!§
CO
HENDERSON
Presented to the LIBRARY of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by
ESTATE OF THE LATE
PROFESSOR J.R.
COCKBURN
-
NEW
FIRST LATIN READER
BY
JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.
PRINCIPAL, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, ST. CATHARIHI
R. A. LITTLE, B.A.
CLASSICAL MASTER, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, LONDON
TORONTO THE COPP, CLARK, COMPANY, LIMITED
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand nine hundred and six, by THK COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
-
1048021
PREFACE
The prescription of work for Examination in Latin for Pass Matriculation for the years 1907, 1908, 1909, and for Junior Teachers' Certificates for the year 1907, and presumably for the years 1908- 1909, is denned by the Calendar of 1906-1907 of the University of Toronto as follows : —
Translation at sight of passages of average difficulty from Caesar, upon which special stress will be laid.
Translation from a prescribed portion of Vergil's Aeneid, with questions thereon.
Questions on Latin accidence.
Translation into Latin of English sentences to illustrate the common rules of Latin syntax, upon which special stress will be laid. The vocabulary will be taken from the prescribed portion of Caesar.
Examination upon a short prescribed portion of Caesar, to test the candidate's knowledge of Latin syntax and his power of idiomatic translation, etc.
The following are the texts prescribed : —
Caesar, Bellum Gallicum, Book IV., chaps. 20-38, and Book V., chaps. 1-23; Vergil, Aeneid, Book II., vv. 1-505.
Two papers will be set : (1) Translation at sight, Vergil and accidence. (2) Translation into Latin, syntax, and idiomatic translation from prescribed Caesar, etc.
An examination of the present book will show that these require- ments have been kept steadily in view.
This book contains : —
(1) Full introduction to the reading of Caesar.
(2) Text of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum prescribed, with vocabulary of the more difficult and unusual words at the bottom of each page.
iii
iv PREFACE
(3) Notes explaining fully every difficulty in the text with references to the New First Latin Book.
(4) Two sets of Exercises on the prescribed Caesar.
(5) Introduction to Vergil.
(6) Text of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II. The whole of Aeneid, Book II., has been given to meet the needs of those reading for Honor Matriculation and for Senior Teachers' Certificates.
(7) Full notes on the whole of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II.
(8) Upwards of fifty selected passages from Bellum Gallicum, I-VI., representing the most interesting and important parts of this great work, and also giving a running commentary of the whole.
(9) Complete Vocabulary, in the preparation of which special care has been taken.
The authors take this opportunity of expressing their gratitude to the many fellow-teachers who have so kindly aided them with hints and suggestions in the preparation of the book.
JOHN HENDERSON. 11. A. LITTLE. August 15th, 1906.
TO
REV. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, A.M.
"justissimus unus qui fuit et servantissimus aequi."
CONTENTS
I.— CAESAR PAGES
INTRODUCTION. — i. The Life of Caius Julius Caesar 1-3
ii. Conquest of Gaul 4-9
in. Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul 9-12
iv. Character of Caesar 12
v. Works of Caesar 13
vi. The Roman Army 14, 15
vn. Officers of the Army 15
vin. Arms 16, 17
ix. Standards 17
x. The Musical Instruments 18
xi. Army on the March 18
xii. Army in Camp 18
Text of Caesar 20-57
Sentence-Structure 58-60
Notes on Caesar ., 61-100
Exercises in Latin Prose 101-131
II.— VERGIL
INTRODUCTION. — i. Life of Vergil 133, 134
ii. Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas 135-137
in. Works 137-141
iv. Metre 141-145
v. The Trojan War 145, 146
vi. Story of the Aeneid 146-148
vii. The Contents of the Second Book 143-152
vin. MSS 153, 154
Text of Vergil , 155-182
Notes on Vergil 183-235
III.— SIGHT TRANSLATION . 237-275
IV.— VOCABULARY 275-330
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGES Map of Gaul ,
Caius Julius Caesar, from a bust in the Louvre ... .facing 1
Arms 16
Standards 17
Plan of a Consular Camp 19
Vergil, Horace and Varius at the House of Maecenas. . . facing 135
Paris " 146
Aeneas at the Court of Dido " 155
The Fates " 159
Minerva Bellica " 161
Laocoon " 162
Helen of Troy " 169
Flight of Aeneas " 172
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
INTRODUCTION
I The Life of Caius Julius Caesar
" The noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times' — SHAKESPEARE
Caius Julius Caesar1 was born July 12th, 100 B.C.2 He Birth was thus six years younger than Cicero, the orator, and than Pompey, his rival in politics and war. His family was not His family only one of the oldest but also one of the most respected of the patrician families of Rome. On his father's side, it traced its origin to lulus, son of Aeneas, the founder of the Roman line, and on his mother's side, it claimed, as an ancestor, Ancus Martius, one of the early kings.
Little is known of Caesar's father except that he held at Caesar one time the office of praetor, and that he died suddenly at Pisa, 84 B.C. To Aurelia, his mother, a woman of primitive Caesar's frugality in the management of her household, but charac-"1' terized by a lofty ambition and a firm belief in the noble destiny of her son, was entrusted the direction of his edu- cation. What the Gracchi owed to their mother Cornelia, Caesar owed to Aurelia. Mother and son showed mutual reverence, and undoubtedly Caesar's future life was largely affected by his mother's influence.
1A Roman citizen had regularly three names: the praenomen (Caius) answering to our Christian name, marking the individual : the nomen (Julius), designating the clan or gens : cognomen (Caesar) telling the family. Sometimes another cognomen was added for honorary distinction as Africanus to Publius Cornelius Scipio.
2 Mommsen argues that Caesar was born 102 B.C. His main reason for assigning this date is that the lex annalis which prescribed the minimum age at which a citizen could hold certain offices was observed in Caesar's case. By this law no one could hold the office of quaestor before he was 31, of aedile before 37, of praetor before 40, of consul before 43. By referring to the chronology of Caesar's life the plausibility of the argument appears. But (1) the law was often broken as it had been in the case of Pompey ; (2) Suetonius says that Caesar was 16 when his father died ; (3) Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian say that Caesar was 54 when he was assassinated.
1
INTRODUCTION
Related to Marius
Flamen Dialis
Marries Cornelia
Serves his first cam- pai'/n .80-78 B.C.
Goes to Rhodes 76-75 B.C.
Quaestor 68 B.C.
His aunt Julia was married to Caius Marius, who saved Italy in the war against the Cimbri and Teutones, and was the sturdy supporter of the popular party against the narrow senatorial faction led by Cornelius Sulla. Though aristocratic by birth, Caesar was no doubt led through the influence of Marius to side with the popular party.
At the age of 14, Caesar was appointed priest of Jupiter (flamen Dialis), and by virtue of this office he became a member of the sacred college and received a handsome income. In 83 B.C., at the age of 17, he married Cornelia, daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular party and the avowed opponent of Sulla. Soon afterwards Sulla returned from Asia and proscribed Marius and all his adherents. As the nephew of Marius and the husband of Cornelia, Caesar was especially an object of displeasure. He was ordered to divorce Cornelia, but refused to obey. Accordingly a price was set upon his life, and it was only through the earnest intercession of his friends that he was pardoned.
In consequence of having thwarted the will of the imperious Sulla, Caesar found it unsafe to remain at Rome. He went to Asia, where he served with distinction at the siege of Mitylene and in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of Sulla's death, 78 B.C., he returned to Rome to resume his studies.
Oratory and military skill were in Rome the two great avenues to success. To improve his skill in oratory, Caesar went to Rhodes, 76 B.C., to study rhetoric and oratory under Apollonius Molon, the most celebrated teacher of that time. On the way thither Caesar's vessel was captured by pirates and Caesar was detained till a heavy ransom was paid. During his detention he is said to have joined these marauders in their sports and to have told them half-jestingly that he would, when liberated, have them hanged. This threat he made good. Landing at Miletus, he collected a small fleet, captured them and brought them to Pergamus, where they were executed. He stayed at the school of Molon for two years.
Caesar began his political career in 68 B.C., by gaining the quaestorship, and by virtue of this office he was connected with the public treasury and entitled to a seat in the senate.
INTRODUCTION 6
In 65 B.C., he was elected to the office of curule aedile, which jjjjjjj' had charge of public buildings and the oversight of public 65 B. C. festivals and games. While holding this office he increased his popularity and also his debts by the costly gladiatorial shows which he gave. He also more than ever identified himself with the popular party by his devotion to the memory of Marius. He caused the trophies of that great commander, which had been destroyed by Sulla, to be replaced.
In 63 B.C., a year memorable for the conspiracy of Catiline, Pontifex ~ , , .» . ., maximus
Caesar was elected pontifex maximus against the strong ^3 B.C.
opposition of the optimates. This office, though not a civil office, conferred great power and dignity on Caesar. In 62 B.C., he was elected praetor, an office chiefly of a judicial Praetor nature. On resigning this office, he went to Spain, as pro- praetor, when he managed to gain money enough to pay off his enormous debts.
On his return from Spain, he united with Pompey and First Crassus to form the First Triumvirate. Pompey may be said virate to have been the representative of the aristocratic class ; 60 B-C- Caesar, of the democratic; while Crassus represented the monied interests.
In 59 B.C., Caesar became consul. To further cement the Consul union, Pompey married Julia, Caesar's daughter. During this year, Caesar passed an Agrarian law for the division of lands among the poor of Italy. The object of the bill was to restore to the peasant freeholders lands of which they had been dispossessed by the rich. He also caused to be passed a Laws passed body of laws called Leges Juliae, the object of which was to guard the rights of individuals, to secure justice in the courts, to improve public and private morality, and to obtain generally good government for the state. Before laying down his consulship, he procured the passage of a bill by _ „ which he was invested for five years with pro-consular powers over the two Gauls and over Illyricum.
INTRODUCTION
The Gauls
Danger from the Gauls
Caesar's Province
Roman
II
The Conquest of Gaul
The Gauls were a Celtic race, of the same stock as the Welsh, the Erse or Celts of Ireland, and the Highlanders of Scotland. When the Romans became acquainted with them, they were in a primitive state of civilization. They are de- scribed as a tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired race, nomadic in their habits, pasturing their flocks and herds, and paying little heed to agriculture. They dwelt in open villages or col- lections of primitive huts without fortifications. The clan system prevailed amongst them ; at the head of each clan was the chief, and they never got beyond this form of government. According to Mommsen, they had shaken all states but founded none. Though individually a match for the Romans in physical strength and personal courage, they had not the qualities to endure a campaign or to make any permanent use of their conquests. According to Cato, the Elder, they cared for little else than for wit and war. The influence of the chief depended on his fame as a warrior or his skill as an orator. They lived by plundering each other or their common enemies. They excelled, however, in horsemanship, and were active warriors, but were better fitted for aggressive than for defensive war.
The Romans had been defeated at the Alia in 390 B.C., and the city had been plundered and burned by this race. Again, in the days of Marius, it was saved only by the skill of that general at Vercellae, 101 B.C.
Rome had succeeded in gaining dominion over all the surrrounding nations with one exception. She had succes- sively got into her power Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Africa, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt. The only nation around the Mediterranean not under her power was Gaul.
Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina and Illyricum were the three provinces given to Caesar by the Senate. Gallia Cisalpina comprised that part of Italy north of the Rubicon and the Macro,; Illyricum included a part of Croatia, the whole of Dalmatia, Bosnia, and part of Albania; Gallia Transalpina included the whole of France, Belgium, and
INTRODUCTION
parts of Holland, Switzerland and Germany. In the southern part was the Provincia around the southern part of the Rhone. This was acquired by the Romans in 121 B.C., and Narbo Martius (now Narbonne) was made the capital of the Provincia, a word which still survives in the word Provence. The rest of Gallia Transalpina was divided into three parts. Aquitania included the country between the Pyrenees and the Garonne; Gallia Celtica the land between the Garonne and the Seine ; all between the Seine and Marne on the south and the Rhine on the north was called Gallia Belgica. The Aquitani were akin to the Basques; the rest of Gaul outside the Provincia was inhabited by people of Celtic origin, comprising about sixty tribes, which were always at war with each other or their common enemies.
Just before the days of Caesar two factions existed in the Parties in country, one headed by the Haedui, who were in league with the Romans, and the other headed by the Arverni and the Sequani. The Haedui, proud of the alliance with Rome, had been lording it over the others, and as a counterbalance for the support of the Romans the Arverni and the Sequani had invited the aid of the neighboring Germans.
The immediate cause of Caesar's departure was the news Cause of that reached Rome that the Helvetii were setting out from Switzerland on an expedition into Gaul, just as the Cimbri had done about fifty years before. They had left their homes, burned their towns and villages, passed through the^. territories of the Sequani and were plundering those of the Campaign Haedui. Their presence was a standing menace to the Roman 5p j Provincia. Caesar left Rome with five legions and by rapid
marches soon overtook the enemy and defeated them at Defeat of 'the
, Helvetii
Bibracte (now Autun).
Not con tent with protecting the Province against its invaders, Caesar now accepted the invitation of the Haedui to drive out of Gaul the Germans under Ariovistus. This leader had Ariovistus made overtures to Caesar to divide Gaul between them, but the proposal was rejected by Caesar. Ariovistus was Defeat of defeated near the modern town of Ed*!*, and the Romans by Arwmsttts their victory extended their territory as far as the Treviri.
INTRODUCTION
57 B.C. B.I1.
Defeat of the Nervii
Second The second year in Gaul was occupied with a war against the
Campaign Beigae. Alarmed at the encroachments of the Romans, the tribes between the Seine and the Rhine had formed a league against Caesar. Only the Remi were favorable to him. After reducing the weaker tribes, Caesar marched against the Nervii, one of the most warlike of the Gallic tribes, and fought a desperate battle, which was won only by his skill and personal daring. So signal was this victory that a public thanksgiving of fifteen days, an unprecedented honor, was granted to Caesar. By this victory all Eastern Gaul, from the Mediterranean to the English Channel, was now in the hands of the Romans.
Third During the spring of the third year in Gaul, Caesar saw
56*BPC*ffn clearly that his work there could nofc be completed at the B. III. expiration of the five years, which would end in December, 54 B.C. He did not wish to run the risk of having his policy reversed by the Senate as Pompey's had been in the waragainst Mithridates, nor did he desire to leave his veterans unprovided for, or to have the laws passed in his consulship ignored or repealed. There were now signs of the coming struggle. Cicero had already assailed the acts of the triumvirs and dissensions were arising between Pompey and Crassus. The influence of Pompey and the optimates was gradually being eclipsed by the brilliant successes of Caesar in Gaul. At c . Luca, Caesar held a conference with Pompey and Crassus,
at Luca at which it was agreed that Pompey and Crassus should be consuls for the year 55 B. C. , that Pompey should receive the command of the two Spains (Hispania citerior et ulterior) for five years at the end of 53 B.C., and Crassus the government of Syria for the same period, and that Caesar should remain in Gaul till December 31, 49 B.C., and that he should stand for the consulship of the following year 48 B.C. Caesar would thus lay down his consulship a year before Crassus or Pompey.
*n the third campaign Caesar completed the conquest of Gaul. He defeated the Veneti, a daring, sea-faring people of north-western Gaul. He then turned his army against the Morini and Menapii, two tribes in the neighborhood of Calais. Though the Gauls had been defeated, still the
INTRODUCTION
spirit of the nation was not broken, and only lacked an opportunity to rise against the conquerors.
The news on the German frontier called out Caesar earlier Fourth than usual during the spring of this year. The Usipetes and sf^c^ Tencteri, two German tribes, had been driven out of their B- IV- territories by the Suevi, and had crossed the Rhine with the intention of settling in Eastern Gaul. Caesar defeated them with great slaughter after detaining the ambassadors who had come to sue for peace. After this victory, Caesar decided to cross the Rhine to strike terror into the hearts Crosse8 the of the inhabitants. In ten days he built a bridge in the Rhine neighborhood of Cologne, and, crossing the river, remained about eighteen days on the eastern side. He then crossed back, broke down the bridge, and returned to Gaul. He then resolved to cross the channel and invade Britain. With
two legions (the seventh and the tenth), and eighty ships he Invasion of set out from Port Itius (probably Boulogne], and landed, 55 B.C. probably, at Deal. Beyond securing the submission of a few British tribes in the southern part of the Island, the invasion effected nothing, for the season was too far advanced to permit a regular campaign. A public thanksgiving of twenty days was decreed, not without opposition, for Cato proposed that Caesar should be given up to the Germans in consequence of his treacherous acts towards the ambassadors of the Usipetes and the Tencteri.
The expedition against Britain had flattered the vanity of Fifth the Romans. The island was said to abound with rich mines, and the sea with pearls. Here, therefore, was a rich field for Invasion of Roman enterprise. Accordingly he wished to complete conquest he had begun in the previous summer. Again he B- started from Port Itius with five legions and landed at the same place as in the previous year. The Britons had put in supreme command Cassivellaunus, chief of the Trinobantes, whose state lay north of the Thames. Caesar advanced north, crossed the Thames, probably above London, defeated the Britons, and advanced as far as St. Albans. After taking hostages and determining the amount of tribute Britain should pay yearly, Caesar returned to the Continent. Caesar's absence from Gaul had been attended with danger to the Roman cause, for a rebellion was maturing in Gaul. This
8
INTRODUCTION
Gaul
Stet.
Campaign 5SB.C. B. VI.
A second
Caesar helped to foster by arranging his legions at consider- able distances from each other — a policy he was compelled to pursue in consequence of the scarcity of corn in Gaul. Accordingly the Eburones, a Gallic tribe, attacked the camp Uprising in of Sabinus and Gotta and cut to pieces their command. They next besieged Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, who was stationed among the Nervii. Cicero was relieved by the timely aid of Caesar.
The defeat of Sabinus and Cotta had inspired the nation of Gaul" to make an effort to regain its independence. Caesar strengthened his army by levying two new legions in Cis- alpine Gaul and receiving another from Pompey, who was now at Rome. He defeated in turn several tribes in North- Eastern Gaul. As the chief of these tribes, the Treviri, had been aided by the Germans, Caesar determined to cross the Rhine again. After receiving the submission of the Ubii, he devastated the lands of the Suevi, and, on his return to Gaul, he laid waste the lands of the Eburones.
This year was marked by a general uprising of Gaul. Even the Haedui, the former friends of the Romans, joined in the general revolt. At the head of the insurgents was Vercinge- torix, the chief of the Arverni, and by far the best general Caesar had ever met in his Gallic campaign. Caesar's success in this, as in all his campaigns, was due to the unexampled rapidity of his movements. With incredible celerity he concentrated his forces and attacked the enemy before they were aware of his presence. After capturing several towns, he attacked Vercingetorix, who had strongly fortified himself at Gergovia (near Clermont). Caesar was unsuccessful in his attempt to take this town. Vercingetorix then took up his position at Alesia, but Caesar finally compelled its surrender, and soon after the Arverni and Haedui surrendered.
The last campaign was spent by Caesar in reducing several of the minor states, and in employing himself with the details of the pacification of Gaul. His policy towards the Gauls was conciliatory, and after so many years of fighting, Caesar left the province of Gaul loyal to the Roman cause, and patiently submissive to the Roman yoke.
Seventh Campaign 52 B.C. B. VII.
Eighth Campaign 57 B.C. B. VIII.
INTRODUCTION III
Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul
While these stirring events were occurring in Gaul, equally stirring events were taking place at Rome. The conference at Luca was a hollow truce, and it was evident that a . rupture was imminent. The first break in the link that bound the triumvirate together was the death of Julia, the j^a °J daughter of Caesar arid wife of Pompey. Another link was 5& B-C- broken by the death of Crassus who was slain at Carrhae in Death of an expedition against the Parthians. By his removal the state was now at the mercy of Caesar and Pompey. While Caesar, however, was actively reducing the province of Gaul and gaining fresh laurels with every conquest, Pompey, instead of setting out to his province of Spain, remained inactive in the city resting on the honors he had gained in the Mithridatic war.
The state of affairs at Rome showed clearly the need of an Need of a absolute ruler to put down the lawlessness that prevailed. 8tron9 ruler During the years 54 B.C. and 53 B.C., bloody brawls had been of frequent occurrence between the two old foes Clodius and Milo and their hired gladiators. Finally Clodius was slain. During the funeral of Clodius, the senate-house was burned, and in consequence of the constant riots of the two factions the Senate met and appointed Pompey sole consul. Milo was tried and sent to Massilia.
Pompey now became the sturdy supporter of the aristo- cratic party. After the death of Julia he married Cornelia, daughter of Metellus Scipio, whom he had as his colleague Breaks with in the consulship in the following August. Pompey now Pompey brought forward an old law that no one could become consul while absent from Rome. This would have compelled Caesar to resign his command at the end of 49 B.C. At the same time Pompey would, by virtue of the agreement made at the conference of Luca, still be at the head of the army, since his term of office would not expire till a year after the expiration of the time of Caesar's command. Marcellus, the consul, also proposed that Caesar should give up his military power since all Gaul had been subdued. Cato,
10
INTRODUCTION
Final order of the Senate
Caesar crosses the Rubicon
Pompey flees to Greece
the uncompromising foe of Caesar, also declared that in case Caesar should appear in Rome, he would bring him up for trial for his acts in Gaul. The quarrel was evidently begun by the Senate and not by Caesar. It would have been in vain for Caesar to give up his command and retire into private life while Pompey was invested with the imperium and at the head of his legions at Rome. The tribune Curio laid before the Senate the proposal of Caesar, that the latter would disband his legions if Pompey would do the same. The proposal was made on January 1st, 49 B.C., when the new consuls, L. Cornelius Lentulus, and C. Claudius Marcellus, took office. With difficulty Marc Antony (afterwards the triumvir), and L. Cassius Longinus, at that time tribunes of the plebs, obtained a hearing for the proposal of Caesar. At length, after a stormy debate, the motion was passed "that Caesar should disband his soldiers by a certain day, and if he did not, he should be declared a public enemy." This meant a declaration of war. Five days after the consuls were invested with dictatorial power, and Pompey was appointed to carry on the war in case Caesar did not obey.
Caesar was at Ravenna when the news of the action of the Senate reached him. He was not long in maturing his plans. At midnight he left Ravenna with one legion and crossed the Rubicon, a small stream that divided his province from Italy proper. To do so without the permission of the Senate was equivalent to a declaration of war. Town after town succumbed to him, and by the beginning of February he had Umbria and Picenum at his feet. To all opponents he granted amnesty. In this respect the conduct of Caesar in carrying on the war against his fellow-citizens was in striking contrast with his policy in his Gallic campaign. By the middle of February he was reinforced by two other legions from Gaul.
Pompey and the chiefs of the aristocracy, on hearing the action of Caesar, were thrown into consternation, and abruptly left Rome. Pompey hastened to Brundusium and after- wards crossed over to Epirus. Caesar with his troops, which now numbered six legions, followed Pompey to Brundusium, but lack of ships prevented his further advance at that time.
INTRODUCTION 1 1
He had now Gaul and Italy on his sitfe, and he decided to go over to Spain, which soon fell under his power. Most of the soldiers of Pompey's army in Spain enlisted under Caesar's banners.
Having acquired possession of Spain, Gaul, and Italy, Caesar embarked in the beginning of 48 B.C. at Brundusium, and finally the two armies met at Pharsalia when Caesar, in spite Defeat of of disparity in numbers, gained a signal victory. Pompey ph^f/alia fled to Lesbos, to Cyprus, and finally to Egypt, where he was 4* B-c- treacherously murdered as he was being conveyed to the shore. Death of Caesar pursued Pompey to Alexandria. A dispute at th&tfompey time for the throne of Egypt arose between Ptolemy and his sister Cleopatra. Caesar sided with Cleopatra and established her on the throne.
After settling the affairs of Egypt, he marched northward against Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, whom he defeated at Victory at Zela. His laconic despatch to the Roman Senate — veni, vidi, vici — is well known. By the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., he crushed the only opposition left of Pompey's party in that country.
On his return to Rome he was made dictator for ten years. Returns to He then celebrated his four triumphs— over Gaul, Egypt, Rome Pontus and NuYnidia— purposely avoiding all reference to the civil wars. His dictatorship was marked by many reforms.
In Spain an insurrection bi'oke out, which, however, he crushed by the decisive battle at Munda, 45 B.C. On his return he was granted a triumph. The Senate at once began Honors to shower honors on him. He was styled Father of his Caesar Country (pater patriae), statues of him were erected in the temples, his effigy was placed on coins, the month Quinctilis was changed to Juliiis. By his office of Imperator for life he was the supreme ruler of the Roman world. He was consul for ten years, dictator and praefectus morum for life and practically all the offices of the state were centred in him.
It may be said that he used his power mercifully. No pians Ot proscriptions followed his assumption of absolute power. Caesar His mind was bent on schemes for the benefit of the Roman
12 INTRODUCTION
world. He proposed to codify the Roman laws, to establish public libraries, to enlarge the harbor of Ostia, drain the Pomptine marshes, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth.
No doubt Caesar wished to perpetuate his power in his own family. Having no legitimate children, he made his sister's grandson, Octavius, his successor. He wished also to have the title as well as the power of king, and accordingly it was agreed that at the Lupercalia, Marc Antony should offer Caesar a diadem in public ; but Caesar, seeing that the people were opposed to this, refused to accept the offer.
Cons irac Meanwhile a conspiracy was afoot. It was probably formed started by C. Cassius, a personal foe, and included upwards of sixty persons, many of whom had taken active part in the war against Caesar. Among the most prominent of the con- spirators was M. Junius Brutus, who had fought against him at Pharsalia, but was pardoned and had since been raised to the praetorship. It was arranged to assassinate Caesar 15th Caesar March — the Ides of March. This plan was carried out, and ItitB.C. Caesar fell at the base of Pompey's statue pierced with twenty-three wounds.
IV
Character of Caesar
Caesar's death was a loss, not merely to Rome, but to the civilized world. Had his master genius executed the plans he had .in mind, the whole of future history would have been changed. With his death were renewed those civil wars that brought carnage and disorder to the Roman world. Equally gifted as a jurist, statesman, historian and general, his versa- tility of genius was remarkable. His successes as a general were all achieved after his fortieth year. According to Cicero he might have been a great orator ; his Commentaries prove that he was a great historian. His true greatness is shown by the entire absence of vanity. Power he loved above all things, and in employing the means to attain this, he probably was no worse or no better than the other Roman political leaders of his day.
INTRODUCTION 13
Works of Caesar
(1) Extant; (a) Commentarii de Bello Galileo, in seven books.
This work contains an account of the Conquest of Gaul, from 58 B. C. to 52 B. C. In the beginning of the first book we have the Conquest of the Helvetii mentioned, while the opening of the seventh refers to the death of Clodius as lately taking place. An eighth book was added by Aulus Hirtius, one of Caesar's officers, to complete the narrative.
(b) Commentarii de Bello Civili, in three books. This gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the Alexandrine war. The history of the Alexandrine, African and Spanish campaigns was afterwards added in three books. Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexan- drine campaign; Oppius, that of the African; the account of the Spanish war was written probably by a Centurion of Caesar's army, according to Niebuhr, who discovers a change in style and expression from that of the other two accounts.
(2) Lost Works;
(a) Anticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato Uticensis, who fell at Thapsus, 46 B.C.
(6) De Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, De Ratione Latine Loquendi, dedicated to Cicero, and written while Caesar was crossing the Alps.
(c) Libri Auspiciorum or Auguralia, written 63 B.C. when Caesar was Pontijex maximus.
(d) De Astris, written also 63 B.C.
(e) Apothegmata or Dicta Collectanea, a collection of witticisms made at different times.
(/) Poemata, nearly all written in his youth. To these belong (Edipus, Laudes Herculis, and Iter (describ- ing his going to Spain in 46 B. C. ).
H
INTRODUCTION
Infantry
Cavalry
Acies triplex
VI
The Roman Army
The legion (legio) numbered in Caesar's time from 3,000 to 5,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The infantry (peditatus) was divided into 10 cohorts (cohortes) ; each cohort into 3 maniples (manipuli), and each maniple into 2 centuries (centuriae). The cavalry (alae, equitatus) was divided into 10 turmae, each turma into 3 decuriae or squads. Generally, the effective strength of a legion was 3,600 infantry ; so that a cohort would number 360 men ; a maniple, 120 ; a century, 60 ; a turma, 30 ; a squad of cavalry, 10. The variation in number of the legion would arise from furloughs, sickness, losses in battle, for usually such losses were not filled by new recruits, since such recruits were usually formed into new legions. Legions were numbered according to their enrolment.
The usual formation in battle was the acies triplex. Four cohorts formed the first line, three the second, and three the third, thus : —
4 3 2 1
765 10 9 8
Light armed
Artisans
The men usually stood 10 deep, so that each cohort would have a front of from 30 to 40 men. We have no means of knowing the space between the different cohorts, or even between the maniples. The cavalry was usually posted on the wings (alae) ; so were the light-armed troops (velites), such as the slingers (funditores) and bowmen (sagittarii).
Attached to the army were the engineers and artisans (fabri), often formed into a separate company under a chief engineer (praefectus fabrum). These were employed in building bridges, building vessels, constructing winter quarters, re- pairing weapons. When Caesar was in Britain, the fabri were scattered among the legions, and not formed as a separate corps. (B. V, 11.)
INTRODUCTION 15
The artillery of the Romans (tormenta) consisted of large Artillery engines formed on the principle of the cross-bow. These were catapultae, ballistae, and scorpiones. The catapultae hurled large arrows and darts ; the ballistae threw large stones, while the scorpiones were smaller than the catapultae and had a less range. In sieges the battering-ram (aries) was often used.
VII
The Officers of the Army
The officers of the army were : —
The Commander (imperator, dux belli) appointed by the Imperator Senate. He possessed the imperium, and his power was practically unlimited in the field. He usually received the title imperator after his first successful battle with the enemy.
Under him were the legati or staff officers appointed by the Legati Senate. They were of senatorial rank, i.e., they had held before their appointment a curule office, as consul, praetor, chief aedile, or censor. The Senate appointed them and also determined the number. Caesar at first had six and after- wards ten.
The quaestores were elected annually by the people. They QW^^^, were attached to the general or the governor of a province. They managed all financial affairs connected with the army, had charge of the money chest, paid the soldiers, provided the food and clothing. They corresponded to the modern quartermaster or paymaster.
The tribuni militum were six in number to each legion, Tribuni appointed by the Senate. They were not all exercising this Mlhium power at once. Probably one held the command for two months. They kept the roll-call, attended to the levying, discipline, equipment of the troops, presided at court- martials, and took part in the council of war.
The centuriones were sixty in number in each legion, and Centuriones were appointed by the general. The six centurions of the first cohort were admitted to the council of war. These were called primipili. The centurions carried a wand (vitis) as a badge of office.
16
Offensive armor
INTRODUCTION VIII
Arms
Defensive armor
The arms of a Roman soldier were of two kinds, offensive and defensive.
(a) Offensive weapons. The regular soldier (miles legionarius) was armed with (1) a short sword (gladius), about two feet long and double-edged. It was kept in a light scabbard hung from a belt (battens) passing over the left shoulder to the right side. The other offensive weapon was (2) the javelin (pilum), a strong heavy pike, consisting of a square shaft of wood four feet long, into which was fitted a long slender iron shank ending in a barbed head.
(b) Defensive weapons consisted of (1) helmet (cassis of bronze or galea of leather) surmounted with a white crest ;
SCUTUM.
CLIPEUS.
INTRODUCTION
(2) cuirass (lorica), or coat of mail made of leather or strips of metal fastened on the leather ; (3) shield (scutum) rec- tangular in shape, about four feet long and two wide ; made of wood, slightly curved, and covered with leather. In early days the clipeus also was used, but was discarded when the Roman soldiers received pay. The soldier had beneath his armor his tunic (tunica), a thick, sleeveless, woolen garment reaching to the knees. In severe weather he wore his cloak (sagum) of heavy, woolen stuff, fastened with a broach (fibula) on the right shoulder. Around his waist was a strong leather belt (cingulum). On his feet were heavy half-boots (caligae).
IX
Standards
17
Any standard was called by the general term signum. The standards standard of the legion was the eagle (aquila). This was of (i)Aquila gold, silver, or bronze on a wooden staff. It was generally carried by the first centurion (primipilus). To lose the eagle was regarded as the greatest disgrace. The standards of the cohorts or maniples were called signa. These were of (2) Signa various designs, sometimes a dog, horse, wolf, serpent, figure of victory, etc. The standard of the cavalry was called vexillum, a square or oblong banner. (3) Vexillum
18 INTRODUCTION
X
The Musical Instruments
. The musical instruments of the army were (I) tuba, trumpet ;
instruments straight and deep-toned, and used to give the order for the advance or retreat ; (2) bucina and cornu crooked, having a shrill tone, and generally used to indicate a change in the watch ; (3) lituus, formed like an augur's staff, and used for cavalry.
XI
The Army on the March
The army on the march may be divided into : —
Divisions of ^ agmen primum, or van; (2) exercitus, agmen leyionum, army on the or main body; (3) agmen novissimum, or rear. The van was generally composed of light-armed troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay till the main body arrived. Themainbody, with the baggage train (impedimenta), followed. The rear consisted of cavalry, or light-armed skirmishers. The average march (iter justum) was from six to seven hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On a forced march (iter magnum) fifty miles were often covered. On the march the legionary carried his pack (sarcina), in which he had to carry his corn (frumentum), cooking utensils vasa), his arms, blanket, and two stakes (valli).
XII
The Army in Camp
Metatores When an army was on the march, men (metatores) were
sent forward to select a place suitable for a camp. If possible,
high ground (locus superior) was selected. The camp was
square or oblong. An embankment (vallum), formed from
the ground thrown up from the ditch (fossa), surrounded the
Gates o/«fcecamP' The camp had four gates : (1) porta praetoria, near
Camp the praetorium, or the general's tent, facing the enemy ;
(2) porta decumana, opposite to this ; (3) porta principaK$
INTRODUCTION
19
sinistra, on the left ; (4) porta principalis dextra, on the right. Connecting the two latter was the via principalis, and parallel to the street was the via quintana. Connecting the porta praetoria and porta decumana was the via praetoria.
The subjoined cut will explain this.
PLAN OF A CONSULAR CAMP
Vallun? el ey^er
R R
0
£200
?00 200 bO 100 100 SObO 1 00 bO 100 SO SO 100 100 50 £00 800
This is the camp described by Polybius : —
The lines across the cavalry, etc., denote the divisions of troops or maniples.
A Praetorian gate.
B Decuman gate.
C Porta principalis si- nistra.
D Porta principalis dex- tra.
E Praetorium.
H Roman cavalry.
I Triarii.
K Principes and Velites.
L Hastati and Velites.
M Cavalry of allies.
N Infantry of allies.
O Consul's and Quaes- tor's horse guards.
P do. foot guards.
Q Extraordinary cavalry of the allies.
R do. foot of the allies.
S Strangers and occa- sional allies.
123456789 10 11 12 The twelve tribunes.
abcdefghijkl, The prefects of allies.
*** The figures on the rieht, and bottom, are the measures of length in feet.
The average pay of the legionary in Caesar's time was 12| cents; that of the centurion was 25 cents. Often their pay was increased from the sale of booty.
C. JULII CAESARIS
COMMENTARIORUM
DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER QUARTUS
Caesar determined to invade Britain ; his reasons for crossing.
20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis,
quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt
hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod
jf ^mnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata
f^'jjr auxilia intellegebat ; et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum
deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo
insulam adisset et genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus,
adjtus cognovisset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita.
Neque enjm tejmere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam,
neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimara atque eas
regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis
ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae
magnitude, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque
NOTE.— The numeral after a verb shows the conjugation. If a verb is regular, the conjugation is simply indicated.
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small. deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr.,
reUquus, -a, -urn, adj. , remaining.
septentriones, -um, M., the seven perspirio, 3, -spexi, -spectum,
stars forming the constella- v. tr., observe, become
tion of the Great Bear, hence thoroughly acquainted with.
the North. aditus, us, M., approach, landing
verge, 3, no pf ., no sup. , incline, place.
slope. incognitus, -a, -um, adj. , un-
maturus, -a, -um, adj., early. known.
temere, adv. , without reason.
proceed ' ' "tUm> V' mtr" "I"' •**•. ttithw.
incolo, 3, colul, no sup., v. tr., submmistro, 1, furnish secretly. live in> inhabit.
20
CAESAR B:G. iv, 21 21
quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, reperire poterat.
Sends Volusenus, who returns and reports to him. 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum' faceret, idoneurn esse arbitratus, Caium Yolusenum cum navi longa praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quarn primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan- niam trajectus. / Hue naves undique ex finitiniis regionibus, et quam superiore aestate ad Yeneticum bellum effecerat classem, jubet convenire. Interim, consilio ejus cognito, et per faj mercatores perlato ad Britaniios, a compluribus ejus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis, liberaliter pollicitus, hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum remittit ; et cum iis una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem
.usus, us, M., experience. complures, -pluria, adj., pi., institutum, -I, N. , custom, usage. several.
reperio, 4, repperi, repertum, v. polliceor, 2, pollicitus, v. dep.,
tr., find out, learn. promise.
obtempero, 1 (governs dat. ), obey,
cognosce, 3, cognovi, cognitum, liberaliter, adv., kindly.
v. tr., learn, ascertain. sententia, -ae, F., feeling, senti- mando, 1, v. intr. (governs dat.), ment.
command, instruct. una, adv. ; una cum, along with.
explore, 1, v. tr., investigate. Atrebates, -ium, M., pi., the At- inde, adv., thence, from that rebates.
point. constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutum, trajectus, us, M., passage. v. tr., establish.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. probo, 1, v. tr., approve of.
tr., carry through, report. fidelis, -e, adj., faithful.
9
CAESAR B. G. IV, 22
ft
/ ^
arbitrabatur, cuj usque auctoritas in iis regionibusi magni habebatur, mitt it. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitatesrA iM horteturque, ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, sequeL celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus, perspectjs region- ibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, (qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderetj quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.
Caesar levies hostages from the Morini.
22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod . . ' homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum ( populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollicerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, . jft^4ieque belli gerendi propter anni temj)us facultatem habebat neque has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britaimiae anteponendas judicabat, magnum iis obsidum numerum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. Navibus
magni (gen. of value), of great
value.
habeo, 2, v. tr., hold, consider, facultas, -atis, F., opportunity. egredior, -di, egressus, v. dep.,
go out, disembark, committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v.
tr., intrust. audeo, 2, ausussum, v. semi-dep.,
dare.
excuse, 1, v. tr., excuse, justify, consuetude, -inis, F., custom, impentus, -a, -um (governs gen.), adj., unacquainted with.
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
opportune, adv., opportunely.
accido, 3, accidi, v. intr., happeni
accidit, accidere, accidit, v. im- pers., it happens.
tergum, -I, N. , back.
relinquo, 3, -liqul, -lictum, v. tr., leave, leave behind.
tantulus, -a, -um, adj., trifling.
occupatio, -onis, F., business, en- gagement.
antepono, 3, -posul, -positum, v. tr., place before, prefer.
judico, 1, v. tr., judge, decide.
CAESAR B. 15. IV, 23
circiter octoginta oiierariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quicquid praeterea* navium longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis, prae- * -/:/ fectisque distribuit. Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae Haves, quae ex eo loco ab millibus passuum octo vento tene- bantur, quorainus in eundum portum pervenire possent ; has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum Quiiito Titurio Sabino et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Moririorum, ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. Publium Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrabatur, por- tum tenere jussit.
• Caesar reaches Britain.
23. His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatera, tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi et naves coriscendere et se sequi jussit. A quibus cum id paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse bora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium
cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr., force, collect.
contraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr. , bring together.
existimo, 1, v. intr., think, con- sider.
praeterea, adv., besides.
quaestor, -oris, M. , quarter-master.
praefectus, -i, M., captain.
distribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., divide.
accede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., am added.
nanciscor, . 3, nactus, v. dep.,
obtain, terapestas, -atis, F., storm,
weather. solvo, 3, solvi, solutum, v. tr.,
loosen, set sail. conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., go
on board.
paulo, adv., a little, tarde, adv., slowly, administro, 1, v. tr., carry out. attingo, 3, attigi, no sup., v. tr.,
reach. expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v.
tr. , draw up.
24 CAESAR B. G. iv, 24
copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec erat natura : adeo montibus augustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in litus telum adjici posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum arbitratus locum, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim, legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit, monuit- que, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postu- larent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberentJ ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarenturj His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit.
The natives attack the Romans.
24. At barbari, coiisilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi
armatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as
an adj., armed, conspicio, 3, -spexl, -spectum,
v. tr., observe, espy. natura, -ae, F., character, adeo, adv., so, to such an extent. angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow,
precipitous, contineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr. ,
hem in. adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,
throw upon.
nequaquam, adv., by no means. ancora, -ae, F., anchor. fio, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg. , be
done, ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show,
point out.
ratio, -onis, F., method, maxime, adv., especially, instabilis, -e, adj.. unsteady, motus, -us, M., motion, nutus, -us, M., nod. ventus, -I, M., wind, aestus, -us, M., tide, tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum, v. tr.,
raise up, weigh. apertus, -a, -um, adj., open, planus, -a, -um, adj., level.
at, conj., but.
essedaril, -orum, M., pi., chari- oteers.
plerumque, adv., generally.
consuesco, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v. intr., become accustomed.
CAESAR B. G. IV, 25
25
prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non poterant; militibus autem, ignotis locis, ,imgeditis manibus, ^-4A magno et gravi armorum onere opgressis, \imul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ; cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam progress!, omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis, audacter tela conjicerent, et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque hujus onmino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in 5^/M pedestribus uti proeliis consueverant, utebantur.
Caesar's device ; bravery of the standard-bearer of the 10th legion ; Roman
25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum .
et species erat bat>aris inusitatior et motus ad usum ex-^~
w " -— **&Q>-
peditjor, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus, et remis ( _•
prohibeo, 2, v. tr., prevent, ignotus, -a, -urn, adj., unknown, impeditus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used
as adj., hampered, opprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressum,
crush, weigh down, simul, adv., at one and the same
time, desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr.,
leap down.
fluctus, -us, M., wave, consisto, 3, -stiti, no sup. , come to
a stand.
aridus, -a, -um, dry. paululum, adv., a short distance, progredior, -dl,-gressus, advance, membrum, -I, N., limb, expedltus, -a, -um, adj., free, conjicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,
throw, hurl.
insuefactus, -a, -um, adj., trained, incite, 1., spur on. omnmd, adv., wholly, imperitus, -a, -um (governs gen. ),
adj., unskilled in. alacritas, -atis, F., eagerness, studium, -I, N., zeal, pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot,
on land.
animadverto, 3, -vertl, -versum,
v. tr. , notice.
species, -ei, F., appearance. inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., strange,
unfamiliar, paulum, adv., a little, a short
distance. removed, 2, -movi, -motum, v. tr.,
remove, remus, -I, M., oar.
If* '. M
26 CAESAR B. G. IV, 26
v v> f »
incitari, et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fimdis, sagittis, tormeiitis hostes propelli ac summoveri jussit; ^ ty quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, et navium figura p et remorum motti et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, | f barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atque, nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter alt- itudinem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, con- /J testatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret: "Desilite,"lft/ inquit, " commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere; ego certe meum reipublicae atque imperatori officium prae- stitero." Hoc cum magna voce dixisset, ex navi se projecit, ^ atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri, cohortati a.^ inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspex- issent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt.
Rout of the enemy.
26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare iieque firmiter insistere rieque
funda, -ae, F., sling. praesto, 1, -stiti, -stitum, v. tr.,
tormentum, -I, N., engine. show, perform.
propello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., projicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,
drive forward. throw forward.
summoveo, 2, -movi, -motum, dedecus, -ons, N., disgrace.
v. tr., dislodge. admitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr.,
figura -ae, F., shape.
universi, -ae, -a, adj. pi., all to- cunctor, 1 , v. dep. , waver, hesitate. gether ^ in R bodyj
altitude, -inis, F., height. itenij adv ? iikewiSe.
contestor, 1, v. dep., invoke. appropinquo, 1 (governs dat.),
evenio, 4, -venl, -ventum, v. intr. , approach.
turn out, happen.
commilito, -onis, M. , comrade. uterque, utraque, utrumque, pro. prodo, 3, prodidi, proditum, v. adj., either, both.
tr., betray. ordo, -inis, M., rank,
certe, adv., at least. firmiter, adv., steadily.
officium, -I, N., duty. insisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., stand.
f
CAESAR B. G. IV, 27 27
signa subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscum- que signis occurrerat, [se aggregabat,! magno opere perturba- bantur. Hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, iricitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsiste- bant, alii ab latere aperto in universos tela conjicie'bant. ^ Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri jussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, iis subsidia submittebat. Nostri, simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes impetima fecerunt, atque eos in fugam dederuiit; neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unuin ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit.
Several states submit to Caesar.
27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legates de pace miserunt, obsides daturos quaeque imperasset sese facturos polliciti sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern
quicumque, quaecumque, quod- adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., cumque, rel. pron. , whoever, attack,
whatever. scapha, -ae, F. , light boat.
signum, -I, N., standard. speculatorius, -a, -um, adj., spy,
occurro, 3, -curri, -cursum (gov- scouting.
erns dat. ), meet. navigium, -I, M. , boat.
aggrego, 1, v. tr., join, unite. compleo, 2, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr.,
perturbo, 1, v. tr., disorder, throw fill, man.
into confusion. laboro, 1, v. intr., be in trouble.
vero, conj., but, on the other subsidium, -I, N., support, re- hand, inforcement.
vadum, -I, N., ford. pristiniis, -a, -um, adj., former.
aliquis, aliquae, aliquid, adj. desum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., (gov- prou., an}7. erns dat.), am lacking.
singularis, -e, adj., singly.
.
28 CAESAR B. G. iv, 58
~
supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo imperatoris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula conjecerant : turn, proelio facto, remiserunt et in petenda pace ejusjrei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur, petiverunt. J Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere impru- dentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ; quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros jus,serunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt.
of
Fate of the eighteen cavalry troop ships.
28. His rebus pace confirmata,' postjdiem quartum,/ quam' est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodecim, de quibus "supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae ,et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut
-
supra, adv., above. queror, querl, questus, v. dep., demonstro, 1, v. tr., show, point ^complain.
ou^. ultro, adv., of one's own accord.
modo, in the manner of. continens, -ntis, (sc. terra) con-
tineiit.
mandatum, -i, K, order. arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arcessltum, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr. , v. tr. , send for, summon.
deliver. remigro, 1, v. intr., go back, comprehendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., return.
seize. commendo, 1, v. tr., intrust, vinculum, -I, N., chain,
culpa, -ae, F., blame, fault. confirmo, 1, v. tr., establish.
. . lenis, -e, adj., gentle. ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotum, v.
coonor, -onn, -ortus, v. dep., mtr., (governs dat.) pardon.
A
CAESAR B.'G. IV, 29 29
nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant projectae, referrentur ; aliae ad inferiorem parfcem insulae, quae est propius /soils occasuim magno Tsui Jcurn periculo dejicerentur : quae tamen, ancoris jactis, cum fluctibus ^ ~~/ complerentur, necessario ad versa nocte in altum provectae *' continentem petierunt.
A storm and high tides wreck Caesar's transports. 29. Eadera nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos Jin Oceano efficere consuevit, nos- ""fcrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transpprtandum curaverat, quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus compleverat ; et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent — -funibus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis — ad navigandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus r. reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas eas usui sunt, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumenturn his in locis in hiemem provisum non erafc.
eddem, adv. , to the same place. frango, 3, fregi, fractum, v. tr., necessario, adv., of necessity. wreck, shatter.
proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr., funis, -is, M., rope, cable.
carry forward, carry out. armamentum, -I, N., tackle.
inutilis, -e, adj., useless.
efficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., Perturbatio^omsF. panic.
make, render. repat ' ' "' '
subduc6,3,-duXI,-ductum,v.tr., constat> constare, constitit, v.
draw up on shore, beach. imperg ? ifc ig agreed
deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. oportet, -ere, oportuit, v. impers., afflicto, 1, v. tr., shatter. it behoves, ought.
administro, 1, v. tr., manage. provided, 2, -vidi, -visum, v. tr., auxilior, 1, v. dep., aid. foresee, provide.
30 CAESAR B. G. IV, 30, 31
Conspiracy of British Chiefs.
30. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda con- venerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves 'et frumen- tum Romanis deesse intellegerent, et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscereiit, quae hoc >erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones trans- portaverat, optimum factu esse duxeruiit, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere, et rem in hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis, aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum con- fidebant. Itaque, rursus conjuratione facta, paulatim ex castris discedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.
Caesar suspects their intentions ; forms plans accordingly.
31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex
colloquor, -loqui, -locutus, v. dep. , conf ido, 3, conf Isus sum, v. semi- converse, dep., trust.
intellego, 3, -lex!, -lectum, v. tr., rursus, adv., again.
perceive. conjuratio, -onis, F., league.
paucitas, -atis, F., fewness. paulatim, adv., gradually.
exiguitas, -atis, F. , smalluess. discedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr. ,
hoc,_for this reason. go awajj depart.
factu, supine in -u, to be done. dam adv ^ secretly.
rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war.
commeatus, -us, M., supplies.
reditus, -us, M., return. nondum, adv., not yet.
intercludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. eventus, -us, M., accident.
tr., cut off. intermitto, 3, -misl. -missum, v,
nemo, ace. neminem, no one. tr-> cease, stop.
postea, adv., afterwards. suspicor, 1, v. dep., suspect.
transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., casus, -us, M., emergency,
go across, cross over. subsidium, -I, M., resource.
CAESAR B. G. IV, 32 31
agris cotidie in castra conferebat, et quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas ^utebatur; et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continent! com- porfcari jubebat. Itaque, cum id surnmo studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, effecit.
Sudden attack of the British.
32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumen- tatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum' in agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui prp portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari renimtiarunt, pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo ferret, Jin ea partejvideri, quain in partem legio iter fecisset. j Caesar id, quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris"~initum consilii, cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci. duas ex reliquis in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi, atque aegre sustinere, et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela conjici animadvert! t.
cotidie, adv., daily. ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., go into, affllgo, 3, --flixi, -flictum, v. tr., enter upon, form.
shatter. succedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. materia, -ae, F. , timber. iutr. , take the place of.
aes, -aeris, N., metal. arm5, 1, v. tr., arm.
amitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr., confestim, adv., immediately.
lose- procedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. commode, adv., conveniently. intr., advance.
premo, 3, pressi, pressum, v. tr.,
frumentor, 1, v. dep., forage. press, press hard,
suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion. aegre, adv., with difficulty,
ventito, 1, v. intr., come often, sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr.,
come and go. hold out, withstand.
static, -onis, F., outpost, guard. confertus, -a, -um, adj., in close pulvis, -eris, M., dust. array, crowded together.
