! CO HENDERSON Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by ESTATE OF THE LATE PROFESSOR J.R. COCKBURN - NEW FIRST LATIN READER BY JOHN HENDERSON, M.A. PRINCIPAL, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, ST. CATHARIHI R. A. LITTLE, B.A. CLASSICAL MASTER, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, LONDON TORONTO THE COPP, CLARK, COMPANY, LIMITED Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand nine hundred and six, by THK COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. - 1048021 PREFACE The prescription of work for Examination in Latin for Pass Matriculation for the years 1907, 1908, 1909, and for Junior Teachers' Certificates for the year 1907, and presumably for the years 1908- 1909, is denned by the Calendar of 1906-1907 of the University of Toronto as follows : Translation at sight of passages of average difficulty from Caesar, upon which special stress will be laid. Translation from a prescribed portion of Vergil's Aeneid, with questions thereon. Questions on Latin accidence. Translation into Latin of English sentences to illustrate the common rules of Latin syntax, upon which special stress will be laid. The vocabulary will be taken from the prescribed portion of Caesar. Examination upon a short prescribed portion of Caesar, to test the candidate's knowledge of Latin syntax and his power of idiomatic translation, etc. The following are the texts prescribed : Caesar, Bellum Gallicum, Book IV., chaps. 20-38, and Book V., chaps. 1-23; Vergil, Aeneid, Book II., vv. 1-505. Two papers will be set : (1) Translation at sight, Vergil and accidence. (2) Translation into Latin, syntax, and idiomatic translation from prescribed Caesar, etc. An examination of the present book will show that these require- ments have been kept steadily in view. This book contains : (1) Full introduction to the reading of Caesar. (2) Text of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum prescribed, with vocabulary of the more difficult and unusual words at the bottom of each page. iii iv PREFACE (3) Notes explaining fully every difficulty in the text with references to the New First Latin Book. (4) Two sets of Exercises on the prescribed Caesar. (5) Introduction to Vergil. (6) Text of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II. The whole of Aeneid, Book II., has been given to meet the needs of those reading for Honor Matriculation and for Senior Teachers' Certificates. (7) Full notes on the whole of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II. (8) Upwards of fifty selected passages from Bellum Gallicum, I-VI., representing the most interesting and important parts of this great work, and also giving a running commentary of the whole. (9) Complete Vocabulary, in the preparation of which special care has been taken. The authors take this opportunity of expressing their gratitude to the many fellow-teachers who have so kindly aided them with hints and suggestions in the preparation of the book. JOHN HENDERSON. 11. A. LITTLE. August 15th, 1906. TO REV. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, A.M. "justissimus unus qui fuit et servantissimus aequi." CONTENTS I. CAESAR PAGES INTRODUCTION. i. The Life of Caius Julius Caesar 1-3 ii. Conquest of Gaul 4-9 in. Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul 9-12 iv. Character of Caesar 12 v. Works of Caesar 13 vi. The Roman Army 14, 15 vn. Officers of the Army 15 vin. Arms 16, 17 ix. Standards 17 x. The Musical Instruments 18 xi. Army on the March 18 xii. Army in Camp 18 Text of Caesar 20-57 Sentence-Structure 58-60 Notes on Caesar ., 61-100 Exercises in Latin Prose 101-131 II. VERGIL INTRODUCTION. i. Life of Vergil 133, 134 ii. Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas 135-137 in. Works 137-141 iv. Metre 141-145 v. The Trojan War 145, 146 vi. Story of the Aeneid 146-148 vii. The Contents of the Second Book 143-152 vin. MSS 153, 154 Text of Vergil , 155-182 Notes on Vergil 183-235 III. SIGHT TRANSLATION . 237-275 IV. VOCABULARY 275-330 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGES Map of Gaul , Caius Julius Caesar, from a bust in the Louvre ... .facing 1 Arms 16 Standards 17 Plan of a Consular Camp 19 Vergil, Horace and Varius at the House of Maecenas. . . facing 135 Paris " 146 Aeneas at the Court of Dido " 155 The Fates " 159 Minerva Bellica " 161 Laocoon " 162 Helen of Troy " 169 Flight of Aeneas " 172 CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR INTRODUCTION I The Life of Caius Julius Caesar " The noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times' SHAKESPEARE Caius Julius Caesar 1 was born July 12th, 100 B.C. 2 He Birth was thus six years younger than Cicero, the orator, and than Pompey, his rival in politics and war. His family was not His family only one of the oldest but also one of the most respected of the patrician families of Rome. On his father's side, it traced its origin to lulus, son of Aeneas, the founder of the Roman line, and on his mother's side, it claimed, as an ancestor, Ancus Martius, one of the early kings. Little is known of Caesar's father except that he held at Caesar one time the office of praetor, and that he died suddenly at Pisa, 84 B.C. To Aurelia, his mother, a woman of primitive Caesar's frugality in the management of her household, but charac-" 1 ' terized by a lofty ambition and a firm belief in the noble destiny of her son, was entrusted the direction of his edu- cation. What the Gracchi owed to their mother Cornelia, Caesar owed to Aurelia. Mother and son showed mutual reverence, and undoubtedly Caesar's future life was largely affected by his mother's influence. 1 A Roman citizen had regularly three names: the praenomen (Caius) answering to our Christian name, marking the individual : the nomen (Julius), designating the clan or gens : cognomen (Caesar) telling the family. Sometimes another cognomen was added for honorary distinction as Africanus to Publius Cornelius Scipio. 2 Mommsen argues that Caesar was born 102 B.C. His main reason for assigning this date is that the lex annalis which prescribed the minimum age at which a citizen could hold certain offices was observed in Caesar's case. By this law no one could hold the office of quaestor before he was 31, of aedile before 37, of praetor before 40, of consul before 43. By referring to the chronology of Caesar's life the plausibility of the argument appears. But (1) the law was often broken as it had been in the case of Pompey ; (2) Suetonius says that Caesar was 16 when his father died ; (3) Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian say that Caesar was 54 when he was assassinated. 1 INTRODUCTION Related to Marius Flamen Dialis Marries Cornelia Serves his first cam- pai'/n .80-78 B.C. Goes to Rhodes 76-75 B.C. Quaestor 68 B.C. His aunt Julia was married to Caius Marius, who saved Italy in the war against the Cimbri and Teutones, and was the sturdy supporter of the popular party against the narrow senatorial faction led by Cornelius Sulla. Though aristocratic by birth, Caesar was no doubt led through the influence of Marius to side with the popular party. At the age of 14, Caesar was appointed priest of Jupiter (flamen Dialis), and by virtue of this office he became a member of the sacred college and received a handsome income. In 83 B.C., at the age of 17, he married Cornelia, daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular party and the avowed opponent of Sulla. Soon afterwards Sulla returned from Asia and proscribed Marius and all his adherents. As the nephew of Marius and the husband of Cornelia, Caesar was especially an object of displeasure. He was ordered to divorce Cornelia, but refused to obey. Accordingly a price was set upon his life, and it was only through the earnest intercession of his friends that he was pardoned. In consequence of having thwarted the will of the imperious Sulla, Caesar found it unsafe to remain at Rome. He went to Asia, where he served with distinction at the siege of Mitylene and in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of Sulla's death, 78 B.C., he returned to Rome to resume his studies. Oratory and military skill were in Rome the two great avenues to success. To improve his skill in oratory, Caesar went to Rhodes, 76 B.C., to study rhetoric and oratory under Apollonius Molon, the most celebrated teacher of that time. On the way thither Caesar's vessel was captured by pirates and Caesar was detained till a heavy ransom was paid. During his detention he is said to have joined these marauders in their sports and to have told them half-jestingly that he would, when liberated, have them hanged. This threat he made good. Landing at Miletus, he collected a small fleet, captured them and brought them to Pergamus, where they were executed. He stayed at the school of Molon for two years. Caesar began his political career in 68 B.C., by gaining the quaestorship, and by virtue of this office he was connected with the public treasury and entitled to a seat in the senate. INTRODUCTION 6 In 65 B.C., he was elected to the office of curule aedile, which jjjjjjj' had charge of public buildings and the oversight of public 65 B. C. festivals and games. While holding this office he increased his popularity and also his debts by the costly gladiatorial shows which he gave. He also more than ever identified himself with the popular party by his devotion to the memory of Marius. He caused the trophies of that great commander, which had been destroyed by Sulla, to be replaced. In 63 B.C., a year memorable for the conspiracy of Catiline, Pontifex ~ , , . . ., maximus Caesar was elected pontifex maximus against the strong ^3 B.C. opposition of the optimates. This office, though not a civil office, conferred great power and dignity on Caesar. In 62 B.C., he was elected praetor, an office chiefly of a judicial Praetor nature. On resigning this office, he went to Spain, as pro- praetor, when he managed to gain money enough to pay off his enormous debts. On his return from Spain, he united with Pompey and First Crassus to form the First Triumvirate. Pompey may be said v irate to have been the representative of the aristocratic class ; 60 B -C- Caesar, of the democratic; while Crassus represented the monied interests. In 59 B.C., Caesar became consul. To further cement the Consul union, Pompey married Julia, Caesar's daughter. During this year, Caesar passed an Agrarian law for the division of lands among the poor of Italy. The object of the bill was to restore to the peasant freeholders lands of which they had been dispossessed by the rich. He also caused to be passed a Laws passed body of laws called Leges Juliae, the object of which was to guard the rights of individuals, to secure justice in the courts, to improve public and private morality, and to obtain generally good government for the state. Before laying down his consulship, he procured the passage of a bill by _ which he was invested for five years with pro-consular powers over the two Gauls and over Illyricum. INTRODUCTION The Gauls Danger from the Gauls Caesar's Province Roman II The Conquest of Gaul The Gauls were a Celtic race, of the same stock as the Welsh, the Erse or Celts of Ireland, and the Highlanders of Scotland. When the Romans became acquainted with them, they were in a primitive state of civilization. They are de- scribed as a tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired race, nomadic in their habits, pasturing their flocks and herds, and paying little heed to agriculture. They dwelt in open villages or col- lections of primitive huts without fortifications. The clan system prevailed amongst them ; at the head of each clan was the chief, and they never got beyond this form of government. According to Mommsen, they had shaken all states but founded none. Though individually a match for the Romans in physical strength and personal courage, they had not the qualities to endure a campaign or to make any permanent use of their conquests. According to Cato, the Elder, they cared for little else than for wit and war. The influence of the chief depended on his fame as a warrior or his skill as an orator. They lived by plundering each other or their common enemies. They excelled, however, in horsemanship, and were active warriors, but were better fitted for aggressive than for defensive war. The Romans had been defeated at the Alia in 390 B.C., and the city had been plundered and burned by this race. Again, in the days of Marius, it was saved only by the skill of that general at Vercellae, 101 B.C. Rome had succeeded in gaining dominion over all the surrrounding nations with one exception. She had succes- sively got into her power Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Africa, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt. The only nation around the Mediterranean not under her power was Gaul. Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina and Illyricum were the three provinces given to Caesar by the Senate. Gallia Cisalpina comprised that part of Italy north of the Rubicon and the Macro,; Illyricum included a part of Croatia, the whole of Dalmatia, Bosnia, and part of Albania; Gallia Transalpina included the whole of France, Belgium, and INTRODUCTION parts of Holland, Switzerland and Germany. In the southern part was the Provincia around the southern part of the Rhone. This was acquired by the Romans in 121 B.C., and Narbo Martius (now Narbonne) was made the capital of the Provincia, a word which still survives in the word Provence. The rest of Gallia Transalpina was divided into three parts. Aquitania included the country between the Pyrenees and the Garonne; Gallia Celtica the land between the Garonne and the Seine ; all between the Seine and Marne on the south and the Rhine on the north was called Gallia Belgica. The Aquitani were akin to the Basques; the rest of Gaul outside the Provincia was inhabited by people of Celtic origin, comprising about sixty tribes, which were always at war with each other or their common enemies. Just before the days of Caesar two factions existed in the Parties in country, one headed by the Haedui, who were in league with the Romans, and the other headed by the Arverni and the Sequani. The Haedui, proud of the alliance with Rome, had been lording it over the others, and as a counterbalance for the support of the Romans the Arverni and the Sequani had invited the aid of the neighboring Germans. The immediate cause of Caesar's departure was the news Cause of that reached Rome that the Helvetii were setting out from Switzerland on an expedition into Gaul, just as the Cimbri had done about fifty years before. They had left their homes, burned their towns and villages, passed through the^. territories of the Sequani and were plundering those of the Campaign Haedui. Their presence was a standing menace to the Roman 5 p j Provincia. Caesar left Rome with five legions and by rapid marches soon overtook the enemy and defeated them at Defeat of 'the , Helvetii Bibracte (now Autun). Not con tent with protecting the Province against its invaders, Caesar now accepted the invitation of the Haedui to drive out of Gaul the Germans under Ariovistus. This leader had Ariovistus made overtures to Caesar to divide Gaul between them, but the proposal was rejected by Caesar. Ariovistus was Defeat of defeated near the modern town of Ed*!