling the
lateral, the tube projecting far, and twice as long
as the calyx. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
in August and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Salvia Marquandiz, Druce (= S. clandestina,
Syme).—The habitat of this plant is dry gravelly
banks, sandy coasts. The plant has the rosette
habit. It is more slender than S. Verbenaca. The
leaves are stalked, narrower, heart-shaped, ob-
long, wavy-toothed, the upper oblong, acute. The
calyx-teeth are stalkless, the upper are less spiny,
small, the corolla longer than the calyx, more purple

BRITISH FLORA

or pale-blue, the upper lip longer, arched. The plant
is 1 ft. high, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER SANTALACEA

Bastard Toadflax (Zhesium humifusum, D.C.
= 7. linophyllum, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant
is dry calcareous pastures, chalk and oolite hills.
The plant is a hemi-parasite on the roots of other
plants. The habit is prostrate. The rootstock is
yellow, woody, the roots fibrous, with white suckers
on the sides. The stems are branched, numerous,
leafy, spreading ina circle. The leaves are linear,
lance-shaped, obscurely nerved, yellowish-green,
blunt or acute, slender, the upper leaves finely
toothed, rough. The flowers are greenish-white,
in leafy, tufted racemes on rough stalks, as long
as or longer than the flowers, spreading in fruit,
the angles rough. The bracts are rough, finely
toothed, the lower middle ones longer than the
flowers. The perianth-tube is funnel-shaped, short,
open, the lobes triangular, bent inwards, spread-
ing at the end, toothed in fruit. The fruit is
green, egg-shaped, oval to oblong, longer than
the persistent perianth, ribbed, netted, narrowed
into the short, stout stalk. The fruit is a nut,
1-seeded. The plant is 4-12 in. long, flowering
from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ORCHIDACE

Lady’s Tresses (Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich.
= S. spiralis, Koch).—The habitat of this plant is
turfy places, dry calcareous and gravelly places,
dry pastures. The plant has the orchid habit,
and is erect. The stem is slender, downy above.
The 2-3 tubers are few, oblong, thick. The radical
leaves are in lateral rosettes, egg-shaped to ob-
long, acute, appearing after the flowers. The
stem-leaves are bract-like. The flowers are in
a slender, dense, spirally-twisted spike (hence
Spiranthes), fragrant, greenish-white, in one row.
The scape is sheathed by the bracts, which are
abrupt and cucullate. The column and lid are
acute, with a blunt, membranous process between.
The lip is channelled below, the tip scalloped, pro-
jecting. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in
August and September, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Dark-winged Orchis (Orchizs ustulata, L.).—

The habitat of this plant is calcareous hills, pas-

tures, and downs. The habit is the orchid habit.
The tubers are egg-shaped. The leaves are
oblong, narrow, lance-shaped, acute, not spotted.
The bracts are long. The flowers are small,
whitish-purple, purple above, whitish below, many,
in a dense spike. The lip is white, with raised,
purple spots, 3-lobed, the middle one divided into
two nearly to the base, nearly equalling the
lateral, linear to oblong, with no point in the
notch of the lower segment. The sepals form a
hood including the petals, which are linear to lance-
shaped, blunt. The helmet is dark-purple. The
contrast between the colour of the flower, dark
above and white below, has suggested the name

HILLS; DRY PLACES, ETC.

Burnt Orchid (hence, too, ustu/afa). The spur is
bent down, blunt, as long as the ovary. The
plant is 4-9 in. high, and flowers from May till
July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Great Military Orchis (Orch#s purpurea, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is chalky, bushy hills,
woods, downs, and copses on chalk soils. The
habit is the orchid habit. The plant is stout, with
egg-shaped tubers. The leaves are oblong, blunt,
egg-shaped. The flowers are in a large, dense,
many-flowered spike. The sepals and petals
are barely acute, green and purple, blunt. The
lip is 3-lobed, the lateral lobes narrow, enlarged,
toothed, the middle inversely heart-shaped, scal-
loped, pale-rose with purple spots, the lower seg-
ment with a point in the notch, and the lobes are
broad, flat. The egg-shaped helmet of the flower
is reddish-brown, formed by the sepals which in-
clude the petals. The spur is half as long as the
ovary. The bracts are small. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Pyramidal Orchid (Orchis pyramidalis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is calcareous pastures,
rarely on sandy hills. The plant has the orchid
habit, and a slender stem, with entire, round
tubers. The leaves are linear, lance-shaped,
acute, with a long, narrow point, chiefly radical.
The bracts are as long as the ovary, coloured,
1- to 3-nerved. The flowers are in a dense, pyra-
midal spike, then oblong, rosy or white. The
lobes of the lip are equal, entire, oblong, blunt,
and the lip is broader than long, with 2 tuber-
cles below. The lateral sepals are spreading,
egg-shaped to lance-shaped, acute, 3-veined.
The pollen-glands are united. The spur is thread-
like, longer than the ovary. The plant is 1-14 ft.
high, flowering in July, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Late Spider Orchis (Ophrys fucifiora, Reichb. =
O. Arachnites, Hoffm.).—The habitat of this plant
is chalky downs. The flowers are purple, the
petals downy, sub-triangular to egg-shaped, the
lip longer than the sepals, which are pink inside.
The lip is swollen, entire or 4-lobed, with an in-
termediate heart-shaped, flat, green appendage
in the notch. The lip is velvety, dark-purple with
yellow markings. The anthers have a straight
or hooked point. The pollen is stiff and does not
fall on the stigma. The plant is 4-9 in. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

White Mountain Orchis (Habenaria albida,
Br.).—The habitat of this plant is hilly and moun-
tain pastures. The plant has the orchid habit.
The tubers are clustered. The leaves are numer-
ous, small, oblong, blunt—the upper lance-shaped,
acute. The bracts are 3-veined, green, as long
as the ovary. The flowers are white, in a narrow,
cylindrical, dense spike, nearly arranged all one
side, sweet-scented. The sepals and lateral petals
form a helmet, and the former are blunt like the
petals. The lip is acutely 3-lobed, small, project-
ing, the lobes unequal, entire, the middle longest
and broadest. The spuris shorter than the ovary.

VoL. VI.

Vw,

The plant is 6-12 in, high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Frog Orchis (Habenaria viridis, R. Br.).—The
habitat of this plant is hilly meadows, grassy
places, and pastures. The plant has the orchid
habit, with palmate tubers. The leaves are num-
erous, narrow to oblong, blunt, smaller upwards.
The bracts are shorter than the flowers, green.
The flowers are green, with a paler brown lip, the
petals and sepals striped with dark-red, the lip
linear-oblong, greenish-brown, divided into two
nearly to the base, with 3 tubercles at the base.
The sepals form a hemispherical hood. The spurs
are short. The anther-cells are spreading. There
is no rostellum. The stigma is oblong, notched
above. The glands of the pollinia are connected
by a raised, transverse line. The plant is 4-12 in.
high, flowering from June to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LILIACEZ

Small Round-headed Garlic (Allium sphero-
cephalum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy
and calcareous places, steep declivities or rocks,
and sandy coasts (Jersey). The plant has the lily
habit. The stem is leafy below. The bulb has
stalked offsets. The leaves are hollow, round,
flattened or grooved, the ribs of the leaf rough
when young, fading before flowering. The flowers
are rose-colour or purple, in dense, round heads,
or umbels, without bulbils. The keels are dark,
rough. There are 2 short spathes, shortly beaked.
The stamens are twice as long as the perianth.
The anthers are included. The anther-bearing
point of the 3-pointed anther-stalks is as long
as the undivided part, longer than the lateral
points. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sand Leek (Adium Scorodoprasum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy woods and fields,
bushy places, dry pastures and copses. The habit
is as in the last. The bulb is egg-shaped, with
small, stalked bulbils. The stem is leafy below.
The leaves are linear, keeled, flat, with 2-edged
sheaths, with rough edges, bluish-green, solid.
The flowers are purple, few, in small heads, the
bulbs spherical, small, deep-purple, in a round
umbel. There are 2 shortly-beaked spathes, short-
pointed, short and broad. The anthers do not
project. The perianth-segments are red-purple,
with a small point, with white margins, the outer
keel rough. The anther-bearing points of the
3-pointed anther-stalks are shorter than the entire
part or lateral points. The plant is 2-3 ft. high,
flowering from May to August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Chives (Allium Schenoprasum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is river-sides, rocky pastures,
meadows, and pastures in mountainous regions.
The habit is as in the last. The bulbs are nar-
row, small, tufted. The stem is leafless, or there
may be 1 leaf. The leaves are hollow, rounded,
grooved or flattened above, awl-like, straight,
smooth-ribbed, with barren bulbs. The scapes

84

98

are slender or stout, hollow. The flowers are
pink, in dense tufts, with lance-shaped petals, with
many flowers in the umbel, without bulbs, The
spathes are 2, egg-shaped, pointed, as long as the
flowers. The stamens are united below, included,
about half as long as the lance-shaped, pale-purple,
bell-shaped perianth-segments, shortly stalked.
The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowers in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Vernal Squill (Sci//a verna, Huds.).—The habi-
tat of this species is grassy places near the sea,
rocky pastures. The plant has the lily habit. The
bulb is as large as a hazel-nut. The leaves are
linear, channelled, hooded at the end, appearing
before the flowers (hence verna), numerous, as
long as, or longer than, the stalk, bent back. The
scapes are not so long as the leaves. The bracts
are lance-shaped, as long as the flower-stalks.
The flowers are few, bright-blue, fragrant, in more
or less of a corymb. The perianth-segments are
free. The anthers are purple. The capsule is
small. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in April
and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Tulip (Zudipa sylvestris, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is chalk pits in the E. counties, mea-
dows near Nottingham and Yorks, parks, &c.
The plant has the lily habit. The bulb is small,
egg-shaped, stoloniferous, with chestnut-brown
scales. The leaves are few, lance-shaped, linear,
bluish-green. The stem is round, wavy. The
flowers are fragrant, bright-yellow, rarely pro-
duced in the wild state, the flowers drooping at first,
then nearly erect, the perianth-segments elliptic to
lance-shaped, the tips hairy, the scape 1-flowered,
hairless. The stigma is vellow, and the stamens
are hairy below. The capsule is acute above and
below. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
April and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACEZ

Thin Rush (Juncus tenuis, Willd.).—The habitat
of this plant is sandy moist ground and roadsides.
G. Don found it by a rivulet in marshy ground
among the mountains of Clova, near the summit.
The plant has the rush habit. The stems are wiry,
round, cylindric, slender, with few leaves below,
the rootstock tufted. The leaves are linear, mostly
radical, slender, furrowed, few, enlarged at the
base, membranous, with broad sheaths, and long
slender laminz. The bracts are erect, thread-like.
The flowers are stalkless, and stalked in a terminal
compound cyme, shorter than the long bracts,
pale. The perianth-segments are lance-shaped,
acute, with a long, narrow point, longer than the
capsule, which is swollen, spherical, egg-shaped,
blunt, notched, shining. The seeds are small,
ellipsoid, pointed each end, minutely netted. The
plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from July to Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Drooping Mountain Woodrush (Zueula arcuata,
Sw.).—The habitat of this plant is high alps, the
tops of Scotch mountains. The habit is as in the
last. The plant is dwarf, with a creeping, loosely-
tufted rootstock, and slender stolons. The stems

BRITISH FLORA

are stout or slender. The leaves are slightly
hairy, channelled, short, curved, narrowly linear,
leathery, bent back. The flowers are in loose
umbelled cymes of 3-5 clusters, one-stalked, with
few branches, the outer bent back, 1-3 flowered,
on long drooping stalks. The perianth-segments
are broadly lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, longer
than the capsule. The anther-stalks equal the
anthers. The capsule is egg-shaped, with a blunt
point, round, the seeds oblong, blunt, with hardly
any appendage below. The plant is 1~4 in. high,
flowering from June to July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Dwarf Silvery Sedge (Carex humilis, Leyss. =
C. clandestina, Good. ).—The habitat of this species
is limestone hills, dry grassy hills, and downs.
The plant has the sedge habit, and the rootstock
is creeping, stout. The stems are 3-angled,
smooth, hidden amongst the leaves (hence clandes-
tina). The leaves are radical, linear, with in-
rolled margins, curved, stiff, channelled, rough.
The bracts are glumaceous, blunt, silvery, mem-
branous, bordered. The fertile spikelets are dis-
tant, slender, loose, 3-4 flowered, white, enclosed
in the bracts, the male spikelets solitary. The
fruit is narrow, inversely egg-shaped, stalked, 3-
angled, downy, greenish, 2-faced, 1-ribbed, the
mouth entire, oblique. The silvery glumes are
marked with pink and green. The beak is short,
entire. The nut is smooth, beaked, pale-brown,
g-angled. The plant is low, 1-3 in. high (hence
humilis), flowering from April to June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Holy Grass (Hierochloé borealis, R. and S.=
Savastana odorata, L.).—The habitat of this plant
is damp grassy places, wet banks. The plant
has the grass habit. The rootstock is creeping.
The stems are smooth, hairless, and tufted. The
leaves are flat, acute, with rough edges. The
sheaths are smooth. The ligule is long. The
panicle is erect, rather one-sided, pyramidal, with
few branches. The stalks are smooth. The spike-
lets are broad, egg-shaped, brown, shining. The
flowering glumes are shortly-awned near the tip,
those of the male spikelets hairy, fringed with
hairs, those of the complete florets hairy above.
The empty glumes are membranous, shining,
acute, toothed, blunt-pointed. The fruit is rounded.
The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering in May and
June, and is an annual or perennial, and herb-
aceous.

Purple-stalked Cat's Tail (Phiewm phileoides,
Simonk. = P. phalaroides, Koel. = P. Boehmeri,
Web.).—The habitat of this plant is dry sandy
and chalky fields and pastures. The plant has
the grass habit. The plant is hairless. The
culm is purple. The stems are smooth, ascend-
ing, leafy below, leafless above, with barren leafy
shoots. The leaves are short, flat, rough, bluish-
green. The leaf-sheaths are slightly swollen.
The upper ligules are long. The panicle is long,
cylindrical, narrow, blunt, green, somewhat inter-

HILES; DRY PLACES, ETC:

rupted. The spikelets are grouped. The empty
glumes are linear to oblong, blunt below, the keel
smooth or fringed with hairs. The awn is awl-
like, short, rigid, leathery, green, the border white
dotted. The flowering glume is very small. The
anthers are linear to oblong. The plant is 12-18
in. high, flowering from June to August, and is an
annual or perennial, and herbaceous.

Crested Hair Grass (Aveleria cristata, Pers.=
K. gracilis, Pers.).—The habitat of this plant is
dry pastures and banks. The plant has the grass
habit, and is downy or silky, pale-green. The
root is slender, the plant stoloniferous. The stem
is slender, downy, especially above. The leaves
are narrow, rough at the edges, fringed with hairs,
hairless below, with inrolled margins, adapted to
dry conditions. The sheaths are furrowed. There
is no ligule. The panicle is linear, oblong, lance-
shaped, silvery, interrupted below, nearly hairy,
the branches short, lobed. The spikelets are pale-
green, shining. The empty glumes are oblong,
lance-shaped, acute, smooth. The keel is roughish.
The flowering glumes are linear, lance-shaped,
rough, blunt. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Koeleria glauca, D.C.=v. arenaria, Dum.—
This species or variety occurs in 5 vice-counties
from Sutherland to Dorset. The plant differs in
having acute, not long, narrow pointed, flowering
glumes.

Poa cenisia, All.=v. flexuosa, Wahl.—This
species has been found in 1 vice-county in Great
Britain, but is doubtful.

Limestone False Brome Grass (Brachypodium
pinnatum, Beauv.).—The habitat of this plant is
downs, hedgerows, on dry limestone soils. The
plant has the grass habit. The plant is bluish-
green. The rootstock is creeping. The stems are
numerous, erect, slender, round. The leaves are
rigid, nearly hairless, flat, or with inrolled mar-
gins, linear lance-shaped. The ligule is short and
blunt, fringed with hairs. The sheaths are nearly
hairless. The panicle is nearly erect, spike-like,
with a flat, smooth rachis, the spikelets small,
smooth, first round, alternate in 2 rows (hence
pinnatum), curved away from the rachis, green
and purple. The glumes are hairless, the tips of
the flowering glumes shortly curved. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in July, being a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE
(See also p. 90)

Field Mouse Ear (Cerastium arvense, Linn.). No
seeds of this plant have been found in pregilacial
beds. Its distribution is Europe, Arctic, N. Africa,
Siberia, W. Asia to the Himalayas, N. America,
Fucgia, Chili. This species is found in 69 vice-
counties in Great Britain, and in Ireland, occurring
generally, except in those cited by number (see vol.

EI)

I. pp. 67-69, for reference to counties by number),
as follows:—1, 2, 4, 5, 9 to 11, 35, 37, 41 to 48, 50,
69, 75, 76, 78 to 79, 84, 88-9, 97 to 112. It is more
general south of Inverness, rarer in Scotland and
in Ireland.

In its habitat it is much more confined to hilly
regions, being found in sandy fields, waste places,
in arable fields, sometimes on quite stony ground.

Having a more erect or rigid habit than its near
ally Cerastium vulgatum (Sect. IX), it has short
stems with branches 6-10 in. long, tufted ascend-
ing, with lateral shoots, and glandular, hairy all
round. The leaves are linear, lanceolate, crowded
on the basal shoots.

Its flowers are white, larger than in C. vulgatum,
in many flowered cymes, the 5 petals, bifid, twice
as long as the 5 sepals, which are oblong, lanceo-
late, erect, the sepals and bracts being more or
less acute, the tip and margins membranous.
The capsules are inclined, a little longer than the
sepals, on an erect fruit stalk. The surface of the
seeds is covered with acute tubercles.

A perennial species, Field Mouse Ear flowers
between April and August.

Pollination is much as in the Greater Stitchwort
(see Sect. VI). The flowers being white are con-
spicuous. The anthers mature as a rule before
the stigmas. The honey is half-concealed in nec-
taries and secreted much as in Stellaria aquatica
(Sect. VIII). There is every encouragement given
in the nature of the floral mechanism and its adapta-
tion to insects for cross-pollination by the agency
of insects, but in their absence self-pollination is not
precluded. In addition to bisexual flowers there
are occasionally smaller ones which have only stig-
mas, and only degenerate stamens if they have
any. It generally has the hermaphrodite and female
flowers on different plants, but occasionally the
hermaphrodite and female flowers occur on the
same plant. Occasionally there are hermaphrodite
flowers of two sizes. Insect visitors include various
beetles, flies, bees, butterflies and moths, and thy-
sanopterous insects.

Dispersal of the seeds takes place by the aid of
the wind, the capsule being open above, and acts
as a “‘censer”’ fruit, the seeds being jerked out by
the wind.

Field Mouse Ear is a sandy-soil plant, and aren-
ophilous.

The fungal and insect pests are few, and as in
C. vulgatum (qu. vide, tbid.).

No other English names have been used for this
plant, which is not so well known as the Mouse
Ear Chickweed.

It has no medicinal properties, and there is no
use to which it has been put so far.

Essential Specific Chars. Stem prostrate, wiry,
tufted, leaves linear-lanceolate, downy, petals
longer than the calyx, white, bracts membraneous
on margin and at tip. April to August.

FLOWERS OF THE LAKES, RIVERS, DITCHES,
WET PLACES, ETC.

(There is a direct connection between purely aquatic

vegetation, or those types of plants that live in water,

wholly submerged or floating, or partly submerged, through the last, or the reed swamp, with that marginal

vegetation which consists of marsh vegetation, the fen fo
tions, or even lowland moors or bogs. Hence some prope

rmation, ordinary wet meadows such as rush associa-
yrtion of the plants selected for inclusion in this section

(more particularly included in those which are found in wet places) are of this last type, or paludal, and not of

purely aquatic or lacustral type, though occasionally p
become terrestrial, by reason of change in the water-le

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Rigid-leaved Water Buttercup (Ranunculus
circinatus, Sibth. = R. feniculaceus, Gilib.).—The
habitat of this plant is pools, ditches, streams,
ponds, still and slow-flowing water. The plant is
not common. The plant, which is dark-green,
has the aquatic habit. It is of the submerged
type. The stem is submerged. There are no
floating leaves. The leaves are small, not stalked,
rounded, with rigid lobes in one plane, thrice
forked, sheathing, without auricles, and they form
a flat rigid disk. The flowers are white, small,
with numerous veins, twice as long as the sepals.
The receptacle is hairy, not so wide as the flower-
stalk. The buds are flattened at the top. There
are 15-20 stamens, and they are longer than the
pistil. The achenes are flattened, acute. The
style, which is slender, falls at length. The plant
is submerged. It flowers between June and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

River Water Buttercup (Ranunculus fluitans,
Lam.). — The habitat of this plant is running
streams and rivers. The plant has the aquatic
habit. The stems are long, robust, submerged.
The leaves are all submerged, with long, rigid,
parallel segments, which are few, narrow, tassel-
like, twice or thrice forked. The leaf-stalks and
some of the leaf-segments may reach a length of
a foot. They are black, and form rigid tassels.
Rarely floating leaves, which are 3-lobed or
divided, the segments shortly-stalked, are found.
The stipules are broad and lance-shaped or
rounded. The flowers are large, white, yellow at
the base. The flower-stalks are tapering, long,
and robust. There may be more than 5 petals,
and in 2 rows, broadly inversely ovate, with many
veins, contiguous, and they do not fall. The re-
ceptacle is conical and smooth. There are numer-
ous short stamens. The stigma is cylindrical,
short, and thick. The achenes are large, few,
turgid. The plant reaches a length of several
feet. It is in flower between May and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

100

urely aquatic. In the same way some water plants

vel.]

Ranunculus Drouetii, F. Sch.—The habitat of
this species is ponds and ditches. It is of aquatic
habit. The stem does not rise out of the water.
The submerged leaves are light-green, thrice
forked, with limp, tassel-like segments. The float-
ing leaves are rare, and disappear, being 3-partite,
the segments more or less stalkless, or stalked,
wedge-shaped, divided intotwo. The upper leaves
are more or less stalkless. The lateral segments
are stalked, not in the same plane, spreading.
The leaves collapse when removed from the water.
The whole plant is light-green. The stipules are
large, auricled. The flowers are white, starlike,
small, the petals 5-7, veined, inversely ovate, soon
falling. The buds are oblong. The stamens are
few, and longer than the stigma. The latter is
oblong, the receptacle oblong. The receptacle in
fruit is as thick as the flower-stalk. The achenes
are inversely ovate. The plant is floating or sub-
merged. The flowers are in bloom in May and
June, and the plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Water Buttercup (Ranunculus heterophyllus,
Weber).—The habitat of this plant is streams and
ponds. The plant is of aquatic habit. The stem
does not rise out of the water. The submerged
leaves are thrice forked, with long segments, tassel-
like, spreading. The floating leaves are nearly
round, deeply cut into 3-5 wedge-shaped segments,
stalked or stalkless. The flowers are white with
yellow centres, the petals 7-9-veined, distinct, not
falling, inversely ovate to wedge-shaped, longer
than the sepals. The receptacle is conical. The
flower-stalks are not longer than the leaves. The
stigma is not as long as the stamens (which are
numerous), and oblong, short, and blunt. The
style is hooked. The achenes are smooth or
hairy. The plant is floating or submerged. It is
in flower between May and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Ranunculus lutarius, Boul. = R. intermedius,
Bab.—The habitat of this plant is damp ground
and wet ditches. The plant has a suberect habit,
with aerial stems. The leaves are 3 parts rounded,
the lateral lobes with 3, the middle with 2-4,

LAKES, RIVERS,

scalloped teeth. The divided leaves are few,
rigid, not collapsing, and either floating or aerial.
The submerged leaves with flat segments are
seldom produced. The floating leaves are some-
what shield-shaped, deeply divided into 3 nearly
to the base, the lobes wedge-shaped, inversely
egg-shaped, 2-4 fid. The upper stipule is free.
The flowers are pinkish- white, the petals little
longer than the calyx. The petals may be longer
and 5-veined. There are 5-10 stamens. The style
soon falls, and is terminal, with a slender base,
awl-like. The carpels are unequally inversely
egg-shaped, much inflated, with a nearly terminal
point. The inner edge is much rounded. The
plant is in flower between May and July, and isa
herbaceous annual.

Ivy-leaved Water Buttercup (Ranunculus hede-
raceus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is shallow
ponds, muddy places. The habit is prostrate.
The stem may float (rarely) or creep on the mud.
The leaves are opposite as a rule, rounded, heart-
shaped, or ivy-like (hence hederaceus), with 3-5
shallow, entire, triangular, rounded lobes, widened
at the base, and are usually spotted. The flowers
are white, the sepals and petals of about the same
length. The petals are 3-veined, distant, and
narrow. The receptacle is smooth. The stamens
are 6-8, as long as the pistil. The achenes are
small, few, and blunt. The plant is prostrate.
The flowers bloom between May and August. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Celery-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus scelera-
tus, L.).—The habitat of this species is ditches,
muddy places, and ponds. The habit is erect.
The stems are robust, succulent, hollow. The root
is fibrous. There are submerged leaves which
are different to the aerial leaves. The radical
leaves are stalked, divided into three, with blunt,
scalloped lobes, shining, smooth, the upper ones
slightly hairy, and linear. The flowers are small,
pale-yellow. The calyx is turned back, the sepals
hairy. The honey-glands are round, open, bor-
dered all round, not above. The achenes are
smooth, oblong, numerous, wrinkled, furrowed
one side. There is a very small style. The plant
is 8-24 in. in height, and flowers between May
and September. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Ranunculus scoticus, Marshall (= R. petiolaris,
E. S. Marshall).—The habitat of this plant is High-
land lakesides. The plant is closely allied to the
Lesser Spearwort, resembling it in habit. The
stem is smooth, solitary, suberect, zigzag. The
stem does not root at the nodes. The young
radical leaves are numerous, small, and do not
persist, being without any lamina. The later
radical and lower stem-leaves are larger, with
or without blunt, oblong to lance-shaped laminz.
The upper stem-leaves are linear, lance-shaped,
blunt, stalkless, -or nearly so. The flowers are
yellow, the petals inversely ovate, blunt. The
carpels are inversely ovate, and pitted. The plant
is 4-12 in. in height, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Ranunculus reptans, L.—The habitat of this
plant is sandy shores of Loch Leven, &c. The

DITCHES, ETC. IOI
plant is prostrate in habit. It is very slender,
and the stem roots at every arching internode.
The leaves are linear, entire. The flowers are
very small. The achenes are very small. The
style is sub-cylindrical, and bent back. The
carpels are bluntly beaked. The plant is 1-q in.
in height, and flowers between June and August.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER NYMPHAACE

Nymphea pumila, Hoffm.—The habitat of this
water-lily is small Scottish lakes. The plant has
the water-lily habit, being aquatic, resembling the
Yellow Water-lily, from which it differs in the
smaller, more-rounded petals, and shorter anthers.
The leaves are heart-shaped, oblong, 2-lobed
below, the lobes distant, spreading at length. The
submerged leaves are thin and transparent, wavy,
kidney-shaped. The leaf-stalk is 2-edged. The
flowers are sinall and yellow. There are 5 sepals.
The stigma is rayed at the margin, with 8-10 rays,
and these form acute teeth. The anthers are
oblong, not twice as long as broad. The capsule ~
is furrowed above. The plant is floating. The
flowers are in bloom from June to August. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CRUCIFERE

Creeping Yellow Cress (Radicula sylvestris,
Druce=&. pinnata, Moench).—The habitat of this

plant is moist waste places, watery places. The
habit is creeping, then erect. The rootstock is
creeping. The stem is wavy and angular. The

leaves are divided to the base, each side of a
common stalk, with numerous oblong, lance-
shaped leaflets, the uppermost leaves sometimes
nearly entire. The flowers are in short racemes.
They are yellow, with petals twice as long as the
calyx. There are six disk-glands. The pods are
linear, on spreading stalks, and are spreading or
ascending, as long as the stalks or shorter. The
seeds are very small, hardly in 2 rows. The plant
is 9-18 in. in height, and flowers between June and
August. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Land Yellow Cress (Radicula palustris,
D.C. = N. terrestre, Br.).—The habitat of this
plant is damp places. The habit is erect or
ascending. The stems are erect or ascending.
The roots are fibrous. The leaves are deeply
divided nearly to the base, or with lobes each side
of a common stalk, the lobes few, broad, oblong,
toothed, unequally cut, the terminal leaflet of the
lower leaves the largest. The flowers are small,
yellow, the petals not longer than the sepals.
There are 4 disk-glands. The pods are short,
turgid, linear-oblong, thick, ascending, as long
as the stalks, which are spreading or bent down.
The seeds are angular. There is a short style.
The plant is 6-18 inches. It flowers between June
and October, and the plant is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Barbarea stricta Fr. (= B. parviflora, Fr.).—
The habitat of this plant is river-banks, &c. The

102

plant has the rosette habit, with an erect stem.
The radical leaves are lyrate, the terminal lobe
larger, the upper pair of lobes small, shorter than
the breadth of the terminal lobe, which is large
and oblong to egg-shaped. The lateral lobes of
the lower leaves are small. The upper leaves are
entire, toothed. The flowers are smaller than in
B. vulgaris (hence parviflora), in a close, narrow
raceme, the flower-stalks erect. The petals are
half as long again as the sepals. The flowering
buds are downy. The pods are short, closely
pressed, with an awl-like point. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is
a herbaceous biennial.

Hairy Bitter Cress (Cardamine hirsuta, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is moist places and open
ground, The plant has more or less the rosette
habit. The stem is not wavy, stiff, erect and leafy.
The radical leaves form a rosette. The leaves are
pinnate, with the leaflets of the lower leaves round,
angular, or toothed, those of the upper leaves
narrower, oblong, entire, oval, cut. There are
no stipules. The flowers are white, with erect
petals, which are twice as long as the calyx.
There are 4 stamens. The style is short, stout,
equal to or half the breadth of the pod. The pods
are erect, as are the stalks. The plant is from
6 in. to 2 ft. in height. The flowers are in bloom
between April and September. The plant is a
herbaceous perennial.

Common Bitter Cress (Cardamine amara, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is river-sides, moist
meadows near streams, watery places. The habit
is as in the last. The rootstock is slender, how-
ever, and bears stolons. The stem is ascending,
angular, smooth or hairy. The leaves are alter-
nate, pinnate. The leaflets in the radical leaves
are more or less round or ovate, those of the stem
narrow, oblong, deeply toothed. The stem-leaves
have angular leaflets. The flowers are creamy-
white, and large. The petals are three times the
length of the calyx, and erect, large, inversely
ovate, spreading. The stamens are as long as
the petals. The anthers are purple or violet. The
style is long and slender. The stigma is small.
The pods are erect, and borne on slender stalks.
The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers from
April to June. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Horse-radish (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is ditches, corners of fields,
river-banks, waste places. The plant is tufted in
habit. There is a stout, long, cylindrical root-
stock. The leaves are linear to oblong, blunt,
scalloped. The radical leaves are long, stalked,
wavy, with reticulate veins, heart-shaped, wedge-
shaped, or unequal below. The stem-leaves are
stalkless, lance-shaped, serrate, toothed. The
young leaves are pinnate. The flowers are borne
in racemose panicles, and are white, the petals
twice as long as the calyx. The style is slender,
the stigma is large and shield-shaped, pin-headed.
The pods do not ripen in the British Isles, the im-
mature ones being inversely ovoid, borne on long,
The pouch is ovoid, 4-seeded.
It is in flower

slender stalks.
The plant is 2-3 ft. in height.

BRITISH FLORA

in May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Awlwort (Subularia aquatica, L.).—The habitat
of this species is gravelly bottoms of subalpine lakes
in N. Wales. The habit is the loose rosette habit.
The plant is small and submerged. The root con-
sists of numerous densely tufted, long, white fibres.
The leaves are radical in tufts, round in section,
linear, tapering to an awl-like point, and are cel-
lular. The flowers are few, small, white, sub-
merged, borne on a naked scape. The pods are
oblong, with few seeds, and small, borne on short,
ascending stalks. The pale-brown seeds are
minutely dotted. The plant is 1-3 in. in height,
and flowers from June to August. It is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACER

Bog Stitchwort (S/el/avia uliginosa, Murray).
—This plant is indigenous, and is found in wet

places, ditches, by streamlets, and bogs. The
habit is prostrate or erect. The whole plant is
bluish-green, more or less devoid of hairs. The

stem is 4-angled, spreading, much-branched. The
leaves are ovate, lance-shaped, oblong, acute,
narrowed both ends, the tip hard, fringed with
hairs below, soft. The flowers are few, in cymes,
The bracts have a smooth, membranous border.
The calyx has a funnel-shaped tube, with narrow,
long-pointed, 3-veined sepals. The petals are not
so long as the latter, 2-partite. The capsule is
ovoid, about as long as the calyx. The seeds are
very small. The plant is 3-18 in. in height. It
flowers from May to July, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial,

ORDER ELATINACE2

Waterwort (Zlatine hexandra, D.C. — The
habitat of this plant is margins of ponds, lakes,
pools. The plant is of aquatic habit. The stems
form a matted mass under water, and are limp,
rooting at the nodes. The plant is creeping, and
very small. The leaves are opposite, longer than
the leaf-stalks, spoon-shaped. The flowers are
rose-colour, have the parts in threes, borne on
short stalks, in the axils, alternate. The calyx is
3-fid, with unequal sepals. “There are 3 inversely
ovate petals, longer than the sepals. The stamens
are 6in number. The capsule is top-shaped, with
8-12 straight seeds, which are ascending, the cap-
sule concave above, 3-celled. The plant is 1-3 in.
in height, and flowers between July and Septem-
ber, being a herbaceous annual.

Elatine Hydropiper, L.— The habitat of this
plant is muddy ponds. The habit is as in the last.
The plant is small and creeping. The leaves are
opposite, not so long as the leaf-stalks, The
flowers are rose-colour, the parts in fours, stalk-
less, with 8 stamens, the calyx q4-fid, and with 4
ovate petals. The capsule is nearly round, de-
pressed, q-celled. The seeds are curved, nearly
double, pendulous, hooked, 4 in each cell. The
plant is floating or submerged, 1-3 in. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

LAKES, RIVERS,

ORDER HyPERICACE®

Hypericum maculatum, Cr.—The habitat of this
plant is moist places. The plant differs from
H. quadrangulum (q.v.) in the leaves, which are
narrower, and the sepals, which have small teeth;
and the latter are turned back, with many black
dots on the outside. For other details see the
above species, which this one resembles in other
respects.

Square-stalked St. John’s Wort (/yfericum
quadrangulum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
copses, wet and moist places. The habit is erect.
The stems are 4-angled (hence guadrangulum),
and erect. The leaves are broad, elliptic, ovate,
oblong, rounded, with few or no pellucid dots or
glands, blunt. The upper leaves are half-clasp-
ing, the veins and net-like connections being pel-
lucid. The flowers are yellow, cymose, with
sepals erect or bent back, oblong or lance-shaped.
The petals are broad and glandular. The style is
half as long as the capsule. The carpels have
many vittz. The capsule opens by septa. The
seeds are oblong. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Hypericum tetrapterum, Fr.=H. quadratum,
Stokes = H. acufum, Moench.—The habitat of
this plant is moist places. The habit is as in the
last. The stem is erect, q-angled, with narrow
wings. The leaves may be heart-shaped below,
broadly ovate, oblong, with pellucid glands and
dots, and reticulations. The flowers are yellow
and form a dense cyme. The sepals are lance-
shaped, erect, with glands, long-pointed. The
styles are not as long as the capsule, which has
many vittz. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and
flowers in July and August, being a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Rubus lacustris, Rogers.—The habitat of this
plant is lakes and streams and hedges. The
habit is slightly arching. The stem has fine,
numerous, long, white hairs, and is somewhat
furrowed. The prickles are numerous, short, with
a stout base. The leaves are 5-lobed, small.
The leaflets are narrow, sharply toothed, with
compound teeth towards the point. The panicle
is rather broadly cylindrical, with many strong,
turned-down, and sickle-like prickles and pricklets.
The flowers are numerous, handsome, and star-
The stamens are numerous and
long, exceeding the green styles. The plant re-
sembles FR. Lindebergit, differing in the weak,
slightly-furrowed stem, narrow, thin leaflets with
compound teeth above, and many broad compound
panicles.

like in sunshine.

ORDER SAXIFRAGACEZ

Alternate-leaved Saxifrage (Cirysosplenium
alternifolium, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
banks of streams and wet places. The plant is
erect in habit, branched at the top, otherwise
simple, tufted, smooth above, with soft white

DITCHES, ETC.

hairs below. The radical leaves have long stalks,
kidney-shaped, scalloped with notched crenatures.
The stem-leaves are few, with acute crenatures,
The leaves are alternate (hence al/ernifolium).
The flowers are deep-yellow, and form an umbel,
or dense cyme, being nearly stalkless. The parts
are in fours. The sepals are blunt and spreading.
The capsule is nearly inferior, with short beaks.
There are 8-12 stamens. The plant is 2-4 in. in
height, flowering in April and June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

103

ORDER HALORAGACE

Mare’s Tail (Hippuris vulgaris, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is margins of lakes, ponds,
&c., stagnant water, slow streams, ditches. The
habit is erect. The stems are erect, simple, or
branched below. The rootstock is submerged,
stout, and creeping. There are long, limp, sub-
merged, transparent leaves, which are thin and
broad, without hard tips. The leaves are close,
in whorls, 6-12, linear, acute, with a hard point.
The flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves,
and are green, apetalous, stalkless. The anthers
are red. The fruit is a drupe, green, smooth, and
very small. The plant is 6-24 in. in height,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Whorled Milfoil (AZyriophylium verticillatum,
L.). The habitat of this species is ponds, ditches.
The habit is aquatic. The rootstock is creeping.
The stems are floating, leafy. The leaves are in
whorls, 5 in a whorl, divided nearly to the base,
with awl-like segments, distant, hair-like, collaps-
ing when moved from the water. The spike is
long, erect in bud, the flowers white, in axillary
whorls. The bracts are in whorls of five, divided
nearly to the base, or pectinate, longer than the
flowers. There are no flowers in the upper axils.
The anthers are linear. The fruit is nearly round,
green, with carpels round on the back. The plant
is floating, or submerged, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alternate-leaved Milfoil (/yriophyllum alterni-
folium, D.C.).—The habitat of this plant is ponds
and ditches, streams, &c. The habit is aquatic.
The plant has the same habit as the next, but is
more slender. The leaves are in whorls of 3, sub-
merged. The flowers are borne on a leafless
spike, curved at the tip in bud, then erect, the
sterile flowers alternate, 6, and the fertile flowers
are about 3 in axillary whorls below. The bracts
of the female flowers are pectinate, in whorls of
3 or 4, longer than the flowers. Those of the
male flowers are alternate or opposite, entire or
serrate, shorter than the flowers. The flowers
are not so numerous as in the next species. The
plant is submerged. It flowers from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Spiked Milfoil (IZyriophyllum spicatum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is ponds and ditches.
The habit is as in the Whorled Milfoil. The
leaves are four ina whorl. The flowers are borne
in a spike, erect in bud, and the bracts are small,

104

entire, whorled, in fours, shorter than the flowers.
The lower bracts may be pectinate. The fruit is
hardly rounded. The plant is submerged. It
flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Water Starwort (Callitriche verna, L.=C.
palustris, L.).—The habitat of this plant is ponds,
ditches, sluggish streams. The habit is aquatic.
The stem is round in section, little branched, sub-
merged. The leaves are inversely ovate to spoon-
shaped, the floating ones forming a rosette, 3-
nerved, or rarely wanting, narrowed at the base,
with submerged, linear leaves. The flowers are
in the axils, male and female in opposite axils.
The bracts are white, straight, and soon fall,
being bent inwards. The fruit is nearly stalkless,
longer than broad, with parallel lobes, bluntly
keeled on the back, convex on the sides, united
below for half their length. There is a hollow
furrow which is not extended to the base. The
anther-stalks are very slender. The plant is
3-12 in. in height, flowering between April and
October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Callitriche stagnalis, Scop.—The habitat of this
plant is ponds and ditches. The habit is as in
the last. The leaves are all similar, narrow at
the base, inversely ovate to spoon-shaped, the
floating leaves forming a rosette, which, however,
may not develop. The flowers are as in the last,
with sickle-like, persistent bracts. In flower the
styles are erect and persistent, turned back in
fruit. The fruit is nearly stalkless, with lobes
winged on the back, twice as large as in C. verna,
and when dry pale in colour. The lobes are
slightly spreading. The plant is floating or sub-
merged. Flowers may be found between April
and September. The plant is a herbaceous annual
or perennial.

Callitriche polymorpha, Lonnr.—The habitat of
this plant is watery places. In habit the plant
resembles C. stagnalis. The fruit, however, is
not so large and is hardly winged. The lower
leaves are linear, notched. The upper leaves are
roundly spoon-shaped, and form a rosette. The
flowers are as in the last, with sickle-like, per-
sistent bracts. The fruit is as small as in C.
verna. It is almost stalkless, with lobes scarcely
winged on the back, and keeled. The style is
erect in flower, turned back in fruit, very long,
2-3 times as long as the fruit. The plant is float-
ing or submerged. It is in flower between June
and September, and is a herbaceous annual or
perennial.

Callitriche intermedia, Hoffm. (= C. hamulata,
Kutz.).—The habitat of this plant is lakes and
streams, &c. The plant has the Starwort habit.
The leaves are linear, the upper broader in the
middle, the uppermost oblong, spoon-shaped. The
bracts overlap, and are hooked, and do not per-
sist. The styles are long, spreading, and at
length turned back over the side of the fruit. The
pollen is more or less round. The fruit is stalk-
less, with a blunt dorsal ridge, flat one side,
broader than long, the lobes are parallel with the
dorsal ridge, and there is a shallow furrow. The

BRITISH FLORA

plant is floating or submerged. It flowers between
April and September, and is a herbaceous annual
or perennial.

Callitriche obtusangula, Le Gall.—The habitat
of this plant is ponds and ditches. The plant has
the Starwort habit. The leaves, which are all
inversely ovate, form a rosette. The bracts are
persistent. The styles are spreading, or erect,
and do not fall. The fruit is large, blunt, hardly
stalked. The lobes are parallel with the rounded
edges. The carpels are swollen, obtusely 3-angled
on the back. The plant is floating or submerged.
It is in flower between Aprii and September, and
is a herbaceous annual or perennial.

Callitriche truncata, Guss.—The habitat of this
plant is ditches. The leaves are all of the same
type, and are enlarged at the base, and linear.
They are all submerged, very blunt at the end,
and of a clear, green colour. There are no bracts.
The styles are bent back or spreading. The fruit
consists of 4 nearly equal lobes, and is shortly-
stalked, the lobes having a blunt dorsal ridge,
being keeled, The plant is floating or submerged.
It flowers between June and September, and is a
herbaceous annual or perennial.

Callitriche autumnalis, L.—The habitat of this
plant is lakes, especially in North Britain. The
leaves are all of the same type, enlarged below,
linear, dark-green, submerged, blunt at the end.
There are no bracts. The styles are spreading.
The fruit is stalkless, four times as large as in
C. verna, dark-brown, with one or two abortive
lobes. The carpels are keeled or winged, united
towards the axis only. The lobes have broad and
acute wings on the back. The plant is sub-
merged. It flowers between June and October,
and is a herbaceous annual or perennial.

ORDER LYTHRACE

Hyssop Loosestrife (Lythrum hyssopifolia, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is moist places, often
liable to inundation, just where one might expect
to find Water Purslane, but it is very local. The
habit is prostrate, or ascending, spreading, simple
or branched. The leaves are alternate, linear to
lance-shaped, blunt. They are stalkless, and
wedge-shaped below, very narrow. The flowers
are small, solitary, pink or purplish, in the axils.
There are 2 minute, awl-like bracts. The calyx-
teeth are short, awl-like. The petals are oblong.
There are 6 stamens. The capsule is cylindrical.
The plant is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers be-
tween June and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER EPILOBIACE

Downy Willow Herb (Zfzlobium parvifiorum,
Schreber).—The habitat of this plant is ditches and
river-banks, watery places. The plant has the
willow-herb habit, or more or less that of a rosette
below, with erect stem. There are autumnal
stolons, with more or less stalkless, or stalked,
rosettes of leaves. The root is fibrous. The stem
is downy, round in section, branched above, or

LAKES, RIVERS,

more or less simple. The leaves are stalkless,
more or less alternate, lance-shaped, with a
rounded base, toothed. The radical leaves have
short stalks. The flowers are small, with erect,
ovoid buds, rose-purple, numerous. The sepals
are lance-shaped. The lobes of the stigma are
short and not turned back. The capsule is nearly
smooth or downy. The seeds are tubercular, in-
versely ovate to oblong, rounded below. The
plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Epilobium collinum, C. Gmel.—This species is
a doubtful one, and has been referred to Z. mon-
tfanum. It was found in Scotland.

Square-stalked Willow Herb (Zfilobium tetra-
gonum, L. = £. adnatum, Griseb.).—The habitat
of this species is wet places. The habit is as in
the last. There are dense, stalkless rosettes.
The plant is downy above. The stem has 2 or 4
raised lines, or is round, and is erect, much-
branched, rough, and strong. The leaves are
stalkless, those below the branches opposite, some-
times shortly - stalked, running down the stem.
They are strap-shaped, linear to oblong, ovate,
toothed, shining below. The buds are erect, acute.
The flowers are purplish-rose colour, or lilac, erect.
The pods are 2-4 in. long. The seeds are oblong
to inversely ovate, tubercular. The plant is 1-2 ft.
in height, and flowers in July and August, being
a herbaceous perennial.

Epilobium obscurum, Schreber.—The habitat of
this species is damp places. The habit is as in the
last, which it resembles except in the shorter cap-
sule and foliage. The autumn stolons have few
distant pairs of opposite leaves. The leaves are
ovate to lance-shaped, tapered from a rounded
base, and are stalkless, remotely toothed. The
lower leaves are oblong, blunt, not shining above.
The buds are erect. The capsule is more or less
erect or spreading. The seeds are oblong to in-
versely ovate. The plant flowers in July ‘and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Epilobium Lamyi, F. Schultz.—The habitat of
this plant is woods and roadsides. The plant
forms dense rosettes. The leaves are lance-shaped,
finely or coarsely toothed, rounded below, some-
times with a short leaf-stalk, bluish-green, acute,
closely downy. The flowers are larger than in
E. tetragonum. The buds are erect. The plant
is 1-3 ft. inheight. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Willow Herb (Zpzlobium palustre, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is bogs, ditches. The
habit is as in the other members of the group.
The summer stolons are subterranean, slender,
scaly, with scaly buds in autumn, and are long-
jointed, with very small leaves, which end in bulbs
in autumn, becoming detached. The stem has a
cordlike base, roots near the base, and is round in
section, with two lines of felt. The leaves are not
stalked, and are lance-shaped, nearly all opposite,
limp, spreading, with few teeth, with a narrow,
blunt tip. The leaves are wedge-shaped at the
The flowers are in a raceme, nodding at the
The buds are blunt, nodding.

base.
top, rose or lilac.

DITCHES, ETC.

The sepals are lance-shaped. The capsule is
downy. The seeds are spindle-shaped, narrower,
narrow and acute below, with the testa prolonged.
The plant is 6-24 in. in height. It flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

105

ORDER UMBELLIFERA®

Least Marshwort (Apium inundatum, H. G.
Reichb. ).—The habitat of this plant is wet places,
ponds, pools, &c. The habit is prostrate, sub-
merged, or floating. The plant is limp, small,
straggly. The stem is frequently submerged,
wavy, fairly thick. The floating or submerged
leaves are twice or thrice pinnate. The lower
leaves are hair-like, much divided, 3-cleft, linear,
and some of the upper leaves rise above the sur-
face. When growing on the mud not in water
the leaves are all much broader, with wedge-
shaped segments, 3-cleft. The small white or
pinkish flowers are in small umbels of 2 or more
unequal rays, with a leaf opposite each, on short
flower-stalks. There are no bracts. There are
4-6 lance-shaped, 3-nerved bracteoles. The petals
are in-bent. The fruit is more or less stalkless,
elliptic to oblong. The styles are bent-back. The
plant is 4-10 in. in height, and flowers in June and
July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Water Hemlock or Cowbane (Cicufa virosa,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is watery places,
ponds, ditches, peaty pools. The habit is erect.
The rootstock is short, stout, with septa. The
roots are fibrous and slender. The stem is hollow
below, furrowed, round in section, thick, leafy.
The leaves are large, triangular, the radical leaves
twice or thrice pinnate, borne on stout leaf-stalks,
those of the lower leaves long. The leaflets are
linear to lance-shaped, acute, doubly coarsely
toothed, and run down the stem, being oblique.
The flowers are small, white, in large, flat umbels,
with no general involucre, or one or 1-2 slender
bracts, the partial involucre consisting of numerous
short, slender, awl-like bracteoles. The calyx-
teeth are ovate. The fruit is broader than long.
The slender styles are bent-back. The plant is
2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Water Parsnip (Stwm latifolium, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is watery places, ditches,
rivers, river-sides. The habit is erect. The root-
stock is short, and bears stolons. The stem is
erect, stout, hollow, angular, grooved, and
branched above. The leaves are large, pinnate,
with 9-13 large, stalkless, distant leaflets, which
are linear to oblong, acute, lance-shaped, equally
toothed. The submerged leaves are much-divided.
The flowers are small, white, the outer larger, in
large, flat, terminal umbels, the rays numerous.
The flowerheads, at first erect, turn sideways.
The involucral bracts are lance-shaped. The
bracteoles are leafy and large. The style is
slender. The fruit is broadly ovoid, with promin-
ent ridges. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip (Sium angusti-

106

folium, L.=S. erectum, Huds.).—The habitat of
this plant is wet places, ditches, &c. The habit
The rootstock is creeping, with stolons,
bearing leaves at the joints. The stem is leafy,
round, finely furrowed, erect. The leaves are
pinnate, large, with the leaflets in the radical
leaves stalkless, regularly toothed, ovate to ob-
long, those of the upper leaves irregularly coarsely
toothed, lance-shaped, few, smaller, The flowers
are small, with few lateral umbels, with a leaf
opposite. The rays are few and unequal. The
bracts are numerous, lance-shaped, entire or irre-
gularly lobed. The fruit is not so long as in the
last, with fewer vittae, and conical disk-lobes. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Horsebane (Qnanthe Phellandrium, Lam. =
@. aquatica, Poir.).—The habitat of this plant
is ponds and wet ditches, pools in peaty places.
The plant is erect in habit, or floating and ascend-
ing. The stem is erect, spindle-shaped below,
thick, stoloniferous, the flowering shoot dying
down each year, the plant being continued by off-
sets. The leaves are twice or thrice pinnate,
finely divided, the segments much divided, the
submerged leaves hairy, with spreading, hair-like
segments. The aerial leaves have broad, small,
blunt lobes, ovate, cut, spreading, the segments
numerous, acute, pale-green. The flowers are
white, in lateral umbels, opposite the leaves, with
7-10 rays, and numerous bracteoles. The outer
florets are sometimes irregular. The fruit is round
in section, ovate, narrow to oblong, twice as long
as the styles, which are slender and wavy. The
ultimate flower-stalk is not thickened above. The
plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering from July to Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

is erect.

ORDER VALERIANACEA

Valerian (Valeriana sambucifolia, Mikan).—
The habitat of this plant is wet meadows, banks
of streams, river-sides, damp woods. The habit
is erect. The plant resembles V. officinalis
(V. mikaniz), of which it has been considered a
variety, but here there are 4-6 pairs of lance-
shaped leaflets, which are toothed all round. The
leaves are pinnate, alternate. The leaflets in the
radical leaves are ovate to acute, those of the
stem-leaves oblong to lance-shaped, toothed on
both edges. The terminal leaflets of the radical
leaves are sometimes the largest. The plant pro-
duces large stolons. The plant is 2-4 ft. in height.
The flowers bloom from June to August, and the
plant is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Pearl Everlasting (An/ennaria (Anaphalis)
margaritacea, C. B. Clarke).—The habitat of this
plant is stream-sides. The plant has more or less
the shrub habit.. The stem is erect, stout, cottony,
branched above, leafy. The leaves are linear to
lance-shaped, acute, clothed with white and buff
cottony down, more so below, and are alternate,

BRITISH FLORA

stalkless, half-clasping. The flowers are yellow
or brownish-white, the heads of the male florets
rounded, those of the female bell-shaped, borne
in a compound corymb. The involucre is white.
The involucral bracts are oblong, brown below,
white above, and radiating. The plant is 2-3 ft.
in height, and flowers in July and August, being
a herbaceous perennial,

Marsh Cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is damp places, espec-
ially on light soils, wet sandy places, moist places
generally. The habit is erect. The whole plant
is cottony above, rarely hairless. The stems are
numerous, erect, prostrate below, or ascending,
much-branched. The leaves are narrow, linear
to lance-shaped, swollen upwards, acute or blunt,
cottony both sides, and the leaf-stalk does not clasp
the stem. The flowerheads are yellowish-brown,
collected in terminal, dense clusters, not so long
as the leaves, at the end of the stem and branches.
The involucre is yellowish-brown, the bracts nar-
row, more or less acute. The achenes are very
small and smooth. The plant is 2-6 in. in height,
flowering between July and September, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Bur Marigold (Bidens cernua, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is watery places. The plant is
erect in habit. The stems are stout, succulent,
round in section, branched above, leafy, with op-
posite branches. The leaves are in pairs, united
below, stalkless, entire, oblong to lance-shaped,
coarsely toothed. The flowerheads are drooping,
solitary, terminal. The flower-stalks bear no
bracts. The outer phyllaries are spreading, or
turned back, leafy, the inner not so long, broadly
oblong, blunt, with black streaks. The florets
are brownish-yellow. There are few ray florets,
which are broad, or wanting. The fruit is wedge-
shaped, with 3-4 bristles, narrow to inversely
ovoid. The pappus bristles are barbed. The
plant is 1-2 feet high, and flowers from July to
October, being a herbaceous perennial.

Broad-leaved Ragwort (Senecio sarracenicus,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is river-sides, moist
meadows, watery places. The plant is erect in
habit. The rootstock, which is creeping, bears
stolons. The stem is solid, stout, erect, leafy,
smooth. The leaves are smooth, linear to oblong,
stalkless, acute, irregularly toothed, the lower
leaves being shortly-stalked, the lowest half-clasp-
ing and auricled. The flowerheads are numerous,
in loose, terminal, downy corymbs, with a short
flower-stalk, bearing bracts. The involucre is
broadly bell-shaped, the outer phyllaries awl-like,
the inner linear-oblong, with brown tips. There
are few (6-7) ray florets. The florets are yellow.
The fruit is smooth. The plant attains a height
of 3-5 feet. It flowers in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CAMPANULACE

Water Lobelia (Lobelia Dortmanni, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is gravelly mountain lake-
bottoms. The plant has the rosette habit. The

LAKES, RIVERS,

rootstock is fleshy, short, and bears slender
stolons. The fibres of the roots are white and
cellular, The simple aerial stem is a more or less
leafless scape. The radical leaves are submerged,
more or less cylindrical, with two hollow, parallel
cavities or tubes, linear, blunt, entire, bent-back.
The scape is hollow and bears bracts below. The
flowers are pale-blue, distant, in a loose raceme,
aerial or raised above the water. The flower-
stalks are short. There are short, oblong, blunt
bracts. The calyx is inversely conical, round,
with short, blunt lobes. The corolla-segments
are linear, blunt, the upper ones are erect, the
lower longer. The anthers are included. The
capsule is club-shaped and inclined. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PRIMULACE

Brookweed (Samolus Walerandi, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is wet ground, ditches, often
near the sea, damp watery places. The plant
has the rosette habit. There is a short rootstock.
The stem is erect, with prostrate or ascending
branches, rooting at the base. The radical leaves
form a rosette. The leaves are inversely ovate
or spoon-shaped, blunt or shortly pointed, entire,
fleshy. The stem-leaves are alternate. The
flowers are numerous, white, borne on an erect
raceme. The ultimate flower-stalks ascend. The
bracts are adnate above the middle, small, and
lance-shaped. The tube of the calyx is hemi-
spherical, with triangular, acute lobes, and ad-
heres to the ovary. The corolla-lobes are short
and blunt, the corolla small, with a crown. The
stamens are included. The capsule is round, with
rough seeds. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height,
usually 8-12 in. It flowers from June to Septem-
ber, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GENTIANACE

Yellow Water Villarsia (Zimnanthemum fpel-
tatum, Gmel. = Nymphoides peltatum = Villarsia
nympheoides, Vent.).—The habitat of this plant
is still waters, and rivers. The plant has the
aquatic habit, with floating leaves, and submerged
stems. The rootstock is creeping, with alternate
leaves. The flowering stems are floating, with
short branches in the axils of opposite leaves.
The stems are long, round, branched. The leaves
are floating, round, or heart-shaped at the base,
stalked, entire, green, shining, with purple spots,
purplish, with glands below, with wavy border.
The radical leaves are long-stalked, slender,
without sheaths, those of the floating leaves not
so long, stout, with sheaths. The flowers are
yellow. The flower-stalks bear a single flower,
and are clustered, crowded. The flowers are
more or less umbel-like, and open successively.
The sepals are linear to oblong, blunt. The
corolla has the lobes fringed with hairs, notched,
or fimbriate. The fruit, a capsule, is like a flagon
in shape, 3-valved, green. The seeds are few,

DITCHES, ETC. 107

winged, fringed with hairs. The plant is floating,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial,

ORDER BORAGINACEAE

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is river-banks, watery places.
The plant is erect in habit. It is roughly hairy ali
over. There is a branched rootstock. The roots
are fibrous and fleshy. The stem is stout, angular,
branched, broadly winged at the top. The leaves
are ovate to lance-shaped, narrow below, the
radical leaves with a long winged leaf-stalk, are
shortly - stalked, and running down the stem.
The flowers are yellowish-white or purple (S.
patens), in racemes or scorpioid cymes in pairs,
drooping. The sepals are narrow to lance-shaped,
spreading, more downy in the purple-flowered
type. The nutlets are shining. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, flowering in May and June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Tufted Scorpion Grass (J/yosotis cespitosa, K. F.
Schultz).—The habitat of this plant is watery or
wet places. The habit is prostrate, then ascend-
ing. The rootstock is short, and there are no
stolons. The plant has a felt of distant appressed
hairs. The stem is much branched, round, with a
line running down the stem, the branches slender.
The leaves are bright, shining-green, the radical
ones spoon-shaped to oblong, polished. The
stem-leaves are linear to oblong, with a rounded
tip, blunt or notched, narrowed to the stalkless
base. The flowers are bright-blue, in a raceme,
or long cyme, slender, leafy below. The sepals
have straight, closely pressed hairs, and are
blunt, triangular, oblong to ovate, as long as the
tube. The corolla has a yellow disk or centre.
The style is not so long as the calyx. The nut-
lets are black, short, broad, bordered, not keeled
in front. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, flower-
ing between May and August. It is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER PLANTAGINACE

Shoreweed (Zif/orella lacustris, L.=L. uniflora,
Asch.=Z. juncea, Berg.).—The habitat of this
plant is sandy and gravelly edges of lakes and
ponds, sometimes below water, when it is barren.
The habit is tufted. The plant is smooth or
downy, and may form a matted mass when sub-
merged. The rootstock is white, creeping, and
bears stolons. The leaves, which are all radical,
are linear to awl-like, sheathing below, fleshy,
channelled, sometimes having hair above. The
plant is moncecious. The flowers are white. The
male flowers are borne on an axillary scape,
not so long as the leaves, and are solitary, and
stalked (1-2 in.), with 1-2 bracts below the middle.
The sepals are green, with membranous edges,
blunt. The female flowers are more or less
stalked, with lance-shaped bracts. The fruit is
bony, with erect seeds. The plant is 1-3 in. in
height. It flowers in August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

108 BRITISH

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Mudwort (Limosella aquatica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is the margins of ponds, muddy
places where water has lain, The habit is the
rosette habit. The rootstock is slender, creeping,
rooting. The plant is very small. There is no
stem, except the underground or creeping stolons.
The leaves are narrow, oblong to lance-shaped,
or spoon-shaped, tufted, long-stalked. The flowers
are small, white, or rose-coloured, on axillary
stalks, not so long as the leaves, or leaf-stalks,
bent back in fruit. The capsule is ovoid and very
small. The plant is 1-4 in. in height, flowering
between July and September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Water Speedwell ( Veronica Anagallis-aquatica,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is watery places.
The plant is prostrate then ascending in habit. The
plant is stoloniferous, devoid of hairs, erect, stout,
hollow, succulent. The stem is simple or bears
a few branches. The leaves are stalkless, half-
clasping, ovate, oblong to lance-shaped, coarsely
toothed, with small teeth, and auricled. The
flowers are pale-blue, in slender, sometimes glan-
dular, ascending, opposite racemes, which
lengthen in fruit. There are lance-shaped bracts,
as long as the ultimate flower-stalks. The sepals
are ovate to lance-shaped, more or less acute,
smooth or glandular. The fruit-stalks are spread-
ing. The capsule is elliptical, oval, notched,
turgid, not so long as the sepals. There is a
medium-sized style. The seeds are small, bicon-
vex. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LENTIBULARIACEX

Utricularia neglecta, Lehm. (=U. major,
Schmidt).—The habitat of this plant is pools in
heathy places. Similar to U. vulgaris, this species
was formerly regarded as a sub-species. There is
a slender stem and scape. The leaves are not so
large as in the last, more distant. The stems are
slender, or hairlike. The leaves are nearly round,
with awl-like, entire segments, pinnate, and much-
divided, fringed with hairs in places. On the
leaves are the small bladders, which are shortly-
stalked. The scape is very slender. The corolla
is pale-yellow, borne on slender stalks, 4-5 times
as long as the lance-shaped bract, with a spur
which is conical, directed upwards, and project-
ing, ovate to oblong, blunt or notched, not closely
pressed to the upper lip. The upper lip is 2-3
times as long as the palate. The lower lip has a
broad, flat, spreading margin. The flower-stalks
are ascending in fruit. The plant is 6-8 in. in
height, flowering between June and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Smaller Bladderwort (Utricularia minor, L. =
U. ochroleuca, R. Hartm.).—The habitat of this
plant is pools, ditches, pits. The habit is as in
the last, and U. vulgaris. The stems are thread-
like. The leaves are regularly forked in two
parts, much-divided, loose, broad, round, with

FLORA

awl-like, entire segments, not fringed with hairs.
The pitchers have slender stalks. The scapes
bear 2-6 small flowers, pale-yellow. The flower-
stalks are 2-3 times as long as the calyx, bent
down in fruit. The upper lip of the corolla is as
long as the small palate, the lower broadly ovate,
with a flat spreading margin. The spur is very
short, small, and blunt. The sepals are round,
long-pointed. The anthers are free. The plant
is 3-10 in. in height, flowering from June to Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.—The habitat of
this plant is pools, ditches, bogs, pits. The habit
is asin the last. The stem is slender. The leaves
are in 2 rows, close, repeatedly forked, much-
divided, 3-partite, broad, round, with awl-like,
linear segments, with a fringe of distant hairs.
The pitchers are on slender stalks, on leafless
branches. The scape is stout. The flower-stalks
are as long as the calyx. The flowers are pale-
yellow. The upper lip is longer by twice than the
swollen palate. The lower lip has a broad and
flat, spreading margin. The spur is closely pressed
to the lower lip, and is conical and acute. The
flower-stalk is q-5 times as long as the ovate bract,
and erect in fruit. The plant is 4-8 in. in height,
and flowers between July and September, being a
herbaceous perennial.

Utricularia Bremii, Heer.— This species is
found in Scotland in Nairn, Moss of Inshoch,
and Moray, Loch of Spynie, Elgin, Gordon Moss,
Berwickshire. From the Lesser Bladderwort it
differs in the larger flowers, which have a short
conical spur, and a flat, rounded lower lip. The
habit is also more robust.

ORDER LABIAT

Horse Mint (Mentha hirsuta, Huds.=M. aqua-
tica, L.).—The habitat of this plant is river-sides,
marshes, moist places. The habit is erect. The
plant is usually softly hairy. The stems are
4-angled. The leaves are ovate to oblong or
heart-shaped, the upper ones bract-like, not so
long as the flowers, stalked, coarsely toothed,
hairy both sides, opposite. The flowers are lilac,
in axillary and terminal, dense, capitate spikes,
which are ovoid, round, oblong, continuous or in-
terrupted below. The ultimate flower-stalks and
flowers are hairy. The bracts and bracteoles are
awl-like to lance-shaped. The calyx-teeth are
slender. The calyx is glandular, smooth, tubular.
The plant is 1-5 ft. high, flowering in August and
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mentha alopecuroides, Hull=M. velutina, Bab.
—The habitat of this plant is waste places. There
are subterranean stolons. The leaves are very
broad, more or less heart-shaped below, coarsely
toothed, rather wrinkled above, very hairy below.
The flowers are pink, in conical to cylindrical,
short, stout spikes, with lance-shaped bracts, not
so long as the flowers. The calyx-teeth are as
long as the tube. The corolla is hairy. The plant
is 2-3 ft. in height, and flowers in August and
September. It is a herbaceous perennial.

LAKES, RIVERS,

Peppermint (Mentha piperita, Huds.= 1. agua-
tica X spicata).—The habitat of this plant is damp
places. The plant has the mint habit. There are
underground stolons. The whole plant is devoid
of hairs, and is more slender and smaller than
Spearmint. The leaves are stalked, hairless, or
hairy on the veins below, ovate to lance-shaped,
oblong, acute, or blunt below, coarsely toothed,
the upper leaves not so large. The flowers are
lilac, in cylindric spikes, interrupted below, with
close whorls, loose, short and blunt. The calyx
is glandular, tubular, often red, smooth below,
with awl-like, lance-shaped teeth, The plant has
a purplish tint, and smells of peppermint. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in August and
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Whorled Watermint (Jlentha sativa, L. = x
verticillata, Huds. = M. aquatica x rubra).—The
habitat of this plant is wet places, waste places,
marshes. The habit is as in Watermint. The
plant is green. The leaves are nearly stalkless,
hairy both sides, elliptical, ovate to lance-shaped,
oblong, acutely coarsely toothed, the upper leaves
smaller, longer than the flowers. The flowers
are lilac, in an indeterminate inflorescence, with
flowers in axillary, distant whorls, none at the
top. The bracteoles are not so long as the
flowers, long-pointed. The calyx-teeth are tri-
angular, lance-shaped, not so long as the tube,
acute, the calyx tubular or bell-shaped. The throat
of the calyx is naked. The ultimate flower-stalks,
calyx, and corolla are hairy. The plant is 1-3 ft.
in height, flowering between July and September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Red Mint (Mentha rubra, Sm.).—The habitat
of this plant is watery places. The plant has been
regarded as a variety or sub-species of the last,
or as one parent if that be considered a hybrid.
The stem and veins of the leaves are purple or red
(hence rubra). The leaves are smooth or have a
few distant hairs, and are stalked. The flowers
are lilac. The ultimate flower-stalks, lower part
of the calyx, and corolla are smooth, the calyx-
teeth hairy. The plant is 2-5 ft. in height, and is
in bloom between July and October, the plant being
a herbaceous perennial.

Mentha gracilis, Sole. — This plant, found in
Wilts, is regarded as a variety of MW. gentilis, L.,
orasa form of W. rubra, Huds. It is more slender,
with the leaves more or less devoid of stalks, and
green. The stem is hairy below. The leaves are
oblong to lance -shaped, smooth or with a few
hairs, the flowers in separate whorls, the lower
bracts short-stalked, 5-6 times as long as the
distant whorls, smaller and narrower than the
leaves. The bracteoles are equal to or exceed the
flowers. The calyx is fringed with hairs. The
ultimate flower-stalks and corolla are smooth.

Marsh Woundwort (S/achys palustris, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is river-banks, moist
places, fields. The habit is erect. The stem is
4-angled, hollow, stout, with fine, turned-back
hairs, less coarse than in the common Woundwort.
The stem-leaves are opposite, shortly-stalked or
stalkless, ovate, oblong to lance-shaped, narrow,

DITCHES, ETC.

linear, more or less heart-shaped below, scalloped
to coarsely toothed. The lower leaves are short-
stalked, the upper stalkless. The flowers are
dull-purple, in whorls of 8-10, with lance - shaped,
acute calyx-teeth, which are spinous, and minute
bracts. The nutlets are shining, with small dots.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering from July
to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Stachys ambigua, Sm.—This hybrid (between
S. sylvatica and S. palustris) has been found in 64
vice-counties from the Shetlands to W. Cornwall,
and in Ireland (17), and the Channel Islands. It
isnot uncommon. The habitat is cultivated ground.
The leaves are shortly-stalked, narrower than in
the last, ovate to lance-shaped, heart-shaped below,
coarsely toothed. The leaf-stalks may be half as
long as the leaves,

109

ORDER POLYGONACEZ

Water-pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper, L.).—
The habitat of this species is watery places. The
habit is more or less erect, from a prostrate base.
The stem is creeping, rooting below, much
branched. The leaves are shortly-stalked, lance-
shaped, elliptic, wavy, more or less acute, glandu-
lar below, fringed with hairs, with smooth ocree,
which are short, swollen, fringed with hairs, or
not. The flowers are greenish-pink, in curved, loose
racemes, which are interrupted, slender and droop-
ing above, rarely erect. The green and rose
perianth has a few large glands. There are 6-8
stamens, 2 functionless. The 2-3 styles are nearly
distinct or free. The fruit is large, flattened,
plano-convex, or 3-angled, as long as the perianth,
opaque, black, dotted, rough, ovate-acute. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in August and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Polygonum mite, Schrank. —The habitat of this
species is wet places. The habit is more or less
erect, prostrate below. The stem roots at the
base, and is branched and slender. The leaves
are shortly-stalked, lance-shaped, wavy, elliptic,
more or less acute, fringed with hairs, glandless,
with loose, funnel-shaped ocrez or stipules,
strongly fringed with hairs. The flowers are
greenish-pink, in slender, more or less erect, long,
loose, solitary, interrupted spikes or racemes,
thickened upwards, leafy below, with sepals or
perianth white, with faint nerves, without glands.
There are 5-6 stamens. The 2-3 styles are con-
nected half-way up. The nuts are large, rough,
shining, black, narrow, ovate-acute, plano-convex,
or 3-angled, as long as the perianth. The plant
is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in August and Sept-
ember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Common Red Persicaria (Polygonum Persicaria,
L.).—This is a weed of cultivation and waste
ground, damp places, native in marshes and on
river-banks. The habit is erect orascending. The
stems are branched, with swollen nodes. The
leaves are flat, ovate, lance-shaped, spotted, more
or less stalkless, acute, fringed with hairs, downy,
dotted below, without glands. The stipules are
loose, strongly fringed with hairs. The flowers

Ilo

are in dense racemes, or spikes, compact, ovate to
oblong, cylindrical, terminal and axillary, the
lateral stalkless. The perianth-segments are red
or white, smooth (like the stalk), without glands
as a rule. There are 5-8 stamens, 2-3 styles,
united half-way. The outer anthers open inwards,
the inner outwards. The fruit is plano-convex,
or 3-angled, flattened, gibbous one side, hardly
covered by the perianth-segments. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from July to October, and
is a herbaceous annual,

Water Dock (Rumex domesticus, Hartm. =
aquaticus).—The habitat of this plant is damp
ground, mountain valleys, waste places, wet
meadows and ditches, or spots liable to be flooded.
The habit is erect, the stem very stout. The
leaves are very large, the lower oblong, lance-
shaped, heart-shaped, wavy. The flowers are in
crowded, leafless whorls. The sepals bear no
tubercles, are heart-shaped, enlarged, entire,
membranous. The nut is elliptical. The plant
is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Great Water Dock (Rumex Hydrolapathum,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is ditches and
river-sides. The habit is erect. The stem is
branched. The leaves are very large, sometimes
a foot long, heart-shaped below, broadly ovate or
oblong to lance-shaped, acute, tapered below into
a stalk, with a flat, not winged, leaf-stalk, the
margin having small scallops. The flowers are
reddish-green in a nearly leafless panicle, which
is very large, with crowded whorls. The inner
perianth-segments are enlarged, ovate to tri-
angular, more or less entire, or with small teeth,
tubercled, acute or blunt. The fruiting segments
are net-veined, with a blunt or wedge-shaped
base. The fruit is pale-chestnut, elliptic. The
plant is 3-6 ft. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rumex maximus, Schreb. = Rk. Hydrolapathum
v. latifolius, Borrer.—The habitat of this species
is ditches and river-sides. The plant has very
long leaves, the radical leaves obliquely heart-
shaped below, oblong, acute, the leaf-stalks flat
or broadly channelled above, with raised edges.
The flowers are in crowded whorls, with few or
no leaves. The base of the inner fruiting perianth-
segments is blunt or heart-shaped, and they are
triangular, tubercled, toothed below. The plant
is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Bay-leaved Willow (Salix pentandra, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is river-banks, wet places,
especially in the north. The species has the willow
habit. The plant is a shrub or tree, with brown
bark. The leaves are elliptic, ovate, lance-shaped,
with a long narrow point, glandular, coarsely-
toothed, shining, sticky, pale below, netted below,
and fragrant when bruised. The stipules are
ovate to oblong, or wanting. The male catkins,
at first erect, are later drooping, the stamens 5
(or 4-12). The female catkins are not so long.
The scales are oblong, and fall. The capsule
is smooth. There is a short style. The stigma

BRITISH FLORA

is bifid, oval, oblong, straight. The height is
6-8 ft., or as a tree 20 ft. The tree is in flower
in May and June, and is a deciduous perennial
tree.

Salix decipiens, Hoffm. = S. fragilis x triandra.
—The habitat of this plant is as in the last. It has
smaller leaves than in the case of S. /ragilis, with
orange or crimson polished twigs, a longer style,
and the catkins are closer.

Violet Willow (Salix daphnoides, Vill. =S. acuti-

Jolia, Willd.).— This has been found at Great

Ayton, North Yorkshire, by river-banks, and not
considered indigenous. The Violet Willow is a
small tree with violet twigs. The buds are large.
The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, narrow to
oblong, with a long point, with acute, coarse
teeth, scalloped, shining above, bluish-green
below. ‘The stipules are lance-shaped, half-heart-
shaped below, acute. The catkins are stout,
stalkless (the male one short, thick, hairy), and
appear before the leaves. Female catkins have
not been observed. The anthers are yellow.
The scales are black, pointed, acute, hairy. The
capsule has a short stalk or is stalkless, and
smooth, ovate to inversely conical. The stigma is
linear to oblong. The tree is 10-12 ft. high,
flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous
perennial tree.

ORDER CERATOPHYLLACE

Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is ponds and ditches. The
stems are densely leafy. The leaves are in whorls,
several times forked, dark-green, with distant
coarse teeth. The segments are awl-like, spread-
ing, those of the upper leaves broader, more rigid.
The spines are wanting. Flowers are not often
to be found, and are very small. The calyx seg-
ments are notched above. The fruit has a slender,
curved, awl-like style, and is armed with spines,
without wings. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height,
and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Ceratophyllum submersum, L.—The habitat of
this plant is as in the last. From this it differs
mainly in the fruit, which bears no spines, but
cylindrical tubercles. The calyx-segments are
all entire. The leaves are light-green. The leaf-
segments are awl-like. When young the fruit is

smooth. The plant flowers in June and July.
ORDER HYDROCHARIDACE
Water Soldier (Sfratiotes aloides, L.). —The

habitat of this plant is ponds, ditches, fen-ditches,
still water. The plant has the aquatic habit. The
stems are stolons. The leaves are numerous,
sword-like, tapering, triangular, spinous, fringed
with hairs or coarsely toothed, spreading, rigid,
brittle, deep-green, with many nerves. The
flowers are white, borne on flattened flower-stalks,
which are axillary, short, and stout. The flowers
rise to the surface and flower. The fruit is green,
bent down at right angles to the stalk, flagon-

LAKES, RIVERS,

shaped, 6-angled, with carpels that separate.
The seeds are mucilaginous. The plant is 6-18
in. in height, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Canadian Waterweed or Water-Thyme (Z/odea
canadensis, Michx.= Anacharis alsinastrum, Bab.).
—The habitat of this plant is ponds, ditches,
canals, streams. The habit is aquatic. The
plant is dark-green, but transparent. The stems
are long, brittle, round, rooting at the nodes,
branched. The leaves are in whorls of 3-4, num-
erous, stalkless, close, oval or oblong, linear or
lance-shaped, blunt, with small, coarse teeth.
The flowers are greenish-purple, floating, with a
long, slender tube, 3-8 in., which is a bifid spathe,
with a stalkless ovary below. Only the female
flowers are known in this country, except at Edin-
burgh, where the male flower has been found.
The sepals are broad, nearly equal, boat-shaped,
tinged with green and pink externally, hooded,
bent inwards. The petals are oblong, bent-back,
flat, transparent. The stigma is long, round in
section, notched. There are no anthers. The
anther-stalks are at first curved outwards, erect,
linear, blunt. The plant is 1-4 ft. in length or
height, flowering from July to October, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Common Hard Rush (Juncus glaucus, Ehrh. =
J. inflexus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is wet,
stiff soils, wet places. The plant has the rush
habit. The stem is coarsely, deeply furrowed,
slender, rigid, bluish-green. The pith is inter-
rupted. The sheaths are dark. The leaves, if
present, are reduced. The panicle is much-
branched, loose. The perianth-segments are nar-
row, linear, lance-shaped, awl-like, as long as the
capsule. There are 6 stamens. The capsule is
black, ovoid, elliptic to oblong, mucronate. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Thread Rush (Juncus filiformis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is lake margins, stony and
gravelly margins of lakes. The plant has the
rush habit. There is a creeping rootstock. The
stems are slender, finely furrowed, wiry, pale-
green. The pith is interrupted. There are no
leaves. The panicle or cyme is small, stalkless,
with few flowers, about the middle of the stem.
The perianth-segments are longer than the cap-
sule, lance-shaped, acute. There are 6 stamens,
with anthers shorter than the anther-stalks. The
capsule is blunt, top-shaped, with a short, abrupt
point. The seeds are very small. The plant is
6-8 in. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ERIOCAULACE

Pipe-wort (Zriocaulon septangulare, With. =E£.
articulatum, Morong.).—The habitat of this plant
is shallow lakes. The plant is tufted in habit.
The rootstock is creeping, with cellular, white

DITCHES, ETC. 111
roots of jointed fibres. The leaves are awl-like,
flattened at the margin, green, translucent,
septate, smooth. The flowers are unisexual,
borne on a scape, twisted, with 6-8 furrows,
longer than the leaves. The flowers are q-cleft,
hairy at the end, as well as the scales, in a com-
pact scaly head. The fertile flowers are 4-partite.
The parts are in twos, the outer segments being
dark, bearded at the tip, the inner fringed with
hairs with a black spot at the tip. The lateral
flowers have the divisions keeled, flattened, blunt,
fringed. Each flower has a scale, black and
blunt, shorter and broader. The anthers are
dark. The ovary is stalked. The capsule is
2-celled. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER TYPHACE

Sparganium neglectum, Beeby(=S. erectum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is wet places. It has
been regarded as a variety of S. ramosum. The
inflorescence is, however, less branched and
spreading. The stem is branched above. The
radical leaves are 3-angled below. The perianth-
segments of the female flowers are narrow, 1-
nerved, the tip enlarged. The stigma is linear
to lance-shaped. The ripe fruit is oblong to in-
versely ovoid, with obscure angles narrowed
gradually into a long tapering beak. The plant
flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Unbranched Bur Reed (Sparganium simplex,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is ditches and
streams, ponds, river-banks. The plant is erect
in habit or ascending. The stem is simple. The
leaves are 3-angled at the base, keeled, erect,
long, floating, with flat sides. The heads are
numerous, racemose. The male heads are sev-
eral, yellow, stalkless. The female are stalked,
especially below. The stigma is linear, awl-like.
The fruit is a drupe, shortly-stalked, more or less
spindle-shaped, elliptic, narrowed both ends. The
beak is long. The seeds are smooth. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

True Floating Bur Reed (Spargantum natans,
L.=S. affine, Schultz).—The habitat of this plant
is lakes, ditches, pools. The habit is as in the
last. The stem is simple, limp, rather thick, sub-
erect in flower, leafy, floating above. The leaves
are floating, flat at the base, not keeled, long,
linear, limp, the base swollen, sheathing, concave,
grass-green. The heads are racemose, numerous,
distant, stalked, the lower fertile ones, the male
heads numerous, stalkless. The stigma is tongue-
shaped, linear to lance-shaped. The fruit is a
drupe, stalked, oblong, not longer than the beak,
which is long, awl-like, spindle-shaped. The
plant is 1-3 ft. long, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sparganium minimum, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is lakes and ditches. The stem is simple,
limp, slender. The leaves are linear, floating,
biunt, not swollen below, pale, long, transparent.

112

The heads are few, racemose, or in spikes, dis-
tant. There is a solitary male head. The lower
female heads are shortly-stalked. The stigma is
short, oblong to lance-shaped. The fruit, a drupe,
is stalkless, inversely ovoid, shortly-beaked. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved Reed Mace (7ypha angusti-
folia, L.).—The habitat of this plant is ditches,
ponds, stream-sides, lakes. The plant is erect in
habit. The stem is slender. The leaves are
linear, convex, channelled below, dark-green,
narrow, longer than the inflorescence. The spikes
are separated by 4-} in., the males above, the
female below, the female reddish-brown, inter-
rupted, with bracts. The perianth-scales are en-
larged towards the top. The style is longer than
the bristles. The style is long and slender. The
rachis is hairy. The fruits are stalked with
silky hairs. The plant is 5-7 ft. in height, flower-
ing in Juneand July, and isa herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LEMNACEZ=

Ivy-leaved Duckweed (Lemna trisulca, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is ponds, still waters, and
stagnant waters. The plant is stemless. The
root is single. The frond is thin, transparent,
and elliptic, in shape inversely ovate to lance-
shaped, tailed at one end, serrate at the other,
proliferous at right angles, narrowed below. The
young hastate fronds are placed crosswise to the
old ones. The plant is submerged, and produces
autumn bulblets which persist through the winter.
The style is short. The testa is rough. It flowers
in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Gibbous Duckweed (Lemna gibba, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is stagnant water, still water,
and ponds. The habit is floating. The fronds are
flat, inversely ovate, or rounded, spongy and
swollen below, opaque, pale-green. There is a
solitary, blunt root. The young fronds are stalk-
less. The cells below are large, the epidermal cells
having flexuous walls. There are 2 stamens. The
fruit is a utricle, and bursts transversely. The
plant is floating, flowering from June to Sept-
ember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Great Duckweed (Lemna polyrhiza, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is ponds and ditches, in water.
The fronds are 4 in. long, round to inversely
ovate, flattened, plano-convex, green above, purple
below, 7-nerved, with numerous trachez. The
epidermal cells have flexuous walls. The roots
are numerous, clustered, acute. The spathe is
2-lipped. There are 2 stamens. The plant does
not flower in this country. The plant is floating
and annual.

Wolfia arrhiza, Wimm. (= W. michelzi, Schleid).
—The habitat of this species is slow streams,
ponds, near London. There are no roots. The
fronds are the size of a grain of sand, very small,
green, more or less round, flat above, loosely
cellular below. The young frond soon separates
from the old one, and is solitary at the base. The
epidermal cells have straight walls. There are

BRITISH FLORA

offsets within the base of the old frond. The plant
is floating, flowering in June and July, and is a
herbaceous annual.

ORDER ALISMACEZ

Alisma lanceolatum, With. —As described by
Withering this species, regarded as a variety only
of the common Water Plantain, has the leaves
lance-shaped, narrowed below. . The sepals are
ovate, and the styles are as long as the ovary.
The capsule is 3-angled. The leaves are nearly
strap-shaped, with no distinct leaf-stalk. The
habitat is ditches, shallow water.

Floating Water Plantain (Z/isma natans,
Buch.).— The habitat of this plant is lakes, and
the plant is very rare. The stem is floating and
rooting, slender, often very long, leafy, and gives
rise to long-stalked, oblong, floating leaves, and
1-5 slender, erect, flowered, simple stalks, the
upper sometimes in an umbel. The radical leaves
are submerged, stalkless, membranous, linear,
awllike. The radical leaf-stalks are broadly awl-
like. The root petioles are in small tufts. The
floating leaves are elliptic, stalked, oblong, blunt.
The flowers are white, with a yellow spot or
claw, large. The carpels are finely furrowed,
and beaked. The plant is partly floating. It
flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Star Fruit or Thrum Wort(Damasonium Alisma,
Mill. = D. stellatum, Pers. = Actinocarpus Dama-
sonium, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is ponds
and ditches, gravelly ditches, and pools. The
leaves are numerous, radical, floating or sub-
merged, long-stalked, heart-shaped below, elliptic,
narrow to oblong, 5-veined, blunt. The leaf-stalk
is stout. The scape is stout and bears 1-3 whorls
of flowers, which are white, with petals that soon
fall. The carpels are large, awl-like, flattened,
opening longitudinally, star-shaped. The seeds
are 2, stalked, one erect, the upper horizontal.
The plant is 4-12 in. in height, flowering between
May and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER NAIADACE2

Broad-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton natans,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is* lakes, pools,
ponds, ditches, and slow streams. The plant has
the pondweed habit. The stem is creeping below,
simple, round in section. The leaves are leathery,
elliptic. The floating leaves are alternate, ovate,
elliptic to lance-shaped, long-stalked, the blade
decurrent on the leaf-stalk, folded, the leaf-stalk
jointed below the limb. The lower leaves are
linear to lance-shaped, or awl-like. The stipules
are long and narrow-pointed. The flowers, with
parts in fours, are in a dense spike which rises
above the water, on a stout stalk, with stalked,
roundly rhomboidal sepals. The anther-cells are
not parallel. The fruit is large, rounded, greenish,
flattened, keeled on the back when dry, round
when green. The plant is floating, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

LAKES, RIVERS,

Potamogeton fluttans, Roth. = P. natans x P,
lucens.—As a hybrid between the two species
cited the characters lie between the two, the
blade of the upper floating leaves gradually merg-
ing into the leaf-stalk. This species or hybrid has
been found in 5 vice-counties: W. Sussex, Surrey,
Cambridge, Northants, and Hunts. It is also
found in Ireland. It is very rare, and the habitat
is canals. The plant is floating, and flowers in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Plantain-leaved Pondweed (/o/amogeton plan-
tagineus, Du Croz=P. coloratus, Hornem.).—The
habitat of this plant is stagnant, peaty water,
ditches, fens. The stem is creeping below,
branched, with long runners from the axils. The
leaves are all shortly-stalked, membranous, trans-
parent, netted, blunt, the upper leaves opposite,
nearly stalkless, elliptic, or rounded, the lower
oblong, heart-shaped below. The stipules are
short, broad, and blunt. The leaf-stalk is plano-
convex above. The flowers are in long, cylin-
drical, dense spikes, on very slender equal stalks.
The sepals are ovate. The anther-cells are nearly
parallel. The fruit is green, very small, rounded
on the back when fresh, keeled when dry, with an
obsolete beak. The plant is floating, and flowers
between June and September, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Red Pondweed (Po/amogeton rufescens, Schrad.
=P. alpinus, Balbis).—The habitat of this plant
is ditches, slow streams, ponds, canals. The
stem is simple, round in section. The leaves are
entire, leathery, short-stalked or stalkless, trans-
lucent, the lower submerged leaves stalkless,
tinged with red, many-nerved, lance-shaped, nar-
rowed both ends, netted, the upper leaves floating
or erect, broader, leathery, inversely ovate, blunt,
narrowed into a short leaf-stalk. The stipules
are large, blunt, not winged. The flower-stalk is
equal. The sepals are transversely oval. The
spike is stout. The drupelets are ovate, with a
long point, red, convex ventrally, semicircular
dorsally, keeled. The plant is 1-4 ft. long, flower-
ing between July and September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Various-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton hetero-
phyllus, Schreb. =P. gramineus, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is ponds, ditches, pools, and lakes.
The stem is much-branched below, slender, round
in section, green or red. The leaves are not
clasping, nearly flat. The submerged leaves are
limp, stalkless, lance-shaped, narrow both ends,
wavy, With small teeth, and a small blunt point.
The floating leaves are more or less leathery,
elliptic or oblong, stalked, or absent. The stipules
are broadly lance-shaped, blunt, with 2 stout
prominent ribs. The lower are linear to lance-
shaped, and without the ribs, equally veined, the
upper opposite, widely spreading. The flower-stalk
is thickened upwards. The fruit is blunt dorsally,
and, when dry, 3-ribbed, smail, with a short beak.
The plant is 2-4 ft. in height, flowering in June
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton falcatus, Fryer=P. gramineus x P.
nitens).—The habitat of this plant is fen ditches.

Vou. VIL.