32
CAESAR B. G. IV, 33
Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento, pars una erat reliqtia, suspicati hostes hue nostros esse ventures noctu in silvis delituerant ; turn disperses, depositis armis, in metendo qccupatos, subito adorti, paucis interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
The British mode of fighting.
33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes partes perequitant, et tela conjiciunt, atque ipso^ terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant ; et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt, atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione
demeto, 3, -messul, -messum, v.
tr., reap.
noctu, adv. , in the night time, delitesco, 3, -litui, no sup., lie hid,
hide one's self. dispersus, -a, -um, p.p. p. used as
an adj., scattered. meto, 3, messui, messum, v. tr.,
reap, occupatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used
as an adj., engaged, incertus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain,
confused.
esseda, -ae, F., chariot, circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum,
v. tr., surround.
primo, adv., at first. perequito, 1, v. intr., ride through, <lrive through.
terror, -oris, M., fright, terror.
strepitus, -us, M., noise, din.
rota, -ae, F., wheel.
turma, -ae, F., squadron [of cav- alry].
insinud, 1, v. tr., cause to go into ; insinuant se, they work their way into.
desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr., leap down.
proelior, 1, v. dep., fight.
aurlga, -ae, M., charioteer.
interim, adv., meanwhile.
paulatim, adv., gradually.
receptus, -us, M., retreat.
mobilitas, -atis, F., mobility.
stabilitas, -atis, F., steadiness.
cotldianus, -a, -um, adj., daily.
exercitatio, -onis, training, prac- tice, exercise.
CAESAR B. G. IV, 34 33
$/ efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere, etf brevi ) moderari ac flectere, et per temonem
ytyvM/ percurrere, et in jugo insistere, et inde se in currus citissime recipere consuerint.
•Caesar acts on the defensive : severe storms keep the Romans within
their camp.
34. Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae, terapore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit ; naraque ejus adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt. Quo facto, ad lacessendum et ad commit tend ura proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus, suo se loco continuit, et brevi tempore intermisso, in castra legiones reduxit. Bum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in agris reliqui discesserunt. Secutae sunt continues complures dies tem- pestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent, et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedi-
decllvis, -e, adj., sloping. namque, conj., for.
praeceps, -cipitis, adj., headlong, timer, -oris, M., fear.
steep. lacesso, 3, -sivi, situm, v. tr., incitatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as harass, provoke, attack.
an adj., at full speed. alienus, -a, -um, adj., belonging brevi (sc. tempore), in a short time. to another, unfavorable,
moderor, 1, v. tr., control. contineo, 2, -ul, -tentum, v. tr., flecto, 3, flexul, flexum, v. tr. ,turn. hem in, keep,
temo, -onis, M., pole, tongue. discedo, 3, cessl, -cessum, v. intr., cito, adv. (citius, citissime), go away, depart, scatter.
quickly, swiftly. continuus, -a, -um, adj., succes- sive,
no vitas, -atis, F., strangeness, prohibeo, 2, v. tr., prevent, keep
novelty. from,
opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit, praedico, 1, v. tr., announce,
suitable, opportune. boast.
~~
34 CAESAR B. G. IV, 35, 36
caverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanes castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt.
Defeat and pursuit of the enemy.
35. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat,. fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter triginta, quos Gommius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transporta- verat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt, ac terga verterunt. Quos tanto spatio secuti,
..'-I quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt complures ex iis tr occidennro, deinde, omnibus longe lateque aedificiis incensis, se in castra receperunt.
Caesar makes peace ; sets sail for Gaul.
36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quern antea
^ imperaverat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci jussit, u^r quod, / propinqua die aequinoctii, ) infirmis navibus, hiemi
:
praeda, -ae, F., booty, plunder. spatium, -I, N., distance, perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., constant, tantus — quantus, as great as. unbroken ; in perpetuum, for- cursus, -us, M., running.
ever* occido, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,
expelld, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., cut doWDj km> slay
drive out. deinde, adv., then, next, after- cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr., wards.
collect- incendo, 3, -dl, -sum, v. tr., set on fire, burn.
celeritas, -atis, F., speed.
effugio, 3, -fugi, -fugitum, v. tr., antea, adv., before, previously.
escape. duplico, 1, v. tr., double, demand constituo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., ... double.
draw up, post. propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near,
committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v. aequinoctium, -I, N., equinox.
tr., engage, engage in. infirmus, -a, -um, adj., weak.
fljt » ^,
,v rf w
CAESAR B;G. IV, 37 35
nayigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse, idoneam tempestatem nactus, paulo post mediara noctem naves solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex his onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliquae, portus capere non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt.
Sudden attack of the Morini.
37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter trecenti, atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti, primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jusserunt. Cum illi, orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt, atque amplius horis quatuor fortissime pugriaverunt, et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex iis occiderunt. Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes, abjectis armis, terga verterunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus.
subjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., circumsto, 1, -steti, -statum, v.
place near, expose. tr., surround,
incolumis, -e, adj., safe. nolo, nolle, nolui, v. irreg., not. .
onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of burden ; wish, am unwilling.
navis oneraria, a transport. orbis, -is, M., circle,
infra, adv., below. defendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., de-
defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., fen(j} protect.
carry down. vulnus, -eris, N., wound.
accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr.,
expono, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr., receive.
land, disembark. posteaquam, conj., after,
trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 300. vero, adv. conj., in truth, but,
contendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. intr., however.
proceed, hasten. conspectus, -us, M., sight,
pacatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as abjici5, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,
adj., at peace. throw away.
36
CAESAR B. G. IV, 38
Conquest of the Morini and Menapii.
38. Caesar postero die Titum Labienum legatum, cum iis legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent, quo perfugio superiore anno fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis .succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est.
rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war. siccitas, -atis, F., dryness. palus, -udis, F., marsh, perfugium, -I, N., refuge. fere, adv., almost, about, potestas, -atis, F., power, frumentum, -I, N., corn; pi.,
crops, succido, 3, -cidi, -clsum, v. tr.,
cut down. abdo, 3, abdidi, abditum, v. tr.,
hide, conceal.
hibernus, -a, -um, adj., winter, wintry ; hiberna, -orum, N., pi. (sc. castra), winter camp, winter quarters.
eo, adv., thither.
omnino, adv., in all.
neglego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr., neglect.
supplicatio, -onis, F., thanks- giving.
decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., decree.
W,
CAESAR B'. G. V, 1 37
LIBER QUINTUS Caesar orders a fleet to be built. The Pirustae give hostages.
1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis imperab, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas possent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curarent. Earum modum formamque demonstrat. Ad celeritatem onerandi subductipnesque paulo facit humiliores, ^ quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque/ id eo magis, I quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat ; ad onera ac multitudinem jumentorum transported am, paulo latiores, quam quibus in reliquis utimur marfbus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,
J' quam ad rem humilitas multum adjuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse, con- ventibus Galliae_citerioris peractis, in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat
~~ ut, conj., as. creoer, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent.
quotannis, adv., yearly. commutatio, -onis, F., change,
consuescd, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v. jumentum, -i, N., baggage animal,
intr. , become accustomed ; beast of burden,
consuevi, I am accustomed. actuarius, -a, -um, adj., driven by praeficio, 3, -feci, -fectum, v. tr. , oars (as well as sails), rowing,
(governs ace. and dat. ), place fast sailing.
over, place in command of. humilitas, -atis, F. , lowness.
euro, 1, v. tr., care for (see general multum, adv., much.
vocab.) adjuvo, 1, -juvl, -jutum, v. tr., modus, -I, M., measure, size. aid, help,
forma, -ae, F., shape, plan. apporto, 1, v. tr., bring,
onero, 1, v. tr., load. conventus, -us, M., assize,
subductio, -onis, F., drawing up perago, 3, -egl, -actum, v. tr.,
on shore, beaching. conduct, hold,
humilis, -e, adj., low. incursio. -onis, F., raid, inroad. eo, adv., for this reason.
38 CAESAR B. G. V, 2
certumque in locum con venire jubet. Qua re nuntiata, Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui cloceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demon- strant omnibus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorurn, Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certum diem adduci jubet; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imper- averat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant.
The soldiers praised for their zeal. Fleet ordered to rendezvous at
Fortus Itius.
v , .."
2. His confectis rebus, conventibusque peractis, in citeri- orem Galliam revertitur, atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, cir^uJ_ti^jOjnan^u^]^bej^ni§,.singulari militum studio, in summa omnium rerum inopia, circiter sexcentas ejus generis, cujus supra demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti
certus, -a, -um, adj., stated, de- Us, lltis, F., lawsuit, damages.
finite, certain. aestimo, 1, v. tr., value, estimate, doceo, 2, -ui, doctum, v. tr., teach, assess.
inform, tell. poena, -ae, F., punishment, publicus, -a, -um, public, common. penalty
paratus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as
adj., ready.
ratio, -onis, F., account, claim. revertor, reverti, reverti, rever- injuria, -ae, F., wrong, injustice. suni) v semi-dep., turn back,
satisfacio, 3, -fed, -factum, v. tr., return.
satisfy, meet. drcue6) .^ ^ .itum> y ^ go percipio, 3, -cepl, -ceptum, v. tr., & ^
take in, hear. , . ...
nisi, conj., unless, if . . . not. singular*, -e, adj., remarkable, ita, adv., so. extraordinary
persequor, 3, -secutus, v. tr., studmm, -i, N., zeal, enthusiasm.
follow up, pursue. inopia, -ae, F. , want, lack, scarcity.
arbiter, -tri, M., arbitrator, as- sexcentl, -ae, -a, num. adj., 600.
sessor. supra, adv., above.
CAESAR *B. G. V, 3
39
octo invenit instructas, neque multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint. Collaudatis mjlitibus, atque iis, qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit, ostendit, atque omnes ad portura Itium convenire jubet, quo ex portu commodissi- murn in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat, circiter millium passuum triginta a continent! : huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus ex- peditis quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant, neque imperio parebant, Germanosque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur.
The Treveri and their rival chieftains.
3. Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu valet, magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix ; e quibus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum
invenio, 4, venl, -ventum, v. tr.,
find, instruo, 3, -struxl, -structum, v.
tr., draw up, build, equip, deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v.
tr., draw down (into water),
launch.
collaudd, l,v.tr., commend, praise, negotium, -I, N., business, work, praesum, -esse, -fui, v. intr.
(governs dat. ), be in charge of. fid, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg.,
am done, become, ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show, commodus, -a, -um, adj., fit,
handy, suitable, convenient, trajectus, -us, M., passage, circiter, adv., about.
videor, 2, visus, v. dep., seem,
appear, expeditus, -a, -um. adj., free,
ready for action, octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 800. concilium, -I, N., council, sollicito, 1, tamper with, stir up.
longe, adv., by far. plurimum, adv., very, most. valeo, 2, v. intr., am strong, have
power, tango, 3, tetigl, tactum, v. tr.,
touch, border on. principatus, -us, M., leadership, simul atque, conj., as soon as. adventus, us, M., arrival.
40 CAESAR B. G. V, 3
est, ad eum venit ; se suosque omnes in officio futuros, neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit ; quaeque in Treveris gererentur ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere, iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant, in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per medios fines Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed posteaquam normulli principes ex ea civitate, et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti, et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti, ad Caesarem venerunt, et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent, veritus, ne ab omnibus desereretur, Indutiomarus legates ad Caesarem mittit : Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur : itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seseque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum.
officium, -i, N., duty, allegiance. consulo, 3, -sului, -sultum, v. tr.,
deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr., with ace. consult; intr. with
fail, revolt. dat. consult for, consult the
confirmo, 1, v. tr., assure. interests of.
aetas, -atis, F., age. desero, 3, -serui, -sertum, v. tr.,
abdo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hide, desert.
conceal. idcirco, adv. , for this reason,
ingens (gen. ingentis), adj., large, quo, conj., in order that.
huge, immense. nobilitas, -atis, F., nobility,
initium, -I, N., beginning. discessus, -us, M., departure,
instituo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr.,draw imprudentia, -ae, F., thoughtless-
up, decide, begin. ness.
familiaritas, -atis, F., intimacy, labor, 3, lapsus, v. intr., slip,
friendship. glide away, revolt,
privatim, adv., privately, indi- fortunae, -arum, F., pi., fortunes,
vidually. interests, quoniam, conj., since.
CAESAR B.*G. V, 4
41
Cingetorix honored and Indutiomarus offended. 4. Caesar, etsi intellegebat, qua de causa ea dicerentur, quaeque eum res ab institute consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britan- nicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. ^His^adductis, in iis filio propinquisque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, con- solatus Indutiomarum, hortatusque est, uti in officio maneret ; nihilo tameii seems, principibus Treverorum ad se convocatis, hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod fcumimerito ejus a se fieri intellegebat, tum/magni interesse arbitrabatur ejus auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cujus tarn egregiam in se voluntatem perspexisset. Id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit.
intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr.} perceive, am aware.
qua de causa, for what reason.
institutus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as an adj., appointed, pre- determined.
deterred, 2, v. tr., keep from, deter.
consume, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptum, v. tr., spend.
propinquus, -I, M., relative.
nominatim, adv., by name, spec- ially, individually.
evoco, 1, v. tr., summon.
consoler, 1, v. dep., console, com- fort, cheer.
nihilo secius, none the less.
singillatim, adv., one by one, in- dividually.
concilio, 1, v. tr., win over, re- concile.
cum . . . turn, both . . . and.
meritum, -I, N., service, deserts.
interest, -esse, -fuit, v. impers., it is of interest, importance.
magm mteresse, to be of great importance.
egregius, -a, -um, adj., remark- able, signal.
voluntas, -atis, F., goodwill.
factum, -I, N., act, deed.
graviter fero, am offended at, am annoyed at.
gratia, -ae, F. , favor, influence.
minuo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr., lessen.
inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly, hostile.
multo, adv., much.
dolor, -oris, M., grief, resentment.
exardesco, 3, -arsl, -arsum, v. intr., be kindled, burst forth.
42 CAESAR 13. G. V, 5, 6
Caesar prepares to sail.
5. His rebus constitutis, Caesar ad portum Itium cum legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit quadraginta naves, quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate rejectas cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse; reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus in- structas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit numero millium jquattuor, principesque ex omnibus civita- tibus, exlquibus 'perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur.
Dumnorix gives trouble.
6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis consti- tuerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperil, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui graviter ferebant, /neque jrecusandi aufc deprecandi causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus
rejicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr. , res novae, F. pi., new things,
throw back. change, revolution.
perpauci, -ae, -a, pi. adj., very accedebat hue quod, to this was
few. added the fact that.
loco, in the place of, as. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., report, offer.
decree, determine, decide. dictum, -I, N., saying, statement,
absum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg., am reciiso, 1, v. tr., refuse, object.
absent. deprecor, 1, v. dep., protest,
motus, -us, M., rising. audeo, 2, ausus sum, v. semi-dep.
dare.
una cum, along with. - hosPes' 'itis' M" Suest' friend'
in primis, among the first, especi- Prec§s» Precum' P1- F' ' (see Vocab'> ally. prayer, request.
CAESAR B. G. V, 7
43
petere contend! t, ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta, principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique coepit, uti in continent! remanerent; metu territare, non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse consiliuin Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis Mnteropnere, jusjurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, cominuni consilio administrarent. Hae'c a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur.
Death of Dumnorix.
7. Qua re cognita, Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum, quibus- cumque rebus posset, Dumnorigem statuebat; quod longius ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prqspiciendum ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter viginti
partim, adv., partly.
insuetus, -a, -um, adj. (governs
gen.), unaccustomed, unused, timed, 2, ui, no sup. ,fear, am afraid. religio, -onis, F., religious feeling,
religious scruple, impedio, 4, v. tr.. prevent, obstinate, adv., resolutely, impetro, 1, v. tr., obtain a request, adimo, 3, -emi, -emptum, v. tr.,
take away, remove. sevoco, 1, v. tr., call aside. singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. ,
one by one.
territo, 1, v. tr., terrify, alarm, spolio, 1 , v. tr. , despoil, rob. need, 1, v. tr., kill, murder.
fidem interpono, pledge one's
word, jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, N.,
oath.
ex usu, in the interests of. communis, -e, adj., common, administro, 1, v. tr., carry out.
tribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., assign,
give.
coerced, 2, restrain, check, amentia, -ae, F., madness, folly, prospicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum,
v. tr., foresee, take care, take
precautions. noceo, 2, v. intr. (governs dat.),
injure, harm.
S
V
44 CAESAR B. G. V, 8
quinque in eo loco commoratus, quodfCorus ventus naviga- tionem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, /dabat operam) ut in officio Dunmorigem contineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus consilia cognosceret; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem, inilites equitesque con- L j[ sccndere in naves jubet. At, omnium impeditis animis, Dum- I * norix cum equitibus Haeduorum a castris, insciente Caesare, domum discedere ooepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar, intermissa \v profectione, atque omnibus rebus postpositis, magnam partem . equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit, I retrahique imperat}, si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici jubet, nihil jBic^se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim, revocatus, resistere ac s^ manu defendere, suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans, liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. UK, ut erat imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at equites Haedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur.
Caesar's second landing in Britain, 54 B.C.
8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum millibus duobus relicto, ut portus
commoror, 1, v. dep., delay. insequor, 3, -secutus, v. dep., Cdrus, -I, M., north-west wind. pursue, overtake,
navigatio, -onis, F., sailing, navi- retraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr.,
gation. bring back.
flo, 1, v. intr., blow. sanus. -a, -um, adj., sane.
operam do ut, take pains to. pro sano, like a sane man.
nihilo secius, none the less. praesens (gen. praesentis), adj., conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr. and present.
intr., go on board. neglego, 3, -leici, -lectum, v. tr., insciens (gen. inscientis), adj.» neglect, disregard.
not knowing, ignorant. clamito. 1, v. intr., shout often,
intermitto, 3, -mlsi, -missum, circumsisto, 3, -stetl, no sup.,
v. tr., stop, delay. v. tr., surround,
profectio, -onis, F., departure.
h"
CAESAR K G. V, 8
45
tueretur, et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quern in continent! reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvitj et leni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermi cursum non tenuit ; et longius delatus aestu, orta luce, su sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus commutationem secutus, remis contendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vApriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remigandi labore^ongarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britynniain omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus : sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multi- tudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, amplius octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.
tueor, 2, tuitus, v. dep., protect, defend.
res frumentaria, F., corn supply.
par (gen. pans), adj., equal.
lenis, -e, adj., gentle, mild.
Africus, -I, M., south-west wind.
proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr., carry forward.
sinistra, -ae (sc. manus), F., left hand, left.
orior, orirl, ortus, v. dep., rise, arise.
remus, -I, M., oar.
qua (sc. parte), where.
egressus, -us, M.. landing, land- ing place.
admodum, adv., very.
vectorius, -a, -urn, adj., adapted
for carrying, vectorium navigium, transport
ship.
remigo, 1, v. intr., row. adaequo, 1, v. tr., equal, meridianus, -a, -um, adj. , mid-day, manus, -us, F., hand, band, annotinus. -a, -um, adj., of last
year.
privatus, -a, -um, adj., private, commodum, -I, N., convenience,
advantage.
amplius, adv., more (than), octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,
800.
46 CAESAR B. G. V, 9
The Britons oppose his march inland.
9. Caesar, exposito exercitu, et loco castris idoneo cap to, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohorfcibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent, de te.rtia vigilia ad hostes contendit eo minus yeritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibusque Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse, noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias coiispicatus est. Illi, equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum ^ nacti egregie et natura et opere munitum, quern domestici belli, ut videbantur^ causa jam ante praeparaverant : nam, crebris arboribus succisis, omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta, et aggere ad munitiones adjecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes
expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr. , creber, -bra, -brum, adj. , frequent,
land, disembark. numerous.
con si do, 3, -sedi, -sessum, settle, succldo, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,
encamp. cut down.
vigilia, -ae, F., watch. introitus, -us, M., entrance.
eo, adv. , for this reason. praecludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. mollis, -e, adj., soft. tr., close, shut.
deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. rarus, -a, -urn, adj., thin, few, in conspicor, 1, v. dep., see, behold. small bodies.
repello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., propugno, 1, v. intr., fight.
drive back, repulse. munitio, -onis, F., fortification.
egregie, adv., admirably, excel- ingredior, -gredi, -gressus, v.
lently. dep., go into, enter,
domesticus, -a, -um, adj., domes- testudo, -inis, F., testudo (see
tic, civil. Vocab. )
praepard, 1, v. tr., prepare before- adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,
hand, throw up, throw against.
CAESAR E.G. ,V, 10, 11 47
It longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignor- abat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munition! castrorum tempus relinqui volebat.
Bad news of the fleet.
10. Postridie ejus diei, mane, tripartite milites equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui mmtiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta tempestate, prope omnes naves afflictas atque in litore ejectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.
Labienus builds new ships. Cassivellaunus.
11. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque revocari atque in itinere resistere jubet ; ipse ad naves revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat,
veto, 1, vetui, vetitum, v. tr., ejicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,
forbid. throw out, cast.
ignore, 1, v. tr., not to know, am funis, -is, M., rope, cable.
ignorant of. subsisto, 3, -stitl, no sup., v. tr.,
make a stand, hold out.
gubernator, -oris, M., pilot,
mane, adv. , in the morning. steersman.
tripartite, adv., in three divisions. patior, pati, passus, v. dep., en-
expeditio, -onis, F., foray. dure, stand.
aliquantus, -a, -urn, adj., some- concursus, -us, M., collision.
what ; aliquantum, neut. sing., incommodum, -I, N., inconveni-
some distance. ence, loss, damage.
extremus, -a, -um, adj. , last ; ex-
tremi, -onim, M. pi., the rear. resisto, 3, restiti, no sup., v. intr.
prospectus, -us, M., sight, view. (governs dat.), resist, with-
coorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., arise. stand.
affllgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., litterae, -arum, F. pi., letter,
dash down, shatter. despatch.
48
CAESAR B. G. V, 11
V I
coram perspicitjisic ut\ amissis circiter quadraginta navibus, reliquae tamen renci posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continent! alios arcessi jubet; Labieno scribit, ut, quain plurimas posset, iis legioni-/ bus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat u_/v multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione conjungi. (Uo* In his rebus circiter dies decem consumit, lie nocturnis qui- •<
temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus, castrisque egregie munitis, easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem, unde redierat, pro-
ficiscitur. . Eo cum venisset, majores jam undique in eum
, ^
locum copiae Britannornm con venerant, \summa . mperl bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivel- launo; cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividitf quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter miliia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni huhc toti bello imperioque praefecerant.
coram, adv., face to face, before
one's eyes. perspicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum, v.
tr., see, perceive. reficio, 3, -feel, -fectum, v. tr. ,
repair.
negotium, -I, M., trouble. faber, -bri, M., workman. deligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr.,
choose, select. arcesso, 3, -cesslvl, -cessltum, v.
tr., summon.
opera, -ae, F., work, service. subdued, 3, -duxl, -ductum, v. tr.,
draw up on shore, beach.
conjungo, 3, -junxi, -junctum, v.
tr., join together. nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of the
night.
ne . . . quidem, not even. summa, -ae, F., whole ; summa
imperil, supreme command. divide, 3, -visi, -visum, v. tr.,
divide, separate. continens (gen. continentis), adj.,
continuous, incessant. intercede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v.
intr., intervene, occur.
49
The people.
12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoriajproditurm dicunt ; maritima pars ab iis, S£r qui praedae ac belli inierendi causa ex Belgis transierant (qui £& omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus fbrti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi permanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multi- tudo, creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia ; pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plum- bum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia ; aere utuntur importato. Materia cuj usque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt tempera- tiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus.
incolo, 3, -colui, -cultum, v. tr., live in, inhabit.
nascor, nasci, natus, v. dep., am born.
memoria, -ae, F., memory, tra- dition.
prodo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hand down.
infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, v. tr. , bring against ; bellum infero, make war on.
transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., go across, cross.
infinitus, -a, -um, adj., boundless, conntless.
consimilis, -e, adj., similar.
pecus, -oris, N., cattle (collect- ively).
aes, aeris, N., metal, bronze.
talea, -ae, F., bar.
ferreus, -a, -um, adj., iron.
pondus, -eris, N., weight.
examino, 1, test, weigh.
nummus, -I. M.. coin.
plumbum, -I, N., lead ; /plumbum album, tin.
mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj., central.
importo, 1, v. tr., import.
materia, -ae, F., timber.
quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef., pron., each.
praeter, prep, (governs ace.), except.
fagus, -I, F., beech.
abies, -ietis, F., fir.
lepus, -oris, M., hare.
galllna, -ae, F., hen.
anser, -eris, M., goose.
gusto, 1, taste.
fas, indecl. noun, right, divine law.
alo, 3, alui, altum, v. tr., rear.
voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.
temperatus, -a, -um, adj., temper- ate.
remissus, -a, -um, adj., mild.
CAESAR B. G. V, 13
»
13. Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter millia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaiiiam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio trans- missus atque ex Gallia est in Britanmam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae appellatur Mona; complures praeterea minores subjectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continues triginta isub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percpntationibus reperiebamus,^nisi ; certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes vide- bamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum millium. Tertium est contra septentriones ; cui parti nulla est objecta terra, sed ejus angulus lateris maxiine ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc millia passuum octin- * genta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum.
triquetrus, -a, -um, adj., tri- subjectus, -a, -um, p. p. p., used angular. as adj., lying near.
angulus , -i, M. , angle. bruma, -ae, F. ( =• brevissima, sc.
appello, 3, -puli, -pulsum, v. tr., dies), shortest day, winter
drive to, steer towards. solstice.
sol oriens, rising sun, east. percontatio, -onis, F. , inquiry.
merldies, -el, M., mid-day, south. reperio, 4, repperl, repertum, v.
pertineS, 2, -ul, -tentum, v. intr., tr., find out.
extend. mensura, -ae, F., measurement.
occidens sol, setting sun, west. septingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 700.
dlmidium, -I, N., half. circuitus, -us, M., circumference,
transmissus, -us, M. , passage. vicies, num. adv. , twenty times,
praeterea, adv. , besides.
IP i
CAESAR B. G. V, 14, 15 51
Manners and customs.
14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta non sennit, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorern, atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capil- loque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se communes et maxima fratres cum fratribus parent- esque cum liberis ; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo^uaequd deducta est.
More fighting,' a surprise ; death of a tribune.
15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas col- lesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis, cupidius insecuti, nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione
humanus, -a, -um, adj., civilized. labrum, -I, N., lip.
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, pi. deni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.,
adj., most, the majority. ten by ten, ten apiece,
sero, 3, sevl, satum, v. tr., sow, duodeni, -ae, -a, distrib. num.
plant. adj., twelve by twelve, twelve
lac, lactis, N., milk. apiece.
caro, carnis, F., flesh. deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., pellis, -is, F. , skin, hide. lead away, marry,
vitrum, -I, N., woad. casruleus, -a, -um, adj., sky-blue,
blue. confttgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., horridus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful, strike, engage.
frightful. compello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., aspectus, -us, M., aspect. drive,
capillus, -i, M., hair. cupide, adv., eagerly.
promissus, -a, -um, adj., flowing, nonnulli, -ae, -a, pi. adj., some.
long. imprudens (gen. imprudentis), off rado, 3, rasi, rasum, v. tr., shave, one's guard.
52 CAESAR B. G. V, 16
castrorum, subito se ex silvis ejecerunt, impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae, perexiguo interrnisso loci spatio inter se, constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime perruperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur. Illi, pluribus submissis cohortibus, repelluntur.
*\4}& British mode of fighting.
16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minos aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem; equites autem magno cum periculo proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam ebnsulto plerumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent ex essedis
desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut nunquam con-
autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque
e ~~r
,
ferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integ- rique et recentes defatigatis succederent.
subsidium, -I, N., support, rein- cedo, 3, cessi, cessum, v. intr.,
forcement. go, withdraw, retreat.
perexiguus, -a, -urn, adj., very aptus, -a, -urn, adj., fit suited.
., propterea, adv., for this reason;
propterea quod, because.
consisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, v. intr., consuit6, adv., purposely.
take one's stand. desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr., audacter, adv. , boldly (audacius, leap down.
audacissime). dispar (gen. disparis), unequal,
perrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum, v. ratio, -onis, F., plan, method.
tr.f break through. accedebat hue ut, to this was
added the fact that. deinceps, adv., in turn.
integer, -gra, -grum, adv., whole, dimico, 1, v. intr., fight, struggle. freghj vigorous.
gravitas, -atis, F., weight. defatigatus, -a, -um, adj., wearied.
CAESAR B. G. V, 17, 18 53
The Britons repulsed.
17. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus con- stiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et lenius quam pridie nostros
3 proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non ' absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt; magnoque eorum numero interfecto, neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia dis- cesserunt; neque post id tempus unquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt.
Caesar crosses the Thames.
18. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram flumiriis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Kipa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita, ejusdemque generis sub aqua defixae
ostendo, 3, -di, -sum (or -turn), v. colligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr.,
tr., show, display. collect, rally,
leniter, adv., gently. protinus, adv., forthwith, pabulor, 1, v. dep., forage, pabulator, -oris, M., forager.
advolo, 1, v. intr., fly at. aegr8? adv ? with difficuity.
absisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., &c-tuSj adj ^
keep away from. . _
sudes, -is, F. , stake, quoad, conj., until. ' _ ' ' .
confldo, 3, confisus sum, v. semi- Praef'£°> 3' 'flxl' 'flxum' v- *•> dep., trust. fix or place in front of-
^
54 CAESAR B. G. V, 19
sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque, Caesar, praemisso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent.
i Tactics of Cassivellaunus.
19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni de- posita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, millibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra ser- vabat; paulumque ex via excedebat, locisque impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat; et, cum equitatus noster liberius prae- dandi vastandique causa se in agros ejecerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat, et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat, atque hoc ' metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant.
tego, 3, texi, tectum, v. tr., cover, Silvester, -tris, -tre, adj., woody.
protect. occulto, 1, v. tr., hide.
perfuga, -ae, M., deserter. libere, adv., freely.
exsto, -stare, no pf., no sup., semita, -ae, F., path, by-path.
v. intr., stand out of. vagor, 1, v. dep., wander.
mando, 1, v. tr., consign. patior, pati, passus, v. dep., allow.
incendium, -I, N., fire.
contentio, -onis, F., struggle. tantum ... quantum, as much. ..as, servo, 1, v. tr., guard, watch. as far... as.
if*
-LJLl+f~
CAESAR B. a. v, 20, 21 55
The Tnnobantes submit to Caesar.
20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens, Caesaris fidem secutus, ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cujus pater Immanueiitius in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legates ad Caesarem mittunt, pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab injuria Cassivellauni defendat, atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadra- ginta frumentumque exercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque rniserunt.
So do other tribes. A British "town."
21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum injuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis, sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa con venire consuerunt. Eo proficis- citur cum legionibus; locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum im- petum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus ; multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong. legatio, -onis, F., embassy.
adulescens, -ntis, M., young man. palus, -udis, F., marsh, swamp,
vlto, 1, v. tr., avoid. * incursio, -onis, F , attack, raid,
defendo, 3, -di, -sum. v. tr., de- paulisper, adv., for a short time.
fend, protect. moror, 1, v. dep., delay,
praesum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., am comprehend©, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr.,
at the head of, am in com- seize, arrest.
mand of. imperatum, -i, N., command.
56 CAESAR B. G. V, 22
Four Kentish kings defeated. Cassivellaunus treats for peace.
22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeeraiit, Cinge^orix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuiitios mittifc atque his imperat, uti, coactis omnibus copiis, castra navalia de improviso^adoriantur atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruptione facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, siios incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continent! propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat, et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia penderet, constituit; interclicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat.
na.va.lis, -e, adj., naval. repentlnus, -a, -um, adj., sudden,
improvisus, -a, -um, adj., unfore- unexpected.
seen ; de improvise, unex- supersum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg. , pectedly. survive, remain.
adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., extraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. attack, assail. v. tr., draw out, spend.
nobilis, -e, adj., noble. vectigal, -alis, N., tax, tribute.
incolumis, -e, adj., safe. pendo, 3, pependl, pensum, v. tr.,
detrlmentum, -I, N., loss, damage. weigh out, pay.
maxime, adv., especially. interdico, 3, -dlxi, -dictum, v. tr.,
etiam, adv., also. forbid.
defectio, -onis, F., revolt.
CAESAR B.'G. V, 23 57
Caesar returns to Gaul.
23. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus, neque hoc neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quae milites portaret desideraretur ; at ex iis, quae inanes ex continent! ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus expositis militibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum caperent ; reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac, summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omnesque incolumes naves perduxit.
depereo, -Ire, -il, -itum, v. irreg., exclude, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. tr., perish, am lost. shut out, prevent.
navigatio, -orris, F., voyage. subsum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., ain
commeatus, us, M., trip, relay. near.
desidero, 1, v. tr., want, miss; necessario, adv. , of necessity,
pass., am lost. anguste, adv., narrowly, closely
inanis, -e, adj., empty. tranquillitas, -atis, F., calm.
aliquamdiu, adv. , for some time.
Sentence-Structure
If you compare a page of Caesar with a page of an English History, you will readily see that the sentences in Caesar are much longer and consequently fewer than in English. In English the narrative consists largely of independent statements, and the sentences contain one or more principal verbs with very few participial or subordinate construc- tions. In Latin the ideas are not expressed in this detached style, but one main idea is chosen and the subordinate ideas are grouped around it in participial and subordinate constructions. The English Style is called the Detached Style ; the Latin Style is called the Periodic. In order to get a good idiomatic translation of a Latin sentence, it is often necessary to break it up into several detached sentences, and render Latin participles and subordinate verbs by principal verbs in English.
Exercises in Translation A
His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit. —Caesar IV, 23.
Observe in the above extract :—
(a) There are five participles and one principal verb.
(b) The different movements are stated in the order of their occurrence.
(c) The one principal subject is maintained throughout.
Translation :—
The officers were then sent to their various posts ; and now as wind and tide were both favorable at one and the same time, he gave the signal, weighed anchor, and after proceeding about seven miles from that point, moored his ships on an open and level shore.
B
Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda convenerant, inter se colloquuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse
58
CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE 59
intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognos- cerent, — quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat, — optimum factu esse duxerunt, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum confidebant.— Caesar IV, 30.
Observe :—
(a) The position of quibus rebus cognitis as the introductory words.
(b) The position of principes Britanniae as the subject, folldwed by the qui clause connected with it, also colloquuti describing the mode of operation.
(c) The cum clauses, giving the reasons for the action, placed before the principal verb.
(d) duxerunt, the sole principal verb.
Translation :—
On learning these facts, the chiefs of Britain who after the battle had assembled to carry out Caesar's orders, held a conference. They perceived that the Romans lacked cavalry, ships and grain. They also ascertained the small number of our soldiers from the smallness of the camp. This was even smaller for this reason because Caesar had transported the legions without baggage. (Accordingly) they concluded the best thing to do was to renew the war, keep our men from (procuring) grain and supplies and prolong the campaign into winter, because they were sure that it these were overcome or cut off from return, no one would (ever) after cross over into Britain for the purpose of carrying on war.
Consistency of Latin Style Examine :—
(a) Catesar, etsi nondum concilia eorum cognoverat, tamen legiones in acie pro castris constituit.
Although Caesar was not yet aware of their plans, nevertheless he posted his legions in line of battle before the camp.
(b) Barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, nostros navibus egredi prohibebant.
When the plan of the Romans became known to the barbarians, they tried to prevent our men from landing.
60 CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE
(c) Qua re impetrata, arma tradere jussi, faciunt.
This request was granted ; and on being ordered to hand over their arms they do so.
(d) Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos imperatoris mandata perferret, in vincula conjecerant.
When he had landed from the ship and was delivering to them the orders of his commander, they had thrown him into chains.
These sentences illustrate the compactness, brevity and consistency of Latin style as compared with the English.
Latin as far as possible throughout the period or sentence —
(a) Makes the real subject the grammatical subject of the principal verb ;
(6) Avoids change of subject ;
(c) Places the subject at or near the beginning, thereby giving emphasis and prominence to it ;
(d) Keeps a substantive in the same case.
NOTES
BOOK IV
Chapter 20
exigua parte — reliqua : abl. abs. , equivalent to a concessive clause introduced by etsi, co-ordinate with the next clause : " though but little of the summer remained, and in this district the winters set in early."
Note that etsi occurs in Caesar with the pres., impf., and plupf. indie. ; never with the subj.
ad septentriones vergit : Caesar means that the rivers of Gaul out- side the Provincia, i.e., in the part occupied by the Aquitani, Celtae and Belgae, have a northerly course.
septentriones : properly the seven stars which form the constellation of the Great Bear, from septem, seven, and -trio = strio, star ; cp. stella = sterula ; German Stern, English star.
Britanniam : probably from the Celtic, brit or brith, painted, from the custom of the inhabitants staining their bodies with woad (B. V, 14). The name Albion given to it by Aristotle (De Mundo, 3) is perhaps from Celtic alp, alb, high or white ; cp. Alpin, Albany (an old name for Scotland), Latin albus, Alpes.
quod— intellegebat : cp. B. Ill, 9, where he mentions the fact that the Nannetes and the Veneti sent for aid to Britain to carry on their war against the Romans. Dion Cassius says that Caesar's motive in crossing to Britain was simply this, to be the first Roman who visited the island. Suetonius attributes the expedition to avarice, mentioning the rich pearl fisheries as the inducement.
bellis Gallicis : "in the wars against the Gauls." Either (1) abl. of Time When, or (2) Time 'within which,' H. L., 116, 3, or (3) Local abl. with in omitted, H. L., 119, 5.
subministrata sc. esse : "had been secretly supplied." Note the force of sub in composition.
si — deficeret : "even though the time of the year should be insufficient for carrying on a regular campaign" : subj. in a subordinate clause in Oratio Obliqua, H. L. , 269, 8. Caesar started on his first expedition to Britain near the end of August (see note on Chapter 23).
61
62 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
magno sibi usui fore ( = futurum esse) : " it would be of great advantage to him": usui, dat. of Purpose, H. L., 228, 2. The clauses si — adisset— perspexisset — cognovisset are subjects of fore ; the plupf. subj. represents the fut. pf. indie, in Oratio Recta, magno mihi usui erit, si adiero— perspexero— cognovero, H. L., 269, 8.
loca, portus, aditus : note the Asyndeton.
quae— incognita : this statement is not correct. Caesar himself says (B. Ill, 8) : naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britan- niam navigare consuerunt.
neque enim— quisquam : neque enim implies an ellipsis, " and (we can readily imagine this) for nobody goes there without good reason." — temere, at random, rashly, opposed to consulto.
mercatores : may be either Greeks from Massilia (now Marseilles) or Romans from Provincia (now Provence) in Southern Gaul, who followed in the wake of the army to purchase booty and sell provisions.
Gallias : the divisions of Gaul — Belgica, Celtica, Aquitania.
neque : join with reperire poterat.
esset — incolerent— haberent — uterentur — essent : subj. in Indirect Question after reperire, H. L., 200, 4.
Note that poterat implies repeated action ; potuit would have meant that he called the traders on a single occasion.
Chapter 21
ad haec cognoscenda : join with praemittit.
priusquam periculum faceret: "before running the risk," "before making the attempt." Note that the subj. mood expresses intention on the part of Caesar ; H. L., 260, 6. Observe the meaning of periculum, "trial"; cp. experior, ireipdoftai Tr&pa.
C. Volusenum ; his full name was Caius Volusenus Quadratus. He held the office of tribunus militum and was employed by Caesar on several occasions. He aided in putting down Commius, king of the Atrebates, and as tribunus plebis in 43 B.C. supported Marc Antony. In B. Ill, 5, Caesar speaks of him in the highest terms in connection with the battle of the Nervii— vir et magni consilii et virtutis : Commius is also mentioned, B. IV, 27 ; V, 22 ; VI, 6 ; VII, 76, 79.
navi longa : ships of war — naves longae — were long and narrow, fitted for swift sailing ; ships of burden — naves onerariae — were bulky, with round bottoms, fitted for carrying as large a cargo as possible.
NOTES ON C4ESAR B. G. 63
mandat : " he charges " ; mando implies confidence in the person intrusted with a commission.
Morinos : The Morini inhabited the sea coast of Gallia Belgica. Their name is from the Celtic mor, "sea"; cp. Armorica. They occupied the district from the Scaldis (now Scheldt) on the east to the Samara (now Somme) on the west. Their chief town was Gesoriacum, afterwards Bononia, whence the modern Boulogne.
The brevissimus trajectus was, of course, the Straits of Dover, which is 28 miles in width between Calais and Dover ; see note B. IV, 23.
Veneticum bellum : this war was carried on in 56 B. C. , in conse- quence of the revolt of the Veneti and other states of north-western Gaul. Owing to the difficulty of getting at them by land, Caesar attacked them by sea and defeated them (B. Ill, 8-16) in the bay of Quiberon. Their chief town was Vindana (now St. Orient).
ejus = Caesaris.
per mercatores : H. L., 292, 5 (b).
perlato : "reported."
qui polliceantur : "to promise" ; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.
dare : for se daturos esse. The pres. infin. after verbs expressing hope, promise, undertake is an irregularity in good prose. The comic poets Terence and Plautus, sometimes use the English idiom. The pres. infin. may convey the idea that the promise will be at once fulfilled.
quibus auditis : (1) abl. abs. ; or (2) possibly dative after pollicitus ; " making kind promises to them after they were heard."
ut— permaneret : " to adhere to that resolution" ; Substantive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2.
Atrebatis superatis : the Atrebates, a people of Gallia Belgica, occupied what was once called Artois (probably a corruption of the name, but now called Pas-de-Calais). Others say that Arras (Flemish Autrecht) is ^corrupt form of the word.
They were defeated by Caesar at the river Sabis (now Sambre) in 57 B. C. ( B. II, 23). A portion of them, after this defeat, crossed over to Britain and settled in the valley of the Thames, probably in Berkshire. The fact that Commius was king of the Atrebates on the continent may have influenced Caesar in sending him to treat with his countrymen in Britain.
magni— habebatur : " was considered of great value "; magni, gen. of Value, H. L., 290, 4.
64 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
huic = Commio.
imperat— civitates : construe imperat (ut) adeat civitates quas possit, " he order shim to visit (all) the states he can"; adeat, Substan- tive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2; possit, subj. in Oratio Obliqua, H. L., 265, 2; Primary Sequence, H. L., 198, 4, 5. The ut is sometimes omitted with verbs of ' command ' : B. Ill, 3, huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat. ' eo : " thither " = in Britanniam.
ut— fidem sequantur: "to be loyal to," literally, "to accept the protection of,"
seque : construe imperatque huic ut nuntiet se (Caesarem) celeriter esse venturum.
perspectis regionibus : "after ascertaining the character of the country" ; so also cognoscere regiones, B. Ill, 7.
quantum potuit : "as far as his opportunity allowed him," literally, "as much (of) opportunity as- could be afforded him." — facultatis, Partitive gen., H. L., 287, 4.
qui — auderet : "inasmuch as he did not dare. " Causal rel. and subj ., H. L., 252, 4.
navi egredi : Caesar uses both navi egredi and ex navi egredi.
perspexisset : subj. in Indirect Question after Historic Present. — quae, ace. neut. pi. of quis, quae, quid.
Chapter 22
dum — moratur : dum, meaning 'while,' always takes the indicative in Caesar, except in B. VII, 82.
qui— excusarent— pollicerentur : "to excuse themselves — and to promise"; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.
temporis : Descriptive Gen., H. L., 288, 5. This refers to the events mentioned in B. Ill, 28. After the rest of Northern Gaul had submitted to Caesar, the Meuapii and Morini suddenly attacked the Romans.
homines barbari : "as barbarous people," "being (as they were) barbarians."
nostrae consuetudinis : he refers to the mercy shown by the Romans to those who submitted to their sway.
populo : dat. : the construction of bellum facere populo Romano is formed on the analogy of bellum inferre populo Romano, H. L., 229, 4.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 65
fecissent: Virtual Oratio Obliqua, H. L., 253, 6.
seque : construe pollicerentur se facturos ea quae imperasset : pollicerentur is co-ordinate with qui excusarent —imperasset : plupf. subj. in O.O. representing the fut. pf. indie, in O.K., 'what you shall have ordered, we shall do,' H. L., 269, 8.
hoc — arbitratus : "Caesar thinking that this was a tolerably good streak of luck." Note that the pf. part, of a deponent verb is usually translated into English by a pres. part., H. L., 163, 2 (6), 3.
quod — volebat — habebat — judicabat : indie, as giving Caesar's own reasons, H. L., 252, 2.
has— anteponendas : " that occupation with such trifling matters should take precedence over (his expedition to) Britain," — anteponendas (esse), H. L., 189, Gerundival Infinitive.— sibi: dat. of Agent, H. L., 188, 4.— Britanmae : dat. after a compound verb, H. L., 229, 5, Note. — Britan- niae = bello Britannico. This condensed mode of comparison is some- times found in poetry : Shakespeare, Coriolanus, Act II, Sc. 2, 21 : His ascent is not as easy as those who = His ascent is not so easy as that of those who, &c.
iis— numerum imperavit : impero in the sense of "command" takes a dative of person "commanded" : meaning "levy, demand. from," it takes dative of person and ace. of thing.
quibus : refers to the hostages ; eos, to the Morini.
in fidem recepit: " he received under his protection"; see B. IV, 21.
coactis contractisque : the first participle implies that the ships were collected under compulsion : the second that they merely assembled : "having been pressed into service and brought to one place." They probably assembled at Boulogne, which was also the rendezvous of the French under Napoleon I when he intended to attack England in 1802 A.D.
duas legiones : the 7th and the 10th.
quicquid — navium longarum = omnes naves; for Partitive gen., see H. L., 287, 4. For this use of quicquid, cp. Livy, III, 9; per quicquid deorum est = per omnes deos.
ab millibus— octo : "at a distance of eight miles." The transports were at Ambleteuse eight miles north of Boulogne.
quominus = ut eo minus : "so that . . . not" ; H. L., 248, 8, 9. deducendum dedit : for the gerundive with do, see fl. L., 187, 9.
66 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
Sabino et— Cottae : both highly esteemed legati of Caesar. They both fell in the ambuscade planned by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones, B. V, 37.
Menapii : a people of Gallia Belgica, who inhabited both sides of the Rhine. Their chief town was Castellum Menapiorum (now Kessel).
Chapter 23
his constitutis rebus : express this in various ways ; H. L., 204, 6.
tertia vigilia : the time between sunset and sunrise was divided into four watches, each of which was about three hours long. Caesar set out with the infantry for Britain at midnight, August 26th, from Port Itius which is generally supposed to be Boulogne at the estuary of the Somme.
solvit : "he set sail" : we find solvere or solvere naves, " to set sail": for the former see also B. IV, 28 ; for the latter B. IV, 36 : V, 8.
ulteriorem portum : further north than Boulogne : cp. IV, 28, where it is called portus superior. The cavalry were detained wind-bound at Ambleteuse, eight miles north of Boulogne.
naves conscendere : we also find in naves conscendere, "to embark." The cavalry did not start till three days afterwards, i.e., August 30th.
a quibus— administratum : " as his orders were carried out somewhat slowly by them."
ipse : notice that this pronoun when used alone generally refers to Caesar.
hora — quarta : as sunrise at this time of the year would be about 5 a.m. and sunset about 7 p.m., and an hour would be 1 hour and 10 minutes of our time, Caesar would arrive in Britain about 10 a.m.
expositas: here = instructas, "drawn up."
haec : "the following." natura : " the character."
adeo : join with angustis, " so precipitous." This statement applies to Dover Cliffs.
in litus: "upon the beach '* =" to the water's edge"; cp. Celsus (Dig. 50, 16, 90), litus est quousque maximus fluctus a mari pervenit. Distinguish litus, the part of the shore washed by the water ; ripa, the bank of a river ; ora, the land on the shore.
ad egrediendum : sc. ex navibus, "for disembarking"; see note L. IV, 21.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 67
ncquaquam idoneum : "by no means suitable," "altogether unsuited." dum— convenirent : for subj., see H. L., 259, 7. in ancoris exspectavit : "waited at anchor."
legatis— convocatis : as the imperator, tribuni militum, and first centurions, primipili, formed the council of war, Caesar may mean that this was held.
quae — cognosset, quae — vellet : subj. in Indirect Question, H. L., 200, 3.
moniiitque— administrarentur : the first and second ut = ' as ' ; the third ut is closely connected with quae = cum ea or quippe quae, "inasmuch as these," so that ut connecting monuit with administra- rentur is omitted : "and warned them that all his orders should be carried out at a nod and at the right moment, as the method of military tactics (and) especially as naval tactics demanded, inasmuch as these involved rapid and uncertain movements." For the omission of ut after monuit, see note on imperat— adeat, B. IV, 21.— postularent is subj. in Virtual Oratio Obliqua after monuit. — haberent is Causal subj., H. L., 252, 4.
sublatis ancoris : " having weighed anchor."
septem — progressus : Caesar may have gone either N. E. or S. W. of Dover. The former course would land him between Deal and Walmer Castle; the latter at Hythe or Lymne.
Chapter 24
at : generally denotes a transition in the narrative.
praemisso— essedariis : praemisso agrees with equitatu, the nearest word, though it applies also to essedariis. —The word essedum or esseda is said to be from the Celtic ess, ' a chariot.' The essedarii included the aurigae, 'drivers' (B. IV, 33), who were the nobles, and the clientes, 'retainers,' who were the fighting men ; cp. Tacitus (Ag. 12) : auriga honestior ; clientes propugnant This was the reverse of the Homeric custom, where the driver was a mere attendant, and the warrior was the important man. In each chariot there were usually six warriors and the driver.
quo— genere : " a kind of fighting force which." This statement does not harmonize with that of Tacitus (Ag. 12) : in pedite robur ; quaedam nationes et curru proeliantur.
consuerunt = consueverunt.