*, and the Romans by Arwmsttts their victory extended their territory as far as the Treviri. INTRODUCTION 57 B.C. B.I1. Defeat of the Nervii Second The second year in Gaul was occupied with a war against the Campaign B e i gae . Alarmed at the encroachments of the Romans, the tribes between the Seine and the Rhine had formed a league against Caesar. Only the Remi were favorable to him. After reducing the weaker tribes, Caesar marched against the Nervii, one of the most warlike of the Gallic tribes, and fought a desperate battle, which was won only by his skill and personal daring. So signal was this victory that a public thanksgiving of fifteen days, an unprecedented honor, was granted to Caesar. By this victory all Eastern Gaul, from the Mediterranean to the English Channel, was now in the hands of the Romans. Third During the spring of the third year in Gaul, Caesar saw 56*B P C* ffn clearl y that his work there could nofc be completed at the B. III. expiration of the five years, which would end in December, 54 B.C. He did not wish to run the risk of having his policy reversed by the Senate as Pompey's had been in the waragainst Mithridates, nor did he desire to leave his veterans unprovided for, or to have the laws passed in his consulship ignored or repealed. There were now signs of the coming struggle. Cicero had already assailed the acts of the triumvirs and dissensions were arising between Pompey and Crassus. The influence of Pompey and the optimates was gradually being eclipsed by the brilliant successes of Caesar in Gaul. At c . Luca, Caesar held a conference with Pompey and Crassus, at Luca at which it was agreed that Pompey and Crassus should be consuls for the year 55 B. C. , that Pompey should receive the command of the two Spains (Hispania citerior et ulterior) for five years at the end of 53 B.C., and Crassus the government of Syria for the same period, and that Caesar should remain in Gaul till December 31, 49 B.C., and that he should stand for the consulship of the following year 48 B.C. Caesar would thus lay down his consulship a year before Crassus or Pompey. * n the third campaign Caesar completed the conquest of Gaul. He defeated the Veneti, a daring, sea-faring people of north-western Gaul. He then turned his army against the Morini and Menapii, two tribes in the neighborhood of Calais. Though the Gauls had been defeated, still the INTRODUCTION spirit of the nation was not broken, and only lacked an opportunity to rise against the conquerors. The news on the German frontier called out Caesar earlier Fourth than usual during the spring of this year. The Usipetes and sf^c^ Tencteri, two German tribes, had been driven out of their B - IV - territories by the Suevi, and had crossed the Rhine with the intention of settling in Eastern Gaul. Caesar defeated them with great slaughter after detaining the ambassadors who had come to sue for peace. After this victory, Caesar decided to cross the Rhine to strike terror into the hearts Crosse8 the of the inhabitants. In ten days he built a bridge in the Rhine neighborhood of Cologne, and, crossing the river, remained about eighteen days on the eastern side. He then crossed back, broke down the bridge, and returned to Gaul. He then resolved to cross the channel and invade Britain. With two legions (the seventh and the tenth), and eighty ships he Invasion of set out from Port Itius (probably Boulogne], and landed, 55 B.C. probably, at Deal. Beyond securing the submission of a few British tribes in the southern part of the Island, the invasion effected nothing, for the season was too far advanced to permit a regular campaign. A public thanksgiving of twenty days was decreed, not without opposition, for Cato proposed that Caesar should be given up to the Germans in consequence of his treacherous acts towards the ambassadors of the Usipetes and the Tencteri. The expedition against Britain had flattered the vanity of Fifth the Romans. The island was said to abound with rich mines, and the sea with pearls. Here, therefore, was a rich field for Invasion of Roman enterprise. Accordingly he wished to complete conquest he had begun in the previous summer. Again he B - started from Port Itius with five legions and landed at the same place as in the previous year. The Britons had put in supreme command Cassivellaunus, chief of the Trinobantes, whose state lay north of the Thames. Caesar advanced north, crossed the Thames, probably above London, defeated the Britons, and advanced as far as St. Albans. After taking hostages and determining the amount of tribute Britain should pay yearly, Caesar returned to the Continent. Caesar's absence from Gaul had been attended with danger to the Roman cause, for a rebellion was maturing in Gaul. This 8 INTRODUCTION Gaul Stet. Campaign 5SB.C. B. VI. A second Caesar helped to foster by arranging his legions at consider- able distances from each other a policy he was compelled to pursue in consequence of the scarcity of corn in Gaul. Accordingly the Eburones, a Gallic tribe, attacked the camp Uprising in of Sabinus and Gotta and cut to pieces their command. They next besieged Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, who was stationed among the Nervii. Cicero was relieved by the timely aid of Caesar. The defeat of Sabinus and Cotta had inspired the nation of Gaul" to make an effort to regain its independence. Caesar strengthened his army by levying two new legions in Cis- alpine Gaul and receiving another from Pompey, who was now at Rome. He defeated in turn several tribes in North- Eastern Gaul. As the chief of these tribes, the Treviri, had been aided by the Germans, Caesar determined to cross the Rhine again. After receiving the submission of the Ubii, he devastated the lands of the Suevi, and, on his return to Gaul, he laid waste the lands of the Eburones. This year was marked by a general uprising of Gaul. Even the Haedui, the former friends of the Romans, joined in the general revolt. At the head of the insurgents was Vercinge- torix, the chief of the Arverni, and by far the best general Caesar had ever met in his Gallic campaign. Caesar's success in this, as in all his campaigns, was due to the unexampled rapidity of his movements. With incredible celerity he concentrated his forces and attacked the enemy before they were aware of his presence. After capturing several towns, he attacked Vercingetorix, who had strongly fortified himself at Gergovia (near Clermont). Caesar was unsuccessful in his attempt to take this town. Vercingetorix then took up his position at Alesia, but Caesar finally compelled its surrender, and soon after the Arverni and Haedui surrendered. The last campaign was spent by Caesar in reducing several of the minor states, and in employing himself with the details of the pacification of Gaul. His policy towards the Gauls was conciliatory, and after so many years of fighting, Caesar left the province of Gaul loyal to the Roman cause, and patiently submissive to the Roman yoke. Seventh Campaign 52 B.C. B. VII. Eighth Campaign 57 B.C. B. VIII. INTRODUCTION III Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul While these stirring events were occurring in Gaul, equally stirring events were taking place at Rome. The conference at Luca was a hollow truce, and it was evident that a . rupture was imminent. The first break in the link that bound the triumvirate together was the death of Julia, the j^ a J daughter of Caesar arid wife of Pompey. Another link was 5 & B -C- broken by the death of Crassus who was slain at Carrhae in Death of an expedition against the Parthians. By his removal the state was now at the mercy of Caesar and Pompey. While Caesar, however, was actively reducing the province of Gaul and gaining fresh laurels with every conquest, Pompey, instead of setting out to his province of Spain, remained inactive in the city resting on the honors he had gained in the Mithridatic war. The state of affairs at Rome showed clearly the need of an Need of a absolute ruler to put down the lawlessness that prevailed. 8tron 9 ruler During the years 54 B.C. and 53 B.C., bloody brawls had been of frequent occurrence between the two old foes Clodius and Milo and their hired gladiators. Finally Clodius was slain. During the funeral of Clodius, the senate-house was burned, and in consequence of the constant riots of the two factions the Senate met and appointed Pompey sole consul. Milo was tried and sent to Massilia. Pompey now became the sturdy supporter of the aristo- cratic party. After the death of Julia he married Cornelia, daughter of Metellus Scipio, whom he had as his colleague Breaks with in the consulship in the following August. Pompey now Pompey brought forward an old law that no one could become consul while absent from Rome. This would have compelled Caesar to resign his command at the end of 49 B.C. At the same time Pompey would, by virtue of the agreement made at the conference of Luca, still be at the head of the army, since his term of office would not expire till a year after the expiration of the time of Caesar's command. Marcellus, the consul, also proposed that Caesar should give up his military power since all Gaul had been subdued. Cato, 10 INTRODUCTION Final order of the Senate Caesar crosses the Rubicon Pompey flees to Greece the uncompromising foe of Caesar, also declared that in case Caesar should appear in Rome, he would bring him up for trial for his acts in Gaul. The quarrel was evidently begun by the Senate and not by Caesar. It would have been in vain for Caesar to give up his command and retire into private life while Pompey was invested with the imperium and at the head of his legions at Rome. The tribune Curio laid before the Senate the proposal of Caesar, that the latter would disband his legions if Pompey would do the same. The proposal was made on January 1st, 49 B.C., when the new consuls, L. Cornelius Lentulus, and C. Claudius Marcellus, took office. With difficulty Marc Antony (afterwards the triumvir), and L. Cassius Longinus, at that time tribunes of the plebs, obtained a hearing for the proposal of Caesar. At length, after a stormy debate, the motion was passed "that Caesar should disband his soldiers by a certain day, and if he did not, he should be declared a public enemy." This meant a declaration of war. Five days after the consuls were invested with dictatorial power, and Pompey was appointed to carry on the war in case Caesar did not obey. Caesar was at Ravenna when the news of the action of the Senate reached him. He was not long in maturing his plans. At midnight he left Ravenna with one legion and crossed the Rubicon, a small stream that divided his province from Italy proper. To do so without the permission of the Senate was equivalent to a declaration of war. Town after town succumbed to him, and by the beginning of February he had Umbria and Picenum at his feet. To all opponents he granted amnesty. In this respect the conduct of Caesar in carrying on the war against his fellow-citizens was in striking contrast with his policy in his Gallic campaign. By the middle of February he was reinforced by two other legions from Gaul. Pompey and the chiefs of the aristocracy, on hearing the action of Caesar, were thrown into consternation, and abruptly left Rome. Pompey hastened to Brundusium and after- wards crossed over to Epirus. Caesar with his troops, which now numbered six legions, followed Pompey to Brundusium, but lack of ships prevented his further advance at that time. INTRODUCTION 1 1 He had now Gaul and Italy on his sitfe, and he decided to go over to Spain, which soon fell under his power. Most of the soldiers of Pompey's army in Spain enlisted under Caesar's banners. Having acquired possession of Spain, Gaul, and Italy, Caesar embarked in the beginning of 48 B.C. at Brundusium, and finally the two armies met at Pharsalia when Caesar, in spite Defeat of of disparity in numbers, gained a signal victory. Pompey ph^f/alia fled to Lesbos, to Cyprus, and finally to Egypt, where he was 4* B - c - treacherously murdered as he was being conveyed to the shore. Death of Caesar pursued Pompey to Alexandria. A dispute at th&t fompey time for the throne of Egypt arose between Ptolemy and his sister Cleopatra. Caesar sided with Cleopatra and established her on the throne. After settling the affairs of Egypt, he marched northward against Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, whom he defeated at Victory at Zela. His laconic despatch to the Roman Senate veni, vidi, vici is well known. By the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., he crushed the only opposition left of Pompey's party in that country. On his return to Rome he was made dictator for ten years. Returns to He then celebrated his four triumphs over Gaul, Egypt, Rome Pontus and NuYnidia purposely avoiding all reference to the civil wars. His dictatorship was marked by many reforms. In Spain an insurrection bi'oke out, which, however, he crushed by the decisive battle at Munda, 45 B.C. On his return he was granted a triumph. The Senate at once began Honors to shower honors on him. He was styled Father of his Caesar Country (pater patriae), statues of him were erected in the temples, his effigy was placed on coins, the month Quinctilis was changed to Juliiis. By his office of Imperator for life he was the supreme ruler of the Roman world. He was consul for ten years, dictator and praefectus morum for life and practically all the offices of the state were centred in him. It may be said that he used his power mercifully. No pi ans O t proscriptions followed his assumption of absolute power. Caesar His mind was bent on schemes for the benefit of the Roman 12 INTRODUCTION world. He proposed to codify the Roman laws, to establish public libraries, to enlarge the harbor of Ostia, drain the Pomptine marshes, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth. No doubt Caesar wished to perpetuate