DITCHES, ETC. chy

The stem is branched from near the base. The
submerged leaves are stalkless, elliptic, strap-
shaped, not symmetrical, rounded at the base,
the upper leaves clasping the stems, the margin
entire, wavy, the floating leaves stalked, elliptic,
with a short, blunt point, leathery. The stipules
are herbaceous, persistent, the upper broad. The
fruit is small, ovoid, rhomboidal, with an acute
keel, and distinct lateral ridges. The flower-
stalk is thicker than the stem, hardly swollen
upwards, shorter than the leaves. The plant is
floating. It flowers in June and July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton lanceolatus, Sm.—The habitat of
this plant is rivers, shallow streams, and fen
ditches. The stem is very slender, with few
branches, fragile. The submerged leaves are
stalkless, straight, linear, or oblong to lance-
shaped, entire, acute, not blunt-pointed, with a
chain-like network near the midrib. The floating
leaves are more or less leathery, elliptic to lance-
shaped, shortly-stalked. The stipules are awl-
like, the uppermost broader with 2 dorsal raised
ribs. The leaves are dark-green, blunt, netted,
or with chain-like veins all over. The flowers are
in a very short, ovoid spike. The flower-stalks
are short, not thickened upwards, slender, equal,
from the upper floating leaves, which are opposite.
The drupelets are rounded, 3-toothed ventrally,
nearly straight dorsally, with a ventral beak.
The flowers bloom between July and September,
and the plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton nitens, Weber=? F. graminifolius x
P. perfoliatus.—The habitat of this plant is pools
and lakes. The plant is much-branched below,
the stem somewhat wavy. The submerged leaves
are alternate, lance-shaped, rounded below, half-
clasping, wavy at the border, transparent, bent-
back, shining. The floating leaves are leathery,
elliptic, stalked. The upper leaves are not always
leathery. The stipules are equally veined, the
upper ones large, persistent, nearly half as long
as the flower-stalk. The flower-stalk is swollen
upwards. The fruit is keeled when dry, with
3 ridges on the back. The spike is short. The
plant is in flower in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton lonchites, Tuckerm. (=F. salicifolius
=P. graminifolius, Fr.).— The habitat of this
species is rivers. The stem is stout with few
branches, long. The submerged leaves are
straight, narrowly strap-shaped, stalkless, nar-
rowed both ends, entire, with a few parallel veins
next the midrib, 7-9-ribbed, alternate, very long,
translucent. The floating leaves, when present,
are more or less leathery, oblong to lance-shaped,
elliptic, long-stalked, opposite. The stipules are
long, blunt, not winged. The flowers are in a
short spike. The flower-stalk is thickened up-
ward, long. The fruit is obovoid, or obliquely
inversely ovate, 3-keeled, with a short beak.
The plant is floating, flowering from June to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Shining Pondweed (o/amogeton lucens, L.).—
The habitat of this pondweed is ponds, lakes,

85

114 BRITISH

rivers, and streams, and the plant is common in
deep water. The plant has the pondweed habit.
The stem is stout and long. ‘The plant is shining
and glistening. The leaves are large, more or
less stalkless, translucent, transparent. They are
mainly submerged, oval, oblong, or lance-shaped,
linear, blunt-pointed, wavy, with small serratures,
many-nerved. The upper leaves are leathery,
opposite, floating. The stipules are winged or
keeled on the back, large, and long. The flowers
are in a stout, cylindrical, dense spike. The
flower-stalks vary in length, are swollen upwards,
and are as long as the spikes. The fruit is
rounded on the back, keeled when fresh, the
drupelets being small and turgid, with a short,
blunt beak. The plant is 3-6 ft. long, flowering
from June to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Potamogeton decipiens, Nolte.—The habitat of

this plant is streams and canals, and the plant is
very rare. The stem is long, much-branched.
The leaves are membranous, transparent, stalk-
less, more or less rounded, or oblong to lance-
shaped, not hooded, blunt, blunt-pointed, more or
less entire, wavy at the end, the uppermost more
or less stalkless. The stipules are short, not, or
scarcely, winged. The flowers are in a dense
spike 1-2 in. long. The flower-stalks are equal,
stout. The fruit is as in the last but smaller.
The plant is in flower in July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Potamogeton griffithiz, A. Benn. (= P. alpinus x
P. prelongus).—The stem of this plant is branched,
round in section. The submerged leaves are more
or less clasping, strap-shaped, wavy, hooded,
membranous, with a concave tip, 11-nerved, with
4-5 fainter nerves near the midrib. The upper
leaves are long-stalked, inversely lance-shaped,
tapered into the leaf-stalk, and are 13-17-nerved,
blunt, more or less leathery. The stipules are
long, narrow, blunt. The flowers are in a dense
spike. The flower-stalks are slender, not so long
as the upper leaves. The young fruit is ovoid,
the beak terminal from the ventral face. The
plant is in flower in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton zizti, Roth (= P. angustzfolius,
Presl).—The habitat of this plant is lakes and
rivers. The stem is long, much-branched. The
leaves are nearly all submerged, membranous,
transparent, narrow to lance -shaped, oblong,
blunt - pointed, wedge-shaped, narrowed below,
Wavy near the end, with small teeth bent back.
The floating leaves are inversely ovate-oblong,
more or less leathery. The stipules are long,
broad, with a broad, double keel. Sometimes
there are aerial leaves, short-stalked, leathery,
oblong, acute both ends. The flowers are in a
short spike. The stipules are very long, straight,
swollen upwards, thicker than the stem, longer
than the leaves, terminal. The drupelets are
rounded, with 3 keels. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Long -stalked Pondweed (Potamogeton pre-
longus, Wulf.).—The habitat of this pondweed is }

FLORA

lakes and deep rivers, ditches chiefly in the East.
The stem is round in section, greenish - white,
robust, growing in deep water. The leaves are
transparent, half-clasping, linear to oblong, blunt,
hooded at the end, entire, with a swollen midrib,
with parallel veins, the upper leaves opposite.
The veins are numerous and close. ‘The stipules
are not winged, blunt, large. The flowers are in
a dense spike. The flower-stalks are not thickened
upwards, stout, equal, very long. The fruit is
strongly acutely keeled on the back when fresh,
or winged when dry. The plant flowers from
May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton salicifolius, A. Benn. (= P. lithuani-
cus, Gorski).—The habitat of this species is rivers.
The plant is not much branched. ‘The stem is
slender, round in section. The leaves are trans-
lucent, submerged, half-clasping, lance-shaped,
acute or more or less so, entire, 3-nerved, with
numerous secondary nerves. The stipules are
blunt. The flowers are in a short spike. The
flower-stalks are not enlarged upwards. The
drupelets, when dry, are flattened, rounded, blunt.
The British plant does not fruit. It flowers in
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Perfoliate Pondweed (Pofamogeton perfoliatus,
L.).—The habitat of this species is ponds, lakes,
rivers, and streams. The stem is stout, round in
section, slightly branched, regularly forked above.
The leaves are transparent, heart-shaped to ovate
or lance-shaped, clasping, not hooded, the tip flat,
blunt, or more or less acute, entire, 5~9-nerved.
The upper leaves are opposite, translucent. The
stipules are small, more or less acute, not persis-
tent. The flowers are in a dense spike. The
flower-stalks are thick, equal, terminal, and in the
forks short, stout, not thickened upwards. The
perianth-segments have a long claw. The fruit is
rounded on the back when fresh, keeled when dry.
The plant is in flower between June and September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Curled Pondweed (Pofamogeton crispus, L.).—
The habitat of this species is ponds, ditches,
streams, &c. The stem is flattened, slender,
repeatedly forked. The leaves are in 2 rows,
transparent, crisped at the margin, half-clasping,
oblong, linear, blunt, stalkless, wavy, coarsely
toothed, 3-nerved, close, spreading, bent-back.
The stipules are small, blunt, and do not persist.
The flowers are few, 6-8, in a loose small spike.
The flower-stalks are curved, tapered upwards,
stout or slender, equal, long. The fruit is keeled
on the back when dry, with a long beak as
long as the drupelets, which are obliquely ovoid,
flattened. The plant is in flower in July and
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Dense Opposite -leaved Pondweed (/0/amo-
geion densus, L.).—The habitat of this species is
ponds, shallow streams, ditches. The stem is
brittle, slender, repeatedly forked. The leaves
are all submerged, opposite, the margins rolled
in in bud. They are in 2 rows, elliptic, lance-
shaped or ovate to heart-shaped, transparent,
clasping, with a few teeth, 3-5 nerved, close,
bent-back, acute, keeled, and the nodes of those

LAKES, RIVERS,

that are more or less opposite are confluent with
an overlapping base. There are no stipules except
on the upper leaves. The spike is loose, short,
shortly-stalked, with few flowers, 3-6, bent-back
ultimately. The flower-stalks are as long as the
leaves, bent-back at length. The sepals are tri-
angular. The drupelets are flattened, with a thin
pericarp, more or less round, with a sharp keel,
and a short beak which is bent-back. The plant
flowers between July and September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Sharp-leaved Pondweed (Po/amogeton sosteri-
Solius, Schum.=P. compressus, L.).—The habitat
of this species is rivers, lakes, streams. The stem
is flattened, winged, broad, with long internodes.
The leaves are all submerged, alternate, linear,
ligulate, with a narrow point, abrupt, with 3-5
primary and numerous, close, parallel, intermediate
veins, half-clasping. The stipules are free, large,
with a narrow point. The flowers are numerous
in acylindrical spike, 10-15. The sepals are trans-
versely oval. The flower-stalks are longer than
the spike. The drupelets are flattened, inversely
ovate, 3-keeled, the inner edge rounded, with con-
vex faces. The style is terminal, forming a beak
in fruit. The plant flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton acutifolius, Link.—The habitat of
this species is lakes and ditches, marsh or fen
ditches. The stem is flattened. The leaves are
all submerged, alternate, linear to ligulate, long-
pointed, with 3 principal and many close parallel,
slender, intermediate veins. The stipules are
lance-shaped, acute. The flowers are in a very
short spike, which is ovate, as long as the stalks.
The sepals are rhomboidal. The stalk is very
short. The drupelets are convex, the inner edge
straight, with a tooth near the base, inversely
ovate, flattened, keeled. The styles are hooked,
and continue the inner edge of the fruit, being
ventral, and bent-back. The plant flowers from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton obtusifolius, Mert. & Koch (= P.
gramineus, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is pools,
ditches, ponds, and it is a rare species. The stem
is slender, flattened, with rounded edges, much-
branched. The leaves are stalkless, lance-shaped,
linear, more or less acute, or blunt, 3-nerved,
dark-green, opaque, with no veins between the
3 main ones. The stipules are very blunt. The
flowers are in a small ovoid spike, dense, con-
tinuous, as long as the stalk. The sepals are
rhomboidal, shorter than the leaves, terminal or
in forks. The drupelets are flattened, broadly
obliquely ovoid, keeled. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton friesii, Rupr. (= P. mucronatus,
Schrad.).—The habitat of this species is ditches,
canals, &c. The stem is flattened. The leaves
are grouped, linear, with an apiculus, 5-7-veined,
the lateral veins close, and nearer the margin than
the midrib, with no intermediate veins. The
flowers are in an interrupted, short, loose spike,
not so long as the flower-stalk. The latter is
fiattened, club-shaped. The sepals are trans-

DITCHES, ETC, 11S

versely oval. The fruit is obliquely ovate and
bluntly keeled, with a short beak. The plant
flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Potamogeton rutilus, Wolff.—The habitat of this
species is ditches. The stem is slender, flattened.
The leaves are linear, the lowest blunt, the upper
with long narrow points, with 1 pair of lateral
veins running nearly to the apex. The stipules
are long, with a long tapering point. The flower-
stalks are two to three times as long as the rather
dense spike. The fruit is oblong-elliptic, obscurely
keeled, the inner edge nearly straight. The plant
flowers in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Small Pondweed (Potamogeton pusillus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is rivers, ponds, and
ditches. The stem is slender, not usually flattened,
cylindrical, much-branched. The leaves are all
submerged, half-clasping, narrow, linear, usually
3-veined (or 5-7), with no intermediate veins, more
or less acute, the lateral veins half-way between
the midrib and margin. The stipules are small,
and acute. The spikes are short, loose, shorter
than the stalk, with 6-10 flowers. The sepals are
roundish to kidney-shaped. The stalks are hardly
flattened, slender. The drupelets are small,
obliquely ovoid, swollen, bluntly keeled, with a
stout, more or less terminal beak. The plant
flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Potamogeton Kirkii, Syme (= P. sparganifolius,
Bab.).—This species is found in streams and rivers
and is very rare. The stem is very slender, with
few branches. There may be no floating leaves,
more or less leathery, lance-shaped, long-stalked.
The submerged leaves are linear, narrowed at both
ends, very long (2 ft.), stalkless, entire, without
an apiculus, few and veined, with numerous
parallel veins near the midrib. The leaves are
longer than in FP. lanceolatus, green when dry,
and do not possess chain-like reticulations. The
stipules are very long, blunt, not winged.
The flower-stalks are slender, not club-shaped.
The fruit is acutely keeled. The plant flowers in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Potamogeton sturrockii, A. Benn. — This has
been regarded as a variety or sub-species of P.
pusiilus. The stem is slender, rather flattened.
The leaves are thin, blunt, 3-5-nerved, bright-
green, membranous. The flowers are in a short
spike, with a slender stalk. The drupelets are
small, with a short beak.

Hair-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton trichoides,
Cham. & Schl.).—The habitat of this species is
muddy ponds and ditches. The stem is more or
less round in section, hairlike (hence ¢richoides),
thickened below the joints, and repeatedly branched,
or forked and spreading, the branches tufted.
The leaves are half-clasping, bristle-like, spread-
ing, 1-veined, rigid, dark-green, with a fine point.
The stipules are slender, acute. The flowers are
in a short loose spike (3-6), curved, slender, on
long, not thickened stalks, longer than the spikes,
with large stipules. The sepals are rounded,
stalked. The fruit is solitary, transversely kidney-

116

shaped, obliquely ovoid, flattened, with an obscure
keel, with a straight inner edge, with a tooth near
the base, warted on the back, with a tubercle at
the base when fresh, and with a short beak. The
plant is in flower in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Fennel-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton pecti-
natus, L. = P. marinus, Huds.).—The habitat of
this plant is fresh and brackish ditches, streams,
and ponds. The stem is slender, branched, densely
branched, forming a thick flat mass. The root is
a thick tuber. The leaves are long, linear, made
up of 2 interrupted tubes, with a long narrow
point, the upper leaves bristle-like, 1-3 ribbed, the
lower flattened, 5-nerved. The stipules form a
sheath with a free tip. The flowers are in an
interrupted whorl, few, and distant. The stalks
are long and slender, not thickened above. The
fruit is large, swollen, broadly half-inversely ovate,
the inner edge convex, rounded on the back, with-
out ridges. The nut has 2 strong lateral ridges,
and is not keeled, but has a short beak. The
plant flowers in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Potamogeton vaginatus, Turcz.—This species is
regarded as a variety of the last, found in Shet-
land.

Potamogeton flabellatus, Bab. (= P. interruptus,
Kit.).—The habitat of this speciesisstreams, ponds,
and ditches, chiefly near the sea. The stem is,
when floating, long, branched, wavy, fanlike
(hence flabellatus). The rhizome is spreading
from a tuber. The lower leaves are broadly
linear, flat, with an abrupt apiculus, or long narrow
point, 3-5-veined, the veins transverse, distant
from the margin. The upper leaves are narrow,
acute, 1-3-veined, the lateral veins marginal. The
flowers are in interrupted spikes. The fruit is
broadly half-inversely ovoid, the inner edge more
or less straight, the lateral ribs not well-marked,
and not ribbed on the back when fresh, but rounded.
There is a prominent keel on the nut. The plant
flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Fine-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton filiformis,
Nolte = P. marinus, L.).—This plant is found in
lakes and ditches. The stem is slender (hence
Jiliformis), branched below, simple above, with
short branches. The leaves are like those of P.
pectinatus, but longer. They are linear, bristle-
like, 1-nerved, the veins transverse, channelled,
alternate. The flowers are in a much-interrupted
spike, in dense whorls, with very slender stalks,
longer than the leaves. The drupelets are hardly
keeled, inversely ovate, rough, rounded dorsally
when dry. The nut is round on the back, with a
very short, terminal beak. The plant flowers from
July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Horned Pondweed (Zannichellia palustris, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is fresh and brackish
waters, pools, ditches, ponds, and streams, stag-
nant water. The plant is floating or submerged,
and has the pondweed habit. The stems are
thread-like or bristle-like, with spreading branches.
The leaves are opposite or in whorls, slender.

BRITISH FLORA

The flowers are without stalks, in the axils. The
achenes are curved, with a smooth keel, stalkless.
There are 1 or 2 stamens in the male flowers,
which are long-stalked. The females consist of
1 free or shortly-stalked carpel, in groups of four
or less, with a cup-like spathe, which may be en-
tire. The plant flowers from May to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Zannichellia polycarpa, Nolte.—The habitat of
this species is brackish water. The leaves are
opposite, thread-like. The anthers are 2-celled,
the anther-stalks very short. The stigma is large
and wavy on the margin. The style is very short.
The achenes are 5-6, more or less stalkless. The
nuts are close together, crenulate on the back.
The plant flowers between May and August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Naias flexilis, Rostkovy & Schmidt.—The habi-
tat of this plant is deep lakes. The stem is
branched, brittle, slender. The leaves are very
slender, narrow, ternate, 3 in a whorl, or opposite,
transparent, with very small distant teeth, or
entire, veined. The sheaths are fringed with
hairs, or have very small teeth. The flowers are
solitary or 2-3. The anther is 1-locular. The
style is short. The ovary is solitary, stalkless,
in the axils. The plant is floating, flowering in
August and September, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Naias marina, L. (= N. major, All.).—This is a
very rare plant. The stems are repeatedly forked
into 2 branches from near the base, with a few
teeth. The leaves are opposite, or in whorls of 3,
linear, with numerous, large, spinous teeth, the
back and upper internodes also bearing spines,
and with coarse teeth. The sheaths are round
and more or less entire. The flowers are solitary.
The male flower is enclosed in a spathe. The
anther is 4-locular. The drupe is ellipsoid or
ovoid, purplish, succulent, and narrowed above
into a stout style which does not fall. The plant
is 3-9 in. in height, flowering in July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Naias graminea, Del.—This has been introduced
into Britain in a canal at Reddish, Lancashire, in
Egyptian cotton, from a mill which pours out waste
hot water. The stem is branched throughout,
with numerous, simple, lateral branches. The
leaves are tufted, narrow, linear, with many
small, spinous teeth. The sheaths are toothed
and auricled. The male flowers are stalked, with
4-locular anthers. There are 2 stigmas. The
fruit is either solitary or in groups of 2-4, and is
narrowly ellipsoid. The plant is floating, flower-
ing between July and September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

ORDER CYPERACE

Brown Cyperus (Cyperus fuscus, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is ditches and wet meadows,
shallow water. The plant has the sedge habit.
The stems are numerous, 3-sided, from a fibrous
root, which is tufted. The plant is nearly prostr-
ate. The leaves are grass-like, spreading, flat.

LAKES, RIVERS, DITCHES, ETC.

The rays are few, short, simple as a rule. The
bracts are 3, leaf-like, unequal, broad below, curved
and spreading. The spikelets are crowded,
slender, linear to lance-shaped, in small round
heads or corymbs at the end of the branches.
The glumes are numerous, spreading at length,
fuscous, the midrib broad or narrow, with green
keels oblong to ovate. There are 3 stigmas. The
nut is small and white. The plant is 3-10 in.,
flowering in August and September, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Needle Spike Rush (/eleocharis acicularis, Br.).
—The habitat of this plant is the sandy edges of
lakes and pools, wet places on heaths. The plant
has the rush habit. The root is fibrous with
slender runners, the rootstock being stoloniferous.
The stems are bristle-like, slender, numerous,
erect, and in water 1 ft. long, bluntly q-angled,
grooved. The sheaths are membranous, acute.
The spikelets are very small, flattened, reddish-
brown. There are 3 stigmas. The glumes are
blunt, ovate, the broadest ones below. There are
1-3 bristles, which are short and deciduous. The
nut is small, round above, inversely ovate to
oblong, flattened longitudinally, 3-angled, ribbed
and transversely furrowed, with the style top-
shaped at the base. The plant is 2-8 in. high,
flowering in June, July, and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial or annual.

Scirpus pungens, Roth. (= S. Rothti, Hoppe = S.
americanus, Pers.).—The habitat of this plant is
sandy banks, pond sides. The plant has the bul-
rush habit. The stems are acutely 3-sided, slender.
There are 2-3 long, narrow, linear, channelled,
keeled leaves. There are several sheaths, The
spikelets are few, stalkless, lateral, large, blunt,
ovate. The bracts are very long and slender.
The glumes are notched, blunt-pointed, smooth,
with 2 acute lobes, ovate, reddish-brown. The
anther-tips are acute. There are 1-2 bristles.
The nut is inversely ovoid, pale, plano-convex,
smooth. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Broad-leaved Water Sedge (Carex acuta, L.
C. gracilis, Curt.).—The habitat of this plant is
wet places. The rootstock is tufted with or with-
out stolons.
top. The leaves are broad, long, as long as the
stem, limp, the lowest sheaths sometimes leafless,
with the edges not filamentous. The spikelets
are numerous, inclined, long, long-stalked, the
barren spikelets 2-3, stout or slender, the fertile
2-4, slender, cylindrical, distant, erect in fruit,
with a few male flowers at the top, nodding in
flower. The lowermost bract is leaflike, over-
topping the stem, and with long auricles. The
glumes are blunt, acute, purple, with a green
midrib, narrow, lance-shaped. The fruit is oblong,
lenticular, veined, pale, blunt or acute, round or
oval, spherical or flattened, with 3-5 ribs and a
smooth beak. The nut is plano-convex, round to
inversely ovoid, with a short slender beak. The
plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Carex trinervis, Deg|.—The habitat of this plant

| stout, close, erect.

The stems are 3-sided, rough at the |

117

is wet sandy places. The plant is stoloniferous.
The rootstock is stout. The stem is 3-angled,
tufted. The leaves are narrow, smooth, keeled.
The sheaths are not fibrous. The spikelets are
There are 2-4 males, 2-5
female, which are stalkless, oblong, cylindric,
short and stout, male at the top, stalkless. The
lower bract is slender, stiff, longer than the spike-
let, and not sheathing, auricled. The fruit is
ellipsoid, oblong, flattened, 3-5-veined, with a
very short beak, brownish-green. The nut is
longer than broad, narrowed into the beak, with
a very short beak, lenticular, brown, dotted. The
plant is 6-10 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Cyperus Sedge (Carex Pseudocyperus, L.).—The
habitat of this sedge is banks of rivers, lakes,
damp places, margins of stagnant pools, often in
woods. The stem is stout, 3-sided, with rough
angles. The plant is yellowish-green. The root-
stock is tufted. The leaves are broad, flat, rough.
The 3-6 fertile spikelets are cylindrical, spreading,
dense-flowered, close, pale-green, drooping, long-
stalked, thread-like, curved, the male spikelets
solitary, slender, pale, sometimes with fertile
flowers, all towards the top of the stem. The
bracts overtop the stem, and are scarcely sheath-
ing, leaflike. The glumes are yellowish-green,
bristle-like, rough, swollen at the base, small,
lance-shaped or awl-like. The awn is coarsely
toothed. The fruit is spreading, ovoid to lance-
shaped, oblong, narrow, ribbed, shining-green,
with a long beak, which is deeply divided into 2,
rigid, pungent. The nut is pale, 3-angled, elliptic.
The style is persistent. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Lesser River Sedge (Carex paludosa, Good. =
C. acutiformis, Ehrh.).—The habitat of this plant

| is river-banks and ditches, margins of streams,

and wet places. It is a tall, stout plant, with a
creeping rootstock, bearing stolons. The stems
are 3-sided, rough on the angles, which are acute.
The leaves are broad, bluish-green, erect, flat, the
sheaths sometimes leafless, with filamentous edges.
The male spikelets are stout, dark-brown, some-
times with fertile spikelets at the base, the glumes
brown, blunt. The fertile spikelets are cylindric-
al, blunt, shortly-stalked. The glumes of the
female spikelets are blunt-pointed. The anthers
are apiculate. There are 2-3 stigmas. The fruit
is ovoid, ribbed, longer than the glumes, which
are lance-shaped and awned, 3-angled, narrowed
to the beak, with acute angles, the upper part
granulate. The nut is lenticular or 3-sided. The
beak is short, with 2 teeth. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering between May and July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Great River Sedge (Carex riparia, Curtis).—
The habitat of this plant is river-banks, ditches,
river margins, and wet places. The plant is tall,
stout, with a creeping, tufted rootstock. The
stem is 3-sided, rough on the angles. The leaves
are broad, flat, bluish-green, with the edges of the
sheaths filamentous. The male spikelets are stout,
3-6, close, dark-brown, acute, with fertile spike-

118

lets at the base, the glumes acute. The anthers
are long-pointed. The fertile spikelets are 4-6,
cylindrical, acute, stalked, inclined, long, and
stout, sometimes compound at the base or male
above. The glumes are ovate to oblong, narrow,
with brown margins and green midrib, and rough
tip. The male spikelets have slender glumes.
The fruit is erect to spreading, dull-green, nar-
rowed to the cloven beak, with numerous close
ribs, oblong, ovoid, longer than the glumes, con-
vex both sides. The nut is pear-shaped, triangular,
elliptic, 3-sided, yellow. The plant is 3-5 ft. in
height, flowering in May, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACEE

Ribbon Grass (Phalaris arundinacea, L.).—The
habitat of this grass is rivers, lakes, watery places.
The plant has the grass habit. The rootstock is
creeping. The stems are stout, erect. The leaves
are broad, flat, with smooth sheaths, and the
ligule is large. The panicle is long, more or less
erect, with rough, short, spreading branches when
in flower. The spikelets are ovate, purplish, the
flowers clustered. The glumes are not winged,
but keeled. The empty glumes are 3-nerved,
long-pointed, smooth. The flowering glumes are
shorter, ovate to lance-shaped, without nerves,
silky. There are 2 narrow silky scales. The
plant is 2-6 ft. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is wet meadows, ditches,
wet grassy places. The plant has the grass habit.
The root is fibrous. The stem is prostrate and
rooting below, then ascending, bent at the node
(hence geniculatus). The leaves are flat, roughish
above and on the edges, elsewhere smooth. In
dry places the knots are oval and fleshy. The
upper sheath is swollen. The ligule is oblong.
The panicle is slender, cylindrical, blunt, dense-
flowered, with branches of 1 spikelet. The empty
glumes are hairy and silky, the keel fringed with
hairs, blunt, united below, membranous at the
top. The awn is longer than the palea. The
anthers are purplish, then yellow, linear. The
styles are combined. The plant is 8-18 in. in
height, flowering between May and September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alopecurus fulvus, Sm. (= A. equalis, Sobol.).—
This species is regarded as a sub-species or variety
of the Marsh Foxtail. It has been found in 32
vice-counties in England, Wales, S.E. Yorkshire,
Norfolk to Sussex, and Devon. It is of the Eng-
lish type, found between coast-level and 600 ft.
It is a native species found on the margins of
ponds, reservoirs, &c. The plant has the grass
habit. It is bluish-green. The stem is prostrate
below, then ascending, often floating, bent at the
nodes, smooth. The leaves are bluish- green.
The ligule is oblong. The sheaths are rather
swollen. The panicle is slender, more or less
acute, cylindrical. The glumes are united below,
blunt, fringed with hairs, the awn inserted near
the middle, longer than the flowering glume. The

BRITISH FLORA

anthers are white at first, then orange. The plant
is in flower from May to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial. The plant is found on clay and
loam in the rush society.

Agrostis verticillata, Vill.—This species is found
in the Channel Islands. It is similar to Agrostis
alba, but the stem is bent at the base. The
branches of the panicle have flowers at the base.
It is in flower in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial. .

Tufted Hair Grass (Deschampsia cespitosa,
Beauy.).—The habitat of this species is wet mea-
dows, woods, thickets, rough pastures. The stems
are stout, leafy, shining, and smooth. The plant
is tufted. The leaves are linear, oblong, flat,
rough, leathery, rolled in at the border, the sheaths
shining, smooth or rough. The upper ones are
very long. The ligule is blunt. The panicle is
large, ovate, oblong, nodding, the branches rough,
wavy, spreading in flower. The spikelets are
purplish, flattened, shining, the florets overlapping.
The glumes are rough at the keel, the empty
glumes narrow, blunt, not so long as the flower-
ing glumes (1-3), the third of which is imperfect,
silky below. The awn is short, inserted below
the middle, as long asthe glume. The flower-stalk
of the second floret is downy or hairy. The plant
is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Water Grass or Whorl Grass (Catabrosa aqua-
tica, Beauv.).—The habitat of this grass is watery
places, ponds, ditches. The rootstock is stout,
branched, creeping, and rooting. The plant is
soft, bright-green, and limp. The stems are long,
prostrate or floating, bent below, then erect,
flattened smooth, finely furrowed, leafy, some-
times much-branched. The leaves are flat, linear-
lance-shaped, blunt, the upper ones short. The
panicle is long, pyramidal, with a stout, grooved
rachis, with whorled branches, in alternate threes
and fives, divided, slender, spreading. The spike-
lets are 2— or 3-5-flowered, more or less solitary,
stalked, green and purple. The empty glumes
are green, broad at the tip, the nerves obscure.
The flowering glumes are purplish, smooth, with
green nerves. The anthers are white. The plant
is 6-12 in. high, flowering in May and June, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Manna Grass (Glyceria aquatica, Wahl.).—The
habitat of this plant is watery places, marshes,
stream-sides. The rootstock is stout, creeping.
The stems are stout, smooth, finely furrowed,
slightly flattened. The leaves are long, rough-
edged, and rough on the keel, flat, acute, more
or less erect. The sheaths are long and smooth,
round in section. The ligule is short. The panicle
is large, erect, much-branched, the branches rough.
The spikelets are oblong, blunt, yellowish-green
and purple, 5-10-flowered. The glumes are rough.
The flowering glumes are blunt, rigid, 5-9, entire.
The empty glumes are short, shining. The plant
is 2-6 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Flote Grass (Glyceria fluitans, Br.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is watery places. The rootstock

LAKES, RIVERS,

is stout, creeping. The stem is stout, branched,
round in section, floating or creeping, ascending,
smooth, rooting below. The leaves are pale-
green, acute, short, the upper long and floating.
The sheaths are long, flattened. The ligule is
broad, acute. The panicle is simple or branched,
one-sided, long, the branches ascending, rough,
simple, the lower paired. The spikelets are green,
appressed, erect, linear, 7-12-flowered, the flowers
lance-shaped, oblong, acute. The empty glumes
are unequal, with torn tips, the flowering glumes
are rough, with ragged tips. The anthers are
five times as long as broad. The plant is 1-4 ft.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Glyceria plicata, Fr.—The habitat of this plant
is similar to that of the last, stagnant water and
wet places. It has been regarded as a variety of
the last, from which it differs in the spreading
fruiting spikelets. The stem is ascending, root-
ing below. The leaves are bluish-green, blunt,
plaited when young. The ligule is short. The
sheaths are rough and furrowed. The panicle is
much branched, compound, with simple rough
branches, the lowermost in fives, smooth, erect
in flower, spreading in fruit. The spikelets are
linear, 7-20-flowered, the florets oval-oblong, acute.
The flowering glumes are twice as long as broad.
The lower palea is blunt, 3-lobed. The anthers are
threetimes aslong as broad, cream-coloured, brown
when empty. The plant is in flower between June
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Poa palustris, L. (= P. serotina, Ehrh.).—The
habitat of this plant is marshy places, and the
plant is very rare. The stem is tufted, smooth,
ascending. The leaves are narrow, pointed,
roughish. The root is fibrous or creeping, with
short stolons. The sheaths are smooth, The

DITCHES, EFC. 119

ligule is oblong and acute. The panicle is large,
with rough, ascending to spreading branches, the
lower more or less whorled in fives. The spikelets
are ovate, acute. The flowers are 2-5, webbed.
The lower palea is obscurely 5-veined, hairy on
the keel and margins towards the base. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Greater Fescue Grass or Meadow Fescue (/vs-
tuca elatior, L.).—The habitat of this plant is
meadows, river-banks, and wet places. The root-
stock is creeping, stoloniferous. The stems are
nodding, smooth. The leaves are broad, smooth,
finely-furrowed, limp. The ligule is smooth. The
panicle is more or less secund, branched, nodding,
with 2 branches at each node, unequal, contracted
atter flowering, the flowers ascending at length,
with a 3-sided rachis, smooth. The branches are
rough, 2-nate. The spikelets are numerous, linear
to oblong, green and dull purple. The empty
glumes have a broad membranous border. The
flowering glumes are rough above, seldom awned,
3-7, smooth, acute. The ovary is smooth. The
plant is 2-6 ft. high, flowering in June and july,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Meadow Fescue Grass (Fes/uca pratensis,
Huds. ).—The habitat of this species is river-banks,
wet places, wet meadows. The plant is smaller
than the last, and not so stoloniferous. The
panicle is close, not spreading, more or less secund,
nodding, with linear-oblong spikelets of 5-10
flowers, in 2 rows, simple, with short branches in
pairs, one with 1 spikelet, the other with 2 or
more. The flowering glumes are more numerous,
shortly awned, 4-10, smooth, blunt, or with a short
point. The ovary is smooth. The plant is 1-2 ft.
in height, flowering in June and July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

FLOWERS OF WASTE PLACES, ETC.

[The number of truly native plants is not as great as that of the aliens, casuals, colonists, denizens, &c.

that have found a place in the British Flora.

Natives of other countries have become established, or have

existed for a longer or shorter time in the British Isles, and in the same manner British plants have found their
way into other countries where at one time they were unknown. The exact status of many plants is uncertain,

and there are some species that may be truly native.

been recorded from the British Isles by Mr. G. C. Druce.
described here, as the others are of very uncertain occurrence.

There are nearly two thousand alien plants that have

Hardly a tithe of these can be enumerated and briefly
By reference to Mr. Druce's valuable list,

however, those who wish to know the extent of the alien flora can ascertain the species that have been found.

Mr. Dunn's alien flora gives some particulars also as to a large number.

constitute a comprehensive guide to these plants.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Hairy Crowfoot (Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt.).
—The habitat of this plant is roadsides in places
where water lies stagnant, wet meadows, culti-
vated fields, waste land, and cornfields. The
plant is erect, with more or less the rosette habit.
The root is fibrous. The stem is erect, many-
flowered. The radical leaves have 3 stalked, cut
segments divided into 3 lobes nearly to the base,
the upper with narrow, acute segments. The
flowers are pale yellow, the sepals turned back,
hairy, the petals with a scale over the gland. The
receptacle is hairy. The flower-stalks are fur-
rowed, with spreading or turned-back hairs. The
achenes are tubercled along the border, broad,
flattened, round, with a short, curved beak. The
plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering from June to
October, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER CRUCIFER

Barbarea intermedia, Bor.—The habitat of this
plant is cultivated fields and other similar ground.
The plant has the rosette habit. It is intermediate
between B. stricta and B. precox. The stem is
tall, with 2 or 3 angles. The lower leaves are ly-
rate, the upper pair of lobes equalling the breadth
of the heart-shaped to egg-shaped terminal lobe.
The upper leaves are divided nearly to the base,
with many lobes. The flowers are in a dense
raceme. The petals are longer by twice than the
sepals. The pods are erect, with a short, conical
point, thick, short, angular, 4-6 times as long as
the pedicels. The seeds are nearly as long as
broad. The plant is 9-18 in. long, flowering from
May to August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia, D.C.).—
The habitat of this plant is waste places, walls.
The rootstock is woody. The plant is bushy.
The stem is branched, leafy, smooth or hairy,
bluish-green, foetid. The leaves are more or less

A new alien flora by Mr. Druce will

smooth, bluish-green, linear to lance -shaped,
acute, wavy, toothed, or deeply divided nearly to
the base, the lobes narrow, unequal, linear, with
distant teeth. The flowers are large, yellow, with
inversely ovate, blunt, long-pointed petals, with a
short claw. The pods are narrowed both ends,
linear, distant, more or less erect, on long stalks,
the valves flat. The style is stout, straight, and
cylindrical. The seeds are in 2 rows. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between June and
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alyssum calycinum,L.(= A. alyssoides,L.).—The
habitat of this plant is cultivated fields in the east
counties on ploughed land, grassy commons in the
south counties. The plant is herbaceous. The
habit is prostrate, then ascending. The stem is
branched below, stellately hoary or downy, rigid,
ascending. The leaves are inversely ovate, oblong,
lance-shaped, spoon-shaped, narrow below, few,
scattered, blunt. The flowers are white or pale-
yellow, then white, small, in racemes, lengthening
in fruit. The sepals do not fall. The anther-stalks
have noteeth. Theshorter onesarise from between
two bristle-like processes. The pods are numerous,
downy, round, borne on short, stiff, spreading
stalks, and are swollen, the margins broad, thin,
and flat, notched above. There is a short style.
The seeds are narrowly winged, there being 1-2
in each cell. The plant is 3-8 in. high, flower-
ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Alyssum maritimum, Lam.—The habitat of this
plant is waste places near the sea. The habit is
prostrate, then ascending. The plant is downy,
with appressed hairs, 2-partite. The stem is woody
below, stiff, leafy. The leaves are linear to lance-
shaped, acute. The flowers are white, small, sweet-
smelling, the calyx falling, the petals inversely
ovate. The anther-stalks are all simple. The
style is slender. The pods are oval, inversely
ovate, round, pointed, smooth, not bordered, on
slender stalks, spreading. The valves are con-

120

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

vex, 1-nerved, the cells 1-seeded. The seeds
are winged. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flower-
ing from June to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Wart Cress (Senediera didyma, Pers. = S.
pinnatifida, D.C.).—The habitat of this plant is
waste places, as a rule near the sea. The habit is
spreading. The stem is prostrate, creeping, slightly
hairy, branched, leafy. The leaves are deeply
divided to the base, once or twice, with small seg-
ments, inversely ovate, spreading. The flowers
are in long, slender, loose racemes, with a leaf
opposite, small, white, with one on the internode
below, very often apetalous, or the petals may be
very short, and with 2 stamens. The style is very
small. The pods or silicules are kidney-shaped,
notched, the 2 lobes (hence did@yma) wrinkled, on
slender, spreading stalks, the seed kidney-shaped,
dotted, finely-furrowed. The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft.
in height, flowering between June and September,
and is a herbaceous annual or biennial.

Swine’s Cress (Senebiera Coronopus, Poir. =
Coronopus verrucarius, M. & T. = C. ruellii).—
The habitat of this plant is waste ground. The
habit is prostrate. The stems are much-branched,
smooth. The leaves are larger than in the last,
less divided nearly to the base. The flowers are
small, white, in dense racemes, opposite the leaves.
The petals are perfect. The pods or silicules are un-
divided, kidney-shaped, on slender stalks, wrinkled,
crested with small sharp points. The style is pro-
minent, awl-like. The stamens are perfect. The
plant is 3-8 in. in height, flowering between June
and September, and is a herbaceous annual or
biennial.

Cress (Lepfidium sativum, L.).—This plant is
always cultivated in this country, sometimes escap-
ing from, and then found asa casual near, gardens.
The plant is erect, with the rosette habit. The
stem is smooth, often bluish-green, the radical
leaves 1-2 pinnate, lobed, the upper stalkless,
linear, entire. The flowers are white. The pods
are round to oval, blunt. The seeds are triangular,
with the radicle in the narrow end, and with entire
cotyledons, with no endosperm. The plant is 6-18
in. in height, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER RESEDACEZ

Wild Mignonette (Reseda alba, L.).—This plant
is found in gardens, and as an escape in corners
where garden rubbish has been thrown out, near
the seashore, and by roadsides, or generally in
waste places. The habit is erect, being that of
an undershrub below. The leaves are pinnate,
divided, bluish-green, the segments entire, linear,
acute, wavy. The flowers are white, with 6 sepals,
which are linear to lance-shaped, divided, nearly
equal, 3-fid, the sepals being of the same number,
the stalks not so long as the latter. The fruit is
oblong, wrinkled. There are 4 stigmas as a rule.
The seeds are kidney-shaped, rough. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous biennial.

121

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEA?

Silene dubia, Herbich.—The habitat of this plant
is shingle, rocky places, and the plant is local.
The radical leaves are long-stalked, spoon-shaped,
acute, the upper leaves less hairy, narrower. The
flowers are white, the calyx narrower. It is a
more slender plant than S. mu/ans, of which it has
been regarded as a variety. The plant is 1-2 ft.
in height, flowering in June and July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Italian Catchfly (Silene italica, Pers.).—Italian
Catchfly is found as an escape along roadsides.
The plant has the catchfly habit, being more or
less a rosette plant. It is downy, more or less
erect. The branches are 3-forked, sticky, opposite.
The radical leaves are lance-shaped, spoon-shaped,
the stem-leaves linear to lance-shaped. The pan-
icle is nearly erect, the flowers white, the calyx
club-shaped, with blunt teeth, the petals divided
into two nearly to the base, not crowned, with
broad segments. The carpophore is as long as
the capsule. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Silene Armeria, L.—The habitat of this species
is waste places. The plant is erect, bluish-green,
sticky. The leaves are smooth. The panicle is
many-flowered, forked, the flowers rose-colour,
level-topped. The petals are notched, with a
double, awl-shaped scale. The calyx is smooth.
The capsule is club-shaped. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Cucubalus baccifer, L.—The habitat of this
species is waste places. The stem is branched,
spreading. The leaves are ovate, acute. The
flowers are white. The calyx is bell-shaped, the
petals distant. The fruit is fleshy. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June and July, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Chickweed (S/ellaria media, Vill.=
Alsine media, L.)—The habitat of this plant is
gardens, fields, roadsides, cultivated and waste
ground. The plant is prostrate, then ascending.
The stem and branches have a hairy, alternate,
lateral line, serving to convey water downward.
The leaves are smooth, with broad leaf-stalks,
fringed with hairs, ovate, short-pointed, the lower
leaves stalked. The upper leaves are stalkless.
The flowers are numerous, white, in cymes, axil-
lary and terminal, the stalks longer than the calyx,
the sepals ovate to lance-shaped, glandular, hairy,
with a membranous border, smooth or with long
hairs, the petals divided into 2 to the base. The
fruit-stalks are wavy, bent-back, exceeding the
leaves or not. The stamens are 3, 5, or10. The
seeds have round tubercles. The plant is 3-18 in.
high, flowering from February to October, and is
a herbaceous annual.

ORDER PORTULACE

Claytonia perfoliata, Donn.—This p.ant has a
tufted habit. The stems are ascending, smooth,
fleshy, shiny, like the leaves. The radical leaves

122

are spoon-shaped, rhomboidal, the upper stem-
leaves united below into a more or less rounded
blade. The flowers are in a raceme, more or less
whorled, white, with a few flowers at the base,
small. The petals are nearly or quite entire, a
little longer than the calyx. The capsule is round,
3-seeded. The seeds are black and round. The
plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering from April to
June, and is a herbaceous annual.

Claytonia alsinoides, Sims (= C. stbirica, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is stream-sides, waste
places, and the plant is local. The habit is as in
the last. The radical leaves are ovate with a
narrow point, the upper leaves are opposite, stalk-
less, rounded. The flowers are in a raceme, white
or rose, and usually solitary, more numerous and
larger than in the last. The petals are chiefly
divided into two nearly to the base. The plant is
6-15 in. in height, flowering between May and
August, and is a herbaceous annual or perennial.

ORDER MALVACE

Lavatera sylvestris, Brot. (=L. cretica,L.).—This
plant is found in waste places. The plant has an
erect or ascending habit. The stem is herbaceous,
hairy, rarely prostrate, and is like the Common
Mallow, but possesses a 3-lobed epicalyx or in-
volucre. The lower leaves are rounded to heart-
shaped, the upper 5-lobed, blunt below, the lobes
triangular, acute. The flower-stalks are axillary,
shorter than the leaf-stalks, 1-flowered. The
flowers are rose-purple. The fruit is smooth on
a conical axis, with convex sides. The plant is
2-4 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Round-leaved Mallow (MValva rotundifolia, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is waste places. The
plant is prostrate in habit, downy. The stems are
numerous. The leaves are round (hence vofundz-
folia), kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, toothed,
with 5-7 obscure lobes, scalloped, long-stalked.
The stipules are ovate, acute. The flowers are
lilac or pale-rose colour, in groups, axillary, the
outer sepals linear to lance-shaped, shorter than
the inner, which are stellately hairy, and ovate to
narrow-pointed. The petals are 2 or 3 times as
long as the calyx. The flower-stalks are bent-
down. The fruit is downy. The carpels are
downy, with smooth, rounded margins, the con-
tiguous sides straight. The plant is 6-18 in. in
height, flowering from June to September, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Malva verticillata, L.—This is an escape from
gardens, and a weed of cultivation or of waste
ground. It has very short flower-stalks. The
inner sepals are ovate to acute, accrescent. The
petals are little longer than the calyx. Thecarpels
are smooth, without hairs, the edges square.

Small Mallow (Malva pusilla, With.=M. bore-
alis, Wallm.).—The habitat of this plant is waste
places. The stem is prostrate. The outer sepals
are as long as the inner, which are smooth but
fringed with hairs. The petals are scarcely longer
than the calyx. The adjacent carpels meet with

BRITISH FLORA

a toothed edge, and are margined, netted, rugose,
with short hairs. The axis of the fruit is half as
long as in M. rotundifolia. The plant is 6-18 in.
in height, flowering from June to September, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Malva parviflora, L.—This is a weed of cultiva-
tion introduced with grain into this country. The
plant has short flower-stalks, and broadly ovate
to blunt-pointed, accrescent, inner sepals. The
petals are little longer than the calyx. The carpels
are hairy, transversely rugose, with distinctly
winged edges.

ORDER LINACE

Common Flax (Linum usitatlissimum, L.).—
Flax is an escape from flax fields, and found in
waste places. The stem is branched above,
forming a corymb. The rootstock is 1-stemmed.
The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, alternate.
The flowers are in broad cymes or corymbs,
numerous, blue. The sepals are ovate, pointed,
fringed with hairs, 3-veined. The petals are
scalloped. The capsule is smooth within. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering between July and
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER GERANIACE2

Geranium striatum, L. (= G. versicolor, L.).—
This is a colonist and a garden escape in shrub-
beries, or found on roadsides, &c., being rare.
The stem is hairy, erect. The petals are white
with purple veins, and the flower-stalks are
2-flowered. It resembles G. nodosum, L. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Musky Stork’s Bill (Hrodium moschatum,
L'Her.).—The habitat of this plant is waste places.
The habit is prostrate. The stem is stout, hairy,
with spreading hairs. The leaves are pinnate, with
ovate, coarsely unequally toothed, nearly stalkless
segments, with deep, sharp, irregular teeth. The
stipules are broadly ovate, blunt. The flowers
are bluish-purple or pale rose, numerous on each
stalk. The perfect stamens are toothed below,
without hairs. The carpels are hairy, with a
glandular depression and a concentric furrow be-
low it. The beak is downy. The plant is 4 in.
to 2 ft. high, flowering between June and August,
and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER OXALIDACE

Oxalis stricta, L.—This is an alien found at
Penzance and Ilsington, in gardens and waste
places. The habit is like that of the last, but
erect, with numerous runners, and nearly smooth.
The leaves are imperfectly whorled. There are
small stipules, or they may be absent. The
flowers are yellow, in close terminal cymes, the
flower-stalks bearing 2-8 flowers, longer than the
leaves, the fruiting stalks spreading or erect.
The capsules are smooth. The plant is 6-18 in.

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

in length, and flowers between June and Septem-
ber, being a herbaceous biennial or annual.

Yellow Oxalis (Oxalis corniculata, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste, shady places and
waysides. The habit is branched, prostrate. The
stem is downy, without runners, slender. The
stem-leaves in pairs are trifoliate, the leaflets in-
versely heart-shaped, the stipules oblong, parallel
with the stem, united to the base of the stalk.
The flowers are small, yellow, the flower-stalks
in the axils 2-flowered, in a sort of umbel, not so
long as the leaves, the fruit-stalks turned back.
The capsules are downy, long, the seeds ribbed
transversely. The plant is 6-18 in. in length, and
flowers from June to September. It is a herb-
aceous annual,

Small Yellow Balsam (/mpatiens parviflora,
D.C.).—This species is found in waste places
and woods. The plant is erect. The leaves are
elliptic to ovate, toothed, with a long, narrow
point, acute bothends. The flowers are small, pale
yellow, on erect stalks, with 3-12 flowers. The
spur is short and straight, formed by the posterior
sepal. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Indian Balsam (/mpatiens glandulifera, Royle).
—The habitat of this plant is riversides and waste
places. The stem is stout. The flowers, which
are rose-purple and pink, are large. The plant is
3-5 ft. high, flowering from July to October, and
is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER LEGUMINOS

Lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis, Donn).—The
habitat of this plant is river shingle. The stem
is stout, leafy. The leaves consist of 6-8 wedge-
shaped, oblong, blunt-pointed leaflets. The leaf-
stalks are as long as the leaflets. The stipules are
linear to narrow-pointed. The flowers are blue,
in a long, partly whorled raceme. The bracts
are long, exceeding the buds. The upper lip of
the calyx is divided into two nearly to the base,
the lower is broad and 3-toothed. The corolla is
blue or purple. The plant is more or less densely
softly hairy, and very handsome. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Medicago lappacea, Desr.—The habitat of this
plant is waste and cultivated ground, and the
plant has been introduced. It is rare. It has
been considered a variety of Mf. denticulata. The
differences between it and the latter lie in the longer
spines, which exceed the radius of the more or less
rounded pod. The flowers are yellow, and are
1-4 on each stalk, in heads larger by twice than
those of W. denticulata, with stronger spines and
broader seeds. The pods are coiled 3-5 times,
and have a thin edge. The spines are hooked,
in 2 rows, spreading horizontally. The stipules
are laciniate. The seeds are kidney-shaped. The
plant flowers from May to August, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Small Melilot (J/elilo/us indica, All. =M. parvi-
flora, Desf.).—The habitat of this plant is waste

123

places. The plant is erect, slender, smaller than
the other species. The leaflets are inversely ovate,
coarsely toothed at the end. The stipules are awl-
like, entire. The flowers are very small, pale
yellow, the wings and keel equal, shorter than the
standard. The calyx-teeth are triangular, the
calyx reddish-brown. The pods are round to
ovoid, blunt-pointed, netted, smooth, and olive-
green. The plant is from 6 in. to 1 ft. in height,
flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

White Melilot (A/e/ilotus alba, Desr.=M. leu-
cantha, Koch).—The habitat of this plant is waste
places, sandy and gravelly places, ballast heaps,
railway banks, quarries, woods, plantations, corn-
fields, clover fields, &c. The habit is erect. The
plant is not so robust as the Common Melilot.
The leaflets are inversely ovate, the upper oblong,
coarsely toothed, blunt. The stipules are awl-
like, entire. The flowers are white, in long
racemes, small, the wings and keel equal, not so
long as the standard. The pod is ovoid, acute,
irregularly wrinkled, netted, smooth, blunt, black
when ripe. The plant is 2-6 ft. high, flowering
between June and August, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

Melilot (Melilotus arvensis, Wallr.=M. Petit-
pierreana, Hayne=M. officinalis, Desr.). —The
habitat of this plant is waste places. This Melilot
isnot native. The plant is erect. The leaflets are
inversely heart-shaped or oblong, coarsely toothed,
the uppermost lance-shaped. The stipules are
awl-like, entire. The flowers are pale-yellow or
white, in long racemes, with the wing and standard
equal and exceeding the keel. The pods are ovoid,
blunt, ribbed, smooth, blunt - pointed, rounded,
keeled on the back, transversely plaited, and olive-
brown in colour when ripe. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

Starry Trefoil (7rzfolium stellatum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is shingle beaches and ballast
heaps. The stem is short, prostrate, then ascend-
ing, spreading, softly hairy. The leaflets are in-
versely heart-shaped, softly hairy. The stipules
are ovate, acute, with small teeth. The flowers are
cream-coloured, small, in rounded heads, terminal,
and stalked. The calyx is large in fruit, 10-veined,
hairy, the teeth awl-like, from a broad base,
spreading like a star (hence sfellatum), longer
than the corolla, which is spreading in fruit, 3-
veined and netted, the throat closed with hairs.
The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Reversed Trefoil (7rifolium resupinatum, L.).
—This is an introduced species found in waste
places. The stem is prostrate or ascending. The
leaflets are inversely ovate, minutely toothed.
The stipules are awl-like to lance-shaped, from
an ovate base. The flowers are in hemispherical
heads, which become round at length, on axillary
short stalks, small, reversed in position, cream or
rose colour. The bracts are very small. The
calyx is smooth or hairy above, in fruit is inflated,
membranous, netted, woolly. The pod is included.

124

There are 2 sceds. The plant is 4-9 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Large Hop Trefoil (7ri/olium agrarium, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is woods, bushy places
in S. Europe, and in England waste places, being
a casual in sown grass and clover fields, roadsides
and fields, where it is established here and there.
The habit is erect. The leaflets are narrowly in-
versely ovate, the central petiolule not longer than
the lateral. The stipules are oblong to lance-shaped,
not enlarged below. The flowers are deep yellow,
and turn brown, in oval, dense heads with 50 florets,
the stalks axillary, as long as, or longer than, the
leaves. The florets are at length turned back.

The standard is enlarged, striate, larger than the~

pod. The style is nearly as long as the pod. The
plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering from June to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Hairy Vetch (Lathyrus hirsutus, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is cultivated fields, ballast hills,
or fields. The habit is climbing, the stems baing
winged, with one pair of linear-lance - shaped
leaflets, the leaves not being so long as the flower-
stalks. The flowers are purple, 2 on each flower-
stalk. The standard is crimson. The pods are
hairy, with bulbous hairs, or silky, the 8-10 seeds
being covered with wart-like knobs. The plant is
2-4 ft. high, and flowers in June and July, being
annual, herbaceous.

Lathyrus sphericus, Retz.—The habitat of this
plant where it is native is bushy places. The
leaflets are linear to lance-shaped. The leaf-stalks
have one pair of leaflets anda tendril. The flower-
stalks bear 1 flower, with a long point not so long
as the leaf-stalk. The seeds are rounded.

Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus latifolius, L.).—In
England this species is an escape from gardens,
found rarely in waste places. The habit is that of
aclimber. The stem is winged. The leaves are
large, elliptic, bluish- green, with one pair of
leaflets. The stipules are broad, protecting the
leaflets. The flowers are purplish-rose. The
hilum one-third encircles the seed. The plant is
3-6 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACEZ

Hautboy Strawberry (Fragaria elatior, Ebrh.
= F. moschata, Duchesne).—The habitat of this
plart is woods and plantations. It is the origin
of the Hautbois strawberry. The whole plant is
larger and more hairy than F. vesca, from which
it may be derived. The leaflets are short-stalked.
The plant is imperfectly dicecious. The flowers
are large, white, the petals entire, one-third broader
than long. The claw is distinct, bright yellow.
The calyx in ffuit is spreading, and the hairs on
the main and ultimate flower-stalks are spreading
and rather bent down. The base of the receptacle
has noachenes. The plant is 4-10 in. high, flower-
ing from May to July, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Norwegian Potentilla (Po/entilla norvegica, L.).

BRITISH FLORA

—The habitat of this plant is wet sandy places,
riversides, waste places, and it has been much
cultivated. The habit is erect or prostrate. The

stem is not much-branched above, stout, simple

below. The plant is stiffly hairy. The leaves are
palmately trifoliate, with a slender leaf-stalk. The
leaflets are inversely lance-shaped or inversely
ovate, coarsely toothed near the base. The flowers
are yellow, in crowded, terminal cymes, the petals
not so long as the calyx, inversely ovate, ~ The
achenes are rough. The plant is 6-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
annual or perennial.

Fodder Burnet (Poterium muricatum, Spach =
P. polygamum, Waldst. & Kit.).—This plant is an
alien or colonist, sown as a fodder crop in England,
and found in waste places and cultivated ground.
The stem is slightly angular. The flowerheads
and purple florets are as in Salad Burnet. The
calyx of the fruit is hardened, 4-winged, pitted,
the pits raised; the edges with small, blunt teeth.
The ridges are muricate. The plant is 6-18 in.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial. 7

Rosa pomifera, Herrm.—The habitat of this
species is plantations, gardens, &c. The leaflets
are large, oblong, lance-shaped, doubly-toothed,
downy. The flowers are rose colour, the sepals
copiously pinnate, the petals fringed with hairs.
The fruit is round, with no disk, purplish-violet.
The plant is 3-8 ft. high, flowering in June, and
is a deciduous shrub.

ORDER CRASSULACE

Sedum micranthum, Bast.—The habitat of this
species is walls and rocks. The leaves are flattened
both sides, and are inversely ovate to oblong, blunt.
The sepals are rounder, the petals more acute.
The plant is 3-4 in. in height.

ORDER ONAGRACE

Evening Primrose (Qnothera biennis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is in waste places. The
plant is erect, downy or hairy. The stem is leafy.
The leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, flat, with
distant teeth. The leaf-stalk is short, with a stout,
white midrib. The flowers are bright yellow, in a
sort of spike, stalkless, large, numerous. The petals
are inversely heart-shaped, and exceed the stamens,
which are as long as the style. The calyx-lobes
are longer than the ovary. The capsules are ob-
long, more or less cylindrical, or roundly 4-angled,
and taper upwards. The plant is 2-3 ft. in height,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous biennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFER2

Field Eryngo (Eryngium campestre, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is ballast hills, waste ground,
and the plant is very rare. The plant is more
bushy and slender, less glaucous, more branched
than the common species. It is pale green in

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

colour. The radical leaves are pinnately 3-5-lobed,
or divided nearly to the base, spinous, stalked, the
stem-leaves clasping, twice pinnatifid. The leaf-
stalks are thick, more or less round, channelled.
The petals are. purplish or white, the phyllaries
lance-shaped, spinous, longer than the heads, the
scales of the receptacle entire. The plant is 1-
2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

Alexanders (Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste places near the sea,
ruins; and near the sea (as in Norfolk) it is locally
abundant. The stem is round, solid, furrowed,
leafy, branched, forming a panicle above, with
opposite branches. The stem-leaves are stalked,
trifoliate, coarsely toothed. The radical leaves
are large, 3-4-ternate. There are membranous
sheaths, with hairy margins. The leaflets are
ovate, shining, cut, coarsely toothed. The flowers
are greenish-yellow, in lateral and terminal,
rounded,~dense umbels. The rays are few or
many, long or short. The fruit is black or dark-
brown, with ridges, aromatic. The plant is 3-
4 ft. high, flowering from April to June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hare’s Ear (Bupleurum rotundifolium, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is chalky fields and culti-
vated ground and waste places. The habit is
erect, the stems simple or branched above, hollow.
The leaves are perfoliate or united around the
stem, oval, acute, and the bract is oval, and united
below. There is no general involucre. The
florets are yellow. The partial involucre is con-
verging. The fruit is not granulate, without
vittze, the ridges slender, with finely furrowed
interstices. The plant is 8 in. to 14 ft. in height,
and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
annual.

Sickle Hare’s Ear (Bupleurum falcatum, L.).—
This is an alien, and found in hedgerows by road-
sides and in fields. The habit is similar to the
last, the stem slender, hollow, erect, simple or
branched, the leaves with parallel nerves lance-
shaped, the lower elliptical, and on long stalks,
the upper linear, half-clasping, and bent back.
The florets are small, yellow. The five bracts are
lance-shaped, linear, and as long as the florets.
The fruit is narrow with prominent ridges, and
not granulate. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height,
flowering in August, and is perennial.

Caraway (Carum Carvi, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is usually waste places. The habit is
erect. The stem is branched, slender, finely fur-
rowed, hollow. The root is spindle-shaped. The
leaves are narrow, triangular, linear to oblong,
bipinnate, the leaflets cut, linear, the pinnules
opposite, the lobes narrow-pointed. The flowers
are white, in irregular umbels, on slender stalks,
with no partial involucre, and the general invo-
lucre may be reduced to 1 leaf, or absent. The
carpels are aromatic, oblong, with short ridges.
The styles are spreading. The plant is 1-2 ft-
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Common Parsley (Carum petroselinum, Benth. &

125

Hook. = Fetroselinum sativum, Hoffm. = P. vui-
gare, Lam.).—The habitat of this plant is garden
rubbish, cliffs, rocks and old walls, banks, road-
sides, waste places. The plant is erect in habit,
hairless, shining. The stems are much-branched,
round, finely-furrowed, solid. The leaves are
greenish, shining, triangular, tripinnate, with
many, more or less stalkless leaflets, those of the
lower leaves ovate to wedge-shaped, divided into
three nearly to the base, toothed, those of the
upper leaves ternate, lance-shaped, entire. The
flowers are white or yellow, in regular, flat-topped
umbels. The partial involucre is slender. The
rays are numerous. There are 2-3 bracts, often
divided, and many bracteoles. The fruit is ovoid,
green. The slender styles are bent back. The
plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Garden Chervil (Anéhriscus Cerefolium, Hoftm.
= Cerefolium sativum, Bess.).—The habitat of
this plant ‘is waste places, waysides, roadsides,
rubbish-heaps. The habit is erect. The stem is
hairy above the nodes only. The leaves are tri-
pinnate, the leaflets are ovate, pinnatifid. The
flowers are in stalkless, lateral umbels, with a
leaf opposite. The fruit is very narrow, linear,
smooth, twice as long as the beak. The plant is
1-14 ft. high, flowering from May to July, and isa
herbaceous annual.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is waste places. The habit is
erect. The stem is slender, leafy, hollow, round.
The leaves are triangular, bipinnate, cut, the seg-
ments broad, round, wedge-shaped, ovate, scal-
loped, lobed, the upper leaves with more linear
segments, fleshy, loose. The leaves are mem-
branous. The flowers are white, small, very
irregular, in an umbel, which is stalked, of 5-10
rays. The bracteoles are short, linear, acute.
The carpels cohere. The styles are slender, wavy.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE

Dwarf Elder or Danewort (Sambucus Ebulus,
L.).—The habitat of this species is waste places
near villages, roadsides, field borders. It has the
shrub habit, but is herbaceous. The rootstock
is creeping. The stems are furrowed, numerous,
ribbed, and grooved. The leaves are pinnate.
The leaflets are oblong to lance-shaped, coarsely
toothed. The stipules are leafy, coarsely toothed.
The flowers are white, red outside, in terminal,
compact cymes, with three main branches. The
corolla is broadly bell-shaped. The anther-stalks
are crumpled, the anthers purple. The fruit is a
round berry, reddish-black. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VALERIANACEZ

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr.—The habitat of
this species is waste places as well as walls. The

126

radical leaves are ovate, entire. The stem-leaves
are deeply divided nearly to the base. The flowers
are white or purple, with a very short spur. The
plant is 6-9 in, in height, and is an annual,

ORDER COMPOSITAE:

Michaelmas Daisy (Aséer salignus, Willd.).—
The habitat of this species is waste places, fens,
and the plantis rare. The radical leaves are spoon-
shaped, blunt, entire. The stem-leaves are stalk-
less, thin, lance-shaped, with a narrow point. The
flowerheads are bluish-violet and yellow, the ray
violet, the disk yellow. The plant is 2-3 ft. high,
flowering from August to October, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Canadian Fleabane (Z7igeron canadensis, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is waste places. The
habit is erect. The stem is leafy, branched above,
hairy. The leaves are oblong, linear to lance-
shaped, fringed with hairs, entire, or with a few
teeth. The flowerheads are numerous, small,
yellow, panicled or corymbose. The involucre is
cylindrical, less than the ray florets, and at length
spreading. The phyllaries are slender, green,
with membranous border, smooth. The ray florets
are slender, sometimes purplish, the disk pale
yellow. The ligule is white, hardly longer than
the pappus, which is white. The plant is 6 in. to
2 ft. high, flowering from July to September, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Peruvian Galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora, R. &
P.).—The habitat of this plant is cultivated fields,
roadsides, rough, marshy, stony ground. The
habit is erect. The plant is more or less downy.
The stem is slender. The branches are opposite.
The leaves are short-stalked, ovate, bluntly toothed,
fringed with hairs. The flowerheads are yellow
in repeatedly forked cymes. The ray florets are
few, 4-6, broadly ligulate, white, short. The disk
florets are yellow, as long as the phyllaries. The
flower-stalks are glandular, without bracts. The
involucre is hemispherical. The phyllaries are un-
equal, oblong, fringed with hairs. The achenes
are inversely ovoid, flattened, black. The pappus
scales, 8-16, are narrowed to oblong. The plant
is 6-24 in. in height, flowering from July to October,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Inula britannica, L.—The habitat of this plant
is waste places. The plant is prostrate below,
then ascending, woody. The radical leaves are
lance-shaped, clasping, with many soft hairs,
which give them a dull appearance. The flower-
heads, 1-2, are yellow, on long stalks. The
achenes are hairy. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Yellow Camomile (Anthemis tinctoria, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is railway banks, fields,
ballast-heaps, waste places, and cultivated ground.
The habit is erect. The stems are much-branched,
cottony. The leaves are 2-pinnatifid, downy below,
the segments parallel, decurrent, coarsely toothed.
The flowerheads are bright yellow, without a ray
sometimes, hemispherical, on long stalks, terminal

BRITISH FLORA

The scales do not project. The achenes are square
in section, crowned with a membranous border,
undivided. The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial
or biennial.

Rayless Camomile (Matricaria suaveolens,
Buch = M. discoidea, D.C.).—The habitat of this
species is waste places. The plant is of low sta-
ture. The stem is densely leafy. The foliage
is like that of MZ. znodora. The flowerheads are
greenish-yellow, rayless, on short stalks. The
phyllaries are broadly membranous. The plant is
4-12 in. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Cotula coronopifolia, L.—The habitat of this
plant is waste places. The leaves are succulent,
lance-shaped, clasping, with acute lobes. The
flowerheads are brilliant-yellow, button-shaped,
without any ray florets, and small, solitary. The
plant is 4-12 in. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Winter Heliotrope (Petasiles fragrans, Presl=
Nardosmia fragrans).—The habitat of this plant
is shrubberies and cliffs at Tenby, borders of
plantations, and waste places. The leaves are
heart-shaped, green, downy below. The flower-
heads are yellow, the female florets shortly ligu-
late. The flowers have the odour of vanilla. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering from March to
May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Petasites albus, Gzertn.—The habitat of this
plant is damp stony hollows, waste places, plant-
ations. The leaves are not so large as in the last,
heart-shaped, deeply scalloped, very white beneath.
The flowerheads are white or cream colour. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering from March to
May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Clammy Groundsel (Senecio viscosus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste dry ground, shingle,
sandhills. The plant is foetid, glandular, and
clammy. The habit is erect. The stem is stout,
much-branched, spreading, rigid, grooved, angled,
wavy, the segments oblong, unequally toothed and
lobed. The leaves are broad, more or less bi-
pinnatifid. The flowerheads are yellow, in ir-
regular corymbs, bell-shaped, on long stalks, and
are few, erect, broad. The involucre is clammy,
cylindrical. The ray florets are small, turned
down. The outer phyllaries are few, green, halt
as long as the inner, and hairy. The achenes are
hairless, slender, ribbed. The plant is 6-24 in.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Senecio Cineraria, D.C.—This plant is found to
hybridize with S. Jacobea in Ireland. The stem
is woody. The whole plant is white and tomen-
tose. The leaves are densely white-felted below,
and deeply divided nearly to the base. The seg-
ments are broader and lobed at the ends. The
flowerheads are yellow, numerous. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Arctium minus, Bernh. — The habitat of this
plant is waste places and woods. The plant is
smaller than A. majus. The central stems are

WASTE, PLACES, ETC.

mainly nodding, and these and the branches have
scattered small heads. The radical leaves are
coarsely toothed, the leaf-stalks are hollow,
slightly angular, nearly round, hardly furrowed.
The flowerheads are purple, in racemes, short-
stalked, more or less stalkless, cottony, globular,
a little narrowed at the mouth in fruit, greenish,
slightly webbed, not umbilicate. The phyllaries
are not so long as the florets, awl-like, the
inner row as long as the rest, gradually awl-like,
the subcylindrical part of the floret as long as
the lower part. The achenes are brown with
black blotches. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

Star-thistle (Centaurea Calcitrapa, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry waste places, gravelly
and sandy places. The habit is erect. The plant
is rigid. The stems are furrowed, cottony or
smooth, with leafy branches, spreading, stout.
The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base,
the lobes curved back, cristate, distant, slender,
those of the radical leaves lance-shaped, toothed,
of the stem-leaves, linear. The flowerheads are
rose-purple, lateral, stalkless, or at the end of
leafy branches, solitary. The phyllaries are
smooth, palmately spinose, the central spine
strong, channelled, yellow, the inner ones with a
membranous, blunt appendage, long-spreading,
with a few smaller ones at the base. The achenes
are white or mottled brown. There is no pappus.
The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and the plant is a biennial or annual.

Crepis setosa, Hall, f.—In the British Isles this
species is a casual in clover fields. The plant is
stiffly hairy. The habit is erect. The stem is
branched from below, angled, furrowed, leafy.
The leaves are runcinate, toothed, or lyrate to runci-
nate, deeply divided to the base. The stem-leaves
are clasping, arrow-shaped, strap-shaped, entire
or cut or toothed below, large. The buds are
erect. Tho flowerheads are yellow, bell-shaped,
on slender not thickened stalks, covered with stiff
bristles at the top. The involucre is narrowed in
fruit, the inner not so long as the pappus, linear,
hardening. The phyllaries are prickly, rigid,
slender, keeled, the outer awl-like, spreading.
The phyllaries are covered with rigid, simple, stiff
bristles. The achenes are slender, with long
beaks. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Rough Hawksbeard (Crepis biennis, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry pastures, and chalky
places, waste places, and cultivated ground. The
habit is erect. The plant is tall, with a stout,
furrowed stem, roughly hairy. The radical leaves
are divided nearly to the base, with the lobes bent
backwards, and larger towards the extremity.
The stem-leaves are stalkless, simple, lance-
shaped. The flowers are yellow, the heads large,
the outer phyllaries loose, with a white edge,
oblong linear, in the inner downy within. The
silky pappus is white, and less than the fruit,
which is reddish-brown, and has prominent ribs.
The plant is 2-3 ft. high, and is in flower in July

127

and August. As the Latin specific name impiies,
the plant is biennial.

Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca Scariola, L. = L.
Serriola, L.).—The habitat of this plant is waste
ground, The habit is erect. The juice is very
acrid. The plant is rather rough below only.
The branches are erect. The upper leaves are
erect, arrow-shaped below, clasping, the auricle
acute, spreading, wavy, runcinate. The radical
leaves are inversely ovate to oblong, wavy,
toothed, or runcinate. The flowerheads are yel-
low, scattered in a panicle, with long spreading
branches. The phyllaries are heart-shaped, acute,
smooth, juicy, tense. The fruit is grey, pale, with
a beak the same length. The plant is 3-5 ft. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Least Lettuce (Zac/uca saligna, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is waste ground, especially near
the sea, shingle, or chalky places. The habit is
erect. The plant is devoid of hairs, slender, not
so bristly as in Z. virosa. The stem is wavy,
with few branches. The upper leaves are entire,
narrow-pointed, arrow-shaped below, clasping,
the auricles spreading, acute. The radical leaves
are deeply divided nearly to the base. The
flowerheads are yellow, the panicle having short,
erect branches, more or less spike-like, in alter-
nate tufts, or long clusters. The fruit is grey, the
weak twice as long as the fruit. The plant is
1-14 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is fields and waste places. The
habit is erect. The stem is branched, grooved,
tubular. The leaves are flat, lance-shaped, half-
clasping, the lower stalked (or stalkless), with
acute teeth, entire or deeply divided to the base,
the auricles spear-shaped, bluish- green below,
lobed, with spinous teeth. The flowerheads are
pale yellow, in a sort of umbel, smooth, rarely
glandular, crowded, the flower-stalk cottony some-
times. The fruit is pale brown, transversely rough,
and ribbed longitudinally, not beaked. The pappus
is not stalked, with simple hairs. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Salsify (Zragopogon porrifolius, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is wet meadows and waste places.
The plant has the habit of Goat's Beard, and is
erect, branched. The leaves are smooth, with a
long, narrow point, channelled, the leaf-sheaths
enlarged below, the leaves enlarged below, taper-
ing or narrowed towards the point. The flower-
heads are purple, in heads. The involucre exceeds
the florets, and the stalk is thickened above. The
ligule is as long as the phyllaries. The marginal
fruits have scale-like tubercles, especially on the
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ribs.

ORDER CAMPANULACE

Creeping Bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides,
L. ).—The habitat of this plant is woods, waysides,

128

and hedges, and it is a casual escape from gardens
in many instances. The habit is erect. The stem
is smooth or downy, simple, with numerous leaves,
nearly round, the radical leaves heart-shaped,
on long stalks, rough, unequally scalloped and
coarsely toothed, the upper stem-leaves are stalk-
less and lance-shaped. The flowers are pale blue,
bell-shaped, in terminal racemes, turned one way,
bent back, the calyx segments‘drooping at length,
and the corolla lobes bent back. The capsule is
nearly round, the valves at the base. The plant
is 1-2 ft. in height. It flowers in July and August.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PRIMULACE2

Punctate Loosestrife (Lysimachia punctata, L.
= Ll. verticillata, Bieb.).—The habitat of this
species is damp, shady places, waste places. The
habit is erect. The stem is downy. The leaves
are downy, ovate, lance-shaped, opposite or in
whorls, stalked, dotted, the upper leaves narrower.
The flowers are yellow, with a corolla fringed
with hairs, the segments ovate, glandular, the
stalks in the axils, opposite or whorled, 1-flowered,
downy, rarely branched, not so long as the leaves.
There are 5 stamens. The plant is 1-14 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Ciliate Loosestrife (Zysimachia ciliata, Ait.),—-
This plant is found near gardens and waste places.
The habit is erect. The stem is tall, rigid. The
leaves are opposite, ovate to lance-shaped, not
dotted, more or less heart-shaped, the stalks
fringed with hairs. The flowers are pale yellow,
the corolla-segments round, scalloped. The
flower-stalks are axillary, opposite or in whorls.
There are 10 anther-stalks, free, 5 being function-
less. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in June
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Madwort (Asperugo procumbens, L.). — This
species is a weed of rich waste or cultivated
ground, and has been largely introduced with
grain. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The plant is prickly. The stems are stout or
slender, soft, simple or branched, angular, ridged,
the prickles shortly hooked and scattered, turned
downwards. The leaves are blunt or acute, hairy,
the lower stalked, the upper stalkless, linear to
oblong, thin. The flowers are blue, small, solitary,
axillary, shortly-stalked. The calyx in fruit has
unequal lips, fan-shaped with palmate lobes, the
ultimate flower-stalks are short, curved down-
wards. The receptacle has 2 membranous scales
formed of the detached cuticle of the calyx. The
plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Common Alkanet (Anchusa officinalis, L.).—
This plant is found on ballast hills, sandbanks,
hedges, field borders, near gardens, waste places.
The habit is erect. The root is stout. The plant
is densely softly hairy. The stem is rough, with

BRITISH FLORA

the hairs bent down, angular, simple or branched.
The radical leaves are narrowed into long, winged
stalks. The stem-leaves are not stalked, and are
oblong to lance-shaped, linear to oblong, the
upper half-clasping. The flowers are purple, more
or less stalkless, in crowded, one-sided spikes, or
in pairs. The bracts are ovate to lance-shaped.
The calyx-segments are blunt, ovate to lance-
shaped, hairy both sides, narrow, longer than the
tube. The scales of the corolla are hairy, white,
papillose. The small nutlets are brown. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Evergreen Alkanet (Anchusa sempervirens, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is hedges, waste places,
near ruins, waysides. The habit is erect. The
root is stout. The stem is rough, with spreading
hairs, which are turned downwards, simple. The
radical leaves are oblong to ovate, long-stalked,
the stem-leaves are ovate, on short stalks, acute.
The flowers are salver-shaped, bright blue, on
short stalks, in cymes in axillary pairs, which are
very hairy, long-stalked. The flower-stalks are
spreading, slender, and bear 2 dense spikes with
an intermediate flower. The calyx-segments are
narrow, linear, hairy outside. The bracts are
very small, lance-shaped. The scales of the corolla
are downy, white. The nutlets are small, netted.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Harlequin Weed (Jyosotis versicolor, Sm.).—
The habitat of this plant is waste ground, dry
sandy places, meadows, and banks. The plant has
the rosette habit. The stem is usually branched
from below, or simple, erect. The leaves are
narrow, linear to oblong, more or less acute, the
upper sometimes opposite. The flowers are pale
yellow, then blue, in long cymes (stalked), small.
The calyx is bell-shaped, cleft half-way, with
numerous, spreading, hooked, few straight hairs,
closed in fruit, oblong, the lobes erect, and longer
than the ultimate flower-stalks, which are ascend-
ing. The tube of the corolla exceeds the limb,
which is concave, and lengthens so that the
stamens are as long as the style, which is nearly
as long as the calyx. The nutlets are black, and
bordered. The plant is 1-10 in. high, flower-
ing from April to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Jersey Bugloss (Echium plantagineum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is dry places. The habit
iserect. The rootstock is reddish, spindle-shaped.
The stem is ascending or erect, hairy, branched,
the lower branches prostrate. The radical leaves
are lance-shaped, stalked, blunt. The upper
leaves are half-clasping, linear to oblong, heart-
shaped below, with lateral ribs, spreading, blunt,
enlarged below. The flowers are dark-bluish-
purple, or violet, in spreading curved cymes, or
long spikes. The sepals are awl-like, lance-
shaped. The stamens are hardly longer than the
corolla, unequal, short, 2 intermediate and 2 longer.
The nutlets are angular, rough. The plant is 1-3
ft. high, flowering in June and July, and isa herb
aceous biennial.

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

ORDER SOLANACE.®

Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste ground, cultivated
ground, The plant is herbaceous and erect in
habit. The plant is smooth ordowny. The stems
are angled, tubercled. The leaves are rhomboid
to ovate, wavy, bluntly toothed, narrowed to the
stalk. The flowers are white, few, in an umbel-
like, lateral cyme, and drooping, on slender stalks.
The calyx-lobes are broad, blunt. The corolla-
lobes are fringed with hairs, bent back. The fruit-
stalks are thickened above. The berries are
globular, black. The plant is 6-24 in. high,
flowering from June to November, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Tea Plant (Lycium chinense, Mill. = Z. bar-
barum, Auct. angl.).— This plant is found in
hedges, &c., gardens. On the coasts of Norfolk,
as round Kelling, it appears to be naturalized.
The plant has the shrub habit, and is straggling.
The branches are pendulous and bear spines. The
leaves are narrow, lance-shaped. The flowers are
blue. The calyx is 2-lipped, as long as the limb.
The anther-stalks are woolly below. The berries
are oblong and red. The plant is 4-12 ft. high,
flowering from June to August, and is a perennial
shrub.

Thorn Apple (Datura Stramonium, L.).—This
plant is found, as an alien, near towns and villages,
having been used formerly medicinally, and in
waste places, being rare. The plant is erect in
habit. The leaves are ovate, unequally toothed,
wavy, smooth. The flowers are white, large,
erect. The capsule is erect, spinose, with 4 dis-
sepiments below, 2 at the top. The plant is 1-2
ft. high, flowering from June to September, and
is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE ‘

Hoary Mullein (Verbascum pulverulentum,
Vill.).—In Britain this plant is a weed of waste
ground and waysides. The habit is erect. The
plant is mealy. The stem is round. The leaves
are stellately downy, broad, the margin with small
scallops, matted with mealy, woolly hairs. The
stem-leaves are heart-shaped, stalkless, ovate,
with a long, narrow point. The radical leaves are
oblong to elliptic, narrowed into a stalk. The
flowers are bright yellow, in a pyramidal, panicle-
like raceme, several flowers within each bract, on
short stalks, which are woolly. The sepals are
small, lance-shaped, woolly, the teeth smooth.
The anthers are not decurrent, with the hairs of
the anther-stalks white. The capsule is small and
ovoid. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

White Mullein ( Verbascum Lychnitis, L.).—The
habitat of this species is roadsides, waste places,
and it is largely a casual. In S. England, how-
ever, it may be a native in dry pastures and woods,
and in the northern part of Europe. The habit is
erect. The stem is angular. The leaves are stel-
lately downy, not decurrent, scalloped, smooth

VoL. VL

129

above, woolly and powdery below, the radical
leaves elliptic to oblong, wedge-shaped below,
hardly stalked, blunt, coarsely scalloped, green
above, white beneath. The stem-leaves are stalk-
less, ovate, long and narrow-pointed. The flowers
are white, or yellowish, in narrow, panicle-like
racemes, Which are erect, with many flowers,
several to each bract, short-stalked, small. The
stamens are equal, the anthers not decurrent, the
stalks having white hairs. The calyx is small,
woolly. The style is slender. The capsule is
ovoid, small. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Sage-leaved Mullein (Verbascum nigrum, L.).
—The habitat of this species is waste places. In
the S. of England it may be native on the borders
of woods and broken hill-sides. It also occurs on
waste ground on the borders of cultivated fields
and villages, and by waysides on gravelly soil.
The habit is erect. The stem is angular, the cover-
ing not matted but hairy. The radical leaves are
stalked, ovate to oblong, or lance-shaped, heart-
shaped, doubly scalloped. The stem-leaves are
hardly stalked, except the upper, ovate to heart-
shaped, scarcely white below, stellately downy,
not decurrent, smooth above, downy below. The
flowers are small, numerous, bright yellow, in
clusters, nearly simple, on a long, erect, panicle-
like spike or raceme. The flower-stalks are twice
as long as the calyx. The sepals are small,
tomentose, lance-shaped. The stamens are equal,
the hairs on the stalks purple. The anthers are
not decurrent. The seeds are brown, squarish,
blunt both ends. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flower-
ing from June to October, and is a herbaceous
biennial.

Moth Mullein (Verbascum Blattaria, L.).—The
habitat of this species is gravelly banks, waste
places. It is widely dispersed in the New and
Old Worlds, cultivated ground, waste places since
the seventeenth century, throughout Central and
S. Europe. The plant is erect in habit, and
nearly hairless. The stem is more or less angu-
lar, slender, branched. The radical leaves are
ovate-oblong to lance-shaped, blunt, scalloped,
lobed, wavy, or more or less pinnatifid. The stem-
leaves are small, stalkless, ovate, not decurrent,
half-clasping, oblong, acute, heart-shaped, irregu-
larly toothed, more or less scalloped. The flowers
are bright yellow, or cream, loose or dense, in a
slender, glandular, hairy panicle, the lower bracts
leafy. The sepals are oblong, large. The anthers
of long stamens are decurrent, with purple hairs
on the stalks, 2 longer, hairy on the outside. The
ultimate flower-stalks are solitary, about twice as
long as the bracts, twice as long as the calyx.
The capsule is nearly round. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering from June to October, and is a
herbaceous biennial.

Yellow Figwort (Scrophularia vernalis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is waste places and
plantations, and it is an escape from gardens.
The habit is erect. The rootstock is creeping.
The plant is glandular, hairy. The stem is more
or less 4-angled, or winged, hairy. The leaves

86

130

are broadly ovate, triangular, deeply doubly scal-
loped, toothed, lobed, heart-shaped to acute,
downy. The flowers are yellow, inflated, with
a narrow mouth, in axillary, terminal cymes or
corymbs, umbel-like, The bracts are leaf-like.
The 5 sepals are oblong, with the apex turned
back, not bordered. The flower-stalks are short
or slender. The corolla is pitcher-shaped. The
capsule is broadly ovoid, long, and narrow-pointed,
acute. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from
April to June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Grey Field Speedwell (Veronica polita, Fries=
V. didyma, Ten.).—The habitat of this plant is
cultivated ground, fields, waste places. The
leaves are all stalked, heart-shaped to ovate, cut,
toothed, not so long as the flower-stalks, broader
than in V. agrestis, and with deeper irregular
teeth. The flowers are bright blue, the sepals
broadly ovate, long and narrow-pointed, more or
less acute, the corolla large. The stamens are
inserted at the bottom of the corolla. The capsule
consists of two swollen lobes, with short, dense
hairs without glands, and some glandular, shorter
hairs, or smooth. The seeds are 8-12 in a cell.
The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering from April to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Veronica peregrina, L.—The habitat of this
plant is dry fields. The stem is erect, with blunt
leaves, narrow below. The lower leaves are
oblong, inversely egg-shaped, the upper are bracts.
The flowers are numerous, small, white with a
pinkish tinge, and less than the bracts, in a loose
raceme, slightly spiked. The flower-stalk is very
short, and the style also. The sepals are linear,
lance-shaped. The capsules are inversely heart-
shaped, smooth, not so long as broad, with rounded
lobes. The plant is 2-5 in. in height. It flowers
in May, and is an annual.

Veronica repens, D.C.—This plant occurs in
this country only as a weed in nursery grounds.
The stem is prostrate, rooting. The habit is creep-
ing. The leaves are oval to rounded. The
branches are short. The flowers are bluish-red.
The style is three times as long as the capsule.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial, flowering in
July.

Veronica hybrida, L.—The habitat of this species
is calcareous or limestone cliffs in the W. of Eng-
land and Wales. The habit is as in the last, but
this plant is taller. The lower leaves are oval
with a wedge-shaped base, or ovate with a rounded
or slightly heart-shaped base. The leaves are
stalked, broader, and are coarsely toothed through-
out. The plant is 6-15 in. in height.

ORDER VERBENACEZE

Vervain (Verbena officinalis, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is dry waste ground, waste places.
The habit is erect. The plant is downy, with stiff
hairs. The rootstock is woody. The stems are
rigid, branched above, solitary, 4-angled, hairy.
The leaves are opposite, oblong, ovate, trifid, and
entire, or laciniate, with many acute or blunt seg-
ments, the upper narrower, rough, lobed, and

BRITISH FLORA

coarsely toothed. The flowers are lilac or pale-
purple, small, distant, in slender, dense spikes,
afterwards lengthening, panicled. The bracts are
ovate, acute, half as long as the calyx, which is
half as long as the tube of the corolla, The limb
of the corolla is short. The nutlets are blunt,
granulate. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER LABIATE

Round -leaved Mint (Mentha rotundifolia,
Huds. ).—The habitat of this plant is wet places,
waste places. The habit is as in MW. hirsuta.
The plant is much-branched. There are leafy
aerial stolons. The leaves are without stalks, or
only the lower ones are stalked. The leaves are
hairless, ovate to oblong, Jance-shaped, glandular
below, blunt, scalloped, wrinkled above, shaggy
or woolly below. The flowers are lilac, pink or
white, cylindrical, loose, in interrupted terminal
spikes. There are ovate, awl-like, long, narrow-
pointed bracts. The throat of the calyx is naked,
with awl-like teeth, half as long as the tube. The
corolla is hairy, smooth within. The plant is 2-3 ft.
in height, flowering in August and September, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Spearmint (Mentha viridis, L.=M. spicata, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is wet marshy places,
waste places. It has been regarded as possibly a
cultivated form of AZ. sylvestris, but differing in
its pungent smell. There are aerial, leafy stolons.
The leaves are smooth (as the rest of the plant),
or nearly so. They are stalkless, lance-shaped to
oblong, acute, coarsely toothed, smooth above,
glandular below. The flowers are lilac, in loose,
cylindrical, slender spikes, which are interrupted,
with distant whorls, with awl-like bracts. The
throat of the calyxisnaked. The corolla is smooth.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, and flowers in August
and September, being a herbaceous perennial.

Long-leaved Mint or Horse-mint (I/entha longi-
folia, Huds.=M. sylvestris, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is moist waste places, damp waste
ground, The habit is as in the last. The stem is
robust, woolly, with white hairs. The leaves are
stalkless, or more or less so, ovate to lance-shaped,
oblong to inversely ovate, heart-shaped below,
more or less acute, coarsely toothed, more or less
smooth above, woolly below. The flowers are
lilac, in continuous, slender spikes, which are
linear to cylindrical, close and dense. The brac-
teoles are awl-like, the bracts lance-shaped. The
ultimate flower-stalks are hairy. The calyx-teeth
are lance-shaped. The corolla is hairy. The plant
is sweet-scented. It is 2-3 ft. high, and is in
flower in August and September. It is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Lesser Calamint (Calamintha parviflora, Lam.
=C. Nepeta, Savi).—The habitat of this plant is
dry places, hedge-banks. The habit is more or
less erect. The stems are numerous, from the
crown of the root, with short, erect branches.
The leaves are more or less entire, shortly-stalked,
ovate, coarsely-toothed, greyish-green, scalloped.

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

The flowers are lilac-blue, in compound whorls, of
about to flowers, in one-sided cymes. The calyx
is bell-shaped, erect, on the ultimate stalk, the
teeth more or less equal, fringed with hairs, ob-
scurely 2-lipped, the upper shorter, broader, tri-
angular, bent-back, the lower awl-like, and with
prominent, protruding hairs in the throat. The
common stalk is about as long as the partial stalk.
The middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla is
broad, blunt. The plant is 9-20 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Calamint (Calamintha officinalis, Scheele = C.
menthefolia, Host = C. montana, O. Kuntze =
Satureta Calamintha, Sch.).—The habitat of this
species is dry banks, hedge-banks. The habit is
erect. The stems are wavy, usually solitary or
few from the root, with long, ascending branches.
The leaves are dark-green, broadly ovate, long-
stalked, scalloped, coarsely-toothed. The flowers
are purplish or pink, with dark-purple markings
in compound whorls, in few- flowered, slightly
forked, one-sided cymes, the flowers at an angle
with the stalks. The calyx is tubular, 2-lipped,
bent on the stalk, the teeth having long bristles,
the upper triangular, ascending, the lower twice
as long, awl-like, the hairs on the throat not
protruding. The middle lobe of the lower lip of
the corolla is longest, and separated from the
laterals. The flower-stalks are short, the flower-
stalk of the cyme half as long as the primary
partial stalk. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Balm (Je/issa officinalis, L.).—Balm is found in
waste places. The habit is erect. The stems are
numerous. The leaves are ovate, scalloped to
toothed, stalked, wrinkled above, acute, paler
below, and are sweet-smelling. The flowers are
white, with rose-red spots, in axillary one-sided
whorls, shortly-stalked. There are small, oblong
bracteoles. The calyx is bell-shaped, enlarged
in front, 2-lipped, the upper lip flat, blunt, with
3 short, triangular, broad, bristle-like teeth, the
lower having 2 lance-shaped, slender, straight
teeth. Thenutletsare smooth. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Catmint (Nepefa Cataria, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is banks and waste places, hedges. The
habit is erect. There is a stout rootstock. The
stems are branched, leafy. The plant is hoary or
downy. The leaves are ovate to heart-shaped,
deeply-lobed below, cut, toothed, white and downy
below, stalked, acute. The flowers are pale-blue,
white, or with purple dots, in shortly-stalked,
dense whorls, in cymes. The upper bracts are
small. The upper whorls are stalkless, many,
dense, in broad heads. The bracteoles are longer
than the ultimate flower-stalks. The calyx is
downy, with awl-like teeth, the upper longest.
The tube of the corolla is curved. The stamens
curve outwards at first. The nutlets are smooth,
without hairs, granulate. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

131

White Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is downs on calcareous
soils in England, where it is much grown in cottage
gardens. It is frequently naturalized by roadsides
and waste ground. The habit is erect. The plant
is hoary or woolly. The rootstock is short and
stout. The stems are stout, branched, leafy. The
leaves are ovate, rounded, heart-shaped or wedge-
shaped at the base, scalloped, narrowed into
broad, long leaf-stalk, hoary and rough, woolly,
leathery, wrinkled, with stout nerves, usually
spreading from the leaf-stalk. The flowers are
numerous, white, in dense whorls, axillary,
flattened, softly hairy. The calyx is oblong. The
teeth of the calyx are awl-like, spreading, hooked
at the tip, spinous, woolly below, the upper half
smooth. The tube of the corolla is slender, the
upper lip long and divided into 2 nearly to the
base. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
July to October, and is a herbaceous biennial or
perennial. —

Stachys annua, L.—The habitat of this plant in
this country is wheatfields. The habit is erect.
The lower leaves are ovate to oblong, smooth,
blunt, scalloped, toothed. The flowers are creamy-
white, 4-6, in whorls, the bracts lance-shaped,
acute, small, long and narrow, and blunt-pointed.
The calyx-teeth are lance-shaped, acute. The
corolla-tube is longer than the calyx. The nutlets
are minutely rough. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Motherwort (Zeonurus Cardiaca, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is hedges and waste places,
and it is found in the neighbourhood of gardens
where it is cultivated. The habit is erect. The
plant is downy. The stems are stout, with promi-
nent angles, leafy. The leaves are close. The
lower leaves are palmate, 5-cleft, with slender
long stalks, ovate or rounded to heart-shaped,
lobed, cut, toothed, the stem-leaves are stalked,
wedge-shaped or inversely ovate to oblong, the
lower much divided, the upper 3-fid, entire, 3- (or
more) nerved, with acute lobes. The flowers are
reddish-white, stalkless, in crowded whorls. The
bractsarenumerous, large, leaf-like, stalked. There
are small bracteoles, awl-like. The calyx-teeth
are broadly triangular, sharp. The upper lip of
the corolla is straight, hairy, woolly, the helmet
nearly flat, the tip spreading, the middle lobe
entire. The nutlets are softly hairy at the tip.
The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering from July to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Lamium intermedium, Fr. (=L. molucellifolium,
Fr.).—This species is found as a weed of cultivated
ground as a rule. The plant is succulent. The
radical leaves are stalked, the upper kidney-
shaped to heart-shaped, stalkless, scalloped. The
flowers are as in the next, in distant whorls be-
low. The calyx-teeth are purple, rigid, longer
than the tube, straight, with stiff hairs, spreading.
The corolla-tube is cylindrical, equal, with a ring
of hairs within, longer than the calyx, the lateral
lobes toothed. The nutlets are large, three times
as long as broad, with a large, triangular, ter-

132

minal, oblique space. The plant is in flower
from May to September, and is a herbaceous
annual,

Lamium hybridum, Vill. (= ZL. incisum, Willd. =
L. dissectum, With.).—The habitat of this species is
cultivated and waste ground. This plant has been
considered a sub-species of ZL. purpureum, from
which it differs in the more deeply scalloped leaves,
and bracts wedge-shaped below, and erect calyx-
teeth, shorter corolla-tube with a scarcely percep-
tible ring of hairs. The leaves are stalked, heart-
shaped, cut to toothed, the upper broadly ovate,
crowded, the upper wedge-shaped below. The
flowers are reddish, the whorls touching. The
calyx-teeth are as long as, or longer than the tube,
spreading. The corolla-tube is straight, naked
within, equal, cylindrical, with a faint ring of hairs.
The nutlets are smooth. The plant is 4-18 in.
high, flowering from April to October, and is a
herbaceous annual.

Henbit Dead-nettle (Zamium amplexicaule, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is waste sandy places.
It is a weed of cultivated and waste ground.
Dry places, sandy and chalky fields are also the
habitat of this species. The habit is erect. The
stems are branched from the base. The plant is
hairy or smooth. The leaves are small, stalked,
rounded, cut, scalloped, in distant whorls, the
lower ones long-stalked, lobed, the base rounded
or heart-shaped, wrinkled, the upper stalkless,
clasping (hence amplexicaule). The flowers are
purplish-red, the lower in distant whorls. The
bracts are stalkless, broader than long, the bases
overlapping. The calyx-teeth meet in fruit, and
are as long as the tube, or longer, green. The
corolla is long, slender, sometimes imperfect,
straight, downy, very slender, with no hairs within.
The nutlets are small, smooth, three times as long
as broad. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering
from May to August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Variegated Dead-nettle (Zamium maculatum,
L.=Z. levigatum, Sm.).—This species is found in
waste places near gardens, in which it is much
cultivated. The plant is allied to Z. album, but
differs in the calyx and corolla, and has fewer
rarely white flowers. The stem is hairy or smooth.
The leaves are heart-shaped to ovate, narrow-
pointed, deeply toothed, scalloped, all stalked,
marked with white or green, triangular to heart-
shaped, wrinkled, hairy or downy. The flowers
are purple, with transverse hairs in the curved
equal corolla-tube, narrowed below, enlarged in
the throat. The calyx-teeth are broad, bent-back
as long as the tube, which is oblique, or longer.
The corolla exceeds the calyx. The anthers are
hairy. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from
May to September, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Ballota ruderalis, Sm. — The habitat of this
species is waste places. The plant has an agree-
able scent. The calyx-teeth are lance - shaped,
gradually acuminate, erect. The plant is softly
hairy. In other respects it resembles the last. It
is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

BRITISH FLORA

ORDER PLANTAGINACE

Plantain Ribgrass (Plantago major, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is pastures, waste places.
The plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock is
stout, blunt. The plant is smooth or hairy. The
leaves are radical, stalked, oblong, ovate, toothed,
3-7 ribbed, the stalks broad, short, channelled,
long, ascending. The scape is as long as the
leaves, short, not furrowed. The flowers are in
a slender, long spike, longer than the scape, which
is round, with ovate bracts, keeled, as long as the
calyx. The sepals are free, and have a blunt,
well-marked dorsal rib, and have membranous
borders. The corolla-tube is smooth. The anthers
are purple, on short stalks. The capsule is 2-
celled, with 8-16 seeds. The seeds are flat in
front, black, rough, mucilaginous externally. The
plant is 2-9 in. high, or more, flowering from May
to September, and isa herbaceous perennial.

ORDER AMARANTHACE

Amaranth (Amaranthus retrofiexus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste ground. The habit
is erect. The stem is stout, hairy, downy. The
leaves are oval, stalked. The flowers are in
terminal, large, dense, compoundor axillary spikes,
the upper grouped in large, dense, terminal spikes.
The bracts are awl-like, longer than the calyx.
The flowers are 5-lobed. There are 5 stamens.
The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering from July
to September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Amaranthus Blitum, L.—The habitat of this
plant is waste places near towns. The habit is
prostrate. The stem is smooth, spreading. The
leaves are oblong, ovate, long-stalked. The
flowers are 3-fid, very small, in small, axillary,
lateral clusters, the upper in a small, naked spike.
There are 3 stamens. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

ORDER CHENOPODIACE

Stinking Goosefoot (Chenopodium Vulvaria, L.
= C. olidum, Curt.).—The habitat of this plant is
roadsides, and dry waste places near houses. It
is possibly native on shores and pebbly beaches
in the S. of England and Guernsey. The habit is
erect or ascending. The plant is mealy, covered
with a greasy powder, and fcetid, spreading. The
branches are opposite, spreading. The leaves are
rhombic, ovate, triangular, mealy, entire, stalked,
acute, greyish-green. The leaf-stalk is as long as
the leaves, or less. The flowers are in small, dense,
leafless spikes, which are terminal and axillary.
The outer perianth-segments are not keeled, and
cover the utricle. The parts of the flower are in
fives. The seeds are black, shining, rough, with
small dots. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Allseed Goosefoot (Chenopodium polyspermum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

and manure heaps, damp waste places, and it may
be native in damp woods in the S. of England.
The habit is erect or ascending. The plant is
bluish-green. The stems are branched, numerous,
spreading, leafy. The leaves are entire, ovate,
elliptic, blunt or acute, shortly stalked, mem-
branous. The flowers are very small, in long, axil-
lary, and terminal, leafless racemes, cyme-like,
simple or branched, the branches slender and
spreading. The outer perianth-segments are not
keeled, not so long as the utricle. The seeds are
very small, dark-brown, shining, rough, minutely-
dotted, blunt-bordered. The plant is 6-24 in. high,

‘flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Chenopodium opulifolium, Schrad.—The habitat
of this plant is roadsides, waste ground. It has
affinity with C. album. The leaves are broadly
rhomboidal, ovate, triangular, more or less 3-lobed,
short, unequally toothed, blunt, coarsely and un-
evenly scalloped, toothed, the teeth long and blunt-
pointed. The stem-leaves are short and very
blunt. The leaf-stalks are long and slender. The
inflorescence is bluish-green. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in August and September, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Fig-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium ficifolium,
Sm. = Ch. serotinum, L.).—The habitat of this
plant is waste places, rich soil, roadsides, near
villages, cultivated ground. The habit is erect.
The plant is mealy, limp. It resembles C. album.
The leaves are blunt. They are unequally 3-lobed,
spear-shaped, oblong, lance-shaped, the middle
lobe the longest, wedge-shaped, ascending, wavy,
toothed, blunt. The upper leaves are entire,
linear, lance-shaped, the basal lobes ascending.
The flowers are in a leafless inflorescence, or ina
spike, or cymose raceme, leafy only below, with
erect branches. The perianth almost covers the
utricle. The seeds are minutely pitted, dotted,
not keeled, shining, blunt. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, and flowers from July to September, being
a herbaceous annual.

Upright Goosefoot (Chenopodium urbicum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is waste places. It has
not been recorded from native habitats. The habit
is erect. There is little meal on this plant. The
stem has alternate bands of green and white, and
is stout, with few branches. The leaves may be
as broad as long, triangular, toothed, the teeth
short, triangular, wavy, or nearly entire below,
narrowed into the leaf-stalk, which is shorter,
winged above. The lateral veins are spreading.
The flowers are in a long, erect, simple or com-
pound dense spike, nearly leafless above, axillary
or terminal. The perianth-segments are not
keeled, and do not cover the utricle, being broadly
membranous. The seeds are rough, blunt-bor-
dered. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in
August and September, being a herbaceous annual.