68 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
reliquis copiis = cum reliquis copiis : Caesar and Livy often omit preposition with abl. of Accompaniment ; H. L., 293, 3, (b).
egredi prohibebant : note that prohibeo takes ace. with infin. militibus — desiliendum (erat) : "the soldiers had to leap down." — militibus; dat. of Agent, H. L., 187, 3; 188,4, (b).
illi : this pronoun is regularly used to represent " the enemy."
" The soldiers moreover, ignorant of the locality, with their hands encumbered and burdened with the great and heavy weight of armor had at one and the same time to leap down from the ships, and get a firm footing amid the waves, and fight with the enemy, whereas they either from dry ground or after advancing a short distance into the water, with all their limbs unencumbered, and on ground quite familiar to them, kept boldly hurling their darts, and spurring on their horses trained (to such warfare.)" For the abl. abs. see H. L., 159, 4, (b).
hujus — imperiti : " wholly unskilled in this kind of fighting." uti; utebantur: "employ," ''display."
Chapter 25
et— et : "both . . . and."
specie : "appearance" embracing shape, size, color.
inusitatior : "somewhat unfamiliar": for force of comparative see H. L., 88, 6.
motus — expeditior : ' ' movement in actual service less difficult. " The naves onerariae were unwieldly compared with the naves longae, as the former were broader and heavier.
naves longas : join with jussit removeri — incitari — constitui.
remis incitari: " to be rowed rapidly forward." ad latus apertum : "on the exposed flank," i.e., the 'right.' Their left was protected by their shields.
fundis — tormentis : the slingers (funditores) and bowmen (sagittarii) belonged to the light-armed infantry (velites), see p. 14 : for tor- menta, see p. 15.
propelli ac summoveri : " to be driven of and dislodged."
quae res : " this movement."
usui nostris: for the two datives see H. L., 228, 2.
paulum modo : " a short distance only," "just a little."
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 69
atque : rarely found at the beginning of a new sentence, marking a contrast between what precedes and what follows : " and then."
nostris — cunctantibus : ' ' while our men were wavering " : abl. abs. , H. L., 160 (c).
qui— aquilam ferebat=aquilifer : see p. 17.
decimae legionis : Caesar's favorite legion : B. I, 40 ; Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. The legions were numbered according to the order of enlistment.
contestatus deos : "appealing to the gods" The Romans seldom entered upon any important undertaking without an appropriate prayer to the deity or deities likely to aid them.
ea res: " this undertaking," " this action."
legioni: dat. of Indirect Object, H. L., 284, 1.
nisi— vultis : to lose the standard was looked upon as most dis- graceful, especially to the standard-bearer, since this would be a violation of the military oath (sacramentum) which bound the soldier "not to desert the standard through a desire to escape or through fear, nor to leave the ranks." To arouse the soldiers, the standard was some- times thrown into the midst of the enemy.
ego certe officium praestitero: "/, at least, shall have done my duty." The fut. pf. is used because the eagle-bearer looks on his duty as having been completed by the act.
aquilam ferre : = "to advance."
inter se : "each other," "one another." Latin has no reciprocal pronoun corresponding to the Greek aAAfflcuv. dedecus : i. e. , the loss of the eagle.
hos — conspexissent : "likeivise when those on board the nearest ships had observed these"; with ex proximis navibus, cp. ex equo (equis) pugnare, " to fight on horseback."
Chapter 26
pugnatum est: H. L., 155, 5. acriter : note the emphatic position, nostri : join with perturbabantur.
Note throughout the chapter the frequent use of the impf. to express repeated or continuous action.
70 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
atque alius alia ex navi : quod is still understood after atque : "and further because one from one ship and another from another."
quibuscumque— occurrerat — aggregabat : "kept joining themselves to whatever standards they met." The verbs are sing., agreeing with alius. — For the tenses expressing repeated action in the past, see H. L., 263, 8.— signis : dat. with a compound of ob (oc), H. L., 229, 4.
ubi— conspexerant : "whenever they saiv"; cp. occurrerat above.
ex litore : cp. ex arido (B. IV, 24).
singulares : " in scattered bodies."
plures : " a large number."
alii — conjiciebant : " others on the exposed flank (right side) kept hurling their darts on the massed forces (of the Romans)."
ab latere aperto : see note on ad litus apertum (B. IV, 25). — For the force of ab ; cp. a fronte, ' in front '; ab oriente sole, ' on the east.'
speculatoria navigia : "spy boats" of light construction used for scouting purposes, and hence quick-sailing craft.
quos conspexerat : " (all) whom he saw in distress"; for tense see occurrerat above.
suis — cofisecutis : "after all their comrades joined them."
neque — potuerunt : " but they were not able to pursue, (the enemy) any great distance."
longius : for force of comparative see H. L. , 88, 6.
quod — potuerunt : they were wind-bound at Ambleteuse. .ad: " in accordance with."
Caesari : for dat., see H. L., 229, 4 ; 208, 8. " This was the only break in Caesar's habitual good fortune."
Chapter 27
daturos : the full form would be se daturos esse.
imperasset: = imperavisset ; Oratio Obliqua representing fut. pf. indie, in Oratio Recta, H. L., 269, 8.
supra demonstraveram : B. IV, 21. The perf. would be more usual.
prae"iissum : sc. esse.
cum — deferret : " though he ivas delivering to them the orders of his commander in the character of an ambassador (or spokesman)." — cum Narrative, H. L., 204, 4 ; or Concessive, 255, Note.
NOTES ON tIAESAR B. G. 71
ut (sibi) ignosceretur : " that it should be pardoned to them " = "to be pardoned": subj. in Substantive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2.— For impersonal use, see H. L., 178, 2.
quod bellum intulissent: "of their having commenced hostilities"', Virtual O.O., H. L., 253, 6.
cum — petissent : ' ' though they had of their own accord sent ambassadors to the continent and had sougM peace from him."
ignoscere : sc. se.
arcessitam : ' ' after they had been summoned. "
remigrare in agros : "to return to their own lands." agri may mean either ' districts' or. 'farm lands.'
Chapter 28
his rebus: either "on these terms" or "by these means."
post diem quartum quam: post is regarded as a prep, governing diem ; but really goes with quam, forming postquam. The simpler but less usual form would be die quarto postquam. Since, in reckoning time, the Romans counted inclusively, this in English would be "three days after."
est ventum : used impersonally ; sc. Caesari = Caesar venit : "after Caesar's arrival in Britain. "
supra demonstratum est: see previous note; "mention has been made above."
superiore portu : Ambleteuse, north of Boulogne, called portus ulterior in B. IV, 23.
solverunt: "set sail" "started," applied absolutely to naves after the analogy of solvere naves used transitively ; see B. IV, 23.
sed aliae — referrentur ; aliae — dejicerentur : the ut Consecutive is still understood with these clauses, H. L. , 203, 1, 2.
propius solis occasum : "further west," literally "nearer the sunset."
Caesar is said to have been the first to use propius as a preposition.
magno sui cum periculo : " at great danger to themselves " ; sui is Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3.
quae — petierunt : " These, nevertheless, cast anchor, but, since they were being filled by the leaves, of necessity they put out to sea in the face of night and made for the continent."
72 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
tamen : means in spite of the storm raging. Evidently the anchors prevented the boats from riding the waves and so they were in danger of being swamped.
adversa nocte : some render "though the night was stormy " or " in a, fold night " ; abl. abs. ; though possibly abl. of Time When.
Chapter 29
eadem nocte : the night of 30th Aug. , 55 B. C.
maritimos aestus : spring tides occur a day after full moon, and new moon. The spring tides at Dover are said to rise to the height of 19 feet ; at Boulogne, to the height of 25 feet.
incognitum : in the Mediterranean there are no tides or very slight ones at certain points. One would have supposed that Caesar's soldiers would have observed the phenomena of tides in the war against the Veneti fought the previous year (B. Ill, 12). The influence of the moon on tides was known to Cicero (De Divin. 2, 14) : quid de fretis aut de maritimis aestibus dicam ? quorum accessus et recessus.(flow and ebb) lunae motu gubernantur. This work was not published till 44 B.C., eleven years after Caesar's first expedition to Britain.
uno tempore : ' ' at one and the same time. "
exercitum— curaverat : "had had his army brought over." For this use of the Gerundive, see H. L., 187, 9.
subduxerat : naves subducere, "to haul vessels on shore," " to beach," opposed to naves deducere, " to launch vessels."
et — adflictabat : ' ' and the storm kept dashing the transports about which were riding at anchor." — onerarias, sc. naves. Note the force of the imperfect frequentative adflictabat.
aut — auxiliandi: "either of managing (their own ships) or of lending aid (to others)."
compluribus — inutiles : c ' since several vessels were wrecked and since the rest were unfit for sailing owing to the loss of their cables, anchors, and the rest of their tackling." The first abl. abs. is Causal, and co- ordinate with the Causal cum clause. The second abl. abs. is also Causal.
id quod necesse erat accidere : "as ivas unavoidable."
quibus— possent : quibus : abl. of Means and Final Relative, hence possent. H. L., 232, 2.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 73
usui : dat of Purpose, H. L., 228, 2.
quod — oportere : "because it was understood by all that the winter ought to be passed in Gaul" omnibus constat : we also find inter omnes cons tat ; omnibus is dat. — hiemari oportere: literally "it ought to be wintered."— in hiemem : "for the winter"-, Time Prospective, H. L., 117, 6.
Chapter 30
For the translation of this chapter see p. 59. quibus rebus cognitis : express this in different ways.
principes : subject to duxerunt ; see end of Chapter 27.
ad ea facienda : in how many ways may this be expressed ? See H. L. 232, 3.
optimum factu : supine in -u ; H. L., 180, 3.
his superatis— interclusis : Conditional abl. abs. = si hi superati et interclusi essent.
ac — deducere : "and withdraw their men secretly from the country," i.e., from the interior to the sea coast.
Chapter 31
ex eventu navium suarum : "from what had happened to his ships" : Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3.
ex CO quod: "from this fact that," defined by the clause following.
fore— suspicabatur : " he began to suspect that this would happen ivhich actually did happen. "
ad — comparabat : " he made provision for all emergencies. " subsidia (plural) elsewhere in Caesar means "reserves"; (the singular) "the act of bringing aid."
cotidie : "daily," implying repetition: in dies, in diem, "daily," implying increase or diminution.
quae — naves earum = earum navium quae : the antecedent is ex- pressed in the relative clause.
acre: "metal"; the word aes seems to be a general word for all metals, except gold or silver ; bronze or copper was generally employed in shipbuilding as these did not corrode.
quae — erant : the antecedent is ea understood. usui : see note Chapter 25.
74 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
cum — administraretur : "since the work was carried on with the greatest zeal on the part of the soldiers" ; cum Causal, H. L., 252, 3.
duodecim navibus amissis : "though twelve ships were lost" : con- cessive abl. abs.
reliquis effecit : " he so arranged matters that the voyage could be conveniently made with the rest" : literally "he brought it to pass that it could be sailed." — reliquis, abl. of Means or Instrument. — Note with a pass, infin. navigari that posset is impersonal.
Chapter 32
dum geruntur : see note Chapter 22.
ex consuetudine : " in accordance with custom," " as was the custom." The foraging was generally done by the 7th legion : the severe fighting, by the 10th.
frumentatum : supine : H. L., 180, 2.
neque ulla — interposita : " and though no suspicion of war up to the present had arisen": Concessive abl. abs. — Note that Latin requires neque ullus, not et nullus for "and no."
cum pars hominum : " since some of the people," i.e., the Britons.
in agris : " on their lands."
pars — ventitaret : " (while) others were coming and going to the camp (i.e., of the Romans)."
in statione : "on sentry duty." For the gates of a Roman camp see page 18. The sentries at the gates of the camp were called stationes ; excubiae were day or night guards ; vigiliae were night guards only ; custodiae, guards of the fortifications. The night guard was inspected every three hours by circuitores, who were changed at the end of every watch.
quam consuetude ferret: "than custom admitted of" "than usual." The subj. is either (1) in a subordinate clause in Oratio Obliqua, or (2) the clause is Consecutive.
in ea parte— in quam partem : the repetition of the antecedent in the relative clause is frequent in Caesar. In English omit the antecedent in the relative clause.
id quod erat : "the actual state of affairs," "what really was the fact."
aliquid consili : "some new design had been formed" : Part. Gen., H. L. , 287, 4 : the inf. clause is in apposition to id.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 75
cohortes : join this with jussit.
in stationibus : "on the outposts," "on guard"; cp. in statione, page 74.
in stationem succedere : " to take their place on guard" :
Note the idea of motion conveyed by succedere, and hence the accus.
armari=:se armare : the passive in Latin is sometimes used with a reflexive meaning corresponding to the Greek middle.
confestim : "immediately": note the emphatic position of the adverb : from the same root as festino, " hasten."
aegre sustinere sc. hostes, "with difficulty were keeping the enemy in check."
conferta legione : the abl. abs. is equivalent to a Causal clause giving the reason why the Romans were exposed to a cross-fire: "since the legion was massed together."
conjici : sc. in earn. Caesar might have written in confertam legionem— conjici.
nam quod : "for since." Join nam with delituerant, and quod with erat.
' 'for, because, the corn having been reaped from all other parts, one part was left, etc." = "for, since the corn had been reaped from all parts but one, the enemy, suspecting that our men would come there, had concealed them- selves in the night-time in the woods."
disperses— occupatos : sc. nostros : "then having attacked our men while scattered, with their arms laid down (piled up), and while engaged in reaping."
incertis — ordinibus : Causal abl. abs.: "since their ranks were in confusion." The Romans were scattered and could not take their places in the line.
circumdederant : sc. nostros.
Chapter 33
genus — pugnae : "the following is their mode of fighting on war chariots." — pugnae = pugnandi. With ex essedis pugna, cp. ex equis pugnare, " to fight on horseback."
per omnes partes, i.e., up and down between the two armies.
ipso terrore equorum : "by the sheer terror caused by their horses " : Subjective Gen., H. L., 2S7, 2.
76 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
cum — insinuaverunt : "when once they work their way."
For cum with pf. indie, in the subordinate clause expressing a repeated act in the present see H. L., 263, 9. — The British charioteers drove into the spaces between the cavalry squadrons of their own troops. The warriors (essedarii) would then dismount, and the drivers (aurigae) retreat to the rear.
desiliunt : sc. essedarii, i.e., "tJie warriors" : see note on praemisso — essedariis, B. IV, 24. praestant: "display" "combine."
tantum— efficiunt : "they become so expert by daily experience and practise. "
in— loco : "when the ground is sloping and even steep." This construc- tion where in with the abl. is used with the same force as an abl. abs. is sometimes called the Prepositional abl. abs. This arises from the want of a present participle of the verb sum.
brevi : sc. tempore : "ma moment." per temonem : "along the pole."
Chapter 34
quibus rebus : either (1) abl. of Cause " owing to these tactics" "where- fore" ; or (2) abl. abs. "when matters were in this state," "under these circumstances " ; or (removing the commas and considering nostris dat. instead of abl. abs.) (3) abl. of Means with perturbatis "to our men con- fused by these tactics from the fact that the mode of fighting was new."
namque = Greek nai yap: "and (this was evident) for" ; namque in Caesar and Cicero is usually used before a vowel and is always the first word of its clause.
quo — facto : " though this was done " ; Concessive abl. abs.
ad lacessendum : "for skirmishing with the enemy."
alienum : "unfavorable": alienus is rarely applied to things and when it is, it is opposed to suus or opportunus ; cp. locus suus, "ground of his own choosing," hence "favorable": tempus suum, "time chosen by himself." suo loco = in suo loco ; the prep, in is often omitted with locus.
quae— continerent : subj. of Result = tantae ut continerent : "so great that they kept our men inside the camp." — castris : see suo loco, previous note.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 77
praedicaverunt : ' ' they openly boasted " : distinguish in meaning praedlco and praedlco.
quanta facultas — daretur : " ivhat a fine opportunity was being offered them " ; subj. in Indirect Question, H. L., 200.
praedae faciendae : "of securing booty" ; facere praedam does not occur elsewhere in Caesar.
in perpetuum : ' 'forever. "
sui liberandi : with the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the Gerund or Gerundive form in -di is used, without reference to the gender or number of the pronoun, H. L., 187, 8.
si — expulissent : " if they succeeded in driving out " ; subj. in Virtual O.O. representing the fut. pf. indie. — si expuleritis — in O.K., H. L., 269, 8.
his rebus : " by these representations."
Chapter 35
etsi : join with videbat : see note B. IV, 20.
idem : subject of fore and explained by the appositive ut clause.
ut — effugerent : "that they would escape owing to their speed." The Britons were armed with a long sword and a light buckler. What was the armor of the legionary soldier ? See page 16.
si essent — pulsi : subj. in Virtual O.O., representing the fut. pf. indie.— si erunt pulsi— in O.K., H. L., 269, 8.
diutius : join with non ; " they could not for any length of time with- stand. "
quos — potuerunt : ' ' and pursuing them over as great a distance as (=as far as) their strength and speed allowed." — tanto spatio : abl. where we would have expected the ace. of Extent of Space. — cursu et viribus : abl. of Instrument.
occiderunt : sc. nostri milites.
Chapter 36
his — numerum — duplicavit : = his duplicem numerum imperavit ; his is dat. of Indirect Object.
quern— imperaverat : see B. IV, 27 .
propinqua die aequinoctii : Causal abl. abs. ; "as the day of the equinox ivas near." This was the period of equinoctial gales. As Caesar
78 NOTES ON CAESAR E.G.
landed in Britain on Aug. 27th, and left (according to Napoleon III) probably Sept. llth or 12th, we can see how stubbornly the Britons must have resisted his landing, since he got no farther than the shore in his first expedition. — dies is fern, in the sing, when it refers to a fixed or set day.
infirmis— navibus : Causal abl. abs. ; "since his ship& were unsea- worthy. "
hiemi — existimabat : "he did not think that the voyage ought to be exposed to (the risk of) a storm." — hiemi : dat. with a compound of sub — , H. L., 229, 4.— subjiciendam: sc. esse ; Gerundival infin., H. L., 189.
naves solvit : see note on solvit, B. IV, 23.
eosdem portus capere : "to make the same ports," see note on tertia vigilia, B. IV, 23.
infra: "further," down the channel, i.e., below Boulogne.
Chapter 37
essent expositi : The full phrase is milites ex navibus in terram exponere. This clause refers to the duae onerariae, referred to at the end of the preceding chapter.
proficiscens: "on his departure." pacatos : see B. IV, 22.
non ita magno numero: "with not a very large number"; this use of ita is confined to negative sentences.
circumsteterunt : sc. nostros milites, which is also to be supplied as the object of jusserunt.
si — nollent : subj. in Virtual 0.0. after jusserunt.
orbe facto : in cases of extreme danger, the Roman soldiers formed a circle with their faces to the enemy and their baggage in the centre. We should say "forming a hollow square."
celeriter : note the emphatic position of the adverb, suis auxilio : for the two datives, see H. L., 228, 1, 2.
horis : abl. of Comparison after amplius ; cp. amplius octingentos equites habere, B. IV, 12 ; amplius, plus, minus, longius, may or may not affect the syntax of the accompanying words.
paucis — acceptis : "ivith trifling loss."
NOTES ON CAKSAB B. G. 79
Chapter 38
qui rebellionem fecerant : "who had recommenced hostilities" -t "who had renewed the war."
siccitates : either (1) " continued droughts " or (2) "droughts in several localities."
quo se reciperent non haberent : " had no place to betake themselves to." quo— reciperent ; Final Rel. Adv. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.— It might mean "did not know where to betake themselves "; habeo, like Greek f^", sometimes has this meaning ; reciperent' would then be subjunctive in Indirect Question, representing a deliberative subjunctive — quo nos recipiamus — in O.K.
quo — usi : quo is attracted into the case of perfugio ; " which they had used as a refuge."
omnino: "in all."
ex litteris : "in accordance with a despatch from Caesar."
BOOK V Chapter 1
Lucio Domitio Appio Claudio consulibus : The et is often left out between the names of the consuls in a phrase of this kind. The year was 54 B.C. The consuls entered office on January 1st. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus belonged to the optimates. He fell at Pharsalia, 48 B.C., by the hand of Marc Antony. Appius Claudius was brother of the notorious Clodius, killed by Milo. He was also one of the optimates.
ab hibernis : these winter camps were among the Belgae (B. IV., 38).
in Italiam = in Galliam Cisaipinam : Italy proper did not till 27 B.C. include Gallia Cisalpina, Liguria, and Illyricum, though as here it was often applied to the country south of the Alps. Caesar during his Gallic wars usually spent the winter at Luca or Ravenna.
consuerat — consueverat.
legatis— curarent : " he orders his staff officers, whom he had appointed over the legion*, to have as many ships as possible built during the winter, and the old ones repaired." Note the sequence imperat — uti— curarent,
80 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
asimperat is an historical present. —possent : Virtual O.O. For the gerundive with euro, see H. L., 187, 9.
modum formamque : "the size and style."
subductiones : "hauling up" on land, or "beaching" (cf. B. IV., 29). The plural is used because more than one vessel is referred to. Explain naves subducere, naves deducere.
humiliores : sc., naves: "lower." The vessels had less elevation above the water.
quam quibus = qua'm (eas naves) quibus. in nostro mari : the Mediterranean.
id eo magis : sc. facit : ' ' and he does this the more ( = and all the more) for the following reason."
propter crebras commutationes : he refers to the varying currents in the Channel.
ad onera : sc. transportanda from the transportandam following. — transportandam agrees with the nearest noun.
in reliquis maribus : the different parts of the Mediterranean were known under different names.
actuarias: "furnished with oars" as well as with sails. Note that impero can be used with ace. and inf. when the infinitive is passive. What would be the more usual construction? retrahi imperat : cp. B. V, 7.
usui : dat. of Purpose, H. L. , 228, 1 .
ad armandas naves : "for equipping vessels." Spain supplied metal, cables, rigging, etc.
conventibus : Caesar as proconsul held assizes or courts at the chief cities of Northern Italy.
Galliae citerioris = Galliae Cisalpinae.
a Pirustis : the Pirustae were a tribe occupying the modern Herzegovina.
qui doceant : " to inform him " ; Final Rel. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.
paratos satisfacere = paratos (esse) ad satisfaciendum : the infin. after paratos esse is on the analogy of velle which takes the infin.
percepta : " having been listened to."
ad certain diem: "by a stated day"; Time Prospective, H. L., 117, 6.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 81
nisi — fecerint : subj. of Virtual O.O. in Primary Sequence, repre- senting fut. pf. indie. — nisi feceritis — in O.R., H. L., 269, 8.
arbitros : ' ' assessors, " ' ' arbitrators. "
qui — aestiment — constituant : see qui doceant, page 80. — litis aestimatio in criminal law is the assessment of the amount of damages which a convicted person has to pay.
Chapter 2
citeriorem Galliam = Galliam Cisalpinam.
revertitur : give the principal parts ; generally revertor is to return before completing one's journey : redeo, after completing it.
ad exercitum : after wintering in Belgium : B. IV, 38.
inde = ex Gallia citeriore : Long estimates that Caesar must have travelled over 2,000 miles. In the beginning of the year he left the army in Belgium, passed through Transalpine Gaul, held court in Cisalpine Gaul, went to lllyricum, settled disputes there, and returned to Belgium in May or June.
circuitis omnibus hibernis : ''after inspecting all the winter quarters."
in— inopia : " though in the greatest need of all kinds of material " : see note on in— loco, B. IV, 33.
cujus : quod would be more usual. The attraction of the relative to the case of the antecedent (common in Greek) is not often met with in Latin.
instructas : "fully rigged."
neque abesse— possint : " and they were not far from being able to be launched ivithin a few days," literally, "and they were not much short of that point that they might be launched."
deduci : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29.
quid — velit : Indirect Question, H. L., 200.
portum Itium : see note on tertia vigilia, B. IV, 23.
circiter triginta : Caesar is remarkably accurate in distances. The Roman mile was 1,618 yards, or 142 yards shorter than the English mile. The distance from Calais to Dover is 28 miles : from Boulogne to Folkestone 29 miles. Thirty Roman miles would be about 27£ English miles.
huic rei : "for carrying out this purpose," i.e., collecting a fleet at Portus Itius.
82 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
expeditis: "infighting trim,'" "ready for action" i.e., without heavy
concilia : a general council of the Belgic Gauls which Caesar held at Samarobriva (now Amiens).
Chapter 3
plurimum — valet : the genitive after the neuter of pronouns and adjectives arises from their partitive sense. For the excellence of the cavalry of the Treviri, cp. B. II, 24 : equites Trevirorum, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis.
ut— demonstravimus : B. Ill, 11 ; IV, 10.
Indutiomarus was opposed to the Romans. Caesar ordered the leading men of the state to take sides with Cingetorix, the son-in-law and rival of Indutiomarus. The latter took up arms against the Romans but was defeated and slain by Labienus. (B. V, 7).
alter: Cingetorix. — simul atque : H. L., 259, 4.
in officio : " in allegiance," "loyal."
quae— gererentur : subj. in Indirect Question, H. L., 200.
at : used to contrast the doings of two persons. Caesar has been speaking of Cingetorix ; he now turns to describe the course of Indu- tiomarus.
Indutiomarus : join with instituit at the end of the chapter, iisque : -que joins cogere with bellum parare.
iis : join with abditis : " and he decided to prepare for war, after those who, owing to their age, were not able to take the field had been hid in the Ardennes wood."
per aetatem : they were either too young or too old.
abditis in silvam, really means "having been removed to the forest and hidden there." The accusative after abdo involves the idea of removal as well as of concealment. — ingenti magnitudine : abl. of Description : H. L., 293, 6.
privatim : "privately," i.e., for their own private security.
petere : used absolutely, " to make requests."
quoniam— possent : Virtual O.O. since Caesar is not stating their real motive, but merely what they said was their motive, H. L., 253, 6. Distinguish virum consulere, viro (elat. ) consulere, in. virum consulere.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 83
veritus ne : what construction accompanies verbs of fearing ? H. L.^ 242, 243.
sese : of ten the introducing verb to O.O. is not directly expressed; dixit is implied in legates mittit.
idcirco — laberetur: "that he was unwilling to leave his followers, and to come to him (Caesar) for this reason that he might the more easily keep the state loyal, lest by the defection of all the nobles the common people might revolt from thoughtlessness," literally "fall off" from its allegiance, —quo facilius : see H. L. , 233, 4.
imprudentiam : derive this word.
in sua potestate : "in his power"; "under his control."
ejus fidei permittere: "to put under his protection."
Chapter 4
dicerentur : Indirect Question ; H. L., 200.
eum : Indutiomarus
ab institute consilio : "from carrying out the plan he had formed (or his original plan)."
filio propinquisque : in apposition to his in his adductis.
nominatim : " by name," " expressly."
consolatus : " he sympathised with him" in regard to the enforced exile of his son and relatives who were to go to Britain with Caesar.
nihilo tamen secius : secius is comparative of the adv. secus literally " less by nothing " : nihilo being abl. of Measure of Difference : translate the phrase " still," "however."
singillatim : "one by one," "individually."
principibus convocatis, hos — conciliavit : regularly = principes — convocatos conciliavit : a noun or pronoun should not be put in abl. abs. when it is already the subject or object of another verb, H. L., 163, 5; 164.
quod — perspexisset : "for he was both aware that this was done according to the deserts of the latter (Cingetorix) and he considered that it was of great importance that the influence of that man among his people should be as great as possible whose very marked good-will towards himself he had observed."
quod: rel. pron. ace., subject of fieri, ace. with infin. — merito : abl. of Cause or Manner. — magni interesse, see H. L., 289, 3; 290, 4.
84 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
—tarn egregiam: tarn is often attached to an adjective to give it additional force ; cp. the frequent use of tantus for simple magnus. — perspexisset : subj. inO.O.; but cujus perspexisset may be Causal Rel. and Subj., H. L., 252, 4. graviter tulit: "was annoyed at."
et qui— exarsit: " and whereas he had been of an unfriendly dis- position toward us even before, he was still more exasperated through resentment at this act (or through this grievance}." — qui fuisset : Con- cessive Rel. and Subj., H. L., 255, Note. — inimico ammo : abl. of Description, H. L., 293, 6.
Chapter 5
Meldi or Meldae, a people of Gallia Belgica dwelling between the Sequana (Seine) and the Matrona (Marne) near the modern town of Meaux, a corrupt form of Meldi.
revertisse : conjugate this verb.
cursum tenere : compare cursum capere, B. IV, 26.
atque : "but" : rather adversative than connective here.
eodem : " to the same spot" = in eundem locum.
equitatus : the nobility who served as cavalry.
numero : abl. of Respect: H. L., 293,7.
perspexerat : " he had observed."
obsidum loco : " instead of hostages," " as hostages " : when found with a genitive loco has a semi-prepositional force. We also find in loco. The gen. is Objective (H. L., 287, 3) after the analogy of gratia, causa, with genitive.
cum — abesset : " on account of his absence" ; cum Causal : or "while he personally was absent" ; Virtual O.O. representing fut. indie, of the actual thought.
motum = rebellionem : " an uprising. "
Chapter 6
Dumnorix had conspired against the Romans 58 B.C., but was pardoned owing to the entreaties of his brother Divitiacus (B. I, 20). For fear that he might a second time stir up strife, Caesar desired to take him to Britain.
ante : B. I, 3, 18.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. o. 85
magni animi, magnae auctoritatis : Descriptive genitives, H. L., 288, 5.
quod— cognoverat : explain the syntax of quod : H. L., 252, 2.
accedebat hue quod : accedit may take (1) an ut clause of Result with subj. or (2) a substantive clause introduced by quod with indicative.
graviter ferebant : the Aedui annually elected a magistrate called Vergobretus or "judge," and were naturally annoyed that the right of election had been taken out of their hands (B. I, 16). Caesar (B. VII, 33) states that the person holding this office could not leave the state during his term of office, and that no one could be elected if a living member of the family held the post.
neque — audebant : "and yet they did not dare to send ambassadors to Caesar for the purpose of objecting or petitioning against (the appointment).
omnibus precibus : " by all kinds of entreaties."
quod — timeret : " because, being unaccustomed to sailing, he was, as he said, afraid of the sea" ; the subjunctive timeret implies that the reason given was not the real one ; H. L., 252, 1, 2.
religionibus : " by religious scruples."
impediri sese diceret : diceret by mistaken analogy with timeret is itself put in the subj. We should have expected, quod impediretur or quod sese impediri dicebat. Sometimes in Causal clauses a verb of ' saying ' is inserted parenthetically merely introducing the statement.
id : the request to be left behind.
sollicitare depends on coepit. — sevocare singulos : " to call them aside individually "; "to hold secret meetings with persons individually." Note that coepit means here "he began"; H. L., 219, 2.
territare : either (1) Historical infin. or (2) depending on coepit. Note the intensive or iterative force of the frequentative territo.
non — fieri : supply * saying ' from territare ; cp. note on sese, B. V, 3. — non — ut : "it was not without a reason that." — fieri is impersonal; fit ut = "it happens that"; cp. accidit ut.
id — necaret : " (saying) it was the policy of Caesar to transport into Britain and murder there all those whom he was afraid to kill (in sight of Gaul) before the eyes of the Gauls."
interficere — vereretur: note that verbs of "fearing" may take an infinitive in the sense of " to be afraid," " not to have the courage." to do a thing. — interficere, "to kill" in any manner; necare implies cruelty or injustice.
86 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
. For traductos necaret see H. L., 164 (c) Note.
fidem— interponere : " he pledged (or to pledge) his word to the rest" i.e , to those not in Caesar's power. — interponere : Historical infinitive, or after coepit, as territare above ; so also poscere.
jusjurandum, civil oath : sacramentum, oath taken by the military. exusu: cp. usui.— communi consilio: as a united people.
Chapter 7
Caesar : join with statuebat.
quod— tribuerat : H. L., 252, 2.
coercendum — statuebat: "determined that Dumnorix should be checked and restrained by whatever means he could." — coercendum, deterrendum (esse), Gerundival Infin., H. L., 189; the dat. of the Agent (sibi) is omitted, H. L., 188, 4 (b). — posset: sc. Caesar eum coercere et deterrere : subj., in Virtual O.O.
longius: "too far"
prospiciendum : sc. statuebat : " he made up his mind that he must take precautions." — the dat. of the Agent (sibi) is omitted ; see coercen- dum above.
What difference is there between the use of coercendum and deter- rendum (esse), and of prospiciendum (esse)? H. L., 188, 5 (c).
ne — posset: "that he might not be able to do any harm to himself (Caesar) or the state." — ne, see H. L., 233, 5. — quid: Adverbial ace., H. L., 283, 9.
commoratus: "having delay ed" = " being detained," " since he had to wait."
Corus : written also Caurus, Chorus, the N. W. wind. This would be unfavorable to any one sailing from Boulogne to Britain. Note the apposition as in urbs Roma, flumen Rhenus.
partem: ace. of Extent, H. L., 283, 10.
omnis temporis: " of every season."
dabat operam: "he took pains," "he did his best."— contineret — cognosceret; subj. in Final Clause, H. L., 240, 8.
milites = pedites ; the infantry formed the main strength of the Roman army.
conscendere'in naves: we also find conscendere naves.
NOTES ON CA'ESAR B. G. 87
impeditis animis : "while the minds of all were occupied," "while the attention of all was distracted " with the embarkation ; cp. IV, 34, nostris omnibus occupatis.
insciente Caesare : " without Caesar's knowledge," H. L., 159, 4 (&). domum : H. L., 119, 4, 5.
intermissa — postpositis: "delaying his departure and in fact disre- garding everything else"
retrahi imperat : see note on actuarias, B. V, 1.
si— pareat: subjunctive in Virtual 0.0. : in direct narration this would be: si vim faciet neque parebit, (eum) internee ; see H. L., 269, 8.
pro sano : " like a sensible man" "rationally."
praesentis : praesens takes the place of the present participle of adsum which is wanting.
qui— neglexisset : "inasmuch as he had disregarded his command wJien present." Causal Rel. and Subj., H. L., 252, 4.
manu : "by force" or, "in a hand to hand fight": Livy II, 46: pugna jam ad manus venerat. liberum— civitatis : write this in O.K.
Chapter 8
Labieno : Titus Annius Labienus was perhaps the most trusted of Caesar's generals in the Gallic war. He served Caesar for eight years through all the campaigns in Gaul, and was intrusted with most important duties. He joined the side of Pompey at the outbreak of the civil war and fought at Pharsalia 48 B.C. against Caesar, and finally fell at Munda in Spain 45 B. C.
portus : probably Boulogne and Ambleteuse.
consiliumque caperet : "and adopt a policy to suit the time and circumstances. "
pari numero — quern — reliquerat = numero pari (ei numero) quern reliquerat: literally "loith a number of cavalry equal to that (number) which he had left"; "with the same number of cavalry as he had left." Caesar took with him half of his whole cavalry force, i.e., 2000 (see Chapter 5).
ad solis occasum : "about sunset "; July 20th or 21st.
88 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
Africo : called by the Greeks An/>, as it blows from Libya. The S. W. wind is still said to be called by the modern Italians Affrico or Gherbino.
intermisso : "having calmed down."
longius : probably Caesar went as far north as the North Foreland, the ebb-tide carrying his ships from the shore.
earn partem insulae : see note on septem— progressus, B. IV, 23.
admodum — laudanda : " the pluck of the soldiers was highly praise- worthy."— admodum properly "according to measure" i.e., "in as great measure as can be." In combination with numerals it denotes approximation, and often occurs in Livy and Curtius ; Cicero uses it in the phrase nihil admodum : "in reality nothing at all."
non — labore : "since there was no relaxation in their exertion in rowing." The abl. abs. is Causal.
accessum— navibus : "all the ships reached."
cum: "though": Concessive.
cum annotinis, sc. navibus : ' { added to the ships used in the previous year." In B. V, 1, these are called veteres.
quas— fecerat : "which each one had built for Us own service." - commodi either (1) genitive governed by causa understood, or (2) sui commodi is Descriptive Genitive depending on quas.
quae — amplius octingentae : "of which more than eight hundred"; see note on horis : B. IV, 37.
se— abdiderant: see note on abditis in silvam, B. V, 3.
Chapter 9
exposito exercitu : see note on essent expositi, B. IV, 37.
castris idoneo : " suitable for a cam i."1 What adjectives govern a dative case? H. L., 286, 10.
consedissent : Indirect Question ; H. L., 200.
cohortibus decem : probably the two best from each of the five legions.
qui — essent : the pronoun generally agrees with the nearest ante- cedent : Final Rel. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.— For the two datives, see H. L., 228, 1, 2.
de tertia vigilia: de in such expressions of time means 'starting from that point ' ; hence the meaning is : " after the third watch was set."
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 89
veritus navibus: dative of Indirect Object after verbs of fearing, metuo and timeo, is common ; but not common with vereor : "for his skips."
molli: "shelving," or "sandy"; where there were no dangerous rocks : cp. B. IV, 23, at the end.
praesidio navibusque : dat. after a compound of prae— , H. L., 229, 4.
equitatu atque essedis : usually cum would be expressed with abl. of Accompaniment without an adjective : H. L., 293, 3.
ad flumen : the Great Stour near Canterbury. The north bank is said to be higher than the south and so would form a natural defence.
in silvas abdiderunt : see note on abditis in silvam, B. V, 3. et natura et opere : " both naturally and artificially." opere : explained afterwards by crebris arboribus succisis.
ipsi— propugnabant : "they themselves in small bands rushed out of the woods to Jight," or "they themselves here and there hurled missiles from the woods"
ingredi prohibebant: note that prohibeo takes ace. and inf., not quominus with subjunctive.
testudine facta : " having formed a testudo." This movement was done by the-soldiers of the inner files locking their shields above their heads while the outer files protected the sides. The resemblance of the locked shields to a tortoise shell (testudo) gave this formation its name.
eos fugientes : eos is governed by vetuit and fugientes governed by prosequi.
Chapter 10
postridie ejus diei = postero die, "on the next day" literally "on the morrow of that day " : postridie = posteri die, a locative of time : ejus diei, Descriptive Gen.
expeditionem : ' the rapid march of a flying column. '
aliquantum itineris : "some distance": aliquantum : ace. of Extent; itineris : Partitive Gen.
extremi : •' the rear guard" of the enemy. Others take it "the rear " of the expeditionary force of Caesar. In that case jam in conspectu means "still in sight of Caesar" who remained behind in the camp.
qui nuntiarent: "to announce" : qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.
90 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
afflictas atque ejectas esse : " had been shattered and thrown up on the beach."
quod— subsisterenl— possent : subj. of Virtual O.O. ; H. L., 253, 6. eo concursu : "the consequent collision."
Chapter 11
legiones=pedites : see note on milites, B. V, 7. revocari : i.e., from pursuing the enemy, resistere : "to Aaft."— revertitur : see note, B. V, 2. coram perspicit : " he sees with his own eyes."
sic ut : literally "to the extent that." The construction is somewhat irregular. Regularly sic ut would be omitted, and the ace. with the infin. in the clause reliquae — viderentur would be used. The only justification for Caesar's mode of expression would be that the regular construction would have three infinitives coming together.
amissis— navibus : Concessive use of abl. abs. "though about forty ships had been lost."
magno negotio ; " though with great trouble."
fabros deligit : usually a corps of "wrights" under the direction of praefectus fabrum was attached to each legion. Here in the absence of such a corps, Caesar calls for volunteers out of the legion.
Labieno scribit-Labieno imperat, hence the ut clause following, H. L., 240, 2.
possit: Virtual 0.0.
iis legionibus : abl. of Instrument : H. L., 18, 2(1).
multae operae ac laboris : Descriptive Gen. : H. L., 288, 5.
subduci : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29.
ne nocturnis — intermissis : translate freely, " not allowing the work of the soldiers to cease even in the night time."
praesidio— navibus : H. L., 228, 2.
eodem : " to the same place," i.e., to the camp by the river.
summa — administrandi : ' ' the supreme command and entire conduct of the war," literally " the whole of the command and the whole (of the) conduct of the war."
communi consilio : "by common consent" : cp. publico consilio.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 91
circiter — octoginta : reckoning from Deal to the point where he crossed the Thames.
huic — intercesserant : " constant wars had occurred between this man and the other states."— huic: H. L., 229, 4.
Chapter 12
quos— dicunt: quos natos (esse) is ace. with infin. after proditum (esse) which is infin., used impersonally after dicunt; "(in regard to whom) they themselves state there is^a tradition that they were born in the island."— memoria proditum esse: literally "it has been handed down by tradition." The inhabitants of Britain belonged to the great Celtic family, not indigenous, but following an earlier Iberian race. However, the belief that people were autochthonous was general among the ancients: Tacitus (Ag. 2): ceterum qui mortales initio coluerint, indigenae an advecti, ut inter barbaros. parum compertum.
pars: sc. incolitur.
ab iis: so Tacitus (Ag. 11): proximi Gallis et similes sunt.
iis nominibus civitatum = nominibus earum civitatum : ' ' by the names of those states." Caesar means that there were tribes in Britain and on the Continent with the same names, as Atrebates and Belgae.
quibus— ex civitatibus : for the repetition of the antecedent in the relative clause, compare quo ex portu, B. V, 2.
hominum : " of the population."
fere Gallicis consimilia : sc. aedificiis.
aere : "bronze": a mixture of copper and tin, different from brass which was a mixture of copper and zinc.
taleis ferreis : "iron bars." — ad certum pondus examinatis : literally ''weighed to a definite weight"- cf. examen, " the tongue of a balance." Translate, " of definite weight."
plumbum album : "tin." Caesar here reverses the facts. The tin mines are found chiefly on the coast, chiefly in Cornwall, Devon and Wales, while iron is found in Stafford, Shropshire, Derby, parts of York and Durham. Long before Caesar's time the Phoenicians worked tin mines in the Scilly Islands, which were called by the Greeks Cassiterides, ' Tin Islands. '
ejus : refers to iron.
praeter fagum ac abietem : probably Caesar did not meet with these trees and so denies their existence. Both are abundant in Britain.
92 NOTES otf CAESAR fc. a
haec : sc. animalia.
animi : " sentiment"
loca: "climate"; cp. frigidissimis locis, B. IV, 1.
Chapter 13
natura : " in shape." Caesar may have gained his knowledge of the shape of Britain from the natives or from the then extant works of the Greek writers, since the island was not circumnavigated by the Romans till 84 A.D., more than a century after Caesar's time ; cp. Tacibus (Ag. 10) ; hanc oram novissimi maris turn primum Romana classis circum- venta insulam esse Britanniam affirmavit. Strabo (IV, 5, 1) mentions the fact that Britain is triangular and says that its longest side is parallel to Celfcica, and is 4,300 stadia, or about 500 miles in length. Celtica was a term applied to the country generally between the mouth of the Rhine and the Pyrenees. Pomponius Mela (III, 6) compares Britain in shape to Sicily, and says one side faces Gaul, and another side Germany.
Cantium : now Kent, which is said to be from the Celtic Kenn, 'headland,' or Can; cp. Kenmore, Canmore, Cantire.
quo — appelluntur : "at which almost all the ships from Gaul put in"
inferior, sc. angulus, i.e., Land's End, off the Coast of Cornwall. The distance from North Foreland to Land's End is said to be 344 British or 374 Roman miles. Strabo's statement is evidently taken from Caesar. The indentations of the coast may be taken into account by Caesar.
alterum, sc. latus : cp. Tacitus (Ag. 10) Britannia in orientem Ger- maniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditiir : " Britain lies opposite Germany on the east, opposite Spain on the west." Tacitus (Ag. 34) also says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. The word Hibernia is derived from the Celtic Erin or Iveriu, meaning " Western" (Max MUller, Science of Languages, Vol. I, 284).
dimidio minor : " a half smaller"; literally " less by a half"; abl. of Amount of Difference, H. L., 88, 5. Great Britain is said to contain 84,000 square miles ; Ireland 36,000 square miles.
pari spatio transmissus : literally " but of the same interval of space across as from Gaul to Britain." — pari spatio : abl. of Description, H. L. , 293, 6. transmissus : gen. depending on pari spatio.
The distance from Carnsore Point in Southern Ireland to St. David's Head in Wales is 53 miles ; from the Mull of Cantire in Scotland to Fairhead in Northern Ireland is 13 miles ; from Dover to Calais 28 miles.
NOTES ON CAfeSAR B. G. 93
cursu: "passage."
Mona : 'some have supposed that the Isle of Man is meant as it answers the description, but (1) Mona in Tacitus (Ag. 14 j Ann. XIV, 29) can refer only to Anglesey ; (2) Caesar may have been informed wrongly as to the position of Anglesey ; (3) the Isle of Man is properly called Monopia, not Mona. According to Taylor's Words and Places, Mona is from the Celtic Monn, "a district" ; cp. Mainet Mayence in France ; Mantua in Italy ; La Mancha in Spain ; Mansjield, Manchester, Menai straits in England. Others say it is from the Welsh mon, "alone"; or menedh, "an island."
subjectae : " adjacent," Caesar no doubt refers to the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands, but wrongly places them in the Channel between Britain and Ireland.
nonnulli : probably some Greek geographers whose works have perished.
sub bruma : bruma = brevima = brevissima, sc. dies : Dec. 21st. nisi = nisi quod : " except that."
certis— mensuris : " by exact measurements made by the water clock." The clepsydra is meant. The water-clock was said to have been invented by the Babylonians, and was constructed on the principle of the hour- glass.
ut fert opinio : " according to their belief" : referring to the nonnulli scriptores.
septingentorum millium: 700 .Roman miles would represent 643 English miles. The western coast of Britain is said to be about 670, not allowing for indentations. Caesar is not far from the mark.
tertium: sc. latus. — septentriones : see note, B. IV, 20. This side Caesar places on the north. It faces the east.
passuum octingentorum : 800 Roman miles would be about 735 English miles. This is probably not far from the truth, not allowing for the indentations of the Frith of Forth and Moray Firth.
angulus: Kent.
vicies— passuum : 2,000 Roman miles would be 1,839 English miles. The actual circumference of Britain, not counting indentations, is said to be 1,668 miles. Caesar's figures are fairly accurate.
94 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
Chapter 14
humanissimi : " most civilized" : cp. Shakespeare, Henry VI, Second Part, I, 4, 7 :
•• Kent, in the commentaries of Caesar writ, Is termed the civil'st place in all the isle."
interiores plerique : " the majority of the people of the Inland districts. "
lacte ac carne vivunt : vivo follows the analogy of vescor and takes the ablative of Means : H. L., 136, 7, 8.
vitro: "woad," produced from the plant Isatis tinctoria, or Dyer's Woad (akin to Shepherd's Purse], by fermentation, arid much used till indigo took its place. The Picts are said to have got their name from painting their bodies (picti, "painted").
hoc: "by this," — horridiore — aspectu : " of rather terrible appear- ance" : abl. of Description, H. L., 293, 6.
promisso — capillo : abl. of Description, H. L., 293, 6. quo : adverb, literally : ' ' whither, "="to whose house. " virgo deducta est: "was led home as a bride" : cf. ducere uxorem in matrimonium.
Chapter 15
essedarii : see note on praemisso — essedariis : B. IV. 24.
tamen (ita conflixerunt) ut — fuerint : " still (they fought in such a way) that our men were victorious in every quarter. " Note that ut — fuerint is Consecutive; H. L., 203; and that the perf. subj. expresses a single fact; H. L., 203, 2 (b).— omnibus partibus ; Local abl., H. L., 119, 5.
compluribus interfectis : abl. abs.: "after killing quite a number."
cupidius : " too eagerly."
illi : "the enemy."
intermisso spatio : " after a short interval"
imprudentibus nostris : " while our men were off their guard."
se— ejecerunt : "they sallied forth." The impetuous character of the Celt was as strongly marked in Caesar's time as it was in later days.
in statione : see note on in statione, B. IV, 32.
subsidio: c< as a reinforcement" -. H. L., 228, 1, 2.
his primis : the first cohort of the legion regularly contained the finest troops.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 95
cum — constitissent : " when they took up their position with a very small space between them."
per medios : i.e., through the space between the two cohorts.
Chapter 16
dimicaretur : subjunctive (1) after cum Causal, meaning "since" H. L. , 204, 4 ; and (2) subordinate clause in O. O. after intellectum est. Note dimicaretur is impersonal, "since the struggle took place," H. L., 155, 5.
sub oculis : " before the eyes" - in conspectu.
cedentes : ace. after insequi.
ab signis discedere : " to leave the ranks."
equites autem dimicare : " that the cavalry moreover fought"; this clause is still after intellectum est.
illi : " the enemy."
cederent— desilirent— contenderent : subj. in O.O. after intellectum est.
equestris — ratio : " on the other hand the ordinary method of cavalry battle "; as contrasted with the unfamiliar tactics described in the previous sentence.
et cedentibus et insequentibus : either (1) dat. after inferebat (H. L., 229, 4) with nostris militibus understood, "to our men whether retreating or advancing" or (2) abl. abs. with hostibus understood, " (to our men) whether the enemy were retreating or advancing."
accedebat hue ut : " to this was added the fact that " = " besides "; see note, B. V, 6.
rari magnisque intervallis : "in scattered bands and with wide spaces between the detachments. "
alios alii : "one another "; see note on inter se, B. IV, 25. exciperent : " relieved." integri : "the unwounded"
Chapter 17
rari : "in scattered bands." lenius : = minus acriter, " with less spirit."
proelio lacessere : "to draw out to battle": distinguish this from proelium lacessere, "to skirmish."
96 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
tres legiones : this is an unusually large number to send on a foraging expedition. Perhaps the lesson they had learned on a previous occasion may have made them more guarded (B. IV, 32).
Caio Trebonio : Caius Trebonius was one of Caesar's legati and distinguished himself by his personal bravery when the winter quarters of Cicero were attacked by the German horse (B. VI, 40).
advolaverunt, so. hostes.
sicuti — absisterent = tam celeriter advolaverunt ut—absisterent :
"so impetuously did they rush forward that they did not stop short of the companies of the legions." — signis legionibusque = signis legionum (by hendiadys). The signa were the standards of the manipuli ; see p. 17.
subsidio sc. legionum : <(the support of the legions."— fido and confide take (1) dat. of person, (2) abl. of thing, H. L., 176, 6.
praecipites : "in headlong fight."
sui colligendi : " of recovering themselves," "of rallying " ; for syntax see H. L., 187, 8.
protinus : put here, as usually, after the expression it limits "im- mediately after that rout. "
quae : antecedent is auxilia. — unquam and usquam are usually used in sentences either negative or virtually negative.
summis copiis : "with their full strength," " in fuU force."