his power in his own family. Having no legitimate children, he made his sister's grandson, Octavius, his successor. He wished also to have the title as well as the power of king, and accordingly it was agreed that at the Lupercalia, Marc Antony should offer Caesar a diadem in public ; but Caesar, seeing that the people were opposed to this, refused to accept the offer. Cons irac Meanwhile a conspiracy was afoot. It was probably formed started by C. Cassius, a personal foe, and included upwards of sixty persons, many of whom had taken active part in the war against Caesar. Among the most prominent of the con- spirators was M. Junius Brutus, who had fought against him at Pharsalia, but was pardoned and had since been raised to the praetorship. It was arranged to assassinate Caesar 15th Caesar March the Ides of March. This plan was carried out, and ItitB.C. Caesar fell at the base of Pompey's statue pierced with twenty-three wounds. IV Character of Caesar Caesar's death was a loss, not merely to Rome, but to the civilized world. Had his master genius executed the plans he had .in mind, the whole of future history would have been changed. With his death were renewed those civil wars that brought carnage and disorder to the Roman world. Equally gifted as a jurist, statesman, historian and general, his versa- tility of genius was remarkable. His successes as a general were all achieved after his fortieth year. According to Cicero he might have been a great orator ; his Commentaries prove that he was a great historian. His true greatness is shown by the entire absence of vanity. Power he loved above all things, and in employing the means to attain this, he probably was no worse or no better than the other Roman political leaders of his day. INTRODUCTION 13 Works of Caesar (1) Extant; (a) Commentarii de Bello Galileo, in seven books. This work contains an account of the Conquest of Gaul, from 58 B. C. to 52 B. C. In the beginning of the first book we have the Conquest of the Helvetii mentioned, while the opening of the seventh refers to the death of Clodius as lately taking place. An eighth book was added by Aulus Hirtius, one of Caesar's officers, to complete the narrative. (b) Commentarii de Bello Civili, in three books. This gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the Alexandrine war. The history of the Alexandrine, African and Spanish campaigns was afterwards added in three books. Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexan- drine campaign; Oppius, that of the African; the account of the Spanish war was written probably by a Centurion of Caesar's army, according to Niebuhr, who discovers a change in style and expression from that of the other two accounts. (2) Lost Works; (a) Anticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato Uticensis, who fell at Thapsus, 46 B.C. (6) De Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, De Ratione Latine Loquendi, dedicated to Cicero, and written while Caesar was crossing the Alps. (c) Libri Auspiciorum or Auguralia, written 63 B.C. when Caesar was Pontijex maximus. (d) De Astris, written also 63 B.C. (e) Apothegmata or Dicta Collectanea, a collection of witticisms made at different times. (/) Poemata, nearly all written in his youth. To these belong (Edipus, Laudes Herculis, and Iter (describ- ing his going to Spain in 46 B. C. ). H INTRODUCTION Infantry Cavalry Acies triplex VI The Roman Army The legion (legio) numbered in Caesar's time from 3,000 to 5,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The infantry (peditatus) was divided into 10 cohorts (cohortes) ; each cohort into 3 maniples (manipuli), and each maniple into 2 centuries (centuriae). The cavalry (alae, equitatus) was divided into 10 turmae, each turma into 3 decuriae or squads. Generally, the effective strength of a legion was 3,600 infantry ; so that a cohort would number 360 men ; a maniple, 120 ; a century, 60 ; a turma, 30 ; a squad of cavalry, 10. The variation in number of the legion would arise from furloughs, sickness, losses in battle, for usually such losses were not filled by new recruits, since such recruits were usually formed into new legions. Legions were numbered according to their enrolment. The usual formation in battle was the acies triplex. Four cohorts formed the first line, three the second, and three the third, thus : 4 3 2 1 765 10 9 8 Light armed Artisans The men usually stood 10 deep, so that each cohort would have a front of from 30 to 40 men. We have no means of knowing the space between the different cohorts, or even between the maniples. The cavalry was usually posted on the wings (alae) ; so were the light-armed troops (velites), such as the slingers (funditores) and bowmen (sagittarii). Attached to the army were the engineers and artisans (fabri), often formed into a separate company under a chief engineer (praefectus fabrum). These were employed in building bridges, building vessels, constructing winter quarters, re- pairing weapons. When Caesar was in Britain, the fabri were scattered among the legions, and not formed as a separate corps. (B. V, 11.) INTRODUCTION 15 The artillery of the Romans (tormenta) consisted of large Artillery engines formed on the principle of the cross-bow. These were catapultae, ballistae, and scorpiones. The catapultae hurled large arrows and darts ; the ballistae threw large stones, while the scorpiones were smaller than the catapultae and had a less range. In sieges the battering-ram (aries) was often used. VII The Officers of the Army The officers of the army were : The Commander (imperator, dux belli) appointed by the Imperator Senate. He possessed the imperium, and his power was practically unlimited in the field. He usually received the title imperator after his first successful battle with the enemy. Under him were the legati or staff officers appointed by the Legati Senate. They were of senatorial rank, i.e., they had held before their appointment a curule office, as consul, praetor, chief aedile, or censor. The Senate appointed them and also determined the number. Caesar at first had six and after- wards ten. The quaestores were elected annually by the people. They QW^^^, were attached to the general or the governor of a province. They managed all financial affairs connected with the army, had charge of the money chest, paid the soldiers, provided the food and clothing. They corresponded to the modern quartermaster or paymaster. The tribuni militum were six in number to each legion, Tribuni appointed by the Senate. They were not all exercising this Mlhium power at once. Probably one held the command for two months. They kept the roll-call, attended to the levying, discipline, equipment of the troops, presided at court- martials, and took part in the council of war. The centuriones were sixty in number in each legion, and Centuriones were appointed by the general. The six centurions of the first cohort were admitted to the council of war. These were called primipili. The centurions carried a wand (vitis) as a badge of office. 16 Offensive armor INTRODUCTION VIII Arms Defensive armor The arms of a Roman soldier were of two kinds, offensive and defensive. (a) Offensive weapons. The regular soldier (miles legionarius) was armed with (1) a short sword (gladius), about two feet long and double-edged. It was kept in a light scabbard hung from a belt (battens) passing over the left shoulder to the right side. The other offensive weapon was (2) the javelin (pilum), a strong heavy pike, consisting of a square shaft of wood four feet long, into which was fitted a long slender iron shank ending in a barbed head. (b) Defensive weapons consisted of (1) helmet (cassis of bronze or galea of leather) surmounted with a white crest ; SCUTUM. CLIPEUS. INTRODUCTION (2) cuirass (lorica), or coat of mail made of leather or strips of metal fastened on the leather ; (3) shield (scutum) rec- tangular in shape, about four feet long and two wide ; made of wood, slightly curved, and covered with leather. In early days the clipeus also was used, but was discarded when the Roman soldiers received pay. The soldier had beneath his armor his tunic (tunica), a thick, sleeveless, woolen garment reaching to the knees. In severe weather he wore his cloak (sagum) of heavy, woolen stuff, fastened with a broach (fibula) on the right shoulder. Around his waist was a strong leather belt (cingulum). On his feet were heavy half-boots (caligae). IX Standards 17 Any standard was called by the general term signum. The standards standard of the legion was the eagle (aquila). This was of (i)Aquila gold, silver, or bronze on a wooden staff. It was generally carried by the first centurion (primipilus). To lose the eagle was regarded as the greatest disgrace. The standards of the cohorts or maniples were called signa. These were of (2) Signa various designs, sometimes a dog, horse, wolf, serpent, figure of victory, etc. The standard of the cavalry was called vexillum, a square or oblong banner. ( 3 ) Vexillum 18 INTRODUCTION X The Musical Instruments . The musical instruments of the army were (I) tuba, trumpet ; instruments straight and deep-toned, and used to give the order for the advance or retreat ; (2) bucina and cornu crooked, having a shrill tone, and generally used to indicate a change in the watch ; (3) lituus, formed like an augur's staff, and used for cavalry. XI The Army on the March The army on the march may be divided into : Divisions of ^ agmen primum, or van; (2) exercitus, agmen leyionum, army on the or main body; (3) agmen novissimum, or rear. The van was generally composed of light-armed troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay till the main body arrived. Themainbody, with the baggage train (impedimenta), followed. The rear consisted of cavalry, or light-armed skirmishers. The average march (iter justum) was from six to seven hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On a forced march (iter magnum) fifty miles were often covered. On the march the legionary carried his pack (sarcina), in which he had to carry his corn (frumentum), cooking utensils vasa), his arms, blanket, and two stakes (valli). XII The Army in Camp Metatores When an army was on the march, men (metatores) were sent forward to select a place suitable for a camp. If possible, high ground (locus superior) was selected. The camp was square or oblong. An embankment (vallum), formed from the ground thrown up from the ditch (fossa), surrounded the Gates o/fce cam P' The camp had four gates : (1) porta praetoria, near Camp the praetorium, or the general's tent, facing the enemy ; (2) porta decumana, opposite to this ; (3) porta principaK$ INTRODUCTION 19 sinistra, on the left ; (4) porta principalis dextra, on the right. Connecting the two latter was the via principalis, and parallel to the street was the via quintana. Connecting the porta praetoria and porta decumana was the via praetoria. The subjoined cut will explain this. PLAN OF A CONSULAR CAMP Vallun? el ey^er R R 200 ?00 200 bO 100 100 SObO 1 00 bO 100 SO SO 100 100 50 00 800 This is the camp described by Polybius : The lines across the cavalry, etc., denote the divisions of troops or maniples. A Praetorian gate. B Decuman gate. C Porta principalis si- nistra. D Porta principalis dex- tra. E Praetorium. H Roman cavalry. I Triarii. K Principes and Velites. L Hastati and Velites. M Cavalry of allies. N Infantry of allies. O Consul's and Quaes- tor's horse guards. P do. foot guards. Q Extraordinary cavalry of the allies. R do. foot of the allies. S Strangers and occa- sional allies. 123456789 10 11 12 The twelve tribunes. abcdefghijkl, The prefects of allies. *** The figures on the rieht, and bottom, are the measures of length in feet. The average pay of the legionary in Caesar's time was 12| cents; that of the centurion was 25 cents. Often their pay was increased from the sale of booty. C. JULII CAESARIS COMMENTARIORUM DE BELLO GALLICO LIBER QUARTUS Caesar determined to invade Britain ; his reasons for crossing. 20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod jf ^mnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata f^'jjr auxilia intellegebat ; et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset et genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, adjtus cognovisset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enjm tejmere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimara atque eas regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitude, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque NOTE. The numeral after a verb shows the conjugation. If a verb is regular, the conjugation is simply indicated. exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small. deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr., reUquus, -a, -urn, adj. , remaining. septentriones, -um, M., the seven perspirio, 3, -spexi, -spectum, stars forming the constella- v. tr., observe, become tion of the Great Bear, hence thoroughly acquainted with. the North. aditus, us, M., approach, landing verge, 3, no pf ., no sup. , incline, place. slope. incognitus, -a, -um, adj. , un- maturus, -a, -um, adj., early. known. temere, adv. , without reason. proceed ' ' " tUm> V ' mtr " "I"' **. ttithw. incolo, 3, colul, no sup., v. tr., submmistro, 1, furnish secretly. live i n> inhabit. 20 CAESAR B:G. iv, 21 21 quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat. Sends Volusenus, who returns and reports to him. 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum' faceret, idoneurn esse arbitratus, Caium Yolusenum cum navi longa praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quarn primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan- niam trajectus. / Hue naves undique ex finitiniis regionibus, et quam superiore aestate ad Yeneticum bellum effecerat classem, jubet convenire. Interim, consilio ejus cognito, et per faj mercatores perlato ad Britaniios, a compluribus ejus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus, hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit ; et cum iis una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem .usus, us, M., experience. complures, -pluria, adj., pi., institutum, -I, N. , custom, usage. several. reperio, 4, repperi, repertum, v. polliceor, 2, pollicitus, v. dep., tr., find out, learn. promise. obtempero, 1 (governs dat. ), obey, cognosce, 3, cognovi, cognitum, liberaliter, adv., kindly. v. tr., learn, ascertain. sententia, -ae, F., feeling, senti- mando, 1, v. intr. (governs dat.), ment. command, instruct. una, adv. ; una cum, along with. explore, 1, v. tr., investigate. Atrebates, -ium, M., pi., the At- inde, adv., thence, from that rebates. point. constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutum, trajectus, us, M., passage. v. tr., establish. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. probo, 1, v. tr., approve of. tr., carry through, report. fidelis, -e, adj., faithful. 9 CAESAR B. G. IV, 22 ft / ^ arbitrabatur, cuj usque auctoritas in iis regionibusi magni habebatur, mitt it. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitatesrA iM horteturque, ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, sequeL celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus, perspectjs region- ibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, (qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderetj quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat. Caesar levies hostages from the Morini. 22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod . . ' homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum ( populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollicerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, . jft^4ieque belli gerendi propter anni temj)us facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britaimiae anteponendas judicabat, magnum iis obsidum numerum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. Navibus magni (gen. of value), of great value. habeo, 2, v. tr., hold, consider, facultas, -atis, F., opportunity. egredior, -di, egressus, v. dep., go out, disembark, committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr., intrust. audeo, 2, ausussum, v. semi-dep., dare. excuse, 1, v. tr., excuse, justify, consuetude, -inis, F., custom, impentus, -a, -um (governs gen.), adj., unacquainted with. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. opportune, adv., opportunely. accido, 3, accidi, v. intr., happeni accidit, accidere, accidit, v. im- pers., it happens. tergum, -I, N. , back. relinquo, 3, -liqul, -lictum, v. tr., leave, leave behind. tantulus, -a, -um, adj., trifling. occupatio, -onis, F., business, en- gagement. antepono, 3, -posul, -positum, v. tr., place before, prefer. judico, 1, v. tr., judge, decide. CAESAR B. 15. IV, 23 circiter octoginta oiierariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quicquid praeterea* navium longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis, prae- * -/:/ fectisque distribuit. Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae Haves, quae ex eo loco ab millibus passuum octo vento tene- bantur, quorainus in eundum portum pervenire possent ; has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum Quiiito Titurio Sabino et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Moririorum, ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. Publium Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrabatur, por- tum tenere jussit. Caesar reaches Britain. 23. His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatera, tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi et naves coriscendere et se sequi jussit. A quibus cum id paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse bora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr., force, collect. contraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr. , bring together. existimo, 1, v. intr., think, con- sider. praeterea, adv., besides. quaestor, -oris, M. , quarter-master. praefectus, -i, M., captain. distribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., divide. accede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., am added. nanciscor, . 3, nactus, v. dep., obtain, terapestas, -atis, F., storm, weather. solvo, 3, solvi, solutum, v. tr., loosen, set sail. conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., go on board. paulo, adv., a little, tarde, adv., slowly, administro, 1, v. tr., carry out. attingo, 3, attigi, no sup., v. tr., reach. expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr. , draw up. 24 CAESAR B. G. iv, 24 copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec erat natura : adeo montibus augustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adjici posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum arbitratus locum, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim, legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit, monuit- que, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postu- larent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberentJ ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarenturj His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. The natives attack the Romans. 24. At barbari, coiisilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi armatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as an adj., armed, conspicio, 3, -spexl, -spectum, v. tr., observe, espy. natura, -ae, F., character, adeo, adv., so, to such an extent. angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow, precipitous, contineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr. , hem in. adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., throw upon. nequaquam, adv., by no means. ancora, -ae, F., anchor. fio, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg. , be done, ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show, point out. ratio, -onis, F., method, maxime, adv., especially, instabilis, -e, adj.. unsteady, motus, -us, M., motion, nutus, -us, M., nod. ventus, -I, M., wind, aestus, -us, M., tide, tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum, v. tr., raise up, weigh. apertus, -a, -um, adj., open, planus, -a, -um, adj., level. at, conj., but. essedaril, -orum, M., pi., chari- oteers. plerumque, adv., generally. consuesco, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v. intr., become accustomed. CAESAR B. G. IV, 25 25 prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant; militibus autem, ignotis locis, ,imgeditis manibus, ^-4A magno et gravi armorum onere opgressis, \imul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ; cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam progress!, omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis, audacter tela conjicerent, et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque hujus onmino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in 5^/M pedestribus uti proeliis consueverant, utebantur. Caesar's device ; bravery of the standard-bearer of the 10th legion ; Roman 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum . et species erat bat>aris inusitatior et motus ad usum ex-^~ w " - **&Q>- peditjor, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus, et remis ( _ prohibeo, 2, v. tr., prevent, ignotus, -a, -urn, adj., unknown, impeditus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as adj., hampered, opprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressum, crush, weigh down, simul, adv., at one and the same time, desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr., leap down. fluctus, -us, M., wave, consisto, 3, -stiti, no sup. , come to a stand. aridus, -a, -um, dry. paululum, adv., a short distance, progredior, -dl,-gressus, advance, membrum, -I, N., limb, expedltus, -a, -um, adj., free, conjicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., throw, hurl. insuefactus, -a, -um, adj., trained, incite, 1., spur on. omnmd, adv., wholly, imperitus, -a, -um (governs gen. ), adj., unskilled in. alacritas, -atis, F., eagerness, studium, -I, N., zeal, pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot, on land. animadverto, 3, -vertl, -versum, v. tr. , notice. species, -ei, F., appearance. inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., strange, unfamiliar, paulum, adv., a little, a short distance. removed, 2, -movi, -motum, v. tr., remove, remus, -I, M., oar. If* '. M 26 CAESAR B. G. IV, 26 v v> f incitari, et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fimdis, sagittis, tormeiitis hostes propelli ac summoveri jussit; ^ ty quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, et navium figura p et remorum motti et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, | f barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atque, nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter alt- itudinem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, con- /J testatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret: "Desilite,"lft/ inquit, " commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere; ego certe meum reipublicae atque imperatori officium prae- stitero." Hoc cum magna voce dixisset, ex navi se projecit, ^ atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri, cohortati a.^ inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspex- issent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt. Rout of the enemy. 26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare iieque firmiter insistere rieque funda, -ae, F., sling. praesto, 1, -stiti, -stitum, v. tr., tormentum, -I, N., engine. show, perform. propello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., projicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., drive forward. throw forward. summoveo, 2, -movi, -motum, dedecus, -ons, N., disgrace. v. tr., dislodge. admitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr., figura -ae, F., shape. universi, -ae, -a, adj. pi., all to- cunctor, 1 , v. dep. , waver, hesitate. gether ^ in R body j altitude, -inis, F., height. itenij adv ? i ikew i S e. contestor, 1, v. dep., invoke. appropinquo, 1 (governs dat.), evenio, 4, -venl, -ventum, v. intr. , approach. turn out, happen. commilito, -onis, M. , comrade. uterque, utraque, utrumque, pro. prodo, 3, prodidi, proditum, v. adj., either, both. tr., betray. ordo, -inis, M., rank, certe, adv., at least. firmiter, adv., steadily. officium, -I, N., duty. insisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., stand. f CAESAR B. G. IV, 27 27 signa subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscum- que signis occurrerat, [se aggregabat,! magno opere perturba- bantur. Hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, iricitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsiste- bant, alii ab latere aperto in universos tela conjicie'bant. ^ Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri jussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, iis subsidia submittebat. Nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes impetima fecerunt, atque eos in fugam dederuiit; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unuin ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. Several states submit to Caesar. 27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legates de pace miserunt, obsides daturos quaeque imperasset sese facturos polliciti sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern quicumque, quaecumque, quod- adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., cumque, rel. pron. , whoever, attack, whatever. scapha, -ae, F. , light boat. signum, -I, N., standard. speculatorius, -a, -um, adj., spy, occurro, 3, -curri, -cursum (gov- scouting. erns dat. ), meet. navigium, -I, M. , boat. aggrego, 1, v. tr., join, unite. compleo, 2, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr., perturbo, 1, v. tr., disorder, throw fill, man. into confusion. laboro, 1, v. intr., be in trouble. vero, conj., but, on the other subsidium, -I, N., support, re- hand, inforcement. vadum, -I, N., ford. pristiniis, -a, -um, adj., former. aliquis, aliquae, aliquid, adj. desum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., (gov- prou., an} 7 . erns dat.), am lacking. singularis, -e, adj., singly. . 28 CAESAR B. G. iv, 58 ~ supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo imperatoris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula conjecerant : turn, proelio facto, remiserunt et in petenda pace ejusjrei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur, petiverunt. J Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere impru- dentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ; quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros jus,serunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. of Fate of the eighteen cavalry troop ships. 28. His rebus pace confirmata,' postjdiem quartum,/ quam' est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodecim, de quibus "supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae ,et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut - supra, adv., above. queror, querl, questus, v. dep., demonstro, 1, v. tr., show, point ^complain. ou ^. ultro, adv., of one's own accord. modo, in the manner of. continens, -ntis, (sc. terra) con- tineiit. mandatum, -i, K, order. arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arcessltum, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr. , v. tr. , send for, summon. deliver. remigro, 1, v. intr., go back, comprehendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., return. seize. commendo, 1, v. tr., intrust, vinculum, -I, N., chain, culpa, -ae, F., blame, fault. confirmo, 1, v. tr., establish. . . lenis, -e, adj., gentle. ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotum, v. coonor, -onn, -ortus, v. dep., mtr., (governs dat.) pardon. A CAESAR B.'G. IV, 29 29 nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant projectae, referrentur ; aliae ad inferiorem parfcem insulae, quae est propius /soils occasuim magno Tsui Jcurn periculo dejicerentur : quae tamen, ancoris jactis, cum fluctibus ^ ~~/ complerentur, necessario ad versa nocte in altum provectae *' continentem petierunt. A storm and high tides wreck Caesar's transports. 29. Eadera nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos Jin Oceano efficere consuevit, nos- ""fcrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transpprtandum curaverat, quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus compleverat ; et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent -funibus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus r. reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas eas usui sunt, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumenturn his in locis in hiemem provisum non erafc. eddem, adv. , to the same place. frango, 3, fregi, fractum, v. tr., necessario, adv., of necessity. wreck, shatter. proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr., funis, -is, M., rope, cable. carry forward, carry out. armamentum, -I, N., tackle. inutilis, -e, adj., useless. efficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., Perturbatio^omsF. panic. make, render. repat ' ' "' ' subduc6,3,-du X I,-ductum,v.tr., constat> const a re , constitit, v. draw up on shore, beach. imperg ? ifc ig agreed deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. oportet, -ere, oportuit, v. impers., afflicto, 1, v. tr., shatter. it behoves, ought. administro, 1, v. tr., manage. provided, 2, -vidi, -visum, v. tr., auxilior, 1, v. dep., aid. foresee, provide. 