Thorn-apple Goosefoot (Cienopodium hybridum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is cultivated ground,
fields, and waste places. The habit is erect. The
plant has a heavy odour. The stem is stout and
branched. The leaves are large, long-pointed,

133

broadly ovate, heart-shaped, pale green, mem-
branous, angular, toothed, the teeth large, distant,
2-4 on each side, 3-5 nerved at the base. The
flowers are in loose, axillary, nearly leafless
corymbs or spikes, in large clusters. The perianth
does not cover the utricle. The seeds are coarsely
minutely pitted, not keeled, opaque, large. The
plant is 6 in. to 3 ft. high, flowering in August and
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Sowbane Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is waste places near
houses, towns, and villages. It may be a native
on the beaches of Kent, Sussex, Dorset. The
habit is erect or ascending. The plant is nearly
devoid of hairs, rather strong smelling. The
branches are prostrate. The leaves are ovate,
rhomboidal, triangular, wedge-shaped below,
where they are entire, acute, unequally sharply
toothed above, bright green, shining, mealy when
young. The leaf-stalk is not so long as the blade.
The upper leaves are narrower, coarsely toothed.
The flowers are in short, dense spikes, with
spreading branches, the flowers cymose. The
perianth-segments have a slight keel, and nearly
cover the utricle, having a narrow membranous
border. The seeds are acute, sharply keeled,
minutely granular, dotted, opaque. The plant is
6 in. to 14 ft. high, flowering in August and Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Red Goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is waste places. It may
be native on muddy shores. The habit is erect or
ascending. The plant is smooth, shining. The
stem is leafy throughout, and has alternate bands
of green, white or red. The leaves vary con-
siderably. They are triangular, rhomboidal to
ovate, entire, irregularly toothed, blunt or acute,
wavy, or entire below, 3-nerved at the base. The
flowers are in erect, dense, leafy, panicled, com-
pound, terminal and axillary spikes. The flowers
are frequently incomplete and crowded, the ter-
minal flower 5-cleft. The calyx is 4 or 5 cleft.
There are 1-2 stamens. The perianth-segments
are not keeled and cover the utricle. The seeds
are very small, vertical, smooth, shining, brown,
obscurely keeled or blunt. The pericarp is very
loose. The plant is 2 in. to 3 ft. high, flowering
from April to October, and is a herbaceous annual.

Oak-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is rich waste places.
The habit is prostrate. The stems are usually
spreading, widely-branched, shining, smooth.
The leaves are green above, white, bluish-green,
mealy below, oblong, wavy toothed, blunt or
round, wedge-shaped below. The flowers are in
short, erect, simple, leafless, terminal and axillary,
dense spikes. The perianth-segments are keeled
and almost cover the utricle, leaving a narrow
membranous border. The seeds have an acute
keel, and are reddish, very small, the horizontal
ones largest, the others vertical, netted, granular.
The plant is 4-18 in. high, flowering from July to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Orache (A/riflex hastata, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is waste places and cultivated ground.

134

The habit is erect or prostrate. The plant is
dark-green, mealy. The lower leaves are opposite,
spear-shaped (hence /as/a/a), triangular, the lobes
spreading, horizontal, acute, entire, and the upper
leaves are lance-shaped, entire. The flowers are
in simple or panicled spikes, interrupted, leafy
below. The fruiting perianth-segments are tri-
angular, rhomboidal, united below, prickly on the
back, longer than the fruit. The seeds are large
and small, the former dark-brown, rough, flat-
tened, the smaller black, smooth, shining. The
plant is 6 in, to 4 ft. high, flowering from July to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Atriplex deltoidea, Bab.—The habitat of this
plant is cultivated ground and waste places. The
habit is more or less erect. The leaves are mainly
opposite, triangular, spear-shaped, with spread-
ing lobes, the upper ones also spear-shaped. The
flowers are in dense spikes, panicled, the terminal
short. The perianth-segments are blunt, scarcely
exceeding the utricle, and are ovate to triangular,
prickly on the back, united only below. The seeds
are thick, black, polished, some dark-brown,
larger, and with large perianths. The plant is
6-24 in. high, flowering from June to October, and
is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Dock -leaved Knotweed (Polygonum lapathi-
folium, L.).—The habitat of this plant is fields
and waste places. In habit it is prostrate, root-
ing below, branched, smooth or glandular, nodes
thickened, stalked, spotted red, yellow, green.
The leaves are shortly stalked, egg-shaped, or
oblong, lance-shaped, not spotted. The flowers
are in a cylindrical raceme, terminal or lateral, the
flower-stalk rough. The sepals are glandular and
rough. The lower ocrez or stipules are loose not
fringed, the upper shortly fringed. The styles are
free, the stamens 5-6. The anthers do not pro-
ject. The nut is flattened at the sides. The
plant is 1-3 ft. high. It is in flower from July to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Spotted Persicaria (Polygonum maculatum,
Trim. and Dyer).—The habitat of this plant is
reservoir banks, damp gravelly places, or waste
places. The habit is similar to the last, the leaves
spotted, broadly lance-shaped, glandular below,
wavy. The flowers are in long, slender, crowded
racemes, the sepals exceeding the fruit. The
ocrez are shortly fringed and loose. The calyx
is glandular, and also the flower-stalk. The nut
is flattened along the border. The height is from

1to3 ft. The flowers are in bloom between July
and October. Spotted Persicaria is a herbaceous
annual.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench =
F. sagittatum, Gilib. = Polygonum Fagopyrum, L.).
—This plant is found around towns and villages,
or waste places, and woods where game is pre-
served, being used as food for pheasants, &c.
The habit is erect. The plant is not prickly. The
leaves are heart-shaped, arrow-shaped, acute.
The flowers are in cymose panicles. There are 8

BRITISH FLORA

stamens. The nut is 3-angled, acute, the angles
entire. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Fiddle Dock (Rumex pulcher, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is waste places on dry soil, and it may
be wild in English pastures. The habit is erect or
ascending. The stems are wavy, with slender
branches which are spreading, the tips bent-down.
The longer leaves are fiddle-shaped, oblong to
heart-shaped, blunt, the upper lance-shaped, acute.
They soon wither. The margin is scalloped. The
leaf-stalk is slender. The flowers are in a panicle
with spreading branches, leafy throughout, in
distant leafy whorls. The perianth-segments are
triangular to ovate, veined, deeply toothed to
above the middle, pale, wedge-shaped below,
pitted, netted, the teeth short, straight. The
tubercle is oblong, prickly. The fruit is ovate,
acute. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Rumex scutatus, L.—The habitat of this plant is
old walls near houses, waste places. The leaves
are spear-shaped to ovate, greyish-green, fiddle-
shaped. The perianth-segments are not tubercled,
and are more or less round, heart-shaped, entire,
membranous. The flowers are green, polygamous.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER EUPHORBIACEZ

Sun Spurge (Zuphorbia helioscopia, L.).—The
habitat of this spurge is cultivated ground, waste
places, fields. It is nowhere native. The habit is
erect. The plant is more or less bluish-green.
The stems are simple or 3-fid below. The plant
is smooth, rarely hairy. The leaves are narrowly
inversely ovate, inversely heart-shaped, coarsely
toothed above the middle, more or less stalked,
sometimes wedge-shaped, with a rounded tip,
membranous, the lower smaller. The bracts are
the same, the upper ovate to heart-shaped. The
glands of the involucre are transversely oval,
rounded, yellow. The capsule is smooth. The
flowerheads form an umbel of 5, 3-fid, forked
rays. The seeds are netted, rough, deeply-pitted,
brown. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering
from June to October, and is a herbaceous annual.

Broad-leaved Spurge (Euphorbia platyphylios,
L. = £. stricta, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant
is fields, cornfields, and waste places, being culti-
vated. It has not been found in native habitats.
The plant is smooth or hairy. The habit is erect.
The stems are stout, simple, with numerous, alter-
nate, slender, ascending branches. The leaves are
linear to oblong, or inversely ovate to lance-shaped,
heart-shaped below, stalkless, spreading or bent
back, acute, with small, coarse teeth above the
middle. The flowerheads are in umbels of 3-5
rays, several times forked. The partial bracts are
heart-shaped, short, broad, with a small point.
The glands of the involucre are more or less round.
There are 7-8 stamens in each involucre. The
capsule is smooth, with small warts, which are
hemispherical. The seeds are smooth, olive-brown,

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

inversely ovate, shining. The seed-stalk is nearly
kidney-shaped. The plant is 6-go in, in height,
flowering from July to October, and is a herb-
aceous annual,

Euphorbia corallotdes, L.—The habitat of this
plant is plantations, and the plant is rare. The
plant is naked below. The leaves are lance-
shaped, with small teeth, woolly. The bracts are
oval to oblong, the tertiary bracts ovate, hairy.
The flowerheads are in an umbel of 5 rays, 3-fid,
and forked. The involucral glands are oval. The
capsule is nearly smooth, woolly. The seeds are
inversely ovate, minutely dotted, and with faint,
netted bands. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, lowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Petty Spurge (Euphorbia Peplus, L.). —The
habitat of this species is waste places, cultivated
ground. The habit is erect. The stem is simple,
or thrice forked below. The plant is smooth,
light-green. The leaves are round to inversely
broadly ovate, entire, stalked, thin, the lower
leaves more or less rounded. The leaf-stalks are
short and slender. The flowerheads are in umbels
of 3 repeatedly-forked rays. The bracts are ovate,
blunt, with a short point. The involucral glands
are 4, moon-shaped, long-horned, slender. The
capsule is smooth, small, with keeled valves,
thickened, and rough. The seeds are ovoid, deeply
pitted, keeled on the dorsal side, whitish, 3-angled,
with 2 furrows on the ventral side. The plant is
3-12 in. high, flowering from July to November,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is cultivated ground, waste
places, fields, gardens. The habit is erect. The
plant is bright-green, smooth. The root is fibrous.
The stem is branched. The leavesare membranous,
oblong, ovate, lance-shaped, smooth, short-stalked.
In the female plants the leaves are narrower, acute,
heart-shaped or rounded below, shining, scalloped
to coarsely toothed, fringed with hairs. The
plant is dicecious or moncecious. The female
flowers are in clusters, nearly stalkless, some-
times with a few male flowers. The styles are
spreading, with the stigmatic surfaces on the
front sides. The capsule is small, warted, roughly
hairy. The seeds are brown, netted. The plant
is 6-18 in. high, flowering from July to November,
and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER URTICACE®

Little Nettle (Urtica urens, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is cultivated and waste ground and
fields. The habit is erect. The stem is branched,
with stinging hairs. The leaves are opposite,
elliptic, ovate to oblong, stalked, coarsely toothed,
the teeth few and the terminal one oblong. The
flowers are few, arranged in axillary panicles
or spikes in pairs, which are simple, shorter than
the leaf-stalk. The plant is usually moncecious.
The flower-stalks are long or short. The seeds
are oblong. The plant is 9 in. to 2 ft. high,
flowering from June to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

135

ORDER IRIDACEA

Iris (Hermodactylus tuberosus, Mill.). -— This
plant is often cultivated, and has been found in
old gardens, orchards, hedgebanks. The habit
is the flag habit. The root is tuberous. The
leaves are tetragonal. The plant is 1-flowered,
the flowers bluish-brown. The perianth segments
are acute, velvety, purple. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACEA

Glabrous Finger Grass (Panicum glabrum,
Gaud.).—The habitat of this species is sandy soil,
sandy heaths, and waste places in the south and
east. It has the typical grass habit. The root is
fibrous. The stem is largely prostrate, the leaves
are flat, smooth, narrow, the sheaths also smooth,
with a hairy border. The ligule is short. There
are 3-fingered, wavy, channelled spikes with
spikelets, with one flower, in pairs, turned all one
side. The spikelets are purplish, stalked, one
stalk longer than the other. The empty glumes
are hairy, and the flowering glume has no awn.
The fruit is compressed or flattened at the border.
The plant is 6-19 in. high. Flowers are to be
found in July and August. It is a herbaceous
annual.

Cockspur Grass (Panicum crus-galli, L.).—
Cockspur Grass is found in fields and waste
places in S. England, on damp and waste culti-
vated ground. The plant has the grass habit.
The stems are stout and ascending. The leaves
are flat, smooth, the edges rough, wavy. There
is no ligule. The flowers are in a panicle, with
the branches more or less all on one side. The
rachis is 3-angled, downy. The flower-stalk is
hairy. The spikes are 1-flowered, alternate or
opposite, the spikelets close, dark-purplish. They
are plano-convex, greenish, the upper empty glume
is hairy, pointed, or with a rigid awn. The flower-
ing glume is polished. The plant is 9-24 in. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Green Bristle Grass (Se/aria viridis, Beauv.).—
In the British Isles this plant is only a casual,
found in waste places. The plant has the grass
habit. The stems are more or less erect, roughish
above. The leaves are flat, smooth, rough at the
border. The sheaths are smooth, the margin
fringed with hairs, with a ring of hairs at the
mouth. The panicle is spike-like, green, with
branches in whorls, hairy, 3-sided. The bristles
are wavy, purplish, clustered, rough, the teeth
directed forwards. The spikelets are blunt, ellip-
tic. The empty glumes are membranous, the
flowering glumes shining, furrowed, dotted. The
plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from June to
September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Setaria glauca, Beauy.—This plant is a weed of
cultivated and waste ground. The panicles are
spike-like, the involucral bristles have ascending
teeth, and the palea is transversely rough. The

136

plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from June to Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Whorled Bristle Grass (Sefaria verticillata,
Beauv.).—This species is found in cultivated fields.
The habit is as in S. viridis. The panicle is
narrower, spike-like. The bristles are barbed,
single or paired, the teeth turned down. The
lower palea issmooth. The plant is 9-18 in. high,
flowering from June to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Canary Grass (Phalaris canariensis, L.). —
Canary grass is found in fields and waste places.
The stem is erect, roughish, with a compound
terminal panicle. The leaves are flat, the upper
sheaths enlarged. The ligule is large. The flowers
are in an ovoid or more or less cylindrical spike-
like panicle, which is pale-green. The spikelets
are rounded. The empty glumes are membranous,
acute, with broad, entire wings, a green keel, 2
nerves, and are stout, pale-yellow, variegated with
green lines. The flowering glumes are shorter,
silky, with obscure nerves. There are 2 rudiment-
ary florets or scales, lance-shaped, acute, half as
long as the fertile flowers. The plant is 1-2 ft.,
flowering from June to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Phalaris minor, Retz.—This plant is a casual
introduced with Turkish barley. The stem bears
a single head. The plant is more slender than
the common Canary Grass. The panicle is longer,
narrower, with smaller, more numerous florets,
and with a narrower, toothed keel to the glume.
The panicle is cylindrical to oblong, spike-like.
The glumes have the keel winged above, the wing
toothed near the tip. There is 1 rudimentary
floret, narrow, downy, one-third as long as the
fertile florets. The lower palea is downy, enclos-
ing the upper, which is narrower and shorter,
with a fringe of hairs on the keel. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, flowering in June and July, andisa
herbaceous annual.

Phalaris paradoxa, L.— The habitat of this
species is waste places. The stem is prostrate
below, then ascending, branched. The lower part
of the spike-like panicle is barren, and there are
6 spikes on a branch. The glumes of the fertile
florets have a wing on the keel which has blunt
teeth, and is many-veined. There are several
rudimentary florets. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering from June to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Large Quaker Grass (Briza maxima, L.).—
This species is an occasional escape from gardens,
and is cultivated in England. It is naturalized in
Guernsey. The spikelets are few, ovate, large,
many-flowered. It is 1-1} ft. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous annual.

Festuca ciliata, Danth. (= F. barbata, Gaud.=
F. Danthonii, A. & G.).—This plant is a casual
near Brighton. The leaves are rolled inwards.
The upper sheath nearly reaches the long, narrow,
erect, close panicle. The glumes are very un-
equal, fringed with hairs (hence ci/iafa). The
plant is 6-9 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous annual.

BRITISH FLORA

Sterile Hedge Brome Grass (Bromus sterilis,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is fields and waste
places, cultivated ground. The root is fibrous.
The stems are erect, smooth, leafy. The leaves
are flat, downy, broad, limp, ribbed. The sheaths
are flattened, smooth or downy. The panicle is
very loose, open, drooping, with few long branches,
horizontal or drooping, in half whorls. The spike-
lets are more or less solitary, linear, lance-shaped,
the florets distant. They have long awns, and
are nodding and green. The empty glumes are
long, narrow, the upper twice as long, the flower-
ing glumes are very narrow, ending in a long,
straight awn, with 7 ribs, equally distant, the
margins transparent. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Little Wall Brome (Bromus madritensis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is dry places, sandy
waste places. It is rough above, smooth below.
The stems are rigid, from an ascending base,
smooth, leafy. The leaves are narrow, flat, hairy.
The sheaths have the hairs turned back, and are
round in section. The ligule is short and blunt.
The panicle is very loose, open, erect, with few,
short, hardly divided, erect branches, oblong,
flattened, appressed. The rachis is slender and
rough (like the pedicels). The spikelets are dull-
green, with a smooth rachilla. The spikelets are
linear, lance-shaped. The florets are distant,
linear, more or less cylindrical. The lower empty
glumes are awl-like, half as long as the upper,
which are linear. The flowering glumes are
narrow, rough, with 7 close, lateral nerves, the
intermediate rib faint, the tip and margins trans-
parent. The awn is slender, not longer than the
florets. There are 2 stamens. The plant is 6-12
in. high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

Field Brome Grass (Bromus arvensis, L.).—This
grass is found in this country in corn- and clover-
fields, being introduced with seeds and foreign
grain and hay. It has become naturalized in
many parts south of Fife. The root is creeping,
fibrous. The stems are smooth. The leaves are
hairy below, flat, short. The sheaths are hairy
and grooved. The ligule is blunt. The panicle is
compound, pyramidal, spreading, drooping, with
branches horizontal at length, 5-7-divided, long,
roughish, slender, with a few spikelets towards
the apex. The spikelets are lance-shaped, linear.
The lower flower-stalks are branched, pointed,
green or dull-violet. The rachilla is smooth. The
empty glumes are ovate to oblong, with a rough
keel, the upper largest, acute, or with a short
awn. The flowering glumes are overlapping at
first, as long as the straight awn. The lower
palea is 7-ribbed, with 2 prominent ribs near the
margin and sides. The top of the upper glume
is halfway to the top of the fourth floret. The
anthers are 4 times as long as broad. The plant
is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Bromus interruptus, Druce.—The habitat of this
species is cultivated ground. The plant is like

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

B. mollis. The panicle is oblong, blunt, erect,
rigid. The spikelets are more or less compound,
in dense, interrupted clusters. The upper palea is
split to the base. The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flower-
ing in June and July, and is a herbaceous annual
or biennial.

Rye Grass (Lolium perenne, L.).—The habitat of
this grass is pastures, waste places. The plant is
dark-green. There are leafy, barren shoots. The
root is fibrous. The stems are bent below, ascend-
ing, hairless, flattened. The leaves are flat, the
edges of the young leaves simply folded. The

137

edges and upper surface are rough. The sheaths
are smooth, flattened. There is a short ligule.
The spike is simple (6-11 flowered), rigid, stout or
slender, and 3-4 flowered. The rachis is smooth,
channelled one side. The spikelets are smooth,
shining. The empty glumes are shorter than the
spikelet, ribbed, linear-lanceolate. The flowering
glumes are linear to oblong, round, blunt (or
awned), ribbed. The glume equals the lowest
flower. The lower palea is awnless. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to Cctober,
and is a perennial.

FLOWERS OF THE BOGS AND MARSHES

[Bog and marsh plants may be otherwise described as moor and fen plants. Both require moist conditions,

though some moorlands are drier and more allied to heaths.

Fen or marsh plants are more allied to aquatic

vegetation in requiring more or less partly submerged conditions. But both bog and marsh plants are allied in
the fact that they flourish on a layer of peat, thick in the former, thin in the latter case. An essential difference

is the character of the mineral salts, acid in the former, alkaline in the latter.

Transitions from these states

towards heath plants on the one hand, aquatic plants on the other, are to be found, and hence some plants
occurring in this section may be found in either of the others.]

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Alpine Meadow Rue (Zhalictrum alpinum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is the higher parts of
mountains, alpine and subalpine bogs; and it is
plentiful on wet rocks, and in swampy spots on
moors. The plant is erect in habit. The stem is
wiry, simple, naked, sometimes stoloniferous, more
or less leafless. The leaves are twice ternate,
chiefly radical, long-stalked. The leaflets are
small, nearly rounded, bluish-green below, with
blunt lobes. The flowers are few, in simple, ter-
minal racemes, at first drooping, later erect. The
ultimate flower-stalks are bent back in fruit. The
purplish sepals are four. The stamens are pendu-
lous, 18-20. The anthers are linear, apiculate.
The capsule, an achene, is shortly stalked, curved,
ribbed, tipped with the hooked style. The plant
is 4-10 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Three-lobed Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus tri-
partitus, D.C.).—The habitat of this plant is
marshes and ditches, S. and W. England, shallow
pools, and the plant is very rare. The plant is
floating. The submerged leaves are loosely 3-
forked (hence ¢ripartitus), the segments slender,
collapsing to some extent, the floating leaves
small, deeply divided nearly to the base into 3
(hence also /ripartitus), the segments rounded,
2-5 lobed, the central one as long as the lateral.
The stipules are round, the upper free. The flower-
stalk is slender, as long as the leaf-stalks, bent
back at length. The flowers are white, very small,
the petals not longer than the calyx. The stamens
are 5-8, the stigma tapering. The receptacle is
small and round. The carpels are few, inversely
egg-shaped, swollen, with a small hairless beak.
The plant is floating, flowering between May and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Large Ivy-leaved Crowfoot (Ranunculus Lenor-
mandi, F, Schultz).—The habitat of this plant is
shallow ponds on mud, marshes and ditches, pools,
and muddy places. The habit is prostrate, trail-
The stem ‘floats or creeps on mud, and is
stout, branched. There are no submerged leaves.

ing.

The aerial leaves are often opposite, kidney-
shaped or rounded, heart-shaped, the 3-5 lobes
deeply divided, widening from the base, very
broad at the top, with 2-3 notches, not spotted,
the lobes shallow, the base contracted. The
stipules are broad, especially the upper, and large.
The flowers are white, the petals twice as long as
the calyx, oblong, narrow, inversely egg-shaped,
5-veined, distant. There are 8-10 stamens. The
receptacle is not hairy. The style is terminal,
central on the ovary. The achenes are numerous,
hairless, unequally inversely egg-shaped, with a
terminal point, the inner edge much rounded above,
with slender, deciduous, nearly terminal style.
The plant is creeping, or 4-12 in. long, flowering
between June and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula, L.).
—The habitat of this species is wet places. The
plant is prostrate below, then ascending or creep-
ing. The stems are sometimes rooting below,
The leaves vary considerably, being hairy or not,
egg-shaped or linear to lance-shaped, nearly
entire or coarsely toothed, stalked, the lowest
leaves stalked, the upper stalkless. The inter-
nodes are straight. The flowers are shining
yellow. The flower-stalk is furrowed. The
achenes are inversely egg-shaped, pitted, shortly
beaked, the style small, awl-like, forming a small
head. The plant is 4-18 in. high, flowering from
June to October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Adder’s Tongue Crowfoot (Ranunculus ophio-
glossifolius, Vill.).— The habitat of this plant is
wet places. The habit is prostrate below, then
erect. The root is fibrous. The stem is branched,
tapering below, many - flowered, erect, hollow,
furrowed. The leaves are egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, the lower long-stalked, egg-shaped or
heart-shaped, the upper stalkless, clasping, oblong.
The plant is hairless. The flowers are small,
yellow, the petals little longer than the sepals.
The flower-stalks are furrowed. While the flowers
of R. fammula are } in. in diameter, those of this
species are 4 in. The achenes are small, hairy,
granulate, obliquely egg-shaped, margined, with

138

BOGS AND MARSHES

a short terminal point or style.
6-10 in. high, flowering between June and August,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Creeping Marsh Marigold (Caltha radicans,
Forst.).—The habitat of this species is wet sub-
alpine spots. The habit is creeping, the plant
rooting at the joints. It differs from the common
form C. palusiris in a few essentials. The radical
leaves are triangular, acutely toothed, scalloped,
small, obscurely 5-angled, blunt below, or kidney-
shaped. The base of the leaf is nearly at right
angles to the stalk. The sepals are not touching
and are narrow. The height of the plant is 8-rq in.
It flowers between April and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CRUCIFER

Bitter Cress (Cardamine flexuosa, With.).—The
habitat of this plant is moist shady places, swamps
in woods. The habit is the rosette habit. The
root is fibrous, oblique. The stem is wavy (hence
the specific Latin name). There are few radical
leaves, with lobes each side of a common stalk,
the lower leaflets rounded, lobed, angled, toothed.
The upper leaves have narrower lobes. There
are no stipules. The flowers are white, with
small erect petals, twice as long as the calyx.
There are 6 stamens. The style is slender, long.
The flower-stalks are at right angles, the pods
erect. The plant is 6-12 in. in height. It flowers
from April to September. It is perennial or bi-
ennial, or according to some annual, according to
situation.

ORDER VIOLACE

Bog Violet (Viola palustris, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is wet and boggy places, swamps,
and bogs. The habit is the loose rosette habit.
The rootstock is stoloniferous, the stolons under-
ground, rooting, with stipules and leaves at the
nodes. The stipules are egg-shaped to lance-
shaped, membranous, with glandular teeth. The
leaves are few, heart-shaped to kidney-shaped,
entire, hairless, or rarely hairy. The flowers are
few, scentless, pale or dark lilac, with dark branch-
ing veins. The sepals are oval, blunt, with mem-
branous borders. The spur is flat, blunt, longer
than the calyx appendages. The anther-spurs
are curved, short, and thick. The stigma is
flattened. The capsule is hairless, nodding. The
fruit-stalk is erect. The plant is 3-6 in. high,
flowering from April to July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Haller’s Dog Violet (Viola stagnina, Kit.).—
The habitat of this plant is bogs, fens, turf bogs.
The habit is the loose rosette habit, soboliferous.
The rootstock is creeping, horizontally, with dis-
tinct plants at the internodes, and
branched. The lower stipules are brown, narrow,
nearly entire, the middle ones green, lance-shaped,
toothed or nearly entire, not half as long as the
stalks, the upper shorter, narrower, long-pointed.
The lower leaves are oblong to lance-shaped,

suberect,

The plant is |

139

stalks often irregularly winged above, longer than
the blades, the middle with blades longer than the
leaf-stalks, the upper narrowed to an acute blunt
apex, pale-green, hairless, cut or toothed. The
flowers are small, blue or nearly white, round in
outline, the sepals egg-shaped to awl-shaped, with
a white margin, the bracts slender near the curva-
ture of the spur. The spur is green, little longer
than the calycine appendages, the anther spurs
short, curved, nearly as broad as long. The
capsule is hairless, egg-shaped, acute, bluntly 3-
angled. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEA

Glaucous Stitchwort (S/e//aria palustris, Retz.
= S. glauca, With.).—The habitat of this plant is
marshy places. The habit is grass-like. The stem
is erect, weak, smooth, angular, the whole plant
bluish-greeh (hence g/auca), hairless, 4-angled.
The leaves are narrow, stalkless, with even
borders, linear-oblong to lance-shaped, acute,
the lower broader. The flowers are few, distant,
white, solitary, or in a loose, panicled cyme, or
in the axils. The bracts are membranous. The
petals are notched or divided into two, with linear
segments, longer than the 3-nerved, lance-shaped
sepals. The sepals are acute, with a broad mem-
branous margin. The capsule is oblong to egg-
shaped, as long as the calyx. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering from May to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER HyYPERICACE

St. John’s Wort (Hypericum undulatum,
Schousb.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs.
The habit is erect. The stem is slender, branched,
4q-edged. The leaves are oblong, wavy at the
edge (hence uzdulatum), bent down, with numer-
ous transparent dots, netted with transparent
veins (as are the stem edges and sepals), with
black dots on the margins below, the dots numer-
ous and uniform. The flowers are yellow, in loose,
much-branched cymes.
egg-shaped to lance-shaped, acute, with blunt
scallops, glandular, with a long, fine point. The
petals are narrow, tinged on the outside on one
longitudinal half with red. The anthers have a
black spot. The styles are half as long as the
sepals, spreading, not half as long as the capsule.
The carpels have many vittaz. The plant is 2-3 ft.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Bog St. John’s Wort (//ypericum elodes, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is spongy bogs, wet
moors, and ditches. The habit is ascending or
creeping. The plant is shaggy, rooting below.
The stems are round, creeping, numerous, pros-
trate below, then ascending, leafy. The leaves
are round to egg-shaped, or oblong to heart-
shaped, stalkless, shaggy, half-clasping, with
small pellucid to dotted glands. The flowers are

The sepals are erect,

more or less heart-shaped, blunt below, the leaf- | pale-yellow, in few-flowered terminal and axillary

140

cymes, irregular, divided into 3 repeatedly. The
bracts are small, triangular, with glands at the
teeth. The sepals are nearly equal, hairless,
oblong, blunt, fringed, short-stalked, with reddish
The petals are equal-sided, egg-shaped,
The styles are 3, and nearly as long as
the capsule. The stamens are in three sets, with
a scale between, united in the lower half. The
plant is 3-12 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

glands.
entire.

ORDER LEGUMINOS-E

Blue Marsh Vetchling (Za/hyrus palustris, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is boggy meadows and
copses, fens and marshes. The habit is climbing
or trailing. The rootstock is creeping. The stem
has herbaceous wings. The leaflets are in 2 or 3
pairs, linear-lance-shaped, acute, the leaf-stalks
with 2 or more pairs, and a short, branched
tendril, sword-shaped, with parallel nerves. The
stipules are lance-shaped, half arrow-shaped. The
flower-stalk is long, many- (2-6) flowered, longer
than the leaves. The ultimate stalk is longer than
the calyx-tube. The pod is stalked, linear-lance-
shaped, flattened, hairless, netted, 6—8-seeded.
The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering between June
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACEZE

Cloudberry (Rubus Chamemorus, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is turfy mountain bogs. The
stem is subterranean, with a woody rhizome, with
no barren stems. The leaves are simple, kidney-
shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes blunt, scalloped, toothed,
plaited. The flowering shoot is erect, unarmed,
1-flowered. The stipules are broad and scale-like.
The solitary flowers are large, white. The fruit
is large, the drupelets red, then orange. The plant
flowers in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Septfoil (Potentilla palustris, Scop. =
P. Comarum, Nestl. = Comarum palustre, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is bogs and marshes and
peaty bogs. The habit is ascending. The stem
is purplish-brown. The rootstock is long and
woody, with fibrous roots. The plant is sparingly
hairy. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets,
which are elliptic-oblong, lance-shaped, acute,
blunt, toothed, sparingly hairy, pale below. The
stipules are large, membranous, cut. The flowers
are few, dark-purple, purple within. The recep-
tacle is enlarged, spongy. The bracteoles are not
so large as the egg-shaped, lance-shaped, long-
pointed sepals, purplish. The petals are smaller.
The achenes are numerous, hairless. The plant
is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering between May and
July, and is in fruit in September, being a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER SAXIFRAGACEZ®

Yellow Musk Saxifrage (Saxifraga Hirculus,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs and wet
moors. The plant has the rosette habit. The

BRITISH FLORA

stem is more or less simple, erect, stoloniferous,
leafy, downy above, branched from the base, the
barren shoots prostrate, slender. The leaves are
alternate, flat, entire. The radical leaves form a
rosette, and are stalked, lance-shaped or spoon-
shaped, the stem-leaves linear, slightly toothed.
The flowers are yellow, dotted with red, more or
less solitary or few, terminal. The sepals are
free, bent back, blunt, fringed at the border. The
petals are blunt, with 2 hard points near the base,
inversely egg-shaped. The capsule is superior,
with short, spreading beaks. The plant is 4-8 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CRASSULACE

Hairy Stonecrop (Sedum villosum, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is wet mountain pastures,
alpine bogs, and marshes. The plant has the
cushion or mat habit. The plant is glandular,
downy. The root is small and weak. The stems
form a tuft of leaves the first year, lengthen in the
second, and are then slender and flowering. They
are erect. The leaves are linear, stalkless, semi-
cylindrical, alternate, flat above, blunt, not spurred
or produced at the base, scattered. The flowers
are white or purple, in a sort of scorpioid cyme,
few, the sepals egg-shaped, blunt, the petals egg-
shaped, acute, rose-colour, with a purple streak.
The seedlings form a rosette. The plant is 3-4 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER DROSERACEZ

Sundew (Drosera intermedia, Hayne = D.
longifolia, L.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs
and moist heaths. The plant has the rosette
habit. The stem is short and leafy. The leaves
are oblong, spoon-shaped, erect, or inversely egg-
shaped, blunt, the leaf-stalks are hairless. The
scapes rise from the base of the rosette, and are
curved below. The rachis is not closely bent-back.
The flowers are white, with 5-8 segments. The
capsule is pear-shaped, equalling the sepals. The
seeds are egg-shaped, rough. The plant is 2-4 in.
high, flowering in July and August. It is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Long-leaved Sundew (Drosera anglica, Huds.).
—The habitat of this species is wet moors and
bogs. The habit is as in the last. It is a larger
and taller plant. The leaves are nearly erect, in-
versely egg-shaped, lance-shaped, linear to spoon-
shaped, blunt, the foot-stalk hairless. The scapes
rise from the centre of the rosette. The flowers
are white, with 5-8 segments. The capsule is in-
versely egg-shaped, longer than the sepals. The
seed has a loose, chaffy coat. The plant is 4-8 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER ONAGRACE

Ludwigia palustris, Ell.(=Tsnardia palustris, L.
=L. apetala, Walt.).—The habitat of this plant is

BOGS AND MARSHES

pools, and peaty streams and pools. The habit is
prostrate then ascending, or floating. The stems
root at the nodes, and are 4-angled, branched,
hairless, often reddish. The leaves are opposite,
elliptic, egg-shaped, acute, narrowed to the leaf-
stalk, shining. The flowers are small, green, often
apetalous, stalkless, in the axils, the parts in fours,
the lobes triangular, acute. The bracts are awl-
like. The style is short, the stigma large, pin-
headed. The capsule is egg-shaped, blunt, 4-sided,
with the persistent calyx spreading horizontally.
The seeds are angular. The plant is 6-10 in. in
height, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFER®

White Rot (Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is marshes and bogs. The
habit is prostrate. The stem is creeping or float-
ing, white. The leaves are shield-shaped (hence
Hydrocotyle), rounded, scalloped, glossy, 9-veined.
The leaf-stalk is hairy, exceeding the flower-
stalks. The flowers are small, purplish-green,
stalkless (like the fruit, which is seldom produced),
forming a head. The umbels or heads are simple,
proliferous in the centre, with a second head, 5-
flowered, notched below, axillary. The bracts are
very small, triangular, hollow. The fruit is small,
the carpels having resinous points, purplish dots
with 2 ridges on each face. The styles are slender
on a flattened disk. The plant is creeping, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Procumbent Marshwort (Afium nodiflorum,
Reichb.).—The habitat of this species is ditch-
banks and brooks, marshy, watery places. The
plant is prostrate in habit, then erect. The stem
is rooting at the base, and slender. The leaves
are pinnate, or trifoliate. The leaflets are stalk-
less, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, oblong, unequally
bluntly toothed, or lobed. The flowers are small,
white, in more or less stalkless or stalked umbels,
with leaves opposite, longer than the flower-stalks,
with a partial involucre of several leaves. The
rays are unequal. The bracteoles are numerous,
oblong, with a membranous margin. There are
no bracts, or 1-2. The general involucre of 1-3
leaflets soon falls. The fruit is small. The styles
are short, spreading. The plant is 1-3 ft. in
height, and flowers in July and August, being a
herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Dropwort (@nanthe Lachenalii, Gmel.).
—The habitat of this plant is marshes, fresh and
salt. The habit is erect. The root fibres are
not tuberous, but club-shaped, fleshy (tapering
at both ends), cylindrical. The stem is slightly
branched. The radical leaves are bi-pinnate, soon
disappearing, the segments are bluntly lobed,
oblong, wedge-shaped, the leaflets 2-3 lobed, the
lower stem-leaves are 2-3 times pinnate, the
leaflets linear, acute, the upper leaves are pinnate.
The flowers are white. The partial umbels are
loose, spherical, distinct. The general involucre
consists of many leaves, and is sometimes want-

141

ing. The partial involucre consists of many leaves
not so long as the barren florets. The outer
florets are long-stalked, barren as a rule. The
inner are more or less stalkless, fertile. The petals,
radiant, are inversely heart-shaped, round, with a
short, narrow stalk, divided to the middle. The
fruit is oblong, not corky below, rounded above,
inversely egg-shaped, rounded and narrowed
above. The styles are short and slender, as are
the ultimate flower-stalks. The plant is 1-4 ft.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hemlock Water Dropwort (@nanthe crocata,
L.).—The habitat of this species is marshes and
ditches. The habit is erect. The rootstock con-
sists of large spindle-shaped tubers. The juice is
yellow or colourless. The leaves are large, tri-
angular. The stem is much branched, 3-4 times
pinnate, the radical leaves 2-3 pinnate, the stem-
leaves deeply divided to the base. The leaflets
are broad, «stalked, wedge-shaped, 2-3 lobed,
oblong, round, cut, the lobes of the upper leaves
not so broad. The leaf-stalks are sheathing, large.
The flowers are white, in numerous large umbels
with many rays. The bracts and bracteoles are
numerous or wanting. The involucral leaves vary
in number and shape. The fruit is entire, narrow,
oblong, more or less cylindrical, furrowed, longer
than the fruit-stalk, which is not thickened. The
plant is 2-5 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Milky Parsley (Peucedanum palustre, Moench).
—The habitat of this species is marshes and fenny
places. The habit is erect. The stem is hollow,
round in section, grooved. The leaves are tri-
pinnate, triangular. The leaflets are divided to
the base, stalked, the segments narrow, lance-
shaped to linear, with a long point. The flowers
are white, small, in compound umbels, stout and
rough, with many rays. The general involucre
consists of numerous persistent bracts, lance-
shaped, bent down. The fruit is broadly oblong,
with thick, narrow wings, the stripes of the com-
missure being furrowed. The styles are very
short. The plant is 3-5 ft. high, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER RUBIACEAE

Rough Swamp Bedstraw (Galium uliginosum,
L.).—The habitat of this species is marshes and
ditches, bogs and wet places. The plant is erect
or ascending in habit. The stem is rough, prickly.
When dry it does not turn black, but remains
green. The stem is slender, brittle, and weak,
with the bristles turned-back. The leaves are 6-8
in a whorl, or rarely four, narrower than in G.
palustre, more rigid, with a blunt point, linear to
lance-shaped, with a bristle point, the margins

rough. The flowers are white, few, in a small
axillary cyme, on erect flower-stalks. The
branches of the cyme are 3-fid, spreading. The

fruit is granular, dark-brown, on erect stalks.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

142
ORDER COoMPposIT

Fen Ragwort (Senecio paludosus, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is fen ditches. The habit is
the rosette habit more or Jess. The rootstock is
short. The stem is erect, hollow, woolly, slightly
cottony, branched above, leafy, straight. The
leaves are stalkless, undivided, cottony below,
narrow, oblong, lance-shaped, tapering, coarsely
and sharply toothed. The flowerheads are yellow
with spreading rays, on long stalks, with bracts in
loose, spreading, simple or compound, terminal
corymbs, the rays consisting of 13-16 narrow
florets. The involucre is broadly bell-shaped, the
outer phyllaries awl-like, long, the inner blunt.
The fruit is hairless. The plant is 1-3 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Marsh Fleawort (Senecio palustris, Hook.).—
The habitat of this plant is fen ditches in the E.
counties. The habit is as in the last. The stem
is stout, erect, tall, downy or woolly, hollow, leafy,
much branched, corymb-like above. The leaves
are undivided, or nearly entire, half-clasping,
oblong to broadly lance-shaped, the lower wavy,
toothed, blunt or acute. The flowerheads are
pale, bright-yellow, erect, numerous, crowded in
compound corymbs, broadly bell-shaped, short
like the stalk, hairy. The heads have spreading
rays. There are no scales below in the involucre.
The bracts are slender and numerous. The ray-
florets are short. The fruit is ribbed without hairs.
The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Meadow Thistle (Cnicus pratensis, Huds. =
Cirsium anglicum, D.C. = Cirsium britannicum,
Scop. ).—The habitat of this plant is wet or boggy
meadows, marshes and bogs. The habit is erect,
more or less of the rosette type. The plant is cot-
tony. The roots are fibrous. The stem is simple,
without wings, round in section, leafless above,
a few scaly bracts springing from the creeping
rhizome. The leaves are soft, broad, lance-shaped,
with wavy teeth, fringed with bristles, or more or
less divided, or 2-3 fid. The lower leaves are
long-stalked, the lobes being angular, and the
upper are half-clasping, auricled. The flower-
heads are usually solitary, or 2-3, cottony. The
florets are dark-purple. The involucre is cottony,
hemispherical, with lance-shaped, closely-pressed
bracts, with long, spinous points, the outer blunt-
pointed, the inner slender, purple, narrow-pointed.
The fruit is pale, slender, smooth, with a dirty-
white pappus. The plant is 10-18 in. in height,
flowering from June to August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Taraxacum palustre, D.C. (= T. paludosum,
Sch.}.—The habitat of this species is moist moor-
lands, damp places. In this plant, which has the
rosette habit, the leaves are dull-green, runcinate,
deeply divided, with wavy teeth, the lobes broad.
The outer phyllaries are ovate to long-pointed,
closely pressed, spreading or erect, the inner
simple at the tip. The fruit is pale-yellow or
brown, muricate at the top. The plant is 4-12 in.

BRITISH FLORA

in height, flowering between June and September.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Sow Thistle (Sonchus palustris, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshes. The habit
is erect. The rootstock is branched. The stems
are simple, stout, hollow, angled, leafy. The
leaves are long, linear to lance-shaped, acutely
arrow-shaped, with a long, narrow point, finely
toothed, the lower leaves long, with 2-4 linear-
lance-shaped lobes, runcinate, with the lobes bent
backwards, or with one arrow-shaped blade and
a broad winged leaf-stalk, bluish-green below.
The upper leaves are entire, arrow-shaped, stalk-
less, with acute auricles. The flowerheads are
pale lemon, in a sort of umbel, glandular, hairy,
with a stout, hairy, glandular stalk. The fruit
has 4 rough ribs, and is pale. The plant is 5-9 ft.
high, and flowers between July and September,
being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CAMPANULACEZ

Ivy-leaved Bellflower (Wahlenbergia hederacea,
Sch.).—The habitat of this plant is moist woods
and turfy places, bogs and damp places, damp
peaty places in the S. and W. The habit is pros-
trate. The stem is graceful, branched, slender,
the rootstock creeping, the whole plant hairless.
The leaves are membranous, alternate, stalked,
heart-shaped or rounded, more or less acutely
5-lobed, or angled, ivy-shaped (hence hederacea),
the upper sometimes opposite, the flower-stalk
slender. The flowers are pale-blue, with dark
veins, bell-shaped, nodding then erect, narrow,
the corolla cylindric, with short, blunt lobes, bent
back. The calyx-tube is shortly conical, with tri-
angular to awl-shaped erect lobes. The flower-
stalks are longer than the leaf-stalks and leaves,
solitary. The fruit is nearly round, and is a mem-
branous capsule opening within the calyx-lobes.
The plant is creeping, and flowers in July and
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VACCINIACEE

Great Whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is mountain bogs
and copses. The plant has the undershrub habit.
The stem is rigid, round in section, prostrate.
then ascending, woody, naked below, the branches
ascending, round insection. The leaves are tough,
deciduous, oblong, inversely egg-shaped, entire,
blunt or acute, bluish-green below, with netlike
veins below. The flowers are egg-shaped, pink
or flesh-colour. The calyx-tube is hemispheric,
with 4-5 blunt, broad lobes. The flower-stalk
bears one flower. The corolla is more or less
globular. The anthers have dorsal awns or pro-
cesses. The berry is black, with a milky bloom.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, lowering in May and
June, and is a perennial undershrub.

ORDER PRIMULACE

Bird’s Eye Primrose (Primula farinosa, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is bogs and meadows,

BOGS AND MARSHES

moist pastures, in the N. of England and S. of
Scotland. The plant has the rosette habit. The
leaves are green above, not wrinkled, very mealy
below, mealy white or yellow (hence farinosa),
with a waxy secretion which prevents the stomata
from being clogged, inversely egg-shaped to
spoon-shaped, lance-shaped, scalloped, blunt or
acute, without hairs above. The flowers are in
an umbel, borne on a scape or not (rarely), pale-
lilac, with a yellow centre, but vary, and are erect
or spreading, crowded. The lobes of the calyx
are longer than the tube, not so long as the corolla-
tube, linear. The calyx is inversely egg-shaped
to acute, mealy. The lobes of the corolla are far
apart, flat, inversely egg-shaped, wedge-shaped,
rounded below, divided into 2 nearly to the base.
The limb is flat, the lobes are as long as the tube,
and the tube has folds in the throat, with a narrow
mouth. The capsule is twice as long as the tube,
cylindrical to oblong. The stigma is pin-headed.
The plant is 2-9 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Highland Primrose (Primula scotica, Hook.).—
The habitat of this species is sandy heaths, turfy
places near the coast, and pastures. The plant
resembles P. farinosa in habit (q.v.). The leaves
are inversely egg-shaped to lance-shaped, green
above, mealy below. The flowers are in umbels,
bluish-purple, with a yellow centre. The calyx is
swollen, the teeth short, egg-shaped, blunt, as
long as the tube, shorter than the corolla -tube.
The corolla-lobes are inversely heart-shaped, close,
concealing half the tube, the limb flat. The stigma
has 5 points. The ovary is rounded. The capsule
is scarcely longer than the calyx, oblong. The
plant is 1-4 in., flowering from May to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial. The flowers are
homomorphic. Pollination is otherwise as in
P. vulgaris. The seeds are blown out of the
capsule, open above, by the wind.

Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsifiora, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is marshes in the N.
of Britain and canal-banks. The habit is erect.
The rootstock is creeping, the plant stoloniferous.
The stem is simple and stout. The leaves are
opposite, rarely in whorls, stalkless, lance-shaped,
the lower not so large, the upper larger, with
black dots. The flowers are small, yellow, in
dense racemes, in the lower axils, cylindric, on
long stalks more or less erect. The ultimate
flower-stalks are as long as the calyx. The lobes
are linear, dotted. The corolla is bell-shaped,
divided nearly to the base into 5 narrow segments,
with very small teeth between. Both calyx and
corolla bear orange spots. The anther-stalks,
which are combined below, form a ring, and pro-
ject, as does the style. The capsule is egg-shaped,
5-valved. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Creeping Forget-me-not (Myosofis repens,
Don).—The habitat of this species is boggy places.
The habit is prostrate. The stolons are not sub-

143

terranean. The stem is somewhat angular, with
spreading hairs. The leaves are rather acute.
The flowers are pale-blue, in a somewhat leafy
raceme, with 1-4 leaves below. The limb of the
corolla is flat and longer than the tube, the lobes
slightly notched. The calyx is divided half-way
down, with closely pressed hairs, and in fruit is
open, the teeth narrow, lance-shaped, acute, and
exceeding the corolla-tube. The style is not so
long as the calyx. The 4 nutlets are small. The
plant is creeping, flowering between June and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

OrDER LENTIBULARIACE

Irish Butterwort (Pinguicula grandifiora, Lam.).
—The habitat of this plant is bogs. The habit is
the rosette habit. Regarded formerly as a sub-
species of P. vulgaris, it has broader, larger
leaves, and more oblong, inversely egg-shaped,
rounded, contiguous calyx-lobes, with a rounded
tip. The flowers are larger (hence grandiflora),
violet-veined, the lobes of the lower lip very broad,
overlapping. The spur is often divided into two
nearly to the base, awl-like, conical to cylindrical,
shorter than the corolla, as long as the calyx-
lobes. The spur varies in length. The capsule
is egg-shaped or rounded, rounded at the ex-
tremity. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Western Butterwort (Pinguicula lusitanica,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs. The plant
has the rosette habit, and is devoid of hairs except
the scape. The radical leaves are oblong, shortly
stalked, succulent, thin, blunt. The flowers are
pale-pink or lilac, pale-yellowish in the throat,
borne on slender, downy scapes. The short broad
lobes of the corolla are equal, the lower pouched.
The spur is broad, blunt, short, and conical or
cylindrical, bent inwards, not so long as the corolla.
The calyx-lobes are rounded. The capsule is
more or less round. There are 2 cotyledons (1 in
F. vulgaris). The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering
between June and October, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Alpine Butterwort (Pinguicula alpina, L.).—
The habitat of this species is bogs. The plant
has the rosette habit. It resembles the last, but
is larger, and the scapes are not so long. The
flowers are small, white, with a hairy, yellow
throat, and the lobes of the corolla are unequal,
the lower lip longer than the upper. The spur is
conical, not so long as the corolla, broader and
blunter, curved towards the lower lip. The calyx-
lobes are broadly egg-shaped, blunt. The capsule
is egg-shaped, acute. The plant is 2-4 in. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER LABIATA

Mentha gentilis, L.—The habitat of this plant
is marshes. The stem is hairy. The leaves are
spreading, thick, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed,
with a few hairs above, and more on the veins
below. The upper leaves are the same. The

144

flowers are lilac, the calyx teeth densely hairy.
The lower part of the calyx and corolla are smooth,
as are the ultimate flower-stalks. The bracts are
all leafy, the uppermost with no flowers. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering from August to
October, and the plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Water Germander (Zeucrium Scordium, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is wet meadows and
marshes. ‘The habit is erect, or prostrate below,
the stem hairy, much branched from the base.
The leaves are oblong, without stalks, toothed,
green on each side. The corolla is purple, the
flowers being borne in whorls in the axils. The
teeth of the calyx are short and equal. The
bracts resemble the leaves. The lower lip of the
corolla is spotted. The plant is 4-24 in. in height.
The period of flowering is from July to October.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Small Persicaria (Polygonum minus, Huds. ).—
The habitat of this plant is wet, gravelly places,
marshy places. The habit is prostrate, then
ascending. The stem is spreading, much branched,
slender. The leaves are narrow, lance-shaped,
linear, fringed with hairs, not glandular, the ocrez
or stipules close, short, not inflated, fringed with
hairs, glandless. The flowers are in greenish-
pink, erect or ascending, slender, loose, straight,
solitary racemes or spikes, on slender stalks.
The outer perianth-segments are glandular at the
base only. The styles are 2-3, united half-way.
The fruit, a nut, is smooth, shining, small, plano-
convex, or 3-angled, flattened, as long as the
outer perianth. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flower-
ing in August and September, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Yellow Marsh Dock (Rumex palustris, Sm. =
R. limosus, Thuill. = 2. maritimus x conglomeratus).
—The habitat of this plant is marshes (hence
palustris). The habit is erect. The radical leaves
are narrowly lance-shaped, rounded, or run down
the stem below, the stem-leaves are linear, lance-
shaped, narrow below. The flowers are numerous,
in distant, distinct, leafy whorls, yellowish-green.
The outer perianth-segments are egg-shaped,
oblong, with 2-3 short, bristle-like teeth, not so
long as the inner perianth-segments, with a lance-
shaped, entire point, and a prominent, narrow,
oblong tubercle. The fruit is larger (2-3 times)
than in 2. maritimus. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER AMENTACE

Alder (Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. = A. rotundi-
folia, Mill.).—The habitat of this plant is river-
banks, marshes, stream-sides, moist places. The
Alder nas the tree habit. The trunk and branches
are crooked. It is a bush or tree 20-40 or 7o ft.
in height, with a trunk 1-2 ft. in diameter. The
bark is black, the wood white, turning red, then
pink. The leaves are shortly-stalked, glutinous,
downy in the axils of veins below, hairy when

BRITISH FLORA

young, wavy, coarsely-toothed, inversely ovate
or rounded to wedge-shaped, green both sides.
The stipules are ovate. The male flowers are in
long, pendent catkins, which appear before the
leaves, with red, round bracts; the female flowers
are in short, racemose spikes, terminal, oblong or
ovoid, blunt, with reddish-brown woody bracts.
The fruit is pale, scarcely winged. The Alder is
fairly tall, flowering in March and April, and is a
deciduous tree.

Dwarf Birch (Bef/ula nana, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is Scotch bogs, turfy places, moun-
tains. The plant has the shrub or bush habit,
prostrate, then ascending. The leaves are small,
round, scalloped; hairless, shortly-stalked, blunt,
dark-green. The catkins are compound inflor-
escences a quarter as large as in B. alba (q.v.),
the scales of the female catkins digitate to 3-fid,
inversely wedge-shaped, with equal, rounded
lobes, small, nearly stalkless. The fruit has a
narrow, membranous border, and is round. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May, and is a
perennial shrub,

Almond-leaved Willow (Salix triandra, L.).—
The habitat of this willow is river-banks, osier
beds, wet woods. The plant has the willow habit.
The bark is flaky. The leaves are linear-oblong,
lance-shaped, smooth, acute, coarsely-toothed,
narrowed to the base, paler below. The stipules
are half heart-shaped, blunt. The catkins are
slender, oblong, ovate, stalked, and appear with
the leaves. The female catkins are narrower. The
disk of the male flower is 2-glandular. There are
3 stamens (hence ¢/viandra). The stigma is more
or less stalkless, with a thick short style. The
scales are persistent, smooth. The ovary is not
furrowed. The capsule is small, round, smooth.
The height reached is 20 ft. This species flowers
in April and May, and is a deciduous tree.

Osier (Salix viminalis, L.).—The habitat of this
plant is wet places, osier beds. The Osier has
the shrub or tree habit, with long, slender, straight,
wand-like branches, when young silky, polished
and leafy when older. The leaves are linear to
lance-shaped, with a long point, narrowed into a
stalk, shining, netted above, bluish-green or silvery
and silky below, the entire or obscurely-scalloped
margin rolled back. The stipules are small,
linear to lance-shaped. The catkins are stalkless,
lance-shaped, long, and appear before the leaves,
being golden-yellow. The scales are oblong,
brown, and blunt. There are small bracts, or
none. The style is long, linear, and entire. The
stigmas are entire. The capsule is shortly-
stalked, downy, with a broad base, white, lance-
shaped or awl-like. The Osier reaches a height
of 30 ft. The flowers bloom from April to June.
The tree is deciduous and perennial.

Purple Osier (Salix purpurea, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is river-banks, osier beds, marshes.
The habit is erect or prostrate, with tough, slen-
der twigs. The bark is red or purple. The leaves
are sometimes more or less opposite, thin, linear
to lance-shaped, long-pointed, narrow above and
below, glandular, coarsely-toothed, bluish-green,

BOGS AND MARSHES

black when dry, when young slightly hairy, shortly-
stalked, broadest just below the middle. There
are no stipules. The catkins are oval, cylindrical,
stalkless, opposite or alternate, erect, then spread-
ing or bent back. The fertile catkins are com-
pact. The scales are small and purple. The
anther is purple. The stigma is oval, with a very
short style. The capsule is ovoid and blunt. The
Purple Osier is 5-20 ft. high, flowering in March
and April. It is a deciduous perennial.

Salix acuminata, Sm.—The habitat of this plant
is hedges and damp woods, osier beds. It has
been regarded as a variety of S. viminalis. The
buds are downy. The leaves are lance-shaped to
oblong, bluish-green, pointed, ash-colour, and
downy or hardly silky below, finely-toothed. The
stipules are half heart-shaped. The capsule is
ovate, tapering. The stigmas are oval, entire,
with a large style. This species grows to a height
of 25~-3o ft. It flowers in April, and is a deciduous
shrub or tree.

ORDER ORCHIDACE

Bog Orchis (Malaxis paludosa, Sm.). — The
habitat of this plant is spongy bogs and Sphagnum
swamps. The habit is the orchid habit. The
plant is an epiphyte. The stem is 5-angled,
swollen, sheathed, with white scales below, which
give rise to a new plant. The leaves are few,
fringed with cellular bulbils giving rise to new
plants, and leaves put in the ground serve the
same end. They are 3-5, inversely egg-shaped,
oval, blunt, concave. The flowers are numerous,
in a long raceme, with small bracts, on twisted,
ultimate stalks, and are yellowish-green. The
sepals are egg-shaped, spreading, 2, turned up-
wards. The petals are linear to oblong, bent
backwards, the lip is superior, as long as the
petals, 3-veined, erect, acute, concave, embracing
the column below. The plant is 1-4 in. high,
flowering between July and September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Fen Orchis (Ziparis Loeselii?, Rich.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is spongy bogs. The plant has
the orchid habit, and is an epiphyte on Sphagnum.
The stem is 5-angled, leafless above, swollen,
sheathed with scales below, with a large, egg-
shaped bulb below. The leaves are oblong to
lance-shaped, keeled, elliptic, acute, stalked. The
flowers are pale-yellowish-green, ascending, in a
loose spike. The sepals are lance-shaped. The
petals are linear, the lip oblong to inversely egg-
shaped, blunt-pointed. The bracts are small. The
plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Coral-root (Corallorhiza innata, Br.=C. trifida,
Chat.).—The habitat of this plant provides leaf-
mould on which it lives. There are no true roots.
The rhizome consists of short, fleshy, thick, whitish
branches, coral-like (hence corallorhiza). Myco-
rhiza, a fungus attached to the rhizome, does the
duty of root-hairs, converting the nutriment in the
humus to the use of the plant. The plant is a
saprophyte. The stems are slender. The sheaths

VoL. VI.

145

are loose, reddish-brown. The leaves are brown,
lance-shaped. The flowers are 4-8, yellow, in a
loose spike, on short stalks. The lip is oblong,
white, with a few purple spots or tubercles, with
3 equal lobes. The sepals and petals are lance-
shaped, egg-shaped, acute. The sepals are olive-
green, the lateral bent down. The petals are
narrower. The spur is short, or there may not be
one. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering between
June and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Large-flowered Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes
estivalis, Rich.).—The habitat of this orchid is
bogs. The plant has the orchid habit. The stem
is devoid of hairs. The tubers are several, cylin-
drical. The radical leaves are linear- oblong,
narrow, lance-shaped. The flowers are white, in
a spiral series, all one side, in a loose, slender
spike, many-flowered, downy, with a large lip.
The column and lid are acute. The intermediate
processes are lance-shaped, acute. The plant is
6-18 in. high, and is in flower in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Irish Lady's Tresses (Sp7ranthes romanszoffiana,
Cham.).—The habitat of this species is boggy
places. The habit is erect. The tubers are cylin-
drical. The stem is thick, smooth, with numerous
bracts or leaves, the lower lance-shaped, narrow.
The spike is dense, downy and glandular, with
flowers in 3 series or rows. The sepals and petals
are equal, the lateral sepals united at the base.
The flowers are fragrant, white, the lip tongue-
shaped, and narrowed below the tip, which is bent
back and scalloped. The plant is 6-10 in. in
height. The flowers are found in August and Sep-
tember. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Loose-flowered Orchid (Orchis laxiflora, Lam.).
—The habitat of this plant is wet meadows and
bogs, marshes, ballast heaps at Hartlepool. The
plant has the erect orchid habit. The 2 tubers are
round, not divided. The stem is round, grooved,
the leaves are lance-shaped, unspotted, with a long
point. The flowers are bright-reddish-purple, in a
loose spike. The bracts are 3-veined, and coloured,
as long as the ovary. The sepals and petals
are blunt. The lip is as broad as long, and the
lateral sepals are turned back. The lip is 3-lobed,
the lateral lobes turned back, large, scalloped, the
middle lobe absent or shorter. The spur is blunt,
half as long as the ovary. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high. It flowers in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Orchis incarnata, L.—The habitat of this orchid
is marshes. The habit is as in the last. The
stem is hollow. The leaves are lance-shaped,
acute, narrowed from a broad base, unspotted,
approaching the stem, erect, the tip hooded, hol-
low. The bracts usually exceed the flowers. The
flowers are larger, purplish to flesh-colour, the
lip 3-lobed, the border turned down, scalloped, the
spur awl-like, shorter than the ovary, the 2 lateral
sepals spreading, the middle one and the petal
meeting together. The plant is in flower in June
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Orchis pretermissa, Druce.— Differsin having the
flowers pale flesh-colour, the lobes of the lipreflexed.

87

BRITISH

Marsh Orchis (Orchis latifolia, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is marshy places, damp, moist
meadows. ‘The plant has the orchid habit. The
tubers are palmate. The stem is usually hollow
and leafy above. The leaves, with ring-shaped
spots, are spreading, the lowest oblong, blunt,
from a narrow base, broadest in the middle,
lance-shaped, acute, not hooded, the tip flat. The
bracts exceed the flowers and are 3-nerved, green.
The flowers are in a dense spike, purple, the lip,
slightly 3-lobed, spotted with purple, the borders
ultimately bent back, scalloped, the middle lobe
the narrowest, the 2 lateral spreading. The spur
is awl-like, straight or bent down, shorter than
the ovary. The middle sepal and petal meet to-
gether. The plant is 9-go in. high, and is in
flower in June and July, being a herbaceous per-
ennial.

146

ORDER IRIDACE

Iris spuria, L.—The habitat of this plant is
marshes. The plant has the Iris habit. The
stem is round, The leaves are linear. The flowers
vary in colour. The lamina is externally yellowish,
white-veined, with a blue claw, furrowed, the inner
segments and stigma violet. The capsule is blunt-
pointed. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in June
and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium,
Mill.).—The habitat of this species is damp, grassy
places and bogs. The plant has the grass habit.
The leaves are radical, grass-like, sword-shaped.
The flowers are blue, in an umbel, on a 2-edged
scape (with a flat, narrow wing) which is more
or less simple and leafless. The spathe is 1-6-
flowered, with equal lance-shaped valves, not so
long as the flowers. The perianth-segments are
blue inside, oblong, bluntly notched, erect, lance-
shaped. The capsule is rounded, 3-angled. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Yellow Sisyrinchium (Sisyrinchium californi-
cum, Aiton). — The habitat of this species is
marshes. The plant has the grass habit. The
leaves are radical. The flowers are borne on
simple, flattened scapes broadly winged and leaf-
less, usually 2. The spathe is erect, the outer
valve equalling the flower, sheathing, united at the
base. The perianth is yellow, turning orange,
with dark veins, and the segments are oval, nar-
row below. The capsule is ellipsoid, 3-angled.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between July
and September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LILIACE

Scottish Asphodel (Zofieldia palustris, Huds.).
—The habitat of this species is mountain bogs and
rills. The Scottish Asphodel has the grass habit.
The rootstock is short and creeping. The stem
is slender. The leaves are radical, linear, sword-
shaped, in 2 rows, tufted. The flowers are pale-
green in a short, dense raceme or spike, stalkless
at first, then stalked, the scape naked, or 1-2
leaved, slender. The ultimate flower-stalks are

FLORA

short, with membranous, 3-lobed bracteoles at the
base. The perianth-segments are linear to oblong,
blunt. The capsule is more or less round. The
plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Toad Rush (Juncus bufonius, L.).—The habitat
of this species is moist places, marshy places.
The habit is the rush habit. The plant is very
pale in colour. The stems are erect or ascending,
with forked branches, leafy, slender, septate.
The leaves are few, bristle-like, with only one
leaf on the stem as a rule, and are channelled
above, with short sheaths. The cyme is repeatedly
forked, the flowers pale-green, arranged all one
side, solitary, or distant, or clustered, stalkless,
the branches short or long, and wavy. There
may be 2~4 lateral, open, hexandrous flowers,
the terminal ones cleistogamic and triandrous.
The blunt membranous bracts are small. The
perianth-segments are lance-shaped, longer than
the capsule, unequal. The capsule is blunt, oblong,
inversely ovoid, pale. The seeds are roundly
oval. The plant is 4-8 in. in height, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Loose-flowered Rush (Juncus effusus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshy ground and
moist places. The plant has the rush habit. It
forms circular, densely-matted tufts. The stems
are soft, green, with fine furrows. The leaves are
reduced to sheaths, absent, or very small, and
slender, at the top of the sheathing scales. The
pith is continuous. The sheaths are dull brown,
not inflated. The barren and fertile stems are
awl-like. The flowers are in a loose compound or
dense panicle. The perianth-segments are lance-
shaped, longer than the capsule, olive-green. The
anthers are oval, short, oblong, with 3 or 6
stamens. The capsule is inversely ovate, notched,
not blunt-pointed. The seeds are very small and
yellowish-brown. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Common Rush (Juncus conglomeratus, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshy ground, wet
places. The plant has the rush habit. The stems
are softly, finely-furrowed. The pithis continuous.
The leaves, if any, are as in the last. The cymes
are dense, more or less round. The perianth-
segments are lance-shaped, tinged with brown,
and longer than the capsule. There are 3 stamens.
The anthers are long, linear. The capsule is mu-
cronate, inversely ovate, notched. The plant is
1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Lesser Jointed Rush (Juncus bulbosus, L.
J. supinus, Moench).—The habitat of this plant is
bogs and wet places. The Lesser Jointed Rush
has the rush habit. The rootstock is usually
tuberous (hence bu/bosus). The stem is slender,
erect, prostrate or sometimes floating, round in
section, with limp, straggly branches and ob-
scure joints. The leaves are bristle-like, slender,

BOGS AND MARSHES

faintly-jointed within, somewhat channelled. The
flowers are in nearly simple, terminal cymes,
irregular, long, with few, distant, nearly erect
clusters. The flowers are often viviparous. The
perianth-segments are equal, acute, the inner 3
rather blunt, nearly as long as the capsule. The
bracts are membranous, acute, nearly as long as
the flower. There are 3 stamens, the anthers as
long as their stalks. The capsule is oblong, pale-
brown, very blunt, blunt-pointed. The plant is
3-10 in. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Three-flowered Rush (Juncus triglumis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is alpine bogs, boggy
wet places on mountains. The plant has the rush
habit. There are no stolons. The stems are
tufted, black, round in section, slender, wiry, leaf-
less. The radical leaves are awl-like, channelled,
short, made up of two separate tubes. The sheaths
are auricled. The leaflike bract is membranous,
as long as, or shorter than, the flowers. The
flowers are 2, or 3 (hence /rig/umis), terminal,
erect, pale-brown in fruit. The perianth-segments
are blunt, not so long as the capsule, elliptic to
oblong. The capsule is egg-shaped to oblong,
beaked, chestnut. The plant is 3-9 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Two-flowered Rush (Juncus biglumis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is wet places, boggy
spots on mountains, and bogs. The plant has the
rush habit. The root is fibrous. The stems are
stoloniferous. The plant is not tufted. The stems
are half-round in section, leafless, channelled one
side, seldom more than one from each root. The
leaves are radical, awl-like, flattened at the margin,
not channelled, or made up of 2 tubes, septate
within. Thesheaths are not auricled. The flowers
are usually 2 (hence dig/umis), not as long as the
bract, arranged one side, the upper stalked, not
so long as the bract, the lower stalkless, chestnut-
brown. The perianth-segments are blunt, as long
as the capsule, or nearly so. The capsule is blunt-
pointed between the lobes, notched, 3-lobed, coni-
cal, 3-angled, light-brown, with pale margins.
The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Chestnut Rush (/Juncus castaneus, Sm.).—The
habitat of this plant is Scotch mountains, alpine
bogs, micaceous mountain bogs at great eleva-
tions. The Chestnut Rush has the rush habit.
The plant is not tufted and stoloniferous. The
rootstock has loose stolons. The stems are round
in section, leafy. The leaves are channelled, 2,
half-round in section, hollow. The sheaths are
not auricled, having thin walls. The flowers are
bright-brown, in 2-3 cymes or solitary, lateral and
terminal, 2-6 flowered. The leaflike bracts are
longer than the flowers. The perianth-segments
are acute, half as long as the capsule, elliptic
to lance-shaped. The capsule is dark-brown,
g-angled, beaked, egg-shaped, oblong, pointed.
The seeds are large. The plant is 4-16 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

147

Small Marsh Rush (Juncus compressus, Jacq.).
—The habitat of this rush is marshy places, damp
places. The Small Marsh Rush has the rush habit.
The plant is slender, with a creeping rootstock.
The stems are tufted, slender, hollow, half-flattened
at the margin with 1 leaf in the middle, or 1-2,
erect, leafy below, more or less naked above.
The leaves are linear, channelled above, slender,
half-round in section, narrow, limp, more or less
erect, as long as the stem, or shorter. The flowers
are more or less solitary, in terminal, compound,
compact, cymose panicles, not so long as the small
pale bracts, with more or less erect branches,
slender, and with few flowers. The perianth-seg-
ments are oval, oblong, blunt, as long as, or shorter
than the capsule, pale in the middle, the margins
broad, membranous, pale or dark-brown or purple.
The anthers are oblong, and the style is half as
long as the ovary. The capsule is roundly in-
versely egg-shaped, bluntly and shortly pointed.
The plant is 12-20 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ALISMACE-E

Echinodorus (Alisma) ranunculoides, Eng.—
The habitat of this plant is lakesides, bogs and
ditches, turfy bogs. The plant has the rosette
habit. The stems may be erect or creeping,
tufted. The leaves are all radical, erect, linear to
lance-shaped, acute, long-stalked, the blade 3-
ribbed. The first leaves are submerged, floating,
transparent. The flowers are pale- purple, in
umbels or whorls, the flower-stalks or scapes
bearing simple branches. The carpels form a
head, and are 4-5-ribbed, swollen, angular, acute,
egg-shaped, blunt- pointed. The styles are
terminal. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering
between June and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER NAIADACE

Marsh Arrow-grass (77riglochin palustre, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshes. Marsh
Arrow-grass has the grass habit. The plant is
stoloniferous. The stem is swollen below. The
leaves are slender, half-round in section, limp,
faintly channelled above. The scape is slender.
The flowers are in a long raceme, lengthening
after flowering, on short stalks. The perianth is
purple-bordered. The anthers are purple. The
fruit is club-shaped, linear, angular, appressed to
the scape, the 3 combined carpels attached to the
3-sided axis by a point, round at the back, slender,
long, narrow below, or arrow-shaped in fruit
(hence 7riglochin). The plant is 6-12 in. high,
flowering between June and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Scheuchzeria (Scheuchzeria palustris,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs, sphagnum
bogs, and marshes. The plant has the grass
habit. The rootstock is long, creeping, slender,
clothed with the old leaf-stalks. The leaves are
half-round in section, in two rows, few, alternate,
blunt, with a small pore on the upper side of the

148

tip. The sheaths are swollen, brown, The flowers
are few, 5, greenish, borne on a stout, curved
scape, in a terminal, loose raceme, the flower-
stalks lengthening in fruit. The perianth-segments
are linear to oblong. There are 3 capsules, which
are swollen, and large in proportion to the size of
the plant. The plant is 6-8 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACEAE

Many-stalked Spike Rush (Heleocharis multi-
caulis, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is marshes,
pools, chiefly on moorlands. The plant has the
rush habit. The rootstock (slightly creeping) is
short, with one tuft of leaves and stems. The leaf-
stalks are obliquely blunt. The stems are round
in section. The sheaths are acute, leafless. The
glumes are blunt, with narrow margins, the lowest
glume the largest. There are 5-6 bristles. The
stigmas are 3. The nuts are 3-angled, oblong to
egg-shaped, conical, smooth, crowned with the
broad-based, 3-angled style. The plant is 4-12 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Floating Club Rush (Scirpus fluitans, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is marshes and pools,
peaty pools, ditches, and ponds. The plant has
the club-rush habit, but is floating. The stems
are flattened, slender, branched, rooting from the
lower nodes, and zigzag, leafy. The leaves are
clustered, linear, slender, and on land the plant
is tufted, with the leaves sheathed. The flowers
have solitary, terminal, egg-shaped spikelets, pale
and narrow. The flower-stalks are alternate, with
a leaf below. The 4-8 glumes are oblong, bluntly-
keeled, membranous at the border, the 2 outer
larger, not so long as the spike, and enclosing it.
The nut is plano-convex, inversely egg-shaped,
flattened, blunt-pointed, pale, smooth. There are
2 stigmas, the styles forming a beak to the nut.
The plant is 6-18 in. long, and flowers in June
and July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Savi’s Club Rush (Scirpus saviz, S. & M. = S.
filiformis, Savi = S. cernuus, Vahl).—The habitat
of this plant is damp places in S.W. England, &c.,
wet bogs in W. Scotland. The plant has the
Club-rush habit. The stem is threadlike (hence
filiformis). The plant closely resembles S. sefaceus,
but is larger, paler, the leaves longer, 1-2, narrow,
channelled. The flowers are in terminal spikes,
the spikelets 1-3, or solitary, more or less ter-
minal. The lower bract is shorter, longer than
the spike, the glumes blunt, hardly short-pointed,
greenish, with a brown spot on the upper part
The nut is nearly round, not furrowed,
g-angled, pale, shining, rough, dotted in lines.
The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Compressed Club Rush (Scirpus compressus,
Pers. = S. cartcis, Retz.).—The habitat of this
plant is wet boggy pastures and marshes. The
rootstock is long. The stem is triangular, soli-
tary, sheathed below. The leaves are flat, not so
long as the stem, grass-like, keeled, with rough

each side.

BRITISH FLORA

edges. There are 6-8 flowers in the spikelets,
the outer glume in the lowest spikelet having an
awl-like point longer than the spike, the spikelets
being longer than the bracts. The bracts are
leafy, long or short. The spikelets are brown.
The lower glumes are ribbed, not so long as the
spikelets, reddish-brown. There are 3-6 bristles,
strong, persistent, with bent-down teeth. The
nut is lenticular, shining, with a persistent style,
pale. The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Cotton Grass (Eriophorum alpinum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is marshes and spongy
bogs. The plant has the grass habit. The root-
stock, which is creeping, gives rise to a number of
stems and leaves. The stems are rigid, rough,
slender, 3-angled, and the plant is slender and
elegant. The leaves are bristle-like, short, chan-
nelled, rough. The spike is solitary, erect, oblong,
lance-shaped, with few, oblong, narrow spikelets.
The glumes are yellowish-brown. The 4-6 bristles
are crumpled. The nut is very small, inversely
egg-shaped, 3-angled. The plant is 4-8 in. high,
and flowers in June. It isa herbaceous perennial.

Hare’s Tail Cotton Grass (Eriophorum vagi-
natum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs and
moors, boggy moors. The habit is as in the last.
The rootstock is short. The plant is tufted. The
stems are hairless, numerous, triangular above,
round in section below, longer in fruit. There are
1-2 leafless sheaths above the middle, the upper
one inflated. The leaves are slender, long, bristle-
like, channelled, 3-sided. The spike is solitary,
oblong, with erect, egg-shaped, many-flowered
spikelets. The bristles are numerous, straight,
not crisped. The glumes are membranous, trans-
parent, broadly egg-shaped, olive-green. The
nut is inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a short
point, flattened. The plant is 6-10 in. high, and
flowers from April to June, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Broad-leaved Cotton Grass (Eriophorum Jati-
Jolium, Hoppe = £. pantculatum, Druce = £.
pubescens, Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is
marshes and bogs. The plant has the grass
habit. The rootstock is short. The stems are
rigid, tufted, 3-angled above, hollow. The leaves
are flat, the lip short, 3-angled, linear, narrowed
above the middle into the short triangular point.
Thespikes are several, with rough or downy flower-
stalks, the spikelets in a cyme. The glumes are
lance-shaped, with narrow, membranous borders.
The bristles are two to three times as long as the
spikes. The nuts are pear-shaped,3-sided. The
plant is 12-18 in. high, and flowers between May
and July, being a herbaceous perennial.

Slender Cotton Grass (Eriophorum gracile,
Roth).—The habitat of this plant is bogs. The
habit is as in the above species. The stems are
very slender (hence gvaci/e), rather 3-sided, tall.
The leaves are very narrow, 3-sided, channelled,
short, linear. The bracts are small, 1-2. There
are 4 spikes, with downy flower-stalks. The
glumes are broad, blunt, with many ribs, brown.
There are 3-6 spikelets. The nuts are narrow,

BOGS AND

oblong to linear, inversely egg-shaped to lance-
shaped, 3-sided. The bristles are twice as long as
the spike. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Brown Beak Rush (AR/ynchospora fusca, Ait.).
—The habitat of this plant is spongy bogs. The
plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is longer
than in the next, and the plant is widely creeping.
The leaves are slender. The spikelets are in an
oval head, much shorter than the outer bracts.
The spikelets are brown (hence fusca). There are
3 stamens. The 6 bristles have ascending teeth.
There are erect teeth at the base of the style.
The anther-stalks are swollen. The fruit is in-
versely egg-shaped, as long as the triangular,
toothed tubercles. The plant is 6-12 in. high. It
flowers in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

White Beak Rush (R/ynchospora alba, Vahl).—
The habitat of this plant is spongy bogs, turfy
bogs, wet meadows. The habit is the sedge
habit. The rootstock is short. The plant is some-
what creeping. The stems are slender, 3-angled
above. The leaves are somewhat bristle-like,
channelled, very narrow, linear. The flowers are
in a compact corymb, terminal and axillary, flat-
topped, on long stalks. The spikelets are pale-
flowered, crowded, white (hence a/ba) or pale-
brown, as long as the outer bracts. There are 2
stamens, with slender anther-stalks. The style
has no teeth at the base. The bristles have bent-
down teeth. The glumes are oblong to lance-
shaped, long-pointed, membranous, keeled. The
fruit is inversely egg-shaped, narrowed below,
equalling the swollen tubercle (hence Rhyncho-
spora). The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Black Bog Rush (Schenus nigricans, L.).—The
habitat of this rush is turfy bogs and wet moors.
The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is
stout, short, branched, the root with strong, black
fibres. The stems are round in section, naked, in
dense, hard tufts, with matted sheaths, blackish-
brown, smooth, shining scales ending in bristle-
like, erect leaves, shorter than the stem and leaves,
wiry, leafless above. The leaves are round in
section, the margins convolute. The 5-10 spike-
lets are in a terminal, inversely egg-shaped spike,
much shorter than the bract, dark-red-brown, or
black, shining. The bracts are bristle-like. The
spikelets are erect, linear to oblong. The glumes
are irregularly 2-ranked, oblong to lance-shaped,
more or less acute, with a rough keel. The bristles
have ascending teeth above, and are short and
rough. There are 3 stigmas. The anthers are
pointed. The nut is small, egg-shaped, white.
The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Diecious Sedge (Carex dioica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this sedge is spongy bogs and moorland.
The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is
creeping and stoloniferous. The stems are round
in section, finely-furrowed, wiry. The leaves are
bristle-like, smooth, round in section. The spike-
lets have no bracts, and are narrow, cylindrical,

MARSHES 149

the fertile ones dense, egg-shaped. The glumes
are egg-shaped, brown, soon falling. There may
be male spikelets below. The glumes are numer-
ous. The fruit is bent down, plano-convex, erect
or spreading, stalkless, egg-shaped, beaked,
toothed at the border, ribbed. The nut is oval,
roundish, lenticular, chestnut-brown. The plant
is 4-10 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Daval’s Sedge (Carex davalliana, Sm.).—The
habitat of this sedge is bogs. The habit is the
grass habit with a tufted root. The stem is rough,
slender, erect. The leaves are rough, bristle-like,
flat. The plant is dicecious. There is a single ter-
minal spikelet, oblong. The male flower has very
narrow, oblong glumes, In the female they are
egg-shaped, with a long point, chestnut, with no
bracts. The fruit is reflexed, stalkless, beaked,
lance-shaped, egg-shaped, with rough angles
above. The stigmas are 2. The nut is oblong.
The plant is 4-6 in. in height. It flowers in May
and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Flea Sedge (Carex pulicaris, L.).—The habitat
of this species is bogs. The plant has the sedge
habit. The rootstock is tufted, shortly stolonifer-
ous. The stems are smooth, rigid, round in sec-
tion, grooved. The leaves are bristle-like, slender,
erect, longer than the stem, with the margin
inrolled. The spike is barren above, the spikelets
without bracts. There are 6-12 glumes, the lower
distant, egg-shaped to oblong, acute, half as long
as the fruit. The fruit is bent-back, egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, stalked, triangular, flea-like (hence
pulicaris), flattened, beaked, pale. The racheola
or rudimentary rachis at the base of the ovary is
linear, sometimes bearing flowers. The nut is
oblong, plano-convex, grey or dark brown. The
plant is 3-8 in. long, and flowers between May
and July. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Carex chordorrhiza, Ehrh.—The habitat of this
sedge is Scotch spongy bogs. The plant has the
sedgehabit. Thestemsare smooth, erect, branched,
and have short, sheathing leaves at the base, and
are longer than the leaves. The spikelets are
crowded in a small, shortly egg-shaped head.
The bracts are long-pointed, membranous, the
lower equalling the spike. The glumes are blunt,
with a membranous margin. The fruit is inflated,
egg-shaped, brown, shining, with dark-brown
veins, narrowed suddenly to a small beak, divided
into 2 nearly tothe base. The nut is round. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, and flowers in July and
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Carex teretiuscula, Good.( = C. diandra, Schrank).
The habitat of this species is bogs and meadows,
boggy meadows. The plant has the sedge habit.
The rootstock is obliquely creeping, forming scat-
tered tufts. The stems are wiry, slender, 3-angled,
with convex sides, rough above. The spike is
dense, broad, compound, oblong. The spikelets
are few. The fruit is egg-shaped, brown, shining,
spreading, swollen, few-nerved, longer than the
egg-shaped, long, narrow-pointed glumes, ribbed
on the back, with 2-4 central ribs spreading from
the base, and meeting under the beak. The beak

150

is winged. The nut is inversely pear-shaped, bi-
convex. The plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering
between June and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Carex paradoxa, Willd.—The habitat of this
plant is marshes and bogs. The plant has the
sedge habit. The rootstock is densely tufted,
crowned with the fibrous remains or black, erect
nerves of old sheaths, the decayed leaves. The
stems are slender, 3-angled, rough above with con-
vex sides. The panicles are narrow, small, long
and loose, spicate, with lower distinct branches.
The fruit is egg-shaped, swollen, the beak narrow,
split to the base, with overlapping margins, with
numerous short, raised ribs near the base. The
nut is rhomboidal, narrowed below, doubly con-
vex, with a short beak, which is not winged. The
style is somewhat enlarged at the base. The
plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Grey Sedge (Carex canescens, L.=C. curta,
Good.).—The habitat of this plant is bogs and
marshes. The plant has the sedge habit. The
plant is slender. The rootstock is tufted, with no
stolons. The stems are 3-sided, smooth, hardly
rough above, longer than the leaves. The leaves
are narrow, flat. The spike is slender, interrupted,
with few or no awl-like bracts. The spikelets are
3-8, egg-shaped, elliptic, touching the lower, often
with a bract, male below only. The glumes are
pale, the edges broad, membranous, white, with
a green keel, blunt, short-pointed. The fruit is
erect, acute, plano-convex, flattened, faintly ribbed,
the ribs slender, whitish, broadly egg-shaped, as
long as the glumes, pale-olive, not winged, with an
obscure beak, short, notched, not split, rough on
the borders. The nut is egg-shaped, elliptic, len-
ticular, with a short beak, pale. The styles are
persistent. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Carex buxbaumii, Wahl. (= C. fusca, All. = C.
polygama, Schkuhr).—The habitat of this plant is
stony banks, spongy bogs, and wet places. The
rootstock is short, creeping, stoloniferous. The
stems are 3-sided, rigid, leafy below, rough.
The leaves are narrow, flat, with reddish-brown,
rigid sheaths, the edges net-like, filamentous. The
lower bracts are leafy. The spikelets are 3-5,
oblong, blunt, close, the lower distant, shortly-
stalked. The glumes are rounded, blunt-pointed,
the lower longer than the fruit, nearly black, or
dark-red-brown, with a green keel which is blunt-
pointed. The fruit is bluish-green, oval, ellipsoid,
blunt, flattened, 3-angled at length, divided into 2
nearly to the base, shorter than the glumes, with
slender ribs. The nut is 3-sided, inversely ovoid,
brown, with white dots. There is no beak. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Tufted Water Sedge (Carex stricta, Good. =
C. elata, All.=C. Hudsonii, A. Benn.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is marshy and peaty places. The
plant has the sedge habit, and is slender. It is
densely tufted. The stems are rigid, 3-sided,
slightly rough above. The leaves are long, limp,

BRITISH FLORA

erect, flat, narrow, the margin rolled back when
dry, with long, reddish-brown, shining, filament-
ous leaf-sheaths, the lower leafless. The fertile
spikelets are stalkless, erect or drooping, long,
cylindrical, 1-3, sometimes male above, stout,
the male spikelets slender, 1-2. The bracts
are variable, auricled, the lower leaflike, short.
The fruit is rounded to egg-shaped, oblong to
elliptic, acute, flattened, veined, closely overlap-
ping, with green nerves, dark-purple, and with a
green keel, in 6-9 regular rows, larger than the
glumes, anda sheathing beak. The beak is short,
notched. The glumes are pitchy, dark-brown, in
8 rows, egg-shaped, blunt, short-pointed, the
lower with an excurrent rough midrib. The
glumes of the male spikelets are narrow, acute.
The nut is inversely egg-shaped, round, short-
beaked. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering be-
tween May and July, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Carex cespitosa, L.—This species has been re-
ported from Yorkshire, but needs confirmation,
according to Mr. G. C. Druce.

Common Sedge (Carex Goodenovii, Gay = C.
vulgaris, Fr. = C. cespitosa, Sm. non L.).—The
habitat of this species is damp places, marshes,
and wet meadows. The plant has the sedge habit.
The rootstock is tufted or creeping. The stem is
3-sided, rough above, rigid, short and curved, or
long, slender, and erect. The leaves are slender,
narrow, erect, not keeled, short, bent-back. The
spikelets are erect, close or distant. There are
1-2 male, 3-4 female, which are stalkless, cylindri-
cal. The glumes are dark, blunt, overlapping,
all the same colour, purple, or with a green mid-
rib and slender keel, pale-green, not so long as
the fruit. The fruit is elliptic, plano-convex, blunt,
green or olive, with purple tinge, many - veined,
pitchy, flattened, with slender nerves only at the
base sometimes. The beak is stout, round, entire,
smooth. The bracts are leaflike and have no
auricles or sheaths. The nut is round, blunt,
broader than long, lenticular, rarely 3-sided. The
plant is 9-24 in. high, flowering between June and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Water Sedge (Carex aguatilis, Wahl.).—The
habitat of this plant is bogs and marshes, alpine
bogs, riversides, watery places. The plant has
the sedge habit. The rootstock is tufted, creep-
ing, and stoloniferous. The stems are stiff, 3-
angled with convex faces, stout, polished, leafy
below. The leaves are long, erect, the margin
rolled inwards when dry, the sheaths leafy, not
webbed. The 3-6 spikelets are erect, cylindric,
slender, stalked below, the males (1-3) are slender,
the fertile spikelets long, narrow below, the lower
stalked. The glumes are oblong or egg-shaped,
short blunt, dark, narrower than the fruit, purple,
with a pale midrib. The fruit is yellowish-green,
somewhat rounded, egg-shaped or inversely so,
flattened, pale, smooth, nerveless, larger than the
glumes, lenticular or 3-sided. The nut is oblong,
narrowed below, with a short, slender beak. The
plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

BOGS AND MARSHES

Carex spiculosa, Fr. var. Hebridensis, A. Benn.
—This variety has no rough prolongation of the
midrib of the glume, which is characteristic of the
type.

Carex magellanica, Lam. (= C. trrigua, Hoppe).
—The habitat of this species is spongy bogs in the
N. The plant has the sedge habit. The plant is
creeping. The stems are more or less smooth.
The leaves are flat, broad, short, hardly bluish-
green, linear, smooth at the edge, except near the
tip. The fertile spikelets are 2-3, drooping, on
long stalks, dense, oblong, a few male below.
The lower glumes are narrow, with a long point,
the upper glumes broader and shorter, purple
throughout, longer than the fruit, egg-shaped to
lance-shaped, acute. The bracts are auricled,
leaflike, nearly flat, broad. The fruit is swollen,
round to egg-shaped, pale, broadest below the
middle, flattened, faintly-ribbed, the beak short
and entire. The nut is elliptic, triangular, pale,
beaked. The plant is 1 ft. or more in height.
It flowers in June, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Green-and-gold Sedge (Carex limosa, L.).—
The habitat of this species is spongy bogs. The
plant has the sedge habit. The plant is creeping,
with a slender rootstock. The stems are slender,
g-sided. The leaves are narrow, bluish-green,
linear, channelled, rough at the margin, bent-back.
The bracts are auricled, short, and slender,
strongly-keeled, scarcely sheathing. The fertile
spikelets are 1-2, drooping, short, long-stalked,
egg-shaped, cylindrical or oblong, dense-flowered,
a few male at the top, as long as the stalk,
which is slender. The male spikelets are erect,
slender, with some female above. The glumes
are broad, blunt-pointed, pale, few, large, loose,
egg-shaped, with a green midrib, ribbed, with
brown margins. The fruit is more or less 3-angled,
blunt-pointed, bluish-green, as long as the glume,
flattened, round, ellipsoid, ribbed, the beak short
andentire. The nut is oval, inversely egg-shaped,
g-angled, beaked, pale. The plant is 6-15 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge (Carex rariflora,
Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine bogs,
wet places, on Scotch mountains, elevated bogs in
the Highlands. The plant has the sedge habit.
The rootstock is creeping. The stems are wiry,
g-angled, smooth, leafy below. The leaves are
erect, narrow, flat, rough at the edge near the
apex. The bracts are short, with very short
sheaths. The fertile spikelets are as long as the
long, hairlike, ultimate flower-stalks, 2-3, droop-
ing, few-flowered, oblong, loose. The male spike-
let (1) is short, nearly erect. The glumes are
broad, pale-brown, membranous, blunt, shiging,
folded round the fruit, dark-brown, with a pale
midrib, apiculate, as long as the fruit. The fruit
is stalked, oblong, elliptic to inversely egg-shaped,
shorter than the glume, with a narrow point, 3-
angled, green or brown, smooth, faintly-nerved,
the beak very short, entire. The nut is brown,
oblong, 3-angled, dotted, round to oblong. The

151

plant is 4-12 in., flowering between June and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Slender-leaved Sedge (Carex filiformis, L. =
C. lasiocarpa, Ehrh.).—The habitat of this plant
is bogs and marshes, peat bogs. The plant has
the sedge habit and is slender. The rootstock is
creeping, and the plant is stoloniferous. The stem
is somewhat rough above, 3-angled, leafy. The
leaves are very long, numerous, very slender
(hence jfilzformis), stiff, short, channelled, the
margin inrolled, with a filamentous, bordered
sheath below, red-brown, stout, the 2-3 lower very
long, without a blade. The bracts are leaflike,
the lowermost sheathing. The fertile spikelets,
3-4, are oblong, blunt, stalkless, distant, loose,
erect, the lower bracts thread-like, longer than
the stem. The male spikelets are 2-3, brown,
very slender. The glumes are lance - shaped,
narrow-pointed, chestnut-brown, the margin the
same colour, the midrib green, that of the male
florets narrower and more membranous. The
fruit is plano-convex, narrow to egg-shaped,
swollen, downy, as long as the glumes, green,
narrowed to a blunt beak, divided into 2 nearly to
the base. The nut is narrowly elliptic, 3-angled,
stalked. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Tawny Sedge (Carex fulva, Host = C. Horn-
schuchiana, Hoppe = C. Horteana, D.C.).—The
habitat of this plant is marshes and boggy places.
The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is
often creeping. The stem is 3-angled, with a
rough edge. The leaves are flat, broad. The
bracts are long, sheathing, not so long as the
stem. The fertile spikelets are 2-3, egg-shaped,
oblong, distant, the stalks longer than the sheaths.
The glumes are blunt or acute, not blunt-pointed,
the tips with membranous margin. The fruit is
egg-shaped, 3-sided, with a rough edge, mem-
branous, in the notch, broad below, not dotted,
ribbed. The nut is inversely egg-shaped, 3-angled,
more or less smooth. The plant is 1-14 ft. high,
flowering between May and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Bladder-fruited Sedge (Carex vesicaria, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is wet bogs, marshy
places. The plant has the sedge habit. The root-
stock is tufted, creeping. The plant is stout. The
stems are triangular, rough at the top, with
acute angles. The leaves are broad, green, flat,
soft, the edges of the sheaths filamentous. The
bracts are leaflike. The spikelets are cylindrical,
many, stout, the male 2-3, slender, pale-brown,
sometimes with female above, the fertile spikelets
2-4, distant, cylindrical, pale, shortly-stalked, in-
clined or drooping. The glumes are lance-shaped,
rather acute, with membranous margin, smaller
than the fruit, narrow, chestnut-brown, witha pale
midrib, blunt, those of the male spikelets linear to
oblong. The fruit is large, spreading, conical to
egg-shaped, inflated, ribbed, 3-angled, pale, dull-
yellow, shining, with faint nerves, narrowed to the
beak, which is awl-like, divided into 2 nearly to
the base. The beak is stout, smooth, rigid, brown,
long, slender. The nut is inversely egg-shaped,

152

broadly elliptical, 3-angled, pale, with a long beak.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in May and
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Bottle-fruited Sedge (Carex ampullacea, Good.
=C. inflata, Huds. = C. rostrata, Stokes).—The
habitat of this plant is wet bogs and marshes.
The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is
tufted and creeping. The stems are 3-angled,
smooth, the angles blunt. The leaves are chan-
nelled, bluish-green, the margins rolled back. The
fertile spikelets are pale, stout, cylindrical, 2-4
distant, erect, stalked or stalkless, inclined or
spreading, dense. The male spikelets are 2-3,
slender, with sometimes female at the base. The
bracts are leaflike without a sheath, longer than
the stem. The glumes are lance-shaped, inversely
egg-shaped, with membranous tip. The fruit is
spreading, egg-shaped, rounded, suddenly nar-
rowed into a long, slender beak, pale-yellowish-
green, swollen, ribbed, shining, as broad as long,
3-sided, horizontal or bent-down when ripe, nar-
rowed into a long beak. The nut is inversely egg-
shaped, triangular, yellow. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Russet Sedge (Carex saxatilis, L.=C. pulla,
Good.).—The habitat of this plant is damp places
on Scotch mountains. The plant has the sedge
habit. The stems are short. There is 1 male
spikelet or 2. The fertile spikelets are 1-3, egg-
shaped, very dark, round to egg-shaped, the lower
stalked, with bracts without sheaths, erect, black
or dark-brown. The glumes are blunt, dark-
purple, with white tips, the midrib dark-purple.
The fruit is egg-shaped, with faint (or no) ribs,
inflated, dark-purple, paler below, longer than the
glumes, stalked. The beak is short, notched. The
nut is round, blunt-pointed. There are 2 stigmas.
The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering in May and
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Deyeuxia neglecta, Kunth.—The habitat of this
grass is marshes and bogs. The plant has the
grass habit. The stemsare erect, slender, smooth,
polished. The leaves are broad, short, flat, the
lower on the barren shoots slender, narrower, the
margins convolute, nearly smooth. The ligule is
short, the uppermost blunt. The panicle is nar-
row, erect, close, pale-purple and green. The

BRITISH FLORA

glumes are lance-shaped, with a rough keel,
one 3-ribbed. The empty glumes are oblong to
lance-shaped, longer than the flowering glume,
the lower long-pointed, the upper notched, acute,
twice as long as the hairs, the awn straight, from
below the middle of the flowering glume. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Deyeuxia strigosa, Kunth.—This plant has the
grass habit. Itis tufted. The stem is erect. The
leaves are slender. The upper ligule is long. The
panicle is close. The glumes are lance-shaped,
folded at the tip, longer than in the last, with a
long narrow point, rough on the back, with 1-2
lateral ribs longer than the palea, notched, the
lower with an awn of equal length, attached below
the middle, or near the base, with very unequal
hairs, not so long as the palea. The young spike-
lets are purplish-tinged. The plant is 14-2 ft. high,
flowering in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides, Sw.).—The habitat
of this species is stream-sides, marshy districts,
wet meadows, and watery places. The plant has
the grass habit. The root is creeping. The stems
are prostrate below, smooth, shining, leafy, softly
hairy at the nodes. The leaves are broad, rough
at the edge, the uppermost horizontal when the
plant is in flower, bluish-green. The sheaths are
flattened, nearly smooth. The ligule is blunt,
torn. The panicle is effuse, spreading, with wavy
branches, light-green, enclosed in sheath of upper-
most leaf, loose, few-flowered, branches _half-
whorled, hair-like, wavy. There are imperfect
ovaries in the upper part, fertile ovaries in the
lower enclosed part. The spikelets are half-oval,
with a keel fringed with hairs, with 3 stamens,
rigid, translucent, smooth, rough, pale-green. The
plant is 2-3 ft. high, flowering between August
and October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Marsh Hair Grass (Deschampsia setacea, Hack.
=D. uliginosa, Weihe = D. discolor, R. & S.).—
The habitat of this grass is margins of peaty pools.
The stem is erect and slender. The leaves are
thread-like, folded. The sheaths are smooth. The
ligule is linear to lance-shaped. The panicle is
spreading, drooping at the extremity. The awn
is bent, twisted below, proceeds from the base of
the palea, and is longer than the latter. The
flower-stalk of the second floret is equal to half its
length. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

FLOWERS OF THE HEATHS AND

MOORS

(Heath plants are adapted to dry-soil conditions, and for this reason some of them are common to other

habitats, such as dry pastures, which may formerly have been heaths, commons, &c.
adapted to physiologically dry conditions, and may grow on moors, which are in turn akin to bogs.