Chapter 18
fines Cassivelauni : embraced Middlesex, Hertfordshire and Buckingham.
uno omnino loco : where Caesar crossed is a matter of doubt. Sunbury, Conway Stakes near Walton, Kingston, Westminster are advocated by different authorities.
hoc : agrees with loco understood.
ad alteram ripam : "on the opposite bank."
praefixis : driven into the sloping bank ; on the north side of the Thames. — defixae refers to those in the bed of the river.
perfuga : said of a deserter with reference to those to whom he flees ; transfuga with reference to those from whom he has fled.
NOTES ON C4ESAR B. G. 97
ea celeritate— ierunt : " but our soldiers advanced with such speed and such force, though they had only their heads above water that," etc. cum, Concessive.
capite solo : abl. of Amount of Difference, H. L., 88, 5.
Chapter 19
ut— supra : B. V, 17.
contentionis : "of continuing the war."
amplioribus copiis : "the most of his forces"
millibus— quattuor essedariorum : if each chariot contained six men besides the driver, as it seems it did, there would be about 600 chariots.
servabat = observabat : "kept watching": note the force of the imperfects all through this chapter.
locis = in locis : Local abl. , H. L. , 1 19, 5.
eis regionibus : "throughout that district" : Local abl., H. L., 119, 5.
cum — ejecerat : cum, ' whenever ' : H. L. , 263, 8.
viis semitisque : via is a regular road ; semita, a by-path.
et — confligebat : "and attended with these he was wont to engage with great danger to our cavalry." — nostrorum equitum : Objective Gen. : H. L., 287, 3.
hoc metu : " through fear of this " : the danger of being cut to pieces by the British charioteers : cp. hoc dolore, B. V, 4.
relinquebatur — poterant : " the consequence was that Caesar did not allow too far a departure from the line of march of the legions, and that only so much harm was inflicted on the eneiiiy bif laying waste the lands and by sefci/ig fire to the buildings as the soldiers of the legions could cause by a toilsome march." — discedi : impersonal infin.
noceretur: impersonal: governs hostibus : H. L., 178, 2. labore et itinere=labore itineris (by hendiadys).
Chapter 20
Trinobantes : occupied Essex and Suffolk. Their chief town was Camalodunum, afterwards a Roman colony under the name of Colonia Castrorum : now Colchester. The proper way to translate this sentence is to divide it into four English sentences : —
98 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
"Meanwhile the Trinobantes, about the most powerful state of that district, send ambassadors to Caesar, and promise to surrender (themselves) to him, and obey his orders. From that (state) tlie youthful Mandubratius, who had attached himself to Caesar, had come to him in continental Gaul. Immanuentius, the father of this (Mandubratius), had held sovereign power in that state and had been slain by Cassivellaunus, (while) he himself (Mandubratius) had escaped death by flight. They (the Trinobantes) ask (Caesar) to defend Mandubratius from all wrong-doing on the part of Cassivellaunus and to send (a man) to the state to rule it and to exercise sovereign power." See page 58.
ex qua, sc. civitate.
Caesaris fidem secutus, " having accepted tlie protection of ," "having attached himself to," said of an inferior. The superior was said recipere in fidem.
ab injuria Cassivelauni : "from all wrong doing on the part of Cassivelanus " : Subjective Gen. 287, 2.
qui praesit : Final Eel. and Subj. : H L., 232, 2. ad numerum : " to the required amount."
Chapter 21
The Cenimagni probably occupied Bedford and Cambridge; the Segontiaci, Berks; the Ancalites, Oxford and Buckingham; the Bibroci, Berks ; the Cassi, Hertfordshire, though this is largely conjecture. The defection of the Trinobantes was ruinous to the British cause.
oppidum = Verulamium, now St. Albans.
satis magnus, " quite a large."
convenerit: "mustered" : subjunctive in Virtual O.O. H. L., 253, 6.
autem: "now,"
cum— munierunt : "whenever tJiey fortify ": note the tense, H. L., 263, 9 : see note on cum — insinuaverunt, B. IV, 33.
natura atque opere : "by its natural position and especially by its fortifications," cp. natura et opere, B. V, 9.
oppugnare : * ' to storm " : expugnare, " to take by storm." multi, sc. Britanni.
NOTES ON CAESAR B. O. 99
Chapter 22
in— locis : about St. Albans.
ad mare : "on the sea coast."
quibus regionibus : " over which district."
castra navalia : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29 : a camp on shore protected by a mound and ditch adjacent to the ships which were beached.
imperat uti adoriantur : Explain the mood and tense : H. L., 240, 2,3.
constituisset — superesset— intellegeret : explain the subjunctives; and for distinction between tenses, see H. L., 204, 4 (6).
id — posse : " that this might easily be wasted," by further delay. The experience of the previous autumn is evidently in Caesar's mind.
quid — penderet : "what tax Britain should pay." — vectigalis: Partitive Gen.: H. L., 287, 4; for Indirect Question see H. L., 200. — tributum money paid through the tribe on the value of property held by the individual ; vectigal, taxes levied in any other way ; stipendium, war tax. Caesar left no garrison, and probably no tribute was collected. For nearly a hundred years the Romans left Britain unmolested, for it was not till 43 A.D., that the next conquest took place under the Emperor Claudius, and not till 81 A.D., under Domitian, that the part of Britain south of the Frith of Forth was reduced to the rank of a Roman Province. According to Napoleon III, Caesar's second visit lasted from July 20th till September 21st.
interdicit et imperat: "he prohibits and charges."
Chapter 23
his deductis : supply navibus with his : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29.
duobus commeatibus : "in two relays" : abl. of Means, sic accidit ut : " it so happened that."
neque desideraretur : " neither in this nor in the preceding year was a single ship at all which carried soldiers lost." — quae portaret ; subj. in a clause of Characteristic : H. L., 237, 1 ; or perhaps merely subj. by Attraction.
100 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.
inanes : of two kinds, (1) those of the first relay which returned to the continent and landed their cargo and were sent back ; (2) those that Labienus had had built.
et prioris commeatus : " both those of the former relay after the troops were landed" : sc. eae, in apposition to quae, both before prioris and quas following. — prioris commeatus : Descriptive Gen. 288, 5.
ne — excluder etur : "that he might not be prevented from sailing by the time of the year"
acquinoctium suberat : Dec. 21st.
necessario— collocavit : " he of necessity stowed his soldiers in narrower space than was usua,l. "
solvisset : see note on solvit, B. IV, 23. secunda vigilia : from 9 p.m. to 12 p.m.
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.
NOTE. — The exercises are based on the chapters of Caesar, both as regards Vocabulary and Constructions. Before attempting an exercise, the student is supposed to have carefully read the chapter of Caesar, noting each word, phrase and construction, and also to have looked up the grammatical references. The exercise should then be done without reference to the text. Each exercise is divided into two parts. The first part is intended to test the pupil's knowledge of the ordinary inflections and vocabulary, and does not involve a knowledge of the subjunctive mood. Consequently the first part of each exercise may be taken up in order before the second part is attempted. For the second part of each exercise, a knowledge of the subjunctive is implied. It is only by constant drill that a knowledge of this mood can be obtained.
The references are to the pages and sections of the New First Latin Book by Henderson and Little.
EXERCISE I
Caesar iv, 20 A
1. A small part of the summer was left for carrying on war.
2. In almost all the Gallic wars, the Britons had furnished aid to our
enemies.
3. He was aware that the winters are early.
4. The sea coast and the districts opposite Gaul were known to the
merchants.
5. He ascertained that the Britons were carrying on war.
6. We knew nothing about the island, for no one but the merchants
go to it.
7. He decided to go to Britain in person at the end of the summer.
8. Can the merchants tell us anything about the island?
9. How large is the island ? Did he call the merchants to him from
all sides?
101
102 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
Subordinate Clauses in Oratio Obliqua: 268 ; 269. Indirect Question: 200; 234. Conditional Clauses : 249 : 250.
1. Caesar thought it would be of great service to him, if he ascer-
tained what harbors of the island were suitable for landing.
2. He thought that he would find out the size of the island, and the
character of the tribes that inhabited it.
3. The merchants did not know what experience in war the Britons
had.
4. If the Britons had been able to tell Caesar the extent of the island,
he would not have gone to Britain.
EXERCISE II
Caesar iv, 21
A
1. Thinking him to be a suitable person, they sent him ahead with a
warship.
2. They themselves set out with all their forces into the territory of
the Morini.
3. He ordered the ships, which he had built the previous summer, to
assemble at this point.
4. When his plan became known, the ambassadors, who had come
from several states of the island to him, promised to give hostages.
5. After hearing the ambassadors, he made liberal promises, and sent
them back home.
6. After the conquest of the Atrebates, Commius, whom Caesar con-
sidered faithful to himself, was made king of that state.
7. They announced that they would soon come there,
8. They did not dare to land from the ship, and five days after re-
turned to the continent.
B
Temporal clauses with priusquam : 259, 8.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.
Indirect Question : 200 ; 234.
Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.
Subordinate Clauses in Oratio Obliqua: 265, 2.
1. Before he set out for Britain, he ordered his lieutenant to cross the
sea in a warship.
2. He instructed them to report to him the character and size of the
harbors.
EXERCISES ON 'CAESAR B. G. 103
3. They soon returned, since they did not dare to intrust themselves
to the barbarians.
4. He urged them to discover the size of the island, and return as
soon as possible.
5. When he advised the ambassadors of the enemy to give hostages,
they said that they would do what he had commanded.
6. After five days they returned, and reported to Caesar what they
had observed there.
EXERCISE III Caesar iv, 22
Dum, while ; 259, 5.
1. While he is delaying here for the purpose of gathering forces,
ambassadors were sent to him by the Morini.
2. They promised to do the work, and build the ships.
3. Thinking that the enemy did not wish to give hostages, he wished
to have the means for carrying on war.
4. He thought twenty ships were sufficient for transporting the whole
army.
5. He gave the rest of the legions to Cotta, to be led into those states
from which ambassadors had not come to him.
6. He ordered them to hold the harbor with that guard which he con-
sidered to be sufficient.
B
Causal Subjunctive : 253, 6. Final Relative : 232, 2. Relative Clause in 0. 0. : 265, 2. Clause with quominus : 248, 8.
1. The barbarians excused themselves on the ground that they were
unacquainted with our custom.
2. Deputies came to Caesar from the Morini, to promise to do what he
had commanded.
3. Caesar said he did not wish to carry on war against the Gauls,
because he wished to cross as quickly as possible to Britain.
4. The ships, in which the cavalry were being transported, were
prevented by the wind from reaching the same harbor.
104 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
EXERCISE IV Caesar iv, 23
A
1. After these matters were arranged, he ordered the cavalry to
embark.
2. They themselves reached the island about the fourth hour of the
day with all the ships.
3. They beheld the forces of the enemy drawn up on all the hills.
4. Javelins could be thrown from the higher ground upon the shore.
5. At last he obtained weather suitable for sailing.
6. He did not think this place at all suitable for disembarking.
7. He assembled the military tribunes. The lieutenants assembled.
The soldiers were assembled.
B
Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.
Consecutive Clauses : 236.
Dum, meaning until : 259, 7.
Indirect Question: 200, 234.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239, 240.
1. Since the cavalry advanced a little too slowly into the further
harbor, all the ships were not able to reach Britain at the same time.
2. The mountain was so high that the enemy were able to throw darts
upon the shore.
3. Since he thought the weather by no means suitable for sailing, he
waited for nine hours until the rest of the ships should assemble there.
4. They will point out both what they have ascertained from the
messengers, and what they wish to be done.
5. He will warn them to disembark as quickly as possible.
EXERCISE V
Caesar iv, 24 A
1. The barbarians sent their cavalry ahead.
2. They were accustomed to use this kind of force.
3. They tried to prevent our men from landing from the ships.
4. Our men landed from the ships. Our men were landed from the
ships. The soldiers embarked. He embarked the soldiers.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 105
5. On account of their size, the ships could not approach the shore.
6. Our men must at once leap down from the ships, and fight with the
enemy (188, 5).
7. Terrified by these circumstances, the enemy were willing to sur-
render.
B
Consecutive Clauses : 236. Final Clauses : 197. Quod, because, with Indie. : 252, 2.
1. The enemy were so terrified that they did not dare to advance into
the water.
2. We could not land, because the ships were so large that they could
not be moored except -in deep water.
3. When the barbarians became aware of the plan of the Romans, they
sent forward all their cavalry in order to prevent our men from landing.
4. The enemy advanced into the water, in order that they might be
able to hurl their javelins upon the ships.
EXERCISE VI
Caesar iv, 25 A
1. I am accustomed. He was accustomed. They are accustomed.
We were accustomed.
2. When Caesar observed this, he ordered his men to moor the ships
at the exposed flank of the enemy.
3. The enemy were dislodged with slings and arrows.
4. This movement was of great service to our men.
5. Alarmed at the size of the ships, the enemy retired.
6. While our soldiers were wavering, he who was carrying the eagle of
the tenth legion leapt down from the ship into the water.
B
Subordinate Clauses in 0.0. : 265, 2.
Cum narrative : 262, 4-
Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.
1. The eagle -bearer ordered the men to loop down from the ships if
they did not wish to let the eagle fall into the hands of the enemy.
2. When the standard-bearer saw that our men were wavering he
charged them not to betray the eagle to the enemy.
106 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
3. When he had proclaimed in a loud voice that he at least would do
his duty to his country and commander, he began to advance against the enemy.
4. Our men exhorted one another to leap down from the ship and
follow the standard.
EXERCISE VII
Caesar iv, 26 A
1. The battle was long and fierce.
2. Our men could not follow the standards closely.
3. The barbarians quickly threw our men into confusion.
4. They hurled darts upon them as they landed from the ships.
5. Caesar saw that his men were in trouble.
6. Spurring on their horses, they would assail our men while at a
disadvantage.
7. As soon as our men got footing on dry land, they charged the
enemy and soon put them to flight.
8. We were not able to pursue the enemy farther because the cavalry
had not been able to reach the island.
B
Repeated acts in the past : 268, 8. Cum narrative : 262, 4.
1. Whenever we saw that our men were being attacked by superior
numbers, we sent aid to them.
2. Whenever the enemy saw any disembarking singly, they kept
hurling darts at them.
3. When Caesar saw that the enemy were assailing his men while at a
disadvantage, he ordered the lieutenants to send up reinforce- ments.
4. When Caesar learned that the ships, in which the cavalry were
being transported, had not been able to hold their course, he knew that he could not pursue the enemy far.
EXERCISE VIII
Caesar iv, 27 A
1. As soon as the enemy saw that the Roman forces were retreating
into camp, they decided on an immediate attack.
2. We promised to give hostages, and not attack our neighbors.
3. We have shown above that these men were sent ahead.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 107
4. We promised to send these men ahead.
5. When this man landed from the ship, he was seized and thrown into
prison.
6. Although they had sent ambassadors of their own accord to Caesar,
and had sought peace, yet they commenced hostilities at the beginning of spring.
7. Caesar said he would pardon them.
8. We have said that Commius came to Caesar along with these
ambassadors.
9. The hostages, sent by the enemy, came to Caesar on the third day.
10. The chiefs began to assemble from all sides.
11. They assembled their forces on the following day.
Five days after, the chiefs assembled, and intrusted themselves and their states to Caesar.
B
Cum narrative : 262, 4. Conditional Clauses in 0.0. : 268, 6. V.O.O., or Causal Subj. : 253, 6. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239, 240.
1. When this ambassador was landing from the ship, he was wounded
by the darts of the enemy.
2. They promised to give hostages if Caesar would pardon them.
3. They intreated Caesar to pardon them. They earnestly asked to be pardoned (178, 3). We will ask him to pardon us.
We will ask to be pardoned (178, 3).
4. Caesar complained that in seeking peace they had not promised to
surrender their arms.
5. Caesar said he would pardon them if they surrendered their arms
before he reached the walls of the town.
6. They said they would surrender to Caesar those who had thrown
Commius into prison.
EXERCISE IX
Caesar iv, 28
1. How many chiefs assembled ? How large forces did they assemble ?
2. The eighteen ships, of which mention has been made above, reached
Britain four days after setting sail from the continent.
3. We saw that the ships were approaching the shore at great risk.
4. One ship, being cast on the lower part of the island by the storm,
was lost.
108 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
B
Cum narrative : 262, 4- Consecutive clauses : 236.
1. Two ships were lost just as they were approaching the shore and
could be seen from the camp.
2. Such a storm suddenly arose that the ships were not able to hold
their course.
3. The storm was so great that many ships were carried back to the
point from which they had set out.
4. When our men were coming into camp the enemy made such a
sudden attack that a large part of the baggage was lost.
EXERCISE X
Caesar iv, 29
1. A full moon usually makes the tides very high.
2. The ships, in which the army had been transported, were being filled
by the tide.
3. Many ships were shattered ; several were useless for sailing.
4. They had provided corn for winter.
5. The army must be transported.
6. Caesar had had the army transported in warships.
7. All things, which are of use for repairing ships, were wanting.
8. The baggage of the whole army had been lost.
B
Final Relative : 232, 2.
Final Clauses : 197.
Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.
1. There were no other ships in which the army could be carried
back.
2. Caesar had twenty warships built in which to transport the
army.
3. He ordered them to beach the ships, that the baggage might not be
lost.
4. Since many ships, which had been drawn up on dry land, were
shattered by the storm, Caesar decided to send for workmen who should build new ships.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 109
EXERCISE XI Caesar iv, 30
1. On learning of the arrival of the legions, the Britons assembled to
carry out Caesar's orders.
2. The Romans lacked cavalry and ships and grain.
3. The legions had been transported without baggage.
4. They learned that they had transported the army without baggage.
5. They thought that Caesar had crossed over to Britain with warlike
intentions.
6. They began to leave the camp secretly and return to their own
people.
B
When the chiefs, whom Caesar had called together for the purpose of ascertaining these things, perceived that the forces of the Romans were few and that they lacked corn, they thought the best thing to do was to retreat as far as possible from the sea coast because they were con- fident that the Romans would not dare to advance more than twenty miles from their camp.
EXERCISE XII
Caesar iv, 31
A
1. Although Caesar had not yet learned their plans, nevertheless he
was suspecting that they would not give hostages.
2. He ordered his men to gather corn from the fields into the camp
daily.
3. Very many ships had been very seriously shattered and twelve were
lost.
4. They promised to give hostages and bring corn into the camp.
5. The materials, which were of use for repairing ships, were brought
from the continent.
6. Caesar was suspecting that they would try to destroy the ships.
B
As soon as Caesar was informed that many ships had been shattered, he suspected that the enemy would gather all their forces and make an attack on the camp. In order that he might as soon as possible trans- port his army to Gaul, he ordered his men to build twenty new ships as soon as possible. In the meantime he kept his cavalry posted in front of the camp, and sent scouts to ascertain what the enemy were doing and how large forces they were assembling.
110 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
EXERCISE XIII Caesar iv, 32
1. Two legions were sent to forage.
2. Those who were on guard before the gates of the camp reported to
Caesar that they saw a great dust.
3. They saw a great dust in the direction in which the legions had
gone.
4. Caesar suspected that the barbarians had formed some new plan.
5. Caesar ordered three legions to set out with him in the direction in
which the soldiers had gone, and the rest to follow closety as
After advancing a little farther from the camp, they saw that the enemy were attacking our men vigorously, and that the legion could not hold out much longer.
Since Caesar had not been able to find out from the merchants how large forces of infantry and cavalry the barbarians had, nor where he could land his army, he sent Volusenus, whom he thought to be a suitable person, to urge the Britons to give hostages, and recognize the authority of the Roman people. But as this officer did not dare to land from his ship, he was not able to learn much about the island, and returned to Caesar after a few days. About the end of summer Caesar set out in person with a large army, and, after defeating the barbarians, demanded a large number of hostages from them.
EXERCISE XIV
Caesar iv, 33
1. Javelins were hurled from all sides by the enemy.
2. They generally try first to disorder the ranks.
3. After hurling their javelins, they leapt down from their horses and
fought on foot.
4. Sometimes they withdrew from the battlefield.
5. Our cavalry were hard pressed by superior numbers of the enemy.
6. They were accustomed to rein in their horses at full speed.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. Ill
Repeated acts in the past : 263, 8. Consecutive Clauses : 203. Final Clauses : 197 ; 232.
1. Whenever they were hard pressed by superior numbers, they would
retreat as quickly as possible to their own men.
2. They could rein in their horses and retreat so quickly that our men
could not surround them.
3. They used to ride through all parts and hurl their javelins, in order
to throw our ranks into confusion.
4. Whenever they had thrown the squadrons of cavalry into confusion,
they would leap down from their chariots and fight on foot.
EXERCISE XV
Caesar iv, 34
1. On Caesar's arrival, our men, who were greatly disordered owing to
the new method of fighting, recovered from their fear and attacked the enemy vigorously.
2. After the lapse of a short time, the legions were led back into camp.
3. Thinking the time to be unfavorable for engaging in battle, Caesar
did not lead his legions out of the camp.
4. While these operations are going on, the rest of the enemy's forces
scattered.
5. Owing to the storms, which followed for several successive days,
the enemy were forced to remain in the woods.
6. A great host of cavalry and infantry were collected by these
measures.
7. Messengers were sent by the enemy into all sections.
8. A great opportunity of making plunder was afforded the enemy.
9. Our men will drive the enemy out of the woods.
10. The barbarians will be driven out of the camp.
11. Owing to the small number of our forces, two cohorts were driven
out of the camp and forced to surrender.
12. We have a great opportunity of freeing ourselves (187, 8) forever,
if we engage in battle at once.
13. We gave you a great opportunity of freeing yourselves.
14. Thinking the ground to be unfavorable for attacking the barbarians,
they kept themselves on their own ground.
112 EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G.
B
English present part, with causal force : 204) 5. Consecutive Clauses— qui consecutive : 236, 2. Indirect question: 200. Oratio Obliqua : 269, 8, Note.
1. Seeing that his men were disarranged by the unusual tactics of the
enemy and thinking that larger forces of cavalry and infantry were coming up, Caesar resolved to await the arrival of the tenth legion.
2. Storms followed such as to force the enemy to remain in camp and
prevent (190, note 2) our men from foraging.
3. Observing that the enemy had halted, Caesar pointed out to his men
how easily they could defeat the enemy if they attacked them vigorously from all sides.
4. The messengers, sent by Caesar to discover what the enemy were
doing, reported that infantry and cavalry were being collected and pointed out what a grand opportunity our men had of taking the town if they crossed the river at once.
5. Suspecting that the enemy would attack the camp in the night-time,
Caesar sent three cohorts to prevent them from crossing the bridge.
EXERCISE XVI
Caesar iv, 35
1. Although Caesar saw that the enemy had been routed, still he
knew that they would escape danger by their speed.
2. The legions were posted in line of battle before the camp.
3. The same thing happened on this day as had happened on previous
days.
4. The enemy will not be able to withstand the assault of our men long.
5. Quite a few of them were slain. We will slay a large number of
them. He had been slain. He slew him with his own hand.
6. They said that quite a large number of them had been slain.
7. After slaying quite a number, they set fire to all their buildings.
8. He knew that many had escaped. He thought that their leader
would escape.
9. After pursuing them for ten miles, our cavalry saw that the infantry
were not able to reach the top of the hill, and returned to camp.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G. 113
B
Oratio Obliqua : 269, 8, Note. Final Clauses, 197, 1 : 232, 3. Consecutive Clauses: 203.
Although Caesar saw that, if the enemy were defeated, they would escape into the woods and marshes, nevertheless, having assembled his officers, he announced that ho would engage the enemy on the following day. As soon as the battle commenced, the enemy became aware that they could not bear up against the assault of our legions, and immedi- ately fled. Caesar sent all the cavalry to pursue them, and ordered the infantry to follow closely. The enemy, however, being well acquainted with the locality,1 got out of reach so quickly that our men killed very few of them. Accordingly, after burning all their villages and devas- tating their fields, they returned to camp.
EXERCISE XVII
Caesar iv, 36
1 . The hostages, sent by the enemy to Caesar, arrived in camp on the following day.
2. Caesar ordered the rest of the hostages to be brought to the continent.
3. Caesar did not wish to remain longer in Britain, because his ships
were weak, and winter was near at hand.
4. At last, having obtained suitable weather for sailing, he ordered all
to go on board the ships.
5. All the ships reached the coast of Gaul in safety, but all were not
able to reach the same harbor.
6. They reported that two merchantmen had not been able to reach
the same harbor as the rest.
7. He demanded a large number of hostages from them, and ordered
them to bring grain into the camp.
8. Caesar ordered his lieutenant to send the hostages, given by the
enemy, to the continent.
EXERCISE XVIII
Caesar iv, 37
A
1. Caesar landed about three hundred soldiers from these ships. A
thousand soldiers landed.
2. They immediately proceeded into camp.
1 The places (being) well known : Abl. Abs.
114 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
3. At the time of his departure to Britain, Caesar left the Morini at
peace.
4. But being inspired by the hope of plunder, they surrounded our
men on all sides.
5. Lay down your arms if you do not wish to be killed.
6. Our men at once formed a circle and assumed the defensive.
7. Soon, however, about six thousand of the enemy assembled.
8. When this was reported to Caesar, he sent all the cavalry from the
camp to the support of his men.
9. Meanwhile our men were able to withstand the assault of the enemy,
and fought very valiantly for more than two hours.
10. They slew quite a number of the enemy. Very few of our men
were slain.
11. After our cavalry came in sight, the enemy threw away their arms
and fled.
B
Cum narrative : 262, 4 ; 204, $> 4- Virtual 0.0.
1. When the three hundred soldiers, who had landed from these ships,
were hastening into camp, suddenly the cavalry of the Morini surrounded them and ordered them to surrender if they wished to save their lives.
2. After our men had fought very valiantly for more than two hours
and had killed quite a number of the enemy, Caesar was informed that about six thousand had surrounded the seventh legion and were hurling javelins upon it from all sides.
EXERCISE XIX
Caesar iv, 38
A
1. On the following day those legions, which had been brought back
from Britain, were sent under Titus Labienus against the Morini.
2. They had availed themselves of the marshes as a place of refuge the
previous summer.
3. After devastating all the fields and burning the buildings, the
legions returned to Caesar.
4. The Menapii will all hide in the densest woods.
5. Caesar had established the winter quarters of two legions in the
country of the Belgae.
6. Hostages were sent by only two states from Britain.
7. The Morini will betake themselves into the marshes.
8. Many states came into the power of Labienus.
9. Since all their crops were cut down, the Morini were willing
hostages to Caesar.
EXERCISES ON 'CAESAR E.G. 115
cum, meaning since : 204, 3, 4. Oratio Obliqua : 2G5, 2.
1. Since the woods had been burned, the enemy had no place to betake
themselves to.
2. The enemy learned that Caesar had sent the three legions, which
had been brought back from the island, against the Morini, because they had renewed the war.
3. Caesar informed the ambassadors that he would devastate the fields,
and burn the dwellings of the Menapii, because they had hid in the woods and marshes.
4. Since you cannot retreat across the river, are you willing to allow
the legions to winter in your territory ?
EXERCISE XX
Caesar v, 1 A
1. Caesar was accustomed to pass the winter in Italy.
2. They will place officers in command of the legions.
3. Labienus was placed in command of the tenth legion.
4. As many ships as possible were built during the winter.
5. The old ships had to be repaired.
6. Caesar provided for the construction of twenty ships.
7. He knew that the waves were not so large there.
8. They were accustomed to employ larger ships in that sea.
9. On account of the tides the ships were made larger.
10. The materials, which were of use for building ships, were brought
from Spain.
11. The Pirustae were devastating the province.
12. They heard that Caesar had set out into Illyricum.
13. He levied three thousand soldiers from all the states.
14. The soldiers assembled at the stated place. They assembled the
soldiers on the appointed day.
15. The soldiers were assembled at an appointed place.
16. When the Pirustae were informed of this matter, they sent ambas-
sadors and promised to bring the hostages by the appointed day.
17. The hostages were brought by the day as he had commanded.
18. He made it clear that hostages had to be given.
19. We shall make it clear that we will devastate the province.
116 EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G.
B
Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240. Cum narrative : 204, 3, 4* Qui Final : 232, 2. Oratio Obliqua : 269.
1. Officers were sent to superintend the construction of a large number
of ships.
2. He commanded his officers to see that all the materials, that were
necessary for repairing the ships, were brought from Spain.
3. Caesar told his men that, unless more ships were built, they could
not be taken back to Gaul.
4. The enemy were told that, unless hostages were given by the
appointed day, our general would send cavalry to ravage their territory.
5. On their arrival at the larger camp, they learned that the cavalry,
which had been sent into the territory of the Remi for the purpose of plundering and devastating, had not yet returned,
6. On learning that sufficient ships for transporting the army had been
built, he departed at once for the sea- coast.
EXERCISE XXI
Caesar v, 2 A
1. These transactions were quickly concluded.
2. He will set out for the army.
3. The ships will be able to be launched within a few days.
4. He commended those who had been in charge of the work.
5. He left what he considered a sufficient force to perform these
operations.
6. He had learned that all would assemble at Port Itius.
7. Owing to the wonderful enthusiasm of the soldiers the ships were all
launched within a few days.
8. When this fact was reported to him, he at once set out in person
with three legions ready for action into the territory of the Treviri because he heard that they would not obey him.
B
Cum narrative : 204, 3, 4- Indirect Question : 200. Clause with quin : 247, 4-
1. On his return to the army, he found that all the ships were able to
be launched.
2. The ships were not far from being able to be launched within a few
days.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 117
3. He pointed out what he wished to be done. He asked the officers
.how many ships had been built.
4. He learned from merchants in what harbor he could most easily
disembark the soldiers.
5. When he learned that his lieutenan* had left camp with three
hundred horse, he himself returned to Hither Gaul.
EXERCISE XXII
Caesar v, 3
1. We have shown above that this state is by far the strongest of all
Gaul in cavalry.
2. Two chiefs were at the head of this state, of whom, one was very
friendly to Caesar, the other was collecting forces of cavalry and infantry preparatory to engaging in war.
3. As soon as the legions arrived, this chief wished to come to Caesar
and promise to continue loyal.
4. All who on account of their age were not able to bear arms were
concealed in the Ardennes wood.
5. Many chiefs, alarmed at the arrival of Caesar and the legions,
began to fear for their own interests.
6. I did not wish to leave my people and come to you because the
common people through thoughtlessness wished to desert the friendship of the Roman people.
7. The state is under my control, and if you will allow me I shall come
to you in the camp and intrust my fortunes and those of the state to your honor.
B
' as soon as' : 259, 4.
' after ' : 259, 4.
quoniam, cum, ' since ' : 252, 2, 3.
Clauses with verbs of 'fearing' : 242 ; 243.
quo Final : 233, 4.
0. 0. : 265 ; 269, 8.
1. As soon as the chiefs of this state learned that Caesar and the legions had arrived, they sent ambassadors to assure him that they would continue loyal, and to report what the Treviri were doing.
118 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
2. After some chiefs had informed Caesar that Indutiomarus was
gathering forces of cavalry and infantry, the latter, fearing that Caesar would put him to death, came tp him to intreat (him) to spare him.
3. He said that he was afraid that they would not be able to carry on
war longer.
4. Fearing that the soldiers would not be able to cross the river on
foot, he sent workmen ahead to build a bridge that he might more quickly reach the camp of the enemy.
EXERCISE XXIII
Caesar v, 4
1. Though all preparations had been made for a war in Britain, he was
forced to spend the summer among the Treviri.
2. Why were those statements made ? Why did he order the chief to
come to him ?
3. The two hundred hostages, which he had ordered to be brought to
him, arrived on the following day.
4. It was of great importance that hostages should be given.
5. He perceived that this chief had very great influence among his
people.
6. He was aware that Caesar wished to go to Britain this summer.
7. They were aware that this could not be done.
B
Indirect Question : 200.
Ne Final: 233, 5.
Oratio Obliqua : 265.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239 ; 240.
1. Although Caesar was aware why Dnmnorix had said that he did not
wish to come to him, nevertheless, to avoid being forced to remain in Gaul all summer, he ordered him to bring two hundred hostages to him.
2. He urged this chief to continue loyal and announce to his people
that Caesar would return as soon as possible.
3. Inasmuch as all preparations had been made for a campaign in
Britain, he thought that it was of great importance to go to the island this summer.
4. He knew why Dumnorix was summoning the chiefs to him and
urging them to remain in Gaul.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B, G. 119
EXERCISE XXIV
Caesar v, 5
A
1. All these matters were already settled.
2. The forty ships, which had been built by the Meldae, were driven
back by a storm.
3. These ships were not able to reach the harbor from which they had
set out.
4. They will return to the same harbor from which they sailed.
5. All the rest of the ships were ready for sailing.
6. He found many ships shattered by the storm.
7. He ordered the cavalry of all Gaul to assemble at the same point.
8. He determined to take with him those chiefs who were not friendly
to him.
9. He left the rest of the chiefs in Gaul.
10. He feared an uprising of Gaul in his absence.
11. Very few chiefs were left in Gaul by Caesar.
B
1 . When Caesar learned that many of his ships had not been able to
hold their course and reach Port Itius, he was afraid that the barbarians would assemble all their forces and attack the naval camp.
2. Accordingly he ordered his lieutenants to collect as large a quantity
of corn as possible, because he was afraid that in his absence the enemy would try to prevent our men from foraging.
3. On his arrival at the winter camp, he found it admirably fortified
with a rampart and trench.
EXERCISE XXV
Caesar v, 6 A
1. He did not dare to leave Dumnorix in Gaul, because he knew him
to be a man of great influence among his people.
2. All the Gauls are desirous of change.
3. Caesar had learned that Dumnorix had told the chiefs that he had
determined to take them all with him to Britain.
4. They said that, being unused to sailing, they were afraid of the sea.
120 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
5. Alarmed by the approach of Caesar, the chiefs came to him, and
promised to go with him to the island.
6. They saw that they would not obtain this request.
7. They knew that Caesar would not dare to kill these chiefs before
the eyes of the Gauls.
8. They told their people that Caesar would take all the chiefs over to
Britain, and put them to death there.
9. Several reported to Caesar that the Gauls were carrying out these
plans with one common purpose.
B
Virtual O.O. : 253, 6.
Posteaquam, 'after' : 259, 4. Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.
1. He begged of Caesar to allow him to remain in Gaul, because (as he
said) he did not wish to leave his people, and he was afraid of the sea.
2. After he saw that he would not obtain his request to be left behind,
he began to summon the other chiefs and urge them not to set out along with Caesar.
3. To this was added the fact that they did not dare to leave the camp
lest Caesar should send cavalry to capture them and then put them to death.
4. They knew that Caesar, being afraid that these chiefs would stir up
all the Gauls against him, had decided to take Dumnorix especially with him.
EXERCISE XXVI
Caesar v, 7 A
1. These facts were soon ascertained through scouts.
2. This wind was accustomed to hinder navigation.
3. Our men were not accustomed to go on board ships in the night-
time.
4. We shall ascertain all their plans.
5. He ordered the cavalry and infantry to go aboard at midnight.
6. If he does not obey, kill him.
7. I am a free man and of a free state.
8. According to orders they killed the man.
9. The cavalry will advance ; the infantry will return to Caesar. 10. He returns. He returned. They said he would not return.
EXERCISES ON fcAESAR B. G. 121
The Gerundive : 187 ; 188.
11. We must ascertain these things. We must advance with all our
forces.
12. All his plans must be discovered. A large part of the cavalry
must be sent to overtake him.
13. This chief must be checked. The other had to be put to death.
Participles: 152-158.
14. Having advanced ; having delayed ; having obtained suitable
weather ; having been sent ; thinking ; on being called back ; shouting ; having been killed.
Ablative Absolutes: 159-160.
15. Having ascertained all his plans ; without my knowledge ; without
our knowledge ; a large part of the cavalry having been sent forward ; in my absence ; in our absence ; in the presence of Caesar ; in the presence of the consuls ; while the minds of all were engaged.
B
1. Thinking that the cavalry would soon return, they ordered the
soldiers to prepare for an attack on the enemy's camp.
2. Caesar took pains not only to ascertain all their plans, but also to
collect as large forces as possible.
3. When the soldiers had gone aboard the ships, the chiefs in a body
began to leave the camp for home.
4. After advancing about five miles, they suddenly turned back again,
and seeing that our men had not yet landed from the ships, they made a fierce attack on our camp, and put the cavalry to flight.
EXERCISE XXVII
Caesar v, 8
1. Three legions and two thousand cavalry were left with Labienus on
the continent.
2. He was unable to reach that part of the island where he had found
a suitable harbor the previous year.
3. The endurance of the soldiers was very commendable.
4. The ships were not able to hold their course.
5. Caesar learned from captives that large bands of the enemy had
assembled at this place.
6. Terrified by the large number of ships, the barbarians had concealed
themselves in the uplands.
7. Leaving a large number of cavalry to guard the camp, they crossed
the river and hastened into the territory of the Remi.
122 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
B
1. Thinking Labienus to be a suitable person, he left him on the
continent to defend the camp and build ships and ascertain how large forces the enemy were gathering.
2. Setting out from the camp at daylight, he came up to the baggage-
train of the enemy about mid-day, and knowing that their cavalry were still five miles distant, he sent one legion to seize the heights and prevent auxiliaries from coming to their aid.
3. As we have shown above, the Remi were coming to the aid of their
neighbors, but hearing that these had been defeated by Caesar, they turned back and sought refuge in the forests.
EXERCISE XXVIII
Caesar v, 9
1. Caesar at once landed the army and chose a suitable place for a
camp.
2. The soldiers landed from the ships at daybreak.
3. The cavalry were landed a little later.
4. Ten cohorts and two hundred cavalry were left to guard the camp.
5. The enemy's forces had encamped on the heights.
6. The ships were left on an open shore.
7. Our men tried to keep the enemy from getting inside the
fortifications.
8. The soldiers of these two legions made a fierce attack and drove the
enemy out of the camp.
9. With trifling loss our men withstood the assault of the enemy for
more than three hours and killed quite a large number of them.
10. Caesar did not allow his men to leave the camp.
11. Caesar was not able to pursue the fleeing enemy further because
the cavalry had not been able to hold their course and reach the island.
12. No time was left for fortifying the camp.
B Ubi, "when" : 259, 4.
Indirect Question : 200. Qui Final : 232, 2.
1. When Caesar learned through scouts that the forces of the enemy
had encamped on a high hill, he sent his lieutenant to find out by what route he could most easily and quickly reach them.
2. He left two cohorts to serve as a guard for the bridge.
EXERCISES ON GAESAll B. G. 123
3. Being informed of these facts, he sent forward the cavalry to aid the
allies, (while) he himself with the rest of the forces made a quick march of five miles and attacked the enemy while they were crossing the river.
4. The cavalry, being defeated by the enemy, retreated to the camp,
but the infantry, having obtained a position admirably fortified, held out for more than three hours.
EXERCISE XXIX
Caesar v, 10
A
1. On the morning of the following day the cavalry were sent to pursue
those who had fled.
2. We will pursue those who ravaged our lands and burned our villages.
3. Cavalry reported to Caesar that on the previous night a great storm
•had arisen.
4. The storm shattered nearly all the merchant ships.
5. After advancing some distance, they saw that cavalry were coming
from Caesar.
6. No ship could endure such a storm.
7. All the ships were shattered and many were,cast up on shore.
1. On the following day Caesar ordered the cavalry to set out along
with him for the purpose of laying waste the fields of the enemy.
2. When the rear of the enemy came in (= into) sight, our general
sent forward the cavalry to attack the enemy, and ordered his lieutenants to lead the rest of the forces against the Remi who were coming up to their aid.
3. Ambassadors came to promise to give hostages and to do what
Caesar had commanded.
4. Caesar knew that, if a storm should arise, the vessels would be
shattered and great damage sustained.
EXERCISE XXX
Caesar v, 11
A
1. The legions were recalled and ordered to halt on the march.
2. As has been shown above, about forty ships were lost.
3. The rest of the ships could not be repaired.
4. He ordered all the ships to be beached.
5. He ordered the workmen, whom he had chosen from the legions, to
build as many ships as possible.
124 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
6. The legions returned to the same place from which they had set out.
7. After beaching the ships and strongly fortifying the camp, these
two legions returned to the hills.
8. Three cohorts and two hundred horse were left to guard the ships.
9. The territory of this chief was eighty miles distant from the sea.
10. They will place him in command of the legion.
11. This man's brother had been in command of two legions.
B
When Caesar learned that so many ships had been lost, he concluded that it was not safe for his men to advance farther into the enemy's country. Accordingly the legions and cavalry were recalled, and he himself returned to the seacoast as fast as he could. On his arrival there, he at once gave instructions to his officers to build as many ships as possible, and warned them not to allow the soldiers to go outside the fortifications. Since he knew that very large forces of Britons had assembled there, he was afraid lest they should make an attack on our camp when he himself was absent.
EXERCISE XXXI
Caesar v, 15
1. Our cavalry engaged in a fierce battle with the cavalry and chario-
teers of the enemy.
2. When the cavalry and charioteers were routed, the infantry fled
into the woods and hills.
3. After routing their infantry, our men pursued the charioteers too
far and lost some of their own men.
4. While the enemy were off their guard, our men suddenly rushed out
of the camp.
5. The enemy made a fierce attack upon those who were posted on
sentry duty before the camp.
6. Two cohorts were sent as a reinforcement to our men.
7. All our men got back to the camp in safety.
8. Inasmuch as our men were terrified by these unusual tactics, the
enemy very boldly burst through our line.
9. Two military tribunes were among the slain in that engagement.
B
Consecutive Clauses : 203. Conditional Clauses : 249 ; 250.
1. Our cavalry engaged so fiercely in battle with the enemy's cavalry that two thousand of the latter were slain and the rest driven into the woods and hills.
EXERCISES ON r CAESAR B. G. 125
2. Our men would not have lost so many of their number if they had
not pursued so eagerly.
3. If two cohorts had not been sent up as a reinforcement, the enemy
would not have been defeated.
4. If Caesar defeats the enemy, they will escape into the woods.
5. If the enemy should take up their position on that hill, Caesar
would attack them.
6. If our men had not been so terrified, the enemy would not have got
off in safety.
7. If they make an attack on those posted before the camp, they will
easily win a victory.
8. Our men were so terrified by the horses and chariots of the enemy,
that they did not fight as boldly as usual.
EXERCISE XXXII
Caesar v, 16 A
1. The battle took place in front of the camp.
2. Our men could not pursue the retreating enemy far.
3. They will not dare to go far away from the standards.
4. The enemy sometimes retreated purposely.
5. Our men advanced across the marsh at great risk.
6. They tried to draw our men away from the legions.
7. It was their custom to leap down from the chariots and fight on foot.
8. They will never fight in close order and will relieve one another in
turn.
9. Our men being weary were not able to defeat the fresh and vigorous
(troops of the) enemy.
10. Shall we contend in unequal combat ?
11. Did not the enemy leap down from their chariots ?
B
Causal Clauses : 252, 1, 2. Repeated Acts in the Past : 263, 8. Conditional Clauses : 249 ; 250.
1. Caesar perceived that our men fought at great risk, because the
enemy sometimes retreated purposely, in order that they might draw our men away from the legions.
2. Whenever our men departed from the standards, the enemy would
attack them more boldly.
3. The enemy used to leap down from their chariots, whenever they
drew off our men a little from the standards.
4. If our men had been able to pursue the enemy with cavalry, they
would have slain a great number of them.
126 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
5. If our men dare to leave the standards, the charioteers will try to
surround them.
6. If the enemy would not retreat purposely, our men would soon
defeat them.
EXERCISE XXXIII
Caesar v, 17
1. On the following day; on the day before; at mid-day; in the
morning ; at midnight ; in the previous summer.
2. For the purpose of plundering and foraging ; an opportunity of
sending hostages ; for the purpose of freeing themselves,- (1) ad ; (2) causa; a reason for departing ; an opportunity of rallying — of halting — of leaping down from chariots ; an end of pursuing.
3. At daybreak our men will take up their position on the top of the
hill.
4. The enemy soon began to attack our cavalry and more fiercely than
on the day before.
5. Three legions and all the cavalry were sent by Caesar for the
purpose of devastating.
6. The enemy made a fierce attack and our men were driven from the
hill.
7. Trusting to the support of the infantry, the cavalry drove the
enemy from the hills, on which they had taken up their position the previous day.
8. Auxiliaries will assemble from all sides.
9. Caesar will asse'mble auxiliaries from all the states. 10. We engaged the enemy with all our forces.
B
Consecutive Clauses: 236. Cum, meaning since : 204, 3. Dum, Quoad, meaning until: 259, 7. Cum, narrative : 262, 4>
1. Since we see that the infantry are following closely, we shall not stop pursuing the enemy nor shall we give them any opportunity of halting, until we drive them out of our territory.
2 Since our men gave the enemy no opportunity of rallying, a large number of them were slain.
3. When the enemy had made a fierce attack on our legions, and had
killed quite a number of them, they leaped down from their chariots, and drove our men in headlong flight.
4. Our men were so hard pressed by the enemy's cavalry, that Caesar
sent the tenth legion to their support.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G. 127
EXERCISE XXXIV
Caesar v, 18 A
1. On learning their plan, Caesar ordered the lieutenants to lead the
army back into camp.
2. This river could be crossed at one place only on foot.
3. All the forces of the enemy were drawn up on the other bank.
4. When Caesar got this information from the captives, he sent forward
the cavalry, and ordered the legions to follow closely.
5. The enemy will not be able to withstand the assault of our legions.
6. With difficulty he crossed the river at this point.
7. After leading his army into their territory, he saw that the enemy
would not long remain in their towns and villages.
8. He will send forward the cavalry. The legions will follow closely.
9. He thought that the legions would follow closely. 10. The soldiers were not able to cross the river on foot.
B
Ou his arrival at the river bank, he learned from the cavalry, whom he had sent ahead, that large forces of the enemy had been led into the territory of our allies for the purpose of devastating their lands. Accordingly he left one legion and two hundred cavalry to guard the camp, and he himself set out with the rest of the forces to a place where he knew the river could be crossed on foot. Though the soldiers advanced with great speed, the enemy heard of their arrival, and, leaving all their baggage behind, consigned themselves to flight.
EXERCISE XXXV
Caesar v, 19
1. We have shown above that this chief had disbanded the greater part
of his forces.
2. About four thousand charioteers were left.
3. They kept withdrawing a little from the road by which they had
learned we would march.
4. Our cavalry frequently scattered over the country for the purpose
of plundering and devastating.
5. Our cavalry could engage with the enemy only at great risk.
6. The charioteers of the enemy prevented our men from wandering too
widely.
128 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
7. Caesar did7 not allow his men to go away far from the line of the
legions.
8. We shall not allow you to harm our neighbors.
9. We shall do harm to the enemy's lands. They have injured us.
B
Repeated Acts in the Past : 263, 8. Substantive Clauses of Result : 244, 1-
1. Whenever our cavalry withdrew a little from the road, they would
hide in woody places.
2. Whenever Caesar sent cavalry ahead to plunder and forage, they
would send charioteers against them from the woods.
3. The result of this was (244, 1 (b) ) that our men did not g9 far away
from the line of the legions.
4. The result of this was that the soldiers could not do the enemy
much harm by devastating their fields.
5. When Caesar saw that his cavalry were engaging with the enemy's
cavalry at great risk, he did not allow them to advance farther.
EXERCISE XXXVI
Caesar v, 20
A
1. In the meantime this tribe, which was the strongest in that district,
sends ambassadors to Caesar.
2. One chief had come to him on the continent.
3. His father had for a long time held sovereign power in that state.
4. They will surrender to him. He surrendered to me. Many sur-
rendered.
«•
5. They promise to surrender to him and obey his orders.
6. They will promise to send ambassadors.
7. Caesar protected this chief and sent him into the state.
8. He was long at the head of this state.
9. They will be in command of this legion.
10. He will demand forty hostages from them.
11. They very quickly carried out his orders.
12. They sent the required number of hostages and corn for the army.
EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 129
B
Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239 ; 240. Qui Final : 232, 2. Dum, while : 259, 5.
1. While Caesar is marching into the territory of this tribe, this young
man, whose father had long held sovereign power in this state, came to our camp.
2. He said that his father had been killed by Cassivelaunus, who was
secretly gathering forces in order to drive the Romans out of that district.
3. They intreated Caesar to protect them and send an army into that
district to prevent the enemy from destroying their towns.
4. Caesar sent a young man into the state to be at its head and hold
the sovereign power.
5. They were advised to send the requisite number of hostages and at
once surrender to Caesar.
EXERCISE XXXVII
Caesar v, 21
A
1. They had already surrendered to him. Many promised to surrender.
2. Embassies will be sent. Embassies had been sent.
3. Their town was not far distant from our camp.
4. Into this town, which was no more than three miles distant, a very
large number of people had assembled.
5. They are assembling. We will assemble. Many had assembled.
6. This place was fortified with a rampart and trench.
7. They were in the habit of assembling at this place for the purpose
of avoiding an attack.
8. He set out there immediately with two legions.
9. The place was admirably fortified both naturally and artificially.
10. After delaying a short time, the enemy fled into the woods and
marshes.
11. They reported that the place was splendidly fortified.
12. Word was brought that a large number had been caught in flight
and killed.
130 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.
B
Although Caesar found the place strongly fortified, nevertheless he determined to assault it from two quarters. As soon as the legions had been drawn up in front of the walls, the enemy saw that they could not long withstand the assault of our men and at once rushed out of another part of the town. From those, who were captured in flight, Caesar learned that there was a fortified town about three miles distant and that many had fled there so as to avoid (233, 5) being captured and put to death.
EXERCISE XXXVIII Caesar v, 22
1. Four kings held sway over these districts.
2. They collected all their forces, and attacked the naval camp un-
expectedly.
3. Our men made a sally, killed a large number of them, even took
their leader prisoner, and brought back their own men in safety.
4. We returned to the camp in safety.
5. They will send ambassadors to treat for surrender.
6. Since so many losses had been sustained, and his territory had been
devastated, he determined to at once surrender.
7. Alarmed by the sudden arrival of our army, they threw away their
arms and fled.