30 CAESAR B. G. IV, 30, 31 Conspiracy of British Chiefs. 30. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda con- venerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves 'et frumen- tum Romanis deesse intellegerent, et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscereiit, quae hoc >erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones trans- portaverat, optimum factu esse duxeruiit, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere, et rem in hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis, aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum con- fidebant. Itaque, rursus conjuratione facta, paulatim ex castris discedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt. Caesar suspects their intentions ; forms plans accordingly. 31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex colloquor, -loqui, -locutus, v. dep. , conf ido, 3, conf Isus sum, v. semi- converse, dep., trust. intellego, 3, -lex!, -lectum, v. tr., rursus, adv., again. perceive. conjuratio, -onis, F., league. paucitas, -atis, F., fewness. paulatim, adv., gradually. exiguitas, -atis, F. , smalluess. discedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr. , hoc,_for this reason. go awajj depart. factu, supine in -u, to be done. dam adv ^ secre tl y . rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war. commeatus, -us, M., supplies. reditus, -us, M., return. nondum, adv., not yet. intercludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. eventus, -us, M., accident. tr., cut off. intermitto, 3, -misl. -missum, v, nemo, ace. neminem, no one. tr -> cease, stop. postea, adv., afterwards. suspicor, 1, v. dep., suspect. transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., casus, -us, M., emergency, go across, cross over. subsidium, -I, M., resource. CAESAR B. G. IV, 32 31 agris cotidie in castra conferebat, et quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas ^utebatur; et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continent! com- porfcari jubebat. Itaque, cum id surnmo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, effecit. Sudden attack of the British. 32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumen- tatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum' in agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui prp portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari renimtiarunt, pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo ferret, Jin ea partejvideri, quain in partem legio iter fecisset. j Caesar id, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris"~initum consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci. duas ex reliquis in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi, atque aegre sustinere, et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela conjici animadvert! t. cotidie, adv., daily. ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., go into, affllgo, 3, --flixi, -flictum, v. tr., enter upon, form. shatter. succedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. materia, -ae, F. , timber. iutr. , take the place of. aes, -aeris, N., metal. arm5, 1, v. tr., arm. amitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr., confestim, adv., immediately. lose - procedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. commode, adv., conveniently. intr., advance. premo, 3, pressi, pressum, v. tr., frumentor, 1, v. dep., forage. press, press hard, suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion. aegre, adv., with difficulty, ventito, 1, v. intr., come often, sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr., come and go. hold out, withstand. static, -onis, F., outpost, guard. confertus, -a, -um, adj., in close pulvis, -eris, M., dust. array, crowded together. 32 CAESAR B. G. IV, 33 Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento, pars una erat reliqtia, suspicati hostes hue nostros esse ventures noctu in silvis delituerant ; turn disperses, depositis armis, in metendo qccupatos, subito adorti, paucis interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant. The British mode of fighting. 33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes partes perequitant, et tela conjiciunt, atque ipso^ terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant ; et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt, atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione demeto, 3, -messul, -messum, v. tr., reap. noctu, adv. , in the night time, delitesco, 3, -litui, no sup., lie hid, hide one's self. dispersus, -a, -um, p.p. p. used as an adj., scattered. meto, 3, messui, messum, v. tr., reap, occupatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as an adj., engaged, incertus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain, confused. esseda, -ae, F., chariot, circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, v. tr., surround. primo, adv., at first. perequito, 1, v. intr., ride through, slay drive out. deinde, adv., then, next, after- cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr., wards. collect - incendo, 3, -dl, -sum, v. tr., set on fire, burn. celeritas, -atis, F., speed. effugio, 3, -fugi, -fugitum, v. tr., antea, adv., before, previously. escape. duplico, 1, v. tr., double, demand constituo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., ... double. draw up, post. propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near, committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v. aequinoctium, -I, N., equinox. tr., engage, engage in. infirmus, -a, -um, adj., weak. fljt ^, ,v rf w CAESAR B ; G. IV, 37 35 nayigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse, idoneam tempestatem nactus, paulo post mediara noctem naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex his onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliquae, portus capere non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt. Sudden attack of the Morini. 37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter trecenti, atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti, primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jusserunt. Cum illi, orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt, atque amplius horis quatuor fortissime pugriaverunt, et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex iis occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes, abjectis armis, terga verterunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. subjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., circumsto, 1, -steti, -statum, v. place near, expose. tr., surround, incolumis, -e, adj., safe. nolo, nolle, nolui, v. irreg., not. . onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of burden ; wish, am unwilling. navis oneraria, a transport. orbis, -is, M., circle, infra, adv., below. defendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., de- defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., f en( j } protect. carry down. vulnus, -eris, N., wound. accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr., expono, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr., receive. land, disembark. posteaquam, conj., after, trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 300. vero, adv. conj., in truth, but, contendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. intr., however. proceed, hasten. conspectus, -us, M., sight, pacatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as abjici5, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., adj., at peace. throw away. 36 CAESAR B. G. IV, 38 Conquest of the Morini and Menapii. 38. Caesar postero die Titum Labienum legatum, cum iis legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent, quo perfugio superiore anno fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis .succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est. rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war. siccitas, -atis, F., dryness. palus, -udis, F., marsh, perfugium, -I, N., refuge. fere, adv., almost, about, potestas, -atis, F., power, frumentum, -I, N., corn; pi., crops, succido, 3, -cidi, -clsum, v. tr., cut down. abdo, 3, abdidi, abditum, v. tr., hide, conceal. hibernus, -a, -um, adj., winter, wintry ; hiberna, -orum, N., pi. (sc. castra), winter camp, winter quarters. eo, adv., thither. omnino, adv., in all. neglego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr., neglect. supplicatio, -onis, F., thanks- giving. decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., decree. W, CAESAR B'. G. V, 1 37 LIBER QUINTUS Caesar orders a fleet to be built. The Pirustae give hostages. 1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis imperab, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas possent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curarent. Earum modum formamque demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductipnesque paulo facit humiliores, ^ quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque/ id eo magis, I quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat ; ad onera ac multitudinem jumentorum transported am, paulo latiores, quam quibus in reliquis utimur marfbus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri, J' quam ad rem humilitas multum adjuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse, con- ventibus Galliae_citerioris peractis, in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat ~~ ut, conj., as. creoer, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent. quotannis, adv., yearly. commutatio, -onis, F., change, consuescd, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v. jumentum, -i, N., baggage animal, intr. , become accustomed ; beast of burden, consuevi, I am accustomed. actuarius, -a, -um, adj., driven by praeficio, 3, -feci, -fectum, v. tr. , oars (as well as sails), rowing, (governs ace. and dat. ), place fast sailing. over, place in command of. humilitas, -atis, F. , lowness. euro, 1, v. tr., care for (see general multum, adv., much. vocab.) adjuvo, 1, -juvl, -jutum, v. tr., modus, -I, M., measure, size. aid, help, forma, -ae, F., shape, plan. apporto, 1, v. tr., bring, onero, 1, v. tr., load. conventus, -us, M., assize, subductio, -onis, F., drawing up perago, 3, -egl, -actum, v. tr., on shore, beaching. conduct, hold, humilis, -e, adj., low. incursio. -onis, F., raid, inroad. eo, adv., for this reason. 38 CAESAR B. G. V, 2 certumque in locum con venire jubet. Qua re nuntiata, Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui cloceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demon- strant omnibus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorurn, Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certum diem adduci jubet; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imper- averat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. The soldiers praised for their zeal. Fleet ordered to rendezvous at Fortus Itius. v , .." 2. His confectis rebus, conventibusque peractis, in citeri- orem Galliam revertitur, atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, cir^uJ_ti^jOjnan^u^]^bej^ni,.singulari militum studio, in summa omnium rerum inopia, circiter sexcentas ejus generis, cujus supra demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti certus, -a, -um, adj., stated, de- Us, lltis, F., lawsuit, damages. finite, certain. aestimo, 1, v. tr., value, estimate, doceo, 2, -ui, doctum, v. tr., teach, assess. inform, tell. poena, -ae, F., punishment, publicus, -a, -um, public, common. penalty paratus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as adj., ready. ratio, -onis, F., account, claim. revertor, reverti, reverti, rever- injuria, -ae, F., wrong, injustice. suni) v sem i-dep., turn back, satisfacio, 3, -fed, -factum, v. tr., return. satisfy, meet. drcue6) .^ ^ . itum> y ^ go percipio, 3, -cepl, -ceptum, v. tr., & ^ take in, hear. , . ... nisi, conj., unless, if . . . not. singular*, -e, adj., remarkable, ita, adv., so. extraordinary persequor, 3, -secutus, v. tr., studmm, -i, N., zeal, enthusiasm. follow up, pursue. inopia, -ae, F. , want, lack, scarcity. arbiter, -tri, M., arbitrator, as- sexcentl, -ae, -a, num. adj., 600. sessor. supra, adv., above. CAESAR *B. G. V, 3 39 octo invenit instructas, neque multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint. Collaudatis mjlitibus, atque iis, qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit, ostendit, atque omnes ad portura Itium convenire jubet, quo ex portu commodissi- murn in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat, circiter millium passuum triginta a continent! : huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus ex- peditis quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant, neque imperio parebant, Germanosque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur. The Treveri and their rival chieftains. 3. Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu valet, magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix ; e quibus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum invenio, 4, venl, -ventum, v. tr., find, instruo, 3, -struxl, -structum, v. tr., draw up, build, equip, deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., draw down (into water), launch. collaudd, l,v.tr., commend, praise, negotium, -I, N., business, work, praesum, -esse, -fui, v. intr. (governs dat. ), be in charge of. fid, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg., am done, become, ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show, commodus, -a, -um, adj., fit, handy, suitable, convenient, trajectus, -us, M., passage, circiter, adv., about. videor, 2, visus, v. dep., seem, appear, expeditus, -a, -um. adj., free, ready for action, octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 800. concilium, -I, N., council, sollicito, 1, tamper with, stir up. longe, adv., by far. plurimum, adv., very, most. valeo, 2, v. intr., am strong, have power, tango, 3, tetigl, tactum, v. tr., touch, border on. principatus, -us, M., leadership, simul atque, conj., as soon as. adventus, us, M., arrival. 