Heath plants are also
Therefore

the plants included in this section may under certain conditions be found elsewhere, and vice versa. As a whole
they form a well-marked group or type of formation, characterized by a dry sandy soil, with acid humus. ]

ORDER VIOLACE

Dog Violet (Viola canina, L.=V. ericetorum,
Schrad.).— The habitat of this plant is heathy
places, open commons, shady groves, hedgerows,
seashores, &c. The habit is ascending. The
plant is slender, branched, the flowering branches
axillary, not arising from a flowerless rosette of
leaves. The rootstock is slender, herbaceous or
woody below. The stems are numerous, all pro-
ducing flowers from the axils. The stipules are
moderately long and narrow-pointed. The leaves
arelonger than broad, not long andnarrow-pointed,
with short, scattered hairs above. The flowers
are scentless, blue, with a white eye. The sepals
are lance-shaped, not accrescent in fruit. The
petals are longer than broad. The spur is yellow.
The anther-spurs are short, thick, sickle-like. The
capsule is hairless, blunt, bluntly 3-sided. The
plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering from April till June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Viola lactea, Sm. (= V. lancifolia, Thore).—The
habitat of this plant is dry heaths and downs.
The plant has the loose rosette habit. The root-
stock is woody, without soboles. The stems are
ascending, brown, smooth, wiry. The lowest
stipules are brown, small, lance-shaped, long-
fringed, the middle half as long as the leaf-stalks,
lance-shaped, long-fringed, the upper as long as
or longer than the leaf-stalks, opposite, egg-shaped
to lance-shaped, irregularly toothed, with teeth as
long as the stipule is broad. The leaves are dark-
green, smooth, coarsely-veined, sparingly hairy
above, the lowest small, roundish, fading, on long
stalks, the upper egg-shaped to lance-shaped,
round or wedge-shaped below, slightly running
down the stalk on the shorter stalk, not heart-
shaped, the uppermost on still shorter stalks. The
flowers are scentless, pale bluish-white, streaked,
on long slender stalks, with bracts near the curva-
ture of the stalk, entire, or with few teeth. The
sepals are narrow, lance-shaped, awl-like. The
petals are lance-shaped, pointed, 3-4 times longer
than broad, the lowest folded inward. The spurs
are greenish-yellow, blunt, twice or more longer
than the calyx appendages. The anther-spurs are
thick, curved, shorter than the anther, which has

163

an acute apical scale. The capsule is smooth,
nearly round, at first long-pointed on opening.
The plant is 3-5 in. high, flowering in May and
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGALACE®

Heath Milkwort (Polygala depressa, Wender =
P. serpyllacea, Weihe).—The habitat of this plant
is dry pastures, heaths, heathy places. The habit
is prostrate (hence depressa). The stem is wavy,
wiry, long, much branched, the upper part (like
the flower-stalk, sepals, petals, and capsule) some-
times downy. The upper leaves are chiefly oppo-
site, the lower oblong, spoon-shaped, and _ the
upper elliptic, scattered, in 2 rows, or crowded.
The bract is shorter than the flower-stalk. The
flowers are variable, few in a raceme, terminal and
lateral. The calyx wings are as broad as the fruit.
The plant is 1-10 in. long, flowering from June to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Striate Corn Catchfly (Si/ene conica, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy fields, sandy places
near the coast, pastures, and sandy heaths. The
plant is erect in habit. It is hairy and glandular,
branching repeatedly into two, The stem is simple
or branched, erect. The leaves are linear, the
upper awl-like, downy, acute, ribbed. The flowers
are numerous, erect, rose-colour, terminal, and in
the forks. The calyx is tubular, conical in fruit,
and broad at the base (hence conica), rounded
below, with 3o furrows, the teeth awl-like, acute.
The petals are inversely heart-shaped, crowned,
cleft, with 2 scales at the base of the blade. The
gynophore is very short. The capsule is oblong
to egg-shaped. The plant is 3-18 in. high, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Erect Chickweed (/enchia erecta, Gaertn.).—
The habitat is sandy places, waste places near
the sea, heaths, &c. The stem is branched from
the base. The radical leaves are inversely ovate,
lance-shaped, the stem-leaves broader above. The
flowers are white, in a leafy cyme. The sepals

154

are 4-5 (with membranous margin), the petals
netched, with branched veins. The flower-stalk
is erect in fruit. The capsule is hardly longer
than the sepals, erect, straight. The plant is
4-12 in. high, flowers from April to October, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Stitchwort (S/e/laria apetala, Ucria=S. Bore-
ana, Jord.).—The habitat of this species is dry
banksandheaths. The habit is prostrate, branched
below. From S. media it differs in having 3
stamens, and there are no petals (hence the Latin
specific name) and no styles, the stigma is short
and bent. The small seeds have small, blunt, wart-
like projections. The plant is pale-yellowish-
green. It is 3-12 in. in height, and flowers from
March to May, being a herbaceous annual.

Fine-leaved Sandwort (Arenaria tenuifolia, L.).
—Fine-leaved Sandwort grows in sandy fields or
waste places. The habit is erect, the plant being
slender, with simple or forked, branched stems.
The leaves are awl-shaped, linear. The white
flowers are borne in the forks, and the sepals,
which are 3-veined, are as long as, or shorter
than, the egg-shaped petals. The capsule is
g-valved. The plant is from 4-6 in. in height.
May and June are the months in which it is in
flower. Like some other Caryophyllaceous plants
it is an annual.

Sandwort (Arenaria leptoclados, Guss.).—This
Sandwort is found in dry, sandy places, and in
chalky fields, also on walls, along roadsides, and
on cultivated ground. The habit is prostrate, and
the plant is branched, slender, weak, not rigid as
in A. serpyllifolia. It is downy, the leaves stalk-
less, acute, egg-shaped, smaller and narrower
than those of the latter. The flower is white, the
fruit-stalk is curved above, becoming straight,
and the capsule is oblong and flexible, not brittle.
The plant is from 3-6 in. or 1 ft. long. It is in
flower from May to August. The plant is
annual.

Ciliated Pearlwort (Sagina ciliata, Fries = S.
patula, Jord.).—The habitat of this species is dry
places, sandy heaths. The habit is erect or spread-
ing. The plant is smooth or glandular, downy. The
central stems are flowering and erect or ascend-
ing, like the branches, not rooting. The leaves
are fringed with hairs (hence ez/zafa), blunt-pointed,
linear. The flowers are white. The 2 outer sepals
are pressed close to the capsule, pointed, hardly
shorter than the capsule, the tips spreading,
glandular, hairy, like the flower-stalks. The petals
are very small. The capsule is ovate to narrow,
rounded below, stalked. The plant is 1-6 in. high,
flowering from May to July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

Procumbent Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens, L.).
—The habitat of this species is waste places,
paths, banks. The habit is prostrate. The stems
are numerous, with long, tufted, axillary branches
from a central rosette, the primary shoot flower-
less, long-rooting, lateral, slender, the ultimate
branches tufted. The leaves are smooth, blunt,
with a short, blunt point, awned. The flowers
are solitary, as a rule, with the parts sometimes

BRITISH FLORA

in fives, white, the sepals spreading in fruit, blunt,
shorter than the capsule. The petals are very
small, blunt, sometimes wanting. The tip of the
stalk is bent-back after flowering, then erect. The
styles are bent-back after flowering. The capsule
is longer than the sepals. The plant is 1-8 in. in
length, flowering from May to September, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Slender Pearlwort (Sagina subulata, Presl).—
The habitat of this plant is heathy places, heaths,
dry pastures, dry gravelly, sandy places. The
plant has the rosette habit, and is tufted. The
stem is prostrate, glandular, hairy. The leaves
are linear, awned, fringed with hairs. The flowers
are white, the petals as long as the capsule, longer
than the calyx. The flower-stalks are glandular,
very long, the tip bent-back in fruit, then erect.
The sepals are closely pressed, blunt, glandular,
lance-shaped. The capsule is longer than the
sepals, egg-shaped, narrowed, round below, stalk-
less. The plant is 1-2 in. in height, flowering
between June and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Knotted Spurrey (Sagina nodosa, Fenzl).—The
habitat of this plant is moist heaths, sandy places,
wet places. The plant has more or less the loose
rosette habit, or is prostrate. The plant is smooth
as a rule. The primary stem is short, and does
not flower, the lateral stems are prostrate, then
ascending at the base, 2-6 in. long. The stems
are leafy to the top of the branches, which are
curved, wiry, rooting at the nodes. The leaves
are linear, awl-like, acute, hairless, with leafbuds
in the axils, tufted, longer than the sepals. The
flower-stalks are short, erect, 1-2-flowered. The
flowers are large, white. The petals are longer
than the sepals, which are blunt, oblong. The
capsules exceed the sepals. The plant is 2-6 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER PORTULACEZ

Blinks (Montia verna, Neck.).—The habitat of
this plant is brooks, marshes, watery places. The
habit is tufted. The plant is pale-green, limp,
branched. The stem is short, rigid, erect. The
leaves are opposite, spoon-shaped, entire, not free
at the base. The flowers are white, very small,
drooping, then erect, the flower-stalks terminal
and axillary. The bracts have a membranous
border. The petals exceed the blunt sepals. The
capsule is inversely egg-shaped. The valves are
rolled longitudinally inwards after the seeds fall.
The seeds are shining, netted, rough. The plant
is 1-3 in. high, flowering between May and August,
and is a herbaceous annual.

Montia lamprosperma, Cham.= M. fontana, L.
vera.—The habitat is wet places, wet heaths.
The stem is limp, more or less erect. The leaves
are free below. The flowers are white, small.
The seeds are chestnut-brown, shining, netted,
with obscure tubercles. The plant is 3-8 in. high,
flowering from May to August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

HEATHS AND MOORS

ORDER HyPERICACE®

Trailing St. John’s Wort (Hypericum humi-
fusum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is gravelly
and heathy places, roadsides, commons. The
plant is prostrate in habit (hence Aumstfusum).
The stems are numerous, prostrate, then ascend-
ing, with 2 raised lines, or 2-edged, slender. The
leaves are oval to oblong, blunt, hairless, minutely
dotted, transparent, with black dots on the borders
below, the border rolled back. The branches are
numerous, flattened, curved upwards, leafy. The
flowers are yellow, in forked cymes. The sepals
are glandular, toothed, with black dots below,
unequal, entire, 3 oblong, blunt, with a short
point, 2 lance-shaped. There are 15-20 stamens.
The styles are very short. The plant is 4-10 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Narrow-leaved St. John’s Wort (Hypericum
linartifolium, Vahl).—The habitat of this plant
is dry rocky banks, granite rocks. The habit
is erect or ascending. The stems are more or
less round in section, many, leafy. The leaves
are linear, blunt, the margins rolled back. The
flowers are yellow, few, in cymes. The sepals
are unequal, lance-shaped, acute, with glandular
teeth and black dots below. The petals are twice
as long as the sepals, with black marginal glands.
There are few stamens (30). The styles are short,
half as long as the capsule. The plant is 4-12 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER LINACE

Allseed (Radiola linoides, Roth).—The habitat
of this plant is damp, sandy, gravelly places, bare
spots on heathy places. The habit is erect, in-
versely pyramidal. The stem is repeatedly forked.
The leaves are egg-shaped, entire, acute, 3-5-
nerved, stalkless, rather succulent. The flowers
are solitary, small, white, in the axils and ter-
minal. The sepals are deeply acutely 3-cleft,
united below, as long as the petals, which are
oblong. The parts of the flower are in fours.
The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Purging Flax (Linum catharticum, L.).—The
habitat of this species is dry pastures, heaths,
downs. The plant has the grass habit. The stems
are square in section, one or more, much branched,
slender, hairless, bluish-green. The leaves are
opposite, linear to oblong, inversely egg-shaped,
the upper alternate, lance-shaped. The flowers are
white, small, in a forked panicle, spreading. The
buds are drooping. The sepals are elliptic, acute,
toothed, 1-nerved, long-pointed. The petals are
distinct, acute, oblong, blunt. The plant is 2-10 in.
high, flowering between June and August, and is
a herbaceous annual.

ORDER GERANIACE

Dove's Foot (Geranium molle, L.).—Dove's Foot
is found in pastures and waste places, dry places,

155

cultivated ground. The habit is the rosette habit,
prostrate. The plant is softly downy, glandular
above. The stem is spreading. The leaves are
rounded to kidney-shaped, with 7-9 lobes, which
are contiguous, wedge-shaped, deep, scalloped,
trifid at the tip. The radical leaves are long-
stalked. The stipules are ovate. The flowers are
small, purple or white, with lilac claws, fringed
with hairs, the sepals blunt-pointed, shorter than
the petals, which are notched, oblong. The
flower-stalks are axillary. The carpels are per-
sistent, transversely wrinkled, keeled, smooth.
The seeds are smooth. The plant is 6-12 in. high,
flowering from April to September, and is a herb-
aceous annual.

ORDER EMPETRACE

Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is moors and mountain heaths.
The plant ha's the shrub habit. The plant is pros-
trate, then ascending, smooth, tufted, slender,
wiry, spreading, trailing. The leaves are ever-
green, linear to oblong, crowded, blunt, the borders
bent-back to the midrib, forming a tube, an adap-
tation to dry conditions, the stomata being below,
red when old, the borders roughish, downy below.
The flowers are small, purple, stalkless, axillary.
The sepals are rounded, hollow. The petals have
a membranous margin, and are rather spoon-
shaped, bent-back. The anther-stalks are very
long, the anthers red. The drupe is black, edible.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from April to
June, and is an evergreen perennial shrub.

ORDER RHAMNACE

Berry-bearing Alder (Rhamnus Frangula, L.).—
This plant grows on peaty heaths and in woods.
It has the shrub habit. The branches are not
spinose, slender, alternate. The leaves are alter-
nate, inversely ovate, elliptic, entire, long-pointed,
narrow below, the nerves parallel. The stipules
are awl-like. The flowers are 5-fid, perfect, a few
in the axils, clustered, greenish-white. The calyx
is bell-shaped. The style is simple, entire. The
fruit is a round drupe, black when ripe, 2-seeded.
The stones and seeds are flattened, inversely
ovoid. This plant is 5-10 ft. high, flowering in
May and June, and is a deciduous shrub.

ORDER LEGUMINOSE

Dyer’s Greenweed (Genista tinctoria, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is meadows, fields, heaths,
sunny pastures, coarse pastures, and the plant
also grows under the shade of trees and in cop-
pices. The plant has the shrub habit. The
stem is smooth, branched, rigid, furrowed. The
branches are erect or ascending, without thorns,
downy above. The leaflets are lance -shaped,
elliptic, oblong, hairy at the border, closely
pressed. The stipules are very small, awl-shaped.
The flowers are yellow, in slender racemes. The
keel is hairless, as long as the standard. The

156

calyx is deciduous above the base, with sharp,
long teeth. The pod is hairless. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a perennial shrub.

Hairy Dyer’s Greenweed (Genis/a pilosa, L.).
—This is an ericetal species, found on gravelly
heaths or dry sandy heaths. The habit is pros-
trate, then ascending. The plant is not armed
with spines, but covered with silky hair (hence
pilosa). The stem is woody, branched, spreading,
curved, furrowed, wavy. The leaves are 1-foliate,
the leaflets inversely ovate to lance-shaped, blunt,
shortly-stalked. The stipules are blunt and ovate.
The flowers are in short, leafy racemes, yellow,
and the flower-stalks are lateral, with a tuft of
leaves. The calyx has 2 upper lance-shaped lobes,
the 3 lower being awl-like. The keel and standard
are downy. The pod is hairy, flat, at length fall-
ing. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, flowering
between May and September. It is a perennial
shrub.

Needle Furze (Genista anglica, L.).—This isa
native species, and ericetal, growing on heaths
and moist moors or moist peaty heaths. The
habit is that of a shrub. The plant is ascending,
however, not prostrate, as in the last, and a
further difference is the spinous stem (hence
Needle Furze). The stem is smooth, not hairy,
with slender, spreading, curved branches, leafless
below, the flowering branches having no thorns,
and smooth. The spines are slender, simple,
bent-back. The leaflets are ovate to lance-shaped.
There are no stipules, or only obsolete ones. The
flowers are in a short, leafy raceme, solitary,
yellow, on short stalks, in the axils of the leaflets.
The corolla is smooth. The keel is longer than
the standard. The calyx is persistent, with short,
triangular teeth. The pod is inflated, with a
short point at each end, deciduous. The plant is
1-2 ft. in height, flowering in May and June, and
is a perennial shrub,

Western Furze (Ulex Galliz, Planch.).— The
habitat of this plant is heaths and downs in the
West. The plant has the shrub habit. The stem
is hairy, with spreading branches. The young
leaves are smooth, fringed with hairs, and fur-
rowed. The primary spines are strong and smooth,
bent-down, rigid, half-round in section. The
flowers are orange-yellow, lateral and terminal,
with small bracts pressed to the stem. The calyx
is finely downy, with spreading teeth. The corolla
has the petals more or less spreading. The wings
are not straight. The pods burst open. The plant
is 1-5 ft. in height, flowering between July and
November, and is a perennial shrub.

Small Furze (Ulex nanus, Forster=U. minor,
Roth).—The habitat of this species is heaths and
commons in the S. and E. of England. The plant
has the shrub habit, resembling U. europeus, but
smaller. The stem is prostrate, then ascending,
hairy. The primary spines are short, slender,
round in section, finely furrowed, smooth, spread-
ing, branched below. The flowers are ina raceme,
yellow, half as large as in the Common Furze,
with very small bracts, and are borne in the axils

BRITISH FLORA

of primary spines, which are longer. The calyx
is finely downy, the hairs appressed, the teeth
spreading, lance-shaped. The petals are hardly
distinct at length, the wing not so long as, or
shorter than, the keel. The pod is persistent, till
the next season. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height.
It flowers between July and November. It is a
perennial shrub.

Fenugreek (7rigonella ornithopodioides, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy heaths, dry
gravelly places, sandy pastures. The habit is
prostrate. The stem is without hairs, with slender
branches from the base. The leaflets are inversely
heart-shaped, toothed, with prominent veins. The
leaf-stalk is short. There are large ovate stipules,
with a long narrow point. The flowers are soli-
tary, or in small heads or clusters of 3 flowers, in
the axils, shortly-stalked, pink or white. The
calyx is smooth, with slender, acute teeth, erect,
and subequal. The petals are distinct, the keel
about as long as the wings. The pods are flat-
tened, curved, linear to oblong, blunt, with trans-
verse furrows, hairy, exceeding the calyx, and
open by 2 valves. There are 6-8 seeds. The
plant is 2-8 in. in height, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous annual or biennial.

Medicago sylvestris, Fries.—The habitat of this
plant is sandy and gravelly places, heaths, dry
banks, waste places. The plant is rare. The
habit is ascending. The stem is more or less
square in section, pithy. The leaves are trifoliate,
the leaflets inversely ovate to oblong, toothed,
notched, with a blunt point. The flowers are
large, yellow or blackish-green with darker
streaks, and change to green. The pods form
a complete flat ring, the stalks being shorter
than the calyx, and longer than the bract. The
plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sickle Medick (Medicago falcata, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy, gravelly places,
gravel banks, dry banks, waste sandy places,
heaths. The habit is erect or prostrate. The
stem is usually round, nearly solid, branched.
The leaflets are narrowly linear, inversely egg-
shaped to oblong, toothed, notched, blunt-pointed.
The stipules are large and awl-like. The flowers
are large and yellow, in narrow racemes, on short
stalks, which are shorter than the calyx, longer
than the bracts. The pods are linear, with flat-
tened margins, straightly sickle-like (hence fa
cata), twisted, downy. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Toothed Bur Medick (Medicago denticulata,
Willd. ).—The habitat of this plant is sandy ground
near the sea and waste places. The habit is
prostrate. The plant is nearly smooth, slightly
glandular. The stems are furrowed. The leaves
are trifoliate, the leaflets inversely heart-shaped.
The stipules are laciniate. The flowers are yellow,
in umbels on very short stalks with 1-5 flowers.
The pods are flat, deeply netted, loosely coiled
two to three times, with a thin edge, with a double
row of long spines, which are awl-like, equal to or

HEATHS AND MOORS

half the diameter of the pod, in 2 rows, spreading,
hooked. The seeds are narrowly kidney-shaped.
The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering from
May to August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Spotted Bur Medick (Medicago arabica, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is either by the way-
side, on hedgebanks, or in pastures, or waste
ground, cornfields. It is more common in South
and South-east England, and a casual elsewhere.
The habit is prostrate, the numerous smooth stems
bearing inversely heart-shaped leaflets, with a
purple spot (hence another name, macu/ata, Sibth.)
in the centre. The flower-staiks bear 1-4 yellow
flowers, and the nearly round pods with 3-5 coils,
many-seeded, bear 4 ridges and a central furrow
on the broad edges. The plant is 5-8 in. in height.
It flowers between May and August, and is an
annual.

Little Bur Medick (Medicago minima, Westr.).
—tThe habitat of this plant is sandy fields, chiefly
in the south-east, but it is a rare plant. The plant
is prostrate, rigid, downy, with numerous stems.
The flowers are yellow. The pods are nearly
round, and differ from those of the rest of the
Medicks in being smooth, with a thin edge, coiled
four times. The flowers are very small, being not
more than 3 in. across. The plant is 6-10 in. in
length. Flowers are found between May and July,
and like the others the plant is annual.

Slender Clover (7rifolium filiforme, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry places, often near the
sea, heaths, &c. The habit is prostrate. The
plant is sparingly hairy. The stem is very slender
(hence fi/zforme). The leaves have lobes each side
of a common stalk in threes, or finger-like. The
leaflets are inversely heart-shaped or egg-shaped,
toothed at the tip, stalkless. The stipules are
egg-shaped above, acute. The flowers are dark-
yellow, few (2-7), in a loose raceme, turned-back,
axillary. The flower-stalk is thread-like, the ulti-
mate stalks as long as the calyx, spreading,
or turned-back. The standard is keeled, folded
over, the pod deeply notched. The pod and calyx
are as in the last. The plant is 2-9 in. long,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER ROSACE

Rubus Rogersii, Linton.—The habitat of this
plant is heaths, moors, in sunny places. The habit
is shrub-like. The stems are suberect, the leaves
rather small, 6-lobed, finely, closely, and evenly
toothed. The leaflets are greyish-green, very
pale, felted beneath, the terminal leaflets egg-
shaped, heart-shaped, with a long point. The
panicle bears crowded, sickle-like prickles, stout
at the base. The style and stamens are of about
the same length. The fruiting sepals are loosely
turned-back.

Rubus integribasis, P. F. Mueller.—The habitat
of this species is sandy commons and stream
borders. The habit is shrub-like. The stem is
suberect, slender, high-arching. The leaves are
only thinly hairy beneath. The leaflets are opaque
above, the terminal leaflet inversely egg-shaped,

57

or oval, with a blunt point. The panicle is loose,
racemose, very narrow, with weak, declining
prickles. The sepals are hairy and grey, or grey-
ish-green externally, The plant flowers early.

Creeping Tormentilla (Pofentilla procumbens,
Sibth.).—The habitat of this species is woods and
heaths, hedgebanks. The habit is trailing or
prostrate, then ascending, rooting at the joints.
The leaflets are inversely ovate to wedge-shaped,
the stem-leaves with 3-5 leaflets, sometimes
stalked, with the stipules entire or divided into
globes. The flowers are large, yellow, few or
solitary, } in. across. There are 4 or 5 petals.
The achenes are netted. The plant is 6-15 in.
long, and is in flower between June and September.
It is a herbaceous perennial.

Silvery Cinguefoil (Pofentilla argentea, L.).—
The habitat of this species is dry gravelly pastures
and roadsides. The habit is prostrate and ascend-
ing. The plant is covered with closely pressed
woolly, silvery, hairs (hence argenfea). The root-
stock is short and woody. The stems are slender,
branched, leafy. The leaves are 5-lobed, finger-
like, stalked, the upper nearly stalkless. The
leaflets are narrow, wedge-shaped, inversely egg-
shaped, cut, toothed, white and downy below,
with a rolled-back or bent-back margin, half-
divided nearly to the base. The flowers are
small, yellow, in more or less of a corymb, ter-
minal. The flowering stems are annual at the
end of the branches of the perennial rootstock.
The receptacle is hairy. The achenes are smooth
and hairless. The plant is 4-18 in. long, flower-
ing from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Parsley Piert (Alchemilla arvensis, Scop.).—
The habitat of this plant is fields, dry pastures,
waste places, cernfields. The habit is prostrate,
or ascending, with hairy, branched stems, and
leaves wedge-shaped below, or fan-shaped, divided
into three nearly to the base. The stipules or leaf-
like organs are palmate, with lobes spreading from
a common point. The yellowish-green flowers
are in the axils and stalkless, and are hidden by
the stipules. The calyx is 4-lobed. There are
1-3achenes. The plant is small, 2-5 in. in height,
flowering in May up till August, and is a her-
baceous annual.

ORDER CRASSULACE

Mossy Tillza (7i//@a muscosa, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is barren sandy heaths in the south
and east. The plant has the cushion habit, and
is prostrate, then ascending, growing in tufts,
and is of a red colour. The stems are branched,
smooth, with slender branches, leafy, and all bear
flowers. The leaves are thick, oblong, opposite,
hollow above, blunt or with a short point, united
below. The flowers are white with red tips, ses-
sile or stalkless, in the axils, 3-cleft. The parts
of the flower are rarely in fours. The sepals are
ovate, with a long, narrow point, acute, and
green. The petals are small, awl-like. There
are no scales. The follicle is constricted, and

158

The plant is 1-2 in. high, and flowers
It is an annual,

2-seeded.
in June and July.

ORDER LYTHRACEA®

Water Purslane (Peplis Portula, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is wet heathy places, the margin
of ponds, damp places. The habit is creeping.
The stem is long, creeping. The plant is devoid
of hairs, branched, tufted. The stems are 4-
angled, creeping, fragile. The leaves are oppo-
site, shortly-stalked, inversely ovate. The flowers
are small, solitary, purple, axillary. The petals
are often absent. The tube of the calyx is short,
shortly bell-shaped, not so long as the capsule,
12-ribbed. The teeth are triangular. There are
6 or 12 stamens, The capsule is rounded. The
plant is 3-8 in. in height, flowering from July to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CORNACE

Dwarf Cornel (Cornus suecica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this species is moist alpine moors. The
plant is prostrate, then erect, herbaceous in habit.
The rootstock is prostrate, then ascending or sub-
terranean, woody and leafless. The aerial stems
are erect, forked above, scaly below, 4-angled.
The leaves are few, stalkless, in pairs, oblong or
ovate, acute, with 5-7 veins, bluish-green below.
The flowers are in terminal umbels, with an in-
volucre of 4 white leaves or bracts, which are
acute, petal-like, with few flowers. The flowers
are white or dark purple, and very small. The
petals and sepals are bent-back. The bracts have
purple tips, and serve as petals. The stamens are
yellow. The fruit is a drupe, red in colour. The
plant is 4-8 in. high, and flowers from July to
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Common Erect Cudweed (/i/ago germanica, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry pastures and
banks, where the soil is dry, and it is adapted to
these conditions, having erect, reduced leaves, and
the whole plant is woolly. The habit is erect,
branched above, the stems rigid, cottony. The
leaves are oblong, linear. The flowerheads are
in the angles of the branches, the florets pale-
brown, the heads obscurely 5-angled, 20 or more,
in terminal dense clusters. The involucel is yellow
at the tip. The fruit is rounded, covered with
wart-like projections. The plant is 6 in. to 14 ft.
in height, and flowers in July and August, being
a herbaceous annual.

Cudweed (/ilago apiculata, G. E. Smith).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy places. The habit
is similar to that of #7. germanica, but it is taller
or branched, and erect. The stem is rigid and
cottony. The leaves are blunt, broader, with a
small hard point at the tip. The flowerheads are
acutely 5-angled, and one or two leaves overtop
them. The florets are as in F. germanica. The
bracts are purple and boat-shaped. The tip of

BRITISH FLORA

the involucel is red. The plant is green, not grey,
as in the last. The flower smells like Tansy.
The fruit is as in the common Erect Cudweed.
The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft. in height, and flowers in
July and August, being annual and herbaceous.

Cudweed (/ilago spathulata, Pres|).—The habi-
tat of this plant is dry fields, waysides. The habit
is as in the two last, but the stem is short and pros-
trate, branched from the base, the branches hori-
zontal, the leaves flat, spoon-shaped, and the acute
leaves are longer than the 5-angled flowerheads.
The involucral bracts are boat-shaped. The tips
of the involucel are pale yellow. The florets are
not sunk in the wool. The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft.
in height, and flowers in July and August, being
a herbaceous annual.

French Cudweed (/‘/ago gallica, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is sandy and dry gravelly fields.
The habit is erect, the stem very slender, much
branched regularly into 2 forks. The leaves are
linear, awl-shaped, and the margin is turned back,
as in plants adapted to dry conditions. The
plant is grey, and covered with silky wool. The
florets are yellow, in 3-6 stalkless woolly heads in
the axils, the leaves exceeding them. The fruit is
flattened at the side and covered with wart-like
projections. The plant is 6-8 in. in height, and
flowers between July and September, being a herb-
aceous annual.

Jersey Cudweed (Gnaphalium luteo-album, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry places, light
soils, where it is sporadic. The habit is prostrate
below, then ascending or erect. The whole plant
is densely cottony. The stems are numerous and
leafy, simple or branched at the base, forming
corymbs above. The leaves are linear to oblong,
blunt or acute, the margin wavy, woolly both
sides, half-clasping, the lower leaves broader at
the extremity, the upper narrower, acute. The
flowerheads are clustered at the extremity in
leafless dense corymbs. The involucre is straw-
coloured. The florets are pale-yellow, tinged with
red. The scales of the involucre are membranous
and transparent. The female ray florets are in
many series. The fruit is papillose. The plant is
6-12 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Small Fleabane (Pulicaria vulgaris, L. = P.
prostrata, Aschers).—The habitat of this plant is
moist sandy places, heaths, and wet places. The
habit is erect. The whole plant is downy and
glandular. The stem is leafy, much-branched.
The leaves are oblong, narrow below, lance-
shaped, stalkless, with a few teeth, wavy, some-
what clasping the stem. The flowerheads are
more or less solitary, terminal and lateral, hemi-
spherical. The florets are yellow. The ray florets
are very short. The ligules are erect and very
short. The flower-stalks are short and stout.
The involucral bracts are awl-like, glandular to
downy. The fruit is round, the outer pappus con-
sists of distinct scales, the pappus hairs are few,
dirty-white, and unequal. The plant is 3-18 in.
in height, and flowers between August and Sep-
tember. The plant is a herbaceous annual.

HEATHS AND MOORS

Field Southernwood (Ar/emisia campestris, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy heaths in the
E. of England. The habit is erect. The stems
are woody, with ascending branches, grooved,
slender, the barren stems tufted. The leaves are
twice pinnate, the young leaves being silky. The
segments are few, acute with bent-back margins,
linear to lance-shaped, with a blunt point. The
flowering stems are slender, ascending in flower,
smooth and leafy. The flowerheads are numer-
ous, smooth, drooping, in long slender racemes,
ovoid, nearly stalkless, the outer flowers only
being fertile. The florets are yellow. The re-
ceptacle is glabrous. The plant is not aromatic.
The involucral bracts are smooth, ovate, with a
membranous margin, and purplish. The corolla
in the ray florets is dilated below. The fruit is
oblong. There is no pappus. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering in August and September. It is a
herbaceous perennial.

Tall Heath Groundsel (Senecio sylvaticus, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry banks, pastures,
heathy, dry, gravelly places. The habit is erect.
The stem is leafy, hairy, branched. The whole
plant is sticky and foetid, and glandular, downy.
The leaves are deeply divided to the base, downy,
the lobes oblong, with unequal teeth. The florets
are yellow. The flowerheads form a corymb, and
are numerous, spreading, cylindrical, narrow.
The involucre is downy. There are few, short, or
no outer involucral bracts. The flower-stalks are
slender. The ligules are short. The ray is small
and turned-back. The fruit is silky, and faintly
ribbed. The plant is from 6 in. to 3 ft. in height,
and flowers between July and September. It is
an annual.

Smooth Cat’s Ear (Hyfocheris glabra, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is sandy ground, dry
fields, sandy and gravelly places. The habit is
erect, or the rosette habit... The aerial flowering
stem is smooth, branched, leafless. The leaves are
in a rosette, radical, oblong, toothed, wavy, or
divided nearly to the base. The flowers are yellow,
the florets equalling the involucre. The fruit is
reddish-brown, with dirty-white pappus, longer
than the involucre, and the inner fruits only are
beaked. The plant is 6-12 in. in height, and
flowers from June to August, being a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER CAMPANULACE

Acrid Lobelia (Zobdelia urens, L.).—This species
is found on heaths. The habit is erect. The
plant is downy. The stem is slender, leafy, angu-
lar, rough. The radical leaves are inversely ovate
or oblong, spoon-shaped, blunt, with a few wavy
teeth, the upper leaves are stalkless, lance-shaped
to linear, running down the stem. The flowers
are blue or purple, erect or spreading, in terminal,
loose, simple racemes. The lobes of the calyx are
nearly equal, awl-like, not so long as the tube. The
corolla-lobes are also nearly equal, lance-shaped,
acute. The fruit is a 2-3-valved capsule. The
plant is 9-24 in. in height, and flowers in August
and September. It is a herbaceous perennial.

159
ORDER VACCINIACE

Cowberry (Vaccinium Witis-idea, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is mountain heaths and
woods. The plant has the shrub habit. The
stem is prostrate, then ascending, with downy,
trailing or ascending branches, and is woody,
wiry, twisted, branched, naked below. The leaves
are evergreen, dark-green above, glandular, dotted
below, inversely ovate, with the margins rolled
back as in other xerophytes, adapted to drought.
The margins are entire, thick, bluntly-toothed, or
scalloped, the leaves in 2 rows, leathery, pale
below. The veins are not net-like. The flowers
are pale-pink, in racemes, short and terminal,
drooping. They are crowded and borne on ulti-
mate flower-stalks with 2 bracteoles. The calyx-
tube is hemispherical, with 4 broadly-ovate lobes,
fringed with hairs. The corolla is bell-shaped,
4-cleft, the lobes linear to oblong. The berries
are round; dark-red, and acrid. The stamens
project, with purple downy anther-stalks, and the
yellow anthers have noawns. The plant is 6-18 in.
in height, flowering from June to August, and is
an evergreen shrub,

ORDER ERICACEA®

Red Bearberry(Arclostaphylos Uva-ursi,Spreng.).
—This plant is a native, and found on heathy,
rocky mountains, Scottish heaths, dry stony moun-
tain heaths. The plant has the shrub habit. The
stem is prostrate, then ascending, trailing, with
stout, woody branches, the young branches downy.
The bark is dark, forming scales. The leaves are
shining, evergreen, leathery, rigid, deep-green,
inversely ovate or spoon-shaped, entire. The
margin is woolly, the veins netted above and

below. The flowers are few, 4-6, pink, in close,
terminal, drooping clusters, crowded, short,
smooth. There are persistent scales and brac-

teoles, fringed with hairs. The ultimate flower-
stalks are very short. The calyx-lobes are short
and broad. The corolla is pitcher-shaped, with
4-5 lobes, hairy within. The anthers have long
awns. The fruit is a berry or drupe, red, round.
The plant is 4-24 in. in height. It flowers in May,
June, and July. It is an evergreen shrub.

Ciliate Heath (/rica ciliaris, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is sandy heaths in the S.W. of Eng-
land. The plant has the heath habit. The stem
is long, slender, straggling, with many erect,
downy branches, the flowering branches long.
The leaves are in whorls of 4 (or 3), close, nearly
stalkless, ovate, downy above, bluish-green below,
with small scales, and the margins bent-back,
fringed with hairs (hence ciliaris). The flowers
are crimson, in terminal one-sided racemes, in-
clined on very short ultimate stalks, with brac-
teoles in the middle. The sepals are downy,
fringed with hairs (hence, too, ciliaris), ovate.
The mouth of the curved, oblong or ovoid corolla
is oblique, and small. The style projects. The
anthers are included, and have no appendages or
awns, The ovary is smooth, ascending. The

160

plant is 1-14 ft. in height, and flowers between
June and September. It is a perennial shrub,
Cornish Heath (Zrica vagans, L.).—The habitat
of this plant is heaths. As in the case of the
other heaths the plant has the shrub habit. The
stem is hairless, stout, woody, much branched,
the branches stiff, erect, tufted, densely leafy.
The leaves are smooth, linear, bent-back, 3 or 4-5
in a whorl, the margins rolled-back over the mid-

rib, The flowers are erect, crimson, in closely-

clustered racemes, in the axils below the top of

the branches, on slender, ultimate flower-stalks.
There are bracteoles in the middle of the latter.
The sepals are blunt, ovate, fringed with hairs.
The corolla is bell-shaped, short, with short lobes.
The anthers are divided into two at the tip, half-
projecting, and have no awns, being lateral, con-
sisting of 2 cells, swollen below, and are chocolate-
coloured or dark-purple. The ovary is smooth.
The plant is 1-3 ft. in height, flowering in July
and August. It is a perennial shrub.

Irish Heath (Erica mediterranea, L., v. hiber-
nica, Syme).—The habitat of this species is wet
or boggy heaths and mountain bogs. The Irish
Heath has the usual heath or shrub habit. The
stem is erect, the plant bushy and smooth, with
numerous rigid branches, which end in leafy
racemes. The leaves are numerous, erect to
spreading, 3 or 4 in a whorl, crowded, on short
stalks, linear, with margins rolled-back to the
midrib, united below to the under-surface, flat
above, there being a furrow in the middle below,
and decurrent below. The flowers are crimson, in
dense, terminal, axillary, drooping racemes. The
sepals are ovate to lance-shaped. The corolla is
pitcher-shaped, with broad lobes. There are
bracteoles above the middle of the ultimate flower-
stalks, which are solitary or in pairs. The stamens
and style project slightly, and the latter lengthens.
The anthers are terminal, have no awns, and are
divided above into 2 lobes. The ovary is not
clothed with hairs. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height.
It flowers early, between March and May. The
Irish Heath is a perennial evergreen shrub.

St. Dabeoc’s Heath (Boretta cantabrica, O.
Kuntze = Dabecia polifolia, Don).—The habitat
of this plant is boggy heaths. The habit is the
shrub habit. The stem is at length prostrate,
bushy, with scaly bark, the branches slender,
hairy, glandular. The leaves are oval, elliptic
to ovate, blunt, fringed with hairs, flat, dark-
green above, glossy above, silvery white and
woolly or cottony below, borne on short stalks,
the margins rolled back. The flowers are 5-10,
crimson or purple, rarely white, in simple, loose,
one-sided, terminal, glandular racemes, drooping,
borne on short, stout, curved, ultimate stalks,
with leafy bracts. The sepals are ovate to lance-
shaped, fringed with hairs. The corolla has 4
The anthers are large,
shaped, purple, 2-fid, with flat anther-stalks. The
ovary is hairy, glandular. The plant is 1-2 ft. in
height, flowering between July and September.
It is a perennial shrub.

Blue Heath (Bryanthus ceruleus, Dip = Phylio-

short lobes. arrow -

BRITISH FLORA

doce cerulea, Dip = Mensiesia cerulea, Sm. =
Bryanthus taxifolius, A. Gray).—The habitat of
this plant is heathy moors on Scotch mountains.
The plant has the shrub habit. The plant is
woody, much-branched, short, the branches tuber-
cled, naked below, hairy above. The leaves are
glossy, leathery, rigid, linear, blunt, spreading,
shortly-stalked, crowded, the margins turned
back, with a few small teeth, channelled above,
without hairs. The leaf-stalks. are glandular,
hairy. The flowers are purplish-blue, few, droop-
ing, in terminal, umbel-like corymbs. The sepals
are ovate to lance-shaped, acute, glandular,
downy. The corolla is pitcher-shaped, 5-lobed.
The flower-stalks are terminal, simple, clustered.
The purple anthers are not so long as the anther-
stalks, which are not clothed with hairs. The
ovary is glandular, downy. The plant is 4-10 in.
in height. It flowers in June and July. It isa
perennial shrub.

Ledum palustre, L.—The habitat of this plant
is heaths. The habit is that of a shrub, The
leaves are linear, oblong, blunt, with the margin
much bent-back, and with a red felt below, as
well as on the young shoots. The flowers are
white, in terminal clusters. The corolla is wheel-
shaped. The stamens project some length. The
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and flowers in June and
July, being a perennial shrub.

Smaller Winter Green (Pyrola minor, L.).—
This plant is indigenous, found in mossy woods
and thickets and heaths. The plant has more or
less the rosette habit. The stem is ascending.
The leaves usually form a rosette, and are nume-
rous, but they may be alternate. They are
leathery, round to ovate or oval, with scalloped
margin, the blade narrowed to a long leaf-stalk.
The flowers are white with a rose tint, borne on
a slender scape, in short racemes, and are droop-
ing, round, nearly closed. There are two lance-
shaped or awl-like bracteoles. The calyx-lobes
are ovate, acute. The petals are concave and
close over the stamens. The ultimate flower-
stalks are very short. The stamens are bent
inwards, and as long as the short style, which
is straight, with no ring below the stigma. The
style does not lengthen in fruit. The rays of the
stigma are large. The capsule is drooping. The
plant is 8-12 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PRIMULACE2

Bastard Pimpernel or Chaffweed (Centunculus
minimus, L.).—This is a native species, and local.
The habitat is moist, sandy, damp, turfy, gravelly
places. The habit is prostrate. The stems are
branched below. The leaves are alternate, ovate
or lance-shaped, acute, borne on short stalks.
The flowers are numerous, stalkless, solitary in
the axils, white or pink or pale rose-colour.
The sepals are lance-shaped, longer than the
corolla, which is erect, 4-fid, very small, and with-
out glands at the base. The capsule is round,
opening transversely, many-seeded, the seeds

HEATHS AND MOORS

g-angled. The plant is 1-3 in. in height, and
flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous
annual.

ORDER GENTIANACE®

Least Yellow Gentian
Griseb.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy com-
mons, or waste broken ground, or where the
ground has been flooded. The habit is erect.
The stems are branched, and numerous. The
leaves are narrow, linear to lance-shaped. The
flowers are pale-pink. The parts are in fours or
fives. The flower-stalks are slender. The calyx-
lobes are erect, awl-like, closely appressed. The
corolla-segments are blunt-pointed, half as long

as the tube. The stigma is 2-lobed. The capsule |

is spindle-shaped. The plant is 1-4 in. in height.
It flowers late in August and September, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Marsh Gentian (Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L.)
—The habitat of this plant is moist heaths, turfy
heaths, and bogs. The habit is erect, or ascend-
ing. The stem is slender, scaly below, usually
simple, leafy above. The leaves are linear to
oblong, blunt, with 1-3 veins. The flowers are
few, terminal or axillary, borne on short stalks,
large, deep-blue within, with a broad green band
down the centre of each lobe. The calyx is in-
versely conical, has 2 bracts, with 5 linear, blunt,
equal segments. The corolla is narrowly bell-
shaped, with no hairs in the throat. The capsule
is stalked. The plant is 4-18 in. in height. It
flowers in August and September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER CONVOLVULACEX

Heath Dodder (Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr.).—
The habitat is heaths. The plant is a parasite on
heath, gorse, &c. The flowers are pale rose-
colour. The calyx is reddish, shorter than the
corolla tube. The corolla is cylindrical, with
spreading lobes, prominent scales nearly closing
the tube. The plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. long, flower-
ing in August and September, and is an annual
parasite.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Jersey Toadflax (Linaria Pelisseriana, Mill.).—
The habitat of this plant is heathy places, and the
plant is very rare. The habit is erect. The plant
has short barren stolons below, with one or more
stems from one root. The plant is devoid of hair.
The leaves are oblong on the stolons, opposite,
and in whorls of 3 or 4, the stem-leaves scattered,
linear, blunt, alternate. The sterile branches are
radical and prostrate, with ternate, lance-shaped,
ovate leaves. The flowers are few, purple, with
dark veins in a short raceme, on stalks as long as
or less than the bracts. The sepals are linear,

awl-like, acute, shorter than the spur, twice as |

long as the capsule, which is broad and 2-lobed.

The seeds are nearly flat. The corolla has a

spur parallel to the tube, which is acute, winged,
Vou. VL

(Cicendia pusilla, |

161

tubercled on one face. The wing is fringed with
teeth. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Cut-leaved Speedwell (Veronica triphyilos, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy fields, dry, bare
heaths, and waste places. The habit is erect, or
nearly so, the stem rigid, with spreading branches,
downy, and glandular. The small leaves are bracts
above, cut, the lower stalked, finger-shaped. The
flowers are dark-blue, in a raceme with few
flowers, somewhat spiked. The calyx is shorter
than the flower-stalk. The capsule is many-seeded,
the seeds hollow on one side. The plant is 3-8 in.
in height, and flowers in May and June, being an
annual.

Vernal Speedwell (Veronica verna, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is sandy fields and bare heaths.
The habit is erect, the stem simple or branched
below, hairy or downy, and glandular above, as
in other heath plants. The leaves are deeply
divided to the base, the lower stalked, coarsely
toothed, lobed, the upper bract-like, lance-shaped.
The flowers are deep blue, with darker lines, the
corolla small, the calyx longer than the flower-
stalk, the raceme somewhat spiked with many
flowers, loose. The capsule is flattened at the
margin, fringed with hairs on the keel, inversely
heart-shaped, the seeds flat. The plant is 2~4 in.
high, flowers in May and June, and is an annual.

Spiked Speedwell (Veronica spicata, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry calcareous places,
chalky pastures, chalky heaths. The habit is
prostrate, then ascending. The rootstock is creep-
ing. The stem is branched below, stout, leafy.
The radical leaves have a wedge-shaped base,
being blunt, and are more or less stalkless, toothed
above the middle, or scalloped, entire at the end,
oblong, leathery. The flowers are borne in a
dense spike (hence sficata) or terminal raceme,
and have ovate to lance-shaped bracts, longer
than the blunt sepals, fringed with hairs. The
corolla has the tube as broad as long, the throat
bearded. The lobes are narrow, acute. The
stamens are very long. The anthers are large
and purple. The style is long. The capsule is
ovate, with a notch and long style, downy, as
long as the sepals. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Euphrasia Rostkoviana, Hayne.—The habit of
this species is that of a hemi-parasite. The stem
is tall, branched below, glandular, the hairs long
and scattered. The leaves are plaited, not more
than twice as long as broad, finely furrowed,
clothed with white bristles, and glandular, the
hairs long and wavy. The stem-leaves are ovate,
acute, with a short point, the teeth, 6-12, being
acute. The floral leaves are broadly ovate, with
as many teeth. The spike is long. The flowers
are white with violet markings. The calyx is
bristly and glandular, with triangular to lance-
shaped segments. Thetube of the corollalengthens
after flowering, the upper lip having the lobes
turned back, notched or divided into two. The
fruit is elliptical, notched, fringed with hairs, and

162

clothed with silky hair, not much longer than the
calyx.

Euphrasia Vigursii, Davey.—This species has
been referred to £. officinalis var. minor, Gaud.,
fil, rectipila, Williams, by F. N. Williams (Prodr.,
p- 303). It differs in the smaller flowers, darker
shade of the corolla, less hairy leaves, more slender
habit. There are no long-pointed hairs tipped with
glands on the upper part of the stem.

Euphrasia brevipila, Born. et Gren. (= Euphrasia
stricta, Host.).—The habitat of this plant is pas-
tures. It belongs to a group with small flowers,
with leaves not more than twice as long as broad.
After the flower opens the tube of the corolla does
not lengthen, being 6-10 mm. long, and therefore
adapted to short-lipped insects. The stem is
branched at the base, and without glands. The
leaves are almost devoid of hair, or with a few
short and glandular hairs. The stem-leaves are
ovate to oblong, acute or blunt, the teeth, 6-10,
blunt, acute, or awned. The spike lengthens in
fruit. The bracts are ovate, the base short and
wedge-shaped, broader than, and not so long as,
the stem-leaves, with 8-14 awned or pointed teeth.
The flowers are pale-violet, blue, or white. The
calyx has short glandular hairs and triangular
lance-shaped teeth. The corolla is large, the
upper lip having notched lobes, or the lobes may
be entire or toothed. The fruit is oblong or wedge-
shaped to inversely ovate, blunt or notched, longer
than the calyx.

Euphrasia Kerneri, Wettst.—The habitat of
this plant is chalky and calcareous pastures, lime-
stone areas in central and S. England. The
northern limit is Derbyshire. The stem is with-
out glands. It is usually branched at the base.
The leaves possess no glands, but have small
bristles on the margins and veins. The stem-
leaves are ovate to elliptic, acute, with 8-14 teeth,
which are triangular to acute. The flowers are
white, with purple stripes. The spike lengthens.
The bracts are oval, acute, and have 6-12 pointed
teeth. There are no glands on the calyx, and the
teeth are rough, lance-shaped, and pointed. The
corolla is large, and longer than the calyx at
length, the upper lip being sometimes of a violet
colour, with the lobes turned-back and divided into
two. The fruit is oblong, inversely ovate, notched,
fringed with hairs, with soft hair.

Euphrasia minima, Gaud. (= ELuphrasia borealis,
Wettst.).—The difference between the two plants
lies in the more softly hairy character of the one
under description, the capsule also equalling the
calyx, or it may be shorter. The stem is simple,
stout, sometimes branched below, without glands.
The leaves are erect to spreading, more or less
without hairs, or stiffly hairy. The stem-leaves
are ovate, blunt. There are 6-10 blunt or acute
teeth. The spike is dense. The bracts are broadly
ovate, with 6-10 acute, shortly-awned, or blunt
teeth. The flowers are white or violet. The calyx
is devoid of hairs, with triangular to lance-shaped
teeth. The corolla is large, with a violet upper
lip, and the lower white, the lobes of the upper lip
turned-back, notched or toothed. The capsule is

BRITISH FLORA

elliptic or oblong, narrow below, notched, fringed
with hairs,

Luphrasia gracilis, Fries. —Mr. Williams con-
siders that this is the most marked species of the
genus. ‘‘Its slender, erect form, small leaves and
flowers, and usually dark-coloured stem and leaves
are very marked characters.’ The stem is straight,
slender, simple, sometimes branched in the middle.
The leaves are small, shorter than the internodes,
and are green or red, with few short hairs above
and on the veins below. The stem-leaves are
ovate, often wedge-shaped below, acute, with 6-8
acute teeth. The spike lengthens. The flowers
vary in colour, as above, being white with blue
lines, blue, or violet. The bracts are ovate or
wedge-shaped below, with 6-10 awned teeth. The
calyx is smooth, inflated, with lance-shaped teeth
with a long point. The corolla is small, the upper
lip having entire or faintly-toothed lobes. The
capsule is linear to elliptic, blunt or notched,
fringed with hairs.

Euphrasia curta, Wettst.—Mr. F. N. Williams
considers (zbzd) that this plant is only distinguished
from £. nemorosa in height, the dense soft hair,
the afterwards slightly-lengthened spike, the size
of the capsule (4-5 mm.), which is truncate or
very slightly notched at the end. According to
Townshend, whose descriptions are in the main
followed here (they being based on Wettstein's),
the stem is usually stout and branched below, the
leaves are greyish-green, rough below, clothed
with long bristles, the stem-leaves ovate, acute, with
8-14 acute teeth. The flowers are whitish or pale-
lilac or blue. The bracts are sometimes nearly
round, with 8-14 acute or shortly-awned teeth.
The calyx is clothed with short white hairs on
the margins and veins, and is somewhat inflated
at length. The corolla is small, the lobes of the
upper lip notched or with small teeth. The cap-
sule is wedge-shaped to inversely ovate, blunt or
notched, fringed with hairs.

Euphrasia latifolia, Pursh.—By Mr. F. N.
Williams this species has been placed under £.
arctica, Lange. The stem is straight, simple, or
slightly branched at or below the middle, with
long internodes. The leaves are long, densely
clothed with stout white bristles and occasionally
glandular hairs. The stem-leaves are few, ovate
or wedge-shaped to inversely ovate, blunt, with
4-10 broad, blunt teeth. The spike is dense. The
flowers are whitish. The bracts are broadly oval
or nearly round, more or less blunt or acute, with
a wedge-shaped base, with 6-12 broad, more or
less blunt or acute teeth. The calyx has stout
white bristles and glandular hairs, with broad
acute teeth. The corolla is small, the lobes of the
upper lip bent-back, with small teeth. The capsule
is elliptic, notched, fringed with hairs.

Euphrasia fennica and E. suecica have recently
been found in this country.

ORDER OROBANCHACE

Great Broom-rape (Ovobanche major, L.=O. Ra-
pum geniste, Thuill.).—This plant is a saprophytic

HEATHS AND MOORS

parasite, and the habitat is that of the plants it
grows upon, roots of shrubby Papilionaceze as
Gorse and Broom, &c., pastures and heaths, or
commons. The stem is erect, brown, stout, leaf-
less. The corolla is dull-yellow, more or less
bell-shaped, gaping, only the base remaining after
flowering. The stamens are inserted at the base
of the tube, and the anther-stalks are hairy above,
smooth below. The spike is dense. The upper
lip is arched, entire, the lower middle lobe longer
than the side lobes. The anthers are white when

dry. The stigma consists of 2 distant yellow
lobes. The valves of the capsule cohere at each
end. The seeds are numerous. The plant is

1-3 ft. in height, and flowers between June and
August, being perennial.

Red Thyme Broom-rape (Orobanche rubra, Sm.
= O. alba, Steph. = O. Epithymum, D.C.).—The
habitat of this plant is that of Wild Thyme, upon
which it is a parasite, or heaths. The habit is
that of a parasite. The plant is sweet-scented,
and red in colour (hence rubra). There are no
leaves, and the aerial stem is ascape. The flowers
are borne ina loose spike. The sepals are 1-veined,
or with a second faint one near the anterior margin,
entire, lance-shaped, or awl-like, narrow, longer
than the tube of the corolla. The corolla is dull-
red, as long as, or shorter than, the bracts, bell-
shaped, with a broad, curved tube, with small
lobes. The upper nearly entire or notched lip is
arched, glandular, downy within. The lips are
toothed and crisped. The lateral lobes of the
lower lip are nearly equal, and the middle lobe is
rather long. The stamens are inserted near the
base of the tube. The anthers are brown when
dry. The anther-stalks are hairy below, glandular
above. The stigma is pale-red, divided into 2 lobes.
The plant is 4-9 in. in height, flowering between
June and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LABIAT®

Small Pink Skullcap (Scutel/aria minor, Huds.).
—The habitat of this plant is boggy places, moist
heaths, swampy heaths, the sides of ditches. The
habit of the plant is erect. The stems are slender,
sometimes much-branched. The lower leaves are
broadly ovate, the intermediate leaves ovate to
lance-shaped, the base heart-shaped. The upper
leaves are lance-shaped, rounded below, entire,
somewhat scalloped below. The leaves are shortly-
stalked or stalkless, and biunt. The flowers are
in the axils, opposite, turned one way. They are
pale-pink in colour. The calyx is downy. The
tube of the corolla is straight, and the corolla is
small. The nutlets are smooth. The plant is
4-12 in. in height, flowering between July and
October. It is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ORCHIDACE

Orchis ericetorum, W. R. Linton (=O. precox,
Webst.).—This is more slender than O. maculata, of
which it was regarded at first as a sub-species only
(but see below, It is Linnzus’s type). The.stem

163

is purpleabove. The leaves are narrower, more or
less bent-back, the lower stem-leaves more or less
long and narrow-pointed, keeled, and foided. The
spike is 1-2 in., broadly pyramidal, at length
oblong. The bracts are purple. The flowers are
pale, not scented, with dark-purple markings, the
ground colour commonly white or tinged with
pink, but sometimes of deeper colour. The outer
line of marking’s is nearly or quite complete. The
honey-gland is slender, slightly enlarged (or not
at all) upwards, and the throat is narrow. The
lower lip is suborbicular, rounded in outline, rather
spreading. The mid-lobe is much smaller than
the broad, obliquely blunt or scalloped, lateral
lobes, not exceeding them in length, and usually
shorter or somewhat bent-back. This is true
O. maculata, L., as recently defined by Mr. G. C.
Druce.

Orchis Fuchsiz, Druce.—This plant is found on
wet heaths and marshy places. It differs from
O. maculata (see Vol. II), from which it has re-
cently been separated, in having a longer spike,
not pyramidal, and in the form and markings of
the lower lip. The leaves are narrower and also
less spotted. The plant is taller, 1-14 ft. high,
flowering from June to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Orchis O'Kellyi, Druce, has an oblong cylin-
drical spike. The lip consists of 3 narrow oblong
segments. The middle segment is longer than
the lateral ones, and becomes gradually narrow-
pointed. The leaves are narrow, acute, keeled,
unspotted. The flowers are white. The plant is
8-10 in. high, flowering from June to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LILIACE

Grass-leaved Simethis (Pudilaria planzfolia,
Druce = Simethis bicolor, Kunth).—This plant
was found on Poole Heath, near Bournemouth,
which was subsequently planted with firs. The
habitat elsewhere is sandy heaths and rocky
places. The habit is lily-like. The root consists
of stout, fleshy fibres. The stem is inclosed in
flat or concave, sheathing scales, surrounded by
brown, torn fibres like the leaves. The leaves
are flat, linear, keeled, long-pointed, bent-back.
The scape is as long as the leaves, branched or
forked. The bracts are slender. The flower-
stalks are slender and rigid. The flowers are
purple, in a corymb, The perianth-segments are
oblong, blunt, concave, purple on the back, white
within (hence bicolor). The capsule is bluntly
angular. The seeds are black. The plant is
6-18 in. high, flowering in May and June, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Crow Garlic (Allium vineale, L.).—The habitat
of this species is fields, pastures, dry places, and
waste places. The habit is grass-like, the stem
leafy. The bulb is small. The leaves are hollow,
adapted to dry conditions and wind, erect, flat, or
grooved, round, and become faded when the plant
is in flower. The spathe is single, with a long
beak, short, the round umbellate heads producing

164

bulbils, and the leaves may also bear bulbs. The
flowers are pale rose-colour or green (replaced by
bulbs in var. compactum). The tip of the slender
flower-stalk is thickened. The anther-stalks are
exposed, and the stamens are 3-cleft, the anther-
stalks being half as long as the lateral points.
The stamens project. The plant is 1-3 ft. in
height, and flowers in July, being a herbaceous
perennial.

Autumnal Squill (Sef//a autumnalis, L.)—The
habitat of this plant is dry pastures inthe S. and
W., chiefly near the sea, and rocks. The leaves
are autumnal (hence au/umnalis), appearing after
the flowers. Linear, numerous, narrow, half-
rounded, grooved above. There are no bracts.
The scapes are numerous, as long as the leaves.
The flowers are pale-blue, with a green line down
the back, in a short raceme, on ascending or
spreading stalks. The anthers are purple. The
capsule is small. The plant is 4-6 in. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Heath Rush (Juncus squarrosus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is moorlands, heaths, wet
heaths. The plant has the typical rush habit,
and is somewhat tufted. The stem is rigid, erect,
simple, flattened, leafless or a scape (the plant in
this respect being a rosette plant). The leaves
are crowded, numerous, linear, awl-like, chan-
nelled, half-round in section, all radical, spreading
(hence sguarrosus), half as long as the stem, bent-
back from the keel, finely furrowed). The flowers,
2-3 in a cluster, are pale, solitary, distant, in an
irregular, terminal, corymblike cyme, with erect
branches. The bracts have a membranous mar-
gin, and are not so long as the flowers. The
perianth-segments are blunt, as long as the cap-
sule, ovate to lance-shaped, oblong or acute. The
anthers are four times as long as the stalks. The
capsule is bluntly 3-angled, shining, pale-brown,
blunt, with a short blunt point. The plant is
6-12 in. high, and flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Pigmy Rush (Juncus pygmeus, Rich. = J.

mutabilis, Lam.).—The habitat of this plant is
damp spots. The plant has the rush habit. The
stems are tufted, pink when dry. They are simple
or only once-branched, slender, round, not septate,
more or less leafless, very short. The leaves are
radical, bristle-like, faintly jointed, channelled,
the stem-leaves solitary, auricled below. The
flowers are few, I-5, more or less stalkless, with
ovate bracts, in small clusters. The perianth-
segments are membranous, linear to lance-shaped,
with a long point, not awned, longer than the cap-
sule, 3-nerved, nearly equal. The capsule is
oblong to acute. The seeds are spindle-shaped
to pear-shaped. They are long and apiculate.
The plant is 1-3 in. in height, flowering from May
to July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Small Capitate Rush (Juncus capitatus, Weig.).
—The habitat of this plant is sandy ground, sands

BRITISH FLORA

which are inundated in winter, and heathy places.
The plant has the rush habit. The stems are
bristle-like, rigid, grooved, not septate, naked,
erect, and simple. The radical leaves are slender,
bristle-like, channelled, with short sheaths. They
are half as long as the stems. The flowers are in
solitary, terminal heads, with bracts with 2-3 or
2-6 flowers. The outer bracts are bristle-like,
twice as long as the flowers, the inner smaller,
broadly ovate, cristate. The perianth-segments
are elliptic to ovate, unequal, awned, the outer
ovate to lance-shaped, long-pointed, twice as long
as the capsule. There are 3 stamens. The cap-
sule is broadly ovoid with an abrupt point. The
plant is 1-4 in. in height, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Heath Wood Rush (Luzula erecta, Desv. = L.
congesta, D.C. = L. multiflorum, Lej.).—The
habitat of this plant is heaths, heathy or wet and
turfy places. This species has the usual Wood
Rush habit. From the common species this one
differs in being larger and stouter. The leaves
are linear, hairy. The panicle or cyme consists of
numerous, ovate, dense, either stalked or stalkless
clusters. The cymes are more contracted, and
the flowers more clustered, long, drooping, dark-
brown. The perianth-segments are not so broad,
being lance-shaped and long-pointed, longer than
the capsule. The anther-stalks are more than
half as long as the anthers, The anthers are
small and short. The capsule is blunt, narrow.
The seeds are oblong, about twice as long as
broad, with a short appendage below. The plant
is 6-18 in. in height, and flowers between April and
June. It is a herbaceous perennial.

Pale Wood Rush (Lusula pallescens, Bess.).—
The habit of this species is tufted. The stems are
numerous, erect, slender, with 2-3 leaves, narrow,
fringed with hairs or hairless. There are 1-3
bracts longer than the cyme. The cyme may be
compound with numerous clusters, with slender,
suberect, unequal branches. The central cluster
is large and stalkless, the others are small,
roundish-oblong or oblong, with 4-20 small
flowers. The perianth-segments are pale-yellow-
ish-brown in the centre, the outer ones ovate,
long-pointed, a little longer than the fruit, the
margin incurved near the apex, the inner shorter,
nearly blunt-pointed. The stamens are half as
long as the outer perianth-segments, the anther-
stalks exceeding the anthers. The fruit is dark-
chestnut-brown when ripe, the valves including
the beak. The seeds are minute. The plant
is distinguished from the last by the difference in
size between theinnerand outer perianth-segments,
and in the lighter colour and pale-greenish-brown
perianth-segments. The plant is 6-12 in. in height.
It is in flower in May and June, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER NAIADACE

Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pourr.(=P. oblongus,
Viv.).—The habitat of this plant is pools, ditches,
or small streams and ponds, lakes and pools on

HEATHS AND MOORS

heaths. The plant has the pondweed habit. The
stem is creeping below. The lower submerged
leaves are membranous, linear, lance-shaped, often
very narrow. The upper leaves are rather leathery,
floating, oblong to elliptic or lance-shaped. All
the leaves which are round or heart-shaped below
are long-stalked. The leaf-stalks are not jointed,
and bear leaves. The blade may run down the
leaf-stalk. The spikes are short and irregular.
The sepals are elliptic, transversely stalked. The
fruit is a drupelet, red, with rounded margins,
faintly keeled with lateral ridges. The plant is
floating, and flowers in June and July, being a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACEA

Few-flowered Club Rush (Scirpus paucifiorus,
Lightf.).—The habitat of this plant is marshes,
boggy moors, and heaths. The habit is the usual
bulrush habit. There are no leaves. The plant
is smaller than the next. The rootstock is creep-
ing, with long stolons. The stem is round in
section, finely furrowed, with few scales, thin and
narrow. There is a short abrupt sheath below.
The upper one is blunt. The lower glume is
blunt, not so long as the spikelet. The anthers
do not end in an apiculus. The nut is inversely
ovate, 3-angled, finely furrowed, netted, pale, with
a beak contracted below. The plant is 4-8 in.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Deer’s Head or Tufted Spike Rush (Scirpus
cespitosus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is barren
turfy heaths and moors. The plant has the usual
Rush habit. Thestems are tufted (hence cespitosus),
wiry, round in section, finely furrowed, erect, some
barren. There is a short rootstock. The scales
are overlapping, numerous, leafless, acute. The
sheaths are short, awl-like below, the lower split,
large, stout, rigid, the upper slender. The leaves
are short. The spike is solitary, terminal, ovate,
with few flowers. The spikelets are erect, chest-
nut-brown, shining. The lower 2 glumes are
awned, and longer than the spikelet. There are
4-6 bristles. There are 3 long stigmas. The fruit
is an oblong to inversely ovate brown nut, witha
long narrow point, anda few erect teeth. The plant
is 6-12 in. in height, and flowers from June to
August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial.

Bristle-stalked Club Rush (Scirpus setaceus, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is wet, sandy, and
gravelly places. The stem is tufted, round, leafy,
slender, rigid, round in section. The leaves are
1-2, narrow, channelled, short, bristle-like (hence
setaceus). The spikelets are 1-3, terminal, small,
stalkless, shorter than the lower bract, which
appears as a continuation of the stem. The
glumes are blunt, with a short point, brown, with
white margins and a green keel, ovate. There
are 2-3 stamens and 3 stigmas. The nuts are
brown, broad, 3-angled, inversely ovate, longi-
tudinally ribbed, and transversely striate. The
plant is 3-6 in. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

165

Kobresia caricina, Willd. (= A. bipartita, Dal.
Tor.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine marshes,
upland moors. The plant has the sedge habit.
The stems are erect, densely tufted, rigid, round
in section, leafy below. The rootstock is short.
The leaves are wiry, bent-back, slender, not so
long as the stem, grooved, the margins twisted.
The spikes (4-5) are narrow, close, at the top of the
stem, with 6-8 flowers. The spikelets are nearly
in 2 rows, stalkless, cylindrical. The bracts are
small. The glumes are rigid, ovate to oblong,
blunt, pale-brown, the second of the lowest fertile,
the lowest barren, the third male. Both flowers
are male in the upper spikelets. The nut is pale,
linear, with a beak. The plant is 4-8 in. high,
flowering in August and September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Few-flowered Sedge (Carex paucifiora, Lightf.).
—The habitat of this plant is moors or moorland
bogs. The plant has the sedge habit. The root-
stock is slender, creeping, with stolons. The
stems are 3-angled, smooth, slender. There are
2 to 3 bristle-like leaves, not so long as the stem,
which are rolledinwards. The plant is moncecious.
The terminal flowers are male. There are no
bracts. There are 3 stigmas. The glumes are
4-6, distant, oblong to lance-shaped, acute, pale,
not so long as the fruit, which is spindle-shaped,
pale, and beaked, yellowish-green. The nut is
3-angled, linear to oblong. The plant is 6-9 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Carex divulsa, Stokes. —The habitat of this
plant is moist shady places, dry hedgebanks. It
has been regarded as a sub-species of C. muricata.
The stems are 3-sided, loose, curved, slender,
limp, with rough angles above. The spikelets
are distant, loose, drooping, the upper close,
greyish, 1 or 2 of the lowest lengthened into a
long branch. The bracts are bristle-like. The
glumes are blunt, shorter than the fruit. The
fruit is ovoid, acute, plano-convex, with a thick
green margin, with obscure veins, divided into
2 nearly to the base, smooth, ascending. The
beak is rough-edged. The nut is ovoid to oblong,
flattened, the beak short. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high. It flowers from May to July, and isa herb-
aceous perennial.

Prickly Sedge (Carex echinata, Murr.=C. stel-
lulata, Good).—The habitat of this sedge is moors,
bogs, and marshes. The habit is that of a sedge.
The stem is 3-angled, more or less smooth or
rough above, without stolons. The rootstock is
densely tufted. The leaves are narrow, channelled,
not so long as the stem. The 3-4 spikes are pale-
green, round, distant, spreading. The bracts are
small, usually at the bottom of the spikes. The
glumes are green, with pale-brown sides, ovate,
acute. The fruit is olive-green, stalkless, with a
round base and stout lateral ribs. The nut is
ovoid, narrow below, the glume not so long as
the fruit. The plant is 4-12 in. in height, lowering
from May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Sedge (Carex montana, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is heaths and banks, woods

166

and fields. It was first found between Tunbridge
Wells and Eridge, Sussex, by Mr. Mitten. The
plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is stout
and creeping, tufted. The root is fibrous. The
plant is slender. The stems are slender, 3-sided,
rigid, then curved, roughish above. The leaves
are narrow, not so long as the stem, straight, or
wavy. The fertile spikes (2-3) are ovate, stalk-
less, close, reddish-brown. The male spikelets
are stout, solitary. The female are few-flowered,
slender. The glumes are broad, chestnut-brown,
those of the fertile spikes blunt-notched. The
bracts are membranous and small, the lowest awl-
like. The fruit is oblong, ovate, longer than the
glumes. The nut is pale, and borne on a stalk.
The plant is 6-15 in. in height, flowering in April
and May, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Pill-headed Sedge (Carex pilulifera, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is heaths, wet heaths, woods,
and moors. The plant has the sedge habit. The
stems are 3-angled, roughish, long, slender, pros-
trate at length. The rootstock is tufted. The
roots are fibrous. There are no stolons. The
leaves form a rosette as a rule, and are broad,
short, flat, keeled. The 2-3 fertile spikelets are
close, round, stalkless. The bracts are small and
awl-like. The male spikes are slender, the female
are nearly round. The glumes are brown, spread-
ing, with a green midrib with brown edges, or pale.
The fruit is opaque, scarcely 3-angled. The nut
is brown, and more or less rounded, with a short,
notched beak. The plant is 4-15 in. high, flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Heath Sedge (Carex ericetorum, Poll.).—The
habitat of this sedge is dry places, chalk banks.
The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock is
branched, creeping, and tufted. The stems are
short, curved, stiff, smooth, 3-angled. The leaves
are broad, keeled, bent-back. The bract is glu-
maceous, hardly sheathing. The fertile spikelets
are few, 1-3, forming a head, 6-10-flowered, small,
stalkless, egg-shaped, close. The glume is brown,
broadly inversely egg-shaped, blunt, fringed with
hairs, the midrib not reaching the top, with mem-
branous margins. The fruit is inversely egg-
shaped, downy, as long as the glume, opaque,
short. The beak is blunt, entire. The nut is
stalkless, inversely egg-shaped, 3-sided, pale, with
no terminal disk. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flower-
ing in May to June, and isa herbaceous perennial.

Carex frigida, Sadl. non All. (= C. Sadleri,
Linton = C. alpina, Drej.).—The habitat of this
species is wet turf, wet places on Scotch moun-
tains. The habit is the usual sedge habit. The
stem is smooth, triangular. The leaves are broad,
at first parallel-sided. The bracts are sheathing,
leafy. The glumes are dark-brown, acute, cylin-
drical, long-stalked. The fertile spikes are spindle-
shaped, the upper stalkless, the lower drooping
at length, long-stalked. There are 1-2 male
spikes. The fruit is smooth, lance-shaped, 3-
sided, narrowed into a short beak, divided into
two. The nut is egg-shaped, 3-angled. The
plant is 1-14 ft. in height, flowering in August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

BRITISH FLORA

Yellow Sedge (Carex flava, L.).—This is a
native plant, found in heaths, bogs, marshes, and
wet places. The Yellow Sedge has the usual
sedge habit. The rootstock is tufted. There are
no stolons. The stems are curved, with acute
angles, smooth, 3-angled. The leaves are broad,
flat, mainly radical, bent-back, not so long as the
stem. The sheaths are short. The bracts are
leafy, long. The fertile spikelets are roundish
ovate, close. The male are spindle-shaped, the
female spreading. The fruit is ovate, ribbed,
smooth, inflated, spreading, larger than the glumes.
The beak is long, bent downwards. The nut is
inversely ovoid, short, 3-angled, with acute angles,
olive-brown. The plant is 3-18 in. high, flower-
ing between May and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Carex Gderi, Retz.—The habitat of this species
is bogs, lake margins, and wet places. The plant
has the sedge habit. The plant is smaller than
the last, and the beak is rough and more straight.
The stem is 3-angled, smooth. The fertile spikes
are roundish to ovate, close, the lowest having an
included stalk. The bracts are leafy with a short
sheath. The glumes are blunt-pointed. The fruit
is sub-globose, inflated, ribbed, smooth, suddenly
narrowed into an erect or bent-down beak, narrow
and rough at the margin. The nut is inversely
ovoid, 3-angled, dotted. The plant is 2-4 in. high,
flowering between May and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Heath Bentgrass (Agrostis setacea, Curt.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry heaths, and downs in
the S.W. The plant has the grass habit. The
stem is rigid, rough. The leaves are numerous,
short, erect, rigid, bristle-like, with rolled-back
margins, roughish, bluish-green. The sheaths

are rough. The ligule is oblong, acute. The
panicle is oblong, close, with short rough branches,
and stalks. The glumes are unequal, acute. The
empty glumes are rough, nearly awned. The

flowering glume has a longer twisted awn, and
two tufts of hairs at the base. The palea is very
small, The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Vernal Hair Grass (Aira precox, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry sandy places, pas-
tures, &c., and heathy places. The plant has the
grass habit. The leaves are narrow, green, with
hairless sheaths. The panicle is close, oval,
oblong, spike-like, blunt, narrowed, with short
branches. The spikelets are 1-2 on each branch,
hardly rounded below, narrow. The flowering
glume has the tip divided into 2 nearly to the
base, short, the awn from near the base of the
palea, from below the middle. The plant is
1-6 in. high, flowering early (hence precox) from
April to July, and is a herbaceous annual.
Shining Oat Grass (Avena pratensis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is dry grassy places,
moors and dry pastures, and mountainous places.
The habit is the grass habit. The stem is erect,

HEATHS AND MOORS

roughish above, bent below. The root is fibrous,
stoloniferous. The leaves are short, rough, with
raised ribs, bluish-green, smooth, narrow, acute,
flat or with inrolled margin. The lower sheaths
are more or less smooth. The culm is smooth,
The panicle is racemose, narrowed after flower-
ing, usually simple, or with only one spikelet.
The spikelets are pale, shining. The flowers are
erect, 3-6, and exceed the glumes. The flowering
glume is rough. The flower-stalk is silky. The
awn is slightly bent, as long as the glume.
plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Downy Oat Grass (Avena pubescens, Huds.).
—The habitat of this grass is dry pastures, chalky
and limestone areas. The plant has the grass
habit. The stems are not so densely tufted as in
the last, and creeping. The leaves are flatter,
short, rounded, behind the tip. The radical leaves
are hairy. The culm is hairy below (hence pu-
bescens). The panicle is erect, simple, the lower
branches divided into five. The 2-3 erect flowers
are longer than the glumes. The outer palea is
jagged. The awns are spreading. The ligule
is acute. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Heath Grass (Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh.).—
This plant is indigenous, and found on dry pas-
tures, and moors, heaths, rough pastures, and dry
places. The plant has the grass habit. The root
is fibrous. The plant is prostrate. The stems are
densely tufted, rigid, smooth, leafy. The leaves
are flat, blunt, leathery, slender, at length inrolled,
hairy below. The sheaths are grooved, the lower
hairy. The ligule is a tuft of hairs. The panicle
is erect, racemose. The spikelets are few, 6-10,
turgid, oval, shining, pale-green, purplish. There
are about 4 flowers extending beyond the glumes,
without awns. The lower palea has 3 points (hence

Triodia, an older generic name), and is 5-ribbed, |

and hairy below. The empty glumes are large,
ovate, acute, with a rough keel, with membranous
margins. The flowering glumesare ovoid, leathery,
bearded below. The plant is 6-12 in. high, and
flowers in July. It is a herbaceous perennial.

The |

167

Blue Moor Grass (Ses/eria cerulea, Ard.).—The
habitat of this plant is calcareous pastures and
hills, the hilly pastures, limestone districts on
rocks, and pastures. The habit is the grass habit.
The root is fibrous. The plant is tufted. The
stems are erect, smooth. The leaves are narrow,
linear, flat, bluish-green above, with a rough tip,
blunt, the upper ones very short. The sheaths
are flattened and split up into fibres. The ligules
are short and fringed with hairs. The panicle is
ovate to oblong, bluish-purple, more or less one-
sided. The florets are overlapping. The outer
palea terminates in 4 teeth, the midrib being rough,
ending in a point. There are long linear stigmas.
The anthers are tipped with purple. The plant is
6-18 in. high, and flowers between April and June,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Purple Moor Grass (Molinia cerulea, Moench
= M. varia, Schrank).—The habitat of this grass
is moors, wet moors, and wet heaths. The habit
is the grass habit. The stems are wiry, round in
section, finely furrowed, with a single node below,
above naked. The leaves are flat, long, linear,
narrow, tufted, rigid, hairy below, the tip slender.
There is no ligule. The sheaths are without hairs.
The panicle is erect, long and narrow, stout, with
a wavy rachis and erect branches, purple (hence
cerulea). The spike is 1-3-flowered, narrow,
purple, the empty glumes acute, the lower palea
3-veined, without an awn. The flowering glumes
are deciduous, ovate to lance-shaped. Theanthers
are violet-brown. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height.
It flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Festuca bromoides, L. (= F. scturotdes, Roth).—
This grass grows on dry heaths, often where the
soilis calcareous. The stemis naked below. The
leaves are bristle-like, linear. The upper sheath
is far distant. The panicle is erect to spreading,
contracted, oblong. The spikelets are arranged
one side of the rachis, branched or spiked. The
flowering glumes are awned, the glumes somewhat
unequal. The plant is 4 in. to 2 ft. in height. It
flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous
annual.

FLOWERS OF THE

ROCKS AND WALLS,

SANDY AND GRAVELLY PLACES

[Rupestral plants are essentially plants that grow on shallow soils, or in the clefts and crevices of rocks.

A large number are found in hilly regions, chiefly in

the west of England, or in Scotland and Ireland. This

section therefore is to some extent similar to Section VII, but in the latter case the soil is usually less

shallow.
rocks.
Sandy and gravelly places are more akin to walls and

Many of these plants are alpine arctic types; a large number grow on the borders of rills or wet
The flora of a wall is artificial, but many plants have adopted this habit, being native on rocks.

rocks than fields or hills and dry places, and some plants

are therefore included here that might be placed in either of the latter.]

ORDER RANUNCULACEA

Thalictrum Kochit, Fr.—This plant was formerly
regarded as a variety of 7. minus. It is a local
species. The habitat is wet rocks. The plant has
spreading stipules with horizontal auricles. The
stem is leafy below, tall. The leaf-stalks have
spreading branches. The achenes are egg-shaped.
The stem is 2-4 ft. high, and this Meadow Rue
flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Globe-flower (7 7vollius europaeus, L.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is subalpine damp mountain pas-
tures, stream-sides, damp meadows, mountain
waterfalls, wet rocks on mountains, copses. The
habit is erect. The rootstock is short, crowned
with rigid fibres. The stem is hairless, simple,
leafy. The radical leaves are stalked, nearly
round, divided into 5 lobes radiating from the
centre, the lobes rhomboidal, wedge-shaped,
divided, lobes cut, toothed, the stem-leaves stalk-
less, not so large. The flowers are globular
(hence Globe-flower), bright-yellow. The 10 petals
are ligulate, oblong, as long as the stamens. The
sepals are 10-15, golden-yellow, round, hollow,
forming a globe. The stamens are short. The
follicles are transversely wrinkled, keeled, beaked.
The seeds are 3-angled, shining, smooth, black,
and dotted. The plant is 1-23 ft. high, flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PAPAVERACE

Yellow Welsh Poppy (MJeconopsis cambrica,
Vig.).—The habitat of this Poppy is moist glens,
damp rocky places, shady spots. The plant has
the rosette habit. There are no hairs on the stem
or leaves. There is a stout, thick, branched and
tufted rootstock. The roots are thick. The stem
is woolly at the base, many-flowered. The leaves
are pinnate, with segments deeply divided nearly
to the base, distinct or decurrent, and are long-
stalked, bluish-green below. The flowers are

yellow, large, borne on long stalks. The sepals
are hairy. The petals are rounded. The style is
short, the stigma pin-headed, with 4-6 rays. The
capsule is 4-6 valved, ribbed, smooth, elliptic to
oblong, beaked. The seeds are black or brown,
netted. The plant is 1-2 feet high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CRUCIFERE

Alpine Rock Cress (Arabis alpina, L.).—This
plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock is
stoloniferous. The barren shoots are prostrate.
The stem is smooth or hairy. The hairs on the
leaves are 3-4-forked. The radical leaves are
oblong, blunt, stalkless, or narrowed into the
leaf-stalk, which is short and winged. The stem-
leaves are lance-shaped, oblong, auricled, spread-
ing, with irregular teeth, and some secondary
teeth. The outer sepals are gibbous below. The
flowers are white, the petals large, twice as long
as the sepals. The pods are spreading or curved
upwards, broad, blunt. The seeds are round to
oval, with a narrow membranous wing. The plant
is 4-9 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Rock Cress (Avabis petrea, Lam.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is alps, moist rocks. The plant
has the rosette habit. The stem is erect or prostr-
ate, smooth, hairy, branched below. The leaves
are stalked, the radical leaves lyrate, or deeply
divided nearly to the base, long-stalked, oblong
to ovate, the stem-leaves nearly entire. The seg-
ments are short. The leaves are smooth, or have
forked hairs. The flowers are large, white or
purplish, in a corymb. The petals have a broad
claw, and are spreading. The pods are spreading,
with 3-nerved valves, slender, straight. The
seeds are oblong, with a terminal, straight, in-
distinct wing. The plant is 3-8 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Bristol Rock Cress (Avabis stricta, Huds. = A.
scabra, All.).—The habitat of this plant is cal-
168

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

careous rocks, limestone cliffs. The plant has the
rosette habit. The plant bears stiff hairs below.
The stems are erect or ascending. The radical
leaves are more or less narrowed into a stalk,
small, blunt, deep-green, fringed with forked and
simple hairs, lobed or toothed, the lobes oblong
or triangular. The stem-leaves are few, stalkless,
half-clasping. The flowers are white or cream-
colour, rather large. The petals are narrow,
wedge-shaped, nearly erect. The style is short.
The pods are few, distant, nearly erect, or spread-
ing, straight, three to six times as long as the
stalks. The valves are 1-nerved. The seeds are
oblong, winged at the tip. The plant is 4-9 in.
high, flowering in April and May, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Fringed Rock Cress (Aradis ciliata, Br.).—The
habitat of this plant is walls, banks, rocky sea-
shores in Ireland. It is a local species. The plant
has the rosette habit. The plant is smooth or
fringed with hairs. The stem is erect. The
leaves are inversely ovate, smooth or hairy, or
fringed with hairs, toothed, nearly stalkless. The
stem-leaves are stalkless, rounded below, elliptic.
The flowers are white. The pods are few, broad,
erect, straight. The seeds are not winged, and
are close. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Tower Mustard (A7abis glabra, Bernh. = Tur-
ritis glabra, L.=A. perfoliata, Lam.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is dry banks, cliffs, dry rocky
places S. of Perth, and Ireland (Antrim). The
habit is erect. The stem is straight. The plant
is nearly smooth, or with few spreading hairs,
bluish-green. The radical leaves are stalked, in-
versely ovate, lobed, hairy, soon withering. The
stem-leaves are clasping, entire, auricled, smooth.
The flowers are pale-yellow, the petals erect.
The style is short. The pods are numerous,
crowded, slender, erect, on slender stalks. The
seeds are in 2 rows, very small, oblong, angled.
The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering in May to
July, and is a herbaceous biennial.

Tower Cress (4rabis Turrita, L.).—This plant
has been found on walls at Oxford, Cambridge,
and is naturalized on castle walls, Cleish, Kinross,
&c. It was first noticed in the vicinity of botanic
gardens, from which it was originally doubtless an
escape. The habit is erect. The plant is stellately
downy. The stems are robust, leafy. The radical
leaves are stalked, entire, on the barren branches
of the rootstock. They are entire, stellately hairy,
toothed, elliptic, narrowed into a stalk, the stem-
leaves heart-shaped, clasping, long, narrow. The
flowers are pale-yellow, and bear bracts. The
petals are inversely ovate, lance-shaped, spread-
ing. The pods are flat, with a thick margin,
bent-back on the erect stalk, with no central vein,
but numerous, marked, netted veins running longi-
tudinally, large, long, on one side of the stalk,
with thick valves. The seeds are oblong, with
a membranous wing. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Yellow Whitlow Grass (Draba aizoides, L.).—

169

The habitat of this plant is rocks and walls. The
plant has the rosette or cushion habit, being
densely tufted. The leaves are all radical, the
aerial stems being smooth scapes. The leaves
are linear, rigid, fringed with hairs, shining,
keeled, the margins and tip white, cartilaginous.
The scape is rigid. The flowers are golden or
bright yellow at first, then white, in short racemes,
elongated in fruit. The petals are scarcely
notched. The stamens are as long as the petals.
The style is as long as the pouch is broad. The
pods are oblong, smooth, acute. There are 10-12
seeds in each cell. The plant is 2-5 in. high,
flowering from March to May, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Highland Whitlow Grass (Draba rupestris,
Br.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine, moun-
tain rocks. The plant has the rosette habit. The
rootstock is slender. The stem or scape bears few
leaves, and is very short, branched, each stem
bearing a dense tuft of leaves and 1-3 short
scapes. The radical leaves are stellately downy,
oblong, lance-shaped, flat, nearly entire, tufted,
toothed, fringed with hairs. The scapes are 1-3,
slender, wavy, the leaves stalkless, stellately
downy. The flowers are white, few, small. The
petals are slightly notched. The stamens are not
so long as the petals. The style is short. The
pods are small, straight, oval, oblong, blunt,
hairy, on straight stalks, which are erect to
spreading. The plant is 1-2 in. high, flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Twisted Pod Whitlow Grass (Draba incana,
L.).—The habitat of this species is alpine moun-
tain rocks and sea-coasts (sand-hills). The habit
is the rosette habit. The stems are erect, stel-
lately hairy, simple or branched. The rootstock
is often woody and long. The radical leaves are
lance-shaped, oblong, toothed, spreading, forming
a dense rosette, stellately downy. The stem-
leaves are few, clasping, more or less erect. The
flowers are numerous, white, in a long raceme, on
short stalks. The petals are twice as long as the
calyx. The style is short. The pods are linear,
oblong, lance-shaped, twisted, longer than the
stalks, which are erect to spreading, smooth or
nearly so, blunt or acute, variable. The seeds
are numerous. The plant is 2-20 in. high, flower-
ing in June and July, and is a _ herbaceous
perennial.

Small Whitlow Grass (Draba muralis, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is limestone rocks and
walls, hills. The habit is the rosette habit. The
rootstock is slender. Thestems are slender, wavy,
leafy, branched, more or less erect or prostrate,
stellately hairy. The radical leaves are narrowed
below, small, inversely ovate. The stem-leaves
are broadly ovate, heart-shaped, blunt, coarsely
toothed, few, distant, clasping, hairy. The
flowers are white, on spreading horizontal stalks,
in short racemes, longer in fruit. The petals are
not notched, and are very small. The pods are
smooth, flat, blunt, linear to oblong, horizontal,
the stalks longer. There is no style. The seeds
are very small, 10-12. The plant is 4-12 in. high,

170

flowering in April and May, and is a herbaceous
annual or biennial,

Whitlow Grass (Lrophila precox, Stev. = £.
brachycarpa (Ord.), D.C.).—The habitat of this
species is walls and dry places. From £. verna
it differs in the flattened pods, which are inversely
ovate to oblong, rounded, one to one-and-a-half
times as long as broad. The cells contain 12-20
seeds. The flowers are white. The plant is 1-4 in.
high, flowering from’ March to June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Erophila inflata, Wats., Hook. fil.-—The habi-
tat of this plant is mountain rocks, and the plant
is rare. The pods are turgid, round in section,
ovoid to oblong, twice as long as broad, and the
cells contain 20-40 seeds. The flowers are white.
The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering from March to
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

E. virescens, Jord.—In this plant the hairs are
all or nearly all simple. The stem is slender, sub-
erect, flexuose, short. The leaves are more or less
narrow lance-shaped, oblong or ovate. The sepals
are clear-green, the silicles 4 x 2 cm., the style
longer, the plant 6-7 cm.

Thale Cress (Sisymbrium Thalianum, J. Gray
= Arabis Thaliana, L.).—The habitat of this plant
is dry soils, hedgebanks, cultivated ground, walls,
&c. It is a native of wood borders, stream banks,
rocks, and woods. The plant has the rosette
habit. The stems are slender, leafless or nearly
so, much-branched. The leaves are mainly radi-
cal, entire, toothed, downy, oblong, lance-shaped,
stalked, the stem-leaves narrow, stalkless, entire
or toothed. The flowers are small, white, on
slender, spreading stalks. The pods are spread-
ing or ascending, slender, curved, bluntly 4-angled,
linear, twice as long as the stalks, not convex
dorsally, the lateral longitudinal veins obscure.
The seeds are very small, oblong, not furrowed.
The plant is 6 in. to 1 ft. high, flowering from
May to September, and is a herbaceous annual.

Wall Rocket (Diflotaxis muralis, D.C.).—The
habitat of this plant is waste places, limestone
rocks, and walls. The plant has the rosette habit.
The stem is simple, leafless, hairy. The leaves
are hairless, long-stalked, wavy or divided nearly
to the base, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, blunt.
The scapes are slender, ascending. The flowers
are yellow, on stalks of the same length, the
petals 2-3 times as long as the sepals, inversely
egg-shaped, notched or abrupt, roundish, with
a short claw. The style is not narrowed below,
stout, straight. The pods are slender, narrowed
at the top only, the valves flat, nerveless. The
seeds are in two rows (hence Diflotaxis). The
plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering between June
and September, and is a herbaceous annual or
biennial.

Narrow-leaved Pepper Cress (Zepidium ruder-
ale, L.).—The habitat of this plant is waste places,
chiefly near the sea, and it is scarcely wild except
along the coast. The habit is erect or prostrate.
The plant is smooth or slightly downy. The radical
leaves, which soon wither, are much divided, bipin-
natifid, with narrow lobes. The upper stem-leaves

BRITISH FLORA

are linear, entire. The flowers are in terminal
and lateral corymbs, small, white, sometimes apet-
alous. There are 2 stamens. ‘The style is short.
The pods are oval, narrowed at the end, flat, with
a wing, the valves keeled. The seeds are flattened.
The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Perfoliate Penny Cress (7 //aspi perfoliatum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is calcareous places,
on limestone. The habit is erect. The stems are
branched above, forming a panicle. The branches
are ascending, wavy. The stem-leaves are deeply
heart-shaped, oblong, with auricles which meet
together, and smooth, bluish-green. The radical
leaves are spoon-shaped, stalked. The flowers
are white, in a raceme or corymb, longer in
fruit. The style is very short, included within
the notch. The pods are small, inversely heart-
shaped, horizontal, like the stalks, the valves
broadly winged above, turgid, the marginal nerve
short. The seeds are 4-6 in a cell, pale, smooth.
The plant is 3-8 in. high, flowering in April and
May, and is a herbaceous annual.

Alpine Penny Cress (Zh/aspi alpestre, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is mountain pastures,
stony places. The habit is erect. The radical
leaves are long-stalked, inversely ovate, entire.
The stem-leaves are arrow-shaped, narrow, heart-
shaped, smooth, and bluish-green. The flowers
are white, with a rose tinge, small, in racemes.
The style equals the notch. The pods are oblong
to inversely ovate, narrowed below, and are
curved upwards on spreading stalks, the valves
winged above. The marginal nerve is indistinct.
The seeds are reddish-brown, smooth, 4-8 in a
cell. The plant is 4-15 in. high, flowering from
May to October, and is a herbaceous biennial or
perennial.