8. Caesar decided to spend the winter in Gaul.
9. He was aware that the enemy would attack the naval camp.
10. He was informed that they had collected all their forces.
11. When news of this battle reached them, the chiefs decided to
surrender.
B
1. On their arrival at the camp, they decided on an immediate assault.
2. Since they were aware that Caesar was anxious to return to the
continent, they determined to collect all their forces, and not allow our men to leave the place.
3. He decided how many hostages they should give, and where they
should send them.
4. The lieutenants issued orders to their men not to leave the camp.
5. These chiefs advised their neighbors not to give hostages to Caesar,
since they knew that he could not stay much longer on the island.
EXERCISES Oft CAESAR B. G. 131
EXERCISE XXXIX
Caesar v, 23 A
1. The army was led back to the seacoast.
2. The ships had already been repaired.
3. These ships were launched ; the others were beached.
4. Neither this nor the previous year was a single ship lost.
5. These ships were sent back to him empty, after the soldiers had
been landed from them.
6. The soldiers were soon landed. He quickly landed the soldiers.
7. How many soldiers landed from these ships ?
8. Labienus superintended the construction of these ships.
9. The officers took charge of the landing of the soldiers.
10. Caesar waited for these ships for quite a while.
11. He set sail at the beginning of the second watch.
12. All the ships reached the continent in safety at daybreak.
13. The rest of the ships were driven back.
14. After landing the soldiers, he fortified the camp with a rampart and
trench.
1. When these vessels were launched, he decided to leave part of the
army in Britain, because so many of the vessels, whose construc- tion Labienus had superintended, had been lost tnrough the storm.
2. It so happened that almost all the ships, which had soldiers on
board, reached the continent in safety.
3. Caesar waited for these ships for some time in vain, but at last
fearing (243, 2) that he might be forced to spend the winter in Britain, he set sail in person with twenty ships and ordered his lieutenants to follow with the rest as soon as they could.
VERGIL
Ille ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avena Carmen, et, egressus silvis, vicina coegi Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono, Gratum opus agricolis, at nunc horrentia Martis
132
INTRODUCTION '
Life of Vergil
Publius Vergilius Maro1 was born on the fifteenth of Birth October, 70 B.C., in the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes (now Pietola), a small village near Mantua. Since the full franchise was not given to this part of Gaul (Gallia Transpadana) till some years after- wards2, the poet, like many of his predecessors and contem- poraries in literature, was not a Roman, but an Italian provincial.
The parents of Vergil, like those of Horace, were of His parents obscure birth. Some authorities say that the poet's father was a potter, others, that he was a brickmaker, while others again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant, Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married. Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or possessor of an estate near Mantua. The childhood of Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of the poet with the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood of his native town may account for the exquisite touches of pastoral life which appear in the Eclogues and the Georgics.
Studies and Early Life.
Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where, we are told, Hit studies he assumed the toga virilis on the same day on which ^B.C. Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted, having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the critic, Quinctilius Varro.
1 The English equivalent of Vergilius is often spelt Virgil. Indeed the poet is best known by the name thus spelt. However, it is better to adopt the spelling that harmonizes with what is undoubtedly the correct Latin form. The form Virgilius was not common till the middle ages.
2 49 B.C. 133
134
INTRODUCTION
Vergil goes After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Medio- 53 B.C. ' lanum (Milan), the poet went to Rome. In the capital, Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of rhetoricians and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhetorician, the teacher of Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but a weak voice and a diffident manner were insuperable barriers in the way of obtaining distinction in public speaking. Vergil soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact, renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch of learning is plainly observable in many of his extant writings.4 In a minor poem, generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange of poetry and rhetoric for more useful studies :
" Away with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetori- cians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and, away with you, Stilo, Tagitius, and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat ; you, empty cymbals of the class- room. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends : now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great Siron, and we mean to redeem our life from all distrac- tion. Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the truth, I have found how sweet you were : and yet, I pray you, look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals." 5 After a short stay at Rome Vergil probably went to Naples, where, we are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean, was his instructor. The great Epic6 of Lucretius, added to the teachings of his instructors, gave, no doubt, his mind a strong bent towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of the war between Pompey and Caesar, 49 B.C. It is also likely that he remained there till after the battle of Philippi (42 B.C.) and that he employed his time in gaining by obser- vation materials which he afterwards employed in his great didactic poem, the Georgics.
4 Eclogue VI ; Georg. IV, 219 ; Aen. I, 743 ; VI, 724 ; Georg. II, 475-492. 6 Catalepta VII. 6 De Reruin Natura.
Goes to Naples
Returns Home
INTRODUCTION 135
II
Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas
Unlike Horace, Vergil sympathized with the party of Caesar. The formation of the Second Triumvirate threw the Roman world into the broils of a civil war. In the division of the provinces, Gaul (except Gallia Narbonensis) fell to Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity of the legionaries of the Triumvir, the farms of the neighboring Mantua were seized, and among the lands confiscated were those of the LOSS of his poet's father. C. Asinius Pollio, the prefect of Gallia Trans- •far>rl padana, unable to restrain the lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to Rome with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to retain his paternal estate. Regains his It is quite probable that congenial tastes and a recognition of the genius of Vergil may have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius. Pollio was deposed from office, and Alfenus Varus appointed in his stead. Another division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been deprived of his estate a second time loses his time.7 His friends, Gallus, Pollio, and Varus, however, farm interposed and saved the farm for him. By them he was intro- duced to Maecenas, the patron of literary men, afterwards the prime minister of Augustus. This year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of the poet. With his friend and patron, Pollio, as Consul, Vergil became the hono member of a literary coterie which graced the table of Vergil, Maecenas. The intimacy that Vergil enjoyed at court, is shewn by his being one of those who went to Brundusium along with Maecenas, when the latter was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony.8
Through the munificent kindness of his patrons he was raised to luxury and affluence. He had a magnificent house His in Rome on the Esquiline, near the residences of Horace and
7 Eclogues I and IX. « Horace Satires I, 5 and 10.
136 INTRODUCTION
Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples. The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian resi- dence was his favorite abode.9 From the date of his early Eclogues till his death, little need be said of his life except that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of his immortal works.
Death and Character.
In the year 19 B.C. he went to Greece, possibly with a view to restore his health, and to give a finish to his great work, the Aeneid. At Athens he met Augustiis, who had just re- turned from Samos. Vergil returned to Italy in company Death with the emperor, but died at Brundusium three days after he
landed, September 22nd, 19 B.C. He was buried near Naples Epitaph on the road leading to Puteoli (Puzzuoli). His epitaph, said to have been dictated by himself in his last moments, was as follows : —
Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.w
It is said that shortly before his death Vergil wished to destroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state. His friends, however, dissuaded him, and the poem was after- wards edited and published by Varius and Tucca, under the patronage of Augustus and Maecenas.
Vergil is generally described as of tall stature, delicate frame, homely features, and dark complexion, abstinent in the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement. Horace is said to have had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote11 the lines thus rendered by Conington :
"The man is passionate, perhaps misplaced In social circles of fastidious taste ; His ill-trimmed beard, hi* dress of uncouth style, His shoes ill-fitting, may provoke a smile ; But he's the soul of virtue ; but he's kind ; But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."
9 Geo. IV, 563. Illo Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat
Parthenope, siudiis florentem ignobilis oti.
10 Some have taken the last line to refer to the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid.
" Hor. Sat. I, 3, 29-34.
INTRODUCTION 137
He was so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him the name of Parthenias, or the maiden.12 He is said to have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in eradicating. He was distrustful of his own powers, which high ideas of literary excellence led him to underrate.
In the midst of an irreligious age, he had the strongest religious sentiment ; in the midst of vice he remained virtuous ; and while licentiousness disfigures the writings of many of his brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the highest truths of morality and virtue.
Ill
Works
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem13 Early Works on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Culex, More- turn, Ciris, Copa, and those that pass under the name Cata- lepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction.
1. The writings that first established the reputation of Vergil were the Eclogues,14 pastoral poems, ten in number, Ecloguet written between 43 B.C. and 37 B.C. This species of poetry
was as yet unknown in Italy, though it had already reached Theocritus
fj , J asapastoral
its perfection in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- poet
fluence may be traced in many writers from the days of Vergil to those of Tennyson. The Idyll15 of Theocritus exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life, the joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains, the piny woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea and sky of Sicily. Vergil's Eclogues, on the other hand, can JJj^J,MJ hardly be said to be true pictures of pastoral life. His shep- compared herds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather
12 ndpQfvos, a maiden. 13 Eclogue VI, 3.
14 These were called by the generic term Bucolica Oov*coAi/ca, sc. Trot^ara, from /3ovKoAe<o, to tend cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Greek eKAo-yij, a choice col- lection, and may mean that the poems under that name were a selection made from a large number. Spenser wrote the word ^Eglogue, following the derivation of Petrarch, aiyuv Ao-yoe, "tales ofgoatu" or " tales of goatherd*." f, a little picture.
138 INTRODUCTION
than to the district of Mantua. His characters are too con- ventional, his representation of life too artificial. Still the earlier poems of Vergil have beauties. Their melodious diction, their soft and easy flowing style,16 were admired by Horace, no mean judge of the poet's art.
The 2. The Georgics17 in four books, was written (between
Georgics 37 B.C. and 30 B.C.18) at the request of Maecenas,19 to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, A7ergil copies largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.20 While the Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the the Georgics same subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes, the apt and charming episodes, all combine to lend an interest to a subject, which in any other hands would have been intolerably dull. The time was ripe for such a poem. Agriculture had been the chief employment and the honored occupation of the Romans from the early days of the City. The long-continued wars had, however, desolated Italy.21 Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long accustomed to camps and the excitement of a military life, cared little about the prosaic life of a farmer. To recall the peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which Addison pronounces "the most complete, elaborate and finished piece Contents of of all antiquity," was written. The first book treats of tilling Georgics the fieids, the second of orchards, the third of the care of
16 Sat. I, 10,45
1T Georgica yeutpynfd, from yed = yri, the earth and epyov a work.
1 8 The chief historical events alluded to in the Georgics are : the death of Julius Caesar, 44 B.C. (B. I, 456) ; the civil wars ended by the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C. (B. I, 490) ; the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony, and those on the Rhine under Agrippa (B. I, 509) ; the battle of Actium and the submission of the East, 30 B.C. (B. II, 172 ; III, 27-32 ; IV, 562); the irruptions of the Daci on the Danube, 30 B.C. (B. II. 497).
19 See the opening lines of Georgics, I and IV.
20Hesiod's Works and Days; Aratus's Phaenomena ; Nicander's Georgics. 21 Civil wars had been waged, almost continuously, in Italy from 49 to 31 B.C. non ullus aratro
Dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis,
Et curvae rigidumfalces ccnflantur in ensem.
INTRODUCTION 139
horses and cattle, and the fourth, of bees. The two most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons.
3. The Aeneid,22 in twelve books, written between 29 B.C. Aeneid and 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a home which the fates had promised, his final settlement in Italy as the founder of the Roman Empire destined in after ages to rule the world. No doubt, Vergil borrowed largely Vergil from the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. Romans were original in no department of literature, except perhaps in the departments of History and Jurisprudence. Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest of his countrymen in other spheres of letters. The object of Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari- ous steps in the growth of the Empire, and in doing this, he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek literature as an important element in moulding Roman thought.
Style of the Aeneid.
Defects. — Vergil has been severely censured23 for (1) de- Vergil ficiency in the power of invention, (2) intermixture of Greek Crttici8e"' and Latin traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his mode of representing the character of Aeneas, (5) the sameness of the individual characters. These are the main charges brought by his detractors, and though we grant the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim of being one of the greatest of epic poets. No doubt his power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he did intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome (for this, as we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his age), no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachron- ism (but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton), and there is no doubt that his hero Aeneas is cold-blooded and uninteresting.
22 The first notice of the Aeneid that we have is in a letter of Vergil to Augustus written probably 26 B.C., when the latter was on an expedition against the Canta- brians. De Aenea quidem meo, si rnehercule jam dignum auribus haberem tuis, libenter mitterem: sed tanta inchoata res eat, ut paene vitiis mentis tantum opus ingressus mihi videar, cum praesertim, ut scio, alia quoque studia ad id opus multoque potiora irnpertiar. Macrob. Sat. I, 24, 12.
23 Especially by the Emperor Caligula, Markland, and Niebuhr.
140 INTRODUCTION
Excellencies. — These defects, however, are far more than counterbalanced by his many excellencies. There is in Vergil a great tenderness of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That he excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old opinion, and it is surely the right one. This pathos is given at times by a single epithet, or by a slight touch, or with graceful art by an indirect allusion ; this tenderness is more striking as con- trasted with the stern Roman character and with the stately majesty of the verse. The poet never becomes affected or sentimental ; he hardly ever offends against good taste ; he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence as well as in his speech ; Vergil, as Tennyson says, is a master of language, but no one can really be a master of language unless he be also a master of thought, of which language is the expression. To the above-named qualities may be added picturesqueness in description ; variety and artistic taste in grouping incidents ; also dramatic power, particularly in Books I and IV.
Vergil Crutwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge :
defended " The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things, a national poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech, which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to eclipse, so much as to do honour to, early literature. There those bards who, like Ennius and Naevius, had done good service to Rome by singing, however rudely, her history, find their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. Thus they met with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the ritual formularies ; with the antiquarians and pious scholars, who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorial names, whether of place or custom or person ; with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages, for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman greatness. All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall. This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale anprooriation of others' thoughts and language, which would otherwise be sheer plagiarism. "
INTRODUCTION 141
Writers differ in regard to the object that Vergil had in Object of writing the Aeneid. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that the poem was written with a political object to re- concile the Romans to the new order of things. This view is also held by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ; that its primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendor of their origin. "Augustus is evidently typified under the character of Aeneas; both are cautious and wise in counsel ; both are free from the perturbations of passion ; they were cold, unfeeling, and uninteresting ; their wisdom and policy were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious that he was acting a part, as his last words show ; and the contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, when- ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid, as the epithet plus, so constantly applied to him, shows, was filial piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius Caesar who adopted him." — BROWNE.
IV
Metre
The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the Romans ; viz. : the dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient The dactylic as well as the most dignified form of verse among the Greeks hexameter and Romans. It was cultivated at an early period, long before the beginnings of authentic history, since we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and in the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans. Vergil's poetry is generally regarded as the model for this kind of verse among the Latins.
The dactylic hexameter consists, as its name implies, of six feet, the first four of which may be dactyls or spondees ; the fifth is usually a dactyl, and the sixth invariably a spondee. The following is the scheme :
142 INTRODUCTION
Rules for Quantity.
In scanning, the pupil should understand that his general knowledge of quantity must be constantly brought into use. For example, from the beginning of his studies he has learnt that -is of the dat. and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen. sing, is short. So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is long. He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short. The following special rules may be helpful ; in fact, to make scanning easy, they must be continually referred to.
1. A vowel before a vowel in the same word is short. Exceptions Aeneas and many other proper names, illlus, etc.
2. A vowel before two consonants (not a mute and liquid) is long1 by position.
3. Before a mute and liquid (e.g., pi or tr) a short vowel is common.
4. The prefix re- (back or again) and the enclitic -gue are naturally short. They may, of course, be long by position.
5. For both quantity and elision (see sec. 5 below) the letter h does not count as a consonant. For instance, in flic Ddld\pum mdnus\ hie, B. II, 29, the us is short, as if u stood before one consonant only ; and in meminiss(e) horret, B, II, 12, e is elided as before a vowel.
Peculiarities of Metre. of 1. For the comparative number of dactyls and spondees
*n *^e ^rs* ^our P^aces no definite rule can De given. Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g. :
a sudden feeling, B. II, 120 :
obstipuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit ossa tremor.
a sudden act : B. II, 553 :
dextraque coruscum extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.
agitated feeling : B. II, 735.
hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum confusam eripuit mentem.
INTRODUCTION 143
On the other hand a succession of spondees may be employed to describe a labored effort : B. II, 561.
ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi
vitam exhalentem ; Where the death of king Priam is described.
So also, B. II, 416 :
adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, When warring winds engage in strife.
2. The fifth foot is sometimes, though rarely, a spondee, in Spondaic which case the verse is called a spondaic25 line : e.g., B. II, 68. line
constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit : The measured look of Sinon slowly scanning his audience is well brought out by the last word.
3. When the last syllable of a word remains over, after the completion of a foot, that syllable is called a caesural syllable, Word in consequence of its being separated, or cut off, as it were, from the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term caesura26 is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice, which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melody
of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of Verse the caesura. The chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexa- meter are :
(a) Penthemimeral2"1 Caesura at the end of the first syllable Penthemi- of the third foot : B. II, 8. 8SS«
Temperet\ a ldcri\mis" ? et\ jam nox\ umidd\ caelo.
(b) Hephthemimeral28 Caesura, at the end of the first Hephthe- syllable of the fourth foot : B. , II, 2. SSJSSf
fnd& tdr\o pdter\ Aene\ds" slc\ orsus db\ alto.
(c) Trochaic™ Caesura, after the trochee of the third foot : Trochaic B. II, 3. Caesura
Infdn\dum, reg\ind", jii\bes rentilvdrg dti\ldrem.
26 In Vergil we have 28 spondaic lines : 17 of these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable.
26 Called by the Greeks TO/U,^, a cutting.
2T From Trevre, five; f^i, half; M6'pos, a part, or foot: hence the fifth-half -foot caesura. This is also called the strong or masculine caesura.
28 From enra, seven ; r)/uu, half; /xe'po?, apart or foot : hence the seventh-half-foot- caesura. 29 Also called the weak or feminine caesura.
144
INTRODUCTION
Bucolic Caesura
Last word in the line
Metrical figures
Hiatus
(d) Bucolic90 Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the fourth foot when this foot is a dactyl and ends the word : B. II, 99.
In vul\g(um) dmbigu\d3 et\ quderere" \conscius\drmd.
It may be observed, generally, that a verse may have one, two, or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as in each case given above.
4. The last word in a dactylic hexameter line is for the most part a dissyllable,31 or a trisyllable. A quadrisyllable is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Some- times, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a line. It is generally est, and in this case is usually accom- panied by an elision : See B. II, 68, 163, 250.
5. Metrical figures :
(a) Elision occurs when a word ends in a vowel or diph- thong, or with the letter -m preceded by a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter h. When such is the case the last syllable of the word so ending in a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a vowel is elided, i.e., struck out altogether in scansion, and is not regarded as a part of the verse, as 3. II, 1,
Cdnticu\er(e) dm\ne8 in\tenti\qu(e) ora ten\ebdnt. B. II, 62 :
Seu ver\8dr8 dd\los seu\ cert(ae) oc\cumMr£\mdrtl.
B. II, 57 :
Ecce, mdn\us juv$n\(em) intere\d post} tergar8\wnctum.
In the first the e final is elided both in conticuere and in intentique before omnes and ora.
In the second the diphthong -ae in certae is elided before occumbere.
In the third final -em in juvenem is elided before interea.
(b) The non-elision of a vowel or diphthong before an initial vowel or h, or diphthong is called hiatus : B. I, 16.
PdsihaU\ta c8lii\lss& Sam\o. Hlc\ lWus\ drmd.
30So called because it is often employed by Vergil in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry. This caesura is common in the poems of Theocritus.
si Leaving out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid we have 420 dissyllabic ; 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic ; 2 quadrisyllable endings.
INTRODUCTION 145
(c) Synaeresis is defined as the union of two vowels in Synaeresis sound which- should be properly pronounced separately : as
B. II, 339 :
Addunt\ se sdd\os Rhlp\eus et\ mdxtmus\ armls.
B. II, 391 :
Armd da\bunt lp\n. Slc\fdtm\ delude c8m\dntem. \ This is also called synizesis.
(d) Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion. It Synapheia sometines happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m pre- ceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before an
initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next line : B. II, 745.
Quern non\ lncu\sdvi d\mens h8mi\numque de\orum\qu(e). aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ? The -que is joined to the aut of the next line.
There are in Vergil altogether twenty-one such hyper- rwallines metrical lines.
(«) Ictus is the beat of the foot which corresponds with Ictus the elevation of the voice (apois). This naturally falls on the first syllable of a foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring in which a syllable naturally short is lengthened, simply from its occupying the ordinary place of a long syllable : B. II, 563.
et dl\reptd dSm\us, et\ pdrvi\ cdsus J\uli. See also B. 11,411.
Nostrorum\ dbrui\murt 6rit\urque mis\errima\ cdcdes. Note that -us in domus (Nom. ) is long, and -ur in obruimur. This happens when the caesura! pause and the pause in the sense are coincident.
The Trojan War
Like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid is based upon events supposed to have happened in that legendary and romantic period known as the Trojan War. These events, as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic and not in the strict sense historical. The legend is that once there was a wealthy and powerful city named Ilium or Troja on the
146 INTRODUCTION
coast of Asia Minor. In a contest between the three god- desses, Venus, Juno and Minerva for the Apple of Discord, Venus was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince Paris (or Alexander), son of King Priam. Paris, who at the time was being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and had been chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus with the promise that she would give him the most beautiful woman in the world for wife. This woman proved to be Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta.
Paris, on a visit to the court of Menelaus during the absence of the latter, induced Helen to elope with him to Troy. Menelaus, to recover his wife and punish the Trojans for harboring her, assembled a large army of Greeks, led by various petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus' brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae. This army laid siege fco Troy. After the siege had lasted ten years, by the stratagem of a huge wooden horse filled with soldiery the city was captured and burned, and all but a remnant of the inhabitants were put to the sword. This remnant scattered to different localities around the coast of the Mediterranean. According to the Roman legend, Aeneas, led by the Fates, conducted a party of Trojans to the west coast of Italy and there founded the colony from which afterwards grew the "Eternal City," Rome.
VI
Story of the Aeneid
Ancestors Aeneas was the son of Anchises and Venus, and thus
of Aeneas connecte^ wjth the royai family of Troy. In the earlier
stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his
flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead
his followers against the Greeks. When the Greeks, after a
siege of ten years, took the city, Aeneas, according to Vergil,
Leaves Troy carries off on his shoulders the aged Anchises, takes young
Ascanius by the h°pd, and with Creusa following behind
escapes to Mount Ida. His wife Creusa, in the confusion of
the siege, is lost in the darkness. He appears to have left the
Wanderings burning city a* the end of the war, and, with a fleet of
of Aeneas twenty vessels and a number of followers, set sail from.
Pari&
INTRODUCTION 147
Troy in quest of a land destined by the fates. He first lands %™%*eat in Thrace, and begins to build a city, but is deterred by the ghost of the murdered Polydorus. Next he sails to Delos, then to Crete, where the Penates appear to Aeneas, and declare his destined home to be in Italy, the native land of Dardanus. Again he sets sail and is driven by a storm to the Strophades, Leucadia, and Chaonia, where he finds Heleuus, a seer, son of Priam, and king of that country, who tells Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in At Sicily the country of the Cyclops, Polyphemus, near Aetna, but Achaemenides, whom Ulysses had left behind in the cave of the Cyclops, advises them to flee from the land of Poly- phemus. Guided by Achaemeuides, Aeneas passes Scylla and Charybdis and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. He then starts out for Italy, but stress of weather drives him on the coast of Africa, near Carthage. Juno, aware that Rome At Carthage one day won Id conquer her beloved Carthage, had an unre- lenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let loose the winds and wreck the Trojan fleet. Neptune, how- ever, interferes in time and calms the troubled waves. The Trojans find a sheltered harbor for the seven remaining ships and soon land. They afterwards discover that they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. Surrounded by a cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore the country. They see the towers and walls of the youthful city, and are surprised to find their missing comrades holding audience with the queen. Under the guise of Ascanius, Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast of Dido. Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the fates had in store for him. Mercury is sent to remonstrate with Aeneas. In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the order is given to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for Italy. Dido, herself118 through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the funeral pile and stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her body. He arrives a second time at Drepanum, and then for nine days Arrives
celebrates the funeral games in honour of his dead father, Sicily < a
second time Anchises. While the games were in progress, some of the
Trojan women, despairing of ever having a settled home, fire the ships. Jupiter sends rain and puts out the fire, but not
148
INTRODUCTION
Founds Segesta
Wars in Italy
till four ships are destroyed. Aeneas leaves in Sicily all the elderly people and all weary of roaming, and these found Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the Sibyl, under whose guidance he descends to the lower world, and learns the full details of his future life. Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had a daughter Lavinia, whose hand is sought for by Turnus, king of the Rutuli. The Latins summon allies from all sides to repel the foreigners, while Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander, and seeks the assistance of the Etrurians. While he is absent, the Trojan camp is attacked without success by Turnus and the Latins. Aeneas returns, and displays his prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.
Introduc- tory
Aeneas begins his story
The wooden horse
The Greeks sail to Tenedos
Joy of the Trojans
VII
The Contents of the Second Book
The first book of the Aeneid relates how, when off the coast of Sicily, seven years after the fall of Troy, a great storm fell upon the fleet of Aeneas, and drove it upon the shores of Libya, where he and his comrades were hospitably received by Dido, queen of Carthage, in her newly-built capital. At the conclusion of a royal banquet given in their honor, Dido entreats Aeneas to tell the tale of Troy's destruction and his own wanderings. The second and third books of the Aeneid contain the narrative of these events. .
Compare with this the narrative of Ulysses to Alcinous in the Odyssey, Books IX-XII.
1-13. Aeneas, amid breathless silence, thus begins : " Thou biddest me tell a tale of woe, O queen, and thus renew unutterable sorrow, but, though my mind shudders at the remembrance, I address myself to the task."
12-24. Baffled in all their attempts to capture Troy, the Greeks build a huge wooden horse, in which they conceal their most noted leaders. They pretend it is a votive offering to Minerva to ensure a safe return home. They then with- drew with all their ships to Tenedos, an island near Troy.
25-39. The Trojans, in joy at the departure of their enemies, sally forth, and delight to inspect the deserted
INTRODUCTION 149
shore. Conflicting opinions prevail as to what should be done Conflicting with the horse. Some advise that it be destroyed ; others °garding the that it be brought into the city. horse
40-56. Laocoon, priest of Neptune, mistrusts the Greeks, Laocoon's "even when bearing gifts." To emphasize his fear otwt strategy, he hurls his mighty spear against the belly of the horse, which gives an ominously hollow sound.
57-76. Meanwhile a young Greek named Sinon has been Sinon captured, and is dragged before King Priam. He has pur- fffifi^0" posely thrown himself in the way, with the object of deceiving the Trojans. He simulates fear, but is reassured by the Trojans, who bid him give an account of himself.
77-144. Protesting his own veracity, Sinon goes on to tell Sinon's tale of the betrayal of h's companion-in-arms, Palamedes, by^^™ Ulysses, his own grief and indignation, and the dire revenge of Ulysses. He tragically breaks off his story just as he from the
reaches the most exciting part, and calls upon them to slay him at once and gratify the Grecian leaders. Burning with curiosity the Trojans bid him proceed, and he does so, feigning emotion. The Greeks had long desired to return home, and had been prevented only by adverse weather, particularly when they had erected this horse to propitiate Minerva. An oracle of Apollo informed them that, as they, on leaving Greece, had appeased the winds by the blood of a slain virgin, so now they must seek return by the sacrificing of a Grecian life. Calchas, the seer, after ten days' silence, named Sinon as the doomed one, and all acquiesce. As the day of sacrifice approaches he snatches himself from death by fleeing to a marsh and hiding till the Greeks have gone. Sinon concludes his tale by a most pathetic reference to the probable fate of his family at home, and breaks down in tears.
145-198. His tears have the desired effect. Priam orders sinon pre- his fetters to be removed, bids him forget the Greeks, become tends to a Trojan, and tell them why the horse was built. After again object of " protesting too much " his pure intentions, Sinon proceeds to the horse explain that the anger of Minerva was kindled against the Greeks by the stealing of the Palladium, the sacred image of Minerva, on the possession of which the safety of Troy depended. Calchas declared that they must return to Greece and seek fresh auspices. Meanwhile they must set up this
150
INTRODUCTION
horse as a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and build it huge and high to prevent the Trojans from bringing it into the city, and thus securing the divine protection it would The Trojans carry with it. Tricked by this perjured art the Trojans yield to the temptation so subtly put in their way, and " those whom neither Tydeus' son nor Larissaean Achilles, nor ten years nor a thousand ships could conquer," succumb to the wiles of Sinon.
are deceived
Fate of Laocoon
The horse enters the city
199-233. And now, as if to abet the treacherous Sinon, Minerva sends from Tenedos two serpents to attack Laocoon, as he is sacrificing at the altar. Side by side they swim the channel, and with deadly aim make for the two sons of the priest. After strangling the two boys, they turn upon Laocoon himself as he comes to the rescue. His horrifying shrieks rend the air. At last the serpents, their deadly work over, seek the shelter of Minerva's statue, and nestle at her feet. This intimation is all the superstitious Trojans require. Laocoon's warning is now regarded as sacrilege, and his fate as a punishment from Heaven.
234-249. Deceived by Sinon and influenced by the omen, the Trojans make an opening in their walls, and, amid the singing of boys and girls, draw the monster into the city. Four times it is halted, and four times the arms within give forth an ominous sound. But blinded and heedless the Trojans persist, and station the horse in the very citadel. Cassandra prophesies the dreadful result, but, as usual, is disbelieved. Ignorant of their impending fate the hapless Trojans deck themselves and celebrate the event.
250-267. Meanwhile night shrouds the city and " the wiles of the Greeks " ; the Trojans rest in peaceful slumbers from the unwonted excitement and merry-making of the day ; the fleet steals back from Tenedos ; and Sinon, under cover of the darkness, releases the pent-up Grecian heroes. The night- watches are slain, and, admitting their comrades through the open gates, the Greeks set out on their work of murder and destruction.
The shade 268-297. The shade of Hector appears to Aeneas in his warn»°T sleep, and, informing him of the true situation, bids him flee Aeneas the city. Hector places the image of Vesta and the sacred
The Greeks by night take posses- sion of the city
INTRODUCTION 151
fire in Aeneas' hands and tells him to build for the household gods of Troy a new city beyond the seas.
298-317. Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's Aeneas house, and beholds the city in flames. He frantically seizes aroused his arms, resolving to hasten to the citadel, and, if necessary, to die fighting.
318-369. As he rushes forth, he is met by Panthus, priest p of Apollo, who has just escaped from the citadel. In response brings to enquiries, Parithus tells how the city has been captured. l m98 Aeneas hastens towards the scene of conflict and is joined by several Trojans, among whom is Coroebus, the betrothed of a band of
Cassandra. Exhorted by Aeneas, this band moves on
a pack of hungry wolves. Terrible is the slaughter, and the rescue
manifold are the scenes of death.
370-434. Not all on one side is the carnage . Androgeos The tide 0* and a large band of Greeks are taken unawares, and slain, battle is On the suggestion of Coroebus, the victorious Trojans don but only the armor of the fallen Greeks, and continue their deadly temporarily work in disguise. Dismay is spread among the Greeks. But, alas ! it is useless to fight against the fates. Coroebus spies Cassandra dragged along in chains, and rushes to her rescue. Here weapons of their friends kill many of the Tro- jans, who are mistaken for Greeks ; and the Greeks suddenly discovering the deception, rally from all quarters and over- whelm the followers of Aeneas. Coroebus and others fall ; the remainder are scattered.
435-505. Aeneas, with only two followers, now makes his j)estruct^on way to the abode of Priam. Here the brunt of the battle of Priam's rages, the Greeks assaulting and the Trojans stoutly defend- ing. Aeneas enters by a secret door in the rear and goes out upon the roof. He pries up a turret and hurls it down upon the Greeks beneath. Many are crushed by the fall, but others press on.
Pyrrhus, in glittering armor, smashes in the door, and through the opening the terrified inmates can be seen. Me#n- while despair and confusion reign within. The Greeks, led by Pyrrhus, come pouring in like the resistless tide of a river. The household is slain and the palace wrecked.
506-558. The aged king, seeing his palace in the hands of Death of the enemy, girds on his armor, resolved to die in arms. His Priam
152 INTRODUCTION
wife, Hecuba, as she clings to the altar in the middle of the court, sees him and calls upon him to take refuge with her. Polites, one of Priam's sons, rushes in and is slain by Pyrrhus before his father's eyes. The old man breaks forth into an angry denunciation of the murderer, but the latter turns on him, and with the words, ' ' Take this message to my father in Hades, and be sure to tell him his son is degenerate," he plunges his sword to the hilt in the old man's side. The body of the once proud ruler of Asia now lies nameless and exposed on the shore.
Aeneas 559-633. Aeneas suddenly finds himself alone, when he
espies Helen crouching in concealment by the temple of Vesta. Indignant at the thought of her returning home in triumph Prevented from the city which she has ruined, he is on the point of slay- fromslay- jng herj j^ he js suddenly checked by his goddess-mother, his mother, Venus. The latter bids him think of rescuing his family, leaving Helen to her fate. Not Helen, but the gods have brought about the downfall of Troy. The gods are then re- vealed to Aeneas assisting the Greeks in the destruction of the city. Aeneas' eyes are opened to the futility of further resistance, and, protected by Venus, he passes to his home. Aeneas pre- 634-729. Aeneas endeavors to persuade his father to flee, I'eavethe ^ut *ne latter refuses. In vain do all the household implore citv him to yield. Aeneas, in despair, calls for his arms, and is
about to rush forth to his death, when Creusa beseeches him to remain and defend his home and family. Suddenly a supernatural light plays harmlessly about the head of the y°unS lul118- It is regarded as an omen by Anchises, who overcome by calls upon Jupiter to ratify it. A favorable response being a pro igy given, Anchises consents to accompany Aeneas. The latter takes his father on his shoulders, and, with lulus at his side and Creusa following at a distance, hastens out of the city. Loss of 730-770. Hurrying along, in terror at every sight and
Creusa sound, Aeneas is suddenly alarmed by approaching foes, and in the excitement becomes separated from Creusa. Not till he reaches the temple of Ceres outside the walls, does he miss her. His anguish then is heart-rending.
Leaving father, son, and companions, he returns in quest of Creusa. From place to place he goes. The Greeks hold everything ; yet he fills the air with cries for the lost Creusa.
INTRODUCTION 153
The shade 771-795. Suddenly the shade of Creusa confronts him. In appears to affectionate terms she bids him grieve for her no longer, but Aeneas ^ow to the will of Heaven. She then unfolds his future career, and vanishes.
Aeneas flees 796-804. Recovering from his astonishment, Aeneas returns
^mountains *° n*s companions. He finds a pitiable throng collected to
accompany him into exile. And now as the morning star
rises above Ida, he again takes his father on his shoulders and
" flees to the mountains."
VIII
Manuscripts
There are seven MSS. in capitals of the ^Eneid. These are :
(1) The Vatican text, in the library of the Vatican. It contains scattered portions of the jEneid and Georgics, and belongs to the period of the Emperor Septimius Severus, 200 A. D.
(2) The Sangallensis, belonging to the library of St. Gall. It is fragmentary, containing only portions of the ^Eneid and Georgics.
(3) The Mediceus, belonging to the period of 370 A.D. It contains about half of the Eclogues, the whole of the Georgics and ^Eneid, and is in the Laurentian Library of Florence.
(4) The Palatine in the Vatican Library, belonging to the 4th or 5th century A. D.
(5) The Romanus, belonging to the 4th century, also in the Vatican. This and the Mediceus are the best.
(6) The Veronensis in the library of Verona.
(7) The Augustus, said to belong to the Augustan period. Part of it is in Berlin, part in the Vatican.
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VERGIL, THE ROMAN POST
P. VEEGILI MAEONIS AENEIDOS
LIBER II
SCENE — Dido's Court: Carthage Aeneas Begins His Story of the Fall of Troy
Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant.
inde toro Pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto :
infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem,
Trojanos ut opes et lamentabile regnum
eruerint Danai, quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, 5
et quorum pars magna fui. quis talia fando
Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi
temperet a lacrimis 1 et jam nox umida caelo
praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,
sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros, 10
et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem,
quamquam animus meminisse horret luctuque refugit
incipiam.
155
156 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
The Wooden Horse
fracti bello fatisque repulsi ductores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis, instar mentis equum divina Palladis arte 15
aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas : votum pro reditu simulant ; ea fama vagatur. hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim includunt caeco lateri, penitusque cavernas ingentes uterumque armato milite complent. 20
The Greeks retire to Tenedos
Joy of the Trojans — Conflicting opinions as to the disposal of the horse.
est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant, nunc tantum sinus et statio male fida carinis : hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt. nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. 25
ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu : panduntur portae ; juvat ire et Dorica castra desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles ; classibus hie locus, hie acie certare solebant. 30
pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, "7^ et molem mirantur equi ; primusque Thymoetes duel intra muros hortatur et arce locari, sive dolo, seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant. at Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, 35
aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectaque dona praecipitare jubent, subjectisque urere flammis/ aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras. scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 157
Laocoon's Warning " Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes " — He hurls his spear at the horse.
primus ibi ante omnes, magna comitante caterva, 40 Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce ; et procul : ' o miseri, quae tanta insania, cives 1 creditis avectos hostes? aut ulla putatis dona carere dolis Danaura ? sic notus Ulixes 1 aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, 45
aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi ; aut aliquis latet error : equo ne credite, Teucri. quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.' sic fatus validis ingentem viribus hastam 50
in latus inque feri curvam corajsagibus alvum contorsit. stetit ilia tremens, uteroque recusso insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae. et, si fata deum, si mens non laeva fuisset, impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras ; 55
Trojaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta, maneres.
Sinon's Perfidy
Sinon appears on the scene. — His pitiful appeal.
ecce,' manus juvenem interea post terga revinctum pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro, hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque aperiret Achivis, 60 obtulerat, fidens animi, afcque in utrumque paratus, seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. undique visendi studio Trojana juventus circumfusa ruit, certantque illudere capto. accipe nunc Danaura insidias, et crimine ab uno 65
disce omnes. namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus inermis
158 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit : 1 heu, quae nunc tellus,' inquit, ' quae me aequora possunt accipere? aut quid jam misero mini denique restat, 70 cui neque apud Danaos usquain locus, et super ipsi Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt 1 ' quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis impetus, hortamur fari ; quo sanguine cretus, quidve ferat, memoret, quae sit n'ducia capto. 75
ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur :
Sinon's story of persecution by Ulysses.
1 cuncta equidem tibi, rex, f uerit quodcumque, fatebor
vera,' inquit : ' neque me Argolica de gente negabo :
hoc primum ; nee, si miserum fortuna Sinonem
finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. 80
fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad aures
Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama
gloria, quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi
insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,
demisere neci, riunc cassum lumine lugent ; 85
illi me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum
pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis.
dum stabat regno incolumis, regumque vigebat
consiliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque
gessimus. invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi — 90
haud ignota loquor — superis concessit ab oris,
afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
et casuin insontis mecum indignabar amici.
nee tacui demens ; et me, fors si qua tulisset,
si patrios unquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 95
promisi ultprem, et verbis odia aspera movi.
hinc mihi prima mali labes ; hinc semper Ulixes
criminibus terrere novis ; hinc spargere voces
in vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma.
The Fates Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropoi ocoat.
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 159
nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro — 100
sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo ? quidve moror, si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos, idque audire sat est 1 jamdudurn sumite poenas : hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae.'
turn vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas, 105
ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae.' prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur :
After feigning hesitation, Sinon renews his story — Instigated by Ulysses, Calchas the seer dooms him to death.
1 saepe fugam Danai Troja cupiere relicta ' moliri et longo fessi discedere bello ; — fecissentque utinam ! — saepe illos aspera ponti 110
interclusit hiems, et terruit Auster euntes. praecipue, cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi, suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi mittimus ; isque ad3Ttk haec tristia dicta reportat : 115
sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa, cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras : sanguine quaexendi reditus, animaque litanduin
Argolica. vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures,
obstipuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 120
ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo.
hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu
protrahit in medios ; quae sint ea numina divum,
flagitat. et mihi jam multi crudele canebant
artificis scelus, et taciti ventura videban^. 125
bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat
prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere morti.
vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus,
composito rumpit vocem, et me destinat arae.
adsensere omnes, et, quae sibi quisque timebat, 130
160 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
Vk^^iWr*.
unius in miseri exitium con versa tulere. jamque dies infanda aderat ; mihi sacra parari, et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae.
Sinon tells of his escape from the Greeks — King Priam takes pity on him, welcomes him as a citizen of Troy, and bids him explain the object of the horse.
eripui, fateor, leto me, et vincula rupi ;
limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva 135
delitui, dum vela darent, si forte dedissent.
nee mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi,
nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem ;
quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent
effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt. " 140
quod te per superos et conscia numina veri,
per, si qua est, quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam
intemerata fides, oro, miserere laborum
tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.'
his lacrimis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro. 145 ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari vincla jubet Priam us, dictisque ita fatur amicis : ' quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios : noster eris ; mihique haec edissere vera roganti. quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? quis auctor? 150 quidve petunt ? quae religio aut quae machina belli ? '
Sinon resumes — The horse was erected to atone to Minerva for the theft of the Palladium.
dixerat. ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasga, sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas : * vos aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum testor numen,' ait, 'vos arae ensesque nefandi, 155
quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi : fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura,
Minerva Bellica.
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 161
fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras,
si qua tegunt : teneor patriae nee legibus ullis.
tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves 160
Troja fidem, si vera feram, si magna rependam.
omnis spes Danaum et coepti fiducia belli Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. impius ex quo Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor TJlixes, fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 165
Palladium, caesis summae custodibus arcis, corripuere sacram effigiem, manibusque cruentis virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas ; ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri spes Danaum; fractae vires, aversa deae mens. 170
nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. vix positum castris simulacrum : arsere coruscae luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus sudor iit, terque ipsa solo — mirabile dictu — emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. 1 75 extemplo temptanda f uga canit aequora Calchas ; nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. et nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, 180
arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso improvisi aderunt. ita digerit omina Calchas. hanc pro Palladio raoniti, pro numine laeso effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret.
Sinon's master-stroke — The Trojans tempted to bring the horse into the
city.
hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere inolem 185
roboribus textis, caeloque educere jussit, ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit, neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri.
162 VERGIL'S AKNEID, n
nam si vestra mantis violasset dona Minervae,
turn magnum exitium — quod di prius omen in ipsum 190
convertant ! — Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum :
sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,
ultro Asiam magno Pelqpea ad moenia. bello ft~
venturam, et nostros ea fata mane re nepotes.'
talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis 195
credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis
quos neque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles,
non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae.
The Fate of Laocoon
hie aliud majus miseris mul toque tremendum objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 200
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquil la per alta — horresco referens — immensis orbibus angues incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt ; 205
pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta jubaeque sanguineae superant undas ; pars cetera pontum pone legit, sinuantque immensa volumine terga ; fit sonitus spumante salo. jamque arya tenebant, ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni 210
sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora. diffugirnns visji exsangyes : illi agmine cerjbo Laocoo^ta petunt ; et primum parva duorum corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque implicate et miseros mprsu depascitur artus ; 215
post ipsum, auxilio subeunteua ac tela ferentem, corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus ; et jam bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. ille simul manibus tend it divellepe nodos, 220
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 163
perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno ; clamores simul horrendos ad sidera toll it : qualis mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram taurus et incertam excussit cervice securing.
at gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones offa 225 effugiunt, saeyaeque petunt Tritorjidis arcem, sub pedibusque deae, clipeique sub orbe teguntur.
turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis insinuat pavor ; et scelus expendisse merentem Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur 230
laeserit, tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae numina conclamant.
uT -^^ ^x^ I
The Horse Enters the City dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. accingunt omnes operi, pedibusque rotarurn 235
subjiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo intendunt. scandit fatalis machina muros, feta armis : pueri circum innuptaeque puellae sacra canunt, fuiiemque manu contingere gaudent. ilia subit, mediaeque minans illabitur urbi. 240
o patria, o divum domus Ilium, et incluta bello moenia Dardanidum ! quater ipso in limine portae substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere. iiistamus tamen immemores caecique furore, et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. 245
tune etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris ora, dei jussu non unquam credita Teucris. nos delubra deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem.
Night falls — The fleet returns from Tenedos — Sinon releases the Grecian heroes from within the horse.
vertitur interea caelum, et ruit Oceano nox 250
involveiis umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos ; f usi per moenia Teucri
164 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
conticuere ; sopor fessos complectitur artus.
et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat
a Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia hmae, 255
litora nota petens, flam mas cum regia puppis
extulerat, f atisque deurn defensus iniquis,
inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim
laxat claustra Sinon. illos patefactus ad auras
reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt 260
Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dirus TJlixes,
demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque, Thoasque,
Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,
et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeos.
invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam ; 265
caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnes
accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt.
The Ghost of Hector Warns Aeneas
tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris incipit, et dono divum gratissima serpit. in somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector 270
visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus, raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes. hei mihi, qualis erat ! quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 275
vel Danaurn Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes ! squalentem barbam, et concretos sanguine crines, vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros accepit patrios. ultro flens ipse videbar compellare virum, et maestas expromere voces : 280
* o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum, quae tantae tenuere morae ? quibus Hector ab oris exspectate venis ? ut te post multa tuorum funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores
• VERGIL'S .AENEID, n 165
dejessi aspicimus ! quae causa indigna serenos 285
foedavit vultus 1 aut cur haec vulnera cerno ?
ille nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur,
sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
{ heu ! f uge, nate dea, teque his,' ait, ' eripe flam mis.
hostis habet muros ; ruit alto a culmine Troja. 290
sat patriae Priamoque datum ; si Pergama dextra
defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. [I If*
sacra suosque tibi commend at Troja Penates ;
hos cape fatorum comites ; his moenia quaere,
magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto.' 295
sic ait, et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem
aeternumque adytis effort penetralibus ignem.
The Destruction of the City
Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's house and beholds the city
inflames.
diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu ;
et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis
Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, 300
clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror.
excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti
ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto ;
in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris \ '
incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 305
sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores,
praecipitesque trahit silvas, stupet inscius alto
accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.
turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt
insidiae. jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam, 310
Vulcano superante, domus ; jam proximus ardet
Ucalegon ; Sigea igni f reta lata relucent :
exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum.
arma amens capio ; nee sat rationis in armis ;
-
\v/ 166 VERGIL'S AKNEID, 11
sed glomerare raanum bello et concurrere in arcem 315 cum sociis ardent animi. furor iraque mentem praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis.
Panthus, priest of Apollo, brings tidings.
ecce autem telis Panthus elajDSus Achivum, Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos, sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotern 320
ipse trahit, cursuque amens ad limina tendit. : quo res summa loco, Parithu ? quam prendimus arcem V vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit : venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus Dardaniae. fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 325
gloria Teucrorum. ferus omnia Juppiter Argos transtulit : incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet insultans : portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330
millia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis ; obsedere alii telis angusta viarum oppositi ; stat ferri acies mucrone corusco , stricta, parata neci ; vix primi proelia temptant portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt.' 335
Maddened by the news, Aeneas rushes forth, and is joined by several
Trojans.
talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum
in nammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys,
quo freinitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor.
addimt se socios Rhipeus et maximus armis
Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, 340
et lateri agglomerant nostro, juvenisque Coroebus
Mygdonides. illis ad Trojam forte diebus
venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 167
et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,
infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis 345
audierit.
These he exhorts to face death brave'y, and together they press on like a pack of hungry wolves.
quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, incipio super his : ' juvenes, fortissima frustra pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis : 350
excessere omnes, adytis arisque relictis, di, quibus imperium hoc steterat ; succurritis urbi incensae : inoriamur, et. in media arma ruamus : una salus victis nullara sperare salutem.' sic animis juvenum furor additus. inde, lujvi ceu 355 rapt&rts atra in nebula, quos improba ventris exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostes vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus
A/I
urbis iter.
nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360
quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando explicet, aut possit lacrimis aequare labores *? urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos; plurima perque vias stermmtur inertia passim corpora, perque domos et religiosa deorum 365
limina. nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri \ quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus, victoresque cadunt Danai. crudelis ubique luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago.
The tide of battle turns — Androgeos and his band of Greeks surprised and slaughtered.
primus se, Danaum magna comitante caterva, 370
Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmma credens inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amicis :
168 VERGIL'S ABNEID, n
AJ . ' festinate vin : nam quae tarn sera moratur
segnities ? alii rapiunt incensa feruntque Pergama : vos celsis mmc primum a navibus itis ! ' 375 dixit ; et extemplo — neque enim responsa dabantur^ fida satis — sensit medios delapsus in hostes. o^stipuit, retroque pedein cum voce repressit. improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit 380
attollentem iras, et cqerula, colla tumentem : baud jigcus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat. ty/> , irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis, ignarosque loci passim et fqrmidine captos sternimus. adspirat primo fortuna labori. 385
Donning the armor of the fallen Greeks, Aeneas and hisfolloivers spread terror among the invaders. " Multos Danaum demittimus Oreo."
atque hie successu exsultans animisque Coroebus, 'o socii, qua prima,' inquit, 'fortuna salutis monstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur : mutemus clipeos, Danaumque insignia nobis aptemus. dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat ? 390 arma dabunt ipsi.' sic fatus deiiide comantem Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas, omnisque juventus laeta facit ; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 395
vadimus immixti Danais hand numine nostro, multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem conserimus ; multos Danaum demittimus Oreo, diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu fida petunt ; pars ingentem formidine turpi 400
scandunt rursus equum, et nota conduntur in alvo.
Helen of Troy.
SIR FRED'K LEIQHTON.
VERGIL'S -AENEID, n 169
But, alas! the Fates are against them — Coroebus, by the rescue of Cassandra, draws fresh hordes of Greeks upon them.
^
heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis !
ecce trahebatur passi& Priameia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, ad caelum tendens ardentia lurnina frustra, 405
lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. non tulit hanc speciein furiata mente Coroebus, et sese medium injecit periturus in agmen. consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis. hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410
nostrorum obruimur, oriturque rniserrima caedes armorum facie et Graiarum errore jubarum. turn Danai gemitu atque erep,tae virginis ira f undique collecti invadunt, acerrimus Ajax, et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis : 415 adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Zephyrusque, Notusque, et laetus Eois Eurus equis : stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti spumeus atque into Nereus ciet aequora fundo. ( illi etiarn, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420
fudimus insidiis, totaque agitavimus urbe, apparent ; primi clipeos mentitaque tela j
agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. \
Coroebus and others fall— The rest of the band are scattered.
ilicet obruimur numero : primusque Coroebus
Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425
procumbit ; cadit et Rhipeus, justissimus unus
qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi ;
dis aliter visum ; pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque,
confixi a sociis ; nee te tua plurima, Panthu,
labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit. VV 430
Iliaci cineres, et flamma extrema meorum,
170 VERGII/S AENEID, II
tester, in occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas vitavisse vices Danaum, et si fata fuissent, ut caderem, meruisse manu.