40 CAESAR B. G. V, 3 est, ad eum venit ; se suosque omnes in officio futuros, neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit ; quaeque in Treveris gererentur ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere, iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant, in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per medios fines Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed posteaquam normulli principes ex ea civitate, et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti, et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti, ad Caesarem venerunt, et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent, veritus, ne ab omnibus desereretur, Indutiomarus legates ad Caesarem mittit : Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur : itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seseque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum. officium, -i, N., duty, allegiance. consulo, 3, -sului, -sultum, v. tr., deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr., with ace. consult; intr. with fail, revolt. dat. consult for, consult the confirmo, 1, v. tr., assure. interests of. aetas, -atis, F., age. desero, 3, -serui, -sertum, v. tr., abdo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hide, desert. conceal. idcirco, adv. , for this reason, ingens (gen. ingentis), adj., large, quo, conj., in order that. huge, immense. nobilitas, -atis, F., nobility, initium, -I, N., beginning. discessus, -us, M., departure, instituo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr.,draw imprudentia, -ae, F., thoughtless- up, decide, begin. ness. familiaritas, -atis, F., intimacy, labor, 3, lapsus, v. intr., slip, friendship. glide away, revolt, privatim, adv., privately, indi- fortunae, -arum, F., pi., fortunes, vidually. interests, quoniam, conj., since. CAESAR B.*G. V, 4 41 Cingetorix honored and Indutiomarus offended. 4. Caesar, etsi intellegebat, qua de causa ea dicerentur, quaeque eum res ab institute consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britan- nicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. ^His^adductis, in iis filio propinquisque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, con- solatus Indutiomarum, hortatusque est, uti in officio maneret ; nihilo tameii seems, principibus Treverorum ad se convocatis, hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod fcumimerito ejus a se fieri intellegebat, tum/magni interesse arbitrabatur ejus auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cujus tarn egregiam in se voluntatem perspexisset. Id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr. } perceive, am aware. qua de causa, for what reason. institutus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as an adj., appointed, pre- determined. deterred, 2, v. tr., keep from, deter. consume, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptum, v. tr., spend. propinquus, -I, M., relative. nominatim, adv., by name, spec- ially, individually. evoco, 1, v. tr., summon. consoler, 1, v. dep., console, com- fort, cheer. nihilo secius, none the less. singillatim, adv., one by one, in- dividually. concilio, 1, v. tr., win over, re- concile. cum . . . turn, both . . . and. meritum, -I, N., service, deserts. interest, -esse, -fuit, v. impers., it is of interest, importance. magm mteresse, to be of great importance. egregius, -a, -um, adj., remark- able, signal. voluntas, -atis, F., goodwill. factum, -I, N., act, deed. graviter fero, am offended at, am annoyed at. gratia, -ae, F. , favor, influence. minuo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr., lessen. inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly, hostile. multo, adv., much. dolor, -oris, M., grief, resentment. exardesco, 3, -arsl, -arsum, v. intr., be kindled, burst forth. 42 CAESAR 13. G. V, 5, 6 Caesar prepares to sail. 5. His rebus constitutis, Caesar ad portum Itium cum legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit quadraginta naves, quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate rejectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse; reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus in- structas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit numero millium jquattuor, principesque ex omnibus civita- tibus, exlquibus 'perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur. Dumnorix gives trouble. 6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis consti- tuerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperil, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui graviter ferebant, /neque jrecusandi aufc deprecandi causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus rejicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr. , res novae, F. pi., new things, throw back. change, revolution. perpauci, -ae, -a, pi. adj., very accedebat hue quod, to this was few. added the fact that. loco, in the place of, as. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., report, offer. decree, determine, decide. dictum, -I, N., saying, statement, absum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg., am reciiso, 1, v. tr., refuse, object. absent. deprecor, 1, v. dep., protest, motus, -us, M., rising. audeo, 2, ausus sum, v. semi-dep. dare. una cum, along with. - hos P es ' ' itis ' M " S uest ' friend ' in primis, among the first, especi- P recs P recum ' P 1 - F ' ' ( see Vocab '> ally. prayer, request. CAESAR B. G. V, 7 43 petere contend! t, ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta, principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique coepit, uti in continent! remanerent; metu territare, non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse consiliuin Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis Mnteropnere, jusjurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, cominuni consilio administrarent. Hae'c a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur. Death of Dumnorix. 7. Qua re cognita, Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum, quibus- cumque rebus posset, Dumnorigem statuebat; quod longius ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prqspiciendum ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter viginti partim, adv., partly. insuetus, -a, -um, adj. (governs gen.), unaccustomed, unused, timed, 2, ui, no sup. ,fear, am afraid. religio, -onis, F., religious feeling, religious scruple, impedio, 4, v. tr.. prevent, obstinate, adv., resolutely, impetro, 1, v. tr., obtain a request, adimo, 3, -emi, -emptum, v. tr., take away, remove. sevoco, 1, v. tr., call aside. singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. , one by one. territo, 1, v. tr., terrify, alarm, spolio, 1 , v. tr. , despoil, rob. need, 1, v. tr., kill, murder. fidem interpono, pledge one's word, jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, N., oath. ex usu, in the interests of. communis, -e, adj., common, administro, 1, v. tr., carry out. tribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., assign, give. coerced, 2, restrain, check, amentia, -ae, F., madness, folly, prospicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., foresee, take care, take precautions. noceo, 2, v. intr. (governs dat.), injure, harm. S V 44 CAESAR B. G. V, 8 quinque in eo loco commoratus, quodfCorus ventus naviga- tionem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, /dabat operam) ut in officio Dunmorigem contineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus consilia cognosceret; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem, inilites equitesque con- L j[ sccndere in naves jubet. At, omnium impeditis animis, Dum- I * norix cum equitibus Haeduorum a castris, insciente Caesare, domum discedere ooepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar, intermissa \v profectione, atque omnibus rebus postpositis, magnam partem . equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit, I retrahique imperat}, si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici jubet, nihil jBic^se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim, revocatus, resistere ac s^ manu defendere, suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans, liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. UK, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at equites Haedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. Caesar's second landing in Britain, 54 B.C. 8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum millibus duobus relicto, ut portus commoror, 1, v. dep., delay. insequor, 3, -secutus, v. dep., Cdrus, -I, M., north-west wind. pursue, overtake, navigatio, -onis, F., sailing, navi- retraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr., gation. bring back. flo, 1, v. intr., blow. sanus. -a, -um, adj., sane. operam do ut, take pains to. pro sano, like a sane man. nihilo secius, none the less. praesens (gen. praesentis), adj., conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr. and present. intr., go on board. neglego, 3, -leici, -lectum, v. tr., insciens (gen. inscientis), adj. neglect, disregard. not knowing, ignorant. clamito. 1, v. intr., shout often, intermitto, 3, -mlsi, -missum, circumsisto, 3, -stetl, no sup., v. tr., stop, delay. v. tr., surround, profectio, -onis, F., departure. h" CAESAR K G. V, 8 45 tueretur, et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quern in continent! reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvitj et leni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermi cursum non tenuit ; et longius delatus aestu, orta luce, su sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem secutus, remis contendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vApriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remigandi labore^ongarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britynniain omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus : sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multi- tudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, amplius octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. tueor, 2, tuitus, v. dep., protect, defend. res frumentaria, F., corn supply. par (gen. pans), adj., equal. lenis, -e, adj., gentle, mild. Africus, -I, M., south-west wind. proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr., carry forward. sinistra, -ae (sc. manus), F., left hand, left. orior, orirl, ortus, v. dep., rise, arise. remus, -I, M., oar. qua (sc. parte), where. egressus, -us, M.. landing, land- ing place. admodum, adv., very. vectorius, -a, -urn, adj., adapted for carrying, vectorium navigium, transport ship. remigo, 1, v. intr., row. adaequo, 1, v. tr., equal, meridianus, -a, -um, adj. , mid-day, manus, -us, F., hand, band, annotinus. -a, -um, adj., of last year. privatus, -a, -um, adj., private, commodum, -I, N., convenience, advantage. amplius, adv., more (than), octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 800. 46 CAESAR B. G. V, 9 The Britons oppose his march inland. 9. Caesar, exposito exercitu, et loco castris idoneo cap to, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohorfcibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent, de te.rtia vigilia ad hostes contendit eo minus yeritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibusque Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse, noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias coiispicatus est. Illi, equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum ^ nacti egregie et natura et opere munitum, quern domestici belli, ut videbantur^ causa jam ante praeparaverant : nam, crebris arboribus succisis, omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta, et aggere ad munitiones adjecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr. , creber, -bra, -brum, adj. , frequent, land, disembark. numerous. con si do, 3, -sedi, -sessum, settle, succldo, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr., encamp. cut down. vigilia, -ae, F., watch. introitus, -us, M., entrance. eo, adv. , for this reason. praecludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. mollis, -e, adj., soft. tr., close, shut. deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. rarus, -a, -urn, adj., thin, few, in conspicor, 1, v. dep., see, behold. small bodies. repello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., propugno, 1, v. intr., fight. drive back, repulse. munitio, -onis, F., fortification. egregie, adv., admirably, excel- ingredior, -gredi, -gressus, v. lently. dep., go into, enter, domesticus, -a, -um, adj., domes- testudo, -inis, F., testudo (see tic, civil. Vocab. ) praepard, 1, v. tr., prepare before- adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., hand, throw up, throw against. CAESAR E.G. ,V, 10, 11 47 It longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignor- abat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munition! castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. Bad news of the fleet. 10. Postridie ejus diei, mane, tripartite milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui mmtiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta tempestate, prope omnes naves afflictas atque in litore ejectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. Labienus builds new ships. Cassivellaunus. 11. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere jubet ; ipse ad naves revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat, veto, 1, vetui, vetitum, v. tr., ejicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., forbid. throw out, cast. ignore, 1, v. tr., not to know, am funis, -is, M., rope, cable. ignorant of. subsisto, 3, -stitl, no sup., v. tr., make a stand, hold out. gubernator, -oris, M., pilot, mane, adv. , in the morning. steersman. tripartite, adv., in three divisions. pa tior, pati, passus, v. dep., en- expeditio, -onis, F., foray. dure, stand. aliquantus, -a, -urn, adj., some- concursus, -us, M., collision. what ; aliquantum, neut. sing., incommodum, -I, N., inconveni- some distance. ence, loss, damage. extremus, -a, -um, adj. , last ; ex- tremi, -onim, M. pi., the rear. resisto, 3, restiti, no sup., v. intr. prospectus, -us, M., sight, view. (governs dat.), resist, with- coorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., arise. stand. affllgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., litterae, -arum, F. pi., letter, dash down, shatter. despatch. 