Thlaspi virens, Jord.—The habitat of this plant
is limestone rocks. It differs from the last in having
nearly entire leaves. The stem-leaves are oblong,
heart-shaped. The flowers are small and white.
The style is longer than the notch. The raceme
is oval or oblong in fruit. The petals are three
times as long as the calyx. The pods are blunt,
notched at the tip, with a point (the style), in-
versely ovate, the notch broad and shallow. The
seeds are 4-5 in each cell. The plant is 6-10 in.
high, flowering from May to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hutchinsia petrea, Br.—The habitat of this
plant is limestone rocks and sand dunes, and
about walls. It was planted by Dillenius on the
wall of Eltham Churchyard in Kent, and in
Mathew Cemetery, York. The habit is prostrate.
The stems are smooth or hairy, slender, leafy,
branched. The radical leaves have spreading
lobes, and are inversely ovate, nearly stalked.
The leaves are deeply divided to the base, the
segments entire, much-branched from the base.
The flowers are in racemes, small, white. The
petals are as large as the sepals. The style is
distinct. The pods are on horizontal stalks, the
raceme loose, long in fruit, the pods blunt both
ends. The seeds are pale. The plant is 2-4 in.

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

high, flowering from March to May, and is a
herbaceous annual.

ORDER POLYGALACE

Polygala amara, L.—The habitat of this plant
is margins of rills and rocky places. The habit
is the rosette habit. The stem is erect. The
radical leaves are spoon-shaped, inversely egg-
shaped, blunt, the upper oblong to lance-shaped,
acute. The flowering stems from the axils of
the rosette are simple and short. The flowers
are bluish-white, in terminal racemes, the inner
sepals oblong, inversely egg-shaped, narrower
and longer than the capsule, the nerves simple,
or slightly branched, free. The lateral bracts are
shorter than the flower-stalks. The capsule is
rounded below, notched. The lobes of the aril
are nearly equal, blunt, half as long as the seed.
The plant is 1-3 in. long, flowering from April to
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Wild Carnation or Clove Pink (Dianthus Caryo-
phyllus, L.).—The habitat of this plant is old walls,
hedges near gardens, old castle walls. The habit
is erect. The plant is smooth, bluish-green, stout,
much-branched, leafy below. The barren stems
are long, prostrate, then ascending, branched.
The leaves are channelled above, bent-back, with
smooth margins, linear. The flowers are pink,
fragrant, in loosely-panicled cymes, solitary. The
bracts are inversely ovate, blunt-pointed, 4-4 the
length of the calyx-tube. The calyx is cylindric,
obscurely ribbed, the teeth not fringed with hairs,
longer than the capsule. The petals are scal-
loped, toothed, inversely ovate, smooth, the teeth
4-4 the length of the blade. The capsule is
ovoid. The seeds are pear-shaped, nearly flat.
The plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Wild Pink (Dianthus plumarius, L.). —This
plant is semi-naturalized, or an escape on old
walls, and a frequent garden plant. The habit
is erect. The plant is tufted and branched. The
barren stems are prostrate, much-branched, root-
ing. The leaves are linear, awl-like, acute, I-
nerved, with rough margins. The flowers are
fragrant, solitary, in loose cymes, rose or pale-
pink, or white, and the lobes of the fringed petals
are as long as the blade. The petals are much-
divided to the middle, digitate, downy, the central
part inversely ovate, entire. The calyx-lobes are
round to ovate, blunt-pointed, four times less than
the tube, fringed with hairs at the margin. The
capsule is longer than the calyx-teeth. The seeds
are flat, rounded, with a point one side. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

English Catchfly (Silene anglica, L.).—This
plant is found in sandy places. The habit is erect.
The plant is clammy. The leaves are lance-
shaped. The flowers are pinkish-white, solitary,
axillary, alternate, small, in terminal racemes.

£71

The petals are divided nearly to the base. The
plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering from July to Sep-
tember, and is a herbaceous annual.

Moss Campion or Cushion Pink (Silene acaulis,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine rocks.
The plant has the cushion habit, and is densely
tufted, branched, bright-green, smooth. The
leaves are close, linear, awl-like, fringed with
hairs below, channelled above, keeled below. The
flowers are rose colour or white, solitary, borne
on long smooth stalks, longer in fruit, or nearly
stalkless, erect. The calyx is tubular, bell-shaped,
smooth, with 1o striz, the teeth oval, blunt, with
membranous borders. The petals are crowned,
slightly notched. The capsule is twice as long
as the calyx, more or less cylindrical, exserted,
with 6 teeth. The plant is 1-3 in. high, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Spanish Campion (Silene Otites, Wibel).—The
habitat of this Campion is sandy and gravelly
places, fields and roadsides, heathy places, and
the plant is considered, with others, to be possibly
a member of a steppe flora. The habit is erect, or
the rosette habit. The stems are simple, sticky
at the base. This may exclude creeping insects
from the flowers. The rootstock is woody and
branched. The radical leaves are lance-shaped
to spoon-shaped, numerous, slender, finely downy.
The stem-leaves are small, linear, erect. The
flowers are small, yellow or greenish-white, in
whorls, in long panicles, with opposite, tufted,
racemose, many-whorled branches. The bracts
are membranous. The flower-stalks are smooth.
The calyx is faintly veined, inversely ovoid, smooth,
the teeth blunt. The petals are linear, without
scales, undivided, not crowned. The stamens and
style project. The capsule is ovoid, and ruptures
the calyx, being stalkless. The plant is 4-18 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Viscid Rock Campion (Zychnis Viscaria, L.).—
The habitat of this species is dry rocks, cliffs, &c.
The plant has more or less the rosette habit. The
rootstock is woody. The stem is sticky at or
below the nodes, smooth between, simple. The
radical leaves are lance-shaped, tufted, stalkless.
The stem-leaves are small, narrow, stalkless.
The leaves are smooth, with a woolly margin
below. The flowers are large, rose colour, in
narrow panicle-like cymes or racemes, whorled,
few. The calyx is purple, membranous, tubular,
with short acute teeth, not inflated. The petals
are notched, crowned, nearly entire, inversely
ovate. The scales are short. The capsule is
s5-celled at first, broadly ovoid, the carpophore
or stalk half the length. The seeds are kidney-
shaped, very small, with sharp points. The plant
is 12-15 in. high, flowering in June and July, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Rock Campion (Lychnis alpina, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is alpine moors and
ravines, mountains. The habit is tufted. The
rootstock is short, much-branched. The stem is
not clammy, simple, hairless. The leaves are

172

crowded, narrow, linear to lance-shaped, smooth,
fringed with hairs at the base. The flowers are
small, in compact cymes, slender, rosy, the petals
2-lobed, hardly crowned, with 2 small tubercles,
the flowers shortly-stalked. The calyx has faint
nerves and rounded teeth, The carpophore is
half the length of the capsule. The capsule is
s5-celled when young, egg-shaped, the stalk half
as long. The seeds are kidney-shaped, very
small, with blunt tubercles. The plant is 3-8 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Umbellate Chickweed (Holosteum umbellatum,
L. ).—The habitat of this plant is walls and thatched
roofs, dry places. The plant has more or less the
rosette habit. The stems are slender, branched
below. The radical leaves are stalked, elliptic to
oblong, acute. The stem-leaves are few, stalk-
less, ovate, linear. The flowers are white or
pinkish-white, 3-8 in an umbel, few, erect, on
downy sticky stalks. The ultimate flower-stalks
are erect in flower, turned back in fruit, then erect
again. The bracts are small, membranous. The
sepals are white, with membranous margins,
blunt. The petals are a little longer than the
sepals. There are frequently 3 stamens and 3
styles. The capsule is twice as long as the sepals.
The plant is 1-5 in. high, flowering in April and
May, and is a herbaceous annual.

Alpine Mouse Ear (Cerastium alpinum, L. = C.
Janatum, Lam.).—The habitat of this plant is
alpine and subalpine rocks. The habit is pros-
trate or ascending. The plant is hairy all round.
The stems are branched below, then simple, long.
The plant has the habit of C. arvense, but broader
leaves, fewer, larger flowers, and a capsule nearly
twice as long as the sepals, on a spreading flower-
stalk. The leaves are ovate-oblong, lance-shaped,
blunt, downy, covered with long, simple, white
hairs. The flowers are white, large, few, in a
forked panicle, not so long as the stalks. The
sepals are blunt, with membranous margins. The
bracts are herbaceous, with more or less mem-
branous margins. The fruit-stalks are obliquely
spreading. The capsule is nearly cylindrical,
curved at the end. The seeds are tubercled, small.
The plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Arctic Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium nigre-
scens, Edm.).—This plant is very rare, occurring
in Unst. The stem is tufted, prostrate, then as-
cending. The leaves are inversely ovate, densely
hairy, dark-green, tinged with purplish-black
(hence nigrescens). The flowers are white, large.
The seeds are wrinkled. The plant is 3-5 in.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium
cerastoides, Britton = C. trigynum, Vill. = C. lap-
ponicum, Cr.).—The habitat of this plant is lofty
alpine and subalpine rills, wet gravelly spots, as
Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis. The habit is prostrate.
The plant is almost devoid of hairs. The stem is
weak, has alternate hairy lines, and is slender,
leafless, branched below. The leaves are small,

BRITISH FLORA

oblong, lance-shaped, elliptic, distant, blunt, light-
green more or less on one side, and sickle-like.
The flowers are white, in cymes of 1-3, terminal.
The bracts are herbaceous, glandular or smooth,
with a broad membranous margin. The sepals
are linear to oblong, spreading, 1-nerved. The
corolla is large, with petals 2-fid. The stalks
are downy. There are 3 styles. The capsule
exceeds the sepals. The plant is 3-6 in. high,
and flowers in July and August, being a herb-
aceous perennial.

Mountain Sandwort (Arenaria hirla, Wormsk.
= A. rubella, Hiern = A. sulcata, Schlecht.).—The
habitat of this plant is rocky tops of Scottish
mountains, as the Breadalbane range, Ben Hope,
&c. The plant has the rosette or cushion habit.
It is looser in habit than the last, yellowish-green
or purple. The stems are densely-tufted, many,
with short hairs (hence izrta). The leaves are limp,
awl-like, crowded, blunt, 3-veined. The flowers are
white, solitary. The flowering shoots are downy,
terminal, with three pairs of leaves. The sepals
are acute, 3-veined, ovate, lance-shaped, with a
membranous margin. The flower-stalks are 1-
flowered. The petals are inversely ovate, lance-
shaped, narrow below, shorter than the calyx.
There are 4 styles. The valves of the capsules
are 3-5. The seeds are rounded. The plant is
1-2 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Bog Sandwort (Arenaria uliginosa, Schleicher
= Minuartia stricta, Hiern). —Bog Sandwort
grows on the banks of rills and calcareous bogs.
The habit is prostrate or ascending. The stems
are loosely tufted, and are ascending, slender,
smooth. The leaves are slender, thread-like, with-
out veins, half-round in section, blunt. The flowers
are white, 1-3, on slender flower-stalks, the sepals
ovate to lance-shaped, acute, when dry 3-veined,
the petals oblong, oval, narrowed below, as long
as the calyx. The capsule is ovoid. The seeds
are kidney-shaped, rough on the disk. The plant
is 2-3 in. high, flowering in June and July, and is
a herbaceous annual.

Ciliate Sandwort (Avenaria ciliata, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is limestone cliffs, bare cal-
careous spots. The habit is prostrate or ascend-
ing. The stems are matted, numerous, much-
branched, rough, long, downy, with short hairs
turned down, when dry angular. The leaves are
oblong to spoon-shaped, fringed with hairs (hence
ciliata), blunt, 1-nerved. The flowers are white,
solitary as a rule, with leaf-like bracts. The
sepals are oblong to lance-shaped, more or less
acute, with membranous borders, with 3 hairy
ribs, shorter than the petals. The petals are
spoon-shaped, ovate, slightly clawed. The capsule
is ovoid, as long as the sepals. The seeds have
no aril. The plant is 1-6 in. high or long, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Arctic Sandwort (Avenaria norvegica, Gunn).—
The habitat of this plant is loose barren gravel on
serpentine hills, stony places. The plant is almost
smooth, with denser, shorter leaves than the last.

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

The habit is prostrate, then ascending. The plant
is not hairy, or sparingly so. The stems are
much-branched, short, angular when dry. The
leaves are spoon-shaped, inversely ovate, fleshy,
not fringed with hairs. The flowers are white,
1-3, terminal. The sepals are ovate, acute, with
3 smooth, faint ribs, not so long as the capsule.
The petals are longer than the calyx, ovate,
shortly-clawed. The flower-stalks have very
short, turned-down hairs. The capsule is oblong,
not narrowed above, and the teeth are erect. The
seeds are dark-brown, tubercled. The plant is
1-4 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Arenaria gothica, Fr.—The habitat of this plant
is bare calcareous places. The habit is prostrate.
The stems are much-branched, spreading, slightly
hairy. The leaves are ovate, lance-shaped, narrow-
pointed, with a slight fringe of hairs below. The
flowers are white, 1-3, terminal. The sepals are
ovate to lance-shaped, smooth, keeled or obscurely
ribbed, not so long as‘the capsule. The petals are
longer than the calyx, with very short hairs, oblong.
The capsule is ovoid, narrowed at the top, and
opens by the turned-back teeth. The seeds are
dark-brown, tubercled. The plant is 1-4 in. high,
flowering from May to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Annual Pearlwort (Sagina apetala, Ard.).—The
habitat of this plant is dry banks, wall-tops, bare
places. The plant has the rosette habit. It is
wiry, slender. The branches are ascending. The
stem is prostrate or ascending. The primary and
lateral shoots are all flowering. The radical leaves
form a rosette, and are fringed with hairs below,
blunt-pointed, linear. The upper part of the stem,
ultimate flower-stalks, and calyx may be glandular,
hairy. The flowers are green, on slender stalks.
The petals are very small, inversely wedge-shaped,
blunt, or absent (hence afetfa/a). The sepals are
hooded, spreading at length in a Maltese Cross,
blunt, longer than the capsule. The flower-stalks
are erect. The central stems lengthen, flower,
and with the branches are erect, and do not root.
The capsule is conical to ovoid, more or less
shield-shaped below, stalked. The plant is 1-10 in.
in height, flowering from May to September, and
is a herbaceous annual.

Alpine Pearlwort (Sagina nivalis, Fr.).—This
species grows in rocky places on Scotch moun-
tains. The habit is tufted. The stems are dense,
smooth. The flowers are white, on erect stalks.
The plant is 1-14 in. high, flowers in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sagina Reuteri, Boiss.—The habitat of this plant
is gravel walks, bare places. The habit is pros-

trate. The stem is much-branched. The flowers
are white. The sepals are usually appressed, the
tips blunt. The flower-stalks are short, densely
glandular. The plant is 1-3 in. high, flowering

from May to August, and is a herbaceous annual.

Mountain Pearlwort (Sagina Linn@i, Presl =
S. saginoides, Dalla Torre).—The habitat of this
plant is Highland alps, Scotch mountains. The
habit is prostrate. The stems are numerous,

173

slightly rooting, the central short and barren,
hairless, with many branches. The leaves are
linear, blunt, pointed, hairless. The petals are
shorter than the sepals, which are closely pressed,
narrow, hairless. The parts of the flower are
in fives. The flower-stalks are long, hairless, the
tips bent down after flowering, then erect. The
styles are not bent back. The capsule is longer
than the calyx, the valves narrowed upwards.
The plant flowers from June to August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Boyd’s Pearlwort (Sagina Boydit, F. B. White).
—This very rare species grows on Scottish moun-
tains. The habit is densely tufted. The leaves
are dark-green, shiny, fleshy, overlapping, bent
back. There are no petals. The parts of the
flower are in 5's. The plant is 1-2 in. high. It
flowers in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sagina scotica, Druce.—The habit is creeping.
The plant grows on Scottish mountains (hence
scotica). The leaves are blunt, shortly pointed.
The flower-stalks are long, smooth. The sepals
are 5, elliptic, blunt. The petals are 5, as long
as, or nearly as long as, the sepals.

ORDER LEGUMINOS

Alpine Mountain Vetch (As/ragalus alpinus,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is lofty Scottish
mountains. The habit is prostrate. The stems
are slender, hairy. The leaves are as long as the
leaf-stalks. The leaflets are elliptic, blunt, 10-12
paired. The stipules are free, ovate, sometimes
connected below. The flowers are white and
purple, in short, close racemes, few, drooping,
or horizontal. The calyx is short. The pods are
oblong, pendulous, 1-celled, covered with black
hairs, the stalk longer than the calyx, and ex-
serted. The seeds are few. The plant is 2-5 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Purple Oxytropis (Oxy/ropis uralensis, D.C.).—
This plant grows on barren soil on Scottish
mountains, on the coast mainly. There is no
stem. The leaves are shorter than the flower-
stalks, silky. The flowers are purple. The plant
is 4-9 in. high. It flowers in June and July, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Alpine Cinquefoil (Pofentilla Salishurgensis,
Haenke = P. alpestris, Hall, fil = P. Crantzii,
Beck. = P. maculata = P. rubens, Vill. = P. villosa,
Zimm. =P. aurea, 1.K.).—The habitat of this plant
is rocky alpine ledges, mountains, alpine pastures.
The habit is ascending. The plant is related to
P. verna, of which it may be a large form, with
larger, less blunt leaflets, and larger flowers,
sometimes spotted. The radical leaves are 5-
lobed. The leaflets are inversely ovate, or wedge-
shaped, deeply scalloped or toothed above the
middle, the teeth unequal, 4 on each side, green
below, hairy. The stipules are ovate. The flowers
are several, yellow, with orange spots. The outer

174

sepals are blunt, oblong, the inner twice as broad,
ovate, acute. The achenes are smooth, hairless.
The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

White Welsh Cinquefoil (Pofentilla rupestris,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is calcareous rocks.
The habit is erect. The plant is hairy below.
The stems are repeatedly forked, branched above.
The leaves are pinnate. The radical leaves have
5 leaflets, and are stalked, unequal at the base,
those on the stem are few, trifoliate, nearly stalk-
less, and they are round or oblong or obliquely
inversely ovate, wedge-shaped below, irregularly
toothed or scalloped. The flowering shoots are
annual. The flowers are white. The achenes
are smooth, hairless. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Shrubby Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is rocky banks by rivers,
and calcareous rocky places. The plant has the
undershrub habit. The plant is silky, much
branched, leafy, ine bark flaking. The leaves are
oblong, lance-shaped, with lobes each side of a
common stalk. The leaflets are 5, oblong, lance-
shaped, entire, with rolled-back margins. The
stipules are entire. The flowers are large, golden-
yellow, in terminal corymbose cymes. The bract-
eoles are lance-shaped, longer than the egg-
shaped calyx-segments. The plant is 2-4 ft. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a perennial
shrub.

Sibbaldia (Potentilla Sibbaldi, Hall, f. = Szb-
baldia procumbens, Clairv.).—The habitat of this
species is Scotch mountains, dry summits, andstony
places. The habit is prostrate, then ascending.
The plant is hairy and bluish-green. The root-
stock is woody, flattened, the branches leafy above.
The leaves are downy both sides, trifoliate, the
leaflets are wedge-shaped, with 3 teeth at the
blunt end, inversely egg-shaped. The flowering
stems are in the axils, leafy, ascending. The
flowers are orange-yellow, in a terminal close
cyme. The petals are small, narrow or absent,
lance-shaped. The calyx-segments are lance-
shaped, acute. The bracteoles are linear. The
pistils and stamens (4-10) are variable. The
achenes are hairless. The plant is 2-6 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Alpine Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla alpina, L.).
—The habitat of this species is mountain streams
and rocks. The habit is more or less the rosette
habit. The plant is clothed with soft silky hairs,
except the upper surface of the leaves. The root-
stock is slender and branched. The branches are
ascending above, usually simple, the stem slender,
ascending. The leaves are finger-shaped, toothed,
with 5-7 lobes, separate to the base, oblong, blunt,
on slender stalks, the upper stalkless, rounded to
kidney-shaped. The leaflets are narrow, oblong
to egg-shaped, suddenly long and narrowly
pointed, sharply toothed at the apex. The stipules
are united at the base, cleft. The flowers are
yellowish-green, on short hairy stalks, in inter-

BRITISH FLORA

rupted spikes or small lateral and terminal
corymbs, The achenes are slightly glandular.
The plant is 3-9 in. long, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial,

Pyrus minima, Ley.—The habitat of this plant
is limestone cliffs. It is a native, and abundant
where it occurs, growing up to 1600 ft. Seedlings
are frequently produced. It is a small, spreading
tree or shrub, with many slender branches. The
leaves are linear, oblong, divided slightly to the
base, with 3-4 pairs of lobes, deepest at the
middle or upper part, the lowest one-third or one-
fourth not lobed. The lateral veins are 5-7, form-
ing an acute angle with the midrib, prominent
below and grooved above, the underside having
a grey felt. The flowers are in loose corymbs,
not flat-topped, the petals round, cream-coloured,
the calyx erect and prominent, persistent till the
fruit is ripe. The fruit is small, globose, bright
coral-red, bitter, ripening in August or September.
The plant is 10-20 ft. in height, flowering in May
and June, and is a deciduous tree.

Pyrus pinnatifida, Ehrh. (= P. fennica, Bab.),—
The habitat of this plant is mountains and rocky
glens. It is a rare species. The plant has the
tree habit. The leaves are oblong, toothed, pinnate
below, with 1-4 pairs of free leaflets, the base
running down the stem, and 1-2 pairs of free lobes,
the leaflets and lobes oblong or narrowly elliptic.
The underside is grey-felted. The flowers are
white, in a corymb. The plant is regarded as a
hybrid between P. Aria and P. Aucuparia. It is
tall, flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous
tree.

Cotoneaster microphylla, Wall.—This plant is
now quite naturalized in N. Wales. The plant is
an evergreen shrub, with small, oblong, blunt
leaves, which are downy below, glossy above,
leathery. The berries are scarlet.

Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster vulgaris, Lindl. = C.
integerrima, Med.).—The habitat of the Coton-
easter is limestone cliffs. The plant has the shrub
habit. The stems are erect, with downy branch-
lets. The leaves are round below, broadly elliptic
to oblong, ovate, densely downy below, entire,
smooth above, adapted to cold. They are round
or acute at the apex. The leaf-stalk is very short.
The stipules have a membranous margin. The
flowers are few, pink, in lateral cymes. The
ultimate flower-stalks are short, downy, bent-
down. The bracts are very small. The calyx
is top-shaped, the margins downy, the lobes blunt.
The petals are small, persistent. The styles are
3. The fruit is small, round, shining, red, pendu-
lous. The plant is a perennial shrub, flowering
in May and June.

ORDER SAXIFRAGACE

Opposite-leaved Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositi-
folia, L.).—The habitat of this Saxifrage is alpine
rocks. The plant has the cushion habit. The
stems are tufted, creeping, prostrate then ascend-
ing. The leaves are opposite, small, blunt, thick-
ened at the tip, overlapping in 4 rows, ovate,

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

oblong, fringed with hairs, with stout bristles.
The flowers are purple, terminal, bell-shaped, stalk-
less. The sepals are fringed with hairs, united to
the middle, blunt. The petals are inversely ovate.
The capsule is free, with awl-like, spreading beaks.
The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering from April to
June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Clustered Alpine Saxifrage (Saxifraga nivalis,
L.).— The habitat of this species is Highland Alps,
mountain cliffs, &c. The habit is erect, and the
plant is a rosette plant. The aerial stem is a
scape. The rootstock is small. The plant is
glandular, hairy on the leaf margins, scape,
bracts, and ultimate flower-stalks. The leaves
are radical, rather leathery, broadly spoon-shaped,
scalloped, toothed, narrowed into the leaf-stalk.
The bracts are linear. The flowers are white, in
heads or cymes, densely-clustered. The sepals are
united below, purplish, adnate to the base of the
carpels, the calyx being half-inferior. The petals
are not spotted, and are longer than the calyx.
The beaks of the capsule are spreading. The
plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Starry Saxifrage (Saxifraga stellaris, L.).—
The habitat of this Saxifrage is alpine and subal-
pine rills, damp rocks on mountains. The plant
has the rosette habit, and the stems are tufted,
but the aerial stems are scapes. The rootstock
is branched and small. The plant is hairless, or
has but few hairs. The leaves are rather succu-
lent, fringed with hairs, entire, oblong, lance-
shaped, wedge-shaped, toothed, narrow below,
hardly-stalked. The flowers are few, white, in
a loose cyme or corymb. The scape bears no
leaves. The sepals are lance-shaped. The petals

are clawed, ovate, with two transverse yellow or |

purple spots below. The anthers and pistils are
red. The anther-stalks are awl-like. These serve
as honey-guides. The bracts are linear. The
beaks of the capsule are slender, nearly erect.
The plant is 2-8 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

London Pride or St. Patrick’s Cabbage (Saxz-
Jraga umbrosa, L.).—London Pride is an alien in
Great Britain. The habit is the rosette habit.
The barren shoots are prostrate below. The plant
is hairless or loosely hairy. The leaves are
rounded, inversely ovate, broad, narrowed into
a stout leaf-stalk, coarsely scalloped or toothed,
leathery. The leaf-stalk is glandular, flattened,
broad. The crenatures are cartilaginous. The
flowers are white or pink, in a panicle-like raceme.
The flower-stalks are glandular. The scape is
without leaves. The sepals are reddish. The
anther-stalks are swollen above. The anthers
are red. The beaks of the capsule are spreading.
The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Saxifraga hirsuta, L.—From the last species
this one differs in being more hairy (hence hirsu/a),
and in the sharply-toothed leaves, rounded or
blunt below. It also resembles S. Geum. The
leaves are oval, heart-shaped, blunt, sharply-
toothed, very hairy, leathery, longer than broad.

175

| The leaf-stalks are linear, half-round in section,

with raised edges, tapering upwards. The flowers
are rose-colour, in panicle-like racemes. The
plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Yellow Mountain Saxifrage (Savifraga aiz-
oides, L.).—The habitat of this species is stony
mountain rills, wet places on mountains. The
plant has the rosette or cushion habit. The stems
are prostrate below, tufted, leafy, much-branched,
bright-green. The leaves are linear, oblong, the
lower bent-back, alternate, entire, or with stiff
teeth, crowded below, blunt-pointed, scattered on
the flowering stems, fringed with hairs, flat above,
convex below. The flowers are in a leafy panicle,
yellow, with red spots. The sepals are blunt,
erect, united below the ovary, the teeth inversely
conical. The petals are narrow, distant, not con-
tiguous, inversely ovate to spoon-shaped. The
stalks are glandular. The ovary is depressed,
orange. The capsule is erect to spreading, with
awl-like beaks. The plant is 4-6 in. high, flower-
ing from June to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Alpine Brook Saxifrage (Saxi/raga rivularis,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine wet rocks
and streams on the coldest parts of mountains.
The plant has the rosette or cushion habit. The
stems are prostrate or ascending, tufted, slender,
rooting, succulent, glandular, hairy. The leaves
are radical, kidney-shaped, palmately-lobed, the
lobes entire, rounded, 5-lobed, stalked. The leaf-
stalk is slender, as long as the stems. The upper
leaves are lance-shaped, entire. The flowers are
white, few, stalked, erect. The bracts are leafy,
opposite, usually entire. The calyx is half-inferior,
with acute lobes as long as the tube, hemispherical.
The petals are small, distant, inversely ovate to
oblong. The capsule has short, spreading beaks.
The plant is 1-4 in. high, flowering in Juiy and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage (Saxi/ragacernua,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is schistose rocks.
The plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock
has scaly buds at the top. The plant is glandular,
hairy, leafy. The stems are erect, simple, 1-
flowered. The radical leaves are stalked, kidney-
shaped, the lobes palmate, scalloped-lobed, red-
tinged. The stem-leaves are nearly stalkless,
more or less 3-fid, with scarlet buds in the axils,
deeply lobed. The flowers are replaced by reddish
bulbs, or drooping, bell-shaped, white, and are
rarely found in Britain. The calyx-tube is very
short, inferior, the lobes erect, blunt. The petals
are large, inversely ovate. The plant is 2-4 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Saxifraga cespitosa, L.—The habitat of this very
rare plant is mountains. The plant has the rosette
habit. The plant forms dense tufts. The short
barren shoots are not longer than the flowering.
The plant is clothed with globular, glandular hairs.
The radical leaves are crowded, 3-5 lobed, blunt,
being fringed, wedge-shaped, the base not furrowed.
The flowers are white, 1-5, the calyx-tube longer

176

than broad, half-inferior, the sepals blunt, short,
erect. The ovary is broad, rounded below. The
anthers are long, heart-shaped, with an open
notch. The capsule has spreading beaks. The
plant is 1-4 in. high, flowering in May and June,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Saxifraga grenlandica, L.—The stems of this
species are viscid, close, forming a thick cushion.
The leaves are persistent, deep green. The flowers
are white. The anther-stalks turn purple. The
plant is a herbaceous perennial, flowering in the
summer.

Saxifraga sternbergii, Willd. (= S. hibernica,
Hard.).—The habitat of this species is mountains.
The habit is the rosette habit. The plant is robust.
The stems are hairy. The barren shoots are long.
The leaves are hairy with 3-5 blunt lobes. The
sepals are oblong, ovate, blunt. The plant is
2-8 in. high.

Saxifraga rosacea, Mcench(=S. decipiens, Ehrh.).
—The habitat of this plant is mountains. The
plant has the cushion habit. The leaves are closely
tufted. The barren shoots are long. The plant
is pale-green, The lobes of the leaves are acute,
3-5. The sepals are oblong, lance-shaped, more
or less acute. The plant is 2-4 in. high.

Saxifraga sponhemica, Gmel.(= S. quinguefida,
Haw. =S. hirta, Donn).—The habitat of this plant
is mountains. The plant is rare. The plant has
the rosette or cushion habit. The stems are erect,
glandular, with few linear leaves.
the barren shoots are 3-5 lobed, broad-based,
fringed with linear-acute lobes, few, 5-cleft. The
flowers are white, 2-4. The calyx is half-inferior,
deeply divided. The sepals are awl-like, triangu-
lar. The petals are oblong, 3-veined. The anthers
are half as large as in C. cespitosa. The capsule
is spreading. The plant is in flower in July, is
1-3 in. high, and a herbaceous perennial.

Mossy Saxifrage (Saxifraga hypnoides, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is hilly subalpine rocks
and mountains. The plant has the cushion or
rosette habit. There are buds in the axils of the
barren shoots. The flowering stems are stout or
slender, leafy, the leaves linear, simple, broad or
lobed, erect, the barren shoots long, prostrate,
with the leaves entire or 3-cleft. The plant is
hairless, or glandular hairy. The plant forms
large loose tufts. The leaves are flat or chan-
nelled, entire, linear, acute, the radical leaves 3-5
cleft, the leaf-stalk broad with a flattened margin.
The flowers are white, few or several, bell-shaped.
The sepals are united above the middle. The
calyx-tube is short, inversely conical, the calyx
half-inferior, the sepals spreading, triangular to
awl-like, or egg-shaped, acute. The capsule is
not included in the calyx-tube, the beak nearly
erect, the horns spreading at an obtuse angle.
The plant is 2-12 in. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CRASSULACEZ

Orpine Stone-crop or Roseroot (Sedum Rhodiola,

D.C. =S. roseum, Scop.).—The habitat of this plant | rosette habit.

The leaves of

BRITISH FLORA

is moist alpine and subalpine rocks, and sea cliffs.
The plant has the rosette habit. The rootstock is
thick, cylindrical, fleshy, branched, woody, stout,
perennial, smelling of roses. The stems are annual,
simple, fleshy. The buds are scale-like. The
leaves are bluish-green, fleshy, inversely ovate,
lance-shaped, alternate, oblong, smooth, above
larger and crowded, acute, toothed at the apex.
The flowers are yellow or purple, in compact,
terminal, corymb-like cymes, the parts in fours.
The plant is dicecious. The sepals are narrow.
The petals are linear, smaller, or wanting in
female flowers. The scales are notched. There
are 8 stamens. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flower-
ing from May to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

White Stone-crop (Sedum album, L.).—The
habitat of this species is rocks and walls. The
plant has the cushion habit. The plant is hairless
or slightly glandular. The flowering stems are
curved below, then erect; the barren stems are
purplish, leafy, prostrate, rooting. The leaves
are oblong, blunt, bright-green, alternate, nearly
cylindric, narrow below, flat above, spreading.
The flowers are white, with petals twice as long
as the green sepals, oblong to lance-shaped, in
a much-branched panicle, hairless. The plant is
3-5 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Thick-leaved Stone-crop (Sedum dasyphyllum,
L.).—This plant is not uncommon on old walls
and rocks. The plant has the cushion habit. The
stems are all prostrate, then ascending, the plant
loosely tufted, bluish-green, pink, glandular,downy,
much-branched. The flowering-stems are weak,
wavy, slender. The barren stems are short, with
opposite, rounded or ovoid leaves in a rosette.
The leaves are short, fleshy, thick, gibbous, bluish-
green, equal below, reddish. The flowers are
rose-white, in a small panicle or forked cyme, few,
glandular, downy. The sepals, petals, and carpels
may be in sixes. The sepals are ovate, blunt, as
are the petals, the latter with pink streaks. The
plant is 2-3 in. high, flowering in June and July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Tasteless Mountain Stone-crop (Sedum sex-
angulare, L.).—The habitat of this Stone-crop is
old walls in the E. of England, and the plant is
very rare. The plant has the cushion habit. It
is smooth, with an insipid taste. The stems form
a loose tuft, the barren stems having crowded
leaves in 6 rows, the flowering-stems looser,
spreading or bent back. The leaves are cylindri-
cal, linear, blunt, spreading, spurred below, the
spurs acute, touching the stem. The flowers are
yellow, in a corymb-like cyme, which is smooth
and 3-branched. The flowers are more or less
stalkless. The sepals are lance-shaped, acute,
not gibbous; the petals are lance-shaped, acute.
The plant is 3-6 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Crooked Saxifrage or Large Yellow Saxifrage
(Sedum reflexum, L.).—The habitat of this species
is rocks and housetops, walls. The plant has the
It is like the last, but larger. The

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

leaves are in 6 series, cylindrical, the tips awl-like,
crowded on the flowering shoots, bent back, green,
convex both sides, spurred below, acute, spread-
ing, numerous. The flowers are yellow in nearly
flat-topped cymes, the outer branches bent back
or spreading, stalked. The sepals are ovate,
acute, not gibbous below, the petals lance-shaped,
blunt. The anther-stalks and lateral edges of the
carpels have glandular hairs. The plant is 6-12 in.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Rock Stone-crop (Sedum rupesire, L.).—The
habitat of this species is limestone rocks (hence
rupestre). The plant has the rosette habit. The
barren stems are short, with densely overlapping,
appressed, bluish-green leaves. The plant is
smooth. The stems are stout, loosely tufted,
green or pink-tinged. The flowering stems have
erect, scattered leaves. The leaves are linear,
lance-shaped, flat, spurred below. The flowers
are yellow, in flat-topped scorpioid, corymb-like
cymes. The sepals are oblong, blunt, elliptic.
The petals are lance-shaped, acute. The anthers
are yellow, the stalks smooth, as are the ovaries.
The plant is 6-10 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Small Welsh Stone-crop (Sedu forsterianum,
Sm.).—The habitat of this species is wet rocks,
chiefly in the W. of England. The plant has the
rosette habit. It is more slender than S. rupestre,
of which it has been regarded as a subspecies.
The barren stems are short, erect, with crowded
leaves, which are lance-shaped, bright-, not bluish-
green, spurred below, flattened, forming small
rose-like tufts. The flowers are yellow, in com-
pact, round-topped cymes. The sepals are ovate,
the petals lance-shaped. The anther-stalks and
Ovaries are smooth. The plant is 6-10 in. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER ONAGRACE

Mountain or Chickweed Willow-herb (Zpi/ob-
tum alsinefolium, Vill.).—The habitat of this
species is spongy banks of rills, alpine and sub-
alpine districts. The plant is almost devoid of
hair. The root iscreeping. The stems are tufted,
ascending, with 2-4 lines of down. There are
yellow summer stolons, which are subterranean,
slender, bearing rather round, distant scales, and
scaly budsin autumn. The stems are erect, wavy,
simple, more or less succulent (hence al/sin@/folium),
rooting below. The leaves are opposite as a
rule, ovate to narrow-pointed, with bent-back
teeth, shortly-stalked, smooth, shining, rather
membranous. The flowers are few, large, purple
or rose-colour. The buds are bluish, nodding.
The sepals are linear to oblong. The capsule is
erect, long, long-stalked, nearly smooth. The
seeds are narrow, club-shaped. The plant is
4-12 in. in height. It flowers in July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Willow-herb (Zpilobium alpinum, Huds.
= anagallidifolium, Lam.).—The habitat of this

Willow-herb is mountain rills of the higher moun- |

VoL. VI.

177

tains. The plant has the rosette habit, and is
prostrate below. The plant is small, somewhat
downy. The summer stolons are subterranean,
and form a rosette. The barren stems are short,
with close upper leaves; the flowering stems are
erect, from a short rooting base, with oval or
oblong leaves, blunt, narrow below, not long-
pointed. The stem has raised lines of down,
and is ascending, slender, simple, curved. The
leaves are few, pale-green, short-stalked, the
upper lance-shaped, elliptic, blunt, entire or
toothed, red-tinted, opposite. The buds are blunt,
nodding. The flowers are drooping, pale rose-
purple, the sepals linear to lance-shaped, acute.
The capsule is nearly hairless, the seeds narrow
to inversely egg-shaped, pointed below, with a
blunt point. The plant is 2-9 in. high, flowering
in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFERAE

Rigid Hare’s Ear or Small Hare’s Ear (Bu-
pleurum opacum, Lange = Bupleurum aristatum,
Bartl.).—The habitat of this plant is sandy places
and rocks. The habit is rigid, erect, with simple
or forked stems, which are solid, the leaves sword-
shaped, linear, lance-shaped, finely furrowed. The
lower leaves may be stalked. The flowers are
yellow, the oblong bracts bearing an awn. The
plant is 2-8 in. in height, flowering in June and
July, and is an annual.

Honewort (7rinia vulgaris, D.C. = Apinella
glauca, Carnel = Trinia glauca, Dum. = 7.
glaberrima, Hoftm.).—The habitat of this plant
is dry limestone rocks or hills. The plant is
bluish-green. The rootstock is spindle-shaped,
woody, crowned with remains of last year’s leaves
and leaf-stalks. The stems are erect, branched,
solid, stout, deeply - grooved, with spreading
branches. The leaves are tripinnate, the leaflets
linear and slender, spreading, bluish-green. The
segments and leaf-stalk are very slender. The
plant is dicecious. The flowers are white, minute.
The umbels of the male flowers are flattened,
those of the female irregular, with longer rays.
The bracts are 3-cleft, solitary or absent. The
bracteoles are linear, 2-3. The fruit is ovoid,
with blunt ridges. The carpophore has flat seg-
ments. The styles are slender. The plant is
3-6 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER RUBIACEZ

English Wall Bedstraw (Galium anglicum,
Huds.).—The habitat of this plant is walls and
dry sandy places. The habit is prostrate. The
stems are spreading, branched, slender, brittle.
There are no barren shoots. The leaves are 6
in a whorl, or the lower 4 in a whorl, narrow,
linear, blunt-pointed, bent-back at length, the
margins rough, with forwardly-directed prickles.
The flowers are few, greenish-white, in small,
forked, axillary and terminal cymes, panicled,
with spreading branches, nearly at right angles

89

r7

tothe stalks. The fruit is small, tubercled, black.
The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in June and
July.

Mountain Northern Bedstraw (Galium boreale,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is moist rocks in
mountain districts in North Britain. The habit
is erect. The stems are rigid, tufted, leafy, with
few branches above. The rootstock is creeping.
The plant is smooth to¢downy, black when dry.
The leaves are 4 in a whorl, lance-shaped, smooth,
downy, 3-nerved. The flowers are large, white,
in terminal and axillary, compact, many-flowered,
panicled cymes, the branches more or less erect.
The bracts are ovate. The fruit is covered with
hooked bristles. The fruit-stalks are erect. The
plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VALERIANACE

Spur Valerian (Centranthus ruber, D.C.).—The
habitat of this plant is old walls, cliffs, chalk-pits.
The plant is erect in habit. The rootstock is
woody below. The stem is round in section,
hollow. The radical leaves are lance -shaped,
stalked, the uppertriangular, ovate tolance-shaped,
stalkless, smooth, bluish-green, entire or toothed
at the base. The flowers are red or white, in
long terminal, panicled cymes, dense, arranged
one side, with a slender spur shorter than the
tube, twice as long as the ovary. The fruit is
rough, narrow, ovoid, flattened. The plant is
1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Goldielocks (As/er Linosyris, Bernh. = Linosyris
vulgaris, Cass.).—The habitat of this plant is
limestone rocks, maritime cliffs. The habit is
erect. The plant is smooth, herbaceous. The
stems are woody below, ribbed, simple, wiry,
leafy. The leaves are linear, smooth or rough,
entire, single-ribbed, numerous, dotted, acute,
thick, narrowed from the base to the middle.
The flowerheads are yellow, in terminal, corym-
bose heads, dense, and hemispherical. The
flower-stalk bears bracts, and is slender. The

involucre is loose, gummy, downy. The phyl-
laries are awl-like, shorter than the flowers. The
achenes have reddish pappus in 2 rows. The

plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from August to
October, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Fleabane (Zrigeron alpinus, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is alpine rocks, highland
mountains. The plant is erect in habit. The
rootstock is short. The plant is hairy. The aerial
stems are scapes. The leaves are mainly radical,
oblong, lance-shaped, narrowed below, spreading.
The stem-leaves are few, linear to oblong. The
scapes bear 1 or more heads, and are solitary or
few. The flowerheads are solitary, with a yellow
disk and light purple ray, borne on stout flower-
stalks. The ray-florets are numerous, twice as
long as the disk, with a very slender ligule, longer

BRITISH FLORA

than the pappus. The inner female florets are
tubular, numerous, slender. The involucre is hairy.
The phyllaries are villous, awl-like to lance-shaped.
The pappus is reddish. The plant is 6-8 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial. ’

Alpine Cudweed (Gnaphalium norvegicum,
Gunn.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine rocks
and highland mountains. The habit is nearly
erect. The stems are simple. The leaves are
lance-shaped, broader than in the last, woolly
both sides. The stem-leaves are blunt-pointed,
broad, the floral leaves suddenly smaller, those
in the middle of the stem broadest. The flower-
heads are in short, close, terminal, nearly stalkless,
leafy spikes, longer in proportion to the involucre.
The phyllaries are blackish-brown. The fruit is
longer, the pappus white. The plant is 6-10 in.
in height, and flowers from July to September,
being a herbaceous perennial.

Dwarf Alpine Cudweed (Gnaphalium supinum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine and sub-
alpine rocks, highland mountains. The plant is
prostrate in habit. The plant is tufted, leafy,
with cottony, appressed wool. The roots are dark-
brown, fibrous. The mainly radical leaves are
linear, lance-shaped, downy both sides. The
scapes are erect, with few linear leaves, downy
both sides. The flowerheads are stalkless, few,
1-5, distant, in short terminal spikes or racemes.
The phyllaries have a membraneous margin, and
are brown above, woolly, the outer blunt, the
inner acute. The achenes are downy, with white
pappus. The plant is 1-4 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Irish Inula (Znu/a salicina, L.).—The habitat of
this plant is damp rocky places. The plant is
exceedingly rare. The habit is erect. The stem
is leafy, softly downy. The leaves are linear to
oblong, tuberculate, toothed, fringed with hairs,
rigid. The lower leaves are inversely ovate to
lance-shaped, smooth above, slightly hairy below,
the veins netted with crisped hairs. The stem-
leaves are half-clasping, glossy, rough, the margin
turned back. The flowerheads are solitary, or
3-5 in a corymb, with yellow florets. The involu-
cral bracts are linear to oblong, fringed with hairs,
the outer leafy ones turned back. The ligules are
slender. The pappus is dirty white. The fruit is
smooth. The plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Oxford Ragwort (Senecio sgualidus, L.).—This
plant grows on walls, where it is on the increase,
and on railway banks, roadsides, and waste
ground. The habit is erect. The plant is smooth.
The stems are short, stout, leafy, wavy, much-
branched. The leaves are stalkless, deeply-
divided nearly to the base, or lyrate, the segments
linear, oblong, long or short, distant, irregular,
toothed, smooth, the upper auricled, and _half-
clasping. The flowerheads are yellow, broad, in
a loose corymb, with spreading rays. The involucre
is broadly bell-shaped, smooth, the outer phyl-
laries are few, small, with dark tips. There are
awl-like bracts below the heads. The achenes

ROCKS AND

are hairy, silky, ribbed. The plant is 1-2 ft. high,
flowering from March to September, and is a
herbaceous annual or biennial.

Cnicus tuberosus, Roth.—The habitat of this
plant is meadows in Wilts. It differs from Field
Thistle (C. pratensis) in not being stoloniferous.
The root consists of spindle-shaped tubers. The
leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, an-
other distinction. The lobes are distant, narrow,
2-4-cleft. The flowerheads are 1-3, the involucre
ovoid, depressed below. The plant flowers in
August and September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Melancholy Thistle(Cnicus heterophyllus, Willd. ).
—The habitat of this plant is moist mountains,
subalpine pastures, and rivulets in North Britain.
The habit is creeping, then erect. The plant is
stoloniferous, the rootstock creeping, the roots
fibrous. The stem is cottony, branched, furrowed,
white. The leaves are large, soft, lance-shaped,
irregularly lobed, or entire, toothed, fringed with
hairs, white below, the radical leaves clasping,
stalked, the upper egg-shaped, half-clasping, with
a heart-shaped base. The flowerheads are purple,
few, large, and handsome, not prickly, included
at the base, egg-shaped, blunt, below slightly
downy. The phyllaries are egg-shaped or lance-
shaped, long-pointed, closely pressed, the inner
entire, the outer blunt-pointed. The fruit is small,
smooth, brown, with brown pappus. The plant is
2-4 ft. high, flowering from July to September,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina, D.C.).—
The habitat of this plant is alpine rocks and
cliffs. The plant has the rosette habit. The root-
stock is short, bearing stolons. The stems arestout,
erect, downy or cottony, simple, leafy. The leaves
are oblong, lance-shaped, smooth above, cottony
below, the lower ovate to lance-shaped, the upper
lance-shaped, without stalks, with distant teeth in
each case. The flowerheads are purplish-violet,
with a scent like heliotrope, in small terminal,
dense corymbs, few. The involucre is ovoid or
subcylindrical. Thephyllariesare hairy, appressed,
oblong, blunt, woolly, the inner ones longer. The
florets project. The anthers are purple, with hair-
like appendages. The fruit is brown, smooth,
ribbed, with a dirty-white pappus, the inner
feathery. The plant is 3-15 in. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium Peletertanum, Mer.—The stolons of
this Hawkweed are short and thick, with large
leaves.
lance-shaped, the inner nearly acute. The flower-
stalks are glandular and hairy. The involucre is
large and thick, with long silky dense hair. The
phyllaries are broad, the outer loose, with a long,
narrow point.

Hieracium pratense, Tausch.—The rhizome of
this species is ascending, creeping, stoloniferous.
The stem is hollow, with 1-3 radical leaves below
and black-based hairs, cottony and glandular
above. The dull-green leaves are inversely egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, blunt, toothed, hairy. The

The radical leaves are large, inversely |

WALLS, ETC. 179

panicle is corymbose. The numerous heads are
cylindric, oblong, rounded below. The dark-green
phyllaries are linear, bluntish, woolly, glandular,
and hairy. The smooth ligules are pale-yellow.
The achenes are dark-brown, furrowed, the ridges
scalloped.

Hieracium amplexicaule, L.—This species has
been reduced to a variety of HY. anglicum, Fr.,
and made synonymous with var. decipiens, Syme,
and var. cerinthiforme, Backh. The radical outer
lower leaves wither early. The 2-4 stem-leaves
are clasping, the lower narrowed near the rounded
base. The panicle lacks lower branches.

Hieracium anglicum, Fr.—The habitat of this
species is stream-sides and cliffs in mountainous
districts on basalt and mica-schist. The stem is
robust, hairy or nearly smooth. The radical leaves
are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, narrow below, on
long stalks, acute, entire, toothed below, downy
below, the border softly hairy. The 1-2 stem-
leaves are haif-clasping. The panicle is corym-
bose, branched, with long, arching, ascending
branches and flower-stalks bent inwards. The
flower-stalks are glandular hairy, with little
woolly felt. The 1-5 heads are large, rounded,
enlarged below. The phyllaries are dark, long,
with a narrow long point, narrow below, awl-like,
glandular hairy, with little felted down. The
ligules are light rather lemon-yellow, hairy. The
styles are livid, dark.

Hieracium Langwellense, F.J. Hanb.—The stem
of this species is stout, furrowed, with scattered
white hairs below, with woolly felt and stiff black
hairs. The radical primary leaves are egg-shaped,
soon withering, the latter oblong, blunt, with a
blunt point, and bluntly toothed below. The inner
leaves are narrower, oblong, lance-shaped, narrow
at both ends, acutely toothed below. The 2 stem-
leaves are lance-shaped, toothed, or narrow.
The heads are fairly large, 15, egg-shaped.
The flower-stalks are rather slender, spreading,
curved above, woolly-felted, with stiff hairs. The
phyllaries are bent in, lance-shaped, linear,
blunt, the inner rather acute, woolly-felted, hairy,
glandular. The ligules are yellow, downy-tipped
or smooth. The styles are livid.

Hieracium flocculosum, Backh.—The habitat of
this species is river-banks and rocky places. The
stem is stellately downy, glandular above. The
radical leaves are leathery, inversely egg-shaped,
oval, with fine teeth, narrowed abruptly to the
woolly leaf-stalk. The inner leaves are acute,
narrowed at the base, which is toothed, with
woolly felt both sides. The 1-3 stem-leaves are
half-clasping, the upper narrow, oval, acute. The
panicle is loose, corymbose, the branches forming
araceme. The heads (2-4) are egg-shaped. The
flower-stalks are woolly-felted. The dark-olive
phyllaries are woolly-felted and glandular, and
have a long narrow point and black hairs, the edge
woolly-felted. The tips of the ligules are downy.
The styles are light livid. The pits on the recep-
tacle have the margins cut, toothed, and fringed
with hairs. The plant flowers in July and August,
being a herbaceous perennial 14-2 ft. in height.

180

Hieracium iricum, Fr.—The habitat of this
species is mountainous districts, the margins of
streams, &c. The stem is rigid, stout, and has
scattered, stiff, white hairs below, glands and
hairs above. The radical leaves are oblong, oval,
with fine teeth, narrowed into short leaf-stalks,
with few, stiff, scattered hairs below. The 3-7
stem-leaves are clasping, egg-shaped to lance-
shaped. The panicle iscorymbose. The 4-8 heads
are large, blunt below. The dark phyllaries are
rather blunt, except the inner, with hairs and
glands. The ligules have a fringe of sparse hairs.
The styles are livid. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial, 1-3
ft. high.

Hieracium alpinum, L.—This species occurs on
grassy slopes, ledges of alpine cliffs, exposed
stony knolls on hill summits, on granite, mica-
schist, hornblende, and slate, up to 1000 metres.
The stem has long, soft hairs, woolly felt, and
glands above. The radical leaves are inversely
egg-shaped, spoon-shaped, bent back above,
blunt, narrowed to the leaf-stalk, entire or slightly
toothed, sparingly stiffly hairy above, with bulbous-
based hairs below and on the margins. The stem-
leaf is lance-shaped or strap-shaped, the upper
ones bract-like. The heads are large, rounded
below. The dark phyllaries are broad, the outer
loose, acute, the inner linear, lance-shaped, with
a long, narrow point, the innermost with a bristle-
like point, with hairs and glands. The ligules are
strongly stiffly hairy. The styles are yellow. The
plant is 3-9 in. high, and flowers in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium holosericeum, Backh.—The stem of
this species is shaggy, with white hairs, white
felted, glandular above. The radical leaves are
inversely lance-shaped, blunt, entire, the outer
broader, rounded, with a blunt point above, the
inner rather acute, shaggy, with long, white hairs.
The heads are conical or narrowed below. The
outer phyllaries are loose and broad, blunt, the
inner linear, acute, with dense, long, white hairs.
The ligules are stiffly hairy. The styles are
yellow.

Hieracium eximium, Backh.—The habitat of
this species is lofty mountains, precipitous escarp-
ments, inaccessible crags, on mica-schist and
granite. The plant is green, the stem 1-headed,
woolly - felted, shaggy, glandular. The radical
leaves are yellowish, lance-shaped or inversely so,
acute, narrowed to the leaf-stalk, entire or toothed,
cut, with sharp acute teeth, with blunt points,
hairy both sides. The leaf-stalks are broadly
winged. The stem-leaves are single or absent,
or 2-3, linear, lance-shaped. The solitary heads,
or 2 or more, are rounded, bell-shaped. The
outer phyllaries are loose, short, blunt, the inner
linear, with a long narrow point, or narrow acute,
with shaggy hair and glands. The ligules are
stiffly hairy. The styles are dark-livid or black.
The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium calenduliflorum, Backh.—The habi-
tat of this plant is lofty mountains, grassy slopes,

BRITISH FLORA

and rocky ledges. The plant is dark-green, the
stem is stout, woolly-felted, shaggy, and glandu-
lar. The radical leaves are elliptic, inversely
egg-shaped, blunt, entire, lance-shaped, toothed,
abruptly narrowed to the leaf-stalk, the inner
narrower, acute, with acute teeth below. The
1-2 stem-leaves are usually bract-like. The 1-3
heads (usually 1) are large, rounded below, long-
stalked. The outer phyllaries are lance-shaped,
blunt, loose, the inner linear with a long narrow
point, acute, shaggy. The ligules are stiffly hairy.
The styles are very dark. The pits of the recep-
tacle have raised borders, shortly-toothed, with a
margin of hairs. The plant is 6-14 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium gracilentum, Backh.—The habitat of
this plant is lofty mountains, grassy slopes, and
rocky ledges. It ascends to 1200 metres in Ross,
Banff, Aberdeen, Perth, Inverness, Argyll. The
stem is woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The radical
leaves are bright-green, inversely egg-shaped,
spoon-shaped, round-tipped, narrow below, the
inner narrower, acute, toothed, smooth above,
stiffly hairy below. The stem-leaves are 1-4,
the lowest large, inversely lance-shaped, linear,
acute, toothed, the upper bract-like. The heads,
usually solitary or 2-3, are bell-shaped, rounded
below. The phyllaries are few, broad, dark, the
outer triangular, lance-shaped, the inner with a
narrow long point, the innermost narrow, bristle-
like, hairy, and glandular. The ligules are tipped
with short, stiff hairs. The styles are livid or
greenish-yellow. The plant is 6-10 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieractum petiolatum, Elfstrand.—The habitat
of this plant is lofty mountains. The rhizome is
knotted. The plant is green, with a metallic
coppery lustre on the leaves. The stem is woolly-
felted, hairy, glandular above. The outer radical
leaves are spoon-shaped, the inner inversely lance-
shaped to spoon-shaped, elliptic, narrowed to the
winged leaf-stalk, the margin wavy, nearly entire
or with few small teeth, stiffly hairy below. The
stem-leaf is linear, with 1-2 bract-like leaves above.
The heads, usually solitary, are large, round
below, the flower-stalks woolly-felted, hairy and
glandular. The phyllaries are lance-shaped, awl-
like, the outer and intermediate one blunt or acute,
the inner narrower with a long narrow point, hairy
and glandular. The ligules are yellow, stiffly
hairy. The styles are dark. The plant is 4-7 in.
high, flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Hieracium globosum, Backh. — The habitat of
this plant is mountains, the crevices of shelving
rocks, grassy ledges, on debris below granite
cliffs. The plant is bluish-white or green. The
stem is woolly-felted, glandular, with white hairs
above. The primary radical leaves are rounded
to spoon-shaped, the later ones lance-shaped, egg-
shaped, blunt, the inner acute, narrowed to the
short leaf-stalk, irregularly toothed at the base,
or with large, acute, ascending teeth, stiffly hairy

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

below, the borders fringed with hairs. The stem-
leaves are few or absent, inversely lance-shaped.
The heads are solitary or 2-4, rounded, spherical.
The phyllaries are olive-green, numerous, nar-
rowed, acute, closely pressed, hairy, glandular,
The ligules are yellow, stifly hairy or smooth.
The styles are yellow. The plant is 6-12 in. in
height, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium curvatum, Eltstrand.—The habitat
of this plant is Highland mountains, where it
occurs on granite, mica schist, and hornblende.
The plant is green. The stem is stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted, glandular, especially above. The
radical leaves are bright-green, coarsely toothed,
spoon-shaped, the later elliptic, oblong, rounded
above, narrowed to the leaf-stalk, the inner in-
versely lance-shaped, acute, with acute teeth below,
sparsely hairy both sides. The lower stem-leaves
are lance-shaped, acute, shortly-stalked, with
acute teeth, the upper 2-3, linear, bract-like. The
heads, usually solitary or 2-3, are very dark,
large, rounded below, on long arching stalks,
when branched, woolly-felted, hairy, glandular.
The phyllaries meet together in the bud, the outer
loose, linear, lance-shaped, blunt, the inner with
a long, narrow point, 2-3 innermost awl-like,
shaggy, hairy, scarcely glandular. The ligules
are orange, the teeth fringed with hairs or smooth.
The styles are brownish. The plant is variable in
height, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium Backhousei, F. T. Hanb.—The habi-
tat of this plant is lofty mountains, crevices of
rocky beds and margins of mountain streams,
stony shores of alpine lakes. The stem is dark-
green, wavy, with long, white, spreading hairs,
stellately downy and glandular above. The radi-
cal leaves are erect, deep-green, leathery, glossy,
rounded to spoon-shaped, inversely egg-shaped,
the apex rounded, narrowed to the foot-stalk, the
latter oblong, lance-shaped, the inner lance-shaped,
linear, acute, with acute, ascending, curved teeth
below. There are 1-3 stem-leaves. The lower
are stalkless, narrow, lance-shaped, acute, sharply
toothed, the upper linear, bract-like, the leaves
smooth above, stiffly hairy below, especially on
the margin. The heads are dark, 1-3, rounded
below, the stalks long, straight, woolly-felted,
glandular. The outer phyllaries are linear, loose,
the inner linear, lance-shaped, blunt, the inner-
most narrow, acute, clothed with hair, without
glands. The ligules are yellow, stiffly hairy. The
style is yellow or livid. The pappus is tawny.
The plant is 5-15 in. in height, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium lingulatum, Backh.—The habitat of
this plant is mountain glens, rocky beds of moun-
tain streams, and in their debris, grassy ledges,
exposed cliffs. The plant is green, with a stiffly
hairy, woolly-felted (above hairy), glandular stem.
The radical leaves are deep dull-green, leathery,
with fine teeth, the outer inversely egg-shaped,
rounded above, the inner tongue-shaped (hence
lingulatum), lance-shaped, acute, narrowed,rough,

181

hairy, above and below, and on the border. The
stem-leaves are 2-3, the lower nearly stalkless,
like the lower inner leaves, the upper leaves very
small. The 2-4 heads are rounded below, with
woolly-felted glandular stalks. The phyllaries
extend forwards in bud, and are linear, acute,
greenish-black, oblong, narrow above, hairy,
glandular. The ligules are smooth or fringed
with hairs. The styles are dark, livid. The
plant is 15-24 in. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium senescens, Backh.—The habitat of
this plant is grassy slopes and edges of streams
in mountain districts, in crevices, mountain ledges,
chiefly on mica schist, rarely on granite. The
plant is green, with a stiffly hairy, woolly-felted,
glandular stem. The radical outer leaves are
oval, rounded above, the inner oval, lance-shaped,
blunt or acute, narrowed to the stalk, entire,
toothed, the inner leaves sharply toothed below,
with few stiff hairs. The stem-leaves are 1-2 or
none. The lower are lance-shaped, linear, long,
stalked, the upper bract-like. The 1-4 heads are
egg-shaped, conical below, on long arching
stalks. The phyllaries meet together in the bud,
the outer being narrow, linear, the inner lance-
shaped, linear, acute, the innermost narrowed,
woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The ligules are
yellow, stiffly hairy or smooth. The styles are
yellow. The plant is 15-18 in. in height. It
flowers in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieractum Marshaili, Linton.—The stem of this
plant is erect, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glan-
dular above. The radical leaves are yellowish-
green, the outermost roundly oval, broad, egg-
shaped, toothed or entire, the inner egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, with a long narrow point, with
acute, ascending teeth towards the base, stiffly
hairy below and on the border. The stem-leaf
is solitary, large, stalkless or shortly-stalked, like
the inner radical leaves. The 1-6 heads are large,
dark, rounded below, on long arching, wavy,
woolly-felted, stiffly hairy, glandular stalks. The
dark olive-green phyllaries are broad, the outer
short, loose, the intermediate linear, blunt, acute,
senescent, hairy and glandular. The ligules are
golden, stiffly hairy at the tip. The styles are
broad. The plant is 7-16 in. high, and flowers
in July and August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium chrysanthum, Backh.—The habitat
of this plant is lofty mountains in Scotland, alpine
glens, grassy slopes, ledges, stony margins of
lakes, rocky burns, on granite, mica-schist, and
hornblende. The plant is green, with a stiffly
hairy, glandular, woolly-felted stem branching
from the base. The radical leaves are bright-
green, glossy, the first leaves spoon-shaped, in-
versely egg-shaped, the later oblong, elliptic,
oval, rounded, blunt above, irregularly sharply
toothed below, the inner oblong, lance-shaped,
acute, the teeth long, the base wedge-shaped,
hairy below and on the border. The stem-leaves
are solitary or wanting, stalked, narrow, lance-
shaped, with acute teeth, with a linear bract-like

182

leaf above. The heads are usually 1-3, black,
rounded below. The stalks are short, straight or
wavy, hairy, and glandular. The phyllaries are
long, extending forwards, the outer small, loose,
the inner long, linear, narrowed from a broad
base, acute, bristle-like, senescent, hairy, and
slightly glandular. The ligules are orange-yellow,
the inner fringed with hairs. The styles are yellow,
livid. The plant is 9-15 in. in height, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium sinuans, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is lofty mountain glens, ravines of
mountain streams, moist ledges in the glens. The
stem is hollow, simple or branched, stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted, hairy, and glandular above. The
radical leaves are green to red, the first ones
spoon - shaped, inversely egg-shaped, the later
oblong, rounded, blunt above, the inner narrow to
oblong, lance-shaped, with a long narrow point,
the margin wavy (hence sizwans), the base running
down the stem, with sharp teeth pointing forwards,
stiffly hairy below, the border fringed with hairs.
The stem-leaf is solitary, lance-shaped, acute, or
bract-like, toothed. The 3-7 heads are large, dark,
pitcher-like or bell-shaped, on long, straight,
woolly-felted, glandular, stiffly hairy stalks. The
phyllaries meet together in bud, and are very dark,
the outer short, loose, the inner narrow, linear,
lance-shaped, acute, with a pale margin, senescent,
hairy, and glandular. The ligules are golden,
stiffly hairy, the tips hairless. The styles are very
dark. The plant is 6-15 in. in height, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium nigrescens, Willd. — The habitat of
this plant is lofty mountains. The plant is green,
the stem wavy, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar. The radical leaves are oval, elliptic, blunt,
with a short point, toothed especially towards the
base, narrowed to the foot-stalk, stiffly hairy.
The 1-2 stem-leaves are bract-like. The few heads
are dark, slender, egg-shaped, with a rounded
base. The stalks are stout, spreading, glandular.
The phyllaries are slender, linear, glandular. The
ligules are stiffly hairy. The styles are dark.
The height is 4-6 in. The plant flowers in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium atratum, Fr. f.—The habitat of this
plant is lofty mountains. The stem is simple or
branched, nearly smooth, stellately downy, glandu-
lar. The radical leaves are bright-green above,
stiffly hairy below, broad, elliptic, entire, with a
blunt base, the inner oval, lance-shaped, acute,
Wavy, coarsely irregujarly toothed, the teeth acute,
broad, triangular, ascending, the leaves on long
stalks. The stem-leaf is solitary, stalked, oval,
lance-shaped, acute. The heads are rounded below,
on arching, long, woolly-felted, glandular stalks,
with bracteoles at the base. The very dark-green
phyllaries are blunt, the inner with a pale margin,
awl-like, glandular, hairy, with woolly felt at the
base of the outer. The ligules are yellow, stiffly
hairy, the tips fringed with hairs, smooth in
British specimens. The styles are yellowish-
brown. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

BRITISH FLORA

Hieracium cumbriense, F. J. Hanb.—The habi-
tat of this plant is lofty mountains. The rootstock
is horizontal or bent, woody. The stem is stout,
reddish, rough, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar. The radical leaves are numerous, thick,
yellow, bluish-white, the outer rounded, blunt at
the base, the later egg-shaped, oval, blunt-pointed,
toothed, wedge-shaped at the base, the inner
elliptic, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, narrow, acute,
with 4 large teeth each side, smooth, stiffly hairy,
in the nerves below fringed on the border. The
stem-leaf is solitary, stalked, linear, bract-like.
The panicle is close, with 1-2 racemose, corymbose,
umbelled branches, the upper erect, spreading.
The stalks are straight, woolly-felted, glandular.
The 5-10 heads are large, black, long. The long
phyllaries extend forwards in bud, the outer tri-
angular, acute, the inner long, linear, blunt, the
inner narrower, acute, with pale-green borders,
with woolly felt, except the outermost, and glandu-
lar. The ligules are orange, smooth. The styles
are livid.

Hieracium submurorum, Lindeb.—The habitat
of this plant is lofty mountains. The stem is
usually simple, stout, tall, stiffly hairy, slightly
woolly-felted below, glandular above. The radical
leaves are light-green, thick, broad, the outer
rounded, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, narrowed
below, the middle oval, inversely egg-shaped,
acute, coarsely and sharply toothed below, the
innermost egg-shaped, lance - shaped, acute,
the teeth long, acute. The stem-leaves are
stalked, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute, toothed,
the upper linear, lance-shaped, entire, stiffly
hairy below, fringed with hairs. The panicle is
loose, with 2-3 patent 1-2-headed branches, the
upper arching, woolly-felted, glandular. The q-10
heads are thick, blackish- green, rounded, egg-
shaped, cylindric in bud. The outer phyllaries
are loose, the inner long, lance-shaped, linear,
blunt, the innermost narrowed, acute, with a pale
border, senescent, hairy, and glandular. The
ligules are tipped with hairs. The styles are livid-
black. The plant is 10-18 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Hieracium centripetale, F. J. Hanb.—The habi-
tat of this plant is rocky beds of alpine burns.
The stem is erect, solid, furrowed, wavy, stiffly
hairy below, woolly-felted, glandular above. The
radical leaves form a flat rosette, the earliest being
rounded, egg-shaped, the later narrow, oblong,
the inner lance-shaped, horizontally toothed to-
wards the wedge-shaped base, stiffly hairy below
and on the margins. There is one stem-leaf, the
bract linear, lance-shaped, toothed. The panicle
has long, alternate, arching branches. The 2-12
heads are narrow, bell-shaped, narrow at the
base in bud. The flower-stalks are arching,
woolly-felted, glandular. The phyllaries are long,
narrow, linear, the outer blunt, acute, woolly-felted,
the inner narrow, with a pale margin, senescent,
glandular, hairy. The styles are livid. The
ligules have stiffly hairy tips. The margins of the
receptacle pits are toothed and torn. The plant is

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

14-16 in. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieractum hyparcticum, Almq.—The habitat of
this species is mountainous. The rhizome is long,
woody. The stem is branched, woolly-felted, yel-
lowish-green, the outer leaves oval, elliptic, nearly
entire, with a blunt point, the inner elliptic, egg-
shaped, toothed below, narrowed to the bent-back
stem-leaf, woolly-felted, and hairy beneath and on
the border. The stem-leaf is solitary or absent,
stalkless, narrow, woolly-felted below. The
panicle is cymose, with 2-3 long, arching, spread-
ing branches, the flower-stalks woolly- felted,
glandular, with few stiff hairs. The 2-5 heads
are cylindric in bud, long, narrowed to the flower-
stalk. The phyllaries are deep green, the outer
short, lance-shaped, blunt, the inner narrow, acute,
woolly-felted on the border, senescent, hairy,
glandular. The ligules are yellow, tipped with
stiff hairs. The yellow styles turn dingy. The
plant is 12-20 in. high, flowering in July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium lima, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat of
this species is limestone cliffs. The stem is bluish-
white, woolly-felted, hairy below and glandular
above, branched or simple. The primary radical
leaves are purplish below, egg-shaped, entire,
wedge-shaped, or rounded below, the inner lance-
shaped, oblong, sharply toothed below, narrowed
to the shaggy long leaf-stalk, hairy both sides.
The stem-leaf is stalked, oblong, lance-shaped,
acute, or absent. The panicle is falsely forked,
in a corymb, the branches spreading or erect,
arching. The 3-7 heads have arching, woolly-
felted, glandular stalks. The phyllaries are nar-
rowly long-pointed, with pale margin, hairy,
glandular, woolly-felted, especially on the borders.
The tips of the ligules are smooth. The styles are
yellow. The borders of the receptacle pits are
toothed and fringed with teeth. The plant is
8-14 in. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium Leyi, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat of
this species is mountain cliffs. It is found in eleven
vice - counties — Carnarvon, Merioneth, Brecon,
Yorks, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, &c. The stem
is reddish, stiffly hairy below, glandular above,
rough, furrowed. The primary radical leaves are
small, oval, dark bluish-green, with black spots
or purple, the outer egg-shaped, the inner lance-
shaped, acute, stalked, toothed below, narrowed
to the foot-stalk, stiffly hairy, then smooth. The
stem-leaf is lance-shaped, or may be wanting. The
panicle is a forked corymb, the branches straight,
or curved above. The flower-stalks are woolly-
felted, glandular. The 2-7 heads are large. The
phyllaries extend forwards, the outer linear, loose,
blunt, the inner linear, lance-shaped, narrow, acute,
woolly-felted, hairy, and glandular. The tips of
the ligules are stiffly hairy or downy. The styles
are yellow to livid. The margins of the recep-
tacular alveoli are toothed, cut, and awl-like. The
plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium Schmidtii, Tausch.—The habitat of

183

this plant is rocks and streamsides in mountain-
ous districts. The stem is bluish-green, wavy,
nearly smooth below, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
and glandular above, simple or branched, hollow.
The radical leaves are bluish-green, oval, oblong,
lance-shaped, elliptic, toothed, with long and acute
ascending teeth, the leaf-base wedge-shaped,
stifly hairy below. The stem-leaves are 2, or
absent, stalkless, oblong, lance-shaped, elliptic,
sharply toothed, entire, or bract-like. The panicle
is falsely forked, corymbose, the branches erect
to spreading, in a raceme. The 4-5 heads are
rounded, egg-shaped. The inner phyllaries are
rather acute, woolly-felted at the border, hairy,
glandular. The styles are yellow or livid. The
ligules are fringed with hairs or smooth at the tip.
The receptacle pits are cut and torn at the border.
The plant is 5-12 in. in height, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium lasiophyllum, Koch.—The habitat of
this species.is mountain rocks. The altitude is
450-750 metres. The stem is bluish-green, simple
or branched, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy, glandular
above. The radical leaves are broadly oval,
bluish- green, firm, the outer elliptic, rounded,
narrowed to the foot-stalk, the inner oblong, lance-
shaped, entire, toothed, the innermost with a
long, narrow point, wavy, toothed, with a wedge-
shaped base. The stem-leaf is solitary or absent,
lance-shaped. The panicle is falsely forked, in a
corymb, the branches in a raceme, or divided into
two. The stalks are woolly-felted, glandular,
hairy. The 1-5 heads are rounded, egg-shaped.
The phyllaries are linear, lance-shaped, acute, the
inner with a long, narrow point, wavy, and glan-
dular, woolly-felted. The tips of the ligules are
smooth. The styles are yellow. The plant is
6-16 in. high, flowering from May to August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium rubicundum, F. J. Hanb.—The habi-
tat of this plant is rocks and mountains, on vol-
canic ash, &c. The stem is stout, erect, simple or
branched, reddish, woolly-felted, hairy, glandular
above. The radical leaves are bluish-green, with
purple blotches both sides, broad, lance-shaped,
the outer oval, the inner lance-shaped, egg-
shaped, rounded or wedge-shaped below, toothed,
the innermost acute, coarsely toothed, stiffly
hairy below. The stem-leaf is large (or 1-2),
high on the stem, stalked, egg-shaped, acute,
sharply toothed. The panicle is a loose forked
corymb. The heads are large, showy, egg-
shaped, 3-4. The stalks are woolly-felted, stiffly
hairy, glandular. The phyllaries are lance-shaped,
blunt, the inner narrow, pink-tipped, meeting to-
gether in bud, woolly-felted at the border, hairy,
glandular. The tips of the ligules are smooth,
and the inner are fringed with short hairs. The
styles are yellow or light olive, slightly livid. The
margins of the receptacle pits are toothed, cut,
and awl-like. The plant is 10-20 in. high, flower-
ing in June to August, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Hieracium caledonicum, F. J. Hanb. — The
habitat of this plant is sea cliffs and inland rocky

184

districts. The stem is erect, simple or branched,
stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular above. The
radical leaves are dull or yellowish-green, purplish,
the outer egg-shaped, oblong, rounded, narrow or
wedge-shaped at the base, the inner egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, with long, glandular teeth, or broad,
blunt teeth, stiffly hairy below and on the border.
The stem-leaf is low down, clasping, shortly-
stalked, or stalkless, like the inner basal leaves.
The panicle is loose, corymbose, the lower branches
long, erect to spreading, racemose, divided into
two. The flower-stalks are rather long, woolly-
felted, hairy, glandular. The 3-6 heads are
rounded, egg-shaped. The phyllaries are dark,
blunt, linear, oblong, lance-shaped, narrow below,
the inner with pale margins, narrowed, woolly-
felted, hairy, glandular. The ligules are orange,
smooth. The styles are olive-brown. The pits of
the receptacles are cut, toothed, awl-like. The
plant is 6-14 in. high, flowering from June to
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium nitidum, Backh.—The habitat of this
plant is mountain streams, rocky margins of
alpine streamlets. The plant is dark-green. The
stem is nearly hairless, or with few hairs, woolly-
felted, glandular above. The radical leaves are
dark-green, firm, smooth, shining (hence itidum),
the outer egg-shaped, oval, oblong, blunt, the
inner lance-shaped, acute, narrowed to the stalk,
coarsely-sharply-toothed below, the innermost
narrow, lance-shaped, toothed, stiffly hairy below
and on the margin. The stem-leaf, 1 or none, is
narrow with a long point, toothed. The panicle
is falsely forked, ina corymb. The lower branches
are straight, the upper curved, divided, or single-
headed. The 5-7 heads are egg-shaped, blunt
below. The dark phyllaries are blunt, linear-
lance-shaped, narrow below, the inner long, nar-
row, woolly-felted, the tips smooth, hairy, glandu-
lar. The tips of the ligules are smooth, the inner
stiffly hairy in bud. The styles are yellow. The
plant is 15-24 in. in height, and flowers in July and
August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium carenorum, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is lofty mountains. The stem is
slightly woolly-felted and stiffly hairy, glandular
above. The radical leaves are pale-green, the
basal 6-8. The outermost are oval, rounded,
wedge-shaped below, the inner oval, egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, acute, with acute, ascending, mar-
ginal teeth, stiffly hairy below and on the border.
The stem-leaf is narrow, lance-shaped, acute,
toothed, stalkless, smooth above, woolly-felted
below on the border and mid-rib, fringed with
hairs. The panicle is forked and corymbose. The
flower-stalks are woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
glandular. The 3-7 heads are dark-green, egg-
shaped. The phyllaries are dark-green, the outer
small, linear, blunt, closely pressed, the inner lance-
shaped, narrow, paler with transparent borders,
hairy, glandular. The ligules are stiffly hairy, the
tips hairless. The styles are yellow. The plant is
10-12 in. high, flowering in June and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium argenteum, Fr.—The habitat of this

BRITISH FLORA

plant is mountain districts, rocky places. The
stem is simple or branched, bluish-green, smooth
below, with woolly-felted glands above. The
radical leaves are the same colour, or leaden, pale
bluish-green below. The outer are spoon-shaped,
inversely egg-shaped, the inner strap-shaped,
elliptic, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acute,
toothed, hairy, on long stalks. The 1-3 stem-
leaves are small, narrow, lance-shaped. The
panicle is a loose corymb. The stalks are long,
straight, woolly-felted, glandular. The short
heads are thick. The phyllaries extend forwards,
and are dark, the inner paler below, the outer
blunt, the inner acute, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
glandular. The tips of the ligules are smooth.
The styles are pure yellow.

Hieractum Sommerfeltii, Lindeb.—The habitat
of this plant is mountains, granite hills. The stem
is slender, erect, simple or branched, smooth, or
stiffly hairy below, glandular above. The radical
leavesare horizontal, bluish-green, purple-blotched,
the outer small, oblong, egg-shaped, narrowed to
the foot-stalk, the inner egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
acute, with fine teeth, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted
below. The stem-leaf is bract-like, or if present
lance-shaped, low down. The panicle is a loose,
simple, or falsely-forked corymb, with arching
divided branches. The 2-4 heads are blunt and
cylindric in bud. The flower-stalks are woolly-
felted, hairy, glandular. The phyllaries are
oblong, linear below, lance-shaped, acute, the
inner narrowed, longer than the ligules in bud,
the tips bent back, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
with small glands. The tips of the ligules are
fringed with short hairs. The styles are yellow.
The plant is 8-12 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium hypocheroides, Gibs.—The habitat
of this species is mountains, limestone talus, dry,
exposed rocky ledges. The plant is bluish-green,
the leaves forming a rosette, persistent, broad,
blotched with purple above. The stem is purplish,
stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted, glandular above.
The radical leaves are dull-green, purple-blotched,
round, oval, egg-shaped, heart-shaped, toothed,
with 2-3 teeth below, the innermost egg-shaped,
oblong, lance-shaped, sharply toothed, stiffly
hairy. There are no stem-leaves (or one, narrow,
lance-shaped, toothed, shortly stalked). The
panicle is falsely forked, with divided branches,
straight. The heads are 2-4. The stalks are
woolly-felted, glandular. The broad phyllaries
are rather blunt, the outer triangular lance-shaped,
the inner oblong, linear, narrowed above, the
innermost narrow, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy.
The ligules are smooth. The styles are yellow.
The margins of the pits of the receptacles are
deeply cut. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium cyathis, Ley.—The habitat of this
species is limestone rocks. The stem is stout,
rigid, woolly-felted. The radical leaves are dull-
green, slightly blotched, the outer egg-shaped,
rounded, or wedge-shaped below, the intermediate
oval, narrow, elliptic, toothed, the inner egg-

ROCKS AND

shaped, lance-shaped, acute, toothed, the margins
fringed with hairs. The leaf-stalks are shaggy.
The stem-leaf is linear or absent. The panicle
forms a corymb, with 2-3 lower rigid spreading
Straight branches, the upper close, exceeding the
short-stalked acladium. The flower-stalks are
straight-based, curved above, woolly-felted, hairy,
glandular. The 3-10 heads are rather large, egg-
shaped, angular below. The buds are short, with
loose outer scales. The phyllaries extend out-
wards, the tips at first bent back, cup-like (hence
eyathis), the outer and intermediate lance-shaped,
obtuse, woolly-felted, senescent, the inner acute,
with a pale margin, with white hair and glands.
The ligules are smooth. The styles are yellow.
The plant is 18-24 in. high.

Hieracium britannicum, F. J. Hanb. — The
habitat of this plant is limestone dales and scars.
The stem is branched, finely furrowed, stiffly hairy
below, woolly-felted, glandular above. The radical
leaves are firm, bluish-green, furrowed, smooth
above, hairy below, the outer egg-shaped, oblong,
blunt-based, the inner triangular, acute, toothed,
the innermost narrow, wedge-shaped below. The
stem-leaf is large below, bract-like in the branched
portion. The leaves are stiffly hairy below, fringed
on the borders, with stiff-toothed hairs. The
panicle is a falsely- forked corymb, with long,
straight or divided branches. The 3-10 heads
are blunt, then egg-shaped. The flower-stalks
are long, arching, woolly-felted, hairy, glandular.
The phyllaries extend forwards, and are lance-
shaped, oblong, narrow below, woolly-felted, the
innermost narrow, bristle-like, pale, with purple
tips, bare, the others glandular hairy. The
ligules are hairless. The styles are light livid.
The margins of the pits of the receptacle are cut,
toothed, awl-like. The plant is 12-18 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracitum vagense, Ley.—The habitat of this
plant is riverside rocks. The stem is slender,
drooping, branched or simple, hairy, woolly-
felted, glandular above. The radical leaves are
light glaucous-green, long, egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, acute, toothed, the base narrow or wedge-
shaped, stiffly hairy below. The main veins are
semi-transparent. The stem-leaf is bract-like,
linear, lance-shaped, toothed. The panicle is a
loose corymb, the upper branches arching, exceed-
ing the acladium. The heads are 3-9. The stalks
are woolly-felted, glandular. The phyllaries ex-
tend forwards in bud, and are narrow, long-
pointed, the inner narrow above, hairy, glandular.
The styles are yellow. The tips of the ligules are
smooth. The margins of the receptacle pits are
cut, toothed. The plant is 12-18 in. high, flower-
ing in June, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium Oreades, Fr., var. subglabratum, F.
J. Hanb.—The habitat of this plant is rocks by
the sea. The stem is simple or branched, bluish-
green, purplish, hairy, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The radical outer leaves are elliptic, egg-
shaped, finely toothed or entire, wedge-shaped
below, the inner long, linear, lance-shaped, acute,

WALLS, ETC.

toothed. The 2-4 stem-leaves are large, lance-
shaped, acute, toothed or entire, smaller above,
narrowed to the half-clasping leaf-stalk. The
panicle is a falsely-torked corymb, with racemose
or divided branches. The 2-6 heads are long,
egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted,
glandular. The phyllaries meet together below,
are dark, narrowed to the acute point, the inner
narrowed, all woolly-felted at the edge, glandular.
The tips of the ligule are fringed with hairs. The
styles are yellow. The margins of the receptacle
pits are fringed with teeth. The plant is 2-18 in.
high, flowers in July, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial. '

Hieracium pseudonosmoides, Dah\st.—The habi-
tat of this plant is mountain crags. The stem is
bluish-green, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The earlier radical leaves are small,
roundish, ovate, spoon-shaped, entire or toothed,
the later oblong, lance-shaped, acute, toothed,
narrowed to the winged leaf-stalk, stiffly hairy
below and on the margins. The 2-7 stem-leaves
are smaller upwards, lance-shaped, entire toward
the apex, coarsely toothed toward the base, hairy
both sides, stalkless, or with a winged leaf-stalk.
The panicle is close, with straight branches, arched
above, divided, or in a raceme, exceeding the
acladium. The stalks are bent inwards, woolly-
felted, stiffly hairy, glandular. The 2-7 heads are
rounded, egg-shaped. The phyllaries are linear,
lance-shaped, narrowed above, acute, with a green
border, glandular, woolly-felted. The ligules are
pale-greenish-yellow, not opening, with smooth
tip. The styles are dull-yellow or livid. The
plant is 8-14 in. in height, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium orimeles, W.R. Linton.—The habitat
of this plant is alpine crags. The plant is green,
slightly bluish-green, erect, wiry, purple below,
rough, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular above.
The radical leaves are leathery, egg-shaped, blunt,
entire or toothed, narrowed to the winged leaf-
stalk, hairy, especially on the margins. The 3-4
stem-leaves are half-clasping, narrow, lance-
shaped, acute, toothed. The panicle is a falsely-
forked corymb, the branch low down, the branches
straight, erect, divided, orina raceme. The stalks
are thickened at the tips, woolly -felted, stiffly
hairy, glandular. The 4-6 heads are rounded, blunt.
The phyllaries extend forwards in bud, are dark,
lance-shaped, linear, blunt or acute, the inner have
pale margins and are narrowed above, woolly-
felted, glandular. The ligules are orange, fringed
with hairs. The styles are yellow, hairy. The
margins of the receptacle pits are cut, awl-like.
The piant is 12-16 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium hibernicum, F. J. Hanb.—The habi-
tat of this plant is cliffs and mountains. The stem
is reddish-purple, green above, smooth, simple.
The basal leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped,
blunt, the outer soon withering. The stem-leaves
5-9, are smaller upwards, egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, linear, acute, toothed below, grey-green,

| smooth above, hairy, woclly-felted below. The

185

186

1-3 heads are large and blunt. The stalks bear
bracteoles, and are woolly-felted and glandular.
The outer phyllaries are small, loose, linear, blunt,
woolly-felted at the border, the inner broad, oblong,
linear, blunt, woolly-felted, glandular. The ligules
are smooth. The styles are slightly livid. The
plant is 12-22 in. high, flowering in July, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium buglossoides, Arv. Touv.—This plant
is green. The stem is purplish, stiffly hairy below,
glandular above. The radical leaves are firm,
yellow, bluish-green, broad, large, lance-shaped,
long, narrowed to the long leaf-stalk, the inner
with a few large, triangular, blunt or sharp teeth
below, stiffly hairy. The 2-4 stem-leaves have
leaf-stalks in the case of the lower, and are similar
to the basal leaves, the upper linear, lance-shaped,
toothed, acute. The panicle is 1-2 forked, the
lower branches in a raceme, the upper divided
or single, the stalks are slightly curved, woolly-
felted, glandular. The heads are few or numerous,
rounded, egg-shaped, dark-green. The phyllaries
are narrow, lance-shaped, acute, the inner narrow,
acute, the innermost bristle-like, glandular, woolly-
felted. The ligules are smooth. The styles are
yellow, slightly livid. The margins of the recep-
tacle pits are fringed with teeth. The plant is
14-4 ft. in height, flowering in July, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracitum scoticum, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is mountains and sea cliffs. The
plant is erect, simple or branched, hairy, woolly-
felted. The radical leaves are leathery, purplish,
egg-shaped, lance-shaped, hairy below, and on
the margins smooth above, entire or irregularly
toothed. The stem-leaves are 1-6, large, smaller
upwards, broadly lance-shaped, with a narrow
point, hairy below, nearly, smooth, toothed, the
lower stalked, the upper stalkless, clasping, linear,
entire. The heads, 3-9, are dark, large, rounded
below. The stalks are long, arched, hairy, woolly-
felted, glandular. The outer phyllaries are short,
loose, broad to linear, blunt, the inner oblong, nar-
rowed above, blunt, the innermost narrow, acute,
with a pale margin, woolly-felted, hairy, glandular.
The ligules have hairless tips. The styles are
brown, The margins of the receptacle pits are
elevated, cut, toothed, awl-like. The plant is 1-2
ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium proximum, F.J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is sandy links and cliffs. The stem
is simple or branched, hairy, woolly-felted. The
radical leaves are yellowish-green with pink on the
margins, thick, leathery, rough both sides, the
hairs with bulbous base, stalked, wavy, egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, nearly entire. The stem-
leaves 2-4, smaller upwards, are shortly stalked
or stalkless, lance-shaped, acute, irregularly
toothed. The panicle is simple or compound,
close, in a corymb, with a distant lower branch.
The 3-7 heads are large, rounded, or blunt below.
The stalks are short, arching, woolly-felted, hairy.
The phyllaries are lance-shaped, linear, oblong,
narrowed above, blunt, the inner acute, woolly-

BRITISH FLORA

felted on the borders, hairy, glandular. The tips
of the ligules are smooth or downy. The styles
are olive-brown. The margins of the receptacle
pits are elevated, sharply toothed, the teeth awl-
like or bristle-like. The achenes are dark brown.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium callistophyllum, ¥. J. Hanb.—The
habitat of this species is rocky margins of high
mountain streams. The stem is erect, much
branched, hairy, woolly-felted, glandular above.
The radical leaves are greyish-green or green,
turning purple, the earliest are round to oval, in-
versely egg-shaped, with a blunt base, the inner-
most broad, lance-shaped, acute, toothed, stiffly
hairy. The stem-leaf is stalkless, narrow, acute,
toothed, or may be wanting. The panicle is a
falsely-forked corymb. The branches are bent
inwards, divided or in a raceme. The 2-5 heads
are cylindrical, rounded at the base. The flower-
stalks are woolly-felted, glandular. The phyl-
laries are dark-green, the outer short, blunt, the
inner with pale margins, acute, woolly-felted on the
margins, senescent, hairy, glandular. The ligules
are fringed with hairs at the tip. The styles are
yellow or very light livid. The margins of the re-
ceptacle pits are deeply cut, toothed. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium clovense, Linton.—The habitat of
this species is cliffs, highland mountains. The
stem is reddish, nearly smooth above, woolly-
felted below, the radical leaves are egg-shaped
with a long, narrow point, toothed, the lowest
bent back, hairy both sides with purple blotches,
the stem-leaf is wanting, or lance-shaped, shortly
stalked, entire or toothed. The heads are broad,
in a loose corymb, rounded, egg-shaped. The
stalks are woolly-felted, glandular. The phyl-
laries are dark, extending forwards in bud, the
outer linear, oblong, narrow above, the inner
narrow-pointed, hardly woolly-felted, with a pale
border, hairy, glandular. The styles are yellow.
The ligules are smooth or fringed with hairs. The
margins of the receptacle pits are raised or with
short teeth. The plant is 8-16 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium pachyphylium, Purchas.—The habitat
of this species is rocky cliffs. The stem is reddish,
finely furrowed, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The radical leaves are bluish-
green, the outer oval, egg-shaped, oblong, blunt,
or heart-shaped below, toothed, the inner more
pointed, stiffly hairy, the hairs with bulbous base,
below and on the border, with purple margins.
The stem-leaf is bract-like or absent, or egg-
shaped, long-pointed, toothed low down, stalked.
The panicle isa falsely-forked corymb. The stalks
are straight or ascending, woolly-felted, glandular.
The 3-8 heads are broad, egg-shaped. The phyl-
laries are broad, lance-shaped, linear, blunt, folded
in early bud, woolly-felted at the margin, senes-
cent, the inner narrow above, with many yellow
glandular hairs. The ligules are yellow, smooth
at the tip. The styles are yellow or slightly livid.

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

The margins of the receptacle pits are slightly
raised, toothed. The plant flowers in June.
Hieractum sanguineum,:Ley.—The habitat of
this plant is limestone pavements and rocks. The
stem is furrowed, stiffly hairy or smooth. The radi-
cal leaves are dull-green, blood-red beneath, oval,
oblong, toothed, blunt below, the inner narrower,
long-pointed, wedge-shaped below, inequilateral,
smooth, stiffly hairy on the veins below and on the
border. The stem-leaf is wanting, or solitary,
linear, lance-shaped, stalkless. The lower branches
are nearly erect, the upper ascending and exceed-
ing the acladium. The stalks are woolly-felted,
glandular, with few hairs. The 3-6 heads are
large, round or broad to egg-shaped. The phyl-
laries are bent inwards, but do not meet together
in bud, rather broad, oblong, linear, narrow
above, blunt, the intermediate narrow, acute,

woolly-felted at the edge, hairy, glandular. The
ligules are fringed with few hairs at the tip. The

styles are dull-yellow. The pits of the receptacle
are slightly raised at the border, scarcely toothed.

Hieracium stenolepis, Lindeb.—The habitat of
this plant is mountains and cliffs. The stem is
simple or branched, furrowed, slender, stiffly
hairy, woolly-felted above. The outer radical
leaves are oblong, rounded, blunt, heart-shaped,
the inner oblong, lance-shaped, oval, acute, blunt
or wedge-shaped, arrow-shaped below, toothed
below, the innermost narrower, acute, with a
long point, toothed, running down the leaf-stalk,
bluish-green, woolly-felted below, stiffly hairy on
the border. The stem-leaf low down is stalked,
narrow, linear, lance-shaped, sharply toothed.
The panicle is 1-forked, the branches long and
curved. The stalks are woolly-felted, glandular.
The 4-7 heads are small, narrow, egg-shaped.
The phyllaries are narrow, greenish-black, ex-
tending forwards, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
glandular below. The ligules are hairless. The
styles are yellow. The pits of the receptacle
are cut, toothed. The plant is 6-14 in., flowering
in June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Golden Lungwort (Hieracium silvaticum,
Gouan).—The habitat of this plant is woods and
dry places, rarely on walis, basaltic hills and
limestone rocks, mountain slopes. The stem is
smooth, or stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The radical leaves are thin, membranous,
elliptic, lance-shaped, blunt or heart-shaped,
arrow-shaped below, toothed, the teeth horizontal
or bent back, stiffly hairy on the veins below. The
solitary stem-leaf is broad, linear, acute, toothed.
The panicle is corymbose, the lower branches
erect or spreading, ascending. The upper
branches are close, in an umbel, ascending, ex-
ceeding the acladium. The heads are cylindric,
egg-shaped, medium or small. The stalks are
glandular, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy. The phyl-
laries extend forwards, and are narrow, woolly-
felted, stiffly hairy, glandular.
yellow or golden, smooth above, fringed with
hairs. The styles are livid or yellow. The mar-
gins of the receptacle pits are slightly raised, with
cut teeth, or shortly toothed.

The ligules are |

187

Hieractum aggregatum, Backh.—The habitat of
this species is rocky streams, margins of alpine
streamlets. The stem is erect, reddish, woolly-
felted. The primary radical leaves are round,
the outer egg-shaped, oblong, elliptic, rounded,
pointed at the tip, blunt, narrow below, toothed,
the inner egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute, toothed,
the leaf-base running down the stem, the inner-
most narrow, lance-shaped, acute, stiffly hairy
below. There is no stem-leaf or a small one,
linear or lance-shaped. The panicle is in a sort
of umbel, with 1-2 distant lower, erect, branches,
1-2-headed, the upper branches or stalks aggre-
gate (hence aggrega/um), spreading, ascending or
erect, exceeding the acladium. The stalks are
long, erect, woolly-felted. The 4-10 heads are
dark-green, rounded, egg-shaped. The _phyl-
laries meet together in bud, and are awl-like,
lance-shaped, blunt, the inner linear, lance-shaped,
acute, with a pale border, woolly-felted, hairy,
glandular. *The styles are yellow. The ligules
are smooth. The plant is 12-20 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium oxyodus, W. R. Linton.—The stem
of this plant is slender, furrowed, purplish, stiffly
hairy and woolly-felted. The radical leaves are
dull-green, reddish-purple, the outer small, oval to
oblong, toothed, the inner oblong to lance-shaped,
acute, wedge-shaped below or narrower, toothed
below, stiffly hairy below and on the margins.
The stem-leaves are 1-2, the lower narrow, lance-
shaped, toothed below, narrowed to the winged
leaf-stalk, the upper bract-like. The panicle is
rather narrowed into a sort of umbel, with erect
lower branch, the branches erect, aggregate, in
a sort of umbel. The 4-7 or 20 heads are dark,
cylindric, egg-shaped, running down the stalk.
The stalks are woolly-felted, glandular, hairy.
The phyllaries meet together in bud, the outer
hairy, triangular, lance-shaped, the inner linear,
the innermost narrow, with broad, pale borders,
hairy, glandular. The ligules are stiffly hairy at
the tip. The styles are dull.