Destruction of Priam's Palace Conflict at the doors of the Palace.
divellimur inde :
Iphitus et Pelias mecum ; quorum Iphitus aevo 435
jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi ; protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati. One vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe, ^
sic Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad tecta ruentes 440 cernimus, obsessumque acta testiidine lime£T) haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus, clipeosque ad tela sinistris protecti objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris. Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domoruin 445
culmina convellunt : his se, quando ultima cernunt, extrema jam in morte parant defendere telis ; auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum, devolvunt : alii strictis mucronibus imas obsedere fores; has servant agmine denso. 450
H "
Aeneas enters by a postern, rushes to the roof, and hurls a tower upon the Greeks below.
instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis, auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis. limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 455
saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.
j PL *
/
VEKGIL'S AENEID, n evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde
v r ~~ ~ •—
tela manu miseri jactabant irrita Teucri. K turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra
eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri v /J\et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica castra,
aggressi ferro circumj qua summa labantes
juncturas tabulata dabant j convellimus altis
sedibus, impulimusque : 6a lapsa repente ruinam 465
cum sonitu trahit, et Danaum super agmina late
But in vain : Pyrrhus and others press forward — An opening in the door
is made. ^ ast alii subeunt ; iiec saxa, nee ullum
telorum interea cessat genus.
vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus exsultat telis et luce coruscus aena : 470
quali$ ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus,
frigida sub terra tumidum quqm bruma tegebat,
\ ' . . . . "^T-v^1"*^! " L
nunc positis novus exuvus mtidusque juventa,
lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga,
arduus ad golem, et lirigitis tnicat ore trisulcis. 475
una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis
armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes
succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina jactant.
ipse inter primos correpta dura bipeniii
limina perrumpit, postesque a cardine vellit 480
aeratos ; jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit
robora, et ingentem lato dedit gre fenestram.M/l^^ apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt ; apparent Priami et veterura penetralia regum, armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 485
h
172 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
in — The r^
Scene of despair within the palace — The dread Pyrrhus bursts in — The household slaughtered — "tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis.1'
at domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu y^/f^ miscetur ; penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes femineis ululant ; ferit aurea sidera clamor. turn pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant. amjDiexaeque tenent postes, atque oscula figunt. 490
instat vi patria Pyrrhus ; nee clajistra, neque ipsi u-lAo custodes sufferre valent. labat ariete crebro janua, et emoti procurabunt cardine postes. fit via vi : rumpunt aditus, primbsque trucidant
iminissi Danai, et late loca milite complent. 495
. non sic, aggenbus ruptis cum spumeus amnis
exiit, oppositasque evicit gurgite nwles,^ ^ fertur injvrva fivrens cumulo, camposque per omnes cum stabulis armenta trahit. vidi ipse furentem caede Neoptolemum, geminosque in limine Atridas : 500 vidi Hecubam centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignes. quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, procubuere : tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. 505
Death of Priam
forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras. urbis uti captae casum convulsaque vidit limiria tectorum, et medium in penetralibus hostem, arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo circumdat nequiquam umeris, et inutile ferrum 510
cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes. aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe ingens ara fuit juxtaque veterrima laurus, incumbens arae atque umbra complexa penates. hie Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum, 515
Flight of Aeneas.
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 173
praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, condensae et divom amplexae simulacra sedebant. ipsum autem sumptis Priam um juvenalibus armis ut vidit, 'quae mens tarn dira, miserrime conjunx, impulit his cingi telis1? aut quo ruis1?' inquit. 520
' non tali auxilio, nee defensoribus istis tempus egefc ; non, si ipse meus nunc adforefc Hector, hue tandem concede ; haec ara tuebitur omnes, aut moriere simul.' sic ore effata recepit ad sese, et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525
ecce aufcem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites, unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat saucius. ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus insequttur, jam jamque manu tenet et premit hasta. 530 ut tandem ante oculos e\ asit et ora parentum, concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. hie Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenetur, non tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepercit.
' at tibi pro scelere,' exclamat, l pro talibus ausis, 535
di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia curet, persolvant grates dignas, et praemia reddant debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum fecisti, et patrios foedasti funere vultus. at non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540
talis in hoste fuit Priamo ; sed jura fidemque supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulcro reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna rernisit.' sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu conjecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum, 545
et summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit. cui Pyrrhus : * referes ergo haec, et nuntius ibis Pelidae genitori : illi mea tristia facta degeneremque Neoptolemuni narrare memento ;
174 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
nunc morere.' hoc dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem 550 traxit et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati, implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. haec finis Priami fatorum ; hie exifcus ilium sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555 Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum regnatorem Asiae. jacet ingens litore truncus, avulsumque umeris caput, et sine nomine corpus.
Turning sadly aivay, Aeneas espies Helen, and in rage is about to slay her,
at me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror, obstipui ; subiit cari genitoris imago, 560
ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere A'idi vitam exhalantem ; subiit deserta Creiisa, et direpta domus, et parvi casus luli. respicio, et quae sit me circum copia lustro. deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565
ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. jamque adeo super unus erarn, cum limina Vestae servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem Tyndarida aspicio ; dant clara incendia lucem erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. 570
ilia sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros, et poenas Danaum et deserti conjugis iras praemetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinys, abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedebat. exarsere ignes animo ; subit ira cadentem 575
ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas sumere poenas : scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas aspiciet, partoque ibit regina triumpho? conjugiumque domumque patres natosque videbit, Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris] 580
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 175
occiderit ferro Priamus ? Troja arserit igni ?
Dardanium to ties sudarit sanguine litus 1
non ita. namque, etsi nullum memorabile nomen
feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem,
exstinxisse nefas tamen et sumpsisse merentes 585
laudabor poenas, animumque explesse juvabit
ultricis flammae, et cineres satiasse meorum.
but he is checked by Venus, who reveals to him the fated destruction of the city and urges him to rescue his family.
talia jactabam, et furiata mente ferebar, cum mihi se, non ante oculis tarn clara, videndam obtulit, et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 590
alma parens, confessa deam, qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet ; dextraque prehensum continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore : 1 nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras 1 quid f uris ? aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit? 595 non prius aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem liqueris Anchisen? superet conjunxne Creiisa, Ascaniusque puer ? quos omnes undique Graiae circum errant acies, et, ni mea cura resistat, jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600
non tibi Tyndaridis facies in visa Lacaenae, culpatusve Paris, divum inclementia, divum, has evertit opes, sternitque a culmine Trojam. aspice — namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti mortales hebetat visus tibi et umida circum 605
caligat, nubem eripiam : tu ne qua parentis jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa — hie, ubi disjectas moles avulsaque saxis saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum, Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti 610
fundamenta quatit, totamque a sedibus urbem
176 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
emit, hie Juno Scaeas saevissima portas
prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen
ferro accincta vocat.
jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 615
insedit, limbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva.
ipse Pater Danais animos viresque secundas
sufficit ; ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma.
eripe, nate, fugam, finemque inpone labori.
nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam.' 620
dixerat ; et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.
apparent dirae facies, inimicaque Trojae
numina magna deum.
Despair of Aeneas
turn vero omne mihi visum considere in ignes Ilium, et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja ; 625
ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum cum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant eruere agricolae certatlm ; ilia usque minatur et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat, vulneribus donee paulatim, evicta supremum 630
congemuit traxitque jugis avulsa ruinam.
Passing to his home, Aeneas in vain endeavors to induce his father to leave Troy.
descendo, ac ducerite deo flammam inter et hostes expedior ; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.
atque ubi jam patriae perventum ad limina sedis antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos 635 optabam primum montes primumque petebam, abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja, exsiliumque pati. * vos o, quibus integer aevi sanguis,' ait, ' solidaeque suo stant robore vires, vos agitate fugam. 640
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 177
me si caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,
has mihi servassent sedes. satis una superque
vidimus excidia, et captae superavimus urbi.
sic, o sic positum adfati discedite corpus.
ipse manu mortem inveniam : miserebitur hostis, 645
exuviasque petet. facilis jactura sepulcri.
jam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos
demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum rex
fulmiiiis adflavit ventis, et contigit igni/
talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 650
nos contra effusi lacrimis, conjunxque Creiisa
Ascaniusque omnisque domus ne vertere secum
cuncfca pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet.
abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem.
In desperation, Aeneas resolves to rush to his death, but his wife holds
him back.
rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto. 655 nam quod consilium aut quae jam fortuna dabatur 1 ' mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto sperasti 1 tantumque nef as patrio excidit ore ] si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui, et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Trojae 660
teque tuosque juvat, patet isti janua leto, jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, natum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignes eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 665
Ascanium patremque meum juxtaque Creiisam alterurn in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam 7 arma, viri, ferte arma : vocat lux ultima victos. reddite me Danais ; sinite instaurata revisam proelia. numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.' 670 hinc ferro accingor rursus, clipeoque sinistram
178 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
insertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam. ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjunx haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat liiluna ; 'si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum ; 675
sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, hanc primum tutare domum. cui parvus liilus, cui pater, et conjunx quondam tua dicta relinquorT
Anchises' obstinacy overcome by an omen. talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat ; cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680 namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum, ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli f undere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molles lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci. nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 685
excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. at pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus extulit, et caelo palmas cum voce tetendit : ' Juppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis, aspice nos — hoc tantum — et, si pietate meremur, 690
da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.'
vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras stella facem ducens multa cum luce cncurrit. illam, suinma super labentem culmina tecti, 695
cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva, signantemque vias ; turn longo limite sulcus dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant. hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras, adfaturque deos, et sanctum sidus adorat. 700
* jam, jam nulla mora est ; sequor, et qua ducitis, adsum, di patrii ; servate domum, servate nepotem ; vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est. cedo equidem, nee. nate, tibi comes ire recuso,*
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 179
Aeneas, with Anchises on his shoulder, lulus at his side and his wife Creusa following at a distance, proceeds to leave the city.
dixerat ille ; et jam per moenia clarior ignis 705
auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.
ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae ;
ipse subibo umeris, nee me labor iste gravabit ;
quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,
una salus ambobus erit. mihi parvus lulus 710
sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjunx.
vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.
est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum
desertae Cereris, juxtaque antiqua cupressus,
religione patrum multos servata per annos : 715
hanc ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam.
tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque penates :
me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti,
attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo
abluero.' 720
haec fatus, latos umeros subjectaque colla
veste super fulvique insternor pell'e leonis ;
succedoque oneri. dextrae se parvus lulus
implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis :
pone subit conjunx.
Loss of Creusa
Hurrying along in terror, Aeneas is by a sudden alarm separated from his wife.
ferimur per opaca locorum ; 725 et me, quern dudum non ulla injecta movebant tela, neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii, nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar 730 evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad aures
180 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per urabram
prospiciens, ' nate/ exclamat, ' fuge, nate ; propinquant :
ardentes clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.'
hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum 735
confusam eripuit mentem. namque avia cursu
dum sequor, et nota excedo regione viarum,
heu ! misero conjunx fa tone erepta Creiisa
substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit?
incertum ; nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740
nee prius amissam respexi, animumve reflexi,
quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam
veninius : hie demum collectis omnibus una
defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit.
Leaving his father and son outside the city, he hastens back in search of Creusa.
quern non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque ? 745
aut quid in e versa vidi crudelius urbe 1
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates
commendo sociis, et curva valle recondo ;
ipse urbem repeto, et cingor fulgentibus armis.
stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque reverti 750
per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis.
principio muros obscuraque limina portae, qua gressum extuleram, repeto ; et vestigia retro observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro. horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 755
inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte, tulisset, me refero. irruerant Danai, et tectum omne tenebant. ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento volvitur ; exsuperant flammae ; furit aestus ad auras, procedo, et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. 760
et jam porticibus vacuis Jimonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes
VERGIL'S AENEID, n 181
praedam adservabant. hue undique Troja gaza
incensis erepta adytis mensaeque deorum
crateresque auro solidi captivaque vestis 765
congeritur. pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres
stant circum.
ausus quin etiain voces jactare per umbram
implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creiisam
nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 770
The shade of Creusa appears to Aeneas and, consoling him for her loss, predicts his glorious future.
quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae visa mihi ante oculos, et nota major imago, obstipui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. turn sic adfari, et curas his demere dictis : 775
1 quid tantum insano juvat indulgere dolori, o dulcis conjunx ? non haec sine numine divum eveniunt : nee te hinc comitem asportare Creiisam fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum, 780 et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris j illic res laetae regnumque et regia conjunx parta tibi ; lacrimas dilectae pelle Creiisae. non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas 785 aspiciam, aut Graiis servitum matribus ibo, Dardanis, et divae Veneris nurus : sed me magna deum Genetrix his detinet oris. jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem/ haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem 790 dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras, ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum j ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno.
182 VERGIL'S AENEID, n
In the grey dawn Aeneas returns to his .companions, and, taking up his aged father, "flees to the mountains."
sic demum socios consumpta nocte revise. 795
atque hie ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque, collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus. undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. 800
jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae, ducebatque diem ; Danaique obsessa tenebant limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur : cessi, et sublato monies genitore petivi.'
CONNECTION OF THE JULIAN FAMILY WITH THE TROJANS
|
Jupiter |
|||
|
Dard |
anus |
||
|
11 Laon |
Ti |
•os |
-acus jys |
|
| us Ganymede Assa ledon ! |
|||
|
Priam = Hecuba Tith |
onus Ca |
||
|
Hector = |
= Andromache Men |
mon Anc |
lises |
|
Astj |
anax Aer |
eas |
|
|
Asc |
uiius or liilus |
||
|
The Julii |
in family |
183
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID. Book II
N.B. — In the grammatical references H. L. refers to the New First Latin Book by Henderson and Little. The numbers refer to the pages and sections on the page.
1. conticuere — tenebant : "all were hushed, and, having their faces turned, they kept them (turned)." The perfect (conticuere) describes a single completed act, while the imperfect (tenebant) expresses duration. — ora may be the object of tenebant, or accusative of Respect after intent! ; cp. Aen. 6, 156, defixus lumina, H. L., 283, 7.
2. orsus so. est, from ordior ; often the parts of the verb esse are omitted in the perfect: see vs. 25, 165, 168, 172, 196.— alto, "high" above the others as a mark of honor.
3. infandum : note the emphasis gained by position : " too grievous to tell is the woe thou bid'st me recall." — jubeo, like Kzfavu in Greek, is used for both requests and commands. — sc. me with jubes.
4. ut eruerint : Indirect Question depending on the verb of telling implied in renovare dolorem since this is equivalent to renovare dolorem narrando : "how the Greeks utterly destroyed the power of Troy and her woeful realm" : H. L., 200, 4. — lamentabile ; adjs. in -bilis are usually passive as here. With the sentiment : cp. Tennyson, Locksley
Hall—
This is truth the poet sings, That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things.
5. quaeque— fui: "and the very sad sights which I myself beheld and whereof I have formed a great part ; " both of these clauses are explana- tory of dolorem. The narrative of Aeneas is largely personal and deals with the capture of Troy only ; quaeque is epexegetic and limitative.
6. talia fando : " in telling such a tale," or " ivhile such a tale is told," or equivalent to a conditional clause : " if I were to tell such a tale."
7. Myrmidonum — Dolopum — Ulixi : Aeneas purposety mentions the most hard-hearted soldiers of the Grecian host. The Myrmidones and Dolopes were the soldiers from Phthia in Thessaly under the command of Achilles and his son Neoptolemus, while Ulixes, "the wiliest of men," is taken as a stock example of Greek perfidy. — duri, "hardy: cp. the Homeric Tro/lur/ldf. — Ulixi, from the form Ulixeus (cp. Hor.
185
186
Od. 1, 6, 7), gen. Ulixei and then contracted into Ulixi ; so also Achilles, gen. Achillei, Achilli. Note the difference between -ve dis- joining members of the same class and aut disjoining different classes.
8. temperet a lacrimis : "could refrain from tears": Rhetorical Question; H. L., 193, 4. What answer is implied in a Rhetorical Ques- tion ? — caelo praecipitat : "is speeding down the slope of heaven ; " it is now past midnight. Night was said by the Romans to rise and set as the sun ; v. 250.— caelo : H. L., 291, 3.
9. suadentque— somnos : bring out the alliteration in the original by translating, " and the setting stars invite us to slumber."
10. si, sc., est vobis : H. L., 285, 6.
11. supremum— laborem : "to hear Troy's last agony;" so also we have the euphemistic expressions dies supremus, " the day of death ; " supremum iter, " the last journey."
12. quamquam— refugit : "though my mind shudders at the recollection and has ever shrunk back from it in sorrow, I will begin." Distinguish between the construction of quamquam and quamvis : H. L. , 254, 2, 3 ; 255, 4. Note the difference in the tense of horret and refugit ; the former describes the present feelings of Aeneas and the latter an instantaneous act in the past whenever the request was made. — luctu, abl. of Cause. % %
13. incipiam : usually translated " I will begin," but possibly " I will undertake, or attempt."
14. Danaum = Danaorum : so also Teucrum = Teucrorum ; Achivum =• Achivorum ; virum = virorum ; divtim = divorum. — tot — annis: " when so many years were now slipping past ;" abl. abs. Troy was taken in the tenth year of the siege.
15. instar mentis: "as huge as a mountain." In Vergil instar is always accompanied by a genitive, except in Aen. 6, 865, quantum instar in ipso, " what a model in himself:" cp. Aen. 3, 637 ; 7, 707. It is an indeclinable noun used in the nom. and ace. ; generally derived from root STA, "to set up," hence, "something set up," therefore "an image." — divina— arte. Pallas favored the Greeks as Juno did the Trojans. The former was also the patroness of all kinds of art, hence by her aid the horse was built : Horn. Od. 8, 493 ; ITTTTOW, rbv 'ETeZof k-KOLTjcev avv 'Atif/vy. See also II. 15, 70.
16. secta abiete : "with interlacing planks of Jir they form the sides." — abiete : abl. of Instrument. In scanning this verse i is consonantal in abiete, i.e., it has to be pronounced abyete, and therefore the a is long ;
NOTES ON VERGIL'S A EN KID 187
so also in 442, parfetibus = paryetibus ; 492, ariete = aryete. — intexunt : a metaphor taken from weaving ; the planks of the sides are placed horizontally across the ribs of the horse just as the horizontal threads of the woof are placed across the vertical threads of the warp. — abiete : note the variation in v. 112 : trabibus acernis.
17. votum sc. esse equum : "they pretend that it is a votive offering for their return" — literally, "that it has been vowed." Distinguish simulare, "to pretend a thing to be what it is not;" dissimulate, "to conceal what a thing is."
18. hue includunt : "they shut up in it;" note hue is used, as motion is implied in includunt. — delecta virum corpora = delectos viros (by metonymy) ; object of either sortiti or includunt.— sortiti ; literally, "having chosen by lot;" simply, "having chosen."
19. lateri caeco : explanatory of hue, " within the gloomy flank" ; we should have expected in latus caecum. Vergil is fond of using a dative of the recipient for the accusative with ad or in : cp, v. 36, pelago=in pelagus ; v. 47, urbi = in urbem ; v. 85, neci = ad necem.
20. penitusque cavernas— complent, a mere variation of the pre- ceding clause. Point out a possible hendiadys here.
21. in conspectu : sc. Trojae : Tenedos was four miles from the shore of the Troad.
22. dives opum : "rich of store :" H. L., 288. Compare dives and decline opum : see vocabulary . — dum manebant : H. L., 259, 6.
23. malefida: literally, "ill-faithful," i.e., "treacherous." With words of evil meaning, male intensifies their force ; with words of good meaning, it contradicts it.
24. hue : join this with provecti : "hither they proceed and conceal themselves on the deserted shore." — deserto shows a change in the fortunes of Tenedos.
25. rati sc. sumus, from reor : see note v. 2. — vento, abl. of Instru- ment: "with a favoring breeze." Mycenas-in Graeciam : the royal city of Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, is put for the whole country.
26. Note that the slow and measured spondees well describe the lifting of the heavy load of grief from the hearts of the Trojans and with this contrast the liveliness of a squadron of horse : quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. — longo— luctu : "the Trojan land puts her long grief away." — luctu, abl. of Separation. — with Teucria sc. terra.
188 NOTES ON VERGII/S AENEID
27. panduntur -portae : a sign of peace: cp. Hor. Od. 3, 5, 25; portasquenon clausas. — juvat sc. vos.— Dorica = Graeca : the Dorians were one of the leading tribes in the war of Troy ; here put for the whole nation.
29. hie— solebant : the remarks of the Trojans are here quoted.
tendebat sc. tentorium, "used to spread his tent." Homer says that during the siege the Greeks lived in wooden huts thatched with grass.
30. pars stupet— mirantur : stupeo is an example of an intransitive verb used transitively. Note the change in the number ; the subject in the one case is regarded as a unit, in the other case the individuals are in the mind of the poet. — Minervae : Objective Gen. after donum, "gift to Minerva." — innuptae : "virgin," literally, " unwedded : " cp. the epithet TrapOtvoc, ' ' a maiden ; " hence her temple at Athens was called Parthenon.
32. primusque— Thymoetes : "and Thymoetes was the first that advised that it (i.e., the horse) be drawn within our walls and set in the citadel"- duci, sc. equum. — arce. =in arce; see note on v. 19. Poetry, both ancient and modern, often omits prepositions. The Pergama was the citadel of Troy. Note that Vergil uses an infinitive for ut with the subjunctive after impello, v. 55, 520 ; after hortor, v. 74, 627.
34. sive— ferebant : "whether in guile or whether the doom of Troy was bringing on this end." Distinguish nunc, " the present moment," " now," Gk. vvv ; jam, including a period of the past up to the present and including it, " all this time : " Gk. ijdr) or 6fj. — ferebant ; often fero is used with words such as ita, sic, without an object denoting a tendency of events : cp. Cic. Att. 2, 25, 2, ut opinio et spes et conjec- tura nostra fert, ' ' according to our opinion, hope and belief : " Caesar, v. 13, ut fert illorum opinio.
35. quorum — menti, sc. erat : " whose mind had better counsel : " H. L., 285,6.
36. aut— latebras : Capys advises three courses : (1) to hurl the horse headlong iuto the sea ; (2) to burn it ; (3) to examine it. The first two involve the destruction of the horse, and hence are connected by que ; the main alternative is marked by aut between courses (1) and (2) on the one hand and (3) on the other. See note on -ve and aut ; v. 7 — pelago = in pelagus : see note on lateri caeco, v. 19.
39. scinditur— vulgus : the people are divided in opinion as to whether they should (a) draw the horse within the walls, or (b) destroy it (marked by (1) and (2) ), or explore " the hidden caverns" (marked
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 189
by (3) ), some adopting the advice of Thymoetes (a), others that of Capys (6).
40. magna — caterva : "followed by a great throng : " abl. abs.
41. ardens : "eagerly."— arce : Pergama, the citadel of Troy which overlooked the shore. Laocoon was the son of Priam and Hecuba and priest of Apollo.
42. et procul, so. exclamat : the verb of saying is often omitted : cp. v. 287, ille nihil, sc. respondit, so also v. 547, cui Pyrrhus.
43. aut— Danaum : bring out the alliteration by translating "or think you any gifts of Greeks from guile are free. " H. L. , 29 1 , 3. — Danaum = Danaorura: see note v. 14.— sic Ulixes: "is such your knowledge of Ulysses ? " Ulysses (as we have said before, see note v. 7) is taken throughout the Aeneid as a type of Greek cunning : cp. the Homeric epithets TroAtyz^vf, Tro/ivr/ooTrof, Tro/lty/^avof.
45. aut— Achivi: "either the Greeks are hid, caged in this wood." — hoc ligno = in hoc ligno : see note v. 32. As Gladstone in his Juventus Mundi points out, the three great appellatives of the Greeks were Aavaot (Latin, Danai), 'Apyeioi (Argivi) and 'Axaioi (Achivi), the general terms "EA^vef in Greek, and Graeci in Latin, were not yet applied to the whole race. Vergil following Homer calls the Greeks Achivi, Danai or Argivi, never Graeci, although he uses the adjective Graius, which was originally applied to a tribe of Epirus and probably after the time of Ennius applied in Latin to the whole country.
47. inspectura : the horse is looked upon as an engine of war (machina), which would look down on the houses of the city as a turris in a siege. — urbi = in urbem : see note v, 19.
48. error: "trick." — ne — equo : note that in prose we do not have the negative imperative expressed in this way : H. L. , 21 1, 4.
49. et = etiam. The gifts of foes were proverbially fatal : cp. Soph. Ajax, 664 :
d/lA' far' ahnQrjc, TJ fiporuv irapoifiia i%dp&v adcjpa 6upa KOVK ovrjoifjia.
cp. Psalm xxvi, 10: " In ivhose hands is mischief, and their right hand is full of bribes."
50. validis — viribus : abl. of Manner ; join with contorsit : ' ' with might and main." Of the five terms used by Vergil to express the cast- ing of a spear, viz., jacio, conjicio, torqueo, intorqueo and contorqueo, the last is the strongest ; " with all the collected strength of a powerfully strong man."
190 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
51. in — alvum ; "against the flank and against the belly of the monster rounded with jointed timbers." — Note the emphasis gained b}r the repeti- tion of the preposition in. — compagibus : abl. of Manner. — Note also that -que is added for explanation.
52. ilia, sc. hasta. — uteroque recusso : "by the reverberation of the womb:" literally, "the womb re-echoing."
53. cavae : perhaps to be taken predicatively, "_ sounded hollow," or the structure may be the same as that of v. 38. Note the repetition of the same sound in cavae cavernae, to imitate the repetition of the echo. In in insonuere is intensive.
54. laeva : this line has been variously explained. (1) Conington says that with fata, fuissent alone should be supplied : "had fate so willed it, had our mind been wise," taking non laeva closely. (2) non may be taken £wice, with both fata and mens : "had not the fates, had not our mind been perverse :" (3) both fata and mens may be taken with deum : "had heaven's decrees and will not been perverse."
55. impulerat=impulisset : "he had surely moved us to mangle with the sword the hiding places of the Greeks." The indicative is more vivid and picturesque than the subjunctive in the apodosis of a conditional sentence since thus more reality and force are given to what would have happened.
56. We have as readings in this line both staret— maneret and stares — maneres as well as staret— maneres. The imperf. subj. means "would now be standing — would now be remaining." — manus — revinctum : "with hands tied behind his back." — manus: ace. of Respect, H. L., 283, 7. This is a frequent construction in Vergil: cp. intenti ora (v. 1) ; oculos suffecti (v. 210) ; perfusus vittas (v. 221) ; trajectus lora (v. 273) ; exuvias indutus (v. 273).
59. qui — morti : "who, though a stranger, to compass this very thing, (namety), to open Troy to the Greeks, had designedly put himself in their way as they approached him ; confident in soul (was he) and prepared for either issue, either to work out his craft or to submit to certain death.'''1 - qui: join with obtulerat. — qui introduces a clause explanatory of the clause preceding. — animi is gen. of Respect; or locative. — morti: H. L., 284, 2. — Trojamque aperiret Achivis : explanatory of hoc ipsum.
64. certantque — capto : " and they vie with each other in jeering at tlie prisoner." — certare takes the infinitive illudere after it for the more common ut illudant : H. L , 2">9, 1 ; so also we have impulerat foedare (v. 55) ; ardemus scitari (v. 64) ; aggressi avellere (v. 165) ; tendit
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 19 1
divellere (v. 220) ; glomerare ardent (v. 455) ; impulit cingi (v. 520). Note the change from the singular ruit to plural certant : see note on line 30.
65. Aeneas assents to Dido's request : die— insidias, inquit, Danaum ; Aen. I, 753.
66. omnes : sc. Danaos : "from the charge against one, learn to know all." Vergil died before he finished the Aeneid. According to the grammarian, Donatus, the poet on his deathbed desired that the poem should be burned, but ultimately left it in the hands of Varius and Tucca, his literary testators to edit : Ea conditione ne quid adderent quod a se editum non esset, et versus etiam imperfectos, si qui erant, relinquerent. These imperfect verses (hemistichs) are in all 58. In this book they, are common : vs. 234, 346, 468, 614, 720, 767.
67. namque. like Greek yap, introducing a narrative, may be altogether omitted in an English translation. — ut, "as," always with the indicative in this sense. — turbatus, "confused," showing a want of self-possession. — in conspectu, "in the centre of the gazing throng."
68.~circumspexit: the heavy spondees bring out well the slow and measured gaze with which Sinon scanned his audience. In spondaic lines the last word is usually a quadrisyllable in Vergil, but there are not a few exceptions to the rule.
69. mine = Greek vvv, " at the present moment."
70. jam — denique : "now at last," "after all."
71. cui — poscunt : " who have neither any place among the Greeks, and besides the Trojans, with hostile feelings (infensi), clamor for the forfeit of my life; (literally, my life with my blood)."— cui, sc. est: H. L., 285, 6. — poenas cum sanguine = poenas et sanguinem. — poena : cp. iroivr/, the iver-geld or money paid in atonement for a crime committed : from root PU, "to purify : " cp. purus, punio. In this expression, sanguis is the poenas : translate: " my blood, as atonement."
73. quo— impetus : "by this lamentation our feelings were changed, and every thought of violence was suppressed." — conversi, sc. sunt ; so also compressus, sc. est.— quo gemitu : abl. of Cause.
74. hortamur fari : see note on v. 64.— quo sanguine cretus, sc. sit : "from what blood he is sprung :" Indirect Question (H. L., 200, 3, 4, 5) ; so also ferat, sit. The words quo— capto in O.O. answering to quo sanguine cretus sis, quidve feras, memora, quae sit fiducia (tibi) capto in O.K. (H. L., 266 (d) ; 200, 3, 4 ; 268, 4).— capto, H. L., 285, 6.
192 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
77. fuerit quodcumque: "whatever may betide," literally, "whatever shall have come to pass:" it is better to take fuerit as the future perfect indicative, i.e., "I shall confess, whatever shall (as the result of my con- fession) yet be in store for me."
78. me, sc. esse.
79. hoc primum : sc. fatebor.— nee— finget : "nor, if fortune hath made Sinon unhappy, shall she in malice make him also a cheat and liar."
SO. vanum, one who asserts what is not the fact, from ignorance, folly, or mistake ; mendacem, one who does so from a desire to deceive.
81. fando— lugent : ''if, perchance, by hearsay, any name of Pala- medes, a descendant of Belus, hath at all reached your ears, and his glory of famous renown, whom by false charge the Pelasgi sent down to death, though he was innocent, on wicked evidence because he forbade the war; now they bewail him bereft of light." — Belides here, for the more common Belldes. Considerable latitude in quantity is allowed in the case of proper names. — incluta, gloria, from same root KLU, "to hear," gloria = clu-oria: cp. also laus = clauds; cf. cliens. — proditione = crimine. — Note the emphasis gained by the repeated in — insontem infando indicio. — neci = ad necem : dative of recipient, cp. v. 19. — cassum: perf. part, of careo. — cassum lumine, euphemism for mortuum ; lumine : H. L., 291, 3.
84. quia— vetabat. Note the force of the Indie: not because they said he was forbidding (quia vetaret), but because he (actually) was forbidding. H. L., 252, 2. Notice here the supreme skill with which Sinon excites the sympathy of the Trojans.
86. illi — annis : "me, as his comrade and nearly related in blood, my father, a poor man, sent hither to the war from my early years. " — illi : Note the emphatic position of this pronoun : in arma (l) = in bellum, (2) " to the profession of arms."— primis ab annis : = (!) ab initio belli, or, (2) "from the first years of my manhood = ab ineunte aetate."
88. dum — gessimus: "while he stood unshaken in royalty and potent in counsels of the chiefs, ive, too, won a name and honor : " dum, with indicative : H. L., 259, 5.— regno = in regno ; so consiliis=in consiliis: cp. the Homeric fiovkfi yepovruv.
90. pellacis : first occurs here in Latin : derived from per-lacio, " to allure " : said of one who allures another to crime. According to Festus : lacit decipiendo inducit, lax etenim fraus est. Vergil had evidently in his mind the stock epithets that Homer applies to Ulysses
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 193
91. baud ignota loquor : with ignota sc. vobis or mihi. In the
first case the meaning is : "you know the story : " in the second, "1 speak things not from mere hearsay." — superis — oris : "he left the upper regions," i.e., "the world above." — ora properly the coast line ; then a dividing line of any kind. Here it means the line separating the world above from the world below : cf. Lucretius 1, 22, in luminis oras, "into (he realms of light."
92. afflictus — trahebam : " crushed, I dragged on life in gloom and grief." — affiigo, to dash to the earth.
93. et — amici : "and in my own heart (mecum), / brooded in wrath over the misfortune of my guiltless friend." — mecum : alone by myself. — Observe the force of the imperfects trahebam, indignabar. H. L. , 22, 4, and notice the change to the perfect (tacui) in the next line.
94. nee — movi : ' ' nor in my madness did I hold my tongue, and I vowed, should chance ever bring it about, should ever I return to my native Argos, as a victor, that I should be his avenger, and by my ivords I aroused fierce enmity." — demens, "downright mad'," cp. irapaQpuv; amens, "foolish;" cp. afpuv.— tulisset— remeassem: subj. in O.O., representing fut. pf. indie, in O.R. : si quae fors unquam tulerit- remeavero.— Argos: from the form Argi, Argorum (masc. pi.) ; we also have Argos nom. and ace. sing. neut. — ultorem = me futurum esse ultorem.
96. verbis: "by my threats" : abl. of Means : et is epexegetic.
97. hinc : ' ' hence, " either ' from this time ' or ' from this cause. ' — prima mali labes: "the first slip towards destruction." — labes from labor: Eng- lish, slip.
98. hinc— arma: " from this time Ulysses always continued to alarm me by new charges, to scatter dark sayings amid the crowd, and, knowing my purpose, sought for means to attack me. " — Note the Historical infinitives terrere, spargere, quaerere for imperfect indicatives : vulgum : one of the few places where vulgus is masculine instead of neuter. — quaerere conscius arma: others take this to mean, "to seek armed aid as a conspirator."
100. nee — ministro : "and, indeed, he did not rest till by the aid of Calchas. " Note the artful way in which Sinon breaks off when he is just on the point of arousing the curiosity of his audience, and compare the speech of Marc Antony over the body of Caesar, in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2.— Calchante ministro: abl. abs. — This abrupt method of breaking off a discourse is called by the grammarians aposiopesis.
194 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
101. sed — revolvo ? " but why do I to no purpose repeat these bitter recollections?" Distinguish frustra said of the person; nequidquam said of the result of the act ; e.g. suscipit frustra laborem, " he under- takes this labor without profit" : nequidquam auxilium implorat : "he beys in vain for help ." — revolvo: literally, "unroll;" the metaphor is taken from a thread revolving on the spindle, or from the turning over of the pages of a scroll.
102. quidve — est : " or why do I delay, if you account all the Achaeans in one and the same class and it is sufficient to be called this (name of Greek)" — uno ordine=in uno ordine. — audio = appellor, like the Greek anovu : cp. /ca/cwf anoveiv ov JU&EI 6av6vrt fioi, Eurip. Ale. 726 : Horace : Xu recte vivis si curas esse quod audis : Milton's Paradise Lost, 3, 6.
Or hear'st thou rather, pure ethereal stream, Whose fountain who shall tell ?
103. jamdudum sumite poenas = sumite poenas jamdudum sumendas: "take the vengeance, you should have taken long ago." — jamdudum, here = statim, at once. With sumere poenas, cp. Aa/fcZv dinqv : " to exact a penalty ; " poenas dare, cp. 6i66vai 8'iK.rjv, " to pay a penalty."
104. hoc— velit : " this, the chief of Ithaca, would wish : " the con- ditional clause si hoc faciatis is understood : H. L., 250, 3. Ithacus = dux Ithacus = Ulixes.— magno : "at a great price : " H. L. 293, 4 (a).
105. turn — causas : "then, indeed, we press on to ask and enquire the cause." — turn vero : note the emphasis.
106. ignari — Pelasgae : "ignorant of wickedness so great and of Pelasgic craft." For the genitive, see H. L., 288. — Pelasgae: the Pelasgi were a Thessalian or Epirotic tribe : the name was applied afterwards to the Greeks in Eurip. Or. 857 and often in Vergil.
107. ficto— pectore : "with false heart." —H. L., 292, 1. Possibly pectore here = "emotion." Note the double alliteration in this line. Translate " trembling he tells his tale and with untruthful utterance he speaks."
108. saepe— saepe : note the repetition : " often the Danai desired to take their flight, leaving Troy behind, and to disband through weariness of the long war." In prose the repetition of saepe — saepe would be expressed thus : " As often as the Danai ... so often a storm prevented them."— cupiere = cupierunt— bello goes with fessi.
110. fecissentque utinam : explain fully the force of the mood and tense with utinam: H. L., 193, 3, (6).
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 195
111. interclusit sc. eos : "barred their way." — Auster : from, uro, avu, parch; hence the parching wind. — euntes : "just going." Heyne takes euntes = ire volentes : others say "on their way," a deceitful statement on the part of Sinon. This wind would be adverse for those sailing from Troy to Greece.
112. praecipue — nimbi: "most of all when this horse already stood framed with maple beams, storm clouds roared throughout the whole sky." In v. 16 the planks are spoken of as of pine : in v. 86, as of oak. — trabibus : abl. of Means.— aethere ; Local abl. =in aethere.
113. staret = esset, Heyne, Forbiger; but surely the full force of staret is here more vivid and poetic.
114. scitantem. Another reading is scitatum, probably an incorrect one, for the supine rarely governs a case: cp. Livy 21, 6 : legati a Saguntinis Romani— missi auxilium ad bellum orantes. The great oracle of Apollo was at Delphi ; others were at Patara, Delos, and other places. In Homer no mention is made of oracles.
115. adytis : "from the sanctuary :" cp. advrov (a, not and 6vvai, to enter) properly the inner shrine containing the image of the god.
116. sanguine et virgine caesa : a hendiadys = sanguine virginis caesae, "with the blood of a maiden slain." The Greek fleet was detained by head winds at Aulis till Agamemnon consented to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to Diana.
117. cum primum— venistis : H. L., 262, 3, (b) ; so ut— venit, v. 119. ,118. litandum : impersonal, "expiation must be made:" "Heaven's
favor must be won." Supply sunt with quaerendi and est with litandum.
121. tremor — parent : the subjunctive in parent is the subjunctive of Indirect Question. The meaning is they shivered as they enquired of each other, "for whom fate prepares their doom."
122. magno tumultu : " with boisterous vehemence."
123. quae — flagitat : "demand* what that heavenly intimation means: " H. L. 200, 3.— flagitare implies violence and persistency.
124. jam — canebant : " all the while many a one continued to warn me. " It is best to take mihi as an Ethical Dative. H. L., 285, 4, (a). Vergil dignifies the warning of the Greeks with the verb canebant as if they were oracular, for oracles were always given in verse.
125. artificis : "the contriver," i.e., Ulysses.
126. bis quinos : the distributive is regularly used with adverbs for the cardinal numeral. — tectus : either, "shut up in his tent," or "con- cealing his thoughts. "
196 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
128. Ithaci = ducisIthaci=Ulixis : see v. 104.
129. composite: "by concert." — rumpit vocem, "breaks silence": cp. prryvvvat <}>uvnv.
130. quae— tulere: "the ills each feared for himself, they bore with patience, when turned to the destruction of one unhappy man." — unius here. — The whole sentence is extremely sarcastic. All men bear lightly the ills of others when such ills do not affect themselves. Others take conversa tulere = converterunt et tulerunt : "they turned and carried to very destruction." With tulere : cp. ertyaav. with root TLA, "bear" cp. Scottish thole.
132. sacra parari : the sacra, "preparations for the sacrifice" are defined in the next line.— parari : Historical infin., used for the impf. indie.
133. salsae fruges : the coarse barley meal mixed with salt (mola' salsa) was sprinkled on the head of the victim just before the sacrifice : cp. ovhoxvrai. — vittae: not merely the priest, but also the victims were crowned with garlands.
134. eripui— rupi : "/ broke away, I confess It, from death; and I burst my bonds," — leto : abl. of Separatmn. Human victims were usually bound for sacrifice : cp. Genesis xxii, 9 ;* Ovid. Eleg. ex Pont : 3.
135. limosoque lacu : "and in a miry marsh :" note the alliteration. Vergil may have had in his mind's eye Marius, who took refuge in the marsh at Minturnae when he was trying to escape the soldiers of Sulla. — obscurus in ulva : "screened amid the sedge."
136. delitui: from delitesco.— dum — dedissent : " till they should set their sails, if haply the.) (ever) should set them."— dum — darent : Virtual Oratio Obliqua, describing what was passing in Sinon's mind. With darent vela, sc. ventis. In direct narration this would be : "I shall lie hid until they shall set sail (dum vela dabunt) if" they haply shall have set sail (si forte dederint)": the fut. pf. indie, in O.K. becomes the plupf. subj. inO.O., H. L., 269, 8.
137. mini— spes ulla, sc. est.
138 — dulces natos : some find a difficulty here, for in v. 87 the children of Sinon must have been considerably advanced in j^ears, while v. 57, he is called juvenem. But juventus was from the 17th to 45th year, i.e., the period of active military service.
139 — quos — reposcent : " of them will they even haply claim vengeance as due (re-) for my flight. "— quos — poenas : for the two accusatives
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 197
see H. L., 282, 2; the one accusative may also be taken in apposition to the other, " whom perchance they will even demand as atonement for my flight."
140 — et — piabunt ; " and they will tvash away this crime of mine by the death of (those) hapless (ones). " Note the force of hanc. H. L. , 140, 1.
141 — quod — ferentis — "therefore, by the gods above, by the deities to whom the truth is known, I beseech thee, by all the faith yet unsullied that is any where left among mortals, pit)/ woes so great, pity an undeserving sufferer." — quod : often used in introducing adjurations : cp. Aen. 6, 363, quod te per caeli jucundum lumen— oro. — per: the object of per is the whole clause, si qua— fides : Aen. 10, 903 : per si qua est victis venia hostibus oro : cp. Aen. 4, 317 ; 6, 459 ; 12, 56. The antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative.— restet : the doubt in Sinon's mind of any pledge being too sacred for one to violate is expressed by the subjunctive. What would restat express? H. L., 250, 3.— intemerata: in = Gk. avev (contracted av), Eng. un ; and temerare, "to profane." — laborum— miserere : distinguish in meaning and construction misereor with genitive " I feel pity" : miseror, with accusative, " / show pity."
145— his lacrimis: abl. of Cause: see quo gemitu : v. 73. — ultro (connected with ultra) : the word is applied to acts that go beyond what the/ circumstances require. Here the idea is, " we grant him not only his life but besides we also pity him. "
146 — viro : taken best as an Ethical dative, i.e. = dative of the person interested : others take it as the ablative of Separation by an inversion of construction, the usual construction being virum — manicis atque artis levari vinclis : H. L., 291, 3.
147— dictis : abl. of Manner.
148— amissos obliviscere Graios by prolepsis = amitte Graios et obliviscere : "let the Greeks go and forget them." What is the usual construction with obliviscor ; H. L., 288, 1, II. The meaning is that the Greeks are not to be regarded as your countrymen since their acts are hostile. Possibly amissos obliviscere Graios = "forget that the Greeks are lost," esse being understood.
149— noster : "one of us" : cf. alienus, "a foreigner." A Roman general receiving a deserter addressed him with the words : quisquis es, noster eris. — mihi — roganti : (i and in answer to me unfold the truth."
150. quo — statue re : "to what end have they built this huge and monstrous horse?" — immanis from in "not," and root MA, "to
198 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
measure" : hence immeasurable in size. Note that the repeated ques- tions well mark the impatience of Priam.— quis auctor? " who suggested
it?"
151. quae religio? "what religious purpose did it imply?" : religio from prefix red or re and lig, "bind": the restraining feeling from a belief in the unseen universe. — machina : "engine": from [uixavi], MX°^ connected with fir/do/tai, /^r*f, root MA, " to think."
152. ille, i.e., Sinon.— dolis— Pelasga : "schooled in the wiles of Pelasgic craft " : cf. II. 4, 339 : KaKolai dohoiai KenaopevE. Note the hendiadys in dolis et arte Pelasga : (abl. of Means). For Pelasga see v. 83.
153. sustulit — palmas : "raised to the skies his hands freed from bonds." — vinclis : abl. of Separation — palmas : with palma, cp. Trahafiq "blade of an oar" : root PAL or FAD, "to spread": cf. palor, pando. Note the treachery of Sinon.
154. ignes : heavenly bodies.
155. ensesque nefandi : "and ye accursed knives," referring to t'he sacrificial knives.
156. hostia: from the obsolete hostio, "to strike:" hostia dicta est ab eo quod est hostire ferlre: Festus. Hence, "the thing struck," 11 the victim."
157. fas — jura : "it is right for me to break the allegiance I have sworn to the Greeks." Distinguish fas = Gk. Oe/uc,, established right by divine law : jus, human law. According to Servius, sacratum jus=sacra- mentum, the ordinary oath of a Roman soldier, and jusjurandum, the rights (jura) that that oath implies.
158. Note the beginning of successive lines by the same word fas (anaphora). — omnia — sub auras: "bring all things to light": cp. a-yeiv VTTJ avydc; Hor. Od. 1, 18, 13 ; sub divum rapiam.
159. qua = quae, after si : "whatever they keep secret."
160. tu— rependam : " only do you abide by your promise, and do thou, 0 Troy, preserve faith with thy preserver, if I shall reveal the truth, and shall make a large recompense." With promissis manere, cp. stare jurejurando : the ablative is Local, or of Means. So also we have stare decreto, consilio.
162. Danaum = Danaorum. — coepti — belli: "confidence in under- taking the war" equivalent to fiducia qua bellum inceperunt ; others take it to be the gen. of Reference, or a Causal gen.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S ^ENEID 199
163. Palladis-stetit : " by Pallas' aid ever stood firm."— Note the emphatic position of Palladis.— sto is often used in the sense of "to remain Jinn," " to stand secure " : cp. Verg. Georg. 4, ?08 : stat Fortuna domus : Hor. Od. 3, 3, 42 : stet Capitolium. — auxiliis is ablative of Instrument.
164. sed enim : " but, indeed, ever since the wicked son of Tydeus and Ulysses, tlie contriver of crimes, made bold to tear the fated Palladium
from her sanctuary and to cut down the sentries on the towered height." — impius, on account of Diomede wounding Venus (Homer II. 5, 330-347). — scelerum inventor: see note on v. 90.— ex quo, sc. tempore : we have a similar omission in Gk. £<£ o<5, scil. XP°VOV- — sed enim = a/Ud yap : there is always an ellipsis after these words which may in this case be supplied thus : " but (a change came) for, etc." — fatale : the preserva- tion of Troy was linked by fate (fatalis) with the preservation of the Palladium or image of Pallas ; cp. Matthew Arnold, Palladium : " Backward and forward rolled the waves of fight round Troy; but while this stood, Troy could not fall."— caesis custodibus, abl. abs.— summa
arx : aKporroAif or huprj Tronic.
i
167. corripuere— mens : " (ever since) they seized the holy image and dared with bloody hands to touch the maiden chaplets of the goddess, from that time the hope of the Greeks ebbed and sli I away backwards, their strength was broken, the mind of the goddess estranged."— virgineas vittas: the fillet, with some slight differences, was worn by both matrons and maids : cf. the "snood" worn by maidens and the "coif" or "curch" worn by the married women among the Scottish women of the former days: Scott's Heart of Midlothian, chap, xxii : " Tresses of long, fair hair, which . . . Effie dared no longer confine with the snood or riband, which implied purity of maiden fame." So also Una in Spencer's Fairie Queen, 1 , 3, 4 —
From her faire head her fillet she undight.
ex illo, sc. tempore. — fluere ac referri, Historical infinitives = fluxit ac relata est : a metaphor from the ebb and flow of the tide. The final monosyllable as well as the rhythm describes the abrupt and slow motion of the tide.
171. nee— monstris : "and by no uncertain tokens did the Tritonian goddess give signs thereof." Tritonia sc. dea : derived probably from Tritonis, a lake in Libya, where she is said to have been born, or from Triton, a torrent in Boeotia. Other derivations are given. — ea signa : cp. Aen. 4, 237, hie nuntius, " news of this" : 7, 595, has poenas; 12,
200 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
468, hoc metu. — monstrum = monestrum : from moneo "to warn"; hence " a warning."
172. vix— arsere : note that Virgil and especially Homer are fond of writing clauses co-ordinately (parataxis) whereas we would make one clause subordinate to the other (hypotaxis) ; "scarcely was the image placed in the camp, when there flashed forth sparkling flames from its upraised eyes." — positum sc. est : see v. 10. — castris = in castris. - luminibus : Abl. of Separation. — arrectis, raised eyes were significant of fury just as downcast eyes were a sign of sullen anger : cf. Aen. 1, 482 : diva solo fixes oculos aversa tenebat.
173. salsus sudor : sweat is naturally salt ; the epithet adds to the realism of the description. The sweating of images was looked upon as portentous : cp. Livy, 22, 1 : scuta duo sanguine sudasse : 27, 4, quattuor signa sanguine multo sudasse.
174. terque— trementern: "and thrice from the ground the goddess herself, wonderful to tell, leaped forth bearing her buckler and quivering spear." — solo : abl. of Separation : — dictu : give the construction of the supines in -um and -u respectively: H. L., 182, 2, 3.— emicuit: "flashed forth," the apparition of the goddess suddenly appearing and then dis- appearing like lightning.