48 CAESAR B. G. V, 11 V I coram perspicitjisic ut\ amissis circiter quadraginta navibus, reliquae tamen renci posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continent! alios arcessi jubet; Labieno scribit, ut, quain plurimas posset, iis legioni-/ bus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat u _/v multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione conjungi. (Uo* In his rebus circiter dies decem consumit, lie nocturnis qui- < temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus, castrisque egregie munitis, easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem, unde redierat, pro- ficiscitur. . Eo cum venisset, majores jam undique in eum , ^ locum copiae Britannornm con venerant, \summa . mperl bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivel- launo; cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividitf quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter miliia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni huhc toti bello imperioque praefecerant. coram, adv., face to face, before one's eyes. perspicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., see, perceive. reficio, 3, -feel, -fectum, v. tr. , repair. negotium, -I, M., trouble. faber, -bri, M., workman. deligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr., choose, select. arcesso, 3, -cesslvl, -cessltum, v. tr., summon. opera, -ae, F., work, service. subdued, 3, -duxl, -ductum, v. tr., draw up on shore, beach. conjungo, 3, -junxi, -junctum, v. tr., join together. nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of the night. ne . . . quidem, not even. summa, -ae, F., whole ; summa imperil, supreme command. divide, 3, -visi, -visum, v. tr., divide, separate. continens (gen. continentis), adj., continuous, incessant. intercede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., intervene, occur. 49 The people. 12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoriajproditurm dicunt ; maritima pars ab iis, Sr qui praedae ac belli inierendi causa ex Belgis transierant (qui & omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus fbrti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi permanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multi- tudo, creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia ; pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plum- bum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia ; aere utuntur importato. Materia cuj usque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt tempera- tiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. incolo, 3, -colui, -cultum, v. tr., live in, inhabit. nascor, nasci, natus, v. dep., am born. memoria, -ae, F., memory, tra- dition. prodo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hand down. infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, v. tr. , bring against ; bellum infero, make war on. transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., go across, cross. infinitus, -a, -um, adj., boundless, conntless. consimilis, -e, adj., similar. pecus, -oris, N., cattle (collect- ively). aes, aeris, N., metal, bronze. talea, -ae, F., bar. ferreus, -a, -um, adj., iron. pondus, -eris, N., weight. examino, 1, test, weigh. nummus, -I. M.. coin. plumbum, -I, N., lead ; /plumbum album, tin. mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj., central. importo, 1, v. tr., import. materia, -ae, F., timber. quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef., pron., each. praeter, prep, (governs ace.), except. fagus, -I, F., beech. abies, -ietis, F., fir. lepus, -oris, M., hare. galllna, -ae, F., hen. anser, -eris, M., goose. gusto, 1, taste. fas, indecl. noun, right, divine law. alo, 3, alui, altum, v. tr., rear. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure. temperatus, -a, -um, adj., temper- ate. remissus, -a, -um, adj., mild. CAESAR B. G. V, 13 13. Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter millia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaiiiam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio trans- missus atque ex Gallia est in Britanmam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae appellatur Mona; complures praeterea minores subjectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continues triginta isub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percpntationibus reperiebamus,^nisi ; certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes vide- bamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum millium. Tertium est contra septentriones ; cui parti nulla est objecta terra, sed ejus angulus lateris maxiine ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc millia passuum octin- * genta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum. triquetrus, -a, -um, adj., tri- subjectus, -a, -um, p. p. p., used angular. as adj., lying near. angulus , -i, M. , angle. bruma, -ae, F. ( = brevissima, sc. appello, 3, -puli, -pulsum, v. tr., dies), shortest day, winter drive to, steer towards. solstice. sol oriens, rising sun, east. percontatio, -onis, F. , inquiry. merldies, -el, M., mid-day, south. reperio, 4, repperl, repertum, v. pertineS, 2, -ul, -tentum, v. intr., tr., find out. extend. mensura, -ae, F., measurement. occidens sol, setting sun, west. septingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 700. dlmidium, -I, N., half. circuitus, -us, M., circumference, transmissus, -us, M. , passage. vicies, num. adv. , twenty times, praeterea, adv. , besides. IP i CAESAR B. G. V, 14, 15 51 Manners and customs. 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta non sennit, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorern, atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capil- loque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se communes et maxima fratres cum fratribus parent- esque cum liberis ; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo^uaequd deducta est. More fighting,' a surprise ; death of a tribune. 15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas col- lesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis, cupidius insecuti, nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione humanus, -a, -um, adj., civilized. labrum, -I, N., lip. plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, pi. deni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., adj., most, the majority. ten by ten, ten apiece, sero, 3, sevl, satum, v. tr., sow, duodeni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. plant. adj., twelve by twelve, twelve lac, lactis, N., milk. apiece. caro, carnis, F., flesh. deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., pellis, -is, F. , skin, hide. lead away, marry, vitrum, -I, N., woad. casruleus, -a, -um, adj., sky-blue, blue. confttgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., horridus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful, strike, engage. frightful. compello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., aspectus, -us, M., aspect. drive, capillus, -i, M., hair. cupide, adv., eagerly. promissus, -a, -um, adj., flowing, nonnulli, -ae, -a, pi. adj., some. long. imprudens (gen. imprudentis), off rado, 3, rasi, rasum, v. tr., shave, one's guard. 52 CAESAR B. G. V, 16 castrorum, subito se ex silvis ejecerunt, impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae, perexiguo interrnisso loci spatio inter se, constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime perruperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur. Illi, pluribus submissis cohortibus, repelluntur. *\4}& British mode of fighting. 16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minos aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem; equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam ebnsulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut nunquam con- autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque e ~~r , ferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integ- rique et recentes defatigatis succederent. subsidium, -I, N., support, rein- cedo, 3, cessi, cessum, v. intr., forcement. go, withdraw, retreat. perexiguus, -a, -urn, adj., very aptus, -a, -urn, adj., fit suited. ., propterea, adv., for this reason; propterea quod, because. consisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, v. intr., consu i t 6, adv., purposely. take one's stand. desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr., audacter, adv. , boldly (audacius, leap down. audacissime). dispar (gen. disparis), unequal, perrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum, v. ratio, -onis, F., plan, method. tr. f break through. accedebat hue ut, to this was added the fact that. deinceps, adv., in turn. integer, -gra, -grum, adv., whole, dimico, 1, v. intr., fight, struggle. freghj vigorous . gravitas, -atis, F., weight. defatigatus, -a, -um, adj., wearied. CAESAR B. G. V, 17, 18 53 The Britons repulsed. 17. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus con- stiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et lenius quam pridie nostros 3 proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non ' absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt; magnoque eorum numero interfecto, neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia dis- cesserunt; neque post id tempus unquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt. Caesar crosses the Thames. 18. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram flumiriis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Kipa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita, ejusdemque generis sub aqua defixae ostendo, 3, -di, -sum (or -turn), v. colligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr., tr., show, display. collect, rally, leniter, adv., gently. protinus, adv., forthwith, pabulor, 1, v. dep., forage, pabulator, -oris, M., forager. advolo, 1, v. intr., fly at. aegr8? adv ? with difficu i t y. absisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., &c - tuSj adj ^ keep away from. . _ sudes, -is, F. , stake, quoad, conj., until. ' _ ' ' . confldo, 3, confisus sum, v. semi- P raef '> 3 ' ' flxl ' ' flxum ' v - *> dep., trust. fix or pl ace in front of - ^ 54 CAESAR B. G. V, 19 sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque, Caesar, praemisso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. i Tactics of Cassivellaunus. 19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni de- posita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, millibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra ser- vabat; paulumque ex via excedebat, locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat; et, cum equitatus noster liberius prae- dandi vastandique causa se in agros ejecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat, et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat, atque hoc ' metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant. tego, 3, texi, tectum, v. tr., cover, Silvester, -tris, -tre, adj., woody. protect. occulto, 1, v. tr., hide. perfuga, -ae, M., deserter. libere, adv., freely. exsto, -stare, no pf., no sup., semita, -ae, F., path, by-path. v. intr., stand out of. vagor, 1, v. dep., wander. mando, 1, v. tr., consign. patior, pati, passus, v. dep., allow. incendium, -I, N., fire. contentio, -onis, F., struggle. tantum ... quantum, as much. ..as, servo, 1, v. tr., guard, watch. as far... as. if* -LJLl+f~ CAESAR B. a. v, 20, 21 55 The Tnnobantes submit to Caesar. 20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens, Caesaris fidem secutus, ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cujus pater Immanueiitius in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legates ad Caesarem mittunt, pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab injuria Cassivellauni defendat, atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadra- ginta frumentumque exercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque rniserunt. So do other tribes. A British "town." 21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum injuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis, sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa con venire consuerunt. Eo proficis- citur cum legionibus; locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum im- petum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus ; multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong. legatio, -onis, F., embassy. adulescens, -ntis, M., young man. palus, -udis, F., marsh, swamp, vlto, 1, v. tr., avoid. * incursio, -onis, F , attack, raid, defendo, 3, -di, -sum. v. tr., de- paulisper, adv., for a short time. fend, protect. moror, 1, v. dep., delay, praesum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., am comprehend, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., at the head of, am in com- seize, arrest. mand of. imperatum, -i, N., command. 56 CAESAR B. G. V, 22 Four Kentish kings defeated. Cassivellaunus treats for peace. 22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeeraiit, Cinge^orix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuiitios mittifc atque his imperat, uti, coactis omnibus copiis, castra navalia de improviso^adoriantur atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruptione facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, siios incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continent! propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat, et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia penderet, constituit; interclicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. na.va.lis, -e, adj., naval. repentlnus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, improvisus, -a, -um, adj., unfore- unexpected. seen ; de improvise, unex- supersum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg. , pectedly. survive, remain. adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., extraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. attack, assail. v. tr., draw out, spend. nobilis, -e, adj., noble. vectigal, -alis, N., tax, tribute. incolumis, -e, adj., safe. pendo, 3, pependl, pensum, v. tr., detrlmentum, -I, N., loss, damage. weigh out, pay. maxime, adv., especially. interdico, 3, -dlxi, -dictum, v. tr., etiam, adv., also. forbid. defectio, -onis, F., revolt. CAESAR B.'G. V, 23 57 Caesar returns to Gaul. 23. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus, neque hoc neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quae milites portaret desideraretur ; at ex iis, quae inanes ex continent! ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus expositis militibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum caperent ; reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac, summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. depereo, -Ire, -il, -itum, v. irreg., exclude, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. tr., perish, am lost. shut out, prevent. navigatio, -orris, F., voyage. subsum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., ain commeatus, us, M., trip, relay. near. desidero, 1, v. tr., want, miss; necessario, adv. , of necessity, pass., am lost. anguste, adv., narrowly, closely inanis, -e, adj., empty. tranquillitas, -atis, F., calm. aliquamdiu, adv. , for some time. Sentence-Structure If you compare a page of Caesar with a page of an English History, you will readily see that the sentences in Caesar are much longer and consequently fewer than in English. In English the narrative consists largely of independent statements, and the sentences contain one or more principal verbs with very few participial or subordinate construc- tions. In Latin the ideas are not expressed in this detached style, but one main idea is chosen and the subordinate ideas are grouped around it in participial and subordinate constructions. The English Style is called the Detached Style ; the Latin Style is called the Periodic. In order to get a good idiomatic translation of a Latin sentence, it is often necessary to break it up into several detached sentences, and render Latin participles and subordinate verbs by principal verbs in English. Exercises in Translation A His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. Caesar IV, 23. Observe in the above extract : (a) There are five participles and one principal verb. (b) The different movements are stated in the order of their occurrence. (c) The one principal subject is maintained throughout. Translation : The officers were then sent to their various posts ; and now as wind and tide were both favorable at one and the same time, he gave the signal, weighed anchor, and after proceeding about seven miles from that point, moored his ships on an open and level shore. B Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda convenerant, inter se colloquuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse 58 CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE 59 intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognos- cerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum factu esse duxerunt, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant. Caesar IV, 30. Observe : (a) The position of quibus rebus cognitis as the introductory words. (b) The position of principes Britanniae as the subject, folldwed by the qui clause connected with it, also colloquuti describing the mode of operation. (c) The cum clauses, giving the reasons for the action, placed before the principal verb. (d) duxerunt, the sole principal verb. Translation : On learning these facts, the chiefs of Britain who after the battle had assembled to carry out Caesar's orders, held a conference. They perceived that the Romans lacked cavalry, ships and grain. They also ascertained the small number of our soldiers from the smallness of the camp. This was even smaller for this reason because Caesar had transported the legions without baggage. (Accordingly) they concluded the best thing to do was to renew the war, keep our men from (procuring) grain and supplies and prolong the campaign into winter, because they were sure that it these were overcome or cut off from return, no one would (ever) after cross over into Britain for the purpose of carrying on war. Consistency of Latin Style Examine : (a) Catesar, etsi nondum concilia eorum cognoverat, tamen legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Although Caesar was not yet aware of their plans, nevertheless he posted his legions in line of battle before the camp. (b) Barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, nostros navibus egredi prohibebant. When the plan of the Romans became known to the barbarians, they tried to prevent our men from landing. 60 CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE (c) Qua re impetrata, arma tradere jussi, faciunt. This request was granted ; and on being ordered to hand over their arms they do so. (d) Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos imperatoris mandata perferret, in vincula conjecerant. When he had landed from the ship and was delivering to them the orders of his commander, they had thrown him into chains. These sentences illustrate the compactness, brevity and consistency of Latin style as compared with the English. Latin as far as possible throughout the period or sentence (a) Makes the real subject the grammatical subject of the principal verb ; (6) Avoids change of subject ; (c) Places the subject at or near the beginning, thereby giving emphasis and prominence to it ; (d) Keeps a substantive in the same case. NOTES BOOK IV Chapter 20 exigua parte reliqua : abl. abs. , equivalent to a concessive clause introduced by etsi, co-ordinate with the next clause : " though but little of the summer remained, and in this district the winters set in early." Note that etsi occurs in Caesar with the pres., impf., and plupf. indie. ; never with the subj. ad septentriones vergit : Caesar means that the rivers of Gaul out- side the Provincia, i.e., in the part occupied by the Aquitani, Celtae and Belgae, have a northerly course. septentriones : properly the seven stars which form the constellation of the Great Bear, from septem, seven, and -trio = strio, star ; cp. stella = sterula ; German Stern, English star. Britanniam : probably from the Celtic, brit or brith, painted, from the custom of the inhabitants staining their bodies with woad (B. V, 14). The name Albion given to it by Aristotle (De Mundo, 3) is perhaps from Celtic alp, alb, high or white ; cp. Alpin, Albany (an old name for Scotland), Latin albus, Alpes. quod intellegebat : cp. B. Ill, 9, where he mentions the fact that the Nannetes and the Veneti sent for aid to Britain to carry on their war against the Romans. Dion Cassius says that Caesar's motive in crossing to Britain was simply this, to be the first Roman who visited the island. Suetonius attributes the expedition to avarice, mentioning the rich pearl fisheries as the inducement. bellis Gallicis : "in the wars against the Gauls." Either (1) abl. of Time When, or (2) Time 'within which,' H. L., 116, 3, or (3) Local abl. with in omitted, H. L., 119, 5. subministrata sc. esse : "had been secretly supplied." Note the force of sub in composition. si deficeret : "even though the time of the year should be insufficient for carrying on a regular campaign" : subj. in a subordinate clause in Oratio Obliqua, H. L. , 269, 8. Caesar started on his first expedition to Britain near the end of August (see note on Chapter 23). 61 62 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. magno sibi usui fore ( = futurum esse) : " it would be of great advantage to him": usui, dat. of Purpose, H. L., 228, 2. The clauses si adisset perspexisset cognovisset are subjects of fore ; the plupf. subj. represents the fut. pf. indie, in Oratio Recta, magno mihi usui erit, si adiero perspexero cognovero, H. L., 269, 8. loca, portus, aditus : note the Asyndeton. quae incognita : this statement is not correct. Caesar himself says (B. Ill, 8) : naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britan- niam navigare consuerunt. neque enim quisquam : neque enim implies an ellipsis, " and (we can readily imagine this) for nobody goes there without good reason." temere, at random, rashly, opposed to consulto. mercatores : may be either Greeks from Massilia (now Marseilles) or Romans from Provincia (now Provence) in Southern Gaul, who followed in the wake of the army to purchase booty and sell provisions. Gallias : the divisions of Gaul Belgica, Celtica, Aquitania. neque : join with reperire poterat. esset incolerent haberent uterentur essent : subj. in Indirect Question after reperire, H. L., 200, 4. Note that poterat implies repeated action ; potuit would have meant that he called the traders on a single occasion. Chapter 21 ad haec cognoscenda : join with praemittit. priusquam periculum faceret: "before running the risk," "before making the attempt." Note that the subj. mood expresses intention on the part of Caesar ; H. L., 260, 6. Observe the meaning of periculum, "trial"; cp. experior, ireipdoftai Tr&pa. C. Volusenum ; his full name was Caius Volusenus Quadratus. He held the office of tribunus militum and was employed by Caesar on several occasions. He aided in putting down Commius, king of the Atrebates, and as tribunus plebis in 43 B.C. supported Marc Antony. In B. Ill, 5, Caesar speaks of him in the highest terms in connection with the battle of the Nervii vir et magni consilii et virtutis : Commius is also mentioned, B. IV, 27 ; V, 22 ; VI, 6 ; VII, 76, 79. navi longa : ships of war naves longae were long and narrow, fitted for swift sailing ; ships of burden naves onerariae were bulky, with round bottoms, fitted for carrying as large a cargo as possible. NOTES ON C4ESAR B. G. 63 mandat : " he charges " ; mando implies confidence in the person intrusted with a commission. Morinos : The Morini inhabited the sea coast of Gallia Belgica. Their name is from the Celtic mor, "sea"; cp. Armorica. They occupied the district from the Scaldis (now Scheldt) on the east to the Samara (now Somme) on the west. Their chief town was Gesoriacum, afterwards Bononia, whence the modern Boulogne. The brevissimus trajectus was, of course, the Straits of Dover, which is 28 miles in width between Calais and Dover ; see note B. IV, 23. Veneticum bellum : this war was carried on in 56 B. C. , in conse- quence of the revolt of the Veneti and other states of north-western Gaul. Owing to the difficulty of getting at them by land, Caesar attacked them by sea and defeated them (B. Ill, 8-16) in the bay of Quiberon. Their chief town was Vindana (now St. Orient). ejus = Caesaris. per mercatores : H. L., 292, 5 (b). perlato : "reported." qui polliceantur : "to promise" ; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2. dare : for se daturos esse. The pres. infin. after verbs expressing hope, promise, undertake is an irregularity in good prose. The comic poets Terence and Plautus, sometimes use the English idiom. The pres. infin. may convey the idea that the promise will be at once fulfilled. quibus auditis : (1) abl. abs. ; or (2) possibly dative after pollicitus ; " making kind promises to them after they were heard." ut permaneret : " to adhere to that resolution" ; Substantive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2. Atrebatis superatis : the Atrebates, a people of Gallia Belgica, occupied what was once called Artois (probably a corruption of the name, but now called Pas-de-Calais). Others say that Arras (Flemish Autrecht) is ^corrupt form of the word. They were defeated by Caesar at the river Sabis (now Sambre) in 57 B. C. ( B. II, 23). A portion of them, after this defeat, crossed over to Britain and settled in the valley of the Thames, probably in Berkshire. The fact that Commius was king of the Atrebates on the continent may have influenced Caesar in sending him to treat with his countrymen in Britain. magni habebatur : " was considered of great value "; magni, gen. of Value, H. L., 290, 4. 64 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. huic = Commio. imperat civitates : construe imperat (ut) adeat civitates quas possit, " he order shim to visit (all) the states he can"; adeat, Substan- tive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2; possit, subj. in Oratio Obliqua, H. L., 265, 2; Primary Sequence, H. L., 198, 4, 5. The ut is sometimes omitted with verbs of ' command ' : B. Ill, 3, huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat. ' eo : " thither " = in Britanniam. ut fidem sequantur: "to be loyal to," literally, "to accept the protection of," seque : construe imperatque huic ut nuntiet se (Caesarem) celeriter esse venturum. perspectis regionibus : "after ascertaining the character of the country" ; so also cognoscere regiones, B. Ill, 7. quantum potuit : "as far as his opportunity allowed him," literally, "as much (of) opportunity as- could be afforded him." facultatis, Partitive gen., H. L., 287, 4. qui auderet : "inasmuch as he did not dare. " Causal rel. and subj ., H. L., 252, 4. navi egredi : Caesar uses both navi egredi and ex navi egredi. perspexisset : subj. in Indirect Question after Historic Present. quae, ace. neut. pi. of quis, quae, quid. Chapter 22 dum moratur : dum, meaning 'while,' always takes the indicative in Caesar, except in B. VII, 82. qui excusarent pollicerentur : "to excuse themselves and to promise"; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2. temporis : Descriptive Gen., H. L., 288, 5. This refers to the events mentioned in B. Ill, 28. After the rest of Northern Gaul had submitted to Caesar, the Meuapii and Morini suddenly attacked the Romans. homines barbari : "as barbarous people," "being (as they were) barbarians." nostrae consuetudinis : he refers to the mercy shown by the Romans to those who submitted to their sway. populo : dat. : the construction of bellum facere populo Romano is formed on the analogy of bellum inferre populo Romano, H. L., 229, 4. NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 65 fecissent: Virtual Oratio Obliqua, H. L., 253, 6. seque : construe pollicerentur se facturos ea quae imperasset : pollicerentur is co-ordinate with qui excusarent imperasset : plupf. subj. in O.O. representing the fut. pf. indie, in O.K., 'what you shall have ordered, we shall do,' H. L., 269, 8. hoc arbitratus : "Caesar thinking that this was a tolerably good streak of luck." Note that the pf. part, of a deponent verb is usually translated into English by a pres. part., H. L., 163, 2 (6), 3. quod volebat habebat judicabat : indie, as giving Caesar's own reasons, H. L., 252, 2. has anteponendas : " that occupation with such trifling matters should take precedence over (his expedition to) Britain," anteponendas (esse), H. L., 189, Gerundival Infinitive. sibi: dat. of Agent, H. L., 188, 4. Britanmae : dat. after a compound verb, H. L., 229, 5, Note. Britan- niae = bello Britannico. This condensed mode of comparison is some- times found in poetry : Shakespeare, Coriolanus, Act II, Sc. 2, 21 : His ascent is not as easy as those who = His ascent is not so easy as that of those who, &c. iis numerum imperavit : impero in the sense of "command" takes a dative of person "commanded" : meaning "levy, demand. from," it takes dative of person and ace. of thing. quibus : refers to the hostages ; eos, to the Morini. in fidem recepit: " he received under his protection"; see B. IV, 21. coactis contractisque : the first participle implies that the ships were collected under compulsion : the second that they merely assembled : "having been pressed into service and brought to one place." They probably assembled at Boulogne, which was also the rendezvous of the French under Napoleon I when he intended to attack England in 1802 A.D. duas legiones : the 7th and the 10th. quicquid navium longarum = omnes naves; fo