Hieracium pellucidum, Lestad.—The radical
leaves of this plant are green with violet mark-
ings, transparent, with pin-holes, the outer
rounded, heart-shaped, blunt, the inner heart-
shaped, egg-shaped, the border finely toothed, the
teeth bent back, the innermost egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, with acute teeth. The stem-leaf is egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, entire or toothed below.
The panicle has one or two distant branches, the
upper close, spreading, bent inwards. The flower-
stalks are woolly-felted, glandular. The heads
are short, thick, with a round base. The phyl-
laries are short, broad, blunt, with a narrow, pale
border, senescent, glandular. The ligules are
yellow or golden, the inner with a fringe of hairs.
The styles are dark or slightly livid.

Hieracium candelabra, W. R. Linton. — The
stem of this plant is stout, purplish, stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted, glandular below and above. The
radical leaves are deep-green, purple-tinged, the
outer heart-shaped to rounded or egg-shaped,

188

blunt, toothed, the basal teeth bent back, the
inner egg-shaped, oval, lance-shaped, shortly,
narrowly pointed, with laciniate teeth at the base,
which is blunt, stiffly hairy. The leaf-stalks are
purple, stiffly hairy. The stem-leaf is stalked,
broadly egg-shaped, heart-shaped, lance-shaped,
acute, sharply toothed at the base. The panicle
is small, with 1-2 lower spreading branches in
a racemose corymb, the upper spreading, arch-
ing, close. The stalksare short, dull-grey, woolly-
felted, glandular. The 5-15 heads are thick,
rather long, egg-shaped below. The phyllaries
are broad, linear, blunt, the inner narrow, acute,
woolly-felted, senescent, glandular. The ligules
are smooth. The styles are livid.

Hieracium variicolor, Dahlst.—The stem of this
plant is purplish, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The radical leaves are broad-
ish, oval, blunt, the base rounded, the inner oval,
egg-shaped, oblong, shortly toothed, the innermost
egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute, the upper sur-
face shining, with brown blotches, stiffly hairy
both sides. The stem-leaf is stalked, egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, with a long, narrow point. The
panicle has erect, spreading lower branches, the
upper close and in a sort of umbel. The stalks
are woolly-felted, glandular. The heads are
short, thick, egg-shaped below. The phyllaries
extend forwards, are awl-like, linear, blunt, senes-
cent, woolly-felted, glandular. The ligules are
light-yellow, strongly fringed with hair. The
styles are livid.

Hieracium ciliatum, Almq.—The habitat of this
plant is among rocks, cliffs, hedgebanks, &c.
The stem is stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The radical leaves are yellow-
ish-green, stiffly hairy below and on the border,
the outer heart-shaped, egg-shaped, and oval, the
inner heart-shaped, oblong, blunt, the innermost
heart-shaped, lance-shaped, wavy, toothed, the
basal teeth bent back, the stalks softly hairy.
The stem-leaf is small, bract-like, or egg-shaped,
oblong to lance-shaped, sharply toothed. The
panicle has distant, lower, suberect branches,
the upper closer, spreading, curved. The flower-
stalks are woolly-felted, glandular. The heads
are dark, cylindric, egg-shaped below. The phyl-
laries extend forwards in bud, and are oblong,
linear, blunt, the inner narrowed, woolly-felted,
senescent, glandular, hairy. The ligules are
fringed with hairs. The styles are yellow or livid.

Hieracium serratifrons, Almq.—This species is
not found in the typical state, but numerous varie-
ties are met with in this country. The stem is
stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted, glandular above.
The radical leaves are like those of H. silvaticum,
the outer abruptly narrowed or heart-shaped
below, the others running down the stalk, toothed,
stiffly hairy below. The stem-leaf is stalked,
linear, or egg-shaped, lance-shaped, acute. The
panicle is more or less composite, umbelled above.
The heads are dark. The phyllaries are rather
broad, shorter, and blunt, or longer and acute,
glandular, hairy, woolly-felted, and senescent.
The styles are yellow or dull.

BRITISH FLORA

fieracium Pictorum, Linton.—The stem of this
plant is smooth, reddish, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The radical leaves are leathery, reddish-
purple, the outer rounded, oblong, broad, egg-
shaped, with a narrow point, with large, acute teeth
below, glandular, glossy above, stiffly hairy on the
strongly-veined under-surface and on the border.
The stem-leaf is absent, or there may be 1-2, egg-
shaped, lance-shaped, linear, with a narrow point,
sharply toothed. The panicle is corymbose, with
2-3 lower, alternate, erect to spreading branches,
the upper close, arching, exceeding the acladium.
The flower-stalks are straight-based, woolly-felted,
glandular. The 3-7 heads are usually large, egg-
shaped. The phyllaries meet together in the bud,
and are few, dark, blunt, narrowed from a broad
base, woolly-felted on the margin, senescent,
glandular, hairy. The styles are yellow, with
dark, livid hairs. The ligules are hairless. The
margins of the receptacle pits are rather raised
and toothed. The plant is 14-2 ft. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium subulatidens, Dahlst.—The stem of
this species is stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
and glandular above. The radical leaves are
bright-green, the outer small, broadly heart-
shaped, egg-shaped, oval, toothed, the inter-
mediate heart-shaped, egg-shaped, triangular,
toothed below, the innermost egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, acute, toothed, wedge-shaped below,
woolly-felted and stiffly hairy beneath. The leaf-
stalks have long, soft hairs. The stem-leaf is
stalked, like the inner basal leaves. The panicle
has long, ascending lower branches, the upper
close, slender, spreading, arching, in a sort of

umbel. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted,
glandular. The heads are short, egg-shaped
below. The phyllaries are dark-green, bent in-

wards in bud, the outer linear, blunt, the inner
linear, acute, woolly-felted, senescent, the inner-
most awllike, glandular, stiffly hairy below. The
ligules are golden, fringed with hairs. The styles
are yellow.

Hieracium crebridens, Dahlst.—The habitat of
this plant is rocks, mountain heights. The stem
is stiffly hairy, glandular above. The radical
leaves are bluish-green, the outer are rounded,
egg-shaped, the inner egg-shaped, oblong, lance-
shaped, broad, triangular, acute above, toothed
below, blunt below, the teeth bent back, the
innermost leaves, with laciniate base, running
down the stalk, stiffly hairy below. The stem-
leaf is stalked, linear, with a narrow point, or
absent. The panicle is corymbose, with one or
two branches, erect, in a corymb, the upper
ascending, close, in a sort of umbel, with spread-
ing, curved flower-stalks. The 2-6 heads are
black, large, egg-shaped, rounded below. The
flower-stalks are woolly-felted, glandular. The
phyllaries are dark-green, extending forwards in
bud, long, with a narrow long point from a broad
base, with a pale margin, woolly-felted, the inner
narrowed, glandular, hairy. The ligules are
yellow, with smooth tips. The styles are livid.

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

Hieracium pollinarium, F. J. Hanb.—The stem
of this species is simple or branched, furrowed,
hairy below, woolly-felted, glandular above. The
radical leaves are green, thick, leathery, smooth
above, softly hairy below, fleshy, brittle, boat-
shaped, elliptic, the outer blunt, the inner longer,
more acute, with small, spreading teeth, narrowed
into a slender, winged leaf-stalk. The stem-
leaves are small, high on the stem, linear, bract-
like, woolly-felted, or when low large, lance-
shaped, with a long, narrow point, nearly hairless,
stalked, clasping. The panicle is a forked corymb,
the upper branches close, exceeding the acladium.
The flower-stalks are short, straight, woolly-
felted, glandular. The heads are 6-8, with a
blunt base. The phyllaries are bent in in bud,
dark, broad, short, the outer triangular, elongate,
the inner lance-shaped, acute, woolly-felted,
glandular. The styles are brownish-olive. The
ligule tips are smooth or downy. The margins of
the receptacle pits are cut, toothed, the teeth awl-
like or bristle-like. The plant is 12-18 in., flower-
ing in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium rubiginosum, F. J. Hanb.—The
habitat of this plant is limestone scars. The stem
is simple or branched, robust, purplish-red (hence
rubiginosum), hairy below, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar above. The radical leaves are thick, numerous,
large, broadly egg-shaped, dull deep green, purple-
tinged, acute, lance-shaped, toothed, the base
wedge-shaped, stiffly hairy on the paler under
surface, and a little on the upper, the margins
toothed. The stem-leaves, 1-3, are stalkless,
egg-shaped, long, narrow-pointed, lance-shaped,
sharply toothed. The panicle is a close, falsely
forked corymb, the branches exceeding the
acladium. The heads, 4-15, are cylindrical, blunt.
The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy. The
phyllaries meet together in bud, and are broad,
blunt, the inner narrowed, acute, with a pale
border, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy, glandular. The
ligules are golden, the tips are stiffly hairy at the
back. The styles are yellow. The margins of
the receptacle pits are raised, toothed, and lacini-
ate. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in
July till September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium holophylium, W. R. Linton. —The
habitat of this plant is limestone cliffs. The stem
is reddish or purplish, stiffly hairy below, woolly-
felted, hairy above. The 3-7 radical leaves are
deep-green, persistent, leathery, broad, oval, egg-
shaped to lance-shaped, narrowed to the winged
leaf-stalk, entire or finely toothed, stiffly hairy
below, and on the border. The stem-leaves are
1-3. The lowest are egg-shaped to lance-shaped,
narrowed to the short leaf-stalk, entire, the upper
smaller and narrower, with a long, narrow point.
The panicle is narrow, with 1-2 lower nearly erect,
straight branches, the upper close, or in a raceme.
The 2-6 heads are green or blackish-green, short,
thick, blunt below. The flower-stalks are woolly-
felted, glandular, hairy. The outer phyllaries are
triangular, narrow-pointed, the inner broad, linear,
lance-shaped, blunt, the innermost acute, woolly-
felted on the border, senescent, with purple tips,

189

glandular, hairy. The tips of the ligules are
hairy. The styles are yellowish or livescent. The
margins of the receptacle pits are cut, toothed,
irregularly lobed. The plant is 10-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium platyphyllum, Ley. —The habitat
of this plant is mountain rocks. The stem is
branched, purple, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy below,
hairy above. The radical leaves are thick, tinged
with purple, broadly egg-shaped, blunt or rounded
below, the leaf-stalks long, stiffly hairy, the inner
leaves egg-shaped, acute, with arrow-shaped
teeth below, woolly-felted, hairy below and on the
borders. The stem-leaf is egg-shaped to lance-
shaped, toothed. The panicle is a falseiy forked
corymb, the branches racemose. The 4-7 heads
are large, thick, blunt below. The flower-stalks
are straight, woolly-felted, glandular. The outer
phyllaries are lance-shaped, the inner lance-shaped,
linear, blunt, the innermost narrowed, bent in-
wards in bud, woolly-felted on the margins, sen-
escent, glandular. The ligules are stylose, with
smooth tips. The styles are dark-olive. The
margins of the receptacle pits are hardly raised,
toothed. The stem is 9-24 in. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium Breadalbanense, F. J. Hanb.—The
stem of this plant is simple or branched, finely
furrowed, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted, hairy
above. The radical leaves are yellow-green, paler
below, thick, roughly hairy both sides, or nearly
hairless, the outer oval, nearly entire, the inner
egg-shaped, acute, finely toothed, narrowed to
the short, shaggy leaf-stalk. The stem-leaf is
shortly-stalked, acute, sharply-toothed, or bract-
like. The panicle is a falsely forked corymb, with
dichasial branches. The stalks are nearly straight,
erect, woolly-felted, hairy. The 3-8 heads are
broad, egg-shaped. The outer phyllaries are tri-
angular, lance-shaped, acute, the inner narrower,
woolly-felted, hairy. The styles are yellow. The
ligules are yellow, with a fringe of hairs at the
tip. The margins of the receptacle pits are raised,
sharply-toothed. The plant is 12-18 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium rivale, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat of
this plant is rocky burns, cliffs. The stem is
branched, woolly-felted above, purplish-red, stiffly
hairy below, glandular above. The radical leaves
are bright-green, the outer rounded, oval, finely
toothed, the inner oval, lance-shaped, narrow,
acute, narrowed to the shaggy leaf-stalk, sharply
toothed below, the innermost coarsely toothed,
hairy both sides and on the borders. The 1-2
stem-leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, linear,
acute. The panicle is a falsely-forked corymb,
with dichasial branches. The flower-stalks are
long, arching, thickened at the tip, woolly-felted,
glandular, hairy. The 4-10 heads are grey, in-
versely conical. The phyllaries extend outwards
in bud, the outer short, awl-like, acute, the inner
long, lance-shaped, linear, acute or blunt, the
innermost long-pointed, bristle-like, woolly-felted,

190

hairy, glandular. The styles are livescent, or
yellow. The ligules are fringed with hairs. The
plant is 12-20 in. in height, flowering from June
to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium petrocharis, Linton.—The habitat of
this plant is alpine rocks. The stem is finely
furrowed, stiffly hairy above and below, woolly-
felted, glandular above. The radical leaves are
yellowish-green, elliptic, oval, finely toothed,
rounded below, the inner egg-shaped to lance-
shaped, acute, toothed below, hairy both sides
and on the border. The solitary stem-leaf is
stalked, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, narrow,
long-pointed. The panicle is a falsely forked
corymb, the branches racemose. The flower-
stalks are arching, ascending, woolly-felted,
glandular. The 3-7 heads are greyish-black,
egg-shaped. The phyllaries nearly meet together
in bud, are narrow, lance-shaped, linear, blunt,
the innermost acute, with a pale edge, woolly-
felted, senescent, glandular. The ligules are
yellow, hairless, fringed with hairs. The styles
are livid. The margins of the receptacle pits
are toothed, the teeth bristle-like.

Hieracium cymbifolium, Purchas.—The habitat
of this species is limestone rocks. The stem is
nearly round, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The leaves are dull leaden-
green, thick, elliptic, oblong, blunt-pointed, heart-
shaped, or blunt below, with parallel margins,
often hollow (hence cymbifolium), toothed below,
the inner narrower, acute, long-pointed, the teeth
below larger, bent back, the upper and under sur-
face woolly-felted, stiffly hairy below, hairy on
the margins. The stem-leaf is small, linear,
lance-shaped, with a long, narrow point, large,
stalked. The panicle is falsely forked, the upper
part in a sort of umbel, with spreading, or divided,
arching branches. The 4-8 heads are short,
thick, blunt in bud. The flower-stalks are arch-
ing, woolly-felted, glandular. The phyllaries are
folded inwards, not meeting together in bud,
oblong, linear, narrowed, woolly-felted, senescent,
glandular. The ligules are deep-yellow, fringed
with hairs at the apex at the back. The styles
are golden and turn dingy. The margins of the
receptacle pits are raised, cut, toothed, irregu-
larly-lobed.

Hieracium sagittatum, Lindeb.—The stem of
this species is stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The radical leaves are green,
stiffly hairy below, egg-shaped, oblong, lance-
shaped, the inner heart-shaped, arrow-shaped
(hence sagittatum) below, wedge-shaped, with
irregularly-lobed teeth. The 1-2 stem-leaves are
stalked, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, sharply
toothed. The lower branches of the panicle are
long and spreading, the upper curved in a sort of
umbel. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, stiffly
hairy, glandular. The heads are cylindric, egg-
shaped below. The phyllaries are broad, blunt,
the innermost acute, woolly-felted, senescent,
hairy, glandular. The ligules are hairless, the
inner fringed with hairs. The styles are yellow
or dull.

BRITISH FLORA

Hieracium sarcophylium, Stenstr.—The habitat
of this species is rocks, ‘The stem is tall, robust,
stiffly hairy, or nearly smooth below, woolly-
felted, stiffly hairy, glandular above. The radical
leaves are numerous, thick, fleshy (hence sarco-
phyllum), dull pale or light yellowish-green,
blotched above, the outer elliptic, rounded, egg-
shaped, entire, blunt-toothed at the base, which
is blunt, the intermediate oblong, egg-shaped,
blunt, with wavy teeth, the base blunt, the inner-
most egg-shaped to lance-shaped, toothed, the
base wedge-shaped, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted
below, the margins fringed with hairs, leaf-stalks
long, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy. The stem-leaf is
wedge-shaped or spear-shaped below, toothed.
The panicle is close, simple. The upper branches
are close, in a sort of umbel, arching. The
flower-stalks are short, broad above, woolly-felted,
glandular, hairy. The phyllaries nearly meet to-
gether and are broad, lance-shaped, linear, blunt,
the innermost acute, woolly-felted, the borders
white, woolly-felted, senescent, glandular, hairy.
The ligules are fringed with hair. The styles
are yellow.

Hieracium rotundatum, Kit.—The habitat of
this species is rocky mountain burns. The stem
is erect, smooth below, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The outer radical leaves are
rounded to egg-shaped, the inner egg-shaped,
elliptic, blunt, heart-shaped below, the innermost
acute, wedge-shaped below, toothed, the basal
teeth bent back, stiffly hairy below and on the
margins. The leaf-stalks are long. The 1-2
stem-leaves are heart-shaped, egg-shaped, tri-
angular, acute, entire, toothed below. The panicle
bears few heads, with the lower branches distant,
arching, the upper close, spreading, arching.
The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, glandular,
hairy. The heads are long, egg-shaped below.
The phyllaries are bent inwards in bud, narrow,
linear, blunt, woolly-felted, senescent, glandular,
hairy. The ligules are dull-yellow, hairless. The
styles are yellow. 3

Hieracitum pretenerum, Almq.—The stem of
this plant is stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The radical leaves are green, the primary
rounded, heart-shaped, the later oval, oblong,
blunt, broadly wavy, toothed, narrowed or wedge-
shaped below, the inner narrow to oval, acute,
toothed below, the innermost narrow to lance-
shaped, toothed, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted below.
The stem-leaf is stalked, narrow, long, acute,
sharply toothed. The panicle is small, in a sort
of umbel above. The flower-stalks are curved,
woolly-felted, glandular. The heads are dark-
green, small, slender, egg-shaped below. The
phyllaries are narrow, linear, acute, extending
outwards in bud, the innermost awl-like, woolly-
felted at the margin, senescent, glandular, hairy.
The ligules are golden, hairless. The styles are
yellow.

Hieracium euprepes, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is Old Red Sandstone cliffs, ledges,
and mountain streams. The stem is simple, or
has long, straight branches, and is purplish-red,

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted and stiffly hairy
above. The radical leaves are reddish, the outer
egg-shaped to oblong, rounded, the inner egg-
shaped, oblong, lance-shaped, blunt-pointed, nar-
rowed to the toothed base, the innermost lance-
shaped, narrow, wavy-toothed, acute, long-
pointed, stiffly hairy below, fringed with hairs,
the leaf-stalks short, shaggy. The 1-2 stem-
leaves are nearly stalkless, like the inner basal,
the upper linear, lance-shaped, or bract-like. The
panicle has 1-2 lower, long, nearly erect branches,
the upper exceeding the short-stalked acladium,
the stalks and secondaries very short, as though
paired. The 4-12 heads are blunt to inversely
conical. The phyllaries are greenish or dark-
olive, meeting together in bud, linear, lance-
shaped, acute, the inner woolly-felted at the edge,
hairy, glandular. The ligules are yellow to
orange, hairless. The styles are dull-yellow.
The plant is 10-18 in. high, flowering from June
to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieraciwm cesium, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is mountain rocks, cliffs, &c. The plant is
bluish-green or dull-green, nearly smooth, woolly-
felted above. The radical leaves are leathery,
bluish-green or white, the outer egg-shaped, oval,
oblong, the inner egg-shaped, lance-shaped, nar-
row, acute, narrowed or wedge-shaped below,
toothed, stiffly hairy below. The 1-3 stem-leaves
are lance-shaped to linear, toothed. The panicle
is a forked corymb, the branches nearly straight,
long, arching above. The heads are 3-7, medium,
blunt below. The flower-stalks are woolly-felted,
glandular, hairy. The phyllaries are awl-like or
acute, the inner narrow, acute, extending outward,
dark, woolly-felted below, glandular, hairy. The
styles are discoloured or yellowish. The margins
of the receptacle pits are toothed. The plant is
12-18 in. in height, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium farrense, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is basaltic cliffs and rocks. The stem
is slender, dark-green, finely furrowed, hairy
below, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy above. The
radical leaves are few, the earliest withering
early, usually 4, broad to lance-shaped, acute,
entire, finely toothed, narrowed to the long leaf-
stalk. The 2-3 stem-leaves are like the inner basal
leaves, stiffly hairy below and on the border.
The panicle is falsely forked, the branches alter-
nate, curved, longer than the acladium. The 2-5
heads are egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are
long, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The phyl-
laries are short, broad, blunt, woolly-felted, senes-
cent, narrowed above, glandular, hairy. The
teeth of the ligule are hairless or downy.
styles are olive-yellow. The margins of the re-

ceptacle pits are slightly raised, shortly toothed. |

The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium eristalis,
this plant is rocky slopes, shingle. The stem is
stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted above. The radi-
cal leaves are green, paler below, lance-shaped,
the outer short, rounded, oval, oblong, entire, the

The |

Linton.—The habitat of

|
|

191

later narrow, egg-shaped to oblong, acute, nar-
rowed both ends, running down the leaf-stalk,
entire, scalloped, toothed, stiffly hairy below and
on the border. The stem-leaf is stalked like the
basal, toothed. The panicle is small, close, falsely
forked, with rather erect branches. The few heads
are egg-shaped to inversely conical. The stalks
are straight, long, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy.
The phyllaries are narrow, long-pointed, woolly-
felted, senescent, glandular, hairy. The ligules
are tipped with stiff hairs. The styles are livid.
The plant is 12-18 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium cesiomurorum, Lindeb. — The habi-
tat of this plant is sub-alpine glens. The stem is
wiry, hollow, simple or branched, finely furrowed,
reddish, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar above. The radical leaves are dull deep-green,
bluish-green, with prominent veins below, mem-
branous, the outer withering early, oval, blunt-

| pointed, toothed, the intermediate egg-shaped,

lance-shaped, wedge-shaped below, toothed, the
innermost narrower, the point triangular, the base
narrow, toothed, nearly smooth below, stiffly hairy
below on the nerves, the margins fringed with
hairs. The 2-3 stem-leaves have stalks (the lower)

| like the inner basal, the upper stalkless, toothed.

The panicle bears few flowers, with 2-3 erect
branches, the upper close, bent in, longer than the
acladium. The flower-stalks are straight or
curved above, woolly-felted, glandular, stiffly
hairy. The heads are short, medium, rounded
below. The phyllaries are awl-like, blunt, the
inner acute, woolly-felted at the edge, senescent,
glandular, hairy. The ligules are hairless. The
styles are dull or livid. The margins of the
receptacle pits are toothed. The plant is 1-2} ft.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium duplicatum, Almq.—The stem of this
species is tall, slender, wavy, stiffly hairy, glandu-
lar above. The radical leaves are dull-green,
with brown to purple blotches, 3-4, forming a
rosette, on long stalks, egg-shaped to oval, oblong,
blunt, toothed, the base egg-shaped or wedge-
shaped, toothed, the inner lance-shaped to elliptic,
narrow, toothed, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted below.
The 1-3 stem-leaves are lance-shaped, toothed, or
entire. The panicle has 1-2 lower branches erect
to spreading, the upper close, erect to spread-
ing, bent inwards. The flower-stalks are straight,
unequal, long, slender, paired, the upper longer
than the short-stalked acladium, woolly -felted,
glandular, hairy. The 3-8 heads are long, black-
ish-green, conical at length. The phyllaries ex-
tend outwards, are narrow, linear to lance-shaped,
blunt, the inner with a green border, tipped with
purple, the innermost rather acute, glandular,
hairy. The ligules are hairless. The styles are
yellow, discoloured. ‘

Hieracium anfractiforme, E. S. Marshall.—The
habitat of this plant is rocky sub-alpine streamlets,
on granite and mica-schist. The stem is rigid,
hollow, hairless, woolly-felted, glandular above.
The radical leaves are firm, bright-green, bluish-

192

green, the outer narrow, inversely egg-shaped or
lance-shaped, blunt, the base wedge-shaped, finely
toothed, the inner lance-shaped, linear, acute,
narrow below, toothed, running down the leaf-
stalk, stiffly hairy below, fringed with hairs on the
margin. The stem-leaf is stalked, narrow to
lance-shaped, acute, toothed. The panicle has a
straight base with curving branches, longer than
the short-stalked acladium. The stalks are nearly
straight, woolly-felted, hairy. The 1-4 heads are
cylindrical in bud, bell-shaped in flower. The
phyllaries are dark, linear to lance-shaped, narrow
below, blunt, with a pale border, woolly-felted,
senescent, hairy, glandular. The ligules are
golden, fringed with hairs. The styles are livid.
The achenes are chestnut.

Hieracium dissimile, Lindeb. fil.—The habitat
of this plant. is mountain glens. The stem is
round, tinged with purple, wavy, stiffly hairy,
woolly -felted, hairy above. The outer radical
leaves form a rosette, and are inversely egg-
shaped to spoon-shaped, with a round apex,
wedge-shaped below, the margin toothed, the
inner elliptic to lance-shaped, narrowed both
ends, toothed, hairy below and on the margins.
The stem-leaves are 1-3, like the last. The
panicle is small, nearly simple, or corymbose,
with 2-3 erect to spreading, arching branches,
longer than the acladium. The stalks are woolly-
felted, stiffly hairy, glandular. The 4-8 heads are
thick, egg-shaped. The phyllaries are oblong to
linear, narrow above, blunt, the inner acute, with
a pale border, woolly-felted, senescent, hairy,
glandular. The ligules are yellow, tipped with
stiff hairs. The styles are dingy. The plant is
10-18 in. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium porrigens, Almq.—The stem of this
plant is stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, glandular
above. The radical leaves are dull-green, spotted,
bluish-green below, the outer oval to oblong,
blunt, toothed, narrow below, the inner egg-
shaped to lance-shaped, narrow both ends, toothed,
the teeth curving forwards and below, purple-
spotted, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, the margins
fringed with hairs. The 1-4 stem-leaves are
smaller upwards, the lower stalked, egg-shaped
to lance-shaped, linear, toothed. The panicle is
branching, with close, erect to spreading, arch-
ing branches, longer than the acladium. The
flower-stalks are rather short, woolly - felted,
glandular, hairy. The heads are dark-green,
egg-shaped at the base. The phyllaries are linear,
lance-shaped, extending outwards, the innermost
awllike, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The
ligules are yellow, hairless at the tip. The style
is yellow, soon discolouring.

Hieracium duriceps, F. J. Hanb.—The habitat
of this plant is rocky cliffs and burns, limestone
rocks. The stem is wiry, reddish-purple, stiffly
hairy below, nearly smooth above. The radical
leaves are small, the primary oval to oblong, the
later inversely lance-shaped, acute, wedge-shaped
below, with 3-6 acute teeth, dull-green, with
purple spots, stiffly hairy below. The 1-3 stem-

BRITISH FLORA

leaves are narrow, lance-shaped, toothed, the
upper linear, entire. The panicle has 2-3 erect,
straight branches, the upper spreading, arching,
longer than the short-stalked acladium, the stalks
are slender, rigid, woolly-felted, hairy. The 2-6
heads are small, hard, inversely conical. The
phyllaries are deep-green, awl-like, narrow above.
blunt, woolly-felted, stiffly hairy, glandular. The
ligules are golden, tipped with stiff hairs. The
styles are livid. The plant is 15~20 ft., flowering
from June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Hieracium acroleucum, Stenstr.—The habitat of
this plant is slate quarries, &c. The stem is
slender, rigid, stiffly hairy below, glandular above.
The outer radical leaves soon fade, and are oval
to oblong, elliptic, entire or toothed, the inner
lance-shaped, toothed, acute, narrowed below,
stiffly hairy on the nerves below, fringed with
hairs at the border. The 2-8 stem-leaves are
narrow, lance-shaped, entire, the lower like the
inner basal leaves. The panicle has the lower
branches erect to spreading, the upper close,
ascending, longer than the acladium. The stalks
are slender, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The
heads are slender, long, egg-shaped, rounded.
The phyllaries are narrow, linear to lance-shaped,
acute, the tips of the inner curved, woolly-felted at
the border, senescent, glandular, hairy. The
ligules are hairless. The styles are yellow.

Hieracium orcadense, W. R. Linton. — The
habitat of this plant is cliffs. The stem is finely
furrowed, reddish, stiffly hairy, woolly - felted

below, hairy above. The radical outer leaves are
oblong to inversely egg-shaped, broad, rounded,
narrowed below, the inner lance-shaped, acute,
toothed each side, wedge-shaped below, hairy
both sides and on the border. The 2-4 stem-leaves
are stalked, like the inner basal leaves, with acute
teeth. The panicle is close and compact, with
close branches, the lower nearly erect, the upper
curved, longer than the acladium. The 4-10 heads
are dark, cylindric, blunt-based. The stalks are
woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The phyllaries are
dark-olive, broad, blunt, with a pale border,
senescent, woolly-felted below, hairy, glandular.
The ligules are golden, with hairless tips. The
styles are pale-olive, then dark-livid. The plant
is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium orarium, Lindeb fil.—The habitat of
this plant is cliffs and banks of streams. The
stem is simple or branched, stiffly hairy below,
woolly-felted, stiffly hairy above. The radical
leaves are few, the outer soon fading, elliptic to
narrow at both ends, lance-shaped, oblong, tri-
angular, entire above, the lower with acute teeth,
stiffly hairy below and on the borders. There are
2-3 stem-leaves, the lower shortly stalked, lance-
shaped, acute, toothed. The panicle is small, with
2-3 arching branches, the upper longer than the
acladium. The stalks are stiffly hairy, woolly-
felted, glandular. The phyllaries are lance-shaped
to linear, blunt, the innermost acute, woolly-felted
at the edge, glandular, hairy. The ligules are
yellow, stiffly hairy at the tip. The styles are dull-

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

yellow. The achenes are black. The pappus is
white. The margins of the receptacular pits are
slightly raised, toothed. The plant is 1-3 tt. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Hieracium angustatum, Lindeb.—The habitat
of this plant is ravines and mountain pastures.
The stem is simple or branched, wavy, smooth or
stifly hairy, woolly-felted above. The radical
leaves are narrow, elliptic to lance-shaped, linear,
acute, narrowed to the long leaf-stalk, entire or
toothed, stiffly hairy below and on the border.
The solitary stem-leaf is lance-shaped, acute,
linear, bract-like. The panicle is small, forked,
with 1-2 nearly erect to spreading branches. The
stalks are.long, straight, woolly-felted, glandular.
The 2-4 heads are small, egg-shaped. The phy!l-
laries are dark, broad below, narrowed, acute,
sparingly woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The
ligules are pale-yellow, smooth. The styles are
rather livid. The plant is 10-16 in. in height,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous

perennial.
Hieractum maculatum, Sm.—The habitat of
this plant is woods, banks, walls, &c. The stem

is erect, hollow, finely furrowed, stiffly hairy.
The radical leaves are green, with dark - purple
blotches, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, acutely
toothed, stiffly hairy both sides and on the border.
The leaf-stalks are shaggy. The stem-leaves,
3-5, are nearly stalkless, large like the basal.
The panicle is a compound corymb, the upper
branches corymbose, longer than the acladium.
The stalks have 3 bristle-like bracts, woolly-felted,
glandular. The 4-10 heads are egg-shaped, long.
The phyllaries are lance-shaped, linear, the inner
narrow, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The
ligules are orange, smooth. The styles are livid.

Hieracium scanicum, Dahlst.—This species is
closely allied to A. srriguum, Fr., from which it
differs in the long white hairs of the stem, the
broader, oval, subentire, or less-toothed leaves, the
rather thicker heads, narrower phyllaries, and
styles more nearly pure yellow.

Hieracium irriguum, Fr.—The stem of this

plant is tall, wavy, rigid, stiffly hairy, woolly-
felted, glandular above. The radical leaves are
green, with violet markings, the outer soon fading,
oval, blunt, toothed, the inner oblong to broadly
lance-shaped, toothed, wedge-shaped below, stiffly
hairy below, the margins fringed with hairs. The
2-5 stem-leaves are smaller above, lance-shaped,
rhomboid, acute, toothed. The panicle has the
lower branches distant, erect to spreading, the
upper close, spreading to arching. The stalks
-are woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The heads
are small, slender, dark, egg-shaped or inversely
conical. The phyllaries are long to triangular,
lance-shaped, blunt, the inner lance-shaped, acute,
the tips coloured, glandular, hairy. The ligules
are hairless. The styles turn colour.

Hieracium sciaphilum, Becker.—The habitat of
this plant is woods, rocks, and banks. The stem
is branched, tall, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted,
glandular above. The radical leaves are dull-

Vou. VI

193

green, broad to egg-shaped, lance-shaped, oblong,
acutely toothed, narrow below, limp, stiffly hairy
below. The stem-leaves are numerous, like the
inner basal leaves. The panicle is a loose corymb,
the branches erect to spreading, in a raceme or
corymb. The heads are 3 to numerous, large,
rounded to egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are
woolly-felted, glandular, stiffly hairy. The phyl-
laries are lance-shaped to linear, blunt, the inner
narrowed, woolly-felted on the border, glandular,
hairy. The ligules are tipped with stiff hairs.
The styles are livid. The plant is 1-24 ft. high,
flowering from June to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Hieracium Adlersii, Almq. — The habitat of
this plant is river-banks, &c. The stem is simple
or branched, finely furrowed, reddish, stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted below and above. The radical leaves
are few, forming a rosette, the earlier, small, short,
egg-shaped, oblong, elliptic, toothed, rounded,
blunt below, the inner oval to lance-shaped, broad,
blunt, acute, narrowed to the stiffly hairy leaf-
stalk, finely toothed below. The 3-5 stem-leaves
are like the inner basal, acute, hairless above,
hairy below and on the margins, which are purple.
The panicle is close, in a corymb, with 1-2 lower,
straight, nearly erect branches, the upper ascend-
ing. The 3-6 heads are medium, dark, rounded,
blunt. The stalks are rather long, straight,
woolly-felted, hairy and glandular. The phyl-
laries extend outwards in bud, and are broad to
linear, blunt, the inner long-pointed, with pale
borders, glandular, hairy, woolly-felted, senes-
cent. The ligules are orange, hairless. The
styles are livid. The margins of the receptacle
pits are rather raised, toothed. The achenes are
dark brown. The stem is 1-24 ft. high, flowering
in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium septentrionale, Arv. Touv. — The
habitat of this plant is rocks by the coast and
stream-sides. The plant is short. The basal
leaves form a rosette, the lowest soon fading.
The stem-leaves are numerous, close, smaller up-
wards, oval, the apex lance-shaped to triangular,
the base narrow, toothed, stiffly hairy below, hairy
on the borders. The panicle has 2-3 nearly erect
branches, in a loose corymb. The stalks are
woolly-felted, glandular. The heads are large,
dark, egg-shaped. The phyllaries are narrow,
rather blunt, glandular, hairy. The styles are
brown. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium cacuminatum, Dahlst.—The stem of
this species is tall, robust, stiffly hairy below,
woolly-felted. The radical leaves are dull-green,
the basal oval to oval-elliptic, with broad, sharp
teeth, the inner egg-shaped to elliptic, lance-
shaped, awl-like, toothed, narrowed to the long
leaf-stalks. The stem-leaves are 4-6, becoming
smaller, the lower stalked, egg-shaped, lance-
shaped, awl-like, toothed, stiffly hairy below, the
margin fringed with hairs. The panicle is nar-
rowed, with distant lower, and close upper
branches, all erect to spreading. The flower-
stalks are short, woolly-felted, glandular below

90

194
the head. The heads are rather broad, darkish- |
green, blunt below. The phyllaries are rather

narrow, linear to lance-shaped, acute, woolly-
felted on the border, glandular. The ligules are
hairless, the styles dull.

Hieracium diaphanotdes, Lindeb.—The habitat
of this plant is limestone scars, &c. The stem is
finely furrowed, stiffy hairy. The radical leaves
are bright-green, membranous, the outer elliptic
or oblong, the inner lance-shaped, acute, nar-
rowed to the softly hairy leaf-stalk, acutely toothed
below, stiffly hairy both sides, fringed with hairs
on the border. The 1-3 stem-leaves are chiefly
stalkless, narrow, broad to lance-shaped, long-
pointed, sharply toothed.
corymbose, with spreading branches, straight-
based, ascending, with 2-3 flowers, corymbose,
longer than the acladium. The stalks bear brac-
teoles at the tip, and are woolly-felted, glandular.
The 6-15 heads are blackish, narrow, cylindrical,
slender. The phyllaries are numerous, blunt,
black, glandular, woolly-felted. The ligules are
hairless. The styles are yellow or dingy. The
margins of the receptacle pits are slightly raised,

BRITISH FLORA

green, the earliest short, oval to lance-shaped,
blunt, soon fading, the later inversely lance-shaped,
rounded above or blunt-pointed, narrowed to the

| stiffly hairy leaf-stalk, toothed, hairy both sides

The panicle is tutted, ©

toothed. The plant is 14 ft. high, flowering in |

July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium diaphanum, Fr.—The habitat of this |

plant is rocky cliffs. The stem is hollow, purplish,
stiffly hairy below, glandular above. The radical
leaves are oval or oblong, entire or toothed, the
inner oblong to lance-shaped, acute, toothed,
stiffly hairy below. The 1-3 stem-leaves are
lance-shaped, toothed. The panicle has the lower,
erect to spreading branches in a raceme, with
3-4 heads, the upper close, nearly erect, rigid,
longer than the acladium.
small, black, egg-shaped, as if paired, from the
short secondary flower-stalk. The stalks are
straight, woolly-felted, glandular.

The styles are yellow. The margins of the re-
ceptacle pits are toothed, with awl-like teeth.
The plant is 1-14 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium pulchrius, Ley.—The habitat of this
plant is mountain cliffs. The stem is short, stout,
less leafy than the last, shaggy. The basal leaves
are few, forming a rosette, inversely egg-shaped,
blunt, narrowed to the shaggy leaf-stalk, toothed,
stiffly hairy on the surfaces and margins.
2-3 stem-leaves are elliptic, or the upper egg-
shaped, toothed like the basal. The panicle has
I-2 erect to spreading lower branches, the upper
in a sort of umbel. The 4-8 heads are broadly
egg-shaped, blunt below. The flower-stalks are
nearly straight, woolly-felted, glandular. The
phyllaries are linear, lance-shaped, blunt, the
inner narrow, acute, with a pale border, thickly
glandular. The ligules are golden-yellow, hair-
less. The styles are yellow. The pappus is tinged
reddish-brown.

Hieracium dovrense, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is bushy places. The stem is simple or
branched, finely furrowed, stiffly hairy, woolly-

felted, glandular, hairy. The radical leaves are

The phyllaries |
are few, broad, blunt, pale-bordered, glandular. |

and on the border. The 3-10 stem-leaves are
stalkless or nearly so, like the inner basal, the
intermediate egg-shaped to lance-shaped, the
uppermost egg-shaped, toothed. The panicle is
rigid, in a sort of corymb, the lower branches
long, nearly erect, in a corymb, the upper shorter,
arching, longer than the acladium. The stalks
are woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The few
heads are dark, cylindric, blunt below. The outer
phyllaries are short, loose, woolly-felted at the
border, the inner linear, Jance-shaped, narrowed
above, with a pale margin, the innermost nearly
acute, hairy, glandular. The tips of the ligules
are fringed with hairs. The styles are livid. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieractum Scullyi, Linton.—The habitat of this
plant is rocks. The stem is stout, erect, rigid,
hairy below, woolly-felted above. The radical
leaves are green, hairless above, pale bluish-green,
and hairy below, fringed with stiff hairs, the basal
2-3 in., oval, inversely egg-shaped, oblong,
toothed or nearly entire. The 7-16 stem-leaves

| are broadly inversely egg-shaped to roundly egg-

shaped, with a long, narrow point, one-third clasp-
ing, toothed. The panicle is a corymb, leafy below,
with nearly erect branches, the upper ascending,
bent inwards, longer than the acladium. The
flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy, glandular.
The heads are large, few, blunt below. The

| phyllaries are broad, long-pointed, blunt, the inner-

The 5-15 heads are |

The |

most acute, dark-green, with a pale border, woolly-
felted below, glandular, senescent. The ligules
are yellow, with the tips hairless. The styles are
dull brownish-green. The plant is 15-24 in. high.

Hieracium zetlandicum, Beeby.—The habitat of
this species is pastures and sheltered rocks. The
stem is simple or branched, hairy below, woolly-
felted, glandular, hairy above. The basal leaves
form a rosette, the earlier are small, oblong to
elliptic, the later oval to elliptic, rounded, nearly
acute above, toothed, wedge-shaped below,
olive-green or tinged with purple, paler, stiffly
hairy below and on the borders. The 2-3 stem-
leaves are nearly stalkless, like the inner basal.
The panicle is close, in a sort of corymb.
The 2-4 heads are dark, nearly cylindric, blunt
below. The flower-stalks are rather short,
straight, woolly-felted, glandular, stiffly hairy,
The phyllaries are dark-green, the outer short,
broad, blunt, the inner paler, egg-shaped to
lance-shaped, broad to oblong, narrowed above,
less blunt, glandular. The ligules are orange,
hairless. The styles are yellow or brownish. The
margins of the receptacle pits are toothed. The
achenes are dark red-brown. The plant is 34-9
in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieractum Dewari, Boswell Syme.—The habitat
of this plant is mountain glens. The stem is stiffly
hairy below, woolly-felted, rough, hairy above.

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

The radical leaves are bright yellowish-green, the
earlier forming a rosette, oval, or nearly acute,
narrowed to the short, stiffly hairy leaf-stalks,
stiffly hairy both sides and on the border. The
stem-leaves are 7-9, the lower stalked, narrow to
oval, inversely egg-shaped, narrow below, the
intermediate oval to oblong, elliptic to lance-
shaped, half-clasping, the upper egg-shaped,
lance-shaped, with a narrow point, rounded below,
toothed, clothed like the leaves of a rosette. The
panicle is close, in a sort of corymb, the stalks
long, slender, bent inwards, glandular, hairy.
The heads are few, numerous, dark, egg-shaped
to oblong, nearly cylindric and inversely conical.
The phyllaries are united, dark-olive, woolly-
felted below, the outer short, triangular to lance-
shaped, blunt, closely pressed, the inner lance-
shaped to linear, with a pale border, blunt, hairy,
glandular. The ligules are tipped with stiff hairs,
The styles are dark-brown. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieractum demissum, Strémf., var. pulchelli-
forme, W. R. Linton.—The type of this species
does not occur in this country. The stem is stout,
stiffly hairy, woolly-felted. The radical leaves
are yellowish-green, the outer few soon fading,
narrow, oval to inversely egg-shaped, blunt,
narrowed to the winged leaf-stalk, toothed below,
hairy. The 3-5 stem-leaves are stalkless, the
lowest slightly stalked, the lower narrow below,
the upper rounded to egg-shaped, acute, toothed,
The panicle is small, rigid, in a sort of corymb,
the branches straight, equal to or longer than the
acladium. The flower-stalks have one or two
linear bracts, are woolly-felted, stiffly hairy,
glandular. The 2-5 heads are medium, thick,
nearly cylindric, egg-shaped below. The phyl-
laries are the same colour, broad, the outer tri-
angular to lance-shaped, the inner lance-shaped to
linear, blunt, the innermost acute, with brown stiff
hairs, glandular. The ligules are hairless. The
styles are brown.

Hieracium protractum, Lindeb.—The habitat of
this species is cliffs. The stem is simple or
branched, leafy, purplish-red, stiffly hairy below,
woolly-felted, hairy below. The radical leaves
are broad to lance-shaped, narrowed both
ends, nearly entire or toothed, hairy below,
fringed with hairs. The stem-leaves are 3-7,
the lower stalked, lance-shaped to oblong,
long - pointed, the upper stalkless, clasping,
toothed. The panicle is close, in a forked corymb,
the branches nearly erect, divided. The flower-
stalks are rather long, slender, woolly-felted, with
bracteoles, hairy, glandular. The 3-8 heads are
small, shortly cylindrical. The phyllaries are
dark-green, the outer narrow, triangular to lance-
shaped, the broader lance-shaped to linear, blunt,
the innermost with a pale border, woolly-felted,
senescent, hairy, glandular. The ligules are hair-
less or the inner fringed with hairs. The styles
are yellow. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium truncatum, Lindeb.—The habitat of

95

this species is cliffs. The stem is smooth, hairy.
The radical leaves are egg-shaped, not persisting.
The stem-leaves are 4-5, the lower broad to lance-
shaped, or inversely so, blunt, narrowed to the
half-clasping base, the upper linear to lance-
shaped, blunt below. The panicle is cymose,
corymbose above, the branches erect to spreading,
ascending, the upper longer than the acladium.
The heads are large, few, 1-5, black, blunt below.
The phyllaries are broad to lance-shaped, blunt,
the inner with paler border, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar, hairy. The styles are yellow, becoming dark.
The plant is 10-24 in. high, flowering in August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium perthense, Williams.—The habitat of
this species is river-sides. The stem is robust,
hairy below, woolly-felted, hairy above. The
radical leaves are few, oval, narrowed to the
short, winged leat-stalk, soon fading. The 5-11
stem-leaves are egg-shaped, lance-shaped, toothed,
the upper broader, toothed, hairless, dull-green
above, paler yellowish-green below, stiffly hairy
on the veins and margins. The panicle is nearly
terminal, in a corymb or with 2-3 lower, nearly
erect branches. The 3-11 heads are nearly round
in bud, broad, cylindrical, blunt. The stalks are
long, wavy or arching, hoary, hairy. The phyl-
laries are dark, blunt, the outer egg-shaped to
triangular, the inner broad, lance-shaped to linear,
the innermost blunt, woolly-felted, senescent,
stiffly hairy, glandular. The ligules are tipped
with stiff hairs. The styles are livid. The margins
of the receptacle pits are raised, toothed. The
achenes are dark-brown.

Hieracium gothicum, Fr.—The stem of this
species is erect, rigid, simple or branched, hair-
less or stiffly hairy. The radical leaves are egg-
shaped to lance-shaped, nearly entire or finely
toothed. There are 5-15 stem-leaves, the lower
stalked, toothed, the upper stalkless, bract-like
above. The panicle is corymbose, with straight,
erect to spreading branches. The heads are few,
large, blackish-green, rounded below. The flower-
stalks are nearly hairless. The phyllaries are
blunt, the inner narrower, woolly-felted at the
edge, glandular. The styles are yellow with brown
hairs. The plant is 14 to 4 ft. high, flowering
from July to September, and is a herbaceous per-
ennial.

Hieracium stictophyllum, Dahl\st.—The stem of
this plant is stout, purplish, smooth or stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted above. The radical leaves are bluish-
green, with purple blotches, the outer narrow to
oblong, inversely egg-shaped, blunt, narrow at
the base, the lower stem-leaves close, linear to
lance-shaped, broad to linear, blunt, narrow below,
entire or wavy, or toothed, the stalks winged, the
upper smaller, narrow both ends, stalkless, hair-
less, stiffly hairy on the nerves below. The panicle
is rather rigid, with several long, nearly erect,
lower racemose branches, the upper close, longer
than the acladium. The stalks are straight,
woolly-felted, with bracteoles near the apex. The
heads are thick, egg-shaped. The phyllaries are
numerous, the outer triangular, acute, loose, the

196

intermediate linear to lance-shaped, narrow above,
the innermost with paler borders, blunt, woolly-
felted, glandular, hairy. The ligules are yellow,
hairless. The styles turn colour.

Hieracium sparsifolium, Lindeb.—The habitat
of this plant is cliffs and sides of streams in sub-
alpine districts. The stem is simple or branched,
reddish, stiffly hairy below, woolly-felted above.
The 8-10 stem-leaves are close below, linear to
oblong, stalkless or nearly so, blunt, the middle
acute, divided, clasping below, the upper with a
broader base, all nearly entire, or toothed, dull-
green, paler below, hairy. The panicle is small
with few heads. The stalks are woolly-felted,
spreading, arching, with bracteoles, thickened
above. The heads are large, blunt below. The
outer phyllaries are loose, ligulate, the inner
lance-shaped to linear, with a broad base, the
sides parallel, blunt, the innermost nearly acute,
hairy, glandular. The styles are brown. The
plant is 6 in. to 2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium cantianum, F. J. Hanb.—The stem
of this plant is finely furrowed, dark-purple, stiffly
hairy, woolly-felted above. The 12-20 radical
leaves are deep-green, bluish-green below, the
lower elliptic to lance-shaped, blunt, rounded,
narrowed to the winged, shaggy leaf-stalk, the
upper stalkless, broad, rounded below, egg-shaped
to elliptic, lance-shaped, blunt, toothed, the upper-
most acute, woolly-felted, hairy below. The
panicle has long, erect to spreading, lower
branches, the upper longer than the acladium.
The stalks bear bracteoles below, are woolly-
felted, stiffly hairy, arching above. The heads
are numerous, small, egg-shaped, near cylindrical.
The phyllaries are triangular to lance-shaped,
the innermost narrower, blunt, the outer woolly-
felted, senescent, the inner pale-bordered, hairy,
glandular. The styles are yellow. The mar-
gins of the receptacle pits are raised, sharply
toothed.

Hieracium rigidum, Hartm.—The habitat of
this plant is mountain glens and banks of streams.
The stem is purplish, simple or branched, stiffly
hairy, rough, woolly-felted. There are 6-10 stem-
leaves. The lower are long, tongue-shaped, lance-
shaped, toothed, the upper narrow to lance-shaped,
toothed, narrow below, clasping, stiffly hairy,
woolly-felted below. The panicle is a racemose
corymb, the branches straight below, arching, the
upper close, in a sort of umbel. The 8-14 heads
are nearly cylindrical, egg-shaped below. The
outer phyllaries are linear, loose, blunt, the inner
narrow to lance-shaped, less blunt, parallel, pale-
bordered above, woolly-felted below, glandular,
hairy. The styles are brown. The plant is 1-23
ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium prenanthoides, Vill.—The habitat of
this plant is rocky places on the margins of
streams and woody ravines. The stem is leafy,
erect, stiffly hairy below, hairy above. The leaves
are numerous, all clasping, net-veined, bluish-
green below, hairy both sides, the lowest nar-

BRITISH FLORA

rowed into the winged auricled leaf-stalks, the
intermediate pinched above their base, the upper-
most heart-shaped to lance-shaped, bract-like
above, the lowest entire, the upper finely toothed,
nearly smooth or stiffly hairy, fringed with hairs.
The panicle is in a sort of raceme. The branches
are long, erect to spreading, ascending, racemose
to corymbose. The flower-stalks are woolly-
felted, glandular. The heads are numerous, small,
nearly cylindric. The outer phyllaries are short,
narrow, the 2 inner narrow to lance-shaped, blunt,
woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The ligules are
stiffly hairy, fringed with hairs. The styles are
dark-livid or brown. The achenes are bright
reddish-brown. The margins of the receptacle
pits are raised, cut, toothed. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering from July to September, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium strictum, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is mountain glens and rocky places by the
banks of streams and ravines in mountainous
districts. The stem is leafy, rigid, green, stiffly
hairy below. The leaves are dull deep-green, the
lower inversely lance-shaped, narrowed into the
winged leaf-stalk, the middle oblong to lance-
shaped, narrowed below, auricled, clasping, finely
toothed, nearly entire, the upper rounded below,
half-clasping, all nearly hairless or stiffly hairy,
paler, glossy, net-veined below. The panicle is
rigid, the branches and stalks straight, nearly
erect, long, the stalks little thickened above. The
heads are few, large, broad, nearly cylindric in
bud, blunt below. The phyllaries are broad, blunt,
the outermost narrow, the intermediate triangular,
long, the inner lance-shaped to linear, stiffly hairy,
woolly - felted and glandular. The tips of the
ligules are fringed with hairs. The margins of
the receptacle pits are cut, toothed, irregularly
lobed. The achenes are chestnut. The plant is
1-3 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium corymbosum, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is mountainous districts, stream-sides. The
stem is rigid, very leafy, reddish-purple, woolly-
felted above. The leaves are numerous, bluish-
green, netted below, the lower inversely lance-
shaped, with shortly-winged leaf-stalks, the middle
narrow, egg-shaped to oblong, lance-shaped, with
a long, narrow point, clasping, all toothed, with
the margins fringed with hairs, nearly hairless.
The panicle is a broad, compound, leafy corymb.
The flower-stalks are woolly-felted, with bracte-
oles. The heads are large, narrow, egg-shaped
below. The outer phyllaries are narrow, loose,
the inner linear to lance-shaped, blunt, glandular,
with pale borders. The styles are livid. The
pappus is reddish. The plant is 2-4 ft. high,
flowering from July to September, and is a herb-
aceous perennial.

Hieracium auratum, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is mountainous districts. The stem is erect,
rigid, leafy, branched, reddish, woolly-felted, and
stiffly hairy. The leaves are brownish-green
above, bluish-green below, the lower egg-shaped
to lance-shaped, oblong, narrow below, toothed,

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

the upper more egg-shaped, the base rounded,
half-clasping, net-veined, woolly-felted above,
stifly hairy below. The panicle is leafy, in a sort
of corymb, with 2-3 lower erect to spreading
branches, the upper close, ascending. The flower-
stalks have bracteoles above, woolly-felted. The
heads are few or numerous, medium to large,
egg-shaped below. The phyllaries are dark-
green, lance-shaped to linear, blunt, the inner
pale-bordered above, blunt, woolly-felted, glandu-
lar, hairy. The styles are yellow. The margins of
the receptacle pits are toothed. The plant is 2-3
ft. high, flowering from July to September, and is
a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium crocatum, Fr.—The habitat of this
plant is mountain districts, banks of streams, and
ravines. The stem is rigid, rather rough, stiffly
hairy. The leaves are oblong to lance-shaped,
the lower narrowed to the clasping leaf-stalk, the
upper broader, blunt below, half-clasping, toothed,
paler, net-veined, falsely 3-nerved below, hairless,
or hairy. The panicle is small, in a sort of corymb,
with 2-3 straight, nearly erect, lower branches,
the upper spreading, ascending, close. The
flower-stalks are woolly-felted, hairy. The 5-12
heads are large, glossy, brown, nearly cylindrical,
blunt below. The phyllaries are dark, closely
pressed, broad, narrow-tipped, blunt, the outer
few, lance-shaped, the inner linear to lance-shaped,
paler below, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. The
ligules are hairless. The styles in Scottish speci-
mens are livid. The plant is 14-4 ft. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Hieracium maritimum, F. J. Hanb. — The
stem of this plant is erect, tall, rigid, reddish-
purple, stiffly hairy, woolly-felted, rough above.
The leaves are leathery, dark-green, crowded, the
lowest spreading, inversely egg-shaped, rounded
to blunt above, shortly stalked, the rest erect,
linear to oblong, lance-shaped, nearly acute,
abruptly narrowed, clasping below, entire or finely
toothed, stiffly hairy. The panicle is a raceme-
like corymb. Thc heads are 1-10, leafy below,
the branches straight below, arching. The flower-
stalks are very woolly-felted, stiffly hairy. The
heads are very dark, short, broad, nearly blunt.
The phyllaries are short, broad, very blunt, the
outer triangular, the inner oblong to linear, lance-
shaped, woolly-felted, hairy, the inner paler. The
ligules are yellow-orange, hairless. The styles
turn colour. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering
in July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hieracium sabaudum, L.—The habitat of this
plant is hedgebanks, copses, damp thickets,
woods, rocky places, banks of streams, lochs and
loughs, railway banks, heaths, &c. It is common
on shale, sand, and grit, less so on limestone
scars. The stem is rigid, hairy, often leafy
below, slender or thickened, round, finely fur-
rowed, red below, stiffly hairy, branched above.
The leaves are numerous, close, soft, olive-green,
flat, toothed, with teeth directed forwards, long-
pointed, the lower leaves linear to lance-shaped,
close, stalked, the stalks winged, hairy, the middle

197

and upper leaves broadly lance-shaped, all stiffly
hairy both sides, or shining, hairless above. The
branches are loosely panicled, the upper often
close, the others distant. The flower-stalks are
woolly-felted or grey. The heads are medium,
with long stalks. The acladium is 20-25 mm.
The bracts are 3-4, linear. The flowerhead is egg-
shaped, rounded below, the phyllaries green-bor-
dered, wide, stellately woolly-felted. The recep-
tacle pits are irregularly lobed. The ligules are
yellow to golden. The styles are livid. The
achenes are purplish-black.

Hieracium Ogwent, Linton. —The habitat of
this plant is sandy and stony places. It is re-
garded as synonymous with //. subumbellata,
Williams, of HZ. umbellatum, L., by Mr. F. N.
Williams (Prodr., p. 174). The leaves are fewer
than in 4. uwmbellatum, L., the upper stalkless,
the lower narrowed into leaf-stalks, the panicle
being narrowed into a corymbose panicle, subum-
bellate, the tips of the phyllaries straight, not bent
back, nearly hairless, not hairy, or slightly woolly-
felted, hairy.

Alpine Sowthistle (Zactuca alpina, Hook. =
Sonchus ceruleus, Sm.). — The habitat of this
plant is alpine rocks. The plant has the rosette
habit. It is smooth, the inflorescence glandular,
hairy. The stems are stout, simple, smooth below.
leafy, succulent, grooved. The leaves are arrow-
shaped, lyrate or runcinate, with a large tri-
angular, spear-shaped, terminal lobe, and acute,
broad, membranous. The leaves are smaller
above, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, acute, short-
stalked on the barren shoots. They are narrowed
into half-clasping, auricled, winged leaf-stalks.
The flowerheads are blue, in racemose heads,
small, numerous, simple or branched, hispid, with
stalked, jointed hairs. The flower-stalks are
ascending, and bear bracts. The involucre is
glandular, hairy, subcylindrical, the phyllaries
linear, The achenes are oblong, not narrowed,
ribbed, slightly flattened. The plant is 2-4 ft.
high, flowering from June to August, and is a
herbaceous annual or perennial.

ORDER ERICACE

Black Bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina, Spr.).
—The habitat of this plant is dry, barren Scottish
mountains. The plant has the shrub habit, and is
prostrate, then ascending, forming woody patches.
The branches are stout, leafy, interlacing, de-
pressed, with scaly bark. The stem is long, trail-
ing. The leaves are spoon-shaped, inversely egg-
shaped or lance-shaped, thin, wrinkled, scalloped,
toothed above the middle, fading but persistent,
in terminal clusters, with a short stalk, the nerves
netted, fringed with hairs. The flowers are 2-3,
in terminal drooping racemes, white, hairy round
the mouth, appearing with the young leaves, on
short stalks. The bracts are fringed with hairs.
The calyx is small. The corolla has 4-5 lobes,
downy within. The anther-stalks are awl-like,
the anthers brown, with small, short, awned
appendages. The berry or drupe is black, smooth.

198 BRITISH
The plant is 3-12 in. high, flowering from May to
July, and is a perennial shrub.

Azalea (Azalea procumbens, Desv.).—The habi-
tat of this plant is Scottish alps, the summits of
Highland mountains. The plant has the shrub
habit. The stem is woody, prostrate, then as-
cending, spreading, forming flat patches, with
interlacing, rigid branches. The leaves are
leathery, rigid, the margins bent-back, small,
opposite, crowded, oblong, linear, blunt, deep-
green, glossy, channelled above, densely downy
below, with a very stout midrib. The flowers are
2-3, rose-colour, in terminal clusters, inclined,
small, on simple, red, stout stalks, without brac-
teoles. The sepals are red, egg-shaped to lance-
shaped. The pink corolla has blunt lobes. The
capsule is very small. The plant is 2-4 in. high,
flowering from May to July, and is a perennial
shrub.

ORDER GENTIANACE

Spring Gentian (Gentiana verna, L.). —The
habitat of this plant is wet subalpine limestone
rocks, limestone covered with grass, peaty pas-
tures. The habit is prostrate. The plant is
tufted, stoloniferous. The aerial stems are root-
ing, ending in a tuft of leaves, with scapes 1-
flowered, with 1 or 2 leaves only, curved or as-
cending. The leaves are ovate, oblong, the
radical ones forming a rosette, blunt or more or
less acute, 1-nerved, the stem-leaves oblong, few,
smaller. The flowers are large, bright-blue, soli-
tary, not stalked. The bracts are leafy. The
calyx bears 2 bracts, with 5 equal, sharp, teeth or
lobes, 5-winged, with prominent angles, the tube
larger. The corolla is salver-shaped, 5-cleft, the
lobes ovate, blunt, with small intermediate lobes,
which are divided into 2 nearly to the base, and
the throat is naked, with a scale between the
lobes. The capsule is nearly stalkless. The plant
is 1-3 in. high, flowering from April to June, and
is a herbaceous perennial.

Small Alpine Gentian (Gentiana nivalis, L.).—
The habitat of this species is summits of Scottish
mountains. The plant has the rosette habit more
or less. The stems are slender, branched or
simple, erect. The radical leaves are few, in-
versely ovate, oblong, elliptic, blunt or acute.
The stem-leaves are smaller, in distant pairs,
3-5-nerved. The flowers are bright light-blue,
solitary or few, shortly-stalked. The small bracts
are oblong. The calyx is cylindrical, narrow to
bell-shaped, with 2 bracts, the 5 awl-like lobes
equal, 5-angled or keeled, and ribbed. The co-
rolla is funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes ovate,
blunt, with small, intermediate, bifid scales, the
throat naked. The capsule is more or less stalk-
less. The plant is 1-6 in. high, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous annual.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Mountain Scorpion Grass (MZyosotis alpestris,
Schmidt=M. pyrenaica, Pourret = M. rupicola,
Sm.).—The habitat of this plant is moist rocks,

FLORA

mountains. The radical leaves are long-stalked,
pointed, oblong, lance-shaped, the stalks slender.
The flowers are large, blue, at night sweet-
scented. The calyx is deeply 5-cleft, the hairs
not at all straight, with some curved, appressed
bristles, and narrow, acute, below, open in fruit.
The ultimate flower-stalks are ascending. The
limb of the corolla is longer than the tube, flat.
The fruit-stalks are not so long. The style is
half as long as the calyx. The nutlets are black,
keeled, not rounded at the end. The plant is q-10
in. high, flowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Purple Toadflax (Zimarza purpurea, Mill.).
—This plant has long been in cultivation in Eng-
land and established in many places, old walls,
waste ground, near towns. The habit is erect.
The plant is smooth. The stem is leafy. The
leaves are linear, lance-shaped, scattered, the
radical leaves irregularly in fours. The flowers
are purple, in long, narrow racemes. The sepals
are linear, not so long as the capsule. The co-
rolla has a long, incurved spur, 2-3 times as long
as the flower-stalks. The lips may be purple, the
flower yellow otherwise. The seeds are angular,
netted. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers in
July and August, being a herbaceous perennial.

Great Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus, L.).—
This plant is an alien, which has become natural-
ized in many places, as on old walls and cal-
careous cliffs, being an escape from gardens,
where it has been long cultivated generally. The
habit is erect. The plant is shrubby, branched,
smooth below, glandular, downy above. The
stems are stout and woody. The leaves are
oblong, linear, lance-shaped, oppesite or alternate,
devoid of hairs. The flowers are purple, white,
yellow or crimson, in dense racemes, glandular,
downy, with ovate, narrow-pointed bracts. The
ultimate flower-stalks are erect. The sepals are
ovate, unequal, blunt, shorter than the corolla.
The palate is yellow, the upper lip divided into
two nearly to the base. The spur is hairy within.
The capsule is glandular. The seeds are black or
brown, longitudinally ribbed, prickly, oblong,
ovoid. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from
July to September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Speedwell (Veronica alpina, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is lofty Scottish mountains,
springs, and rills. The habit is prostrate, then
erect, much as in V. serpyllifolia. The stem is
scarcely rooting, simple, except below, glandular,
downy above. The leaves are elliptic, egg-
shaped, entire or toothed. The lower leaves are
smaller. The flowers are dark-blue, in a dense,
raceme-like corymb, few, hairy with spreading
hairs. The sepals are narrow, more or less acute,
half as long as the capsule, which is obscurely
notched, on short, erect stalks. The bracts are
alternate. The capsule is inversely egg-shaped.
The seeds are plano-convex. The style is short.
The upper part of the stem and calyx is dingy-

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

blue. The plant is 3-10 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Procumbent Speedwell (Veronica saxatilis, L.
= V. fruticans, Jacq.).—The habitat of this plant
is the highest Scottish alps, exposed alpine rocks.
The habit is prostrate. The plant is more or less
devoid of hairs. The stem is woody, with nume-
rous branches, ascending, with leafy barren
shoots. The leaves are oval, elliptic, the lower
smaller, inversely ovate, the upper oblong,
coarsely toothed to the middle, leathery, the
teeth few or none. The flowers are large, bright-
blue, in more or less corymb-like racemes, with
few flowers, downy, hairy, without glands, the
hairs crisped. The bracts are more or less
opposite. The sepals are linear to oblong, blunt,
not so long as the capsule. The flower-stalks are
longanderect. The ultimate flower-stalks are stiff.
The style is short and slender. The capsule is ob-
long, ovate, narrow-pointed, the valves bifid, the
seeds nearly flat. The plant is 2-4 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Alpine Bartsia (Bartsia alpina, L.). — The
habitat of this plant is alpine pastures, subalpine
meadows, and wet banks. The habit is creep-
ing. The plant is a hemi-parasite, glandular,
downy, the rootstock woody. The stem is simple,
erect, square or round, leafy. The leaves are
opposite, stalkless, egg-shaped, bluntly toothed,
the upper heart-shaped, clasping, leathery, blunt.
The bracts are purplish. The flowers are bluish-
purple, in a short, dense, leafy spike, downy.
The calyx is purplish, clammy, with egg-shaped
to lance-shaped lobes. The lips of the glandular
corolla are small. The anthers project, and are
hairy and bearded. The capsule is longer than
the sepals. The seeds are small, numerous,
winged. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering from
June to August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Rhinanthus borealis, Druce.—The habitat of
this plant is Scottish mountain pastures, corries.
The habit is erect, the stem simple, densely hairy,
with no black strize, the internodes more or less
long. The stem-leaves are shorter at the inter-
nodes, lance-shaped, the lower leaves egg-shaped,
blunt. The bracts are green and rough. The
calyx is downy, the corolla dark treacly-yellow.
The plant is 2-4 in. in height, flowering in July
and August, and is an annual hemi-parasite.
Rhinanthus Drummond-Hayi, Druce. —The
habitat of this plant is meadows and pastures,
lofty Scottish mountains. The plant is of Scottish
type, found in 6 vice-counties. It is 2-4 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is an annual
hemi-parasite. The habit is erect. The stem is
unbranched, hairy, not striate. The leaves are
narrow, linear. The calyxis downy. The corolla
is dark-yellow.

ORDER LABIATZ

Crimson Germander (Zeucrium Chamedrys,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is old walls, &c.,
near houses, sandy fields in Ireland. The habit is
ascending. The plant is hairy. The rootstock is

£99

creeping and bears stolons. The stems are hairy,
much-branched, leafy, woody below. The leaves
are ovate, stalked, cut, scalloped, wedge-shaped,
narrowed into the leaf-stalk, with prominent veins
below, entire below, green both sides. The flowers
are purple or rose-colour, in a raceme, § in a
whorl, in the axils of bracts. The lower bracts
are entire, stalkless, leaflike, purplish, the upper
smaller, broader below. The calyx-teeth are
lance- shaped, straight, triangular, the calyx
nearly equal below, and the lower lip of the corolla
is spotted white and red. The nutlets are smooth.
The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering from July to
September, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Ajuga pyramidalis, L.—The habitat is alpine
shady places. The habit is erect. The whole
plant is hairy. There are no runners. The
flowers are purplish-blue, in compound pyramidal
spikes. The calyx is woolly. This alpine bugle
grows to a height of 1 ft. It flowers from May to
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Alpine Knotweed (Polygonum viviparum, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is mountain alpine
pastures, wet alpine rocks. The habit is erect.
The stem is simple, slender, with a slender root-
stock. The plant is hairless. The leaves are
narrowed below, linear, lance-shaped, with margin
rolied back, the radical leaves narrow, linear to
oblong, elliptic, the stalks without wings as long
as or shorter than the leaves, which are more or
less acute, bluish-green. The few upper leaves
have shorter stalks. The flowers are white or
pink, in a slender, loose, blunt, terminal spike-like
raceme, bulbiferous below, with red bulbs. The
fruit rarely matures. The face of the nut is egg-
shaped, shining, smooth, lance-shaped. The plant
is 4-8 in. high, flowering from June to August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Sorrel (Oxyria digyna, Hill=O. reni-
formis, Hook.).—The habitat of this plant is moun-
tain rocks and streams, wet, rocky places. The
plant has more or less the rosette habit. It is
devoid of hairs, fleshy, acid in taste. The root-
stock is tufted. The stems are usually leafless,
nearly simple, and stout. The radical leaves are
kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, long-stalked,
rounded, notched at the extremity. The veins
radiate from the end of the leaf-stalk. The stem-
leaves are solitary. The panicle is a spike-like
raceme, slender, leafless, loose, the ultimate
flower-stalks slender, jointed in the middle, thick-
ened above. The outer perianth-segments are
spreading or bent-back, the inner spoon-shaped,
with 3-5 nerves. The fruit has a round to heart-
shaped wing, and is membranous, veined, notched
at the end. The plant is 4-8 in. high, and flowers
from June to August, being a herbaceous per-
ennial.

ORDER ARISTOLOCHIACE

Birthwort (Aristolochia clematilis, L.).—This
plant is rare and not indigenous, being found in

200

hedges, on old walls near gardens, former re-
ligious houses, ruins, and waste places. The
habit is creeping, then erect. The rootstock is
woody. The plant is devoid of hairs. The
stems are erect, simple, numerous, angled. The
leaves are broadly heart-shaped, blunt, with a
short point, netted, smooth, bluish- green be-
neath, with rounded auricles, incurved, and nearly
overlapping. The flowers are 4-8, in a cluster,
pale-yellow, on very short stalks, more or less
erect. The calyx is yellow, with a slender
curved tube, rounded below. The lip is oblong or
ovate, the throat swollen. The corolla is pear-
shaped. The flower-stalks are bent-down. The
fruit is a 6-valved capsule, the seeds nearly round,
flattened, granulated, excavated on the ventral
face. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July
and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER SALICACE2

Black Willow (Salix nigricans, Sm.). — The
habitat of this plant is rocks, mountains, banks of
streams and rivers, osier ground. The plant has
the tree or shrub habit, prostrate, then ascending,
or erect. The shoots are downy, dull-coloured.
The leaves are ovate, oblong, elliptic, lance-
shaped, thin, downy, bluish-green below, entire
or coarsely toothed, acute, netted above, turning
black when dry. There are no stipules, or, if
present, they are half-heartshaped, with a straight
point and a basal gland. The ovoid, or cylindric,
erect catkins appear before or after the leaves,
are stalkless or stalked, and the scales are linear,
oblong, softly hairy, acute or blunt. The anther-
stalks are hairy below, and the ovary is silky.
The style is distinct, slender, and long. The
capsule is narrowly conical, smooth or woolly,
with a slender stalk. The plant is 6-10 ft. high,
flowering in April and May, and is a perennial
shrub.

Tea-leaved Willow (Salix phylicifolia, L.).—
The habitat of this plant is rocks and mountain
streams, and valleys. The plant has the tree or
shrub habit. The branches are spreading, shin-
ing, chestnut, the shoots smooth at length, dark-
green above, shining, bluish-green below (like the
leaves), bright chestnut. The leaves are ovate,
oblong, elliptic, lance-shaped, smooth, shining
above, bluish-green below, thick, black when dry,
not dotted or wrinkled. The stipules are very
small or absent. The catkins are stalkless, with
bracts. The scales are linear, oblong, acute,
black. The ovary is silky. The style is distinct.
The capsule has a long beak. The plant is 10 ft.
high, flowering earlier than other species in April
and May, being a perennial shrub.

Woolly Broad-leaved Willow (Salix lanata,
L.).—This plant is found on alpine cliffs and by
rills, Scottish mountains. The plant has the shrub
habit. The branches are twisted, the twigs
woolly. The buds are large, black, and stiffly
hairy. The leaves are leathery, shaggy or woolly
below, broadly oval, oblong to lance-shaped,
acute, entire, with raised netted veins. The leaf-

BRITISH FLORA

stalk is very short. The stipules are large, oval,
half-heartshaped, glandular-toothed. The cat-
kins are terminal, stalkless, in flower with the
leaves, stout, dense, silky with yellow hairs, ashy-
white, the male not so long as the female. The
scales are black, oblong, blunt, hairy with golden
hairs. The stamens are hairless. The ovary is
conical, smooth. The style is long. The capsule
is smooth, shortly stalked. The plant is 1-3 ft.
high, flowering from May to August, and is a
perennial shrub.

Downy Mountain Willow (Salix lapponum,
L.).—The habitat of this plant is alpine rocks.
The plant has the shrub habit. It is dwarf, erect
or prostrate. The branches are brown, stout,
with woolly buds. The leaves are elliptic, lance-
shaped, inversely ovate, long-pointed, dull-green,
silky above, cottony below, entire or wavy-toothed,
netted, with straight, raised veins, wrinkled, the
margins curved back. The leaves are downy
when young. The stipules are small or may be
absent. The leaf-stalk is long with a dilated base.
The catkins appear before the leaves, and are
nearly stalkless, with bracts. The male are ovoid,
with black scales and yellow anthers, the female
longer. The scales are acute, with a felt of long,
white hairs. The style is cleft, slender, very long.
The stigmas are linear. The ovary is ovate,
lance-shaped, silky. The capsule is woolly, coni-
cal, hardly stalked. The plant is 2-5 ft. high,
flowering from June to July, and is a perennial
shrub.

Whortle-leaved Willow (Salix myrsinites, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is alpine rocks and
rivulets, Scottish mountains. The habit is the
shrub habit. The plant is dwarf, rigid, somewhat
erect, or creeping, much-branched, the younger
parts downy. The leaves are small, dark-green,
glossy, rigid, ovate, elliptic, lance-shaped, netted
both sides, the veins prominent, coarsely toothed,
glandular hairy, acute. The leaf-stalk is very
short. The stipules are ovate, lance-shaped,
toothed. The catkins are terminal, appearing
with or after the leaves, on stout, leafy stalks.
The male catkins are oblong, ovoid. The scales
are spoon-shaped, softly downy. The disk is
large. The anthers are ultimately black. The
stigmas are thick. The style is very long. The
ovary is hardly stalked, ovate, awl-like, downy.
The capsule is hairy or downy, stalked. The
plant is 1-2 ft. high, and flowers in June and July,
being a perennial shrub,

Salix sadleri, Sm. = S. herbacea x S. lanata.
—The habitat of this plant is rocky ledges. The
habit is the shrub habit. The plant is dwarf. The
branches are prostrate, leafy, few, twisted, with
shining, reddish-brown bark, and woolly shoots.
The leaves are small, roundly ovate, more or less
heart-shaped, more or less acute, entire, smooth,
cottony above, netted, smooth below, dark-green,
the young leaves cottony below. There are no
stipules. The catkins are terminal, cylindrical,
many-flowered. The leaf-stalks are woolly,
without leaves. The scales are oblong, blunt, at

| length woolly, dark-brown, not so long as the

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

capsules. The style is short. The stigmas are
linear, lobed. The ovary is downy, with long
woolly stalks. The capsules are hairless, conical
to ovoid. The plant flowers in August, and is a
perennial shrub.

Salix arbuscula, L.—The habitat of this plant is
rocks, mountains. The plant has the shrub habit.
The plant is small, rigid, prostrate, rooting. The
twigs are yellow downy, then brown. The leaves
are ovate, lance-shaped, smooth, shining above,
with small teeth, bluish-green, opaque below,
1-veined, long-pointed, at first silky below. The
catkins are cylindrical, lateral, on stalks bearing
bracts, those of the female longer. The scales are
inversely ovate to rounded, reddish, blunt, downy.
The capsules are conical, reddish, the scales
covering the base. The ovary is oblong to ovate,
silky. The stigmas are lobed, and thick. The
style is long, deeply-cleft. The plant is 1-2 ft.
high, flowering in June and July, and is a perennial
shrub.

Least Willow (Salix herbacea, L.).—Thehabitat
of this plant is alpine mountains. The plant has
the shrub habit, but is very dwarf, herbaceous
in appearance. The branches are subterranean,
spreading under the ground and stones, giving
rise to twigs, with few leaves and flowers. The
bud scales, which are brown, are persistent. The
leaves are round, smooth above, oblong, blunt or
notched, shining, netted, not wrinkled, coarsely-
toothed, shortly-stalked, curled, green below.
The stipules are ovate, small, or absent. The
catkins are oblong, few-flowered, crimson, on
2-leaved stalks, and appear with the leaves. The
scales are blunt, smooth or downy, inversely
ovate, concave. The ovary is more or less stalk-
less, ovate to conical, smooth. The stigmas are
lobed. The style is short. The anthers are yel-
lowish-brown or purple. The capsule is downy.
The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in June and
July, and is a perennial shrub.

Little Wrinkled Willow (Salix reticulata, L.).
—The habitat of this plant is Scottish mountains.
The plant has the shrub habit. The stem is sub-
terranean, dwarf, short, woody, much branched,
the branches twisted, sparingly leafy. The
leaves are rounded, oblique, strongly veined each
side (hence reticulata), wedge-shaped, blunt, or
notched, green above, bluish-green below, the
margin entire or wavy, the young leaves hairy,
the older hairless, and rough above, hoary below.
There are no stipules. The catkins are oblong,
many-flowered, more or less terminal, on long, leafy
stalks, flowering after the leaves. The scales are
inversely egg-shaped, purple or yellow. The
anthers are purple. The disk is an irregularly
lobed cup. The style is short, the stigmas are
2-lobed. The capsule is stalkless, hoary, blunt.
The plant is 6-24 in. long, flowering in June and
July, and is a perennial shrub.

ORDER ORCHIDACE

Helleborine atrorubens, Roehl. = H. ovalis,

Bab. = H. atropurpurea, Druce.—The habitat of

201

this plant is limestone cliffs, &c. The habit is like
that of 47. /atifolia, but the plant is not so large.
The stem is solitary. The leaves are small, egy-
shaped to oblong, acute, the upper lance-shaped,
the lowest bracts smaller than the leaves, longer
than the flowers, but not so long as the fruit.
The sheaths are funnel-shaped, close. The
flowers are small, dingy-purple, dark-yellow to
blackish-red. The stalk is shorter than the downy
ovary. The label is oval, scalloped, acute, blunt-
pointed, the hunches raised, folded, scalloped
above. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LILIACE

Wild Leek (Al/:ium Ampeloprasum, L. = A.
holmense, Mill.).—This plant is naturalized, and
grows on rocky banks, waste places. The plant
has the lily habit. The stem is leafy below. The
bulb is large, with stalked bulbils or offsets, and
compound. The leaves are keeled, linear, in two
rows, folded, with rough edges. The sheaths are
cylindrical. The scape is stout. The spathe has
a flattened, long beak, falling off, entire. The
flowers are numerous, in a round, compact umbel,
pale-purple or greenish-white, on unequal stalks.
The perianth is white or greenish, the keel of the
outer segments roughish. The stamens project,
and the anther-bearing point has 3-pointed fila-
ments as long as the entire part. The ovary is
rounded. The plant is 3-4 ft. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Spiderwort (Zloydia serotina, H. G.
L. Reichb. = Z. alpina, Salisb.).—The habitat of
this plant is rocky ledges, mountain cliffs. The
habit is the lily habit. The stem and leaves arise
separately from the rootstock. The stem is round.
The sheaths of the bulb are numerous and loose.
The radical leaves are semi-cylindrical, 3-angled,
bent inwards. The stem-leaves are not so long,
swollen below, sheathing, short. The flowers are
white, with reddish lines within, solitary. The
perianth-segments are inversely ovate to oblong.
The capsule is 3-sided, 3-valved above. The seeds
are reddish-brown till they are ripe. The plant is
4-8 in. high, flowering in May and June, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Highland Rush (Juncus trifidus, L.). —The
habitat of this rush is alpine rocks, damp, rocky
mountainous places. The plant has the rush
habit. It forms dense, tufted masses of root-
stocks and sheaths. The stems are wiry, round,
rigid, crowded, slender, erect, with one short,
awl-like leaf above. The basal sheaths are awned,
the upper with a short leaf. The stem-leaf may
be absent, and there may be a second head in the
axil. The leaves are awl-like, short, sheath-like.
The leaf below the inflorescence has a tubular
sheath and membranous margins. There are 1-3,
pale-brown flowers, with 2 bristle-like, slender,
leaf-like bracts between. The perianth-segments

202

are long and narrow pointed, not so long as the
capsule, with pale margins. The styles and stig-
mas are long. The capsule is ovoid, beaked,
dark-brown, the seeds large with short appen-
dages. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.
Highland Wood-Rush (/uncoides (Lusula)
spicatum, L.).—The habitat of this plant is high-
land mountains, humid gravelly detritus, rocky
places. The plant has the wood-rush habit. The
plant is slender. The rootstock is tufted, with
short stolons. The leaves are slender, shorter
than the stem, small, the sheaths hairy, leathery,
bent back, narrow, channelled. The stem-leaves
are few and short. The flowers are in drooping,
dense, oblong, lobed cymes, spike-like, the clusters
not so long as the bracts. The partial bracteoles
are tapered, membranous, fringed with hairs,
bristle-like. The perianth-segments are narrow,
long-pointed, bristle-like. The anther-stalks are
half as long as the anthers. The capsule is blunt,
with oblong seeds, with a white, slight, basal ap-
pendage. The plant is 4-12 in. high, flowering in
June and July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACE

Rock Sedge (Carex rupestris, Bell).—The habi-
tat of this sedge is cliffs, ledges of alpine rocks,
lofty mountains. The plant has the sedge habit.
The rootstock, which is tufted, is creeping, and
bears stolons. The stems are 3-sided, rough
above, wiry. The leaves are flat, channelled,
curved, and end in a twisted, withered, wavy,
rough, slender, triangular point, the margins bent
over. The bracts are awl-like or wanting. The
spikelets are narrow, dark-brown, shining. The
male spikelets are at the top. The glumes of the
female spikelets are few, broadly ovate, blunt,
shorter than the fruit. The glumes are persistent,
brown. The fruit is erect, inversely ovate, elliptic,
appressed, 3-angled, with a short, abrupt beak,
pale, smooth. There are 3 stigmas. The nut is
inversely ovoid, 3-angled, brown. The plant is
3-6 in. high, flowerin& in June and July, and isa
herbaceous perennial.

Carex lagopina, Wahl.(=C. Lachenalii, Schkr.).
—The habitat of this species is wet places on
Scotch mountains. The plant has the sedge
habit. The rootstock is tufted, the stolons short,
rough above. The stem is triangular, smooth,
wiry, curved below. The leaves are flat. The
spike is brown, elliptic. The spikelets are elliptic,
egg-shaped, 2-4, crowded, small, touching, the
terminal longer. The glumes are reddish, with
pale edges, oval, nearly as long as the fruit. The
fruit is elliptic, erect, blunt-pointed, with an
entire beak, membranous at the tip, and plano-
convex, narrowed below, the nut tipped with the
persistent style. The plant is 4-8 in. high, flower-
ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

C. Halleri, Gunn.(=C. alpina, Sw.=C. Vahiii,
Schkuhr).—The habitat of this species is glens and
mountainousand rocky districts, wet grassy places.

BRITISH FLORA

The plant has the sedge habit. The rootstock has
short stolons. The stems are erect, more or less
solitary, rigid, 3-sided, smooth or rather rough
above. The leaves are short, flat, bent-back.
The spikelets are 2-4, stalkless, round or oblong,
close, the lateral nearly horizontal, black. The
bract is slender. The glumes are brown or black,
ovate, acute or blunt, broad, crowded. The fruit
is broad, inversely ovoid, yellowish-brown, with-
out veins, rough above, larger than the glumes,
with a short, rough, notched beak. The nuts are
ellipsoid, inversely ovoid, 3-sided, pale, blunt,
beaked. The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering
from June to August, and is a herbaceous peren-
nial.

Blackheaded Sedge (Carex atraia, L.).—The
habitat of this species is ledges of alpine rocks,
mountains, cliffs. The habit is as in the last. The
rootstock is small, tufted, and bears stolons. The
stems are bent at an angle, 3-sided, hardly rough
above, smooth elsewhere. The leaves are broad,
large, flat, keeled. The bracts exceed the spike-
lets. The sheaths are short. The lower bract is
leaflike. The spikelets are 3-4, nearly cylindric,
ovate, oblong, close, rarely distant, shortly
stalked, the uppermost mostly male, and are
inclined, or drooping at length. The glumes are
dark-purple, black, the midrib pale and slender,
acute, erect, overlapping. The fruit is yellowish,
more or less round, elliptic, 3-angled, when ripe
flattened, smooth, veinless, not so long as the
glumes. The beak is round, short, notched, smooth.
The nut is elliptic, 3-angled, blunt, with a short
point. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in
July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Mountain Sedge (Carex rigida, Good. = C.
saxatilis, L.).—The habitat of this species is wet
stony places on mountains. The plant has the
sedge habit. The plant is stout, with a creeping
rootstock, which may be tufted. The stems are
rigid, 3-angled, curved, nearly smooth, rough
above. The leaves are broad, rigid, flat, keeled,
curving outwards, with bent-down edges, many,
broad. The sheaths are not filamentous at the
edge. The bracts are sheathing below. There
is one barren cylindric spike with female florets
below. The spikes are short, erect. The 3-5
fertile spikelets are oval or cylindrical, close, dense,
with short stalks. The fruit is elliptical, blunt,
not ribbed, green, with a smooth beak. The
glumes are purple, dark, with narrow, pale edges,
with a green midrib. The nut is broader than
long, round, blunt. The plant is 4-10 in. high,
flowering in May and June, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Carex ornithopoda, WWilld.—The habitat of this
rare sedge is calcareous cliffs. The habit is
sedge-like. The stem is short, not longer than
the radical leaves, which are blunt and flat. The
bracts are membranous, egg-shaped, awned,
shorter than the fertile spike. There are 3 fertile
spikes, which are close, nearly erect, longer than
the male spike. The fruit is pear-shaped, shorter
than the glumes. The beak is short. The nut is
elliptic, shortly stalked, nearly 3-angled. The

ROCKS AND WALLS, ETC.

plant is 3-5 in. high, flowering from May to July,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Sheathed Sedge (Carex vagina‘a, Tausch.).—
The habitat of this species is rocky Scottish moun-
tains. The plant has the sedge habit. The stem
is smooth, curved. The leaves are bent back,
radical, green, keeled. The bract is long and has
a funnel-shaped sheath (hence vaginata), loose.
The fertile spikelets are loose, distant, on erect
stalks. The fruit is 3-angled, swollen, bent down,
smooth, longer than the glumes, which are blunt,
pale-brown, egg-shaped. The nut is elliptic,
g-sided, beaked, the beak blunt, notched, bent
down. The plant is 6-15 in. high, flowering in
July, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Scorched Sedge (Carex atrofusca, Schkr. = C.
ustulata, Wahl.).—The habitat of this species is
wet places on Scottish mountains. The plant has
the sedge habit. The root is fibrous. The leaves
are short and broad. The bracts are scarcely
leaflike or sheathing. The fertile spikelets are
2-4, shortly stalked, egg-shaped, dense, nodding,
brownish-black. The terminal spike is male. The
glumes are egg-shaped, acute, dark-purple, with
a slender, pale midrib. The fruit is elliptic,
flattened at the border, rough-edged, with a
cloven beak, dark-purple, paler below. The nut
is brown, 3-angled, with a long beak, elliptic,
triangular, on a long stalk. There are 3 (rarely
2) stigmas. The plant is 4-10 in. high, flowering
in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Capillary Sedge (Carex capillaris, L.).—The
habitat of this plant is the Highlands and grassy
mountain banks and rocks, near sea-level, in
Sutherland. The plant has the sedge habit. The
root is tufted. The stems are short, smooth,
g-angled, slender. The leaves (mainly radical)
are soft, flat, bent back. The bracts are large,
with a long sheath, the lower including several
flower-stalks. The flowers are pale yellowish-
green. The fertile spikelets are loose, drooping,
few-flowered, shorter than the slender (hence
capillaris) flower-stalk. The glumes are blunt,
scattered, membranous, soon falling, with brown
nerves. The fruit is short-stalked, 3-angled, with
a long beak, bent down. The nut is elliptic to
egg-shaped, 3-sided. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering in June and July, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Alpine Foxtail (Alopecurus alpinus, Sm.).—
The habitat of this grass is springs and edges
of alpine streams, damp grassy places, on high
mountains. The plant has the grass habit. The
stem is creeping, then erect, stout, smooth, narrow
above. The leaves are soft, flat, the upper usually
short, broad, one-third as long as the swollen
sheath, the upper longer than the leaf. The ligule
is blunt and short. The panicle is short, blunt,
egg-shaped, oblong, loose, not more than an inch
long, dense, the branches short, silky, with 4-6
spikelets. The empty glumes are egg-shaped,
silky, shining, acute, the keel fringed with silky
hairs. The flowering glume is blunt, hairless.

203

The glumes are united below, suddenly long-
pointed, egg-shaped. The awn is very short or
absent, not longer than the palea, or projecting
one-third. The anthers are yellow, linear. The
plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Cat’s Tail (Phleum alpinum, L.).—The
habitat of this species is wet alpine moors, alpine
springs and rills, and damp alpine pastures. The
plant has the grass habit. The stem is solitary,
smooth, ascending, rigid, creeping below. The
upper leaf-sheaths are swollen, the lower closely
pressed. The ligule is short. The panicle is egg-
shaped or oblong, cylindrical, dull-purple and
green. The empty glumes equal the rigid, rough
awn, the keel being hairy, and are blunt, hairless,
or fringed with hairs on the back. The plant is
6-18 in., fowering in July and August, and is a
herbaceous perennial.

Alpine Tufted Hair Grass (Deschampsia alpina,
Roem. and Schult. = Aira levigata, Sm.).—The
habitat of this grass is wet rocks, mountains.
The plant has the grass habit, and is shorter than
the Tufted Hair Grass. The leaves are narrow,

channelled, the margins inrolled, smooth. The
panicle is close, with smooth branches. The
awn is inserted at the middle, and is shorter. The

glumes are smooth on the midrib. The florets are
often viviparous. The plant is 6-9 in. high.

Glaucous Poa (Poa glauca, Vahl = P. cesia,
Sm.).—This is a native species, occurring on
mountains and alpine cliffs. The plant has the
grass habit. The rootstock is somewhat creeping.
The leaves are stiff, bluish-green (hence glauca
and cesia). The upper sheath is as long as the
leaf, folded and slightly bent in, tapered at the
top. The ligule is blunt. The uppermost knot is
near the base of the stem. The panicle is slender,
erect. The spikelets are large, egg-shaped, with
2-3 acute, free flowers, the lowest flowers longer .
than the large glume. The lower palea is 5-veined,
3 being hairy. The plant is 6-12 in. high, flower-
ing from July to August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Wavy Poa (Poa laxa, Haenke = P. stricta,
Sm. = P. minor, Bab.).—The habitat of this
species is rocks on alps, lofty mountains. The
plant has the grass habit. The root is fibrous.
The plant is limp, smooth, pale bluish-green. The
stems are flattened, prostrate below. The leaves
are short, linear, obliquely blunt-pointed, the
upper longer than the sheath, folded, bent inward,
tapered at the point. The ligules are long, torn,
acute. The upper sheath is longer than the leaf.
The uppermost node is covered. The panicle is
oblong, more or less ovate, loose, more or less
one-sided, slightly drooping, the branches solitary
or divided into two, smooth, rarely rough. The
spikelets are viviparous, green or purple, of 3-4
webbed florets. The flowering glumes are 2-4,
with hairy keel and margins, the nerves (3-5) not
prominent. The empty glumes are long-pointed
with membranous tips. The plant is 4-9 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

204 BRITISH FLORA

Alpine Poa (oa alpina, L.)—The habitat of
this species is rocks, lofty mountains. The plant
has the grass habit. It is smooth. The stout
rootstock is tufted and creeping. The stems are
stout, smooth, round in section, covered with the
sheaths of last year. The leaves are broad, firm,
the tip rounded, folded, short, stiff, rigid, keeled,
shortly blunt-pointed, the edges thick and rough,
the upper shorter than the sheath. The persistent
lower sheaths are white, broad, membranous,
leafless, the upper smooth, flattened. The long
ligule is pointed, torn, acute. The uppermost
node is exposed. The panicle is loose, pyramidal,
oblong, erect, spreading in flower, the branches
2-nate. The spikelets are green and purplish, 4-5
flowered, ovate, often viviparous. The flowering
glumes are 3-9, with a downy keel and margin,
with 3-5 obscure veins. The tips are membranous,
webbed, broad. The plant is 4-12 in. high,
flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous
perennial.

Poa Balfouri, Parn.—This grass is found on
hills in the north of England and Scotland. The
habit is creeping. The upper sheath is equal to
the leaf in length. The ligule is large, blunt.
The panicle is erect, spreading. The plant is
9-18 in. in height. It flowers in July and August,
and is a herbaceous perennial.

Hard Fescue (Festuca rigida, Kunth = Schie-
rochloa rigida, Link).—The habitat of this species
is dry rocks, walls, dry calcareous places. The
plant has the grass habit. The plant is often

purplish in colour, smooth, The root is fibrous.
The stems are slender, wiry, erect. The leaves
are nearly flat or have the margin inrolled, and
are more or less bristle-like. The sheaths are
round and grooved. The ligule is oblong. The
panicle is lance-shaped, nearly simple, rigid, com-
pact, the branches distichous. The spikelets are
3-5, more or less stalkless, linear, with a narrow
point. The rachis is broadly channelled, rough
at the edge. The upper glumes reach as far as
the third floret. The flowering glumes are smooth,
shining, round, 7-10, acute, with faint nerves.
The flower-stalks are short, stout, half-round in
section. The plant is 3-6 in., flowering in June
and July, and is a herbaceous annual.

Agropyron donianum, F. B. White =A. alpinum,
Don = 7. biflorum, Brigh. Mitt.—The habitat of
this species is mountain cliffs. The plant is erect,
and the leaves are thin and flat, with many slender
ribs. The panicle is close. The spikelets are 2-6-
flowered. The glumes have a short awn, and are
strongly 4-6-ribbed, the awn, ribs, edges, and tips
rough. The lower palea is narrowed abruptly,
and has membranous margins at the tips, 4-6-
ribbed, with an awn quarter to half its length.
The upper palea is blunt-pointed, densely fringed
with hairs on the lateral keels, densely rough with
a prominent midrib towards the tip, the lateral
ribs toothed at the tip, which fall short of the apex.
The axis is hairy, the rachis fringed with hairs.
The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in July and
August, and is a herbaceous perennial.