175. extemplo taken with canit : " Calchas at once prophesies that the sea must be hazarded in flight, nor can Troy's towers be overthrown by Argive weapons, unless they seek new auspices at Argos, and bring back that divine presence which they have borne over the deep on their curved ships."— temptanda sc. esse : alluding to the dangers of the deep.— canit, often said of oracles, as these were in the hexameter measure and probably chanted: cp. aeidu : Thucydides 2, 21, 2; ijdov xP^^t 7rayrotot>c. — Pergama (-orum), neut. pi. " the citadel of Troy": cp. irvpyoc,, "tower" : English — burgh — borough, — bury: German burg, pro- perly "a fortress."— ni repetant, alluding to the Roman custom of returning to the city of Rome from the camp to take anew the auspices, if anything unlucky happened. For subj. in O.O. see H. L., 265, 2 (b). — avexere : the indicative expresses a remark of Sinon : H. L., 268, 5. — Argis : from the nom. plu. Argi -orum : we also find Argos neut. nom. and ace. : from root ARG, "bright," hence the word may mean Brighton : cp. argentum, apyvpiov. — numen: the favoring presence of the god. — pelago: the way by which is often put in the abl. : cp. Cic. Fam. x, 9 : via breviore equites praemisi : Livy, 37, 14 : Aegaeo mari trajecit— curvis— carinis : abl. of Accompaniment: cp. the Homeric
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 201
vrjeq yAatyvpai, vfjec; Kortai. It is implied in these lines that the Palladium had been carried from Troy to Greece.
180. et nunc — aderunt : " and now in that they have sought their native Mycenae with the wind, they are gathering arms and gods to attend them, and after remeasuring the sea, they will be here unawares ." — quod meaning " as to the fact that" with the indie. : H. L., 244, 2. — remenso : from remetior : passive use of a deponent verb. Mycenae was the royal city of Agamemnon.
181. digerit : literally, "arranges" i.e., " expoumls " in detail what course must be taken to propitiate the gods.
183. hanc — piaret : " this image at his warning they reared in recom- pense for the Palladium and the injured deity, to expiate the horror of sacrilege." — moniti sc. ab Calchante — pro numine laeso, i.e., to make amends for the offences committed against the deity. — quae = utea: H. L., 232, 2.
185. hanc— tueri : " yet Calchas bade them raise it to this vast size with oaken cross-beams, and build it up to heaven that it may not find entry within the gates nor be drawn within the city, nor protect your people under the sanctity of the old faith" — tamen : in spite of the protestations of Sinon that the withdrawal of the deity would hasten the doom of Troy. Note that we have Sinon's own words (180-188, and 189-194); the words of Calchas are in Oratio Obliqua.— caelo=ad caelum : v. 19.— portis = intra portas.— Note that ne— aut are cumulative, the aut con- necting parts of the same general idea, neque = necque, introducing another idea.
189. donum Minervae, Objective gen., "gift to Minerva." — viola- visset : plupf. subj. in 0.0. representing fut. perf. indie, in 0. l\. : H. L., 265, 3.
190. quod — convertant : "which evil may the gods first turn on him- self:" for the subjunctive see H. L., 193, 3. — prius, i.e., before it reaches you. — ipsum=Calchanta.
191. futurum, sc. esse : 0.0. following the verb of saying implied in jussit.
192. sin : " if, on the other hand."
193. ultro : "further," see v. 59. Asia would not merely repel the invading Greeks, but would further carry on an offensive war against them. — Pelopea moenia = Argos, founded by Pelops.
194. et — nepotes : " and such destiny aivaits our descendants : " with ea fata cp. magnum exitium, v. 190. — nostros : of us Greeks.
202
195. perjuri : per in perjuro, perjurus, perfidus is not per intensive as in permagnus, but a remnant of the same word found in Gk. irapa : cp. TrapdQpuv, " beside one's self : " hence, " away from."
196. credita sc. est : so capti sc. sumus. — coactis, "forced," hence, " unnatural: " cp. Ovid, Am., 1, 8, 83 : discant oculi lacrimare coacti : Juvenal, 13, 133 : vexant oculos humore coacto.
197. Note neque— nee ; non— non : such variations are not allowable in prose. — Larissaeus, from Larissa. the chief town in Phthia, a district of Thessaly, from which Achilles came, meaning " Rock-town" accord- ing to Leaf. The name is found in both European and Asiatic Greece.
199. hie — magis : ' ' here, another sight, greater, alas, and far more terrible is presented to us hapless mortals." — miseris sc. nobis: H. L., 284, 2. The famous group of statuary representing the death of Laocoon and his two sons was discovered in the sixteenth century, and is now in the Vatican.
Compare carefully Vergil's pen-picture with the piece of statuary. What are the discrepancies and how would you account for them ?
Note Vergil says the serpents first (primum) kill the two sons and afterwards (post) seize the father as he comes to the rescue ; but accord- ing to the sculptor the serpents are twined about and kill the father and the sons simultaneously.
In the statuary the figures are nude ; in Vergil the probability is that the father, at any rate, would have on his priestly vestments.
Henry' says, * ' Sculpture could not represent successive acts ; the chisel could fix no more than a single instant of fleeting time. . . . Such is the infinite inferiority of sculpture, and of painting, to poetry. The sculptor, or painter, labors day and night, and for years together, on one object ; and, in the end, his work, representing but an instant of time, fails to present to the mind as many ideas as the poet supplies in half a dozen lines, the work, perhaps, of half an hour. "
improvida pectora : "our benighted minds": improvida, i.e., not foreseeing the future.
201. Neptuno : dat. of Reference used for the gen., H. L., 285, 3.— ductus sorte : literally "drawn by lot," i.e., chosen by lot: a Roman custom is here ascribed to the Trojans : cp. Tacitus Ann. 1, 54 : sorte ducti e primoribus civitatis unus et viginti.
202 — sollemnes : "accustomed": derived from Oscan sollus = totus and annus : originally applied to religious feasts held yearly : hence, " accustomed."
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 203
203 — ecce : observe the dramatic order of the Latin by translating : "but to! from Tenedos over the tranquil deep — / shudder while I tell the tale — two serpents with enormous coils press down the seas and advance side by side to the shore." — gemini : often used for <iuo : cp. Aen. 5, 162, gemini scopuli : 5, 266 ; geminos lebetas : 6, 894, sunt geminae somni portae: 6, 789; hue geminas nunc flecte acies.— immensis orbibus: abl. of Description : H. L., 293, 6.
206 — arrecta : "raised up." The traditional sea-serpent had a mane : cp. Pindar, Pyth. 10, 47 : nal TTOIKIAOV Kapa ApaKovruv tyofiaiciv yAvde: Plautus Amphi. 5, 1, 56: devolant angues jubati: Livy 43, 13 : in aede Fortunae anguem jubatum a compluribus visum esse. Evidently Pliny, a good authority in Natural History, disbelieves the truth of this : cf. 11, 37, draconum cristas qui viderit non reperir . Milton (Paradise Lost, 7, 495) follows the traditional account :
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, Of huge extent, sometimes, with brazen eyes And hairy mane terrific.
207— pars — legit: "the other part (of the body) skims the sea behind, and in rolling folds they writhe their monstrous backs. " The verb lego (so also Gk. Afyw : German legen) is often said of a person picking one's cteps : cp. Aen. 9, 392 : vestigia retro observata legit. Here it is said of the monster.
209— fit sonitus spumante salo : Note the hissing sound indicated by the recurring s's (onomatopoeia) ; also notice the alliteration : " as the salt sea surges into foam, a sound is heard."
210— ardentesque— ora: "and with their blazing eyes suffused with blood and fire, they licked with quivering tongues their hissing mouths." — oculos : ace. of Respect, H. L., 283, 7.
212— visu: abl. of Cause. — agmine certo : " with unwavering course." — agmen properly a moving (ago) : hence (1) an army on the march ; (2) a moving, advance. Both ideas are involved here. The advance of the serpents portended the advance of the Grecian host.
213. According to Hyginus the two sons were Antiphantes and Thymbraeus ; according to others, Ethron and Melampus.
215. morsu : " with their fangs."
216. post = postea.— auxilio : " to their help," literally, "for a help," dat. of Purpose: H.L., 286, 8: some say an abl. of Instrument. The force of sub- in subire, succurrere, subsidium conveys the idea of support : cp. v. 467.
204 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
218. bis — dati : "twice encircling his waist, twice encircling his neck with their scaly bodies. "— circum— dati = circumdati is an example of tmesis (a figure in which the preposition is separated from the verb to which it belongs).— oollo is a dative. — terga is ace. of Respect : see note on manus, v, 56.
219. superant — altis : "they tower above him with their heads and lofty necks."— capite— cervicibus: abl. of Manner : H. L., 293, 5.
220. ille : the position of the pronoun indicates a change of subject. — tendit divellere : " struggles to tear asunder."
221. perfusus — veneno : "having his fillets steeped in gore and black venom, " : for the accus. see note manus : v. 56 : vittas from root vi, "to bend"" or " twist together ": cp. vitis, vimem, vieo : FITVC, "a felloe " : English withe.
223. qualis mugitus : sc. tollit = talem mugitum tollit qualis est mugitus tauri saucii : " he raises such bellowing as is (the bellowing) of a wounded bull." The simile is found in Homer, II. 20, 403.— Note fugit : perfect often found in similes and expressing an act repeated or cus- tomary. The simile may have been suggested by the fact that Laocoon was engaged in sacrificing a bull at the time (v. 202). The bellowing and the struggling of a victim at the altar were looked upon as ill-omened signs. In fugit — excussit we have perhaps an example of varepov Trporepov.
224. incertam — securim : "shakes from his neck the erring axe."- incertam, i.e., ill-aimed; cp. certa hasta, " an unerring spear " : certa sagitta, ' ' an arrow that strikes the spot aimed at. " — securim : what words of the third declension have -im in ace. sing. ? H.L., 62.
225. at : introduces a change of subject.— geir_ini : see note v. 203. — lapsu— effugiunt : " glide in flight " : literally "with gliding motion escape."— lapsu : abl. of Manner.— delubra ad summa : " to the high sanctuary," i.e., to the citadel.— delubrum (from de and luo = %ovu, "wash") the place of expiation, hence " a shrine."— The words draco, auguis and serpens all mean " serpent " and each conveys some striking characteristic quality. The word draco : from root DRAK, to " look" (cp. MpKo/iai) hence " the bright eyed : " anguis (from ango, ay^w, "choke" or "bind"), "that ivhich chokes or squeezes its prey" or ' ' wriggles " : serpens (from serpo = £p7r« " creep "), " that which creeps."
226. Tritonidis sc. deae : we have adj. Tritonis, gen. Tritonidis, and Tritonius: for derivation see note on v. 171.— saevae : in with- holding her protection from the Trojans : see v. 163.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 205
227. teguntur = se tegunt: " they conceal themselves:" reflexive use of the passive voice.
228. cunctis = cunctomm : see note on v. 201.
229. et — ferunt: "and they say that Laocoon has paid the penalty of his crime deservedly."— scelus = poenas sceleris : cp. Aen. 11, 208 : scelerum poenas expendimus omnes.
230. qui^quippe qui, utpote qui or quum is: "seeing that he out- raged": H. L., 252, 4. Compare the curse on the sailor who killed the albatross in Coleridge's Ancient Mariner.
231. tergo : cp. v. 51 and 52 where the "side," "belly," and " womb" of the beast are struck. But tergus, tergfiris and tergum, -i may mean simply "hide," and may apply to all parts of the body. — laeserit— intorserit, are Causal subj. or subj. of Virtual 0.0.
233. see note v, 66.
234. dividimus — urbis : "we cleave the walls, and we throw open to view the battlements of our city." Generally moenia (root MUN, "to defend") is an outer wall of a city for defensive purposes: murus ( = munrus from the same root) is a general term for a wall of any kind. Here, however, murus must mean the outer wall, while moenia must be the fortified dwellings within : cp. Aen. 6, 549 : moenia lata videt triplici circumdata muro.
235. accingunt = se accingunt: see v. 227, literally, "gird them- selves," i.e., apply themselves, alluding to the long loose robes of the ancients which were tucked up for active work : hence succinctus, accinctus, " active "; discinctus, "idle." — rotarum lapsus = rotas labentes, "smoothly gliding wheels": cf. Hor. Od. 1, 12, 10: fluminum lapsus = flumina labentia.
237. stuppea — intendunt: "draw taut upon its neck the hempen bands : " alluding to the senators and young nobles of Rome drawing the tensae or sacred cars containing the images of the gods, which were drawn to and from the Capital.
238. feta armis^feta armatis viris : " teeming with armed men."
239. sacra canunt = sacra carmina canunt : "chant hymns." Vergil is evidently thinking of the hymns chanted at the secular games when maidens and youths sang songs to Apollo and Diana.
240. minans— urbi : " towering high glides into the midst of the city : " with this meaning of minor cp. Aen. 1, ger"ir.ique minantur in caelum scopuli : from root MIN, "project" : cp. mons, " a mountain" ; minae, " the gable ends of a house."
206 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
241. Note the feeling expressed by this outburst. The line is a quotation from Ennius.
242. Dardanidum=Dardanidarum.— ipso— substitit : "at the very threshold it stood still." — limen = ligmen : from ligo, "bind:" hence ' the sill of the door ' : here ' the ground of the breach. '— portae : connected with per, Trdpof, Trepdw : English -fare in thorough/are, A.S. faran, "to go.1'
243. utero : abl. of Specification, or=in utero.
244. immemores : "regardless."
245. sacrata arce = in sacrata arce : v. 8.
246. tune— Teucris : " then, too, Cassandra opens her lips to speak the doom that was to be — lips, by heaven's command, never believed by the Teucri." — etiam : besides other warnings. For the story see Cassandra in Vocabulary. — fatis futuris : abl. of Instrument or Circum- stance : or dative. — credita: verbs that govern a dative in the active are almost always used impersonally in the passive ; only in poetry have we a few examples of the personal use of such verbs : Horace has imperor, invideor : Ovid, credor more than once.— Teucris : dative : H. L., 176, 4.
248. nos — urbem : ' ' we, poor wretches, to whom that day was to be the last, deck the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal boughs." — quibus esset : the subj. may be either Causal or Concessive : implied in the relative, i. e. , quibus esset = quippe is nobis esset or quamvis nobis esset : H. L., 252, 4 ; 254, 2 (&).— velamus = coronamus : Aen. 3, 405 ; 3, 545 ; 5, 72. The leaves would be those of the trees sacred to each particular god : of laurel, to Apollo ; oak, to Jove ; myrtle, to Venus, etc.
250. vertitur — nox : " meamvhile the sphere of heaven wheels round, and night rushes up from the sea." — vertitur: reflexive use of the passive voice. The ancients believed that the heavens consisted of two hemi- spheres, one of light and the other of darkness, and by the revolution of those hemispheres light and darkness were produced : cf. Milton, Paradise Lost, 9, 52 —
and now from end to end Night's hemisphere had veiled the horizon round.
Night is said to ' rush up from the ocean ' in pursuit of the retreating day.
251. Note the effect of the heavy spondees of this line.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 207
252. fusi per urbem : "stretched out to rest throughout the town" : so fusi per herbam, said of the revelling crew of Aeneas : Aen. 1, 214.
254. et — Tenedos : "and by this time the Argive host was setting out from Tenedos with its array of ships." — instructis navibus : abl. abs. : note the military term.
255. tacitae — lunae: " amid the favoring stillness of the quiet moon.'1 Two directly opposite views have been taken of this passage. Some say that the passage shows that the moon was quietly shining, others that there was no moon shining. Some quote in support of the latter view Milton, Samson Agonistes : —
dark
And silent as the moon, When she deserts the night, Hid in her vacant interlunar cave.
From v. 340 we know that the moon was up. Vergil brings out prominently the light and calm of the night furthering the designs of the Greeks.
256. flammas extulerat : "when the royal bark had raised aloft the fire signal " : this clause is subordinate to the clause containing ibat with which laxat is co-ordinate, laxat being an Historical present. With regia puppis: cp. Shakespeare, Henry IV., Pt. I, Act 3, Sc. 3: "Thou art our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the poop." For cum with the indie., see H. L., 261, 1. — effero is the technical word "to raise" the standard.
257. fatisque— iniquis : "protected by the malign decrees of heaven."
258. Note the zeugma in laxat : " (releases) the Greeks pent up in the womb and stealthily loosens the pine bars."
263. It is difficult to see, if Machaon was the first to issue from the horse, why he should be mentioned seventh. It may be an imitation of Homer, II. II, 505 : apicTe.vovra Ma^dom, Troi/ueva Aaan> : hence some translate it "peerless."
265. somno vinoque sepultum : " buried in a drunken slumber." It is best to make somno vinoque an example of hendiadys = somno vinoso. Ennius (A. 8) has the expression vino domiti somnoque sepulti. Hence some look on sepultum in this passage of Vergil as a zeugma, ' ' o'ercome with wine and buried in sleep," but the order of the words precludes this.
266. portis : abl. of Means.
267. agmina — jungunt : so sibi : "unite to themselves their confederate bands,"
208 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
268. mprtalibus— aegris : of. Homeric deifolai j3poToloi.
272. raptatus — bigis : "dragged along by the car, as formerly." After slaying Hector, Achilles fastened his body to his chariot, and dragged it thrice around the walls of Troy, or, as Homer says, to the ships and round the tomb of Patroclus, II. xxii.
273. trajectus— lora : "having had thongs bored through his swollen feet." We sometimes find Latin verbs used in a middle sense, express- ing the action done to one's self by some one else, or done to one's self, in imitation of the Greek. The accusative in this case resembles the accusative of Respect : cp. note on manus, v. 56.
274. hei— erat! "Ah me! what a sight he was." — Note the force of illo: cp. eKelvoc, "that illustrious Hector": H. L., 140, 6 (6).
275. qui — Achilli : "who returns, having donned the spoils of Achilles." — redit : is a graphic present for the perfect rediit. — exuvias : we can say in the active, exuvias mihi induo, and in the passive, exuvias ego induor or exuviis me induo and exuviis ego induor. —Achilli : as if from the nominative Achilleus, gen. Achillei, contracted Achilli : see note on Ulixi : v. 7. Hector slew Patroclus, who had donned the armor of his friend Achilles.
276. vel — ignis: sc. qui redit: "who returns, after hurling the Phrygian flames on the ships of the Greeks." puppibus = in puppes : see note v. 36.
277. squalentem barbam — patrios : " wearing as he did a squalid beard and hair all matted with blood, and having all the many wounds which he received around his ancestral walls." — vulnera : the wounds he received by being dragged around the walls of Troy.
279. ultro : without waiting for an answer : see v. 59. — flens ipse : "in tears too, I myself."
281. lux Dardaniae : lux is the Homeric <J>doc, "safety": cp. Horn. II. vi. 6, 0owf A'sTapoiatv eOrjuev : 2 Sam. xxi, 17, where David is called "the light of Israel."
283. expectate: vocative for nominative : "from what regions dost thou, Hector, long expected, come ?" — ut : exclamatory, join with aspici- mus. The meaning of ut in such cases must be inferred from the context, here ut = ut libenter : " how gladly ! "
284. labores : cp. TTOVOC : "sufferings."
285. quae — vultus ? " what cruel cause has marred the serene beauty of thy face ? ''
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
287. ille mihi, so. respondit : see note v. 42. — nee— moratur : "nor pays he any heed to my idle, question " : for this use of moror : cp. Aen. 5, 400, nee dona moror, "nor care I for gifts" : so Horace Epist. 1, 15, 17 : vina nihil moror illius orae : 2, 1, 164: nil moror officium quod me gravat.
289. nate— dea: "goddess-born" : fordea: see H. L., 291, 2.
290. ruit — Troja : " Troy from its very summit is sinking in ruins."
291. sat — datum : " you have fulfilled your duty to your native land and to Priam" — sat = satis used as an indecl. neut. — satis dare is a legal phrase for giving security for payment of a debt, here for the payment itself, more commonly expressed by satisfacere.
292. hac : " by this (right hand) of mine."
293. sacra suosque — Penates: "her rites and household gods." — sacra : seems to be a general term for the religious ceremonies, and penates a particular term. What the penates were, it is difficult to say. They were probably ancestral deities represented in little images of wood or stone, and the word may be derived from PA, "to protect" or "feed" : cp. pater, pasco, penus.
294. his — ponto : ' 'for these seek a city, a mighty city, which thou shalt erect at length after wandering over the sea." This of course refers to the future city of Rome. — moenia quaere, magna — quae: with this punctuation (the one adopted in our text), magna is predicative : "which thou shalt build mighty." The other punctuation, however, moenia quaere magna, pererrato, is common.
296. vittas Vestamque = Vestam vittatam : " (the image of) Vesta wearing a fillet " : hendiadys.
297. aeternum— ignem : the penates of the family were closely identified with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. In the temple of Vesta at Rome, * ' the eternal fire " was maintained, the extinguishing of which foreboded the doom of the city.
298. diverse — luctu : "meanwhile the town is filled with tumultuous woe in all directions," or, more freely, " throughout the city meanwhile confusion reigns with manifold cries of agony." — luctu : the wailing for the lost. Possibly diverse means "in a distant quarter of the city. " Note the emphatic position of diverse. This, with the latter interpretation, is particularly significant as marking the transition.
299. magis — magis : join with clarescunt : " the noises begin to grow clearer and clearer. — secreta — obtecta : both predicates of recessit :
210 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
" though the house of my father Anchises lay deep withdrawn and screened by trees." In Homer Anchises is not an inhabitant of Troy, but an independent prince of Dardania.
301. armorumque — horror : " and the clash of arms rolls onward."- ingruit: root GAR, "to call" or "shout" : cp. garrire, garulus, grus : •yepavos, yrjpveiv. Note the imitative harmony produced by the recurring of the r sound.
302. excutior : middle, "/ shake myself from sleep." — fastigia : properly the gable of the roof : here put for the roof itself, fastigia tecti, i.e., tectum fastigatum, a sloping or ridged roof.
304. The construction is : adsto veluti stupet pastor. The con- trast is between Aeneas listening to the din of battle and the shepherd hearing the roaring of a conflagation or a torrent from the top of a crag. The simile is suggested by Homer, II. 4, 455. Cp. Thomson's imitation in his Seasons, Autumn, v. 340-348. — furentibus Austris : "when the winds are raging " : abl. abs.
305. montano flumine is a kind of abl. of Quality with torrens : " a whirling mountain torrent," or " the roaring torrent of a mountain stream."
306. sternit— sternit : note the rhetorical effect gained by repetition, and cp. 325, fuimus— fuit : 483, apparet— apparent : 499, vidi— vidi : 560. subiit — subiit. — boumque labores is the Homeric epya fiotiv.
307. inscius : " perplexed" ; not knowing what to make of it because he is still dazed.
309. manifesta: perhaps a predicate, " the truth is evident." Others make fides one of the nominatives to patescunt, but the two distinct predicates have double the force and energy of a single predicate. — Danaum : see v. 14. — fides here is not " faith," but "that which causes
faith."
310. dedit ruinam : "has fallen in ruins," literally, "has made a fall." — dare, from root DMA; cp. TiOqui, often used in the sense of
' * make " : vopovc edqKe. That the house of Deiphobus was first attacked is evident from Homer, Od. 8, 517.
311. Vulcano superante: abl. abs. : "amid the overpowering Jlames " : Vulcanus= ignis (metonymy). — proximus Ucalegon = domus Ucaleg- tonis quae proxima erat : the owner is put for the house (metonymy). Note the lively effect of the sudden introduction of the figure.
312. igni— relucent : "gleam with the blaze." What words in the 3rd declension may have the ablative in -e or -i ? H. L., 62,
NOTES ON VE&GIL'S AENEID 211
313. This is a fine example of imitative harmony (onomatopoeia) : the braying of the trumpets is well represented by the r's : "there arise the heroes' shout and trumpets' bray. " There is an anachronism here, as trumpets were not used in Homer's time to give signals in battle.
314. nee — armis : " nor in (taking) arms is there any reason good." — sat = satis.— armis = in armis capiendis.
315. bello : dative of Purpose: " but my feelings burn to gather a troop for ivar. "
316. furor — armis : "fury and wrath drive me headlong, and I think how glorious it is to die in arms." — succurrit : literally, " it occurs to me that it is glorious": cp. Horace, Od. 3, 2, 13 : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.
318. telis: abl. of Separation : H. L., 291, 3.
319. Othryades : patronymic.
321. trahit : zeugma: "carries the sacred vessels and the conquered gods in his hands and hurries along his little grandson." For the latter meaning cp. v. 457, puerum Astyanacta trahebat. — sacra sc. vasa. — cursu : "distractedly": literally "with speed." — limina : "to the house of Anchises.
322. quo — loco? literally "in what position is our state?" or "how fares our state?" — quo loco = in quo statu : Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 25 : quo sit res Romana loco. — summa res : Nettleship shows that summa res is an old phrase for the later res publica, ' ' our all% " ' ' the main chance." Others take the meaning to be, " where is the struggle.hottest?" — Panthu vocative : Panthus = Hdv6ovc. = TldvOoo£ : voc. HdvOoe, Hdv6ov. — prendimus : the indicative is far more vivid than the customary subjunctive, "what stronghold are we to occupy?" Occasionally we find a rhetorical question in the indicative : as Aen. vii, 359 : exulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia ? xii 637 : quid ago ?
323. cum— reddit: H. L., 261, 1.
324. summa dies : see note on v. 11. — ineluctabile tempus : cp. "the inevitable hour" in Gray's Elegy. — Dardaniae : dative.
325. fuimus, fuit ; the perfect of sum is often used euphemistically : " we were," but "are no longer" : cp. Tib. 3, 5, 3, sive erimus seu nos fatafuisse velint: "whether we shall be alive or whether the fates may will that we should be dead : " cp. Gen. xlii, 13, "the youngest is this day with our father and one is not :" Matt, ii, 18, " Jtachel weeping for her chil- dren, and would not be comforted, because they are not. "
212 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
327. transtutit : according to the Scholiast on Aes. fheD. $10, the gods departed in a body from Troy on the night of its destruction bearing their images with them.
328. arduus — equus : ' ' the horse, as U stands high in the heart of the town, pours forth armed men and triumphant Sinon insolently spreads Jire and confusion." Note the double alliteration. — moenibus : see note v. 334.
330. bipatentibus : " wide open : " with both halves thrown open.
331. millia quot = tot millia quot.
332. angusta viarum : either for angustas vias, " the narrow streets," or for augusta loca viarum, " the narrow places of the streets."
333. stat — stricta : " the keen sword stands drawn with gleaming edge."
334. primi— vigiles : either "the guard at the entrance," or "the guards first attacked"
336. numine : " by the will."
337. tristis Erinys : "fell Fury" Warner explains Erinys here as the demon of battle : cp. Lucan, 4, 187, civilis Erinys.
339. maximus armis : others read for armis, annis.
340. oblati per lunam : " meeting us in the moonlight"
342. illis— amore : " it so happened that he had come to Troy in these (direful) days Jired with frantic love for Cassandra." — Cassandrae : Objective gen.
343. insano : = " because it hurried him to his ruin." — Conington. (1) quia belli tempore amabat ; (2) aut perpetuum epitheton amoris est. — Servius. The second interpretation of Servius seems the best : i.e., "passionate" or "violent" : cp. Plant. Cure. I, 3, 20 : nam bonum est pauxillum amare sane ; insane non bonum est, and Ovid Art. Amat. 1, 371 : insano juret amore mori.
344. gener used proleptically because he does not seem to have ever married Cassandra. According to Roman custom, after betrothal relationship (affinitas) was considered complete : cp. Tacitus Ann. xii, 4 : praebebat Caesar aures accipiendis adversus generum suspici- onibus (said of Lucius Silanus who was newly betrothed to Caesar's daughter, Octavia). The meaning then is: "in hope of becoming a son-in-law he was bringing aid."
345. qui— audierit : " inasmuch as he did not listen to the warnings of his raving betrothed." Causal rel. and subj.
346. See note on v. 230.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 213
347. quos — vidi: "and when I saw them banded together rushing boldly into battle."— confertos : from confercio : others read consertos.
348. incipio super his. It is best to take super adverbially, and to supply dictis with his : " thereupon I begin with these words." — fortissima frustra : bring out the alliteration by translating "bootlessly brave.'*
349. si — sequi : " if you have a fixed desire to follow one of desperate daring : " with cupido certa, sc. est. extrema is neuter pi. : sc. me with audentem.
350. sit : Indirect Question.
351. excessere sc. ex urbe Troja. It seems to have been a universal belief among the ancients that the gods left a doomed city. Josephus relates that during the siege of Jerusalem voices more than human were heard crying on the day of Pentecost : /tera(3aivuuev svrevQev, " let us go hence:" cp. Aesch. Theb. 207:—
aA/l' ovv 6eov£ ravg r
So also Milton, Ode on Nativity : —
Apollo from his shrine Can no more divine, With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving.
352. quibus: abl. of Instrument: "by whose grace this empire stood firm : " for the force of steterat : see v. 56.
353. incensae : emphatic from its position : " in flames is the city you are trying to succour." — succurritis : a conative present. — et is epexe- getic (i.e., explanatory); the clause introduced by it explaining how they would meet death : "let us mett death by rushing into the heart of the foe." Usually the passage is explained as an example of vcrepov irporepov : " let us die and let us rush into the midst of the foe " = " let us rush into the midst of the foe and die."— arma = armatos hostes.
354. una — salutem : note the emphatic position of una : "the only safety the vanquished have is to expect no safety : " with salus sc. est.
355. animis: " courage." — additus sc. est— lupi ceu : this may be an echo of the Homeric ^.vnoi &g ending the line in Iliad 11, 72 ; 16, 156.
356. improba : generally denoting excess of all kinds in Vergil : cp. improbus ira, "excessive in rage:" improbus anser, "greedy goose : " improbus amor, "insatiate love : " improbus labor, "unflinching toil." With improba ventris — rabies may be compared the Shake- spearian "belly-pinched wolf." Possibly here a strong personal epithet:
214 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
"reckless;" cp. Milton, Paradise I^ost, iv, "a prowling wolf, whom hunger drives. "
357. exegit caecos : " has driven them blindly forth," i.e., to prowl at random.
358. siccis: " thirsting for blood." The second part of the simile is without the connective sic with per tela, per hostes.
359. mediaeque— iter : "and we pursue our way into the heart of the city." — mediae urbis is a Descriptive Gen. : H. L., 288, 5.
360. nox — umbra: " dark night hovers round us with encircling gloom." — cavus, "hollow," i.e., "encircling."
361. quis— labores ? "who can unfold the carnage of that night, who (can unfold) in language the losses, or who is able to measure its troubles by his tears." Note the studied alliteration, funera fando : lacrimis labores.— fando : see note v. 6.
363. dominata : " that has held sway."
364. plurima— limina : " unnumbered both throughout the streets and the houses and the awful courts of the gods lie strewed the lifeless corpses." With inertia corpora : cp. a^vriva Kapqva of Homer.
366. poenas dant sanguine : " pay forfeit with their life : " cp. v. 72.
367. quondam— Danai : "anon too into the hearts of the vanquished valor returns and the victorious Danai fall." Note the alliteration victis— virtus— victores.
368. crudelis: "ruthless."
369. pavor : Note the quantity of the final syllable of pavor : possibly long, because the stress of the voice (ictus) falls on it and also because the letter r is trilled : cp. v. 411. — plurima — imago : " many a form of death" = " death in many a form :" cp. Thucy. 3, 81 : Ttaaa idea KaricTTj Oavdrov.
370. se — offert : " comes to meet us."
371. socia agmina credens : socia agmina (esse) credens.
372. Notice the emphasis gained by putting the adjective at the beginning of the line with a pause after it : so also infelix, v. 345 : saucius, v. 529. — ultro : " unaccosted by us."
374. rapiunt — feruntque : ordinarily the phrase is ferre et agere (cp. ysptiv KOI ajeLv : ferre referring to the "carrying o/f " of portable pro- perty, and agere to the " driving " of captives or cattle. Here there is little or no distinction between the words: Tr. " plunder and jrillage."
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 215
377. sensit delapsus : a Graecism for sensit se delapsum esse : cp. qatieTo euTrecuv. So also Milton, Paradise Lost, 9, 792 : —
greedily she gorged without restraint And knew not eating death.
i.e., that she was eating. So also Catullus iv, 2 :—
Phaselus ille quam videtis hospites Ait fuisse navium celerrimus.
379. aspris sentibus nitens : ' ' struggling amid rough brambles : " for the abl. : see H. L., 292, 1. The same simile occurs in Homer's Iliad 3, 33. Note here aspris = asperis.
380. refugit : perfect of instantaneous action, or aorist. Often the perfect is used in similes for the present : see note, v. 223. Note that the recurring dactyls and the repetition of re- well brings out the sudden recoil of the unwary traveller.
381. attollentem— tumentem : "as it rises in anger and puff's out its deep blue throat."— caerula = caelulea from caelum, "sky," hence, "skyblue."— colla: ace. of Respect.
382. visu : may go with tremefactus or with abibat; perhaps the former. — abibat : "was beginning to retreat:" or Conative imperf. : "was attempting to retreat."
385. The metaphor in adspirat is that of a favorable breeze.
388. dextra : for the more usual dextram.
389. insignia : devices on the shields, crests of helmets, or any other mark that would serve to distinguish one warrior from another. Perhaps badge is nearest to it in English.
390. dolus— requirat : construe quis in hoste requirat utrum dolus (sit adhibendus) an virtus : " who in the case of a foe would ask ivhether fraud or courage is to be employed ? " — requirat : Rhetorical Question.
391. ipsi : i.e., the enemy will themselves supply the arms we are to use against them.
392. insigne : is a subst. as in v. 389 : " the fair device of his shield : " or as we should say "on his shield." — comantem — galeam: cp. Homeric
393. induitur : "dons": reflexive or middle use: cp. 511, ferrum cingitur.
216 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
396. haud — nostro: " not under the protection of our own gods." By donning the Greek armor they were no longer under the protection of the Trojan gods.
397. caecam— noctem : see v. 340.— congress! proelia conserimus: " meeting (the Greeks) we engage in many a battle."
398. Danaum : see v. 14.— Orco=ad Orcum : see v. 19.
399. cursu: "speedily" : cp. Aen. 5, 265 : cp. dpofiu.
400. fida — litora: "the safe refuge of the coast" where the ships were moored. — formidine turpi : ' ' in craven fear. "
402. scandunt: a, sense construction: see note v. 32. — conduntur = se condunt : " hide themselves " : a reflexive use of the passive correspond- ing to the middle voice.
402. heu divis : "alas ! it is not at all right for any one to trust to the gods agaimt their witt."— nihil is the Adverbial Ace. With fas supply est. Distinguish fas est = xPVi said of the will of heaven ; jus est = del, said of human right. — invitis divis : dative after fidere or abl. abs.
403. passis-crinibus: either the abl. of Description: "with her tresses all loose," or the abl. of Means : " by her loosened tresses" : passis from pando.
404. a templo— Minervae : "from the temple, aye, from the very shrine of Minerva." — templum (cp. Gk. Tejusvog) is applied to the whole building and the land enclosed for sacred purposes (from rifnvuv, "to cut off") ; adytum (a, "not," 6veiv, "enter") is the "unentera Ue" place where the image of the goddess was kept. The Oilcan Ajax was said to have dragged Cassandra and the image, to which she was clinging, from the temple.
The precincts of religious buildings have from time immemorial been places of refuge: cp. the Jewish cities of Refuge ; "the Sanctuary" at Westminster. The altar was considered especially inviolable : cp. I Kings, ii, 28 ; Matt, xxiii, 35.
406. arcebant : "confined" so that they could not be raised in prayer — palmas : see v. 153.
407. non — Coroebus : " Coroebus with infuriate mind brooked not this sight." — furiata mente : abl. of Description.
408. periturus : for the more usual periturum : see note v. 377. Tr. "resolving to die, he fiung himself into the midst of the band."
409. densis armis=densatis armis : "closing our ranks," "in dense array. "
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 217
410. Note primum : turn (v. 413) ; etiam (v. 420).
411. nostrorum : "of our own men." — obruimur : Note the quantity of -ur. A final syllable naturally short may be lengthened when it is caesural : cp. Aen. 4, 64 ; 3, 464.— miserrima : because inflicted by friends.
412. facie: "appearance" literally "make" (from facio).— Gra- iarum errore jubarum : "through the mistake caused by our Grecian plumes " : Subjective Gen.
413. ereptae— ira : "in wrath at the rescue of the maid" — virginis: Causal genitive. Latin is sadly deficient in verbal nouns ; their place is often supplied by the perf. part, passive : cp. v. 643, capta urbs, " the capture of the city" ; ab urbe condita, "from the foundation of the city." Milton uses the same idiom in Paradise Lost, 9, 16 : —
or rage Of Turnus for Lavinia disespoused.
414. acerrimus : " most fierce " : The Oilean Ajax felt aggrieved at the loss of his prize.
415. gemini Atridae : see note, v. 203.
416. adversi — equis : "as at times, when a hurricane bursts forth, the west and south winds strive in opposing conflict, and the east wind exulting in the coursers of the Dawn." — adversi, predicate.— laetus— equis is the Homeric 'nnrtoxap/M??.
418. Note the alliterative harmony of this line : translate, " (then) creak the forests and fierce in foam Nereus stirs up the seas from their lowest depths." — spumeus equally applicable to the angry god and angry sea.
421. tota— urbe : note that the abl. and not per with ace. is the usual construction when totus accompanies a noun.
422. mentita : "false " : see v. 46.
423. ora — signant : and they mark the jarring accent of our speech " : literally, " our lips disagreeing in speech (with their oivri)." In Homer the Trojans and Greeks alike speak Greek. Vergil means here that there was a slight difference in dialect or accent.
424. ilicet : " thereupon." Originally ilicet( =ire (vobis) licet) was the technical word used by the priests after the sacrifice or by the consul in dismissing an assembly : " You may go." Then came its inter- jectional meaning.
425. divae: Minerva.
218 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
426. unus : imparts to superlatives or to adjectives of a superlative idea an additional force : cp. etf apiarog, "by far the, best" : Homer's Iliad 12, 243: ctf oiuvbg apcoroQ a^vv£a6ai Trepi irarprjc,. Tr. : "the justest of the just."
428. dis — visum : "heaven willed otherwise." The meaning of course is ' Heaven's ways are not ours ; ' according to human reasoning Rhipeus, the most just of men, should have been spared. Seneca recommends his friend on the occasion of any loss to say constantly without com- plaining, dis aliter visum est, or rather di melius, in which sc. dent.
430. labentem: " in thy fall."
431. flamma— meorum : " expiring flame of my countrymen" The burning city was the funeral pyre of her defenders. — et flamma, etc. : explanatory of the previous clause.
433. Supply me before vitavisse. — vices: ' ' encounter ": root VICK, "to move" : cp. feiKeiv. vitare (=victare), vicissim : German weichen, "change," "turn": English weak.— si— manu : " if fate had so willed that I should fall, I earned (my fall) by my deeds." -ut caderem belongs to si fata fuissent and not to meruisse.
436. gravior: " somewhat enfeebled." — Ulixi : " caused by Ulysses " : Subjective Gen. For the form see v. 7.
438. hie : at the royal palace of Priam.
441. acta testudine : "by the advancing shielded column." The testudo consisted of a body of men who locked their shields together and held them over their heads : cp. Tennyson, Dream of Fair
Women : —
heroes tall,
Dislodging pinnacle and parapet Upon the tortoise creeping to the wall.
442. parietibus : see note on v. 18 : it may be a dat. or abl. — postesque — gradibus : "and hard by the door posts themselves they struggle up the rungs." — gradibus : the steps of the scaling ladders.
443. clipeosque— objiciunt : "and (thus) protected, with their left hands they present their shields to the missiles." Others take clipeos governed either by protecti used here in the middle sense, or by objiciunt : "placing their shields before them with the left hand they present them (i.e., the shields) to the missiles."
444. fastigia : "battlements."
445. tecta— culmina: " the roof covering."
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AKNEID 219
446. his— telis : "with such weapons, since they see their doom, even in death's extremity they prepare to defend themselves."
448. decora alta: " stately splendor."
449. imas obsedere fores: " have blockaded the doors below." 451. instaurati animi : sc. sunt : " our spirits are braced anew."
453. limen — tergo : "there was a threshold, and a secret door and a passage connecting the chambers of Priam's palace one with another, and agate in the rear unobserved." — limen = ligmen : properly, " that which binds," hence the sill or lintel. — pervius usus: by entering the door, one had access to the different rooms. — relicti : perhaps means overlooked by the assailants and unnoticed by the defenders.
455. infelix : notice the emphatic position of this word.
457. soceros : "to her parents-in-law": in the masculine term are included Priam and Hecuba, the father and mother of her husband Hector. — avo = ad avum : see v. 36.
458. summi fastigia culminis : "to the ridge of the roof" : for fas- tigia see v. 302.
460. in praecipiti : " on the brink," "on the sheer edge. "— summisque — tectis : " and towering with its roof to the stars."
462. Danaum : see v. 14. — solitae, sc. sunt. What verbs are semi- deponent ?
463. aggressi— impulimusque : "assailing with iron bars where the topmost stories afforded weak joinings, we wrench it from its deep founda- tions and push it forward." — summa tabulata are the stories that rise above the roof of the main building. Note that the present convellimus represents a continued act, and the perfect impulimus a single, mo- mentary one.
465. ea — trahit : " it toppling over suddenly, falls in ruin with a crash." 467. subeunt: " come to their aid."
469. vestibulum : the open space before the door of a Roman house. Some derive it from ve-sti-bu-lum, "a place for standing outside" : from ve-sto.
470. telis — aena: "gleaming in arms of brazen sheen" : note the hen- diadys.
471. qualis — trisulcis : "like as when a snake, fattened on baleful herbs, which chill winter kept sioollen underground, now all new, its slough cast off, and shining in youth, rolls along with breast erect, its slimy length
220 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
towering to the sun, and in its mouth it makes its three-forked tongue quiver." It was a common belief among the ancients that the snake drew its venom from the food on which it fed. The simile is taken from Iliad 22, 93, when Hector is awaiting the attack of Achilles : —
6)f de dpaKuv eirl x£LV bpzorepog avdpa uevgatv, Ka.K.6, fyappaiC edv Ae re v Ae dedopnev Ihiaaouevof irepl
"As a serpent of the mountains upon his den awaiteth a man, having fed on evil poisons, and fell wrath hath entered into him, and terribly he glareth as he coileth himself about his den " : cp. Shelley's Hellas ad finem : —
The earth doth like a snake renew
Her winter weeds outworn.
So also Tennyson, The Two Voices, when he describes the dragon-fly : —
An inner impulse rent the veil, Of that old husk ; from head to tail Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.
— novus— juventa : probably Vergil is thinking of the other name of Pyrrhus, Neoptolemus, "young warrior." — ore = in ore: Local abl. — linguis : abl. of Means.
476. agitator equorum= Homeric rjvioxos 'imruv.
477. Scyria pubes : Pyrrhus brought a number of warriors from Scyros, one of the Cyclades, where his grandfather Lycomedes dwelt : Horn. II. 19, 325.
479. dura limina : "the stubborn door" : for limen see note on v. 458.
480. perrumpit— vellit : the present expresses incomplete and con- tinuous action, and also an attempt: "is striving to burst through and wrench": the perfect cavavit — dedit, a momentary, complete act : "and now having cut out a panel, he has hewn a breach in the stout oak and made a huge opening with a yawning mouth." The hinges (cardines) in a Roman house were not as with us fastened to the side of the door, but were pivots working in sockets, one in the lintel (limen superum) and the other in the sill (limen). The doors were double doors (valvae). — cardo: from KRAD, "to move," "to swing": cp. cor, KapSia, npa6r], Kpadaivu, K.6p6a!-.
486. at : marks a change in the narrative.
487. miscetur : "is in confusion." The domus interior probably refers to the women's apartments, yvvaiKuvlrif, which in a Greek house
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 221
were in the back. — cavae aedes : either the "vaulted" or "hollow halls," or = cavae dium, an opening in the roof of the atrium over the impluvium or cistern containing rain water.
488. ululare : often said of a woman's shriek of grief as vagire is of an infant's wail. It may be observed that though o/lo/li/fcj is etyrao- logically connected with ululare, it generally is applied to female invocations of gods or to expressions of joy, and is seldom said of grief : English howl. — aurea: the contrast is in the splendor of the sky and the wretchedness of the palace.
489. tectis=intectis.
490. The kisses were a sign of sorrowful parting : cp. Ovid Metam.
13, 412 :—
Dardanidas matres patriorum signa deoruin Dum licet amplexas.
491. vi patria : "in all his father's might " : abl. of Manner. Achilles was the father of Pyrrhus.
492. labat— crebro : " totters before the frequent blows of the battering ram." Scan this line : see v. 16.
493. emoti : "wrenched" : see note on v. 480.
494. aditus : cognate object : "they burst an entrance."
496. non sic — trahit : " not so furiously does the river, when bursting its banks it has gone forth foaming and has beaten down the opposing dykes with its whirling tide, rush raging over the fields in a mass and throughout all the plains carries away the herds and the stalls together." Note the double alliteration in v. 498. No doubt this would be a familiar image to Vergil seen both on the Mincius and the Padus. — cumulo : abl. of Manner.
499. ipse : " with my own eyes."
501. centumque nurus : according to Homer (Iliad 6, 244), Vriam had fifty sons and fifty daughters. The hundred mentioned here must refer to both daughters-in-law and daughters.
503. illi: " those famous."
504. barbarico : to a Greek, all nations outside of Greece were barbarians, especially the Asiatic nations. The phrase "barbaric gold " suggests the idea of Oriental magnificence : cp. Milton's Paradise
Lost, 2, 3 :—
Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
The Romans often adorned the walls of their houses and temples with the spoils of war.
222 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
506. forsitan— requiras : note that in Vergil forsitan takes the sub- junctive : forte, forsan, the indicative : fortasse, once the indicative, otherwise the subjunctive.
507. convulsa— limina : " the bursting of the doors of his house."
510. ferrura cingitur : " girds on his useless sword" : middle use.
511. fertur moriturus : " is rushing resolved to die."
512. nudoque — axe : " under the open canopy of heaven." Vergil has probably had in his mind a Greek house here. The atrium was the main hall of a Roman house in which were the images of the penates and an altar. The roof of this was partly open and below the open space was a cistern (impluvium). Around it ran a pillared portico to which rooms opened, with an altar of Jupiter hospitalis (Zei>c EPKEIOC.).
513. laurus : so in the description of the palace of Latinus we find
(7, 59) :
Laurus erat tecti medio in penetralibus altis.
516. praecipites : cp. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xv : " The rooks are blown about the skies."
518. sumptis juvenalibus armis : "donning his youthful armor."
519. mens dira : "so dreadful a thought."
520. cingi : "to gird yourself" : reflexive.
521. defensoribus istis : " such defenders as you." The idea is that in prayers, not in arms, our hope is.
522. non sc. egeret, from the eget preceding: "the hour would not need such aid and such defenders were even my own Hector now beside us."
523. tandem: some say, "retire, I beseech thee, hither," or "come hither, for it is high time." Conington says: "while yet there is time."
524. moriere simul : " you will die along with us."
526. elapsus— caede : " having escaped the sword of Pyrrhus."
527. porticibus longis : ' 'flies adown the long cloisters " : abl. of the way by which one goes : see note v. 175. — lustrat : " traverses."
529. saucius : note the emphatic position of the adjective. — ilium — insequitur : "him eagerly Pyrrhus follows in act to deal a deadly blow." — infesto = infensto: root GHAN, Gk. Oev— Lat. FEND, "to strike": cp. defendo, Befvu.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 223
530. jam jamque : note that the repetition of jam makes the descrip- tion vivid: "now now he holds him in Ms grasp, and follows hard upon him with his spear." The meaning is not that he actually holds him in his grasp, but he is so close to him that he seems to have caught him.
533. quamquam — tenetur: "though he is now hemmed in by death on every side."
535. at: a frequent particle in imprecations: "Nay, may the gods, he cries, if there is any kind power in heaven which regards such deeds, render you all the thanks you deserve, and yield you your due reward, for such a crime, for such a sacrilege, you who have made me witness the death of my son before my eyes, and have defiled a father's face with a death. " — pietas commonly used of the dutiful feeling of men to the gods, to their country, or to others who have a claim on them. Here it is used for the reciprocal feeling of gods to men. — quae — curet : Consecutive use of the relative: H. L., 236, 2.— qui fecisti : direct address : " thou who hast made." Distinguish this from qui — feceris. The infinitive cernere for ut cernerem is rare after facere. — foedasti : defilement from seeing his son's death.
540. at — Priamo : "but that hero, Achilles, whose son you falsely say you are, was not like you in the case of Priam, his foe." — at: see note v, 486. — satum from sero. — quo : abl. of Origin, H. L., 291, 2. This does not mean that Pyrrhus was illegitimate, but that his nature and conduct showed him to be no true son of Achilles. — jura — erubuit : "he respected the rights and trust of a suppliant." — fidem supplicis: the confidence reposed by the suppliant, and the protection in return. — erubuit : yde'tro, qaxvvero.
542. corpusque : after the death of Hector, Priam went to the tent of Achilles to beg the corpse of Hector. Achilles granted his request, and allowed him to depart in safety.
544. sine ictu : " without inflicting a wound."
545. rauco: " hollow sounding " : root RU, "roar": cp. b-pv-/ta-y6oc, 6>-pt>-w : ru-mor, rugire, rumen (=rugmen): A. S. run, rune (originally " a murmur "). — repulsum.- sc. est.
546. umbone : the umbo was the projecting boss of the shield, con- structed in such a way as to turn aside a weapon. It was covered with leather: root AMBH, " to project, " cp. umbilicus, o//0aAof.
548. Pelidae genitori=ad Pelidam genitorem. — tristia : "fell." 550. ipsa : "very."
224 NOTES ox VERGIL'S AENEID
553. lateri=in latus, see note on v. 19.
555. tulit = abstulit.
556. populis terrisque : "proud in so many nations and countries:" abl. of Cause ; or Local abl. with regnatorem.
557. litore = in litore. Vergil may have in mind the sad fate of Pompey. According to Servius, Priam's body was exposed on the Sigeum promontory.
559. at : see note v, 486. — saevus— horror : "fell dread."
560. subiit, sc. animum.
562. deserta: "desolate."
563. Scan this line, and state any irregularity in the scansion.
564. copia : "force :" for the more usual copiae :
565. deseruere — dedere : "all had left me in utter weariness, and had flung themselves to the earth, or had sunk in despair into the flames."