APPEN DIX

ADDENDA

The following plants should have been included in the text of Vol. VI under the divisions
in which they are here placed. Some have but recently been found to be British; a few have
only lately been raised to specific rank from the status of varieties (not included in this work).

FIELDS AND MEADOWS

OrpDER LEGUMINOS.E

Black Medick (Medicago lupulina, L.).—Stems
prostrate, then ascending, much branched. Leaf
trifoliate, shortly stalked, round-ovate, apiculate.
Stipules semi-cordate, toothed. Flowers many,
small, yellow, in dense oval heads. Flower-stalks
longer than leaf-stalks. Pods 1-seeded, veined,
kidney-shaped, black, flattened. Plant 6 in. to 1 ft.
May-August. Herbaceous annual or biennial.
Fields and waste places; much cultivated as a
fodder crop.

Trifolium Molinerii, Balb.—Differs from 7.
incarnatum, of which it may be the wild form,
as follows:—Stem erect, with appressed hairs.
Flowers terminal, in conical heads, rose or nearly
white. Tips of calyx-teeth smooth. 6-12 in.
May. Herbaceous annual. Cornish coast.

ORDER UMBELLIFERE

Gnanthe stlaifolia, Bieb. — Root tuberous,
spindle-shaped. Stem branched. Radical leaves
2-, cauline 1-pinnate. Leaflets linear, acute. In-
volucre o. Involucel-bracts shorter than the
flowers, with a few long rays. Outer florets
stalked, barren. Calyx unequal. Fruit cylin-
drical, narrowed below, without a corky base in
middle of umbel. Style erect, short, rigid. 1-3 ft.
June. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER IRIDACE

Crocus biflorus, Mill.—Leaves and flowers simul-
taneous. Corm with membranous sheath. Scape
naked. Flowers lilac, with purple and yellow

stripes. Spathe double. Stigmas erect, longer
than stamens; lobes blunt, notched. 4-6 in.
March.

Golden Crocus (Crocus vernus, Mill.).—Leaves
and flowers vernal. Corm with fibrous covering.
Scape naked. Flowers golden-yellow. Spathe
simple. Stigmas shorter than stamens; lobes

at most slightly notched. 4-6in. March.

Autumn Crocus (Crocus nudiflorus, Sm.).—Corm
round, covered with brown parallel fibres.
enclosed in a tubular sheath.

Scape
Flowers solitary,

violet. Stigmas longer than stamens, laciniate.
Anthers orange. Seeds red. 3-6 in. August~
October.

ORDER GRAMINACEA=

Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.).
Stems tufted. Leaves flat, firm, linear-lanceolate.
Sheaths rough; ligule smooth. Drooping, spread-
ing panicles. Glumes acute. Awn short. Fruit
free within the flowering glume. 3-6 feet. July.

Red Fescue (Festuca rubra, L.).— Differs from
F. ovina as follows:—Taller, loosely tufted, stolo-
niferous. Cauline leaves bristle-like or inrolled,
blunt. Lowersheaths hairy. Panicle broad below,
more or less 1-sided. Spikelets pale-red, 4-10-
flowered. Awn short. 1-3 ft. June.

CORNFIELDS, ETC.

ORDER RANUNCULACEA

Pheasant’s Eye (Adonis
Stem branched, very leafy.
pinnatifid. Segments linear.
black eye. Petals 5-10,

annua, L.).—Erect.
Leaves 3- (or more)
Flowers scarlet, with
broad, cup-shaped,

notched, scarcely longer than sepals. Calyx
greenish, smooth, spreading. Carpels in a long
oval head, without teeth. 6-12 in. May-Sep-

tember. Herbaceous annual.

ORDER PAPAVERACE#.
Pale-red Poppy (Papaver dubium, L.).—Erect.

Stem branched, with appressed hairs. Leaves
divided nearly to the base; lobes blunt, broad,
entire. Flowers large, pale-red; pairs of petals
unequal. Filaments thread-like. Capsule sessile,
club-shaped, smooth. Edge of stigmatic disk
obscurely 6-12-lobed. 1-2 ft. May-July. Her-
baceous annual.

Rough-headed Poppy (Pafaver Argemone, L.).
—Stem erect, leafy. Leaves 2-pinnatifid.
small, pale-red, with black eye.
soon falling.

Flowers
Petals narrow,
Filaments swollen above. Capsule

205

206

club-shaped,
4-6 rayed.
annual,

Rough-headed Poppy (Papaver hybridum, L.).
—Erect. Stem with few branches. Leaves 2-
pinnatifid; lobes acute or awned. Flowers crim-
son or purplish, with dark eye. Filaments swollen
above. Capsule rounded, roughly hairy. Stigma
convex, 4-8 rayed. 6-15 in. June-August.
Herbaceous annual.

hairy. Stigma
May-July.

roughly
6-18 in.

convex,
Herbaceous

ORDER FUMARIACE

Fine-leaved Fumitory (fumaria parvifiora,
Lam.).—Stem erect or spreading. Leaves grey-
ish or bluish-green. Segments narrow, chan-
nelled. Flowers whitish or purple. Raceme dense.
Sepals small, triangular-ovate, linear, acute.
Flower-stalks equal to bracts, shorter than fruit.
Fruit obovate, small-warted. 6-10 in. June
September.

ORDER COMPOSITE

Scentless Mayweed (Matricaria inodora, L.).
—Erect or spreading. Stem branched, angular,
smooth, without barren shoots. Leaves sessile,
pinnatifid. Segments capillary, pointed. Flower-
heads terminal, solitary. Involucral bracts lan-
ceolate, blunt, with a brown border. Ray white;
disk yellow. Receptacle ovate, then conical.
Fruit rough, with two glands on the outer side
below the entire raised border. Scent faint or nil.

1-14 ft. June-October. Herbaceous annual.
ORDER CONVOLVULACE
Clover Dodder (Cuscuta Trifolii, Bab.).—

On Clover. Differs from Heath Dodder chiefly in
having yellowish-white flowers and yellow apicu-
late anthers. 1-3 ft. August.

ORDER OROBANCHACEE

Orobanche ramosa, L.—On Hemp. Stem
branched. Calyx tubular; calyx-teeth 4, triangular-

ovate, pointed. Corolla 4-in., blue. Anthers
smooth. 4-8in. Annual. Rare.
Great Broom-Rape (Orobanche reticulata,

Wall.).—On Thistles. Sepals simple, hairy only at
the base. Corolla white or yellowish. Filaments
glandular, hairy above. 1-3ft. July. Perennial.
Yorkshire. Very rare.

ORDER ILLECEBRACE
Annual Knawel (Scleranthus annuus, L.).—

Stems much branched, dichotomous, slender.
Leaves bent back, often white below. Flowers
green, solitary below, forming a dense corymb
above. Calyx-lobes acute, with narrow mem-
branous border; spreading and 1o-nerved in fruit.
2-8in. June-September. Herbaceous annual or
biennial.
ORDER GRAMINACE

Rye Grass (Lolium muiltiflorum, Lam.).—No

barren shoots, and not tufted (difference from Z.

italicum). Paler than Z. perenne. Ligule short,
abrupt. 9-14 flowers in each spikelet. Lower
palea with long awn. 1-2 ft. June. Annual.

Cultivated.

BRITISH FLORA

SEA-COASTS

ORDER CRUCIFERAE
English Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia anglica, L.).
—Differs from Common Scurvy Grass as follows :—
Much larger. Radical leaves no/ cordate. Stem-
leaves half -clasping. Pod oblong, obovoid,
deeply furrowed. Style slender. 10-18 in. May.
Herbaceous annual.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Pink (Dianthus gallicus, Pers.). —Like the
Cheddar Pink in habit and size. Lower part of
stem with small papillate hairs. Leaves with
fine marginal teeth. Calyx longer, cylindrical.
Flowers dark-rose. Petals with long, irregular,
sub-linear, blunt lobes. Sand-dunes, Jersey.
July-September. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER LEGUMINOSA

Yellow Vetch (Vicia lutea, L.).—Sufficiently
characterized by the solitary or paired sessile
pale-yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth unequal, upper
shorter, lower longer than the calyx-tube. Pod
turned back, with bulbous hairs. 6-18 in. June-
August. Herbaceous annual.

ORDER CRASSULACE2

Sedum Drucez, Grzebner.—The common British
form, previously included in Sedum acre, L.
The genuine S. acre is stouter, more erect, and
tufted, with thicker leaves; according to Osten-
felde, it is found in Stirlingshire. S. Drucez is
common on shores, also inland on rocks, walls,
and dry sandy soil.

ORDER CHENOPODIACE

Shrubby Orache (Af¢riplex Halimus, L.).—
Recently established on the south coast. Branches
white. Leaves rhomboidal, silvery. Otherwise
like A. hortensts. 2-6 ft. July — September.
Perennial evergreen shrub.

ORDER POLYGONACE

Rumex rupestris, Le Gall. — Radical - leaves
oblong. Stem-leaves strap-shaped, rounded, and
narrowed at both ends. LBracts few, narrow.
Panicle tapering; whorls rather close. Sepals
large, with nearly parallel sides, narrow, ovate-
oblong, blunt, entire. A very large tubercle on
each perianth-lobe. Nuts ovate, acute. 1-3 ft.
June—September. Herbaceous perennial. South-
west coast. Rare.

ORDER GRAMINACEA

Keleria albescens, DC.—Differs mainly from
K. gracilis, Pers., in having the leaves rolled
lengthwise. 6-18in. June. Herbaceous peren-
nial. Dorset and Channel Islands. Very rare.

WOODS AND COPSES

ORDER FUMARIACE4

Capnoides bulbosa, DC.— Erect.
tuberous, solid, Stem stout, simple.

Rootstock
Leaves

APPENDIX

2-3-ternate. Bracts lobed, leafy. Flowers purple
in a terminal raceme. Spur long. Style per-
sistent. 6-10 in. April. Herbaceous perennial.

Purple Fumitory (Capnoides tuberosa, DC.).—
Differs from last mainly in the hollow tuber and
the entire bracts.

ORDER GERANIACE®

Geranium nodosum, L.—Erect. Stem smooth,
slender. Leaves 3-5-lobed; lobes ovate, with long
narrow point, toothed. Flowers paired, pale rose-

purple. Sepals awned. Carpels downy. Petals
obcordate, long. 1-2 ft. July. Plantations.
Rare.

ORDER LEGUMINOS-E

Coronilla varia, L.—Prostrate-ascending. Stem
branched. Leaflets ovate-oblong, with blunt
point. Flowers umbellate, on long stalks, purple
or white. 1-3 ft. July. Herbaceous perennial.
Rare.

Black Bitter Vetch (ZLathyrus niger, L.).—
Chief differences from Z. macrorrhizus:—Stem
angled. Leaflets 3-6 pairs. Stipules very narrow.
Calyx-teeth very short. Flowers livid- purple,
turning blue. Pods narrow, inflated, more or less
septate, rough, blunt-pointed at both ends. Seeds
flattened, bluntly-angled. 1-2 ft. June. Her-
baceous perennial. Scotland, rocky sub-alpine
valleys. Rare.

ORDER ROSACEZ

Cherry Laurel (Prunus Laurocerasus, L.).—
Leaves almond-scented when bruised, evergreen,
shiny above. Flowers white. 4-9 ft. May.
Evergreen shrub. Plantations.

Fragrant Agrimony (Ag7rimonza odorata, Mill.).
—Differs from A. LEupatoria as follows:—More
branched, racemes denser. Flowers and fruits
larger. Calyx bell-shaped, with few or no furrows.
14-4 ft. June. Herbaceous perennial. Rare.

Agrimonia agrimonioides, L.—Radical-leaves
ternate, with large oval lobes. Stem Icafy, in-
terrupted, branched. Flowers yellow, enclosed in
a leafy involucre. 9-15 in. July. Herbaceous
perennial. Very rare.

ORDER SAXIFRAGACEE

Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifrage (Chrysosple-
nium opposttifolium, L.).—Differs from C. alterni-
folium, L., as follows :—Stem more leafy, branched,
creeping, rooting below. Leaves opposite, round,
narrowed suddenly into short broad stalk. 2-4 in.
May-July. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER VALERIANACE

Pyrenean Valerian ( Valeriana pyrenaica, L.).—

Erect. Stem tall, furrowed. Leaves very large,
cordate, coarsely toothed, upper with a few basal
leaflets. Flowers as in V. officinalis, L. 2-4 ft.
June. Herbaceous perennial.
* ORDER COMPOSIT
Great Burdock (Arctium Lappa, L. = A. majus,

Schkuhr).—Differs from A. minus, Schkuhr, as

207

follows: —Radical leaves very large. Lear-stalks

solid. Flower-heads in a loose corymb, large, on
long stalks, Involucral bracts spreading. 3-4 ft.
July. Herbaceous perennial.

Arctium vulgare, Evans (= A. intermedium).—
Involucral bracts spreading. Otherwise like A.
minus. 2-4 ft.

ORDER BORAGINACE®

Omphalodes verna, Moench.—Creeping, stoloni-

ferous. Radical-leaves cordate-ovate; cauline
ovate-lanceolate. Flowers racemed, few, large,
bright-blue. May. Herbaceous biennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACEA

Scrophularia alata, Gibb. (= S. umbrosa, Dum.).
—Differs from S. nodosa, L., as follows:—Stem
broadly winged, bracts leafy. Capsules rounded.
2-4 ft. July-September. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER AMENTACE

Sessile Oak (Quercus sessilifolia = Q. sessili-
Jlora, Salisb.).—Differs from Q. pedunculata, Ehrh.,
as follows :—Often stunted. Leaves hairy, with two
auricles at base; petioles short. Acorns smaller,
rounder, closer together, on very short stalks.
60-100 ft. April. Deciduous tree. Characteristic
of siliceous soils.

ORDER LILIACE

Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum,
L.).—Bulb with several bulbils. Leaves green,
with a white stripe. Flowers in a corymb.
Flower-stalks slender, erect. Perianth-segments
linear. Filaments awl-shaped. Capsule obovoid.
6-8 in. May. Bulbous perennial.

ORDER JUNCACE

Wood Rush (Juncus sylvaticus, Reich. = /.
acutifiorus, Ehrh.).—Tall, stems jointed internally.
Leaves flattened, jointed. Flowers 5-6, in dense
clusters. Perianth-segments dark-chestnut, long-
pointed, as long as the capsule. Capsule pale-
brown, 3-angled, ovate, beaked. 1-3 ft. July.
Herbaceous perennial.

White Wood-rush (Luzula nemorosa, E. Mey.
= L. albida, DC. = Juncotdes nemorosum, O.
Kuntze). —Cyme doubly compound, flowers in
clusters of 2-4, whitish or pinkish. Bracts nearly
as long ascyme. Anthers hardly stalked. June.
Herbaceous perennial.

ROADSIDES AND HEDGES

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Chickweed (Stellaria umbrosa, Opitz. = S.
Elizabetha, Schultz).—Differs from S. media, L.,
as follows:—Stem erect or ascending. Ultimate ~
flower-stalks twice as long as calyx, smooth; when
in fruit, turned down below, straight above, at
length erect. Sepals smooth, with raised points.
Seeds with acute tubercles.

208

ORDER GERANIACEE

Round-leaved Crane’s-bill (Geranium rotundi-
folium, L. = G. viseidum, Ehrh.). — Erect or
spreading, loosely hairy. Leaves as in G. molle,
L. Sepals with short awn. Petals longer than
sepals, entire, narrow, spoon-shaped, pale-pink;
claw smooth. Carpels keeled, not wrinkled.
Seeds dotted. 6-12 in. June. Herbaceous
annual.

ORDER RHAMNACE

Buckthorn (Rhammnus catharticus, L.).—Much
branched. Branches opposite, ending in thorns.
Bark black. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed,
clustered at ends of shoots, opposite lower down,
with spreading veins. Dicecious. Parts of flower
in fours. Flowers yellow-green, solitary, or
clustered in axils of leaf-clusters. Ultimate
flower-stalks very short. Calyx of male flowers
bell-shaped; of .female, cup-shaped, with acute
lobes. Style q-cleft. Fruit a round, black drupe,
with 4 stones; latter grooved on back. 5-10 ft.
May-July. Deciduous shrub.

ORDER ROSACE

Dog Rose (Rosa sarmentacea, Woods = R.
dumalis, Bechst.). — Leaflets smooth, doubly
toothed, margin glandular. Flower-stalks naked.
Flowers pink. Sepals fall before fruit is ripe.
Styles free. 3-8 ft. June. Deciduous shrub.

Rosa tomentella Lem. (= R. obtusifolia, Desv.).
—Leaflets small, very downy below, with many
scentless glands. Sepals turned back, falling at
length. 3-6 ft. June. Deciduous shrub.

Rosa scabrata, Crép.—Like R. sarmentacea,
Woods, but secondary nerves of leaflets more or
less glandular. 3-6 ft. June.

Rosa Rothschildiz, Druce ( = R. caryophyllacea,
Auct.).—Leaflets scented, doubly-toothed, hairy on
midrib and veins below, margin glandular. Leaf-
stalks and flower-stalks glandular and acicular.
Prickles sickle-like. Flowers pale-rose. Style
more or less smooth. Fruit ovate, smooth.
Northants, Hunts, and Surrey.

ORDER UMBELLIFERZ

Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa, L. = Peuce-
danum sativum, B. & H.).—Erect. Stem stout,
angled, furrowed, hollow. Leaves pinnate, shin-
ing above, downy below; leaflets 2-5 pairs, ovate,
cut, coarsely toothed. Flowers small, yellow.
No involucre. Fruit broadly oblong. Styles very
short. 2-3 ft. July. Herbaceous biennial.

ORDER LABIAT2
Hedge Woundwort (Stachys sylvatica, L.).—
Ascending. Rootstock stoloniferous. Stem solid,
rather slender. Leaves stalked. Radical soon
withering. Cauline ovate, cordate, coarsely

toothed. Flowers purplish-red, in whorls of 6-12
flowers. Lower bracts toothed, upper lanceolate,
entire. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-teeth tri-

angular, awl-shaped, spinose. Corolla-tube longer
than calyx. Lower lip with white markings.
Anther-cells spreading. 1-3 ft. July. Herbaceous
perennial.

BRITISH FLORA

OrpDER ULMACE
Ulmus glabra, Mill. (= U. nitens, Meench).—
Habit of Wych Elm. Leaves smooth, shining
above, with hairs only in the axils of the veins

below. Root sends up suckers. Leaf-stalks
smooth when full-grown. 60-120 ft. April.
Deciduous tree.

Huntingdon Elm (U/mus vegeta = U. scabra

[montana] x U. glabra, Mill.).—Lower branches
ascending. Twigs nearly smooth. Leaves large,
stalked, smooth, and shining above, acute, long-
pointed. Root with suckers.

Dutch Elm (U/mus hollandica, Mill. = Ulmus

glabra, Mill. x U. scabra).— Lower branches
horizontal. Terminal leaves acute, minutely
downy. Branches often very corky. Root with
suckers.

Northamptonshire Elm (U/mus Plotii, Druce
= U. minor, Henry = U. sativa, Moss non Mill.)
—Lower branches pendulous, somewhat one-sided.
Bark smooth. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-
pointed, bluntly toothed. Upper leaves smooth,
shining. Young branches nearly smooth. 50-110 ft.

ORDER SALICACEA

Grey Poplar (Populus canescens, Sm.).—Leaves
roundish, cordate, hoary or smooth below. Leaves
on the suckers angled and toothed. Stigma
downy. go-go ft. March. Deciduous tree.

Canadian Black Poplar (Populus serotina, Hort.
= P. monilifera, Ait.).—Leaves broadly triangular,
greyish-green. Trunk smooth, branches ascend-

ing. Leaf-buds sticky. Catkins loose. Female
flowers rare in this country. Tree has a peculiar
list, often to the east. 60-90 ft. April. De-

ciduous tree.
Populus deltoidea, Marsh.—Differs from last as
follows:—Crown more regular. Female flowers

frequent. Leaves broadly triangular, with heart-
shaped base. Margin broadly scalloped, glan-
dular. 60-90 ft. March.

MOUNTAINS, HILLS, AND DRY
PLACES

ORDER COMPOSIT®

Taraxacum spectabile, Dahlst). — Differs from
T. paludosum in the large, coarsely cut, 4-7-lobed

leaves. Grass-green, shining, blotched with dark-
crimson. North England, Wales, Scotland, Ire-
land.

ORDER LABIATE

Ground-Pine (Ajuga Chamepitys, Schreb.).
—Erect. Stems reddish-purple, branched, leafy.
Hairs scattered. Radical-leaves withering early,
stalked, ovate-lanceolate, Stem-leaves 3-fid,
segments linear, entire. Bracts similar, much
longer than flowers. Flowers yellow, in many
whorls of 2 each. Calyx roughly hairy, teeth
narrow, triangular. Lower lip of corolla red-
spotted. Nutlets large, oblong, deeply pitted.
3-6 in. May-September. Herbaceous annual,
Chiefly on chalk.

APPENDIX

OrpER GRAMINACE

Milium vernale, Bieb. — Differs from M. effusum,

L., as follows :—Panicle close. Palea blunt. Stem
rough. Leaves short, linear-lanceolate. 1-4 in.
April. Herbaceous annual. Guernsey.

Keleria vaillesiana, Asch. & Grzbn.— Erect
Rootstock covered with dense mat of persistent
fibres of leaf- sheaths. Leaves short, turned
back, turned over at margins, stiff, bluish-white.
6-15 in. June. Herbaceous perennial.

LAKES, RIVERS, ETC.

ORDER RANUNCULACE

Water Buttercup (Ranunculis peltatus,
Schrank).—Floating leaves divided half-way into
3 wedge-shaped segments. Submerged leaves
thread-like, generally stiff. Flowers large. May-
September. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER GERANIACE4=

Orange Exisam (/mpatiens biflora, Walt. = J.
fulva, Nutt.).—Differs from 7. Noli-me-tangere, L.,
as follows:—Leaves acute, Flowers orange. Pos-
terior sepal suddenly contracted into a turned-
back, notched spur. 1-3 ft. July-October. Her-
baceous annual. American, naturalized.

ORDER UMBELLIFER2

River Water Dropwort (@nanthe fluviatilis,
Colem.).— Floating. Segments of submerged
leaves parallel. Fruit as long as styles. [In
@. Phellandrium, Lamk., a plant of still waters,
leaf-segments are spreading and fruit twice as
long as styles.] July-September. Herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE

Musk (Mimulus moschatus, Doug|.).—Ascend-
ing. Glandular, hairy, musk-scented. Leaves
elliptical, small. Flowers narrow, yellow. 6-18 in.
July. Herbaceous perennial. Naturalized.

Water Speedwell ( Veronica Anagallis-aquatica,
L.).—Inflorescence long, dense-flowered. Flower-
stalks ascending. Flowers generally pale-blue.
Fruit ovate-obcordate, narrow below, with narrow
notch atlip. 1-2 ft. July. Herbaceous perennial.

Veronica aquatica, Bernh.—Differs from last as
follows :—Inflorescence loose. Flower-stalks hori-
zontal. Flowers white or pale-pink. Fruit broad,
not narrowed below, deeply notched.

ORDER LABIATZ

Mentha pubescens, Willd. — Differs from J.
aquatica, L., as follow:—Leaves dull-green and
hairy above, densely woolly below. Flowers
in a dense, cylindrical spike, interrupted below.
Calyx-teeth two-thirds the length of the tube, awl-
shaped. August-October. Herbaceous perennial.
Probably a hybrid.

Marsh Woundwort (S/achys palustris, L.).—
Differs from S. sylvatica, L., as follows:—Stem
shorter, hollow. Leaves much narrower, with

Vor. VI.

209

short (or no) stalks. Hairs less coarse. Odour
less disagreeable. Flowers paler. A hybrid with
S. sylvatica, L. (S. ambigua, Sm.) occurs.

ORDER POLYGONACE®

Tear-Thumb (Polygonum sagittatum, L.),.—
Stem rough, with turned-back prickles. Leaves
oblong-ovate to arrow-shaped. Flowers white.
6 in.-2 ft. July-October. Herbaceous annual.
North American, naturalized in County Kerry.

ORDER ALISMACE

Canadian Arrowhead (Sagit/aria heterophylla,
Pursh). — Leaves ovate - lanceolate. Flowers
white, without purple markings. 6 in.-2 ft. June.
Herbaceous perennial. Canadian. River Exe
(W. P. Hiern).

ORDER NAIADACE#

Loddon Pondweed (Potamogeton Drucei, Fryer).
—Floating leaves 4-6 in., leathery, blade gradu-
ally merging into the stalk, elliptic-lanceolate,
with net-like veins. Submerged leaves long, clear-
green. Fruit broadly obovate; keel acute, tuber-
cled in acute angles below. June. Herbaceous
perennial. River Loddon.

Potamogeton varians, Fryer ( = P. spathiformis,
Tuck.).— Leaves inversely ovate, lower spoon-
shaped, mostly sessile. June-August. Her-
baceous perennial. Streams. Very rare.

WASTE PLACES, ETC.

ORDER PAPAVERACE

Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum, L.).—
Distinguished from other native poppies by the
glaucous stem-clasping leaves and the large white
or dull-purple flowers. 1-3 ft. July. Herbaceous
annual.

Scarlet Horned Poppy (Glaucium corniculatum,
Curt. = G. phaniceum, Crantz).—Smaller than G.
luteum, L. Flowers scarlet or wine-red, with a
black spot below. Capsule hairy. July. Her-
baceous biennial.

ORDER FUMARIACE®

Fumitory (Fumaria capreolata, L.).—Climbing
by twisted petioles. Leaves 2-pinnate; segments
broad, flat. Sepals half aslong as corolla. Lower
petal gradually dilated at tip. Fruit square, blunt,
with a distinct neck. Fruit-stalks turned back.
1-3 ft. May-September. Herbaceous annual.

Fumaria purpurea, Pugsley.—Differs from last
as follows:—Sepals two-thirds as long as corolla.
Corolla purplish, tipped with dark-purple. Flower-
stalks spreading at first. Fruit smaller, slightly
wrinkled when dry.

Fumaria occidentalis, Pugsley.—Robust, climb-
ing. Flowers large, rose with dark-purple tips.
Upper petals broadly winged. Fruit-stalks erect
or curving downwards. Fruit large, roundish,
tubercled, wrinkled when dry. June-October.

Herbaceous annual. Cornwall.
91

210

Fumaria Borei, jord.—Robust. Flowers large,
purple or pink. Fruit broader than long, blunt,
wrinkled, with very neck. May-Sep-
tember. Herbaceous annual.

Fumaria Bastardi, Bor. (= F. confusa, Jord.).
—Climbing. Flowers large, whitish or pink,
inner petals tipped with dark-purple. Sepals not
half as long as corolla, often persisting. Fruit
rounded above the very broad neck, wrinkled

narrow

vertically. Apical pits broad andshallow. April-
September. Herbaceous annual.
Fumaria densiflora, DC. (= F. micrantha,

Lag.).—Spreading. Leaf-segments narrow, flat
or slightly channelled. Flowers pale-purple.
Lower petal spoon-shaped. Sepals broader than
corolla tube, toothed. Fruit-stalks erect to spread-
ing. Fruit rounded or longer than broad, wrinkled
when dry, with two shallow apical pits. 6 in.-2 ft.
June-September. Herbaceous annual.

Vaillantiiz, Lois. — Greyish-green.
Leaf-segments flat, spreading, narrow. Sepals
very small, triangular. Flowers purplish, then

Fumaria

white. Fruit obovate, pointed, shorter than fruit-
stalk. April-September. Herbaceous annual.
Rare.
ORDER CRUCIFERAE
Alyssum incanum, L.—Erect or ascending.

Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white.
Calyx falls. Petals 2-fid, nearly to base. Pods
elliptic, many-seeded. 6-15 in. June-September.
Herbaceous annual or biennial.

Flixweed (Sisymbrium Sophia, L.). — Erect.
Stem branched above. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid ;
segments linear-lanceolate. Flowers pale-yellow
on slender stalks; petals short. Pods linear,
round in section, three times as long as stalks,

Stem hoary.

erect to spreading. Style very short. Seeds
oblong. 1-2 ft. June-August. Herbaceous
annual.

Sisymbrium pannonicum, L. (= S. altissimum, L.
= S. Sinapistrum, Crantz).—Erect. Lower leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid, auricled below. Flowers
yellow. Sepals spreading. Pods spreading. 1-2 ft.
June-August. Herbaceous annual.

London Rocket (S7symbrium Trio, L.).—Erect.
Stem branched, smooth. Lower leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid; lobes toothed oblong, terminal, angu-
lar. Upper lanceolate with hastate terminal lobe.
Flowers yellow. Flower-stalks slender. Pods
round in section, erect, four times as long as the
stalks. Seeds oblong. 1-2 ft. June-August.
Herbaceous annual.

Treacle Mustard (Zrysimum cheiranthoides, L.).
—Erect. Stemrigid. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed
at base, entire, slightly toothed, with 3-partite
stellate hairs. Flowers yellow. Flower-stalks
exceeding calyx, much shorter than pods. Pods
more or less erect. Seeds many, small. 6 in.-2 ft.
June-August. Herbaceous annual.

Erysimum repandum, L.—Spreading. Leaves
lanceolate, repand-toothed. Hairs simple. Flowers
pale- yellow. Pods square, blunt, spreading.
6 in.-1 ft. June-August. Herbaceous peren-
nial,

BRITISH FLORA

Hare’s Ear Treacle Mustard (Conringia orien-
talis, L. = Erysimum perfoliatum, Crantz).—Erect.
Stem simple, round in section. Radical-leaves
obovate, blunt, entire, smooth, glaucous. Cau-
line ovate-cordate, blunt, clasping. Flowers
cream-coloured. 1-2 ft. June-September. Her-
baceous annual.

Wild Turnip (Brassica Rapa, L.).—Radical-
leaves more or less hairy, not glaucous. Cauline
smooth, bluish-white. Flowers bright-yellow.
1-3 ft. May-July. Herbaceous biennial.

Swede (Brassica Rutabaga, DC.). — Radical-
leaves glaucous. Root tuberous, with elongated
neck. Flowers pale-buff. 1-3 ft. March-Sep-
tember. Herbaceous biennial.

Rape (Brassica Napus, L.).— Leaves bluish-

white. Root slender, spindle-shaped. Flowers
yellow. 1-3 ft. June-August. Herbaceous
biennial.

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra, Koch = B&B.
sinapioides, Roth).—Erect. Lower leaves large,
lyrate, rough; terminal lobe large-lobed. Upper
linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth. Pods appressed,
square, smooth, beak awl-shaped, short, sterile;
valves i-veined. 1-4 ft. June-August. Her-
baceous annual.

White Mustard (Brassica alba Boiss. = Sinapis
alba, L.). — Chief differences from last:—Stem
rough, with turned-back hairs. Pods spreading,
cylindrical, knotty, roughly hairy. Valves 5-
veined, not as long as sword-shaped beak, which
is sometimes 1-seeded. 1-3 ft. June-August.
Herbaceous annual.

Brassica Pollichii, Druce.—Leaves deeply pin-
natifid. Flowers whitish-yellow, with bracts at
base of raceme. Pods spreading, linear, 1-nerved.
1-2 ft. June-August. Herbaceous annual.

Hairy Cress (Lepidium Draba, L.).—Erect.
Stem branched. Leaves oblong, clasping, toothed,
lower stalked. Flowers numerous, small, white,
on long stalks in corymbs. Style as long as dis-
sepiment. Pod heart-shaped. 1-2 ft. May.
Herbaceous perennial.

Garden Cress (Zepidium sativum, L.).—Erect.
Lower leaves 1-2-pinnatifid; upper linear, entire,
sessile. Flowers white. Pouch round-oval, blunt.
6-18 in. June-August. Herbaceous annual.

Smith’s Cress (Lepidium Smithii, Hook. = L.
heterophyllum, Benth.).—Stems several, branched
below, central one erect, rest spreading. Leaves
hairy, toothed; lower obcordate, stalked; upper
lanceolate, clasping. Flowers white. Anthers
violet. Pods ovate, notched. Style twice as long
as notch. 6-12 in. June-August. Herbaceous
perennial.

ORDER VIOLACE

Heart’s Ease (Viola tricolor, L.).—Differences
from V. arvensis, L.:—No rootstock. Leaves
oblong, scalloped. Flowers purple and yellow.
Petals longer than sepals. 4-12 in. April-Sep-
tember. Herbaceous annual.

ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE

Soapwort (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.).—Glaucous.
Erect. Stem much branched above. Leaves

APPENDIX 211

ovate-oblong, sessile, clasping. Flowers rose-
coloured. Calyx 5-angled. gin.-2 ft. July-
September. Herbaceous annual.

Silene dichotoma, Ehrh.—Erect. Stem forked
above. Flowers creamy-white. 1-2 ft. June.
Herbaceous annual. Resembling some forms of
Lychnis alba, but more slender.

ORDER PORTULACE

Portulaca oleracea, .— Prostrate - ascending,
smooth, fleshy. Stem branched. Leaves alter-

nate. Flowers yellow, terminal, sessile. 6-18 in.
June-August. Herbaceous annual.
OrRpDER LEGUMINOS.E

Vicia tenuifolia, Roth.—Climbing. Leaflets

linear, acute. Tendrils branched. Flowers blue
with white markings, in a long spike. Limb of
standard long. Pods linear-oblong. 2-4 ft. June.
Herbaceous annual.

Villous Vetch ( Vicra villosa, Roth).—Prostrate-

ascending. Leaflets lanceolate, with spreading
villous hairs. Flowers purple. Limb of standard
long. Pod rhomboid-elliptical. 1-3 ft. June-

August. Herbaceous annual.

Hairy Yellow Vetch (Vicia hybrida, L.).—
Prostrate. Stems not tufted. Leaflets oval.
Flowers yellow. Standard and podhairy. 6 in.-2ft.
June-August. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER ROSACE

Garden Strawberry (/ragaria chiloensis, Duch.).
—Creeping. Leaves dark-green above, white
below. Flowers white, 1-1? in. Fruiting calyx
erect. 6-10in. May-July. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER UMBELLIFERE

Falcaria vulgaris, Bernh. — Leaves ternate,
digitate, leaflets linear-lanceolate, coarsely serrate,
blunt-pointed. Flowers white. 1-2 ft. July.
Herbaceous perennial.

Cherophyllum aureum, L.—Rootstock branched.
Leaflets yellowish-green, smooth, long-pointed.
Flowers white. Fruit yellowish. Herbaceous
perennial.

Garden Angelica

(Archangelica officinalis,

Hoffm.).—Leaves and stems bright-green. Leaf-
lets sessile, decurrent; terminal leaflet 3-fid.
Calyx-teeth minute. Flowers white, in large
terminal umbels of go-go rays. 2-6 ft. July.
Herbaceous perennial.
ORDER COMPOSITA
Xanthium Strumarium, L.—Erect. Stem not

spinose. Lower leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed be-
low, coarsely toothed. Flower-heads greenish.
Involucre downy. Fruit oval, with two beaks,
straight, hooked attip. 1-2 ft. July. Herbaceous
annual.

Xanthium spinosum, L.—Stem spinose.
lanceolate, deeply lobed, pale below.
Straight beak. 6-12 in. July.
annual.

Crepis niceensis, Balb.—Erect.
leafless above; branches corymbose.

Leaves
Fruit with
Herbaceous

Stem nearly
Leaves ly-

rate, pinnatifid, hairy; cauline arrow-shaped, clasp-
ing, upper lanceolate, entire. Flower-heads yellow.
Flower -stalks and involucre glandular, hairy.
Fruit oblong, hardly narrowed above, ribbed,
rough, shorter than pappus. 1-3 ft. June. Her-
baceous biennial.

ORDER BORAGINACE

Lappula echinata, Gilib. (= Echinospermum
Lappula, Lehm.).—Leaves sessile, bristly. Corolla
pale-blue, salver-shaped. Calyx erect in fruit.
Nutlet with a double row of prickles on the mar-
gin. 6-15in. July. Herbaceousannual. Rare.

Prickly Comfrey (Symphytum peregrinum,
Ledeb.).—Leaves very rough. Hairs with bulbous

base. Flowers bluish-purple. 2-4 ft. June-
August. Herbaceous perennial.
Borage (orago officinalis, L.).—Erect. Bristly

with bulbous hairs. Lower leaves obovate. Cau-
line leaves much narrowed towards the base,
auricled. Flowers bright-blue. Anthers promi-
nent, black. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, spreading.
1-2 ft. June. Herbaceous biennial:

Italian Bugloss (Zchium ilalicum, L.).—
Very bristly. Stem simple. Leaves lanceolate.
Flowers pink or white. Stamens twice as long as
corolla. 1-2 ft. June-August. Herbaceous
biennial. Rare.

ORDER SCROPHULARIACE®

Prostrate Toadflax (Zinaria supina, Desf.).—
Spreading or ascending. Leaves linear, blunt.
Flowers yellow, racemed. Sepals linear, spoon-
shaped. 1-5 in. July-September. Herbaceous
annual. Naturalized in Devon and Cornwall.

Erinus alpinus, L.—Tufted. Leaves spoon-

shaped, deeply toothed. Flowers violet-red,
corymbose. 2-8 in. July. Herbaceous peren-
nial. Rare.

ORDER LABIATAE

Mentha cardiaca, Baker.—Smells of Basil and
Spearmint. Nearly smooth. Stem-leaves sessile.
Flowers purple-lilac. Bracts sessile, two to four
times as long as crowded whorls of flowers.
1-2 ft. July-October. Herbaceous perennial.
A hybrid.

Salvia verticillata, L.—Leaves triangular, cor-
date; lower auricled. Flowers bluish-purple, in
many-flowered whorls. 1-2 ft. June-August.
Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER PLANTAGINACEA®

Plantago ramosa, Asch. (= P. arenaria,
W. & K.).—Erect. Stem branched, leafy. Leaves
opposite, linear. Flowers in a spike, on long
stalks, greenish-white. 6-18in. June-September.
Herbaceous annual.

Plantago argentea, L.— Leaves linear, silky.
Bracts obovate, blunt, silky. Scape erect, round

in section. Spike round. 3-6 in. July. Her-
baceous perennial.
ORDER CHENOPODIACE
Strawberry Blite (Chenopodium capilatum,

212

Asch. —Leaves triangular-hastate, slightly toothed,
smooth. Flowers in a naked spike. Fruit red,
succulent, like a small strawberry. 6 in.—2 ft.
July-September. Herbaceous annual.

Chenopodium leptophyllum, Nutt.—Differs from
C. album, L., in smaller size and very narrow
linear leaves.

Garden Orache (A/riplex hortensis, L.).—Erect.
Leaves triangular-cordate, toothed, green, opaque.
Calyx more or less rounded, entire. 1-3ft. July—
October. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER POLYGONACE®

Polygonum cuspidatum, S. & Z.—Stoloniferous.
Erect. Leaves broadly cordate, with long, narrow
abrupt point. Flowers greenish-white. 3-6 ft.
August. Herbaceous perennial. Japanese.

ORDER URTICACE

Hemp (Cannabis sativa, L.).—Erect. Stem
stout, furrowed, hairy, rigid, fibrous. Leaves
opposite, stalked, digitate, toothed, rough, glan-
dular. Flowers green. 1-3 ft. July-September.
Herbaceous annual. Dicecious.

Roman Nettle (Urtica pilulifera, L.).—Leaves
ovate, coarsely toothed. Flowers green, futile
ones in globular heads. 1-3 ft. June-August.
Herbaceous annual. Sting very venomous. Said
to have been introduced by the Romans.

ORDER LILIACE®

Allium paradoxum, Don.—Leaves channelled,
rolledinwards above. Scape leafy below. Flowers
white. Corolla bell-shaped, with elliptic, blunt
segments. 6-12in. July. Herbaceous perennial.
Siberian.

ORDER GRAMINACE

Finger Grass (Panicum sanguinale, L.).—As-

cending. Leaves and sheaths hairy. Spikelets
one-sided on digitate spikes. Flowering glumes
awnless. 6-12in. July. Herbaceous annual.

Millet Grass (Panicum miliaceum, L.).—Erect.
Leaves large, soft. Panicle drooping, tinged with
dark-brown. 1-2 ft. July-September. Her-
baceous annual.

Phileum paniculatum, Huds.—Glumes wedge-

shaped; lateral ribs not conspicuous. Panicle
cylindrical, slender. 6-12in. June. Herbaceous
annual. Rare.

Bromus tectorum, L.—Erect. Stem downy.

Awn short, as long as outer glumes. Flowers in

BRITISH FLORA

a one-sided panicle. Spikelets small.
June. Herbaceous annual. Rare.

Bromus squarrosus, L.—Panicle simple, droop-
ing. Flowers nearly smooth, overlapping. Spike-
lets ovate-lanceolate, somewhat flattened.
palea 9-ribbed. Awn twisted, spreading.
June-August. Herbaceous annual.

Bromus patulus, M. & K. (= B. japonicus,
Thunb. ).—Panicle compound, spreading, branches
turned back finally. Spikelets lanceolate. Lower
palea 7-ribbed. 9-15 in. June-August. Her-
baceous annual.

9-15 in.

Lower
1-2 ft.

MARSHES, BOGS, ETC.

ORDER VIOLACEA

Large Bog Violet (Vola montana, L.). —Root-
stock creeping. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long,
narrowed gradually from below. Flowers nearly
circular, bluish-white or pale-blue. Spur green.
6-12 in. April-June. Herbaceous perennial.
Fens, Hunts.

ORDER VACCINIACEZ

American Cranberry (Oxycoccos macrocarpus,
Pers.).—Creeping. Leaves oblong; margins flat.
Flowers red, lateral. Fruit large, globular. July.
Perennial shrub. Flintshire bogs.

ORDER JUNCACE2

Obtuse-flowered Rush (Juncus subnodulosus,
Schrank = /. obtusifiorus, Ehrh.).—Erect. Stem
round in section. Leaves septate, hollow, round
in section. Flowers in a spreading cyme with
zigzag branches. Perianth-segments blunt, pale,
as long as the narrow-pointed capsule. 1-3 ft.
July. Herbaceous perennial.

ORDER CYPERACEZ:

Brown Bog-rush (Schenus ferrugineus, L.).—
Tufted. Stems grooved. Spikelets 1-3, lateral,
slender, nearly equalling the erect sheathing
bracts. 4-8 in. June. Herbaceous perennial.
Perthshire bogs.

Soft Brown Sedge (Carex disticha, Huds. = C.
intermedia, Good.).—Soboles far-reaching. Stems
erect, equalling leaves. Spike nearly unisexual.
Spikelets in an oblong interrupted spike, in two
rows. Upper and lower fertile, intermediate bar-
ren. Fruit ovoid-lanceolate, with narrow wing,
longer than glumes. 1-2ft. June. Herbaceous
perennial.

INDEX

The Roman numerals indicate the volume, the others the page.

A Allium carinatum, L., vi 87. Althzea hirsuta, L., vi 44.
— oleraceum, L., vi 87. — officinalis, L., vi 24.
Absinth, ii 187. — paradoxum, Don, vi 212. Altitude, effects of, upon plants,
Acer campestre, L., vi 45. — Schoenoprasum, L., vi 97. * iv 239.
— Pseudoplatanus, L., vi 46. — Scorodoprasum, L., vi 97. Altitudes of aquatic vegetation,
Aceras anthropophora, Br., vi 71. | — spherocephalum, L., vi 97. iv 249.
Achillea Millefolium, L., ii 52. — triquetrum, L., vi 87. — of arctic-alpine or boreal plants,
— Ptarmica, L., vi 6. — ursinum, L.,, iii 117. v 196.
Aconitum Napellus, L., vi 42. — vineale, L., vi 163. Alyssum calycinum, L., vi 120.
Acorus Calamus, L., iv 144. Allotments, gardens, &c., iv 254. | — incanum, L., vi 210.
Acrid Lettuce, vi 85. Allseed, vi 155- —maritimum, Lam., vi 120.
— Lobelia, vi 159. Allseed Goosefoot, vi 132. Amaranth, vi 132.
Actzea spicata, L., vi 43. Almond-leaved Willow, vi 144. Amaranthus Blitum, L., vi 132.
Acute-leaved Dock, vi 11. Alnus glutinosa, Gzrtn., vi 144. | — retroflexus, L., vi 132.
Addenda, vi 205. Alopecurus agrestis, L. (= A.| American Cranberry, vi 212.
Adder’s Tongue Crowfoot, vi 138. | myosuroides, Huds.), vi 20. — Cress, vi 78.
Adonis annua, L., vi 205. — alpinus, Sm., vi 203. Ammophila arenaria, Link, ii 214.
Adoxa Moschatellina, L., iii 193. | — bulbosus, Gouan, vi 39. — baltica, Link, vi 39.
‘Egopodium Podagraria, L., iv|—fulvus, Sm. (= A. zqualis, | Amphibious Knotgrass, iv 128.
183. Sobol.), vi 118. Anagallis arvensis, L., ii 142.
/Ethusa Cynapium, L., ii 125. — geniculatus, L., vi 118. — femina, Hill, vi 18.
Agriculture, limits of, iv 240. — pratensis, L., vi 13. — tenella, Murr., v 25.
Agrimonia agrimonoides, L., vi| Alpine Bartsia, vi 199. Analytical summary, i 1.
207. — Brook Saxifrage, vi 175. Anchusa officinalis, L., vi 128.
— odorata, Mill., vi 207. — Butterwort, vi 143. — sempervirens, L., vi 128.
Agropyron caninum, Beauv., vi|— Cat's Tail, vi 203. Ancient peat deposits, v 184.
77: — Cinquefoil, vi 173. Andromeda polifolia, L., v 23.
— donianum, F. B. White (= A. | — Cotton Grass, vi 148. Anemone apennina, L., vi 42.
alpinum, Don), vi 204. — Cow-wheat, vi 67. — nemorosa, L,, iii 8.
— junceum, Beauv., ii 219. — Cudweed, vi 178. — Pulsatilla, L., vi 88.
—pungens, Roem. et Schult., | — Currant, vi 160. — ranunculoides, L., vi 42.
vi 41. — Enchanter's Nightshade, vi 61. | Angelica, tii 53.
— repens, Beauv., vi 15. — Fleabane, vi 178. Angelica sylvestris, L., iii 53.
Agrostis alba, L., vi 13. — Foxtail, vi 203. Annual character of plants (corn-
— canina, L., vi 124. — Knotweed, vi 199. field), ii 233.
— nigra, With., vi 20. — Lady’s Mantle, vi 174. — Knawel, vi 206.
— setacea, Curt., vi 166. — Meadow Rue, vi 138. — Meadow Grass, vi 14.
— verticillata, Vill., vi 118. — Mountain Vetch, vi 173. — Mercury, vi 135.
— vulgaris, With., vi 13. — Mouse Ear, vi 172. — Pearlwort, vi 173.
Aira caryophyllea, L., v 176. — Pearlwort, vi 173. — Rest Harrow, vi 25.
— precox, L., vi 166. — Pennywort, vi 170. — Seablite, vi 34.
Ajuga Chamezpitys, Schreb., vi|— Poa, vi 204. Antennaria dioica, Gaertn., v 87.
208. — Rock Campion, vi 171. — margaritacea, C. B. Clarke,
— pyramidalis, L., vi 199. — Rock Cress, vi 168. Vi 106,
— reptans, L., iii 221. — Saw-wort, vi 179. Anthemis arvensis, L., vi 18.
Alchemilla alpina, L., vi 174. — Scurvy Grass, vi 88. — Cotula, L., iv 185.
— arvensis, Scop., vi 157. — Sowthistle, vi 197. — nobilis, L., vi 94.
— vulgaris, L., ii 39. — Speedwell, vi 198. — tinctoria, L., vi 126.
Alder, vi 144. — Tufted Hair Grass, vi 203. Anthoxanthum odoratum, L., vi
Alexanders, vi 125. — Willow-herb, vi 177. 13.
Alisma lanceolatum, With., vi 112. | — Woundwort, vi 67. — puellii, Lec. et Lam., vi 13.
— Plantago-aquatica, L., iv 150. | Alsike Clover, ii 121. Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoftm., vi

All-good, iv 227. | Alternate-leaved Milfoil, vi 103. 125. : :
Allium Ampeloprasum, L., vi 201. | — Saxifrage, vi 103. — sylvestris, Hoffm., vi 84.
213

214

Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh., vi 84.

Anthyllis Vulneraria, L., iv 22.

Antirrhinum majus, L., vi 198.

— Orontium, L., ii 148.

Apera interrupta, Beauv., vi 21.

— Spica-venti, Beauv., v 175.

Apium graveolens, Dy Vi 2s

— inundatum, H. G. Reichb., vi
105.

— nodiflorum, Reichb., vi 141.

Aquatic habitat, soil equivalents
of, iv 250.

— plants, dispersal of seeds of, iv
250.

— — duration of, iv 249.

— — flowering of, iv 249.

— — habits of, iv 248.

— — pollination of, iv 250.

—to marsh or bog vegetation,
transition of, iv 247.

Aquilegia vulgaris, L., iii 15.

Arabis alpina, L., vi 168.

— ciliata, Br., vi 169.

— glabra, Bernh., vi 169.

— hirsuta, Br., vi 88.

— petra, Lam., vi 168.

— stricta, Huds., vi 168.

— Turrita, L., vi 169.

Arbutus Unedo, L., vi 64.

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm.,
Vi 211.

Arctic Mouse-ear Chickweed, vi
172.

— Sandwort, vi 172.

Arctium Lappa, L., vi 207.

— minus, Bernh., iv 1923; vi 126.

— nemorosum, auct. angl., vi 63.

— vulgare, Evans, vi 207.

Arctostaphylos alpina, Spr., vi
197-

— uva-ursi, Spreng., vi 159.

Arenaria Cherleri, Benth. (= A.
sedoides, L.), vi 91.

— ciliata, L., vi 172.

— gothica, Fr., vi 173.

— hirta, Wormsk. (= A. rubella,
Hiern), vi 172.

— leptoclados, Guss., vi 154.

— norvegica, Gunn., vi 172.

— peploides, L., ii 178.

— serpyllifolia, L., vi 91.

— tenuifolia, L., vi 154.

— trinervis, L., vi 78.

— uliginosa, Schleicher, vi 172.

— verna, L., vi gr.

Aristolochia clematitis, L., vi 199.

Arnoseris pusilla, Gaert., vi 94.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum,
Beauv., vi 14.

Arrowhead, iv 152.

Artemisia Absinthium, L., ii 187.

— campestris, L., vi 159.

— maritima, L., vi 28.

— Stelleriana, Besser, vi 28.

— vulgaris, L., vi 85.

Arum, vi 87.

— italicum, L., vi 87.

— maculatun, L., ili 235.

Asarabacca, vi 68.

Asarum Europzum, L., vi 68.

Ascending and descending types,
iv 241.

Asparagus, Vi 35-

Asparagus officinalis, L., vi 35.

INDEX

Aspect, iv 241.

Aspen, iii 105.

Asperugo procumbens, L., vi 128.
Asperula arvensis, L., vi 17.

— cynanchica, L., vi 94.

— odorata, L., iii 65.

— taurina, L., vi 62.

Aster linosyris, Bernh., vi 178.
— salignus, Willd., vi 126.

— Tripolium, L., vi 27.
Astragalus alpinus, L., vi 173.
— glycyphyllos, L., vi 14.

— hypoglottis, L., vi 92.
Astrantia, vi 61.

— major, L., vi 61.

Atriplex Babingtonii, Woods, vi

32.

— Calotheca, Fr., vi 32.

— deltoidea, Bab., vi 134.
— Halimus, L., vi 206.

— hastata, L., vi 133.

— hortensis, L., vi 212.

— laciniata, L., vi 32.

— littoralis, L., vi 32.

— patula, L., vi 32.

— pedunculata, L., vi 33.
— portulacoides, L., vi 33.
Atropa Belladonna, L., iv 211.
Autumn Crocus, vi 205.

— Gentian, iv qo.

Autumnal Hawkbit, vi 7.

— Squill, vi 164.

Avena fatua, L., ii 154.

— pratensis, L., vi 166.

— pubescens, Huds., vi 167.
— strigosa, Schreb., vi 21.
Avens, vi 59.

Awlwort, vi 102.

Azalea, vi 198.

Azalea procumbens, Desv., vi 198.

B

Bald Money, vi 93.

Ballota nigra, L., vi 86.

— ruderalis, Sm., vi 132.

Balm, vi 131.

Baltic Marram Grass, vi 39.

— Rush, vi 35.

Baneberry, vi 43.

Barbarea arcuata, Reichb., vi 78.

— intermedia, Bor., vi 120.

— preecox, Br., vi 78.

— stricta, Fr., vi 101.

— vulgaris, Ait., iii 133.

Barberry, iii 130.

Barren Strawberry, iii 165.

Barren Wort, vi 43-

Bartsia alpina, L., vi 199.

— Odontites, Huds,, iii 214.

— viscosa, L., vi 8.

Bases of walls, iv 252.

Basil Thyme, vi 10.

Bastard Pimpernel or Chaffweed,
vi 160.

— Toadflax, vi 96.

Bath Star-of-Bethlehem, vi 73.

Bay-leaved Willow, vi 110.

Beaked Parsley, vi 84.

Beard Grass, vi 39.

Bee Orchis, iii 110.

Bellis perennis, L., ii 49.

Berberis vulgaris, L., iii 130.

Berry-bearing Alder, vi 155.

Beta maritima, L., vi 32.
Betula alba, L., vi 69.

— nana, L., vi 144.

— tomentosa, Reich., vi 69.
bibliography, v 223.
Bidens cernua, L., vi 106.
— tripartita, L., iv 97.
Birch, vi 69.

Bird Cherry, vi 46.

Bird’s Eye Primrose, vi 142.
Bird’s-foot, v 146.

— Foot Trefoil, ii go.

— Nest Orchid, vi 7o.
Birthwort, vi 199.

Bistort, vi 10.

Bithynian Bush Vetch, vi 80.
Biting Stonecrop, v 158.
Bitter Cress, vi 139.

Bitter Sweet, iv 208.

Bitter Vetch, v 46.

Black Bearberry, vi 197.
— Bent Grass, vi 20.

— Bindweed, vi 20.

— Bitter Vetch, vi 207.

— Bog Rush, vi 149.

— Bryony, iii 233.

— Currant, vi 60.

— -headed Sedge, vi 202.
— Horehound, vi 86.

— Medic, vi 205.

— Mustard, vi 210.

— Nightshade, vi 129.

— Poplar, vi 87.
Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds., vi

95:
Blackthorn, iii 157. :
Bladder Campion, vi 78.
— Seed, vi 61.
Bladder-fruited Sedge, vi 151.
Bladderwort, v 35.
Blinks, vi 154.
Blood dock, vi 86.
Bloody Crane's Bill, vi 24.
Bluebell, iii 120.
Blue-eyed Grass, vi 146.
Blue Gromwell, vi go.
— Heath, vi 160.
— Marsh Vetchling, vi 140.
— Moor Grass, vi 167.
— Mountain Anemone, vi 42.
— Pimpernel, vi 18.
— Rampion, vi 95.
Boccone's Clover, vi 92.
Bog and marsh plants, dispersal

of seeds of, v 187.
— — duration of, v 186.
— — flowering seasons of, v 186.
— — fungal pests of, v 187.
— — habitats of, v 186.
— — habits of, v 186.
— — height of, v 186.
— — pollination of, v 187.
Bog Asphodel, v 47.
— Bean, v 29.
— Myrtle, v 41.
— Orchis, vi 145.
— Pimpernel, v 25.
— St. John’s Wort, vi 139.
— Sandwort, vi 172.
— Speedwell, v 31.
— Stitchwort, vi 102.
— Violet, vi 139.
Bogs and moors, v 183.
Borage, Vi 211.

Borago officinalis, L., vi 211.

Boretta cantabrica, O. Kuntze,
(= Dabeocia polifolia, Don),
vi 160.

Borrer’s Manna Grass, vi 4o.

Bottle-fruited Sedge, vi 152.

Box, iv 51.

Boyd's Pearlwort, vi 173.

Brachypodium pinnatum, Beauv.,
Vi 99.

— sylvaticum, R. et S., vi 77.

Bractless Bird's Foot, vi 92.

Branching Flax, vi 91.

Brassica adpressa, Boiss., vi 3.

— alba, Boiss., vi 210.

— arvensis, O. Kuntze, ii 103.

— Cheiranthus, Vill., vi 28.

— monensis, Huds., vi 22.

— napus, L., vi 210.

— nigra, Koch, vi 210.

— oleracea, L., vi 22.

— Pollichii, Druce, vi 210.

Brilliant colours, absence of, in
the cornfields, ii 233.

Bristle Hawk's Beard, vi 18.

Bristle-stalked Club Rush, vi 165.

Bristol Rock Cress, vi 168.

British topographical botany and
the types of British vegetation,
i 59-

Briza maxima, L., vi 136.

— media, L., vi 14.

— minor, L., vi 14.

Broad-leaved Cotton Grass, vi
148.

— Helleborine, vi 170.

— Lime, vi 45.

— Parsley, vi 17.

— Pondweed, vi 112.

— Ragwort, vi 106.

— Spurge, vi 134.

— Water Sedge, vi 117.

Broad Smooth-leaved Willow-
herb, vi 83.

Brome Grass, vi 15.

Bromus arvensis, L., vi 136.

— asper, L., vi 76(= B. ramosus,
Huds.).

— commutatus, Schrad., vi 15.

— erectus, Huds., vi 15.

— interruptus, Druce, vi 136.

— madritensis, L., vi 136.

— maximus, Desf., vi 41.

— mollis, L., vi 87.

— patulus, M. et K., vi 212.

— racemosus, L., vi 15.

— secalinus, L., vi 21.

— squarrosus, L., vi 212.

— sterilis, L., vi 136.

— tectorum, L., vi 212.

Brook Lime, iv 120.

— Rye, vi t21.

— Weed, vi 107.

Broom, v 79.

Broom Rape, vi 31.

Brown Beak Rush, vi 149.

— Bog Rush, vi 212.

— Club Rush, vi 37.

— Cyperus, vi 116.

— Knapweed, vi 6.

Bryanthus czruleus, Dip., vi 160
(= Menziesia czrulea, Sm.).

Bryonia dioica, Jacq., iii 180.

Bryony, iii 180.

INDEX

| Buckshorn Plantain, vi 31.
Buckthorn, v 145; vi 208.
Buckwheat, vi 134.

Bugle, iii 221.

Bulbous Buttercup, vi 3.

— Meadow Grass, vi qo.

Bullace, vi 46.

Bulrush, iv 157.

Bupleurum falcatum, L., vi 125.

—opacum, Lange (= B. aris-
tatum, Bartl.), vi 177.

— rotundifolium, L., vi 125.

— tenuissimum, L., vi 27.

Burdock, iv 192; vi 63.

Buried Clover, vi 25.

Bur Marigold, vi 106.

— Parsley, vi 5.

— Reed, iv 143.

Burnet Saxifrage, vi 93.

Bury Hedge Mustard, vi 78.

Butcher's Broom, vi 73.

Butomus umbellatus, L., iv 155.

Butterbur, iv 102.

Butterfly Orchid, vi 72.

Butterwort, v 37.

Buxus sempervirens, L., iv 51.

C

Cakile maritima, Scop., ii 175.

Calamagrostis epigeios, Roth.,
vi 76.

— lanceolata, Roth., vi 76.

Calamint, vi 131.

Calamintha Acinos, Clairv., vi 10.

— officinalis, Scheele, vi 131.

— parviflora, Lam.(=C. Nepeta,
Savi), vi 130.

— (Satureia) sylvatica, Bromf.,
vi 96.

Callitriche autumnalis, L., vi 104.

— intermedia, Hoffm., vi 104.

— obtusangula, Le Gall., vi 104.

— polymorpha, Lénnr., vi 104.

— stagnalis, Scop., vi 104.

— truncata, Guss., vi 104.

— verna, L., vi 104.

Calluna vulgaris, Hull, v 97.

Caltha palustris, L., v 7.

— radicans, Forst., vi 139.

Calystegia sepium, Br., iii 212.

— Soldanella, Br., ii 197.

Camelina sativa, Crantz, ii ror.

Campanula glomerata, L., vi 95.

— latifolia, L., vi 64.

— patula, L., vi 64.

— persicifolia, L., vi 64.

— Rapunculoides, L., vi 127.

— Rapunculus, L., v 168.

— rotundifolia, L., v 92.

— Trachelium, L., vi 64.

Canadian Arrowhead, vi 209.

— Black Poplar, vi 208.

— Fleabane, vi 126.

— Water Weed, vi 111.

Canary Grass, vi 136.

Candytuft, ii 105.

Cannabis sativa, L., vi 212.

Caper Spurge, vi 69.

Capillary Sedge, vi 203.

Capnoides bulbosa, D.C., vi 206.

Capriola Dactylon, Druce, vi 4o.

Capsella Bursa pastoris, Medic.,
iv 171.

215

Caraway, vi 5, 125.

Cardamine amara, L., vi 1o2.

— flexuosa, With., vi 130.

— hirsuta, L., vi to2.

— impatiens, L., vi 43.

— pratensis, L., ii 12.

Carduus crispus, L., vi 85.

— nutans, L., iv 194.

— pycnocephalus, L., vi 28.

Carex acuta, L., vi 117.

—ampullacea, Good. (= C. in-
flata, Huds. C. rostrata,
Stokes), vi 152.

— aquatilis, Wahl., vi 150.

— arenaria, L., ii 213.

— atrata, L., vi 202.

— atrofusca, Schkr., vi 203.

— binervis, Sm., v 123.

— Buxbaumii, Wahl., vi 150.

— canescens, L. (= C. curta,
Good. ), vi 150.

— capillaris, L., vi 203.

— caryophyllea, Latour., v 121.

— cespitosa, L., vi 150.

— chordorrhiza, Ehrh., vi 149.

— Davalliana, Sm., vi 149.

— depauperata, Good. (= C. ven-
tricosa, Curt.), vi 75.

— digitata, L., vi 75.

— dioica, L., vi 149.

— distans, L., vi 37.
—disticha, Huds. (= C.
media, Good.), vi 212.

— divisa, Huds., vi 37-

— divulsa, Stokes, vi 165.

—echinata, Murr. (= C. stellu-
lata, Good.), vi 165.

— elongata, L., vi 74.

— ericetorum, Poll., vi 166.

— extensa, Good., vi 38.

— filiformis, L. (= C. lasiocarpa,
Ehrh.).

— flava, L., vi 166.

— frigida, Sadl., non All., vi 166.

— fulva, Hort. (= C. Hornschuch-
iana, Hoppe), vi 151.

— glauca, Scop. (= C. flacca,
Schreb.), vi 12.

— Goodenovii, Gay (= C. vul-
garis, Fr.), vi 150.

— Halleri, Gunn (= C. alpina,
Sw.), vi 202.

— hirta, L., vi 75.

— humilis, Leyss., vi 98.

— incurva, Lightf., vi 37.

— levigata, Sm. (= C. helodes,
Link), vi 75.
— lagopina, Wahl. (= C. Lache-
nalii, Schkr.), vi 202.
—leporina, L. (= C.
Good.), vi 12.

— limosa, L., vi 151.

— magellanica, Lam. (= C. ir-
rigua, Hoppe), vi 151.

— montana, L., vi 165.

— muricata, L., vi 12.

— (Ederi, Retz., vi 166.

— ornithopoda, Willd., vi 202.

— Pairiei, Sch., vi 12.

— pallescens, L., vi 75.

— paludosa, Good. (= C. acuti-
formis, Ehrh.), vi. 117.

— panicea, L., vi 13.

— paniculata, L., v 57.

inter-

ovalis,

216

Carex paradoxa, Willd., vi 150.

— pauciflora, Lightf., vi 165.

— pendula, Huds., vi 75.

— pilulifera, L., vi 166.

— pseudo-Cyperus, L., vi 117.

pulicaris, L., vi 149.

— punctata, Gaud., vi 38.

rariflora, Sm., vi 151.

remota, L., vi 74.

rigida, Good., vi 202.

riparia, Curtis, vi 117.

rupestris, Bell, vi 202.

— salina, Wahl., var. b. Katte-
gensis, Vi 37.

—saxatilis, L. (=
Good.), vi 152.

— spiculosa, Fr., v. Hebridensis
A. Benn., vi 151.

—stricta, Good. (=C. elata,
All.), vi 150.

— strigosa, Huds., vi 75.

— sylvatica, Huds., vi 75.

— teretiuscula, Good., vi 149.

— tomentosa, L., vi 13.

—trinervis, Degl., vi 117.

— vaginata, Tausch, vi 203.

— vesicaria, L., vi 151.

— vulpina, L., v 60.

Carlina vulgaris, L., vi 6.

Carline Thistle, vi 6.

Carnation Sedge, vi 13.

Carpinus Betulus, L., vi 69.

Cart roads, iv 253.

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch,
Vi 5.

— Carvi, L., vi 125.

— petroselinum, Benth. et Hook.
fil., vi 125.

— segetum, Benth. et Hook. fil.,
vi 83.

— verticillatum, Koch, vi 5.

Castalia alba, Wood, iv 71.

Castanea sativa, Mill., vi 69.

Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv., vi
118.

Catmint, vi 131.

Cat’s Foot, v 87.

Cat's Tail Grass, vi 13.

— Valerian, vi 5.

Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds., iii
188.

— arvensis, Huds., vi 17.

— daucoides, L., vi 5.

— latifolia, L., vi 17.

— nodosa, Scop., vi 94.

Celery-leaved Water Buttercup,
Vi 101.

Centaurea aspera, L., vi 28.

— calcitrapa, L., vi 126.

— cyanus, L., ii 135.

— jacea, L., vi 6.

— nigra, L., ii 58.

— paniculata, L., vi 28.

— scabiosa, L., vi 6.

— solstitialis, L., vi 28.

Centaurium (Erythrzea) capita-
tum, R. et B., vi 95.

— latifolium, Sm., vi 30.

— pulchellum, Druce, vi 30.

— umbellatum, Gilib. (= E. cen-
taurium, Pers.), ii 195.

— vulgare, Raf.
Fr.); Vi 30.

Centaury, ii 195.

Cc. puila,

(= E. littoralis, |

INDEX

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr.,
vi 125.

— ruber, D.C., vi 178,

Centunculus minimus, L., vi 160.

Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich.,
vi 71.

— pallens, Rich., vi 71.

— rubra, Rich., vi 71.

Cerastium alpinum, L., vi 172.

— arvense, L., v 142.

— cerastoides, Britton (= C., tri-
gynum, Vill.), vi 172.

— glomeratum, Thuill. (= C. vis-
cosum, L.), vi o1.

— nigrescens, Edw. (= C. arcti-
cum, Lange), vi 172.

— pumilum, Curt., vi go.

— semidecandrum, L., vi go.

— tetrandum, Curt., vi 23.

— vulgatum, L., iv 174.

Ceratophyllum demersum, L., vi
110.

— submersum, L., vi 110.

Chzerophyllum aureum, L., vi 211.

— pumilum, L., vi 83.

Chamomile, vi 94.

Charlock, ii 103.

Cheddar Pink, v 141.

Cheiranthus Cheiri, L., v 137.

Chelidonium majus, L., iv 169.

Chenopodium album, L., iv 227.

— Bonus-Henricus, L., iv

— botryoides, Sm., vi 32.

— capitatum, Asch., vi 211.

— ficifolium, Sm. (= C. seroti-
num, L.), vi 133.

— glaucum, L., vi 133.

— hybridun, L., vi 133.

— leptophyllum, Nutt., vi 212.

— murale, L., vi 133.

— opulifolium, Schrad., vi 133.

— polyspermum, L., vi 132.

— rubrum, L., vi 133.

— urbicum, L., vi 133.

— vulvaria, L., vi 132.

Cherry Laurel, vi 207.

Chersophytes, iv 251.

Chestnut Rush, vi 147.

Chickweed, vi 207.

— Winter Green, vi 65.

Chicory, iv 200.

Chives, vi 97.

Chomophytes and chasmophytes,
V 193.

Chrysanthemum
L., 41. 55-

— Parthenium, L., vi 84.

— segetum, L., ii 134.

Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L.,
Vi 103.

— oppositifolium, L., vi 207.

Cicendia pusilla, Griseb., vi 161.

Cichorium Intybus, L., iv 200.

Cicuta virosa, L., vi 105.

Ciliated Pearlwort, vi 154.

Ciliate Heath, vi 159.

— Loosestrife, vi 128.

— Sandwort, vi 172.

Cinnamon Rose, vi 82.

Cinquefoil, ii 36.

Circzea alpina, L., vi 61.

— lutetiana, L., iii 49.

Cladium Mariscus, Br., v 55.

Clammy Groundsel, vi 120.

229.

leucanthemum,

Clary, iv 47.

Clayey meadows, sandy mea-
dows, ii 229.

Claytonia alsinoides, Sims, vi 122.

— perfoliata, Don, vi 121,

Cleavers, iii 199.

Clematis Vitalba, L., iii 128.

Climate and hills, iv 240.

Climbing Bush Knotweed, vi 86.

Clinopodium vulgare, L., iii 216.

Cloudberry, vi 140.

Clover Dodder, vi 206.

Clove-scented Broomrape, vi 9.

Clustered Alpine Saxifrage, vi
175.

— Bellflower, vi 95.

Cluster-headed Club Rush, vi 36.

Cnicus acaulis, Willd., vi 7.

— arvensis, Hoffm., vi 7.

— eriophorus, Roth., vi 6.

— heterophyllus, Willd., vi 179.

— lanceolatus, Willd., iv 196.

— palustris, Willd., iv 106, vi 6.

— pratensis, Huds., vi 142.

— tuberosus, Roth., vi 7, 179.

Coast plants, habitats of, ii 240.

— — habits of, ii 241.

Cochlearia alpina, Wats., vi 88.

— anglica, L., vi 206.

— Armoracia, L., vi 102.

— danica, L., vi 23.

— greenlandica, L., vi 23.

— micacea, E. S. Marsh., vi 89.

— officinalis, L., ii 169.

Cock’s Foot Grass, vi 14.

Cockspur Grass, vi 135.

Colchicum autumnale, L., vi 12.

Coltsfoot, iv 99.

Columbine, iii 15.

Comfrey, vi 107.

Common Alkanet, vi 128.

— Bent Grass, vi 13.

— Bitter Cress, vi 102.

— Broomrape, vi 9.

— Chickweed, vi 121.

— Elm, iii 226.

— Erect Cudweed, vi 158.

— Flax, vi 122.

— Hard Rush, vi 111.

— Hawkweed, v 88.

— Hedge Vetch, vi 79.

— Jointed Rush, v 49.

— lands, furze, and heath, v 189.

— Maples, vi 45.

— or Hairy Vetch, vi 79.

—or Marsh Mallow, iv 176.

— Red Persicaria, vi 109.

— Red Poppy, ii 95.

— Rush, vi 146.

— Scurvy Grass, ii 169.

— Sea Rush, ii 204.

— Sedge, vi 150.

— Solomon's Seal, vi 73.

— Speedwell, vi 8.

— Spike Rush, v 52.

— Toadflax, iv 221.

— Vetch, vi 80.

— Wood Reed, vi 76.

— Wood Sedge, vi 75.

Compressed Club Rush, vi 148.

Conditions of alpine rock habi-
tats, v 194.

Conium maculatum, L., iii 183.

Conopodium majus, Loret, iv 5.

Conringia orientalis, L., vi 210.

Convallaria majalis, L., iii 115.

Convolvulus arvensis, L., vi 18.

Corallorrhiza innata, Br., vi 145.

Coral Root, vi 43, 145

Coriander, vi 125.

Coriandrum sativum, L., vi 125.

Corn Buttercup, ii or.

— Chamomile, vi 18,

— Cockle, ii 112.

— Flower or Bluebottle, ii 135.

— Gromwell, ii 146.

— Marigold, ii 134.

— Mint, vi 19.

— Parsley, vi 83.

— Salad, vi 18.

— Sow-Thistle, ii 138.

— Spurrey, vi 16.

Cornfield Galium, vi 17.

— plants, affinity of, for waste

und, ii 232.

— Woodruff, vi 17.

Cornfields, ii 230.

—and woodlands:
larities, ii 231.

— impermanence of, ii 231.

—relative absence of insects,
ii 234.

— weeds, late flowering of, ii 233.

Cornish Heath, vi 160.

— Moneywort, vi 86.

Cornus sanguinea, L., iii r9t.

— suecica, L., vi 158.

Coronilla varia, L., vi 207.

Coronopus (see Senebiera).

Corrigiola littoralis, L.. vi 31.

Corydalis claviculata, D.C., vi

some simi-

43-

Corylus Avellana, L., vi 69.

Corynephorus (see Weingzert-
neria).

Cotoneaster, vi 174.

— microphylla, Wall., vi 174.

— vulgaris, Lindl., vi 174.

Cotton Grass, v 53.

— Thistle, iv 38.

Cotula coronopifolia, L., vi 126.

Cotyledon Umbilicus-Veneris, L.,
Vv 154-

Couch Grass Tare, vi 15.

County and vice-county divisions
of the British Isles, i 61.

Cowberry, vi 159.

Cow Parsnip, iii 186.

Cowslip, ii 69.

Cow-wheat, v 112.

Crab Apple, iii 172

Crack Willow, iv 130.

Crambe maritima, L., ii 173.

Cranberry, v 20.

Crategus monogyna,
vi 83.

— Oxyacantha, L., iii 176.

Cream-coloured Clover, vi 92.

Creeping Bellflower, vi 127.

— Buttercup, vi 3.

— Field Thistle, vi 7.

— Forget-me-not, vi 143.

— Goodyera, vi 7o.

— Marsh Marigold, vi 139.

— Toadflax, iv 219.

— Tormentil, vi 157.

— Willow, v 116.

— Yellow Cress, vi 101.

Jacq.,

INDEX

Crepis biennis, L., vi 127.
— foetida, L., vi 95.

— hieracioides, Walst. et Kit,
vi 63.

_ nicesensis, Balb., vi 211.

— paludosa, Moench, vi 63.

— setosa, Hall fil., vi 18, 127.

— taraxacifolia, Thuill., vi 95.

— virens, L., iv 202 (= C. capil-
laris, Wallr.).

Cress, vi 121.

Crested Cow-wheat, vi 67.

— Hair Grass, vi 99.

Crimson Clover, vi 17.

— Germander, vi 199.

— Heath, v 103.

Crithmum maritimum, L., ii 185.

Crocus biflorus, Mill., vi 205.

— nudiflorus, Sm., vi 205.

— officinalis, Huds., ii 82;

— vernus, Mill., vi 205.

Crooked Saxifrage, vi 176.

Cross-leaved Heath, v 100. .

Cross Wort, vi 84.

Crowberry, vi 155.

Crowfoot, vi 88.

Crow Garlic, vi 163.

Cucubalus baccifer, L., vi 121.

Cudweed, vi 158.

Cultivation and its effects, ii 226.

— limits of, ii 231.

Curled Dock, vi 35.

— Pondweed, vi 114.

Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe, vi 19.

— Epithymum, Murr., vi 16.

— europza, L., v 205.

— Trifolii, Bab., vi 206.

Cut Grass, vi, 152.

Cut-leaved Speedwell, vi 161.

Cyclamen hederzfolium, Ait., vi
65.

Cynoglossum Di
vi 66.

— officinale, L., iv 204.

Cynosurus cristatus, L., vi 14.

— echinatus, L., ii 216.

Cyperus fuscus, L., vi 116.

— longus, L., v 51.

Cyphel, vi 91.

Cypress Spurge, vi 69.

Cypripedium Calceolus, L., vi 72.

Cytisus scoparius, Link, v 79.

D

Dactylis glomerata, L.,
Daffodil, vi 73.

Dairy Maid’s Dock, iv 234.
Daisy, ii 49.

Damasonium Alisma, Mill., vi 112.
Dame's Violet, ii 15.

Danaa cornubiense, Burnat, vi 61.

Vill.

montanum,

Vi 14.

| Dandelion, ii 62.

Dandelion Hawkweed, vi 95.

Daphne Laureola, L., iii 224.

— Mezereun, L., vi 68.

Dark-winged Orchid, vi 96.

Darnel, ii 157.

Datura Stramonium, L., vi 129.

Daucus Carota, ii 44.

Daval's Sedge, vi 149.

Deadly Nightshade, iv 211.

Deer's Head or Tufted Spike
Rush, vi 165.

217

Degenerate woods and _ heaths,
v 188,

Delphinium Ajacis, Reichb., ii 93.

Denizen and colonist flora,
ii 231.

Dense-headed Mouse-ear, vi 91.

Dense Opposite-leaved Pond-
weed, vi 114.

Dentaria bulbifera, L., vi 43.

Deptford Pink, vi go.

Deschampsia alpina, Roem. et
Schulz, vi 203.

— cxspitosa, Beauv., vi 118.

— flexuosa, Trin., v 126.

— setacea, Hack., vi 152.

Devil's Bit Scabious, ii 46.

Dewberry, vi 58.

Deyeuxia neglecta, Kunth, vi 152.

— strigosa, Kunth, vi 152.

Dianthus Armeria, L., vi go.

— Caryophyllus, L., vi 171.

— deltoides, L., vi 4.

— gallicus, Pers., vi 206.

— glaucus, Huds. (= D. czsius,
Sm.), v 141.

— plumarius, L., vi 171.

— prolifer, L., vi 3.

Dickson's Rose, vi 82.

Digitalis purpurea, L., iii 79.

Dicecious Sedge, vi 149.

Diotis maritima, Cass., vi 28.

Diplotaxis muralis, D.C., vi 170.

— tenuifolia, D.C., vi 120.

Dipsacus pilosus, L., vi 84.

— sylvestris, Huds., iii 202.

Dispersal of fruits and seeds,
i 159.

— — — of meadow plants, ii 228.

Distant-spiked Sedge, vi 37.

| Ditches, iv 248.

Dittander, vi 23.

Diversity and brilliance of colours
of meadow plants, ii 227.

Dock-leaved Knotweed, vi 134.

Dodder, v 105.

Dog Rose, iii 166; vi 208.

— Violet, vi 43, 153-

Dog's Mercury, iii 93-

— Tail Grass, vi 14.

— Tooth Grass, vi 40.

— Wheat Grass, vi 77-

Dogwood or Cornel, iii 191.

Doronicum Pardalianches,
vi 62.

— plantagineum, L., vi 63.

Dove's Foot, vi 155.

Downy Figwort, vi 67.

— Hemp Nettle, vi 20.

— -leaved Rose, vi 81.

— Mountain Willow, vi 200.

— Rose, vi 59.

— Willowherb, vi 10.

— Woundwort, vi ro.

Draba aizoides, L., vi 169.

— incana, L., vi 169.

— muralis, L., vi 169.

— rupestris, Br., vi 169.

Drainage and its effect upon
meadows, ii 229.

— and its effects on bogs, v 185.

— and aquatic vegetation, iv 246.

— influence of hills on, iv 240.

Dressing, effect of oe

ii 235:

Dy

218

Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage,
Vi 175: |

— Mountain Wood Rush, vi 98.

— Star-of-Bethlehem, vi 74.

Dropwort, iv 28.

Drosera anglica, Huds., vi 140.
intermedia, Hayne (=

longifolia, L.), vi 140.

— rotundifolia, L., v 14.

Dry and wet heaths, v 188.

— — hills, iv 240.

Dryas octopetala, L., iv 30.

Dry-soil types (cornfields), ii 235.

Duckweed, iv 146.

Dusky Crane's Bill, vi 145.

Duten Elm, vi 208.

Dwarf Alpine Cudweed, vi 178.

— Cornel, vi 158.

— Dwarf Birch, vi 144.

— Elder or Dovewort, vi 125.

— Silvery Sedge, vi 98.

— Spurge, vi 20.

Dyer's Greenweed, vi 155.

Dyer's Weed or Weld, iv 7.
E

Eared Sallow, vi 70.

Early Sedge, v 121.

Earth Nut, vi 5.

Echinodorus (Alisma) ranuncu-
loides, Eng., vi 147.

Echium italicum, L., vi 211.

— plantagineum, L., vi 128.

— vulgare, L., iv 206.

Ecology and _ bionomics
trasted, i 27.

Effect of grazing of animals,
li 225.

Elatine hexandra, D.C., vi 102.

— Hydropiper, L., vi 102.

Elder, iii 195.

Elecampane, vi 62.

Eleocharis (see Heleocharis).

Elisma natans, Buch., vi 112.

Elodea canadensis, Michx., vi 111.

Elongate Sedge, vi 74.

Elymus arenarius, L., ii 221.

Empetrum nigrum, L., vi 155.

Enchanter's Nightshade, iii 49.

English Catchfly, vi 171.

— Scurvy Grass, vi 206.

— Wall Bedstraw, vi 177.

Epilobium alpinum, Huds., vi 177.

— alsinefolium, Vill., vi 177.

— angustifolium, L., ili 46.

— collinum, C. Gmel., vi 105.

— hirsutum, L., iv 88.

— Lamyi, F. Schultz, vi 10s.

— lanceolatum, Sebast. et Maur,
vi 83.

— montanum, L., vi 83.

— obscurum, Schreb., vi 105.

— palustre, L., vi 105.

— parviflorum, Schreb., vi 104.

— roseum, Schreb., vi 61.

—tetragonum, L. (= E. adna-
tum, Griseb.), vi 105.

Epimedium alpinum, L., vi 43.

Epipactis (see Helleborine).

Epipogum Gmelini, Rich., vi 7o.

Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb., vi 42.

Erect Bedstraw, vi 5.

— Chickweed, vi 153.

con-

INDEX

Ericaceous plants and heaths, v
158.

Erica ciliaris, L., v 159.

— cinerea, L., v 103.

— mediterranea, L., v. hibernica,
vi 160.

— Tetralix, L., v 100.

— vagans, vi 160.

Erigeron alpinus, L., vi 178.

— canadensis, L., vi 126.

Erinus alpinus, L., vi 211.

Eriocaulon septangulare, With.,
Vidi.

Eriophorum alpinum, L., vi 148.

—angustifolium, Roth, v 53.

— gracile, Roth, vi 148.

— latifolium, Hoppe, vi 148.

— vaginatum, vi 148.

Erodium cicutarium, L’Hérit., iv
178.

— maritimum, L'Hérit., vi 25.

— moschatum, L’Heérit., vi 122.
Erophila inflata, Wats., Hook.
fil., vi 170. :

— przcox, Stev., vi 170.

— verna, E. Meyer, v 139.

— virescens, Jord., vi 170.

Eryngium campestre, L., vi 124.

— maritimum, L., ii 184.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, L., vi
210.

—repandum, L., vi 210.

Erythrzea (see Centaurium).

Euonymus europzus, L., iii 148.

Eupatorium cannabinum, L.,ivg3.

Euphorbia amygdaloides, L., iii

I

gl.
— coralloides, L., vi 135.
— cyparissias, L., vi 68.
— dulcis, L., vi 68.
— esula, L., vi 68.
— exigua, L., vi 20.
— Helios copia, L., vi 134.
— hiberna, L., vi 68.
— Lathyrus, L., vi 68.
— Paralias, L., vi 35.
— Peplis, L., vi 35.
— Peplus, L., vi 135.
— pilosa, L., vi 68.
— platyphyllos, L., vi 134.
— portlandica, L., vi 35.
— stricta, L., vi 68.
Euphrasia _ brevipila,

Godr., vi 162.
—curta, Wettst., vi 162.
— fennica, vi 162.
— foulaensis, Towns., vi 31.
— gracilis, Fr., vi 162.
— Kerneri, Wettst., vi 162.
— latifolia, Purch., vi 162.
— minima, Gaud., vi 162.
—nemorosa, H. Mart., v 107.
— occidentalis, Wettst., vi 30.
— Rostkoviana, Hayne, vi 161.
— salisburgensis, Funck, vi 31.
— scottica, Wettst., vi 30.
— suecica, vi 162.
— Vigursii, Davey, vi 162.
Evening Primose, vi 26, 124.
Evergreen Alkanet, vi 128.
— Rose, vi 59.
Everlasting Sweet Pea, vi 123.
Expansiveness of the fields, ii 224.
Eyebright, v 107.

Born. et

F

Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench,
Vi 134.

Fagus sylvatica, L., iii 102.

Falearia vulgaris, Bernh., vi 211.

False Jersey Knapweed, vi 28.

Fen Orchis, vi 145.

— Ragwort, vi 142.

Fennel, vi 27.

Fennel-leaved Pondweed, vi 116.

Fenugreek, vi 156.

Festuca ambigua, Le Gall., vi 41.

— arundinacea, Schreb., vi 205.

— bromoides, L. (= F. seiur-
oides, Roth.), vi 167.

— ciliata, Danth., vi 136.

— elatior, L., vi 119.

— gigantea, Vill., vi 77.

— heterophylla, Lam., vi 77.

— loliacea, Huds., vi 41.

— Myuros, L., v 179.

— ovina, L., iv 57.

— pratensis, Huds., vi 119.

— rigida, Kunth, vi 204.

— rubra, L., vi 205.

— sylvatica, Vill., vi 77.

—uniglumis, Sol. (= F.
branacea, Druce), vi 41.

Feverfew, vi 84.

Few-flowered Club Rush, vi 165.

— Sedge, vi 165.

Few-seeded Sedge, vi 75.

Fiddle Dock, vi 134.

Field Bugloss, ii 145.

— Eryngo, vi 124.

— Garlic, vi 87.

— Gentian, iv 43.

— Madder, ii 129.

— Mouse-ear, v 142.

— Ragwort, vi 94.

— Scabious, iv 34.

— Scorpion-grass, vi 8.

— Southernwood, vi 159.

— Woundwort, vi 20.

Fields and meadows, ii 223.

Fig-leaved Goosefoot, vi 133.

Filago apiculata, G. E. Smith, vi
158.

— gallica, L., vi 158.

— germanica, L., vi 158.

— minima, Fr., vi 94.

— spathulata, Presl, vi 158.

Fine-leaved Fumitory, vi 216.

— Pond-weed, vi 116.

— Sandwort, vi 154.

Finger Grass, vi 212.

Fingered Sedge, vi 75-

Fiorin Grass, vi 13.

Five-stamened Mouse Ear, vi go.

Flat-stalked Poa, v 178.

Flax, ii 117.

— Dodder, vi 19.

Fleabane, iv 95.

— Sedge, vi 149.

Flixweed, vi 210.

Floating Club Rush, vi 148.

— Water Plantain, vi 112.

Flote Grass, vi 118.

Flowering Rush, iv 155.

— Seasons, i 139.

Flowers of the bogs and marshes,
V 3, 183.

— — cornfields, ii 87, vi 16.

mem-

Flowers of the fields and
meadows, ii 3, Vi 3

— — heaths and moors, v 65, 187,
vi 153-

— — lakes, rivers, ditches, and
wet places, iv 61, vi 100.

—— mountains, hills, and dry
places, iv 3, vi 88.

——roadsides and hedges, iii
125, vi 78.

— — rocks, walls, stony and gra-
velly places, v 131, 193, vi 168.

— — sea-coast, ii 163, vi 22.

——waste places, gardens,
refuse-heaps, village greens,
farmyards, &c., iv 167, vi 120.

——woods and copses, iii 3,
Vi 42.

Fly Honeysuckle, vi 62.

— Orchid, vi 72.

Fodder Burnet, vi 124.

Feeniculum vulgare, L., vi 27.

Foetid Hawksbeard, vi 95.

— Iris, vi 72.

Folklore of plants, the, i 214.

Fool's Parsley, ii 125.

Forster's Wood Rush, vi 74.

Four-leaved Allseed, vi 124.

Foxglove, iii 79.

Foxtail Grass, vi 20.

Fragaria chiloensis,
211.

— elatior, Ehrh., vi 124.

— vesca, L., iii 36.

Fragrant Agrimony, vi 207.

— Orchid, iv 55.

Frankenia levis, L., vi 23.

Fraxinus excelsior, L., iii 208.

French Cudweed, vi 158.

— Rose, the, vi 82.

Fringed Rock Cress, vi 169.

Fritillaria Meleagris, L., iii 208.

Frogbit, iv 133.

Frog Orchis, vi 97.

Fumaria Bastardi, Bor. (= F.
confusa, Jord.), vi 210.

— Borzi, Jord., vi 210.

— capreolata, L., vi 209.

— densiflora, D.C. (=
crantha, Lag.), vi 210.

— occidentalis, Pugsley, vi 209.

— officinalis, L., ii 99.

— parviflora, Lam., vi 206.

— purpurea, Pugsley, vi 209.

— Vaillantii, Lois, vi 210.

Fumitory (Earth-smoke), ii 99,
Vi 209.

Furze, v 75.

Duch., vi

F, mi-

G

Gagea lutea, Ker, vi 74.

Galanthus nivalis, L., ili 114.

Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh., vi
20.

— dubia, Leers, vi 20.

— Ladanunm, L., vi 20.

— speciosa, Mill., vi 20.

— Tetrahit, L., ii 152.

Galingale, v 50.

Galinsoga parviflora, R. et P.,
vi 126.

Galium anglicum, Huds., vi 177.

— Aparine, L., iii 199.

INDEX

Galium boreale, L., vi 178.

— Cruciata, Scop., vi 84.

—erectum, Huds., vi 5,

— Mollugo, L., vi 84.

— palustre, L., iv gi.

— saxatile, L., v 84.

— sylvestre, Poll. (= G. asperum,
Schreb.), vi 94.

— tricorne, Stokes, vi 17.

— uliginosum, L., vi 141.

— Vaillantii, D.C., vi 17.

— verum, L., vi 84.

Garden Angelica, vi 211.

— Chervil, vi 125.

— Cress, vi 210.

— Orache, vi 212.

— Strawberry, vi 211.

Garlic, ili 117, vi 87.

Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud.,
vi 39-

Gate-posts, gateways, bridges,
stone-heaps, &c., ili 247.

Gateways, iv 254.

Genera of British flowering plants,
Vv 207.

Genista anglica, L., vi 156.

— pilosa, L., vi 156.

— tinctoria, L. vi 155.

Gentian, vi 8.

Gentiana Amarella, L., iv 4o.

— baltica, Murb., vi 95.

— campestris, L., iv 43.

— germanica, Willd., vi 8.

—lingulata, C. A. Agardh. b.
przcox, Raf., v 198.

— nivalis, L., vi 198.

— Pneumonanthe, L., vi 161.

— verna, L., v 198.

Geographical distribution and
floral zones and regions, i 48.

Geranium columbinum, L., vi 45.

— dissectum, L., vi 79.

— lucidum, L., vi 79.

— molle, L., v 155.

— nodosum, L., vi 207.

— pheum, L., vi 45.

— pratense, L., ii 20.

— pusillum, L., vi 79.

— pyrenaicum, Burm. fil., vi 4.

— Robertianun, L., iii 145.

— rotundifolium, L., vi 208.

— sanguineum, L., v 24.

— striatum, L. (= G. versicolor,
L.), vi 122.

— sylvaticum, L., vi 45.

Germander, vi 10.

— Speedwell, vi 8.

Geum intermedium, Ehrh., vi 59.

— rivale, L., vi 59.

— urbanum, L., vi 59.

Gibbous Duckweed, vi 112.

Gipsywort, iv 124.

Glabrous Finger Grass, vi 135.

Gladiolus, vi 72.

— illyricus, Ker, vi 72.

Glasswort, vi 33-

Glaucium corniculatum, Curt.
(= G. phceniceum, Crantz),
Vi 209.

— flavum, Crantz, ii 167.
Glaucous Poa, vi 203.

— Sedge, vi 12.

— Stitchwort, vi 139.

| Glaux maritima, L., ii 194.

219

Globeflower, vi 168.

Glyceria aquatica, Wahl., vi 118.

— Borreri, Bab., vi 4o.

— distans, Wahl., vi go.

— festuciformis, Heyn., vi 40.

— fluitans, Br., vi 118.

— Foucardii, Hack., vi go.

— maritima, Mert. et Koch., ii
218.

— plicata, Fr., vi 119.

— procumbens, Dum. (= G, ru-
pestris, E.S.M.), vi go.

Gnaphalium luteoalbum, L., vi
158.

— norvegicum, Gunn., vi 178.

— supinum, L., vi 178.

— sylvaticum, L., vi 62.

— uliginosum, L., vi 106.

Goat's Beard, ii 67, vi 7.

Golden Crocus, vi 205.

— Dock, v 4o.

— Lungwort, vi 187.

— Rod, v 162.

— Samphire, vi 27.

Goldielocks, iii 11, vi 178.

Gold of Pleasure, ii 101.

Good King Henry, iv 229.

Goodyera repens, Br., vi 70.

Gooseberry vi 60.

Goosefoot, vi 32.

Goutweed, iv 183.

Grape Hyacinth, vi 12.

Grass habit, the, ii 227.

— — — inthe cornfield, ii 233.

— Heath, v 188.

— -leaved Simethis, vi 163.

— — Vetchling, vi 80.

— of Parnassus, v 12.

— Wrack, ii 208.

Grassy Sedge, vi 74.

— Stitchwort, v 71.

Gravelly and stony places, v 196.

Great Bellflower, vi 64.

— Bindweed, iii 212.

— Brome Grass, vi 77.

— Broomrape, vi 162, 206.

— Burnet, ii 4.

— Burnet-Saxifrage, vi 83.

— Chickweed, iv 84.

— Duckweed, vi 112.

— Earthnut, vi 5.

— Hairy Willow Herb., iv 88.

— Hartwort, vi 84.

— Hedge Lotus, vi 4.

— Military Orchid, vi 97.

— Pendulous Sedge, vi 75.

— Periwinkle, vi 60.

— Prickly Sedge, v 60.

— River Sedge, vi 117.

— Sea Rush, vi 36.

— Snapdragon, vi 198.

— Spearwort, v 7.

— Water Dock, vi 110.

— White Bedstraw, vi 84.

— Whortleberry, vi 142.

— Wood Brome Grass, vi 77.

— Yellow Loosestrife, iv 109.

— — Rattle, vi 9.

Greater Celandine, iv 169.

— Fescue Grass, vi 119.

— Stitchwort, iii 139.

Green-and-Gold Sedge, vi 151.

Green Bristle Grass, vi 135.

— Field Speedwell, vi 19.

220

Green Hellebore, iii 13.

Green-leaved Hound's Tongue,
vi 66.

— Quaking Grass, vi 14.

— -ribbed Sedge, v 123.

— Winged Orchid, vi 11.

Grey Field Speedwell, vi 130.

— Hair Grass, vi 4o.

— Poplar, vi 208.

— Sallow, vi 7o.

— Sedge, vi 150.

Gromwell, vi 85.

Ground Ivy, iii 219.

— Pine, vi 208.

— Thistle, vi 7.

Groundsel, iv 189.

Guelder Rose, vi 61.

Guimauve, vi 24.

H

Habenaria albida, Br., vi 97.

— bifolia, Br., vi 72.

— Chlorantha, Bab., vi 72.

— conopsea, Benth., iv 55.

— intacta, Benth., vi 11.

— viridis, R. Br., vi 97.

Habit, effect upon (Roads), iii 249.

Hair Grass, v 126.

Hairy Annual Lotus, vi 25.

— Bitter Cress, vi 102.

— Cress, Vi 210.

— Crowfoot, vi 120.

— Dyer's Greenweed, vi 156.

— Fruited Sedge, vi 13.

— -leaved Hawkbit, vi 7.

— -leaved Pondweed, vi 115.

— Mallow, vi 44.

— Rupture Wort, vi 32.

— St. John’s Wort, vi 44.

— Spurge, vi 168.

— Stone Crop, vi 140.

— Vetch, vi 124.

— Violet, iv 11.

— Wood Rush, vi 74.

— Yellow Vetch, vi 211.

Haller's Dog Violet, vi 139.

Hammer Sedge, vi 75.

Hard Fescue, vi 204.

— Grass, vi 41.

Hard-heads, vi 6.

Harebell, v 92.

Hare's Ear, vi 125.

Hare’s Ear Treacle Mustard,
vi 210.

Hare’s Foot Trefoil, iv 20.

— Tail Cotton Grass, vi 148.

— — Grass, vi 39.

Harlequin Weed, vi 128.

Hautboy Strawberry, vi 124.

Hawk's Beard, iv 202.

Hawkweed Ox-tongue, vi 85.

Hawthorn, iii 176.

Hazel, vi 69.

Heart's Ease, ii 107, vi 210.

Heath Bedstraw, v 84.

— Bent Grass, vi 166.

— Dodder, vi 161.

— Grass, vi 167.

— Hair Grass, v 126.

— Milkwort, vi 153.

— Rush, vi 164.

— Sedge, vi 166.

— Wood Rush, vi 164.

INDEX

Heath plants, dispersal of seeds
of, Vv 192.

— — duration of, v 191.

— — flowering of, v 191.

— — habit of, v 191.

— — habitats of, v 190.

— — height of, v 191.

— — pollination of, v 191.

— — soil of, v 192.

Heaths and moors, v 187.

— — distribution of, v 188.

— — dry-soil types of, v 190.

— — extensiveness of, v 190.

— — open character of, v 189.

— — vestiges of, v 189.

Hedera Helix, L., ili 55.

Hedgehog Grass, ii 216,

Hedge Honewort, vi 83.

— Mastard, iii 135.

— Parsley, iii 188.

— Woundwort, vi 208.

Hedgerows, &c., near villages,
boundaries of cultivated tracts,
iv 252.

Hedgerows in fields and along
roadsides, ili 247.

Hedges and furrows, difference
between plants of, ii 232.

Heleocharis acicularis, Br., vi 117.

— multicaulis, Sm., vi 148.

— palustris, Roem. et Schult,

52.

— uniglumis, Sch., vi 36.

Helianthemum canum, Baumg.,
vi 89.

— Chamecistus, Mill., iv 9.

— guttatum, Mill., vi 89.

— polifolium, Mill., vi 89.

Helleborine, v 45.

Helleborine atrorubens, Roehl.

(= H. atropurpurea, Druce),
vi 201.

—atroviridis, W. R. Linton,
Vi 71.

— latifolia, Druce, vi 70.

— longifolia, Rendle and Britten
(= E. palustris, Crantz), v 45.

— violacea, Druce, vi 71.

Helleborus foetidus, L., vi 42.

— viridis, L., iii 13.

Hemlock, iii 183.

— Water Dropwort, vi 141.

Hemp, vi 212.

— Agrimony, iv 93.

— Nettle, ii 152.

Henbane, iv 214.

Henbit Deadnettle, vi 132.

Heracleum Sphondylium, L., iii
186.

Herb Paris, vi 74.

— Robert, iii 145.

Herminium Monorchis, Br., iv 54.

Hermodactylus tuberosus, Mill.,
Vi 135-

Herniaria ciliata, Bab., vi 31.

— glabra, L., vi 31.

— hirsuta, L., vi 32.

Hesperis matronalis, L., ii 15.

Hieracium acroleucum, Stenstr.,
vi 192.

— Adlerzii, Almq., vi 193.

— aggregatum, Backh., vi 187.

— alpinum, L., vi 180.

— amplexicaule, L., vi 179.

Hieracium anfractiforme, E. S.
Marsh., vi 191.

— anglicum, Fr., vi 1.79.

— angustatum, Lindeb., vi 193.

— argenteum, Fr., vi 184.

—atratum, Fr. fil., vi 182.

— aurantiacum, L., vi 63.

— auratum, Fr,, vi 196.

— Backhousei, F. J. Hanb., vi
181.

— boreale, L., vi 63.

— Breadalbanense, F. J. Hanb.,
vi 189.

—brittanicum, F. J. Hanb., vi
185.

— buglossoides, Arv. Touv., vi
186.

— cacuminatum, Dahlst., vi 193.

— cxsiomurorum, Lindeb., vi 191.

— cesium, Fr., vi 191.

—caledonicum, F. J. Hanb., vi
183.

— calenduliforum, Backh., vi 180.

—callistophyllum, F. J. Hanb.,
vi 188.

— candelabra, W. R. Linton, vi
187.

— cantianum, F. J. Hanb., vi 196.

— carenorum, F. J. Hanb., vi 184.

—centripetale, F. J. Hanb., vi
182.

— chrysanthum, Backh., vi 181.

— ciliatum, Almq., vi 188.

— clovense, Linton, vi 186.

— corymbosum, Fr., vi 196.

— crebridens, Dahlst., vi 188.

—crocatum, Fr., vi 197.

— cumbrense, F. J. Hanb., vi 182.

—curvatum, Elfstrand, vi 181.

— cyathis, Ley, vi 184.

—cymbifolium, Purchas., vi 190.

— demissum, Strémf., v. pulchel-
liforme, W. R. Linton), vi 195.

— Dewari, Boswell Syme, vi 194.

— diaphanoides, Lindeb., vi 194.

— diaphanum, Fr., vi 194.

— dissimile, Lindeb. fil., vi 192.

— dovrense, Fr., vi 194.

— duplicatum, Almq,., vi 191.

— duriceps, F. J. Hanb., vi 192.

— eristalis, Linton, vi 191.

— euprepes, F. J. Hanb., vi 190.

— eximium, Backh., vi 180.

— farrense, F. J. Hanb., vi 191.

— flocculosum, Backh., vi 179.

— globosum, Backh., vi 180.

— gothicum, Fr., vi 195.

— gracilentum, Backh., vi 180.

— hibernicum, F. J. Hanb., vi 185.

— holophyllum, W. R. Linton, vi
189.

— holosericeum, Backh., vi 180.

— hyparcticum, Almgq., vi 183.

— hypocheeroides, Gibs., vi 184.

— iricum, Fr., vi 180.

— irriguum, Fr., vi 193.

— Langwellense, F. J.
vi 179.

— lasiophyllum, Koch., vi 183.

— Leyi, F. J. Hanb., vi 183.

— lima, F. J. Hanb., vi 183.

— lingulatum, Backh., vi 181.

— maculatum, Sm., vi 193.

— maritimum, F. J. Hanb., vi 197.

Hanb.,

le

Hieracium Marshalli, Linton, vi
181.

— nigrescens, Willd., vi 182,

— nitidum, Backh., vi 184.

— Ogweni, Linton, vi 197.

— orarium, Lindeb. fil., vi 192.

—orcadense, W. R. Linton, vi
192.

—orcades, Fr., v. subglabra-
tum, F. J. Hanb.), vi 185.

— orimeles, W. R. Linton, vi 185.

— oxyodus, W. R. Linton, vi 187.

—pachyphyllum, Purchas., vi
186.

— Peleterianum, Mer., vi 179.

— pellucidum, Lzestad., vi 187.

— Perthense, Williams, vi 195.

— petiolatum, Elfstrand, vi 180.

— petrocharis, Linton, vi 190.

— Pictorum, Linton, vi 188.

— Pilosella, L., v 164.

— pinnatifidum, Lonnr., vi 63.

— platyphyllum, Ley, vi 189.

— pollinarium, F. J. Hanb., vi 189.

— porrigum, Almq., vi 192.

— prtenerum, Almq., vi 190.

— pratense, Tausch., vi 179.

— prenanthoides, Vill., vi 196.

— protractum, Lindeb., vi 195.

— proximum, F. J. Hanb., vi 186.

— pseudonosmoides, Dahlst., vi
185.

~ puichrius, Ley, vi 194.

— rigidum, Hartm., vi 196.

—rivale, F. J. Hanb., vi 189.

— rotundatum, Kit., vi 190.

—rubicundum, F. J. Hanb., vi
183.

—rubiginosum, F. J. Hanb., vi
189.

— sabaudum, L., vi 197.

— sagittatum, Lindeb., vi 190.

— sanguineum, Ley, vi 187.

— sarcophyllum, Stenstr., vi 190.

— scanicum, Dahlst., vi 193.

— Schmidtii, Tausch., vi 183.

— sciaphilum, Becker, vi 193.

— scoticum, F. J. Hanb., vi 186.

— Scullyi, Linton, vi 194.

— senescens, Backh., vi 181.

— septentrionale, Arv. Touv., vi
193. :

— serratifrons, Almq., vi 188.

— silvaticum, Gouan, vi 187.

— sinuans, F. J. Hanb., vi 182.

— Sommerfeltii, Lindeb., vi 184.

— sparsifolium, Lindeb., vi 196.

— stenolepis, Lindeb., vi 187.

— stictophyllum, Dahlst., vi 195.

— strictum, Fr., vi 196.

— submurorum, Lindeb., vi 182.

— subramosum, Lonnr., vi 28.

— subulatidens, Dahlst., vi 188.

— surrejanum, F. J. Hanb., vi85.

— tridentatum, Fr., pro parte, vi
63.

— truncatum, Lindeb., vi 195.

— umbellatum, L., vi 64.

— vagense, Ley, vi 185.

— variicolor, Dahlst., vi 188.

— vulgatum, Fr., v 88.

— zetlandicum, Beeby, vi 194.

Hierochloé borealis, R. et S., st

INDEX

Highland Primrose, vi 143.

— Rush, vi 201.

— Whitlow Grass, vi 160.

— Wood Rush, vi 202.

High-level roads and low-level
roads, iii 248.

Highways, antiquity of, iii 248.

Hills, climate and, iv 240.

— effect of, upon types, iv 241.

— exposure of, iv 241.

— height of plants on, iv 242.

— rainfall and, iv 241.

Hillside plants, dispersal of seeds
of, iv 243.

— duration of, iv 243.

— flowering seasons of, iv 242.

— habitats of, iv 242.

— habits of, iv 242.

Hints and notes, some general,
ii 223.

Hippocrepis comosa, L., v 148.

Hippophaé rhamnoides, L., ii 203.

Hippuris vulgaris, L., vir 203.

Hoary Mullein, vi 129.

— Ragwort, iii 204.

— Rock Rose, vi 89.

Hog’s Fennel, vi 27.

Holcus lanatus, L., vi 14.

— mollis, L., vi 76.

Holly, iii 3o.

Holosteum umbellatum, L., vi

172.

Holy Grass, vi 98.

Honewort, vi 177-

Honeysuckle, iii 62.

Hop, vi 86.

Hop Trefoil, ii 28.

Hordeum maritimum, Huds., ii
220.

— murinum, L., iv 236.

— pratense, Huds., vi 15.

— sylvaticum, Huds., vi 77.

Hornbeam, vi 69.

Horned Pondweed, vi 116.

Hornwort, vi 110.

Horsebane, vi 106.

Horse Mint, vi 108.

— Radish, vi 102.

Horseshoe Vetch, v 148.

Hottonia palustris, L., v 27.

Hound's Tongue, iv 204.

House Leek, v 160.

Hummock Sedge, v 57.

Humulus Lupulus, L., vi 86.

Huntingdon Elm, vi 208.

Hutchinsia petraea, Br., vi 170.

Hydrocharis morsus-ranz, L., iv
133-

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L., vi 141.

Hydrophytes or true aquatic
plants, iv 244.

Hygrophilous types, iv 245.

Hyoscyamus niger, L., iv 214.

Hypericum androszemum, L., vi
44-

— calycinum, L., vi 44.

— elatum, Ait., vi 44.

— hircinum, L., vi 44.

— hirsutum, L., vi 44.

— humifusum, L., vi 155-

— linariifolium, Vahl., vi 155.

— maculatum, Cr., vi 103.

— montanum, L., vi 44.

— perforatum, L., iii 142.

221

Hypericum pulchrum, L., v 73.
— quadrangulum, L., vi 103.
— tetrapterum, Fr., vi 103.

— undulatum, Schousb., vi 139.
Hypochzeris glabra, L., vi 159.
— maculata, L., vi 7.

— radicata, L., ii 60,

Hyssop Loosestrife, vi 104.

I

Iberis amara, L., it 105.

Ilex aquifolium, L., iii 3o.

Illecebrum verticillatum, L., vi 31.

Impatiens biflora, Walt. (= I.
fulva, Nutt.), vi 209.

— glandulifera, Royle, vi 123.

— noli-me-tangere, L., iv 16,

— parviflora, D.C., vi 123.

Indian Balsam, vi 123.

Inland salt-marshes, ii 239.

Insects and meadow plants, ii 228.

Intermediate Winter Green, vi 64.

Inula britannica, L., vi 126.

— crithmoides, L., vi 27.

— Helenium, L., vi 62.

— salicina, L., vi 178.

—squarrosa, Bernh, (=I. Conyza,
D.C.), iv 36.

Iris, vi 135-

— foetidissima, L., vi 72.

— Pseudacorus, L., iv 135.

— spuria, L., vi 146.

Irish Butterwort, vi 143.

— Heath, vi 160.

— Inula, vi 178.

— Lady’s Tresses, vi 145.

— Orchid, vi 11.

— Rose, vi 81.

— Sponge, vi 68.

Isatis tinctoria, L., ii 171,

Isle of Man Cabbage, vi 22.

Italian Bugloss, vi 211.

— Catchfly, vi 121.

Ivy, ili 55.

— Broom Rape, vi 10.

— -leaved Bellflower, vi 142.

— — Duckweed, vi 112.

— — Speedwell, ii 150.

— — Toadflax, v 170.

— — Water Buttercup, vi 101.

J

Jacob's Ladder, vi 66.

| Jagged-leaved Crane's Bill, vi 79.
Jasione montana, L., v go.
Jersey Brome Grass, vi 41.

— Bugloss, vi 128.

— Crocus, vi 11.

— Cudweed, vi 158.

— Knapweed, vi 28.

— Mustard, vi 3.

— Sea Spurrey, vi 24.

— Thrift, vi 29.

— Toadflax, vi 161.

Juncoides (Luzula) spicatum, L.,

Vi 202.
Juncus acutus, L., vi 36.
—articulatus, L. (= J. lampo-

carpus, Ehrh.), v 49.
— balticus, Willd., vi 35-
— biglumis, L., vi 147.

| — bufonius, L., vi 146.

990
~<<

Juncus bulbosus, L. (= J. supinus,
Moench), vi 146.

— capitatus, Weig., vi 164.

— castaneus, Sm., vi 147.

— compressus, Jacq., Vi 147.

— conglomeratus, L., vi 146.

— effusus, L., vi 146.

— filiformis, L., vi 111.

— gerardi, Lois., vi 35.

— glaucus, Ehrh. (= J. inflexus,
Li), Oh LEX

— maritimus, Lam., ii 204.

— pygmzus, Rich., vi 164.

— squarrosus, L., vi 164.

— subnodulosus, Schrank. (= J.
obtusiflorus, Ehrh.), vi 212.

— sylvaticus, Reich. (= J. acuti-
florus, Ehrh.), vi 207.

— tenuis, Willd., vi 98.

— trifidus, L., vi 201.

— triglumis, L., vi 147.

K

Kamtchatka Wormwood, vi 28.

Kentranthus. (See Centranthus.)

Kidney-leaved Saxifrage, vi 93.

Kidney Vetch, iv 22.

Knapweed, ii 58.

Knawel, vi ro.

— Broomrape, vi 9.

Knotgrass, iv 231.

Knotted Figwort, vi 66.

— Hedge Parsley, vi 94.

— Spurrey, vi 154.

Kobresia caricina, Willd., vi 165.

Keeleria albescens, D.C., vi 206.

— cristata, Pers. (= K. gracilis,
Pers.), vi 99.

—glauca, D.C., v. arenaria,
Dum., vi 99.

— vallesiana, Asch. et Graebn.,
Vi 209.

i

Lactuca alpina, Hook., vi 197.

— muralis, Gaertn., v 166.

— saligna, L., vi 127.

— Scariola, L. (= L. Serriola, L.),
Vi 127.

— virosa, L., vi 85.

Ladies’ Bedstraw, vi 84.

Lady's Mantle, ii 39.

— Slipper, vi 72.

— Smock, ii 12.

— Tresses, vi 96.

Lagurus ovatus, L., vi 39.

Lakes, ponds, pools, reservoirs, iv
247.

— rivers, streams, ditches, and
wet places, iv 244.

Lamb's Lettuce, ii 130.

— Tongue, vi 8.

Lamium album, L., iv 255.

— amplexicaule, L., vi 132.

— Galeobdolon, Crantz, iii 87.

— hybridum, Vill., vi 132.

— intermedium, Fr. (= L. molu-
cellefolium, Fr.), vi 131.

— maculatum, L., vi 132.

— purpureum, L., iv 223.

Lanceolate Willow Herb, vi 83.

Land Yellow Cress, vi 101.

Lappula echinata, Gilib., vi 211.

INDEX

Lapsana communis, L., iii 206.

Large Bog Violet, vi 212.

— Butterfly Orchid, vi 72.

— -flowered Hemp Nettle, vi 20.

— — Mullein, vi 96.

— -headed Sand Sedge, vi 37.

— Hop Trefoil, vi 124.

— Ivy-leaved Crowfoot, vi 138.

— Ladies’ Tresses, vi 145.

— Quaker Grass, vi 136.

— White Helleforme, vi 71.

Larkspur, ii 93.

Late Spider Orchis, vi 97.

Lathraea Squamaria, L., vi 67.

Lathyrus Aphaca, L., vi 17.

— hirsutus, L., vi 124.

— latifolius, L., vi 124.

—macrorhizus, Wimm. (= L.
montanus, Bernh.), vi 146.

— maritimus, Big., vi 26.

— niger, L., vi 207.

— Nissolia, L., vi 80.

— palustris, L., vi 140.

— pratensis, L., iii 154.

— spheericus, Retz., vi 124.

— sylvestris, L., vi 46.

— tuberosus, L., vi 17.

Lavatera arborea, L., vi 24.

— sylvestris, Brot., vi 122.

Leafless Yellow Vetchling, vi 17.

Leafy Wood Spurge, vi 68.

Least Erect Cudweed, vi 94.

— Marshwort, vi 155.

— Mouse-ear, vi go.

— Willow, vi 201.

— Yellow Gentian, vi 161.

Ledum palustre, L., vi 160.

Leersia oryzoides, Sw., vi 152.

Legousia hybrida, Delarbre, ii
140.

Lemna gibba, L., vi 112.

— minor, L., iv 146.

— polyrrhiza, L., vi 112.

— trisulca, L., vi 112.

Leontodon autumnale, L., vi 7.

— hispidum, L., vi 7.

— nudicaule, Banks et Sol. (= L.
hirtum, L.), vi 7.

Leonurus Cardiaca, L., vi 131.

Leopard’s Bane, vi 62.

Lepidium campestre, Br., vi 3.

— Draba, L., vi 210.

— latifolium, L., vi 23.

— ruderale, L., vi 170.

— sativum, L., vi 121, 210.

— Smithii, Hook (= L. hetero-
phyllum, Benth.), vi 210.

Lepturus filiformis, Trin., vi 41.

Lesser Calamint, vi 130.

— Celandine, ii 9.

— Jointed Rush, vi 146.

— River Sedge, vi 117.

— Spearwort, vi 138.

— Twayblade, vi 7o.

— Yellow Trefoil, vi 4.

Leucojum estivum, L., vi 12.

— vernum, L., vi 73.

Ligusticum scoticum, L., vi 27.

Ligustrum vulgare, L., vi 65.

Lilium Martagon, L., vi 74.

— pyrenaicum, Gouan, vi 74.

Lily-of-the-Valley, iii 115.

Lime or Linden, iii 24.

Limestone Bedstraw, vi 94.

Limestone False Brome Grass, vi

99.

Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmel.,
vi 107.

Limonium bellidifolium, D.C.
(= S. reticulata, Sm.), vi 29.

— binervosum, C. E. Salmon, vi

29.

—humile, Mill. (= S. rariflora,
Drej.), vi 29.

— lychnidifolium, O. Kuntz, vi
29.

— recurvum, C, E. Salmon, vi 29.

— vulgare, Mill. (= S. Limonium,
L.), if 189.

Limosella aquatica, L., vi 108.

Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill., v 170.

— Elatine, Mill., vi 19.

—minor, Desf. (= L. viscida,
Moench), vi 19.

— Pelisseriana, Mill., vi 161.

— purpurea, Mill., vi 198.

— repens, Mill., iv 219.

— spuria, Mill., vi 19.

— supina, Desf., vi 211.

— vulgaris, Mill., iv 221.

Linden, vi 45.

Ling, v 97-

Linnzea borealis, L., vi 62.

Linum angustifolium, Huds., vigt.

— catharticum, L., vi 155.

— perenne, L., vi 91.

— usitatissimum, L., ii 117; vi 122.

Liparis Loiselii, Rich., vi 145.

Listera cordata, Br., vi 70.

— ovata, Br., iii 108.

Lithophytes, v 193.

Lithospermum arvense, L., ii 146.

— officinale, L., vi 85.

— purpureo-cceruleum, L., vi 66.

Little Bur Medick, vi 157.

— Nettle, vi 135.

— Wrinkled Willow, vi 201.

Littorella lacustris, L., vi 107.

Lizard Orchis, vi 71.

Lloydiaserotina, H. G. L. Reichb.,
Vi 201.

Lloyd’s Sandwort, vi gt.

Lobelia Dortmanni, L., vi 106.

— urens, L., v 159.

Loddon Pondweed, vi 209.

Loiseleuria (= Azalea).

Lolium multiflorum, Lam., vi 206.

— perenne, L., vi 137.

—remotum, Schrank, vi 21.

— temulentum, L., ii 157.

London Pride, vi 175.

Long-bracted Sedge, vi 38.

— -leaved Mint, vi 130.

— -rooted Cat's Ear, ii 60.

— -stalked Crane’s Bill, vi 45.

— — Pondweed, vi 114.

— Sundew, vi 140.

Lonicera Caprifolium, L., vi 62.

— Periclymenum, L., iii 62.

— Xylosteum, L., vi 62.

Loose-flowered Alpine Sedge, vi
151.

— — Orchid, vi 148.

— — Rush, vi 146. >

— Sedge, vi 75.

Lop Grass, vi 15.

Lords-and-Ladies, iii 235.

Lotus angustissimus, L., vi 25.

LS . .

—

Lotus corniculatus, L., ii 30.

— hispidus, Desf., vi 25.

— tenuis, Waldst. et Kit., vi 92.

~— uliginosus,
major), vi 4.

Lovage, vi 27.

Lower plants, home
(woods), iii 241.

Lowland and upland bogss, v 184.

— — — meadows, ii 234.

— — — moors, v 184.

of the

INDEX

Maritime plants, flowering sea-
sons of, li 241.
— — height of, ii 241.

Schkuhr (= L. | — — soil of, ii 242.

— — types, isolation of, on hills,
ii 238.

Marjoram, iii 83.

Marram Grass, ii 214.

Marrubium vulgare, L., vi 131.

Marsh Arrow Grass, vi 147.

— Bedstraw, iv 91.

Lowlands and uplands compared, | — Clary, vi 10.

iv 239.

Lucerne, vi 16.

Ludwigia palustris, Ell., vi 140.

Lungwort, iii 74.

Lupine, vi 123.

* Lupinus nootkatensis, Donn, vi
123. ,

Luzula arcuata, Sw., vi 98.

— campestris, D.C., v 119.

— erecta, Desv. (= L. congesta,
D.C. = L. multiflorum, Lej.),
vi 164.

— Forsteri, Sm., vi 74.

— nemorosa, E. Mey., vi 207.

— pallescens, Bess., vi 164.

— sylvatica, Gaud., v 118.

— vernalis, D.C., vi 74.

Lychnis alba, Mill. (= L. vesper-
tina, ii 110.

— alpina, L., vi 171.

— dioica, L. (= L. diurna), iii 21.

— flos-cuculi, L., ii 18.

—Githago, Scop. (= Githago
segetum), ii 112.

— Viscaria, L., vi 171.

Lycium chinense, Mill., vi 129.

Lycopsis arvensis, L., ii 145.

Lycopus europzus, L., iv 124.

Lyme Grass, ii 221.

Lysimachia ciliata, Art., vi 128.

— nemorun, L., iii 7o.

— Nummularia, L., iv 111.

— punctata, L., vi 128.

— thyrsiflora, L., vi 143.

— vulgaris, L., iv 109.

Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L., vi 104.

— Salicaria, L., iv 86.

M

Macadam, influence of, iii 246.
Madder, vi 62.

Madwort, vi 128.
Maianthemum ( = Unifolium).
Maiden Pink, vi 4.

Malaxis paludosa, Sm., vi 145.
Male Fluellin, vi 19.

Malva moschata, L., iv 14.

— parviflora, L., vi 122.

— pusilla, With., vi 122.

— rotundifolia, L., vi 122.

— sylvestris, L., iv 176.

— verticillata, L., vi 122.
Manna Grass, vi 118.

Man Orchis, vi 71.

Man's agency (cornfields), ii 234.

r

— Cudweed, vi 106.

— Dropwort, vi 141.

— Fleawort, vi 142.

— Foxtail, vi 118.

— Gentian, vi 161.

— Hair Grass, vi 152.

— Hawk's Beard, vi 63.

— Marigold, v 9.

— Orchis, vi 146.

— plants and aquatic plants, v
183.

— Ragwort, iv 104; vi 142.”

— Red Rattle, v 33.

— Scheuchzeria, vi 147.

— Septfoil, vi r4o.

— Sow Thistle vi 142.

— Thistle, iv 106; vi 6.

— Willowherb, vi 105.

— Woundwort, vi 109, 209.

Marshes and wet meadows, v
185.

Master Wort, vi 5.

Mat Grass, v 127.

Matricaria Chamomilla, L., vi 18.

— inodora, L., vi 206.

— maritima, L., vi 27.

— suaveolens, Buch (= M.
coidea, D.C.), vi 126.

Matthiola incana, Br., vi 22.

— sinuata, Br., vi 22.

Mayflower, vi 73-

Meadow and pasture, ii 226.

— Barley, vi 15.

— Brome Grass, vi 87.

— Clover, vi 4.

— Crane's Bill, ii 20.

— Fescue Grass, vi 119.

— Foxtail Grass, vi 131.

— habitats, ii 227.

— plants, flowering of, ii 228.

— — height of, ii 227.

— Rue, iv 67; vi 42, 88.

— Saffron, vi 12.

— Saxifrage, v 151.

— Soft Grass, vi 24.

— Sweet, ii 33.

— Thistle, vi 142.

— Vetchling, iii 154.

— Wood Rush, v 119.

Meconopsis cambrica, Vig., vi
168.

Medicago arabica, Huds. (= M.
maculata, Sibth.), vi 157.

— denticulata, Willd., vi 156.

— falcata, L., vi 156.

— lappacea, Desr., vi 123.

dis-

Manure heaps, kitchen middens, | — lupulina, L., vi 205.

iv 254.

— minima, Desr., vi 157.

Many-stalked Spike Rush, vi 148. | — sativa, L., v 116.

Mare's Tail, vi 103.
Maritime plants, duration of, ii
242.

— sylvestris, Fries, vi 156.
Medlar, vi 60.
Melampyrum arvense, L., vi 19.

99
~<+

Melampyrum cristatum, L., vi 67.

— pratense, L., v. 112.

— sylvaticum, L., vi 67.

Melancholy Thistle, vi 179.

Melica nutans, L., vi 76.

— uniflora, Retz., vi 76.

Melilot, iv 181; vi 123.

Melilotus alba, Desr., vi 123.

— arvensis, Wallr., vi 123.

— indica, All., vi 123.

— officinalis, Lam., iv 181.

Melissa officinalis, L., vi 131.

MeNttis melissophyllum, L., vi 67.

Mentha alopecuroides, Hull, vi
108.

— aquatica, L., iv 122.

— arvensis, L., vi 19.

— cardiaca, Baker, vi 211.

— gentilis, L., vi 143.

— gracilis, Sole, vi 109.

— hirsuta, Huds., vi 108.

— longifolia, Huds, (= M. sylves-
tris, L.), vi 1go.

— piperita, Huds., vi 109.

— pubescens, Willd., vi 209.

— Pulegium, L., v 114.

— rotundifolia, Huds., vi 130.

— rubra, Sm., vi 109.

— sativa, L., vi 109.

— viridis, L. (= M. spicata, L.),
Vi 130.

Menyanthes trifoliata, L., v 29.

Mercurialis annua, L., vi 135.

— perennis, L., iii 93.

Mertensia (see Pneumaria).

Meum athamanticum, Jacq., vi 93.

Mezereum, vi 68.

Mibora verna, Beauv., vi 39.

Michaelmas Daisy, vi 126.

Microcala filiformis, H. et L., vi

30.

Milfoil, ii 52.

Milium effusum, L., vi 76.

— vernale, Bieb., vi 209.

Milk Parsley, vi 61.

— Thistle, iv 198.

— Vetch, vi 4.

— Wort, v 64.

Milky Parsley, vi 141.

Millet Grass, vi 76, 212.

Mimulus Langsdorffii, Donn, iv
118.

— moschatus, Dougl., vi 209.

Mistletoe, vi 68.

Mithridate Cress, vi 16.

Modern meadow plants, ii 226.

Moenchia erecta, Gzertn., vi 153.

Molinia coerulea, Moench, vi 167.

Moneses uniflora, L., vi 65.

Moneywort, iv 11.

Monkey Orchis, vi 71.

| Monkshood, vi 42.

| Monk's Rhubarb, vi 86.

| Monotropa Hypopitys, L., vi 65.

Montia lamprosperma, Cham. (=
M. fontana, L.), vi 154.

— verna, Neck., vi 154-

Moschatel, iii 193.

Moss Campion or Cushion Pink,
vi 171.

| Mossy Saxifrage, vi 176.

— Tillza, vi 157.

Motherwort, vi 131.

| Moth Mullein, vi 129.

9090

Mountain Ash, iii 41.

— Crane's Bill, vi 4.

— Melic Grass, vi 76.

— Mouse-ear Chickweed, vi 172.

— Northern Bedstraw, vi 178.

—or Chickweed Willow Herb,
Vi 177:

— Pearlwort, vi 173.

— Saint John’s Wort, vi 44.

— Sandwort, vi 172.

— Scorpion Grass, vi 198.

— Sedge, vi 165, 202.

— Sorrel, vi 199.

— Spiderwort, vi 201.

— Stone Parsley, vi 93.

— Winter Green, vi 65.

— Yellow Rattle, vi 9.

Mountains, hills, and dry places,
iV 3, 239.

Mouse-ear Chickweed, iv 174.

— Hawkweed, v 164.

Mouse-tail, ii 89.

Mudwort, vi 108.

Mugwort, vi 85.

Mullein, iv 217.

Muscari racemosum, Lam. and
D.C., vi 12.

Musk, iv 118; vi 209.

— Mallow, iv 14.

— Orchid, iv 54.

— Thistle, iv 194.

Musky Stork’s Bill, vi 122.
Myosotis alpestris, Schmidt (=
M. pyrenaica, Pourr.), vi 198.

— arvensis, Hill, vi 8.

—cespitosa, K. F. Schultz, vi
107.

—collina, Hoffm., vi 8.

— repens, G. et D. Don, vi 143.

— scorpioides, L. (= M. palustris,
Hill), iv 11g.

— sylvatica, Hoffm., iii 97.

— versicolor, Sm., vi 128.

Myosurus minimus, L., ii 89.

Myrica Gale, L., v 41.

Myriophyllumalternifolium, D.C.,
Vi 103.

— spicatum, L., vi 103.

— verticillatum, L., vi 103.

Myrrhis odorata, Scop., vi 93.

N

Naias flexilis, Rostkov et Schmidt,
vi 116.

— graminea, Del., vi 116.

— marina, L. (= N. major, All.),
vi 116.

Names of wild flowers, the, i 198.

Narcissus biflorus, Curt., vi 11.

— incomparabilis, Mill., vi 73.

— Large, Jonquil, vi 11.

— major, Curt., vi 11.

— odorus, L., vi 11.

— poeticus, L., vi 12.

— Pseudo-Narcissus, L., vi 73.

Nardus stricta, L., v 127.

Narrow-leaved Bird's Foot, vi 92.

— Crimson Vetch, vi 93.

— Hawkweed, vi 64.

— Helleborine, vi 71.

— Lungwort, vi 66.

— Pepper Cress, vi 170.

— Ramsoms, vi 87.

INDEX

Narrow-leaved Reed Mace, vi
112.

— Saint John's Wort, vi 155.

— Sea Orache, vi 32.

— Toadflax, vi 19.

— Water Parsnip, vi 105.

Narthecium ossifragum, Huds.,
Vv 47.

Nasturtium (see Radicula).

Needle Furze, vi 156.

— Spike Rush, vi 117.

Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich., vi 7o.

Nepeta Cataria, L., vi 131.

— hederacea, Trev. (= N. Glec-
homa, Benth.), iii 219.

Nettle, iii 230.

— -leaved Bellflower, vi 64.

Night-flowering Catchfly, vi 16.

Nipplewort, iii 206.

Nit grass, vi 39.

Northamptonshire Elm, vi 208.

Northern and southern meadows,
il 224.

Northern Scurvy Grass, vi 23.

Norwegian Potentilla, vi 124.

Nottingham Catchfly, vi go.

Nymphza lutea, L., iv 75.

— pumila, Hoffm., vi ror.

O

Oak, iii 98.

— -leaved Goosefoot, vi 133.

— Mountain Avens, iv 3o.

Oat, vi 21.

Obtuse-flowered Rush, vi 212.

GEnanthe crocata, L., vi 141.

— fistulosa, L., v 16.

— fluviatilis, Colem., vi 209.

— Lachenalii, Gmel., vi 141.

—Phellandrium, Lam. (= @.
aquatica, Poir.), vi 106.

— pimpinelloides, L., vi 5.

— silaifolia, Bieb., vi 205.

CEnothera ammophila, Focke, vi
26.

— biennis, L., vi 124.

— Lamarckiana, Ser., vi 26

— odorata, Jacq., vi 26.

Omphalodes verna, Moench, vi
207.

Onobrychis vicizefolia, Scop., iii
26.

Ononis reclinata, L., vi 25.

— repens, L., vi 91.

— spinosa, L., iv 18.

Onopordon Acanthium, L., iv 38.

Ophrys apifera, Huds., iii 110.

—aranifera, Huds. (= O. sphe-
godes, Huds.), vi 72.

— fuciflora, Reichb. (= O. arach-
nites, Lam.), vi 97-

— muscifera, Huds., vi 72.

Opium Poppy, vi 209.

Opposite-leaved Golden
frage, vi 207.

— Saxifrage, vi 174.

Orache, vi 32, 133-

Orange Balsam, vi 209.

— Hawkweed, vi 63.

Orchis cruenta, Mull., vi 71.

—ericetorum, W. R. Linton, vi
163-

— Fuchsii, Druce, vi 163.

Saxi-

Orchis hireina, Crantz, vi 71.

— incarnata, L., vi 145.

— latifolia, L., vi 45.

— laxiflora, Lam., vi 145.

— maculata, L., ii 80.

— mascula, L., ii 77.

— militaris, L., vi 71.

— Morio, L., vi 11.

— O’Kellyi, Druce, vi 163.

— przetermissa, Druce, vi 145.

— purpurea, Huds., vi 97.

— pyramidalis, L., vi 97.

— Simia, Lam., vi 71.

— ustulata, L., vi 96.

Origanum vulgare, L., iii 83.

Ornithogalum nutans, L., vi 74.

— pyrenaicum, L., vi 73.

— umbellatum, L., vi 207.

Ornithopus ebracteatus, Brot. (=
O. pinnatus, Druce), vi 92.

— perpusillus, L., v 146.

Orobanche amethystea, Th., vi
3I.

— arenaria, Borkh., vi 9.

— caryophyllacea, Sm., vi 9.

— elatior, Sutton, vi 9.

— Hederz, Duby, vi 10.

— major, L. (= O. Rapum-genis-
tz, Thuill.), vi 162.

— minor, Sm., vi 9.

— Picridis, F. Schultz, vi 10.

— purpurea, Jacq. (= O. coerulea,
Vill.), vi 9.

— ramosa, L., vi 206.

— reticulata, Wall., vi 206.

—Ritro, Gren. et Godr. (=f.
hypochceroides, E. Beck.), vi
10.

— rubra, Sm., vi 163.

Orpine, v 156; vi 61.

— Stonecrop or Roseroot, vi 176.

Osier, vi 144.

Oval-headed Sedge, vi 12.

Oxalis Acetosella, L., iii 27.

— corniculata, L., vi 123.

— stricta, L., wi 122.

Ox-eye Daisy, ii 55.

Oxford Ragwort, vi 178.

Oxlip, vi 7.

Oxtongue, vi 85.

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers.,
Vi 212.

— palustris, Pers., v 20.

Oxyria digyna, Hill (=O. reni-
formis, Hook.), vi 199.

Oxytropis campestris, D.C., iv 24.

—uralensis, D.C., vi 173.

12

Pzonia corallina, Retz., vi 22.
Pale Red Poppy, vi 205.

— Sedge, vi 75-

— Twin-flowered Narcissus, vill.
— Wood Rush, vi 164.
Panicum Crus-galli, L., vi 135.
— glabrum, Gaud., vi 135.

— miliaceum, L., vi 212.

— sanguinale, L., v 212.
Papaver Argemone, L., vi 205.
— dubium, L., vi 205.

— hybridum, L., vi 206.

— Lecoqii, Lamotte, vi 16.

— Rheeas, L., ii 95.

Papaver somniferum, L., vi 209.
Parietaria ramiflora, Moench., v

173-
Paris quadrifolia, L., vi 74.
Parnassia palustris, L., v 12.
Parsley, Piert., vi 157.
Pasque Flower, vi 88.
Pastinaca sativa, L., vi 208.
Peach-leaved Bellflower, vi 64.
Pearl Everlasting, vi 106.
hers and its characteristics, v
183.
Pedicularis palustris, L., v 33.
— sylvatica, L., v 110.
Pellitory-of-the-Wall, v 173.
Pencilled Wood Vetch, vi 46.
Pennyroyal, v 114.
Pennywort, v 15+
Peplis Portula, L., vi 158.
Peppermint, vi 109.
Pepperwort, vi 3.
— Saxifrage, vi 5.
Perennation and the struggle for
existence, i 131.
Perennial Beard Grass, vi 39.
— Flax, vig.
Perfoliate Honeysuckle, vi 62.
— Penny Cress, vi 170.
— Pondweed, vi 114.
Perforate St. John’s Wort, iii 142.
Perrier’s Yellow Rattle, vi 9.
Peruvian Galinsoga, vi 126.
Petasites albus, Gaertn., vi 126.
— fragrans, Presl, vi 126.
— officinalis, Moench., iv 102.
Petty Spruge, vi 135.
Peucedanum officinale, L., vi 27.
— Ostruthium, Koch, vi 5.
— palustre, Moench., vi 141.
Phalaris arundinacea, L., vi 118.
— canariensis, L., vi 136.
— minor, Retz., vi 136.
— paradoxa, L., vi 136.
Pheasant's Eye, vi 205.
— — Narcissus, vi 11.
Phleum alpinum, L., vi 203.
— arenarium, L., vi 39.
— paniculatum, Huds., vi 212.
— phleoides, Simonk. (= P. Boeh-
meri, Wibel), vi 98.
— pratense, L., vi 13.
Phragmites communis, Trin., iv
161.
Physospermum (see Danaa).
Phyteuma orbiculare, L., vi 95.
— spicatum, L., vi 64.
Picris Broomrape, vi 10.
Picris echioides, L., vi 85.
— hieracioides, L., vi 85.
Pigmy Rush, vi 164.
Pill-headed Sedge, vi 166.
Pimpinella magna, L., vi 83.
— Saxifraga, L., vi 93.
Pinguicula alpina, L., vi 143.
— grandiflora, Lam., vi 143.
— lusitanica, L., vi 143.
— vulgaris, L., v 37.
Pink, vi 206.
Pipewort, vi 111.
Plant characteristics or floral
mechanism, i 118.
— habitats and ecology, i 83.
—habits and their relationship
to habitat, i 106.
VoL. VI.

INDEX

Plantago arenaria, W. et K. (=
P. ramosa, Asche), vi 211.°

—argentea, L., vi 211.

— Coronopus, L., vi 31.

— lanceolata, L., vi 8

— major, L., vi 132.

— maritima, L., ii 199.

— media, L., vi 8.

Plantain-leaved Leopard's Bane,
vi 63.

— Pondweed, vi 113.

Plants and the soil, i 175.

— and their relationship to fungi,
insects, birds, &c., i 188.

— — uses to man, i 224.

Ploughman’s Spikenard, iv 36.

Pneumaria maritima, Don, vi jo.

Poa alpina, L., vi 204.

— annua, L., vi 14.

— Balfouri, Parn., vi 204.

— bulbosa, L., vi go.

—cenisia, All. (= var. flexuosa,
Wahl.), vi 99.

— chaixii, Vill., vi 76.

— compressa, L., v 178.

— glauca, Vahl., vi 203.

— laxa, Haenke, vi 203.

— nemoralis, L., vi 76.

— palustris, L., vi 119.

— pratensis, L., vi 15.

— trivialis, L., vi 15.

Polemonium cceruleum, L., vi 66.

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L.,
Vi 24.

Polygala amara, L., vi 171.

— austriaca, Crantz, vi go.

— calcarea, F. Schultz, vi go.

— depressa, Wender (= P. ser-
pyllacea, Weihe), vi 153.

— oxyptera, Reichb., vi go.

— vulgaris, L., v 69.

Polygonatum multiflorum, All,
Vi 73.

— sigillum, Lej. (= P. officinale,
All.), vi 73.

— verticillatum, All., vi 73.

Polygonum amphibium,
128.

— aviculare, L., iv 231.

— Bistorta, L., vi 10.

— Convolvulus, L., vi 20.

— cuspidatum, S. et Z., vi 212.

— dumetorum, L., vi 86.

— Hydropiper, L., vi 109.

— lapathifolium, L., vi 134.

L., iv

—maculatum, Trin. et Dyer,
Vi 134.

— maritimum, L., vi 34.

— minus, Huds., vi 144.

— mite, Schrank, vi 109.

— Persicaria, L., vi 109.

— Roberti, Lois (= P. Raii,

Bab.), vi 34-
— sagittatum, L., vi 209.
— viviparum, L., vi 199.
Polypogon littoralis, Sm., vi 39.
— monspeliensis, Des., vi 39.
Poppy, vi 16.
Populus alba, L., vi 69.
— canescens, Sm., vi 208.
— deltoidea, Marsh, vi 208.
— nigra, L., vi 87.
—serotina, Hot. (= P. monili-
fera, Ait.), vi 208.

225

Populus tremula, L., iii 105.
Portland Spurge, vi 35.
Portulaca oleracea, L., vi 211.
Potamogeton acutifolius, Link,
Vi 115.
—crispus, L., vi 114.
— decipiens, Nolte, vi 114.
— densus, L., vi 114.
— Drucei, Fryer, vi 209.
— falcatus, Fryer, vi 113.
— filiformis, Nolte, vi 116.
— flabellatus, Bab. (= P. inter-
ruptus, Kit.), vi 116.
— fluitans, Roth, vi 113.
— Friesii, Rupr. (= P. mucro-
natus, Schrad.), vi 115.
— Griffithii, A. Benn., vi 114.
— heterophyllus, Schreb. (= P.
gramineus, L.), vi 113.
— Kirkii, Syme, vi 11
— lanceolatus, Sm., vi 113.
— lonchitis, Tuckerm., vi 113.
— lucens, L., vi 113.
— natans, L., vi 112.
—nitens, Weber, vi 113.
— obtusifolius, Mert. et Koch
(= P. gramineus, Sm.), vi 115.
— pectinatus, L. (= P. marinus,
Huds. ), vi 116.
— perfoliatus, L., vi 114.
— plantagineus, Du-Croz, vi 113.
— polygonifolius, Pourr. (= P.
oblongus, Viv.), vi 164.
— przlongus, Wulf., vi 114.
| — pusillus, L., vi 115.
—rufescens, Schrad. (= P. al-
pinus, Balbis), vi 113.
— rutilus, Wolfg., vi 115.
— salicifolius, A. Benn., vi 114.
— Sturrockii, A. Benn., vi 115.
—trichoides, Cham. et Schl.,
vi 115.
— vaginatus, Turcz., vi 116.
— varians, Fryer, vi 209.
—Zizii, Roth (= P. angusti-
folius, Presl), vi 114.

— zosterifolius, Schum. (=
compressus, L.), vi 115.
Potentilla anserina, L., vi 8o.

— argentea, L., vi 157.

— erecta, Hampe (= P. silvestris,
P. Tormentilla), v 82.

— fruticosa, L., vi 174.

— norvegica, L., vi 124.

— palustris, Scop., vi 140.

— procumbens, Sibth., vi 157.

— reptans, L., ii 36.

— rupestris, L., vi 174.

— salisburgensis, Haenke (= P.
alpestris, Hall. fil.), vi 173.

— sibbaldi, Hall. fil., vi 174.

Ps

— sterilis, Gercke (= P. Fra-
gariastrum), iii 165.

— verna, L., vi 93.

Poterium muricatum, Spach.

(= P. polygamum, Waldst. et
Kit.), vi 124.
— officinale, A. Gray, ii 41.
— Sanguisorba, L., iv 32.
Pretty St. John’s Wort, v 73.
Prickly Comfrey, vi 211.
— Lettuce, vi 127.
— Sedge, vi 165.
— Twig Rush, v 55.
92

-

226

Primrose, iii 67.
Primula elatior, Schreb., vi 7.
farinos: u ESAT tt 42.
scotica, Hook., vi 143.
-veris, L., ii 69.
— vulgaris, Huds., ili 67.
Privet, vi 65.
Procumbent Manna Grass, vi 40.
— Marsh Wort, vi 141.
— Pearlwort, vi 154.
— Speedwell, vi 199.
Proliferous Pink, vi 3.
Prostrate Toadflax, vi 211.
Prunella laciniata, L., vi 10.
— vulgaris, L., ii 75.
Prunus Cerasus, L., ili 33.
— domestica, L., vi 80.
— insititia, L., vi 46.
— Laurocerasus, L., vi 207.
— Padus, L., vi 46.
— spinosa, L., iii 157.
Pubilaria planifolia, Druce (= Si-
methis bicolor, Kunth.), vi 163.
Pulicaria dysenterica, Gray, iv 95.
— vulgaris, L., vi 158.
Pulmonaria angustifolia, L., vi 66.
— officinalis, L., iii 74; vi 66.
Punctate Loosestrife, vi 128.
Purging Flax, vi 155.
Purple Broomrape, vi 9.
— Cow-wheat, vi 19.
— Crocus, ii 82.
— Dead Nettle, iv 223.
— Gromwell, vi 66.
— Loosestrife, iv 86.
— Martagon Lily, vi 74.
— Moor Grass, vi 167.
— Orchis, ii 77.
— Osier, vi 144.
— Oxytropis, vi 172.
— Scabious, vi 5.
— Sea Spurge, vi 35-
— -stalked Cat's Tail, vi 198.
— Toad-flax, vi 198.
— Vetch, vi 92.
Pyramidal Orchid, vi 97.
Pyrenean Lily, vi 74.
— Valerian, vi 207.
Pyrola media, Sw., vi 64.
— minor, L., vi 160.
— rotundifolia, L., vi 65.
— secunda, L., vi 65.
Pyrus Aria, Ehrh., iii 39.
— Aucuparia, Ehrh., iii 41.
— communis, L., vi 60.
— cordata, Desv., vi 60.
— germanica, Hook. fil., vi 60.
— intermedia, Ehrh., vi 59.
— latifolia, Syme, vi 59.
— Malus, L., iii 172.
— minima, Ley., vi 174.
—pinnatifida, Ehrh. (= P. fen-
nica, Bab.), vi 174.
— scandica, E. et H., vi 60.
— semipinnata, Roth., vi 60.
— torminalis, Ehrh., vi 60.

Q

Quaking Grass, vi 14.

Quarries, open workings, &c., iv
254-

Queen Stock, vi 22.

Quercus Robur, L., iii 98.

INDEX
Quercus sessilifolia, Salisb., vi

207.
R

Radicula amphibia, Druce, iv 82.

— Nasturtium aquaticum, R. et
B., iv 78.

— palustris, D.C., vi 101.

— sylvestris, Druce, vi 101.

Radiola linoides, Roth., vi 155.

Ragged Robin, ii 18.

Railway embankments,
banks, iv 253.

Rampion, vi 168.

Ranunculus acris, L., ii 7.

— arvensis, L., ii 91.

— auricomus, L., iii 11.

— Baudotii, Godr., vi 22.

— bulbosus, L., vi 3.

— chzrophyllus, L. (= R. flabel-
latus, Desf.), vi 88.

— circinatus, Sibth., vi 100.

— Drouetii, F. Schultz, vi 100.

— Ficaria, L., ii 9.

— flammula, L., vi 138.

— fluitans, Lam., vi 100.

— hederaceus, L., vi 101.

— heterophyllus, Weber, vi 100.

— hirsutus, Curt. (= R. sardous,
Crantz), vi 120.

— Lenormandi, F. Schultz, vi 138.

— lingua, L., v 7.

—lutarius, Boul. (= R. inter-

medius, auct.-angl.), vi 100.

ophioglossifolius, Vill., vi 138.

parviflorus, Curt., vi 120.

— peltatus, Schrank, vi 209.

repens, L., vi 3.

reptans, L., vi ror.

— sceleratus, L., 1o1.

— scoticus, Marshall, vi ror.

— trichophyllus, Chaix, iv 69.

— tripartitus, D.C., vi 138.

Rape, vi 210.

Raphanus maritimus, Sm., vi 23.

— Raphanistrum, L., vi 66.

Raspberry, vi 47.

Rayless Chamomile, vi 126,

Red Bartsia, iii 214.

— Bearberry, vi 159.

— Campion, iii 21.

— Clover, ii 22.

— Currant, vi 60.

— Fescue, vi 205.

— Goosefoot, vi 133.

— Helleborine, vi 71.

— Hemp Nettle, vi 20.

— Mint, vi 109.

— Pondweed, vi 113.

— Rattle, v 110.

— Thyme Broomrape, vi 163.

Reed, iv 161.

Reed Mace, iv 140.

Remote-flowered Sea Lavender,
Vi 29.

Reseda alba, vi 23, 121.

— lutea, L., vi 89.

— Luteola, L., iv 7.

Rest Harrow, iv 18; vi gI.

Reversed Trefoil, vi 123.

Rhamnus catharticus, L., vi 45,
208.

— Frangula, L., vi 155.

Rhinanthus borealis, Druce,vi199.

canal

Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L., ii 72:

— Drummond-Hayi, Druce, vi
199.

— major, Ehrh., vi 9.

— monticola, Druce, vi 9.

— Perreiri, Chabert, vi 9.

— stenophyllus, Schur., vi 9.

Ribbon Grass, vi 118.

Ribes alpinum, L., vi 60.

— Grossularia, L., vi 60.

| — nigrum, L., vi 60.

— rubrum, L., vi 60.

Rice Grass, vi 38.

Rigid Hare's Ear or Small Hare's
Ear, -vi 177.

—-leaved Water Buttercup, vi
100.

River Water Buttercup, vi 100.

— — Dropwort, vi 209.

Rivers, canals, &c., iv 247.

Roads, artificial and modern char-
acter of, iii 245.

— dispersal by, iii 247.

— effect upon height, iii 249.

— enclosure of, iii 245.

— flowering seasons, iii 249.

Roadsides and hedges, iii 245.

— accessibility of, ili 245.

— dispersal of seeds of, iii 250.

— diversified character of plants
of, iii 245.

— diversity of types in relation
to perennation, iii 250.

— flora, iii 247.

— habitats of plants of, iii 248.

— planting of hedges with trees,
ili 246.

— pollination of plants of, iii 250.

— preservation of, ili 246.

— soil, and the, iii 250.

— vegetation limits of, iii 248.
Rock and wall plants, dispersal
of fruits and seeds of, v 198.

— — duration of, v 198.

— — flowering of, v 197.

— — habitats of, v 197.

— — habits of, v 197.

— — height of, v 197.

— — pollination of, v 198.

— — soil of, v 198.

— Cress, vi 168.

— Rose, iv 9.

— Sedge, vi 202.

— Stonecrop, vi 177.

Reemeria hybrida, D.C., vi 16.

Roman Nettle, vi 212.

Romulea Columne, S. et M., vi 11.

Rosa agrestis, Savi(=R. sepium,
Thuill.), vi 59.

— Andrzeiovii, Steven, vi 81.

— arvensis, Huds., vi 82.

— Borreri, Woods, vi 82.

— cesia, Sm., vi 82.

— canina, L., iii 166.

— cinerascens, Dum., vi 81.

— cinnamomea, L., vi 82.

— cuspidatoides, Crépin, vi 81.

— Dicksoni, Lindl., vi 82.

— dumetorum, Thuill., vi 82.

—Eglanteria, L. (= R. rubi-
ginosa, Lam.), vi 81.

— farinosa, Bechst., vi 81.

— gallica, L., vi 82.

— glauca, Vill., vi 82.

INDEX

Rubus ericetorum, Lefv., vi 55.

— fissus, L,, vi 47.

— foliosus, Wh. et N., vi 56.

— fruticosus, L. (= R. rusticanus,
Mero.), iii 160; vi 50.

— fuscoater, Weihe, vi 56.

— fuscus, Wh. et N., vi 55.

— Gelertii, Frider, vi 55.

— Godroni, Lecogq, et Lamotte, vi

Rosa hibernica, Templ., vi St.

— involuta, Sm., vi 81.

— micrantha, Sm., vi 82.

— obovata, Ley., vi 81.

— omissa, Desegl., vi 59.

mifera, Herem., vi 124.

— Rothschildii, Druce, vi 208.

— rubella, Sm., vi 26.

—sarmentacea, Woods (= R.
dumalis, Bechst.), vi 208.

— scabrata, Crép., vi 208.

— scabriuscula, Sm., vi Sr.

— sempervirens, L., vi 59.

— spinosissima, L., vi 29.

— stylosa, Desv., vi 82.

— suberecta, Ley., vi 81.

— tomentella, Lém., vi 208.

— tomentosa, Sm. (pro parte), vi
81.

— uncinata, Ley., vi 81.

— villosa, L., vi 59.

Rose of Sharon, vi 44.

— Willow Herb, vi 61.

Rosebay, iii 46.

Rough Clover, vi 92.

— Drooping Brome Grass, vi 76.

— Hawkbit, vi 7.

— Hawk's-beard, vi 127.

— -headed Poppy, vi 205, 206.

— Meadow Grass, vi 15.

— Sow Thistle, vi 7.

— Swamp Bedstraw, vi 141.

Round-headed Clover, vi 92.

— -leaved Crane's Bill, vi 208.

— Mallow, vi 122.

— Mint, vi 130.

— Winter Green, vi 65.

Rubia peregrina, L., vi 62.

Rubus acutifrons, Ley., vi 57.

—adenanthus, Boul. et Gill., vi

52.

— affinis, Wh. et N., vi 47.
—amphichloros, P. J. Muell., vi] 50.

50. — Marshalli, Focke et Rogers,
— anglosaxonicus, Gelert, vi 53. Vi 57-

— argenteus, Wh. et N., vi 48. — melanodermis, Focke, vi 51.
— Babingtonii, Bell Salt, vi55. | — melanoxylon, Muell. et Wirtg.,
— Balfourianus, Blox., vi 58. Vi 53-

— Bellardi, Wh. et N., vi 57. — mercicus, Bagn., vi 49.

— Bloxamii, Lees, vi 55. — mucronatoides, Ley., vi 53.

— Borzanus, Genev., vi 52. — mucronatus, Bloxam, vi 53.
— Borreri, Bell Salt., vi 53. — mutabilis, Genev., vi 55.

— botryeros, Focke, vi 56. — myricz, Focke, vi 50.

— Bucknalli, J. W. White, vi 58. | — nemoralis, P. J. Muell., vi 48.
— cesius, L., vi 58. — nessensis, N. Hall (= R. sub-
— cariensis, Genev., vi 47. erectus, And.), vi 47.

— carpinifolius, Wh. et N., vi 48. | — nitidus, Wh. et N., vi 47.

— castrensis, Wolley-Dod., vi 80. | — ochrodermis, Ley., vi 58.

— cavatifolius, P. J. Muell, vi 55. | — oigoclados, Muell. et Lef., vi
— Chamzmorus, L., vi 140. 54-

— cinerosus, Rogers, vi 52. — orthoclados, Ley., vi 51.

— Colemanni, Bab., vi 51. — pallidus, Wh. et N., vi 55.

— corylifolius, Sm. (sp. coll.), vi} — plicatus, Wh. et N., vi 47.

58. — plinthostylus, Genev., vi 57.
— criniger, Linton, vi 52. — podophyllus, P. J. Muell., vi
— dasyphyllus, Rogers, vi 57. 54-

— divexiramus, P. J. Muell, vi 51. | — preruptorum, Boul., vi 54.
— Drejeri, G. Jensen, vi 53. | — pubescens, Weihe, vi 50.
— dumetorum, Wh. et N., vi 80. | — pulcherrimus, Neum., vi 48.
— dumnoniensis, Bab., vi 26. — pyramidalis, Kalt., vi 52.
— durescens, W. R. Linton, vi 48. | — Questierii, Lefv. et Muell., vi
— Durotrigum, R. P. Murray, vi| 50.
5 | — radula, Weihe, vi 54.
!— ramosus, Briggs, vi 49.

50.

— gratus, Focke, vi 49.

— Griffithianus, Rogers, vi 54.

— hirtifolius, Muell. et Wirtg.,
vi 51.

— hirtus, Walst. et Kit., vi 57.

— holerythros, Focke, vi 47.

— horridicaulis, P. J. Muell., vi 66.

— hostilis, Muell. et Wirtg., vi 56.

— hypoleucus, Lefv. et Muell., vi
51.

— idzus, L., vi 47.

— imbricatus, Host., vi 48.

— incurvatus, Bab., vi 48. .

— infestus, Weihe, vi 53.

—integribasis, P. J. Muell., vi
157+

— iricus, Rogers, vi 51.

— Koehleri, Wh. et N., vi 56.

— lacustris, Rogers, vi 103.

— lasioclados, Focke, vi 52.

— latifolius, Bab., vi 48.

— Lejeunii, Wh. et N., vi 55.

— lentiginosus, Lees, vi 650.

— Lettii, Rogers, vi 52.

— leucandrus, Focke, vi 49.

— leucostachys, Sm., vi 52.

— Lindebergii, P. J. Muell., vi

49:
— Lindleianus, Lees, vi 48.
— Lintoni, Focke, vi 56.
— longithyrsiger, Bab., vi 56.
—macrophyllus, Wh. et N., vi

hi ‘ -
— echinatus, Lindl., vi 54.

227

Rubus regillus, Ley., vi 54.

— rhamnifolius, Wh. et N., vi 48.
— rhombifolius, Weihe, vi 49.
— Rogersii, Linton, vi 157.

— rosaceus, Wh. et N., vi 56.
—rudis, Wh. et N., vi 54.

— Salteri, Bab., vi 51.

— saxatilis, L., vi 58.

— scaber, Wh. et N., vi 55.

— Scheutzii, Lindeb., vi 93.

— Selmeri, Lindeb., vi 49.

— serpens, Weihe, vi 57.

— Sprengelii, Weihe, vi 51.

— sulcatus, Vest., vi 47.

— sylvaticus, Wh. et N., vi 50.
— tereticaulis, P. J. Muell., vi 58.
— thyrsiger, Bab., vi 56.

— thyrsoideus, Wimm., vi 49.
— uncinatus, P. J. Muell., vi 53.
— velatus, Lefv., vi 58.

— villicaulis, Koehl., vi 49.

— viridis, Kalt., vi 57.
Rue-leaved Saxifrage, v 150.
Rumex acetosa, L., vi 10.

— Acetosella, L., iv 50.

— acutus, L., vi 86.

— alpinus, L., vi 86.

— conglomeratus, Murr., vi 11.
— crispus, L., vi 35.

— domesticus, Hartm.
aquaticus), vi 110.
— Hydrolapathum, Huds., vi 10.

— maritimus, L., v 4o.

— maximus, Schreb., vi 110.

— obtusifolius, L., iv 234.

— palustris, Sm. (= R. limosus,
Thuill.), vi 144.

— pulcher, Ls, vi 134.

— rupestris, Le Gall., vi 34.

— sanguineus, L., vi 86.

— scutatus, L., vi 134.

Ruppia maritima, L. (=
spiralis, Dum.), vi 36.

— rostellata, Koch, vi 36.

Ruscus aculeatus, L., vi 73.

Rushy Wheat Grass, ii 219.

Russet Sedge, vi 152.

Rye Grass, vi 21, 137, 206.

Rynchospora alba, Vahl., vi 149.

— fusca, Ait., vi 149.

S)

Sage-leaved Mullein, vi 129.
Sagina apetala, Ard., vi 173.
— Boydii, F. B. White, vi 173.
— ciliata, Fr., vi 154.
— Linnzi, Presl (=S. saginoides,
Dalla Torre), vi 173.
— maritima, Don, vi 24.
— nivalis, Fr., vi 173.
— nodosa, Fenzl., vi 154.
— procumbens, L., vi 154.
- Reuteri, Boiss, vi 173.
— subulata, Presl, vi 154.
Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh, vi
207.
— sagittifolia, L., iv 152.
Sainfoin, iv 26.
St. Barnabas's Star Thistle, vi 28.
St. Dabeoc’s Heath, vi 160.
St. James's Ragwort, vi 6.
St. John's Wort, vi 139.
Salad Burnet, iv 32.

(= R.

228

Salicornia appressa, Dum., vi 33.
— disarticulata, Moss, vi 33-
- dolichostachya, Moss, vi 34.
— europa, L., vi 33-
— gracillima, Moss, vi 33-
— intermedia, Woods, vi 33-
— perennis, Mill., v. lignosa,
Moss, Vi 34.
— pusilla, Woods, vi 33.
— radicans, Sm., vi 34.
— ramosissima, Woods, vi 33-
— Smithiana, Moss, vi 34.
— stricta, Dum., vi 33.
Salix acuminatus, Sm., vi 145.
— alba, L., v 43.
— arbuscula, L., vi 201.
— aurita, L., vi 7o.
— Caprea, L., vi 70.
— cinerea, L., vi 70.
— daphnoides, Vill., vi 111.
— decipiens, Hoftm., vi 110.
— fragilis, L., iv 130.
— herbacea, L., vi 201.
— lanata, L., vi 200.
— Lapponun, L., vi 200.
— myrsinites, L., vi 200.
— nigricans, Sm., vi 200.
— pentandra, L., vi 110.
— phylicifolia, L., vi 200.
— purpurea, L., vi 144.
— repens, L., v 116.
— reticulata, L., vi 201.
— Sadleri, Sm., vi 200.
—triandra, L., vi 144.
— viminalis, L., vi 144.
Sallow, vi 70.
Salsify, vi 127.
Salsola Kali, L., ii 201.
Salt Marsh, ii 240.
Saltwort, ii 201.
Salvia Marquandii, Druce, vi 96.
— pratensis, L., vi ro.
— Verbenaca, L., iv 47.
— verticillata, L., vi 211.
Sambucus Ebulus, L., vi 125.
— nigra, L., iii 195.
Samolus Valerandi, L., vi 107.
Samphire, ii 185.
Sand dunes, ii 240.
— Fescue, v 179.
— -hill Cat's Tail, vi 39.
— Leek, vi 97.
— Sedge, ii 213.
— Spurrey, v 144.
— Violet, vi 89.
— Wort, vi 91.
Sandstones, v 194.
Sandy coasts, muddy estuaries,
rocky coasts, ii 239.
— fields, v 195.
Sanicle, iii 51.
Sanicula europea, L. iii 51.
Saponaria officinalis, L., vi 78.
— Vaccaria, L., vi 210.
Satureia sylvatica, Brom., vi 96.
Sauce Alone, iii 137.
Saussurea alpina, D.C., vi 179.
Savi's Club Rush, vi 148.
Savoy Hawkweed, vi 63.
Saxifraga aizoides, L., vi 175.
— cespitosa, L., vi 175.
— cernua, L., vi 175.
— geum, L., vi 93.
— granulata, L., v 151.

INDEX

Saxifraga groenlandica,
176.
Hirculus, L., vi 140.

— hirsuta, L., vi 175.
hypnoides, L., vi 176.

— nivalis, L., vi 175.

— oppositifolia, L., vi 174.

— rivularis, L., vi 175.
— rosacea, Moench (= S. deci-
piens, Ehrh.), vi 176.

_ sponhemica, Gmel. (= S. hirta,
Donn.), vi 176.

— stellaris, L., vi 17

— Sternbergii, W itd (= S. hiber-
nica, Hard.), vi 176.

— tridactylites, L., v 150.

— umbrosa, L., vi 175.

Scabiosa arvensis, L., iv 34.

— Columbaria, L., vi 5.

— maritima, L., vi 27.

— succisa, L., ii 46.

Scabious-leaved Hawkweed, vi63.

Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L., ii 123.

Scarlet Horned Poppy, vi 209.

— Pimpernel, ii 142.

Scentless May weed, vi 206.

Scheuchzeria palustris, L., vi 147.

Schoenus ferrugineus, L., vi 212.

— nigricans, L., vi 149.

Scilla autumnalis, L., vi 164.

—non-scripta, Hoffm. et Link.,
iii 120.

— verna, Huds., vi 98.

Scirpus czespitosus, L., vi 165.

— compressus, Pers., vi 148.

— fluitans, L., vi 148.

— Holoscheenus, L., vi 36.

— lacustris, L., iv 157.

— maritimus, L., ii 209.

— parvulus, R. et S. (= S. nanus,
Spreng.), vi 37-

— pauciflorus, Lightf., vi 165.

—pungens, Roth. (= S. ameri-
canus, Pers.), vi 117.

— rufus, Schrad., vi 37-

— Savii, S. et M. (= S. filiformis,
Savi), vi 148.

— setaceus, L., vi 165.

— sylvaticus, L., iv 159.

— Tabernzemontani, Gmel., vi 37.

— triqueter, L., vi 37

Scleranthus annuus, L., vi 206.

— perennis, L., vi ro.

Scorched Sedge, Vi 203.

Scorpion Grass, iv 113.

Scotch or Burnet Rose, vi 26.

Scottish Asphodel, vi 146.

Scrophularia alata, Gilib.,

— aquatica, L., iv 115.

— nodosa, L., vi 66.

— Scorodonia, L., vi 67.

— vernalis, L., vi 129.

Vi 207.

Scutellaria galericulata, L., iv 126.

— minor, Huds., vi 163.
Sea Arrow Grass, vi 36.
— Aster, vi 27.

— Beet, vi 32.

— Blite, vi 34.

— Buckthorn, ii 203.

— Campion, ii 177.

— Club Rush, ii 209.

— coast, ii 206.

— — absence of trees on, ii 236.
— — erosion of, ii 237.

L., vi] Sea coast, exposure of, ii 236.

— — west and east, ii 237.

— Cottonweed, vi 28.

— Heath, vi 23.

— Holly, ii 184.

— Kale, ii 173.

— Knotgrass, vi 34.

— Lavender, ii 189.

— Milkwort, ii 194.

— Pea, vi 26.

— Pearlwort, vi 24.

— Plantain, ii 199.

— Purslane, ii 178; vi 33.

— Radish, vi 23.

— Rocket, i ii 175.

— Scabious, vi 27.

— Spurge, vi 35.

— Spurrey, vi 24.

— Stock, vi 22.

— Stork’s Bill, vi 25.

— Wormwood, vi 28.

Seaside Bindweed, ii 197.

— Clover, vi 25.

— Manna Grass, ii 218.

— Mouse-ear, vi 23.

— Vegetation, composite types
of, ii 238.

— — dispersal of seeds of, ii 242.

— — dry-soil conditions of, ii 238.

— — limitations of, ii 237.

— — modern character of, ii 238.

— — pollination of, ii 242.

Secund Grass, vi 41.

Sedum acre, L., v 158.

— albun, L., vi 176.

—anglicum, Huds., vi 26.

— dasyphyllum, L., vi 176.

— Drucei, Graebn., vi 206.

— Fabaria, Koch. (= S. purpur-
eum, Tausch), vi 61.

— Forsterianum, Sm., vi 177-

— micranthum, Bast., vi 124.

| — reflexum, L., vi 176.

— Rhodiola, D.C., vi 176.

— rupestre, L., vi 177.

— sexangulare, L., vi 176.

— Telephium, L., v 156.

— villosum, L., vi 14o.

Seed dispersal, difficulties of
natural, ii 234.

Self-heal, ii 75; vi To.

Selinum Carvifolia, L., vi 61.

Sempervivum tectorum, L., v 160.

Senebiera Coronopus, Poir., vi
121.

— didyma, Pers., vi 121.

Senecio aquaticus, Hill, iv 104.

— campestris, D.C. (= S. integri-
folius, Clairv.), vi 94.

— Cineraria, D.C., vi 126.

— erucifolius, L., iii 204.

— Jacobza, L., vi 6.

— paludosus, L., vi 142.

— palustris, Hook., vi 142.

— sarracenicus, L., vi 106.

— spathulefolius, D.C., vi 28.

— squalidus, L., vi 178.

— sylvaticus, ie Vi 159-

— viscosus, L., vi 126.

— vulgaris, me iv 189.

Serratula tinctoria, L., vi 6.

Seseli Libanotis, Koch, vi 93.

Sesleria coerulea, Ard., vi 167.

Sessile Oak, vi 207.

Setaria glauca, Beauv., vi 135.

— verticillata, Beauv., vi 136.

— viridis, Beauv., vi 135.

Sharp Couch Grass, vi 41.

-— -leaved Pondweed, vi 115.

Sheathed Sedge, vi 203.

Sheep's Bit Scabious, v 90.

— Fescue, iv 51.

— Sorrel, iv 50.

Shepherd's Needle, ii 123.

— Purse, iv 171.

— Rod, vi 24.

Sherardia arvensis, L., ii 129.

Shingle Beach, ii 239.

Shining Crane’s Bill, vi 79.

— Oat Grass, vi 166.

— Pondweed, vi 113.

Shoreweed, vi 107.

Shrubby Cinquefoil, vi 174.

— Orache, vi 206.

Sibbaldia, vi 174.

Sibthorpia europza, L., vi 86.

Sickle Medick, vi 156.

Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh., vi
167.

Silaus flavescens, Bernh. (= S
pratensis), vi 5.

Silene acaulis, L., vi 171.

— anglica, L., vi 171.
— Armeria, Las Vi t2Ke

— conica, L., vi 15.

— Cucubalus, Web. = S. latifolia,
R. et B.), vi 78.

— dichotoma, Ehrh., vi 211.

— dubia, Herbich, vi 121.

— gallica, L., vi go.

— italica, Pers., vi 121.

— maritima, With. (= S. ameena,
Huds.), ii 177.

— noctiflora, L., vi 16.

— nutans, L., vi go.

Siliceous rocks and soils, v 194.

Silky Wind Grass, v 175.

Silver Birch, vi 69.

— Oat Grass, vi 14.

Silverweed, vi 80.

Silvery Cinquefoil, vi 157.

— Hair Grass, v 176.

Silybum marianum, Gertn., iv
198.

Simethis (see Pubilaria).

Similarity of cornfields to fields,
ii 230.

Sison Amomum, L., vi 83.

Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop., iii
139-

— Irio, L., vi 210.

i officinale, Scop., tii 135.

— pannonicum, L., vi 210.

— polyceratium, i » vi 78.

— Sophia, L., vi 210.

— Thalianum, Gray, vi 170.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Mill.,
vi 146.

— californicum, Aiton, vi 146.

Sium angustifolium, L. (= S. erec-
tum, Huds.), vi 165.

— latifolium, L., vi 105.

Skullcap, iv 126.

Slender Bird's Foot, vi 25.

— Clover, vi 157.

— Cotton Grass, vi 148.

— Flowered Thistle, vi 28.

— Hare's Ear, vi 27.

INDEX

Slender-leaved Sedge, vi 151.
— Manna Grass, vi 4o.

— Pearlwort, vi 154.

— Tare, vi 19.

Slope and aspect, ii 25.

Small Alpine Gentian, vi 198.
— Bent Grass, v 124.

— Bindweed, vi 18.

— Capitate Rush, vi 164.

— Club Rush, vi 37-

— Crane's Bill, vi 79.

— Fleabane, vi 158.

— -flowered Crowfoot, vi 88.
— Furze, vi 156.

— Grass Wrack, vi 36.

— Mallow, vi 122.

— Marsh Rush, vi 14.

— Melilot, vi 123.

— Periwinkle, iii 72.

— Persicaria, vi 144.

— Pink Skullcap, vi 163.

— Pondweed, vi 115.

— Round-leaved Garlic, vi 97.
— Snapdragon, ii 148.

— Solomon's Seal, vi 73.

— Toadflax, vi 19.

— Welsh Stonecrop, vi 177.

— Whitlow Grass, vi 169.

— Wood Reed, vi 76.

— Yellow Balsam, vi 123.

— — Gentian, vi 30.

Smaller Bladderwort, vi 108.
— Winter Green, vi 160.
Smith’s Cress, vi 210.

Smooth Cat's Ear, vi 159.

— Meadow Grass, vi 15.

— Rupturewort, vi 31.

— Tare, vi 79.

— Vetch, vi 26.

Smyrnium Olusatrum, L., vi 125.
Snake's-head Fritillary, iv 138.
Sneezewort, vi 6.

Snowdrop, iii 112.

— Winter Green, vi 65.
Snowflake, vi 12.

Soapwort, vi 78, 210.

Soft Brown Sedge, vi 212.

— Grass, vi 76.

— Knotted Clover, vi 92.

Soil, effect of (cornfields), ii 235.
Solanum Dulcamara, L., iv 208.
— nigrum, L., vi 129.
Solidago Virgaurea, L., v 162.
Sonchus arvensis, L., ii 138.
— asper, Hill, vi 7.

— oleraceus, L., vi 127.

— palustris, L., vi 142.

Sorrel, vi 11.

Sowbane Goosefoot, vi 133.
Sowbread, vi 65.

Sow Thistle, vi 127.

Spanish Campion, vi 171.

— Daffodil, vi 11.

Sparganium minimum, Fr., vi 111.
— natans, L. (=S. affine, Schnizl),

Vi ttt.
— neglectum, Beeby, vi 111.
— ramosum, Curt. (= S. erectum,
Huds.), iv 143.

— simplex, Huds., vi rr.
Spartina alterniflora, Lois., vi 38.
— stricta, Roth, vi 38.

— Townsendi, Groves, vi 38.
| Spearmint, vi 130.

229

Spear Thistle, iv 196.
Specularia (see Legousia),
Spergula arvensis, L., ii 114.
— sativa, Boenn., vi 16.
Spergularia atheniensis, H. et S.
vi 24.

— media, Presl, vi 24.

— rubra, Pers., v 144.

— rupestris, Lobel, vi 24.

— salina, Presl, vi 24.

Spider Orchid, vi 72.

Spiked Milfoil, vi 103.

— Rampion, vi 64.

— Speedwell, vi 161.

Spindle Wood, iii 148.

Spirzea filipendula, L., iv 28,

— salicifolia, L., vi 47.
— Ulmaria, L., ii 33.
Spiranthes zestivalis,

145-

— autumnalis, Rich., vi 96.

— Romanzoffiana, Cham., vi 145.
Spotted Bur Medick, vi 157.
| — Cat's Ear, vi 7.
— Lungwort, vi 66.
— Orchid, ii 80.
— Persicaria, vi 134.
— Rock Rose, vi 89.
— — Sedge, vi 138.
Spreading Bellflower, vi 64.
— Hedge Parsley, vi 17.
Spring Cinquefoil, vi 93.
— Gentian, vi 198.
— Snowflake, vi 73.
— Vetch, vi 93.
Spurge, vi 68.
— Laurel, iii 224.
Spurrey, ii 114.
Square-stalked St. John's Wort,

vi 103.
— Willow Herb, vi 105.
Squinancy Wort, vi 94.
Squirrel Tail Grass, ii 220.
Stachys alpina, L., vi 67.
— ambigua, Sm., vi 109.
— annua, L., vi 131.
— arvensis, L., vi 20.
— germanica, L., vi 10.
— officinalis, Trev., iii 85.
— palustris, L., vi 109.
— sylvatica, L., vi 208.
Stackyards and farmyards,

Rich., vi

253:

Stalked Scurvy Grass, vi 23.

Star Fruit, vi 112.

— -of-Bethlehem, vi 207.

— Thistle, vi 127.

Starry Saxifrage, vi 175.

— Trefoil, vi 123.

Statice maritima, Mill., ii 192.

— plantaginea, All., vi 29.

Stellaria apetala, Ucria (=
Borzana, Jord.), vi 154.

— aquatica, Scop., iv 84.

— graminea, L., v 71.*

— Holostea, L., iii 139.

— media, Vill., vi 121.

| — neglecta, Weihe, vi 44.

—nemorum, L., vi 44.

— palustris, Retz., vi 139.

| — uliginosa, Murray, vi 102.

— umbrosa, Opiz., vi 207.

Sterile Hedge Brome Grass, vi
136.

230

Stinking Goosefoot, vi 132.
Hellebore, vi 42.

— Mayweed, iv 185.
St. John's Wort, vi 144.

Stitchwort, vi 44, 154.

Stone Bramble, vi 158.

Stork's Bill, iv 178.

Strapwort, vi 31.

Stratiotes aloides, L., vi 110.

Strawberry Blite, vi 211.

— -headed Clover, vi 4.

— Tree, vi 64.

Striate Corn Catchfly, vi 153.

Sueeda fruticosa, Forsk., vi 33.

— maritima, Dum., vi 33.

Subterranean Trefoil, vi 9.

Subularia aquatica, L., vi 102.

Sundew, v 14; vi 140.

Sun Spurge, vi 134.

Survey, general methods of, fields,
ii 229.

— — aquatic plants, iv 251.

— — bogs, v 187.

— — cornfields, ii 235.

— — heaths, v 192.

— — hills, iv 244.

—-—roadsides and hedges, iii
250.

— — rocks and walls, v 199.

— — seaside plants, ii 243.

— — waste places, iv 257.

— — woods, iii 244.

Swede, vi 210.

Sweet Briar, vi 81.

— Chestnut, vi 69.

— Cicely, vi 93.

— Flag, iv 144.

— Vernal Grass, vi 13.

— Violet, iii 17.

Swine's Cress, vi 121.

— Succory, vi 94.

Sylvan False Brome Grass, vi 77.

— Melic Grass, vi 76.

— Poa, vi 76.

— Speedwell, vi 67.

Symphytum officinale, L., vi 107.

— peregrinum, Ledeb., vi 211.

— tuberosum, L., vi 66.

a

Tall Fescue, vi 205.

— Heath Groundsel, vi 159.

— Tutsan, vi 44.

— Wood Sedge, vi 75.

Talus slopes or mountain -top
detritus, v 196.

Tamarisk, ii 180.

Tamarix gallica, L., ii 180.

Tamus communis, L., iii 283.

Tanacetum vulgare, L., iv 187.

Tansy, iv 187.

Taraxacum erythrospermum,
D.C., vi 95.

— officinale, Weber, ii 62.

— palustre, D.C., vi 142.

— spectabile, Dahlst., vi 208.

Tassel Pondweed, vi 36.

Tasteless Stonecrop, vi 176.

Tawny Sedge, vi 151.

Tea Plant, vi 129.

— -leaved Willow, vi 200.

Tear Thumb, vi 209.

Teasel, iii 202,

INDEX

Teesdale’s Cress, vi 89.

Teesdalia nudicaulis, Br., vi 89.

Terrestrial and aquatic vegeta-
tion, iv 244.

Teucrium Botrys, L., vi 10.

— Chameedrys, L., vi 199

— Scordium, L., vi 144.

— Scorodonia, L., iii 89.

Thale Cress, vi 170.

Thalictrum alpinum, L., vi 138.

— dunense, Dum., vi 22.

— flavum, L., iv 67.

— Kochi, Fr., vi 168.

— majus, Crantz, vi 42.

— minus, L., vi 88.

Thesium linophyllum, Sm. (= T.
humifusum, D.C.), vi 196.

Thick-leaved Stonecrop, vi 176.

Thin Rush, vi 98.

Thlaspi alpestre, L., vi 16.

— arvense, L., vi 170.

— perfoliatum, L., vi 170.

— virens, Jord., vi 170.

Thornapple, vi 129.

— Goosefoot, vi 133-

Thread Rush, vi 111.

Three-flowered Rush, vi 147.

— -lobed Butterbur, iv 97.

— -lobed Crowfoot, vi 138.

— -nerved Sandwort, vi 78.

Thyme-leaved Speedwell, vi 8.

Thymus Serpyllum, L., iv 44.

Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh., vi 45.

— platyphyllos, Scop., vi 45.

— vulgaris, Hayne, iii 24.

Tillza muscosa, L., vi 157.

Toad Rush, vi 146.

Tofieldia palustris, Huds., vi 146.

Toothed Bur Medick, vi 156.

Tooth Wort, vi 67.

Tordylium maximum, L., vi 84.

Tormentil, v 82.

Tower Cress, vi 169.

— Mustard, vi 169.

Tragopogon porrifolius, L., vi
123.

— pratense, L., 11 67; vi 7.

Trailing Rose, vi 82.

— St. John’s Wort, vi 155.

Transition to pasture (Heaths),
Vv 190.

Traveller's Joy, iii 128.

Treacle Mustard, vi 210.

Tree associations of marshes,
v 185.

—-felling, effect of, on rainfall,
iii 240.

— mallow, vi 24.

— zones, ili 242.

Triangular Bulrush, vi 37.

Trientalis europza, L., vi 65.

Trifolium agrarium, L., vi 124.

— arvense, L., iv 20.

— Bocconi, Savi, vi 92.

— dubium, Sibth., vi 4.

— filiforme, L., vi 157.

— fragiferum, L., vi 4.

— glomeratum, L., vi 92.

— hybridum, L., ii 121.

— incarnatum, L., vi 17.

—maritimum, Huds. (= T.
squamosum, L.), vi 25.

— medium, L., vi 4.

— Molinerii, Bab., vi 205.

Trifolium ochroleucon, Huds., vi
92.

— pratense, L., ii 22.

— procumbens, L., ii 28.

— repens, L., ii 26.

— resupinatum, L., vi 123.

— scabrum, L., vi 92.

— stellatum, L., vi 123.

— striatum, L., vi 92.

— strictum, L., vi 25.

— subterraneum,.L., vi 91.

— suffocatum, L., vi 25.

Triglochin maritimum, L., vi 36.

— palustre, L., vi 147.

Trigonella ornithopodioides, L.,
vi 156.

Trinia vulgaris, D.C. (= T.
glauca, Dum.).

Trisetum flavescens, Beauv., vi 14.

Trollius europzeus, L., vi 168.

True Floating Bur Reed, vi 111.

— Military Orchis, vi 71.

Tuberous Meadow Dropwort,
Vi 5.

— Pea, vi 17.

— -rooted Comfrey, vi 98.

— Thistle, vi 7.

Tufted Hair Grass, vi 118.

— Loosestrife, vi 143.

— Scorpion Grass, vi 107.

— Sedge, vi 150.

— Vetch, iii 152.

Tulipa sylvestris, L., vi 98.

Tussilago Farfara, L., iv 99.

Tutsan, vi 44.

Tway-blade, iii 108.

Twisted Pod Whitlow Grass,
vi 169.

Two-flowered Rush, vi 147.

Typha angustifolia, L., vi 112.

— latifolia, L., iv 140.

U

Ulex europzeus, L., v 75.

— Gallii, Planch., vi 156.

—nanus, Forster (= U. minor,
Roth.), vi 156.

Ulmus campestris, L. (= U.
sativa, Mill.; = U. surculosa,
Moench.), iii 226.

— glabra, Huds. (= U. montana,
Stokes, iii 95.

—glabra, Mill. (= U.
Moench.), vi 208.

— hollandica, Mill., vi 208.

— Plotii, Druce, vi 208.

— vegeta, vi 208.

Umbellate Chickweed, vi 172.

Unbranched Bur Reed, vi 111.

Unifolium bifolium, Druce, vi 73.

Uniformity of conditions or diver-
sity (aquatic plants), iv 245.

Upland heaths and lowland
heaths, v 190.

— plants, pollination of, iv 243.

— — soil and, iv 244.

Upright Brome Grass, vi 15.

— Goosefoot, vi 133.

— Meadow Crowfoot, ii 7.

— Sea Lavender, vi 29.

— Trefoil, vi 25.

Urtica dioica, L., iii 230.

— pilulifera, L., vi 212.

nitens,

Urtica urens, L., vi 135.

Utricularia Bremii, Heer, vi 108.

— intermedia, Hayne, vi 108.

— minor, L., vi 108.

— neglecta, Lehm. (= U. major,
Schmidel), vi 108.

— vulgaris, L., v 35.

Vv

Vaccinium Myrtillus, L., v 95.

— uliginosum, L., vi 142.

— Vitis-Idza, L., vi 159.

Vaillant’s Bedstraw, vi 17.

Valerian, v 18; vi 106.

Valeriana dioica, L., v 18.

— officinalis, L. (= V. Mikanii,
Syme), vi 5.

— pyrenaica, L., vi 207.

— sambucifolia, Mikan, vi 106.

Valerianella carinata, Lois., vi 18.

— dentata, Poir., vi 18.

— eriocarpa, Desv., vi 18.

— olitoria, Poll., ii 130.

—rimosa, Bast. (= V. auricula,
D.C.), vi 18.

Variegated Dead Nettle, vi 132.

Various-leaved Fescue, vi 77.

— Pondweed, vi 113.

Venus's Looking-glass, v 139.

Verbascum Blattaria, L., vi 129.

— Lychnitis, L., vi 129.

— nigrum, L., vi 129.

— pulverulentum, Vill., vi 129.

— Thapsus, L., iv 217.

— virgatum, Stokes, vi 96.

Verbena officinalis, L., vi 130.

Vernal Hair Grass, vi 166.

— Speedwell, vi 98.

— Squill, vi 98.

— Whitlow Grass, v 139.

Veronica agrestis, L., vi 19.

— alpina, L., vi 198.

— Anagallis-aquatica, L., vi 168,
2

— aquatica, Bernh., vi 209.

— arvensis, L., v 171.

— Beccabunga, L., iv 120.

— Buxbaumii, Ten. (= V. Tourne-
fortii, C. Gmel.), vi 19.

— Chamedrys, L., vi 8.

— hederzfolia, L., ii 150.

— hybrida, L., vi 130.

— montana, L., vi 67.

— officinalis, L., vi 8.

— peregrina, L., vi 130.

—polita, Fr. (= V.
Ten.), vi 130.

— repens, D.C., vi 130.

— saxatilis, L. (= V. fruticans,
Jacq.), vi 199.

— scutellata, L., v 31.

— serpyllifolia, L., vi 8.

— spicata, L., vi 161.

— triphyllos, L., vi 161.

— verna, L., vi 161.

Vervain, vi 130.

Viburnum Lantana, L., iii 160.

— Opulus, L., vi 61.

Vicia angustifolia, L., vi 93.

— bithynica, L., vi 80.

— Cracca, L., iii 152.

— gracilis, Lois., vi 79.

— hirsuta, Gray, vi 79.

didyma,

INDEX

Vicia hybrida, L., vi 211.
— lmvigata, Sm., vi 26.
— lathyroides, L., vi 93.
— lutea, L., vi 206.

— Orobus, D.C., vi 46.
— sativa, L., vi 80,

— sepium, L., vi 79.

— sylvatica, L., vi 46.

-— tenuifolia, Roth., vi 211.
—tetrasperma, Moench. (
gemella, Crantz), vi 79.

— villosa, Roth., vi 211.

Villous Vetch, vi 211.

Vinca major, L., vi 66.

— minor, L., iii 72.

Viola arenaria, D.C., vi 89.

— arvensis, Murr., ti 107.

— calcarea, Greg., vi 89.

—canina, L. (= V. ericetorum,
Schrad.), vi 153.

— Curtisii, Forst., vi 43.

— hirta, L., iv 11.

— lactea, Sm., vi 153.

— lutea, Huds., vi 89.

— montana, L., vi 212.

— odorata, L., iii 17.

— palustris, L., vi 139.

— Riviniana, Reichb., vi 43.

— stagnina, Kit., vi 139.

— sylvestris, Kit., vi 43.

— tricolor, L., vi 210.

Violet Horned Poppy, vi 16.

— Willow, vi 110.

Viper’s Bugloss, iv 206.

Viscid Rock Campion, vi 171.

Viscum album, L., vi 68.

WwW

Wahlenbergia hederacea, Sch.,
Vi 142.

Wall Barley, iv 236.

— Cress, vi 88.

— Lettuce, vi 66.

— Rocket, vi 120, 170.

— Speedwell, vi 171.

Wallflower, v 137.

Walls, v 193.

Wart Cress, vi 120.

Waste places, iv 251.

— — open character of ground of,
iv 257.

— — soil of, iv 257.

Waste-ground plants, dispersal
of seeds of, iv 255.

— — duration of, iv 256.

— — habits of, iv 255.

— — height ot, iv 255.

— — pollination of, iv 256.

Water and its effect on plants, iv
246.

— Buttercup, vi 100, 209.

— Cress, iv 78.

— Dock, vi 110.

— Dropwort, v 16.

— Fennel, iv 60.

| — Figwort, iv 115.

— Germander, vi 44.

| — Grass or Whorl Grass, vi 118.

| — Hemlock, vi 105.

— Lobelia, vi 806.

— Mint, iv 122.

— Parsnip, vi 105.

— Pepper, vi 109.

V.

231

Water Plantain, iv 150.

— plants, heigcht of, 1v 249.

— Purslane, vi 153.

— Sedge, vi 150.

— Soldier, vi 110.

— Speedwell, vi 108, 209.

— Starwort, vi 104.

— Violet, v 29.

— Wort, vi 102.

Wavy Poa, vi 203.

Waytaring Tree, iii 60.

Wayside plants, iii 33.

— — flowering seasons of, iv 255.

Weingzertneriacanescens, Bernh.,
vi 4o.

Welted Thistle, vi 85.

Western Butterwort, vi 143.

— Furze, vi 156.

Wet and dry meadows, ii 225.

— — woods, iii 240.

Wet places, iv 248.

White Beak Rush, vi 149.

— Campion, ti 110.

— Climbing Fumitory, vi 43.

— (or Dutch) Clover, ii 26,

— Dead Nettle, iv 225.

— English Stonecrop, vi 26.

— Horehound, vi 131.

— Melilot, vi 123.

— Mountain Orchis, vi 97.

— Mullein, vi 129.

— Mustard, vi 210.

— Poplar, vi 69.

— Rocket, vi 23.

— Rock Rose, vi 89.

— Rot, vi 141.

— Stonecrop, vi 176.

— Water Lily, iv 71.

— Welsh Cinquefoil, vi 174.

— Whitlow Grass, vi 170.

— Willow, v 43.

—- Wood Rush, vi 207.

Whorled Bristle Grass, vi 136.

— Knot Grass, vi 31.

— Milfoil, vi 103.

— Solomon's Seal, vi 73.

— Watermint, vi 109.

| Whortleberry, v 95.

Whortle-leaved Willow, vi 200.
Wild Cabbage, vi 22.
— Carnation or Clove Pink, vi
171.

— Carrot, ii 44.
— Celery, vi 27.

~ Chamomile, vi 18.

— Cherry, iii 33-

— Chervil, vi 83.
— Mignonette, vi 89, 121.
— Oat, ii 154.
— Parsnip, vi 208.

— Pea, vi 46.

— Pear, vi 60.

— Peony, vi 22.
— Pink, vi 171.

— Plum, vi 89.

— Radish, vi 16.

— Rosemary, v 23.
— Service, vi 60.

— Thyme, iv 44.

— Tulip, vi 98.
— Turnip, vi 210.
Willow-leaved Spirza, vi 47.
Wind Flower, iii 8.

— Grass, vi 21.

232

INDEX

Wind, insects, and pollination, i] Woodland plants, pollination of,

144.
Winter Aconite, vi 42.
— Cress, iii 133.

— Heliotrope, vi 126.
Woad, ii 171.

Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm., vi 112.

Wood Anemone, iii 8.
— Barley, vi 77.

— Basil, iii 216.

— Betony, iii 85.

— Calamint, vi 96.
— Club Rush, iv 159.
— Cudweed, vi 62.
— Forget-me-not, iii 77.
— Geranium, vi 45.
— Loosestrife, iii 70.
— Ruff, iii 65.

— Rush, vi 207.

— Sage, iii 89.

— Sorrel, iii 27.

— Spurge, iii 91.

— Stitchwort, vi 44.
— Strawberry, iii 36.
— Violet, vi 43.

Wooded Heathland, v 189.
Woodland habitats and associa-

tions, iii 242.

— plants, habit of, iii 243.

— — height of, iii 243.

— — life duration of, ili 243.

iii 244.

Woodlands, ancient, iii 242.

—causes of cutting down of, iii
241.

— effect of, on soil, iii 240.

— natural and artificial, iii 242.

— originof many fruit trees, iii241.

— soil and the, iii 244.

— value of, iii 241.

Woods and copses, iii 239.

— animal life of, iii 241.

— dispersal of seeds in, iii 244.

— flowering seasons in the, iii 243.

— protection of, iii 240.

Woolly Broad-leaved Willow, vi
200.

— -headed Thistle, vi 6.

Xx

Xanthium spinosum, L., vi 211.
— Strumarium, L., vi 211.
Xerophytic types (moors, &c.),

v 184.
Y

| Yarrow Broomrape, vi 9.

Yellow Archangel, 1ii 87.
— Balsam, iv 16.
— Bird's Nest, vi 65.

Yellow Broomrape, vi 4o.
— Chamomile, vi 126.

— Figwort, vi 129.

— ring iv 135:

— Horned Poppy, ii 167.
— Marsh Dock ee
— — Eyebright, vi 8.

— Mountain Oxytropis, iv 24.
— — Saxifrage, vi 175.

— Musk Saxifrage, vi 140.
— Oat Grass, vi 14.

— Oxalis, vi 123.

— Rattle, ii 72; vi 9.

— Sedge, vi 166.

— Sisyrinchium, vi 146.

— Star-of-Bethlehem, vi 74.
— Vetch, vj 206.

— Water Lily, iv 75.

— — Villarsia, vi 101.

— Welsh Poppy, vi 168.
— Whitlow Grass, vi 169.
— Wood Anemone, vi 42.
— Wort, vi 95.

ZZ

Zannichellia palustris, L., vi 116.
— pedunculata, Reichb., vi 36.
— polycarpa, Nolte, vi 116.
Zostera marina, L., ii 208.

— nana, Roth., vi 36.

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