567. This episode of Vergil is left out of all good MSS., though Servius says it was written by Vergil but left out by Varius and Tucca. The main argument against the genuineness is that in Aeneid 6, 570 seq. Helen is spoken of as betraying Deiphobus to the Greeks. — super eram = supereram, tmesis.— adeo : (cp. 6fj) emphasizes the word to which it is joined.
570. erranti : not on the ground, but on the roof. He does not descend till v. 632.
571. sibi goes with praemetuens, not with infestos ; " she fearing for herself the Trojans who were hostile to her on account of the overthrow of Troy." — infestos : for the derivation, see v. 529.
573. Erinys: so Aeschylus (Ag. 749) calls Helen vty/0d/c/lavrof 'Epm>f.
574. invisa : "a hateful being : " others take it "unseen."
575. animo = in animo.
576. sceleratas— poenas = sceleris poenas : " to exact vengeance for guilt."
577. scilicet: "forsooth :" generally used in bitter irony.
578. regina : "in queenly state," i.e., not as a captive like the other Trojan ladies.
579. conjugium: abstract for the concrete conjugem. — patres = parentes: according to Euripides (Orestes 473) Tyndareus and Leda are represented as being alive after the death of Clytemnestra, but Homer (Od. 11, 298) introduces Leda in the shades.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 225
580. comitata : passive use of a deponent verb.
581. occiderit— arserit— sudarit : the future perfect is often used to express indignation that an event spoken of as future should be realized. The sense is ' ' shall she return now that Priam has been murdered, Troy burned, Dardania bathed in blood ? "
584. habet: " brings with it."
585. nefas -nefastam, "the wicked one." — sumpsisse merentes — poenas : "to have exacted a penalty that deserved (to be exacted)." = sumpsisse poenas merentes ut sumerentur.
586. animumque — flammae : " and it shall be my delight to have filled my soul with avenging fire." No where else does explere govern a genitive, though many other verbs of fulness take one.
589. cum — deam : ' ' when my kind mother, revealing the goddess, pre- sented herself in visible presence, never before so clear to my sight, and she shone in pure radiance through the night, inform and stature such as she is wont to appear to the heavenly host." — cum — obtulit : when does cum take the indicative? H. L., 262, 5, 6. — ante = antea. — deam: there is no need of supplying se esse.— qualis et quanta : physical superiority in size and beauty were according to the Greek and Roman inseparable from mental superiority in size and beauty : cp. Homeric jyi>c re ^yaf TE.
592. reprensum — continuit : " she seized and held (me).n
593. roseo— ore : Aen. 1, 402 : rosea cervice.
594. dolor: "indignation."
595. quonam— recessit ? " whither, pray, hath departed thy care for me." — nostri : Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3, after cura. — tibi : dative of Reference, H. L., 285,. 3.
596. non— aspicies : "wilt thounot go and see." — non = nonne.— prius before doing anything else. — ubi — liqueris : Indirect Question.
597. superet conjunxne: construe non prius aspicies superetne conjunx : Indirect Question also.
599. ni— ensis: "unless my guardianship were still ivithstanding them, already the fiames would have swept them away and the sword of the enemy would have drained their blood." The ordinary form would be resisteret— tulissent. The present represents a continuous effort, and the perfect the completion of the act if the effort were relaxed.
601. tibi : "as you think: " dative of Reference, H. L., 285, 3.
603. a culmine : cp. /car' anpw, literally, ' 'from the top to the bottom : " "completely."
226 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
604. quae — caligat : "which now veils your sight and dims your mental vision and lies damp and dark around you." — caligat: root SKAL, "to cover:" cp. squal-or, KE2.cuv6c,, KijMf. Note the emphatic position of tu, " do you not," no matter what others do.
608. avulsaque saxis saxa : "and rocks rent from rocks." — saxis: abl. of Separation, H. L., 291, 3.
609. undantem: " rolling in billows."
610. Neptunus, the founder of Troy, is destroying the work of his own hands.
612. Scaeas : from GKatdg, "left" or "west" hence the gate looking westward to the sea, for the Greek augur when he divined looked north, and hence "west" or "left" were with him synonymous: cp. Horn. Od. 3, 295: aKaibv piov, "the western headland": others connect it with Siko, the name of a Trojan hero, or demigod, and see the remnant of the same word in Sigeum, Sichaeus, Scamander.
615. jam— insedit : "already, lo, Tritonian Pallas has perched on the top of the citadel. "
616. limbo: "robe," or "border," referring to the TrtTrXo? : another reading is nimbo, "a halo."—Gorgone: on the shield or aegis of Minerva was the head of the Gorgon Medusa.
619. eripefugam: a stronger expression than cape fug-am : with an intimation that he would be rescued from all dangers.
620. Referring to the fact that Aeneas would be safely conducted to Italy, which was the original home of the Trojans.
622. inimica— numina : Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
624. considere in ignes : " to sink down into the flames."
625. ex imo : cp. e culmine : v. 603.
626. ac — ruinam : ' ' and even as when on the top of mountains, the woodmen with rivalry strive to cut down an aged ash, hacked by the steel and hard plied axes : threateningly it ever hangs and trembling shakes its foliage with quivering top. " The fall of a hero is often compared to the fall of a tree : cp. Horn. II. 4, 482 : when the fall of Simoisius is com- pared to that of a poplar ; so also the fall of the boxer Entellus in Aen. 5, 448, is compared to that of a hollow pine tree :
ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho, aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 227
So also Macaulay, Lay of Horatius : —
And the great Lord of Luna Fell at that deadly stroke, As falls on Mount Alvernus A thunder-smitten oak.
630. vulneribus — ruinam: ''till gradually overpowered by blows it gives one final deep groan and torn from its ridge falls with a crash." — con- gemuit — traxit : the perfects (corresponding to the gnomic aorist in Gk. ) for a present, to express a frequent act. — jugis : abl. of Separation, H. L., 291, 3.
632. deo = deae, i.e., Venus.
633. expedior=me expedio : " / extricate myself" " I find my way out."
634. perventum, sc. est mihi=perveni : " / have reached."
637. excisa : it is more probable that exscissa is the correct reading, as exscindere urbem is common but not excidere urbem.
638. quibus sanguis : " whose blood is untouched by age." — sc. est. — aevi is the gen. of respect : cp. maturus aevi, anxius aevi.
639. solidaeque — vires: " ivhose strength stands firm in all its native vigor : " abl. of Means.
641. Note the emphatic position of me and the emphatic repetition of mihi.— ducere vitam = vitam producere (v. 6, 637). Metaphor taken from spinning : cp. Milton's Lycidas : —
Comes the blind fury with the abhorred shears And slits the thin-spun life.
642. satis — urbi : "enough and more than enough (it is) that I have seen one destruction and that we have survived the capture of the city." Vergil refers to the destruction of the city by Hercules in revenge for the perjury of Laomedon. — superare is used here for superesse. For capta urbs : "the capture of a city" ; see note v. 413.
644. positum: cp. Ktipevoc, "laid out for burial. "— adfati : "having saluted" : referring to the utterance (conclamatio) of the words salve, vale, ave. as the friends departed from the body at the funeral pile : Aen. 6, 231,506; 11, 97.
645. manu : either "by my own hand," or, as Heyne says, " at the hand of the foe," or "by attacking the foe." The latter part of the line would seem to imply that the enemy would through compassion either put an end to his life, or accord him the right of burial by casting three handful s of earth upon his remains ; see next note.
228 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
646. facilis — sepulcri : the usual interpretation of this passage is, "a trifling thing is the loss of a sepulchre," a most unnatural speech to put in the mouth of Anchises, unless it is meant as the language of reckless and bitter despair, for the loss of a sepulchre was looked upon as the greatest of all losses. Another interpretation, suggested by Horace, Od. 1, 28, 35, is as follows : " The canting of a few handfuls of earth in token of burial is an easy thing (and one which the enemy surely will not hesitate to perform)." jactura, from jacio, although it usually means " a loss," may mean " the act of throwing." Sepulcri would be an easy and natural metonymy ; and facilis, literally, " doable," would not be strained into ''slight," "trifling" or " easily sufferdble." Moreover, it is a question whether the tragic despair indicated in a willingness to forego burial and thus submit to eternal unrest simply to escape a few years of uncertainty and sorrow in this life, is not just a little too improbable to be artistic, and at any rate out of accord with Vergil's fine appreciation of the niceties of things and his pathetic tendency to soften painful effects wherever possible. It all hinges on the meaning of ipsa manu, v. 645. Taking the most reason- able meaning of this, viz. : "by my own hand," the sequence of thought would be : " / will slay myself, the enemy will pity me, strip my body of spoils and fin return) perform, the, easy task of burial" cp. Horace's
Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa ; licebit Injecto ter pulvere curras.
648. annos demoror , either " long since have I delayed the years," or "long have I lingered through the years." — ex quo sc. tempore : "since."
649. fluminis— igni : "blasted me with the breath of his thunderbolt and smote me with his lightning." Anchises is said to have been so punished for boasting of the love of Venus. — fulminis ventis : perhaps Vergil refers to the theory of Epicurus that lightning was a fiery wind.
650. perstabat memorans : " he continued to speak": cp.
651. effusi lacrimis sc. sumus : " ivere melted in tears."
652. ne : dependent on the request implied in effusi sumus.
653. fatoque — vellet : " and would be willing to add his weight to the doom that was pressing us down."
654. haeret : ah example of zeugma : " and he clings to his purpose and sticks to the same spot." Often the preposition is omitted before the former and expressed with the latter of two nouns.
KOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 229
656. quod — dabatur : "what plan or what chance was any longer offered us? " — consilium : means of human safety. — fortuna : divine aid.
657. mene — ore: " did you expect, my father, that I could withdraw and abandon thee, and has an expression so unnatural fallen from a father's lips ? "— te relicto : abl. abs. —posse— speravisti : the verb
spero is often used in the sense of " expect," not " hope," and takes the present infinitive.— excidit : according to Servius, Aeneas uses this and not a stronger word, to soften the rebuke of his father: cp. Homeric, nolov oe ZTTOS tyvyzv ep/cof bdovruv.
659. superis sc. dels : " the gods above " : cp. dei inferi.
660. et— ammo : " and (if) this is thy firm resolve " :— animo : Local ablative = in animo — perituraeque— juvat sc. te : " and if it is thy pleasure to add thyself and thine to the fate of Troy doomed to perish." — note the force of periturae.
661. isti : " which thou dost covet." — janua : referring to the words of Aeneas, v. 645.
662. jam: "straightway." — multo de sanguine: "reeking with the blood" : or "fresh from the flowing blood."
663. patris, patrem : such variations are common when a mute is followed by a liquid after a short vowel : c. tenebris (Georg. 3, 551 ; 3, 401) : pharetram, pharetram (Aen. 1, 336, 324) ; retro, r&ro (Aen. 11, 405 ; 5, 428) ; duplex, diiplicem (Aen. 12, 198 ; 1, 655).
664. hoc— cernam ? " was it for this that you rescued me through the darts, through the fire, that I might see the enemy in my inmost chambers, and Ascanius and my father and Creusa by their side, one slaughtered in the blood of the other ? " — quod me eripis is the subject of the sentence, arid hoc = propter hoc.— note cernam after ut : the idea is "this was your object all along that I may now see," or it may be a case of vivid sequence as in Greek.
668. arma— arma : emphatic repetition : cp. Shakespeare, Richard III., Act 5, Sc. 4 : "a horse I a horse ! my kingdom for a horse I "
669. sinite— revisam = sinite ut revisam : "permit me to seek again" : ut is often omitted with such verbs ; fac venias, " see that you come " : licet abeas, "you may go." — instaurata : used proleptically. = revisam et instaurem proelia : " allow me to seek again and renew."
670. nunquam : here equivalent to an emphatic non : cp. Verg. Eel. 3, 49 : nunquam hodie effugies.
671. accingor : see note v. 227.
230 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
672. clipeoque— aptans : ' ' and I ivas fitting my left hand into the clasps of the shield." The imperfect may either express the difficulty he had in doing this or the reluctance with which he left the palace. — It is noteworthy that the strap or handle of the shield, through which the left hand passed, was called insertorium.
674. With the passage 674-678 : cp. the Iliad 6, 339, seq. where Andromache in this way speaks of Astyanax.
675. periturus: " determined to perish." — in omnia sc, pericula: "to all dangers."
676. sin: "but if, on experience, you rest your hope on resorting to arms." — expertus : literally, "having tried arms," sc. arma.
678. quondam: a bitter taunt: a wife no longer, since you desert me.
680. dictu— mirabile : give the construction of the supine in -u : H. L. 180, 3.
681. inter manus —ora : in the hands of his mother and being held up he was at once above the face of Creusa and that of Aeneas. Trans- late : "for a while held in the hands and between the faces of his sorrowful parents."
682. ecce pasci : "lo! a light crest seemed to shed a lustre from the head of lid us, and with harmless touch (it seemed) to lick his wavy locks and to play around his temples." Distinguish in meaning leVis and levis.— visus sc. est— apex is properly the point of the cap of a flamen, something like the spike of a modern helmet : .here the ' tongue of fire.' It was originally wound round with wool: root AP, 'to tie,' < to wind ' : cp. apto, aptus.- tactu : abl. of Specification : H. L., 293, 6. — pasci : metaphor of cattle or sheep moving quietly while feeding on pasture land.
685. trepidare : Historical infinitive : so also excutere, restinguere. 688. caelo = ad caelum : see note v. 36.
690. hoc tantum sc. precor : "this is my only prayer."
691. deinde : "do thou then grant us thine aid."— deinde marks a sequence of the condition si pietate meremur.— auxilium : This is the MSS. reading, but Probus, Peerlkamp, Keil, Ribbeck and others read augurium to harmonize with Aen. 3, 89, where almost the identical expression "da pater augurium" is used. We have followed the MSS., but it may be a case where all the earliest extant MSS. have been tainted from the same source. Scan this line and tell what metrical figure is in it. — firma : " ratify" : by a second omen.
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 231
693. intonuit laevum : "it thundered on the left" : Adverbial Ace.: H. L. 283, 9. Thunder on the left was a good sign according to Roman augury : see note v. 54.
694. Stella— luce: "a star drawing a trail accompanied with much light." A meteor or shooting star was a phenomenon regarded with superstition among the ancients. Cp. Aen. 5, 523 : so also Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 2, Sc. 2 :
When beggars die there are no comets seen :
The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
So also Richard II., Act 2, Sc. 4 :
The meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven : The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth, And lean-faced prophets whisper fearful things ; These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.
696. Idaea silva : indicating that Mt. Ida was the point for which they should set out. Servius says that the light signified the future glory of the house of Aeneas : the fiery trail, that some would stay behind ; the length of the path, their long voyage : the furrow (sulcus), that it would be by sea : and the sulphur-smoke, the death of Aeneas, or the war in Italy.
697. signantemque vias : "and marking out Us way" (in the heaven). — turn — lucem: "then in a long train its furrow sheds a gleam." — turn : after its appearance.
699. hie vero : for the more usual turn vero. — se — auras : Anchisea was probably before this stretched on his bed : see v. 644.
700. mora : delay on my part. Note that the presents est, sequor, mark strongly the promptness of Anchises.
702. domum: "family."
703. augurium : probably meant at first omens from the cry of birds : avis, and root GAR, "to cry" : cp. yripveiv, garrire, graculus. — Trqja : all that is left of Troy, meaning lulus, Anchises and Aeneas, or some say future Troy.
704. cedo : " / yield, " "I resist no more. "
706. propiusque — volvunt : Conington takes incendia subject and aestus object : "and now the fire rolls its burning tides nearer" : others take aestus subject and incendia object : " the conflagration rolls ajiery flood."
707. imponere : passive used in a middle sense = te impone.
232 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID
708. subibo humeris : "support you on my shoulders." — labor iste : "the burden you cause."
711. longer Servius thinks that Vergil is leading up to the loss of Creusa.
712. quae dicam=meaverba. Note that dicam is future indicative. — animis advertite : literally " turn to (regard) my words with your minds." It is rare to find such a construction with adverto : the usual construction is animum alicui rei advertere or animum ad aliquam rem advertere.
713. egressis sc. vobis : "there is to you having left the city": or "as you quit the city there is" : cp. eari aoi eloTrteovTai rbv KO^TTOV aarv : ttas you sail into the harbor there is a city," dat. of Reference : H. L., 285, 3.
714. desertae : "lonely" : temples to Ceres were usually in a solitary quarter outside the walls.
715. religione patrum : "by the veneration of my forefathers." Derive religione : v. 151.
716. sedem: " try sting place." — ex diverse: " from different quarters."
718. Note the emphatic position of me: "As for me it is a sin to handle them, having come away from so bloody a war and from recent carnage. "
719. donee— abluero : running water was held indispensible for puri- fication : cp. the teaching of the Twelve Apostles where baptism is ordered to be e v v6an l^uvri.
721. latos — leonis : " I spread over my broad shoulders and my neck stooped (to receive the burden), the tawny lion's hide as a covering." — latos umeros : is the Homeric evpeag <j//ot>f : cp. Tennyson, The Passing of Arthur: "Make broad thy shoulders to receive my iveight." — super : adverb.— insternor: a middle use of a passive.— veste— pelle: hendiadys.
794. implicuit: " clung tight."
725. opaca locorum : "through the shady places" : see note v. 332.
726. dudum : " but now."
727. neque — Graia : " nor the Greeks massed in opposing ranks."— ex. is used in a pregnant sense : the Greeks were not merely massed in opposing ranks, but were also hurling their darts from these ranks.
729. suspensum : "hesitating."
NOTES ON VERGIL'S AKNEID 233
731. omnemque— viam : "and I thought that I had passed safely through all my journey." — creber — sonitus : " the thick trampling of feet."
732. Note that the succession of dactyls well marks the agitation of the movement.
735. hie — mentem : " here it ivas that some unfriendly power confused and bereft me of my senses in my panic." — nescio quod : literally, " / know not what " : a weak aliquod. — male amicum : see note on male fida: v. 23.
736. namque viarum : "for while I speedily kept along the unfre- quented places, and diverge from the familiar line of the road." — avia sc. loca. — cursu : see note v. 175, pelago — regione : "direction," the original meaning from rego, "/ direct": cp. Livy, 21, 31: recta regione iter instituit.
738. heu— incertum : "alas ! to my sorrow my wife Creilsa torn from me by fate either halted or strayed or sat doicn being weary, I cannot say." — misero : Ethical Dative. The indicatives substitit— erravit— resedit for the subjunctives substiterit — erraverit — resederit of indirect question may be explained by supposing that Vergil intended the question to be originally a direct one : ' ' did she stop, or did she wander away or did she sit douml" The minor alternative is introduced by seu.
741. nee — reflexi : "nor did I look back for my lost wife or turn my thoughts to her till I had come to the mound and holy abode of ancient Ceres. "— amissam sc. conjugem.— tumulum = ad tumulum. — antiquae : cp. desertae v. 713.
742. demum : used only with (1) pronouns as is, idem, or (2) adverbs, turn, ibi, sic, nunc, jam : "here at last," " here and not before."
743. una : " she was the only one missing."
744. fefellit : " was missed by." Note that fallo is transitive.
745. Note the hypermetric line, the final que is elided before aut of the next line.
749. cingor : see note v. 227.
750. stat : "my purpose is fixed " : see note v. 660. Here stat = stat mihi sententia : cp. Aen. 12, 678 : stat conferre manum Aeneae.
751. caput: "life."
752. obscura limina : " the dark portals of the gate"
234 NOTES otf VERGIL'S AENEID
753. qua— lustro : " by which I had taken my departure and tracing back our footsteps I follow them through the darkness and scan them with my eyes. "
756. si forte: "if haply— if haply — she had returned home." The repetition expresses the last ray of hope. With si, " to see whether" cp. Greek el.
758. ilicet: "forthwith."
761. porticibus— asylo : Local abl. : H. L., 119, 5. Perhaps Vergil is thinking of the shrine of Juno in the capitol of Rome.
765. auro solid! = auro solido : "q/ solid gold" : abl. of Description : H. L., 293, 6.
770. ingeminans: "repeating": the name Creusa.
771. tectis furenti : "rushing madly among the houses : " tectis : see note v. 528.
773. nota major : like the gods, the dead no longer " cribbed, cabined or confined " were larger than mortals : so Romulus when he appeared after death according to Ovid Fasti, 2, 503 : pulcher et humano major.
774. Note the shortening (systole) in stetSrunt: cp. tulgrunt (Eclogues 4, 61) : stetSrunt (Aen. 3, 48 : 10, 338) : constltgrunt (Aen. 3, 681).
775. adfari— demere : Historical infin.
778. asportare : " to take away" (abs-portare).
779. fas : as well as regnator is subject of sinit.
781. terram=ad terram— Hesperiam : Italy was called Hesperia (Greek, eaTrepia, " the western land " : cp. laTrepoc, Vesper, " evening " : root VAS, "to dwell," the dwelling place of the sun) : Spain, ultima Hesperia.— Lydius : the Etruscans were said to come from Lydia (Herod. 1, 94), and the Tiber flowing by Etruria is called Tuscus Tiberis (Georg. 1, 499).
782. opimavirum: "rich in men": others take virum with arva : " the rich lands tilled by the husbandmen" : cp. Homeric, epya avtip&v.
783. Note the alliteration —res — regnum — regia: "riches, realm and a royal bride,"
784. parta tibi, sc. est : " is already won for thee " : though not yet possessed. Prophecy describes the future as present. — Creusae : Objective Gen. : "for thy loved Creusa."
235
785. non ego : note the emphatic position : so also Hector had this fear for Andromache : II. 6, 454, 5re KEV rig 'A^a/wy xa^KOXLT^vuv kaupvoeaaav ayf/rai.
786. servitumibo: "shall go to be a slave." Explain this construction of the supine in -urn : H. L., 180, 2.
787. TDardanis : " /, « descendant of Dardanus. "
788. deum genetrix : "mother of the 'gods" : Cybele, a Phrygian goddess, specially worshipped on Mt. Ida, and also a patroness of Troy.
790. lacrimantem sc. me.
792. ter — somno : These lines are translated from Od. 11, 204, where Ulysses says of the shade of his mother : —
rplg fiev kfyupufibrjv, sMeiv re //£ 0iy/df avuyei, rplq 6e {tot EK. xeiptiv aKiy et/ce/lov fj KOI 'oveipu
Thrice sprang1 1 towards her, and was minded to embrace her ; Thrice she flitted from my hands as a shadow or even as a dream.
So also Wordsworth's Laodamia : —
Forth sprang the impassioned Queen her Lord to clasp ; Again that consummation she essayed: But unsubstantial Form eludes her grasp As often as that eager grasp was made.
794. somno : a vision seen in sleep, rather than sleep itself.
798. exsilio : "for exile" ; dative of Purpose : H. L., 286, 8.
799. animis — parati : sc. ire or sequi : ' ' ready with heart and ivealth to go."
800. pelago deducere : " to lead them over the sea." — deducere is the regular word used of a colonizing expedition.
801. Lucifer = <j>6a<f>opo? •. "the Light bringer." The story goes that the star of Venus guided Aeneas to Italy.
803. spes opis : either "hope of giving aid," or "hope of receiving it."
804. cessi : used in two senses : metaphorical, " / yielded " to fate, and literal, " / left " the scene.
SIGHT TRANSLATION
Introduction
BOOK I
Before resigning his consulship at the end of 59 B.C., Caesar was invested with proconsular power for five years over the two Gauls and over Illyricum. The Gauls were always a turbulent people, torn by factions and dissensions, and were also a constant menace to the Romans of the Province (Provincia) which occupied the southern part of the Rhone valley. The dangers, however, which threatened the Romans at this time did not come so much from the Gauls, as from two other quarters, namely, from the Helvetii, a tribe which occupied what is now Switzerland, and from the German chief Ariovistus.
The events in B. I naturally fall into two divisions :
(1) The campaign against the Helvetii : chap. 1-30 ;
(2) The campaign against Ariovistus : chap. 31 to end.
The Helvetii were old foes of the Romans. In 107 B.C. they had joined forces with the Cimbri and had defeated the Romans. The latter were fully aware that this might happen a second time. As early as 61 B.C. news reached Rome of the intended migration of the Helvetii, but their departure was delayed by the death of their leader, Orgetorix. At last in 58 B. C. they made full preparations for setting out from their homes and moving into southwestern Gaul. They gathered provisions, burned their villages, and with their whole population were on their way to the rich plains of Aquitania. Of the two routes which they might take, the more difficult lay through the territories of the Sequani ; the other, easier and more direct, was through the Roman Provincia. The Helvetii decided to go by the latter route, and by the end of March were already starting on their journey. Within a week Caesar was at Genava (Geneva), levied an army in the Provincia and broke down the bridge over the Rhine. He thus hemmed in the Helvetii between Mt. Jura and the Lake of Geneva. Checked by works that Caesar constructed, they turned into the territory of the Sequani, who allowed them to pass ; and they then attempted to enter the territory of the Haedui. The Haedui had been
236
SIGHT TRANSLATION 237
friendly to the Romans, and Caesar, deciding to defend his allies, cut to pieces one canton of the Helvetii. Caesar was, however, hampered by lack of provisions. The Haedui had promised grain but it had not yet arrived, and they were constantly putting off Caesar by fair promises which naturally aroused his suspicions. He soon found out that politics were at the bottom of this delay. The Haeduan state was torn by rival parties, one led by Dumnorix, and the other by his brother Divitiacus, a high official. Caesar, for the present, reprimanded Dumnorix, and provisions were obtained. Finally Caesar overtook the Helvetii and signally defeated them at Bibracte (Auiuri).
After the defeat of the Helvetii, the Haedui invited Caesar to assist them in driving out the Germans under Ariovistus. Two factions stirred up Gaul, one led by the Haedui, friendly to Rome, the other headed by the Arverai and Sequani, opposed to Rome. The two latter tribes had invited Ariovistus, a German chief, to assist them in the conquest of Gaul. After fruitless negotiations between Caesar and Ariovistus, the two armies met near Basle, and Ariovistus was defeated.
Gaul and its divisions (B. I, 1).
Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ; quarum unam incolunt1 Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flu- men, a Belgis Matrona2 et Sequana3 dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu4 atque humani- tate5 provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos merca- tores saepe6 commeant7 atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos8 pertinent, important; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incoluntj quibuscum contirienter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praece- dunt, quod fere cotidianis9 proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos10 prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.
1 inhabit. 2the Marne. 8the Seine. 4mode of life. Civilization. 6minime saepe = very seldom. 7go, resort. 8 to weaken their courage, 'daily. 10the Germans.
238 SIGHT TRANSLATION
II
Orgetorix, chief of the Helvetii, persuades his countrymen to leave their homes (B. I, 2).
Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et ditissimus fuit Orget- orix. Is, Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate inductus, conjurationera1 nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de suis finibus cum omnibus copiis exirent : (dixit) perfacile esse, cum virtu te omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur2 : una ex3 parte flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetiorum a Germanis dividit : altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia, lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui Provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit.
1league, in which the members swear fidelity to each other (con, together, and jufo, swear). 2are confined by the character of their country. 3on .
Ill
Caesar overtakes a part of the Helvetii and defeats them (B. I, 12).
Flumen est Arar1, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate ita ut oculos in utram partem2 fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus junctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est, tres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flu men Ararim reliquam esse, de3 tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus ad earn partem pervenit quae nondum flumen tran- sierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes4 aggressus magnam eorum partem concidit5: reliqui fugae sese mandaverunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt.
1 the Sadne. a direction. 3 in the course of. 4off their guard. 8con- cldo, ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut to pieces.
SIGHT TRANSLATION 239
IV
Caesar meets with a reverse and follows the Helvetii cautiously (fl. I, 15).
Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem ad numerum quattuor millium, quern ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum1 habebat, praemittit qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui cupidius2 novissimum agmen3 insecuti alieno4 loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; etpauci de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati5 Helvetii, quod quin- gentis equitibus taritam multitudinern equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere nonnunquam et novissimo agmine nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia6 hostem rapinis,7 pabulationibus8 populationibusque9 prohibere. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt uti10 inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum11 non amplius quinis aut senis millibus passuum interesset.12
-ere, coegi, coactum, collect. 2too eagerly. 3the rear. 4 unfavorable. 5 elated : perf. part. pass, of tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum. 6heldit sufficient for the time being, 'plundering. 8foraging. 9raiding. 10uti = ut. "primum sc. agmen, the van. 12intersum, -esse, -fui, be between.
V
Caesar advances against the enemy (B. I, 21).
Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse1 millia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura2 montis et qualis ascensus3, qui cognoscerent, misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De4 tertia vigilia Titum Labienum legatum cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus,5 qui iter cognoverant, summum jugum0 montis ascendere jubet;
240 SIGHT TRANSLATION
quid sui consilii sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigil ia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit, equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Publius Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur7 et in exercitu Lucii Sullae et postea in Marci Crassi fuerat cum exploratoribus praemittitur.
-ere, -sedi, -sessum, encamp. Character, 'ascent. 4after. 5guides. 6ridge. 7was considered.
VI
Caesar prepares for battle with the Helvetii (B. I, 24).
Postquam id animadvertit1, suas copias Caesar in proximum collem subducit2, equitatumque qui sustineret3 hostium im- petum misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tripliceni aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum4, ita uti5 supra se in summo jugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat6, et omnia auxilia collocaret7, ac totum montem hominibus compleret8 ; interim sarcinas9 in unum locum con- ferri et eum ab his qui in superiore acie constiterant10 muniri jussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris11 secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi confertissima12 acie, rejecto13 nostro equitatu et phalange14 facta, sub primam nostram aciem successerunt15.
1 animadverto, -ere, -vertl, -versum, notice. 2lead up. 3sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, check. 4veteranus, -a, -um, veteran. 5so that ( uti = ut) join with collocaret. 6con-scrlbo, enrol. 7place. 8com-pleo, -plere, -plevl, -pletum, fill. 9sarcina, -ae, baggage carried by individual soldiers = packs ; impedimenta, baggage of legion not carried by the soldiers. 10con-sist5, -sistere, -stiti, no sup., take up position. "carrus, I-, cart. 12confertus, -a, -um, dense, closely crowded. 13re- jicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, drive back, repel, "phalanx, phalangis, F., solid mass in close order. 15succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, advance.
SIGHT TRANSLATION 241
BOOK II
Belgic Campaign', 57 B.C.
The campaign of 57 B.C. is marked by the signal defeat of the tribes of the Belgic confederacy. The Belgae occupied northeastern Gaul, i.e., the country between the Sequana (Seine) and the Rhenus (Rhine), roughly speaking, part of France bordering on Belgium, the whole of Belgium, and part of Holland west of the Rhine. In the time of Caesar that part of Europe was covered by extensive swamps and impenetrable forests. It was, however, peopled by a race fond of freedom and, therefore, difficult to conquer. The tribes inhabiting this district were rather of Germanic than of Celtic origin.
Caesar estimates the number of the fighting force of the enemy at about 250,000 men, while his own force opposed to them, numbering eight1 legions, would hardly be more than one tenth that number.
In a hurried march from Cisalpine Gaul, Caesar set out against them. Only the Remi were friendly and these were attacked by the other tribes but were relieved by Caesar. Advancing to the Axona (Aisne) he left six cohorts to guard the bridge. He occupied succes- sively Bibron, Noviodunum and Bratuspantium. After these towns were captured, he fought one of his severest battles against the Nervii, near the river Sabis, in which the defeat of the Roman army was prevented by the personal courage and coolness of the general. Finally the Aduatuci were reduced to submission.
1 In the year 58 B.C. in his first campaign against the Helvetii and Ariovistus, Caesar had six legions: the 10th he formed in Gaul : the llth and 12th he enrolled in the Provincia: three he obtained from Aquileia in northeastern Gallia Cisalpina, the 7th, the 8th, the 9th ; in 57 B.C. he enrolled the 13th and the 14th in Cisalpine Gaul.
VII
Caesar marches against the Belgae (B. II, 2).
His nuntiis litterisque commotus1 Caesar duas legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita2 aestate in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret Quintum Pedium legatura misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli3 copia esse inciperet4 ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium5 Senonibus reliquisque Gallis qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti6 ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de
242 SIGHT TRANSLATION
his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes nuntiave- runt manus cogi7, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Turn vero dubitandum8 non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Re frumentaria comparata castra movet, diebusque circiter
quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
^
1 com-moveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, influence. 2in-eo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum, enter into: perf. part, pass.; translate: "in the beginning of summer." 3pabulum, -I, fodder. 4in-cipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, begin. 5task. 6uti = ut. 7cogo, cogere, coegl, coactum, muster. 8 supply sibi esse : " that he should delay."
VIII
Caesar marches to relieve the Remi (B. II, 7).
Eol de2 media nocte Caesar iisdem ducibus usus qui nuntii ab Iccio3 venerant, Numidas et Gretas sagittarios4 et fundi- tores5 Baleares subsidio6 oppidanis7 mittit ; quorum adventu et Remis studium propugnandi8 accessit9, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi10 oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper11 apud oppidum morati12 agrosque Rernorum depopulati, omni- bus vicis13 aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab millibus passuum minus duobus14 castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo15 atque ignibus significabatur,16 amplius millibus pas- suum octo in latitudinem patebant.
Ho that place, thither. 2 after. 3a nobleman of the Remi. 4Cres Cretis, a Cretan, a native of Crete. 4 Sagittarius, -I, bowman. 5funditor, -oris, slinger. 6subsidium, -I, help. 7oppidan-us, -I, (pi.) townspeople (of Bibron). 8 eagerness for a defence. 9ac-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, cessum, come to : trans, was inspired in the Remi. "gerun- dive : potior, potlrl, potitus sum, gain. aifor a short time. r-'moror, -ari, .-atus, delay. 13vicus, -i, village. 14leaa than two miles off. 15fumus, -I, smoke. 16 signified, show.
SIGHT TRANSLATION 243
IX
Caesar marches against the Nervii, a tribe in the north-east of Gallia Transalpina (B. II, 16).
" That day he overcame the Nervii." — Shakespeare.
Cum per eorum fines triduum1 iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim2 flumen ab castris suis non amplius millia passuum decem abesse ; trans id flumen omnes Nervios conse- disse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatibus et Veromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur)3 ; ex- spectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum4 locum conjecisse5, quo6 propter paludes7 exercitui aditus non esset.
1 three days. 2Sabis, -is, a river in north-eastern Gaul, now the Sambre. 3ex-perior, -periri, -pertus, try. *a. 5 station ; supply eos as subject. 6 whither = to which. 7palus, -udis, marsh.
X
Caesar's soldiers equal to an emergency (B. II, 20).
NOTE : — Carefully read the uses of the gerundive, H. L., p. 187.
Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda; vexillum1 pro- ponendum2 (quod erat insigne3 cum ad arma concurri4 oporteret), signum tuba5 dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, ii qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa6 processerant arces- sendi,7 acies instruenda, milites cohortandi.8 Quarum rerum niagnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus9 hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio,10 — scientia11 atque usus12 militum, quod superieribus proeliis
244 SIGHT TRANSLATION
exercitati, quid fieri oporteret ipsi sibi praescribere13 poterant ; et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat14.
banner. 2pro-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, hang out: supply fuit. 3insig'ne, -is, N. signal. 4con-curro, -currere, currl, -cursum, rush. 5 trumpet. 6for the purpose of seeking material for the mound. 7arcess6, -ere, arcessivi, arcessltum, summon. 8co-hortor, -hortari, -hortatus, address. 9 onset. 10subsidium, -I, help. 11skill. 12ex- perience. 13praescrib5, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptum, give directions. 14veto, -are, -ui, -itum, forbid.
XI
A thanksgiving is decreed at Rome in honor
of Caesar (B. II, 35).
His rebus gestis, omni Gallia pacata,1 tanta hujus belli ad barbaros opinio2 perlata3 est uti4 ab his nationibus quae trans Rhenum incolerent mitterentur legati ad Caesarem qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate5 ad se reverti6 jussit. Ipse, in Carnutes, Andes, Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis7, in Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies quindecim supplicatio8 decreta9 est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli.
1paco, -are, -avi, -atum, pacify. 2impression. 3per fero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, spread. 4uti = ut. 5 See VII. 6revertor, reverti, dep. in present tenses, perf. reverti, reversum, return. 7de-duco, -ducere, duxi, -ductum, withdraw. 8 thanksgiving. 9decern6, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, decree.
BOOK III (56 B.C.).
The third campaign in Gaul (56 B.C.) naturally falls into three divi- sions: (1) the campaign against the Alpine tribes (chapters 1-6); (2) the Venetic War (chapters 7-19); (3) the campaign against the Aqui- tani (chapters 20-29).
The valleys of the Alps leading to Italy were inhabited by predatory tribes who gained a scanty living by working the mines, and exacting
SIGHT TRANSLATION 245
tolls from people passing through their lands. From the days of Hannibal to those of Caesar these wild mountaineers had been a constant menace to the Roman armies who had occasion to pass from Italy to Gaul. Already two legions under Quintus Fedius (B. II, 2), had been attacked. The present expedition was undertaken to strike terror into the hearts of the barbarians in order to prevent the recurrence of a similar attack.
The Veneti were a people of Brittany, in north-western France. They were a nation of hardy mariners. They were fond of freedom and adventure. Their country was rugged, rocky and precipitous, with bold headlands on which their towns were perched. To subdue them, Caesar caused a fleet to be built at the mouth of the Loire. They were finally defeated in a naval battle fought in the Bay of Quiberon.
The campaign against the Aquitani seems to have been fought simply to complete the conquest of Gaul, for they had been, so far, a peaceable people.
XII
A new route to Italy (B. Ill, 1).
Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbam cum legione duodecimo, et parte equitatus in Veragros misit, qui ab finibus Allobrogum ad summas Alpes pertinent. Causa mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cum portoriis1 mercatores ire consueveraiit, pate- fieri2 volebat. Huic permisit, si opus esse3 arbitraretur, uti4 in eis locis legionem hiemandi causa collocaret. Galba, secundis5 aliquot proeliis factis castellisque6 compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas ibi collocare et ipse cum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Yeragrorum7, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus in valle, non magna adjecta8 planitie, altissimis montibus undique continetur.
^ortorium, -i, N. (generally in plural) toll. 2pass. of pate-facio, open. 3to be necessary. 4uti = ut. 5secund-us, -a, -um, successful. 6castellum, -i, N., fortress. 'Veragri, -orum, M. pi. Veragri, an Alpine tribe. 8adjectus, -a, -um. (perf. part, of adjicio) used as an adj., adjacent.
246 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XIII
The Romans saved by a sortie (B. Ill, 5).
Cum jam amplius horis sex continenter1 pugnaretur, ac non solum vires2 sed etiam tela nostros deficerent3, atque hostes acrius instarent4, languidioribusque5 nostris vallum6 scindere7 et fossas complere coepissent, resque esset jam ad extremum perducta casum8, Publius Sextus Baculus, quem Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item Caius Volusenus, vir et consilii magni et virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis decent, si eruptione9 facta extremum auxilium10 experirentur. Itaque, convocatis centurionibus, celeriter militibus imperat ut paulisper inter- mitterent11 proelium, ac tantummodo12 tela missa exciperent13 seque ex labore reficerent ; post, dato signo, ex castris erum- perent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent.
1 without interruption. 2pl. of vis, strength. 3deficio, 3, -fed, -fec- tum, fail. 4insto, 1, -stiti, -statura, press on. 5as our men grew feebler. 6 palisade, rampart, 'scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum, tear down. 8and when the battle had been brought to a final crisis. 9erupti6, -onis, sally. 10 last resource, "discontinue. 12merely. I3i e., on their shields.
XIV
Caesar's motives for making- war (B. Ill, 10).
Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra diximus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant1 : injuriae retentorum equitum2 Romanorum, rebellio3 facta post dedi- tionem, defectio4 datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conjuratio, in primis ne5, hac parte6 neglecta, reliquae nationes idem sibi licere7 arbitrarentur. Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere8 et ad bellum celeriter excitari,
SIGHT TRANSLATION 247
omnes autem homines natura libertati studere8 et condicionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent9, partiendum10 sibi ac latius distribuendum11exercitum putavit.
1urged. 2wrongs done by detaining the cavalry. 3renewal of hostilities. 4revolt. 5supply timer. 6district. 7licet, licere, licuit (impersonal), it is allowed, "the same course was laivful for them." 8 to be eager for. 9 formed a league. 10partior, -iri, -Itus sum, divide. 11distribuo, -ere, -tribul, -tributum, distribute.
XV
The naval battle against the Veneti (B. Ill, 14).
Coinpluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi intellexit frustra1 tantum laborem sumi2, hostium fugam captis oppidis non reprimi3, statuit exspectandam classem. Quae ubi con- venit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ducentae et viginti naves eorum paratissimae atque onmi genere armorum ornatissimae 4, profectae ex portu, nostris adversae constiter- unt5 ; neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, constabat6 quam rationem pugnae insisterent7. Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostris — falces praeacutae8. His cum funes9 qui antennas10 ad malos11 destinabant12 comprehensi adductique13 erant, navigio14 remis incitato, praerumpebantur15. Qui bus abscissis16, antennae necessario concidebant; ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in velis armamentisque 17 consisteret, his ereptis omnis usus18 navium uno tempore eriperetur.
Mn vain. 2sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, expend. 3re-primo, -primere -press!, -pressum, check. 4fully equipped. 5con-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, take position. 6and it was not very clear to Brutus. 7in-sisto, •sistSre, -stiti, adopt. 8falx, falcis, hook, translate: hooks sharpened to a point. 9ropes. 10yardarms. "malus, -i, F. mast. 12made fast. 13draw tight. 14ship. 15break off. 16abscido, -Sre, abscldi, abscisum, tear away. 17 tackle. 18 control.
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XVI
Disastrous defeat of the Gauls (B. Ill, 19).
Locus erat castrorum editus1 et paulatim ab imo acclivis2 circiter mille passus. Hue magno cursu hostes contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatii3 ad se colligendos4 armandosque Romanis daretur exanimatique5 pervenerunt. Sabinus suos hostatus signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera, subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri jubet. Factum est6 opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defeti- gatione, virtute militum et superiorum pugnarum exercita- tione, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent. Quos integris viribus milites nostri consecuti magnum numerum eorum occiderunt ; reliquos equites nostri consectati7 paucos reliquerunt. Civitates omnes se statim dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas mens eorum est.
1high. 2sloping. 8as little time as possible, subject of daretur. 4colligo, 3, -legl, -lectum, form into a body. 5out of breath. 6the result was. 'consector, 1, follow.
BOOK IV (55 B.C.).
The fourth campaign, 55 B.C., naturally falls into two divisions: (1) the campaign against the Germans : (chapters 1-19) : and (2) the first expedition against Britain.
The tribes on the Gallic frontier, the Usipetes and the Tencteri, had been hard pressed by their more powerful neighbors the Suevi, and had crossed the Rhine into northern Gaul. Caesar comes forward, as he had done in the war against Ariovistus, as the defender of the Gauls. He drove back the invaders, builds a bridge, which was a marvel of engineering skill, in the incredible short space of ten days, crosses over into Germany, recrosses the Rhine and breaks down the bridge.
SIGHT TRANSLATION 249
XVII
Customs of the Suevi (B. IV, 1).
Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima German- orum omnium. Hi centum pagos1 habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula millia2 armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus ducunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt3. Hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. Sic neque agri cultura nee ratio atque usus4 belli intermittitur5. Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco colendi6 causa licet. Neque multum frumento sed maximam partem lacte et pecore vivunt multumque sunt in venationibus 7 ; quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit.
district, canton. 2each a thousand. 8alo, -ere, alui, altum, main-, tain. 4ratio, theory ; usus, practice. 5is interrupted. 6of tilling the soil. 7they are much given to hunting.
XVIII
The Ubii, tributaries of the Suevi (B. IV, 3).
Publice1 maximam putant esse laudem quam latissime a2 suis finibus vacare agros ; hac re significari magnum numerum civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse. Itaque una ex parte a Suevis3 circiter millia passuum sexcenta agri vacare dicuntur. Ad alterara partem succedunt4 Ubii quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens ut est captus5 Germanorum : ei paulo sunt, quam ejusdem generis sunt ceteri, humaniores propterea quod Rhenurn attingunt multumque ad eos merca- tores ventitant et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti.6 Hos cum Suevi multis saepe bellis
250 SIGHT TRANSLATION
expert!7 propter amplitudinem gravitatemque civitatis finibus expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales8 sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt.9
*as a nation. 2on the side of. 3from the country of the Suevi in one direction. 4come next. 6according to German ideas ; captus, -us, literally, "what may be grasped." 6conformed. 'tried, tributary. 9redigo -ere redegl, redactum, render.
XIX
Fickle character of the Gauls (B. IV, 5).
His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatera1 Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles2 et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum3 existimavit. Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis4 uti5 et viatores6 etiam invitos7 consistere cogant, et8 quid quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant ; et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat9, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare10 cogat. His rumoribus atque auditionibus11 permoti, de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt.
1 fickleness. 2easily influenced. 3no trust should be placed in them. 4this is a characteristic of the Gallic custom. 5uti = ut, introducing a number of result clauses in apposition with hoc. 6 travellers. 7against their will. 8Join to quaerant 9circum-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, surround. 10tell. "hearsays.
XX
The course of the Rhine described (B. IV, 10).
Mosa1 profluit2 ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Lingonum, et parte3 quadam ex Rheno recepta quae appellatur Vacalus4, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius inde millibus passuum octoginta in Oceanum influit. Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt et longo spatio per fines multarum gentium5 citatus6 fertur ; et ubi Oceano appro- proquavit, in plures defluit partes7 inultis ingentibusque
SIGHT TRANSLATION 251
insulis effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbarisque nationibus incolitur — ex quibus sunt qui piscibus8 atque ovis9 avium10 vivere existimantur, — multisque capitibus11 in Oceanum influit.
1Meuse. 2flows. 'tributary. *Waal. 6tribes. 6<juickly. 'branches. 8piscis, -is, fish. 9ovum, -I, egg. 10avis, -is, bird, "mouths.
XXI
Gallant conduct of two brothers (B. IV, 12). In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quattuor et septuaginta : in his vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus1, am- plissimo2 genere natus, cujus avus3 in civitate sua regnum obtinuerat4 amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus. Hie cum fratri intercluso5 ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex periculo eripuit6, ipse equo vulnerato dejectus7, quoad8 potuit fortissimo restitit9; cum circumventus multis vulneribus acceptis ceci- disset10, atque id frater, qui jam proelio excesserat11, procul animadvertisset12, incitato13 equo se hostibus obtulit14 atque interfectus est.
*An Aquitanian, belonging to Aquitania, a division of Gaul. 2most illustrious, 'grandfather. 4had held sovereign power. 5inter- cludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, cut off. 6e-ripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, rescue, 'thrown. 8quoad, as long as. 9re-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, resist. 10from cado, fall, "had withdrawn. 12governed by cum ; had noticed. 13 spurring on his horse. uhe rushed against ; literally, he threw himself upon.
BOOK V (54 B.C.).
The fifth campaign naturally falls into two parts: (1) the second expedition against Britain, and (2) the uprising in Gaul. We shall deal with the second part.
The uprising in Gaul had been fostered by (1) the absence of Caesar in Britain ; (2) the distribution of the winter camps.
Caesar arrived in Gaul from Britain at the end of September. The summer had been unusually dry, the crops failed and he was compelled to separate his seven and a half legions1 so far apart that it appeared to
1 The fourteenth was divided, one half being drafted into other legions.
252 SIGHT TRANSLATION
the Gauls possible to attack them individually before the one could lend aid to the other. The disturbance began with the murder of Tasgetius, a chief of the Carnutes who was friendly to Caesar. Then followed the attack upon the camp of Sabinus and Cotta stationed at Aduatuca, by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones. In the council of war divided councils prevailed. Cotta was for holding out till aid should come from Caesar. Sabinus was for starting out to try and reach the camp of Cicero. They were surrounded and cut to pieces, only a few escaping to carry the word to Labienus. Ambiorix by his success was able to rouse the Aduatuci, the Nervii and other tribes to attack the headquarters of Cicero. At length, after gallantly defending himself till his resources were almost exhausted, he was relieved by Caesar. By the prompt action of Caesar danger was openly averted ; still the Treviri were secretly urging the Germans to aid them against the Romans. Caesar was compelled to spend the winter of 54-53 B.C. in Transalpine Gaul. He enrolled another legion, the fifteenth, in Gallia Cisalpina.
XXII
The murder of Tasgetius (B. V. 25).
Erant in Carnutibus summo loco natus1 Tasgetius, cujus inajores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic2 Caesar pro3 ejus virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singular! ejus opera4 fuerat usus, majorum locum restituerat. Tertium jam hunc annum regnantem inimici multis palam5 ex6 civitate auctoribus7 interfecerunt. Defertur8 ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat9, ne civitas eorum deficeret10, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci jubet ibique hiemare, quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, eos com- prehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quibus legiones tradiderat11 certior factus est, in hiberna perventum12 locumque hibernis esse munitum.
1 Compare amplissimo genere natus, xvii. 2 indirect object of restituerat. 3for. Assistance. 6openly. 6in. 7auctor, -oris, abettor. 8defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, is reported. 9per-tine6, -tinere, -tinul, -tentum, concern. 10deficio, revolt, "trado, hand over. 12 Supply esse copiis, that the troops had reached the winter quarters.
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XXIII
Cotta opposes leaving the camp (B. V, 28).
Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt1 magnaque inter eos exsistit2 controversial Lucius Cotta compluresque tribuni militum et primorum ordinum4 centuriones nihil temere5 agendum, neque ex hibernis injussu6 Caesaris discedendum existimabant ; quantasvis7 copias etiam Germanorura sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebant; rem esse testimonio8 quod primum hostium impetum multis ultro9 vulneribus illatis10 fortissime sustinuerint ; re f rumen taria11 'se non premi ; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia; postremo, quid esse levius aut turpius quam auctore hoste12 de summis rebus capere consilium ?
May before. 2ex-sisto, -siste're, -stiti, arise. 3dispute. *ordo, -inis, M., rank. 5rashly. 6 without orders. 7 no matter how great. 8 what had happened (rem) was a proof of this. 9even. 10inflicted. 11 by a scarcity of corn. 12on the suggestion of an enemy.
XXIV
The Romans decide to leave their camp (B. V, 31).
Consurgitur1 ex consilio; orant milites ne dissentione2 et pertinacia3 rem in summum periculum deducant4; facilem esse rem, seu maneant seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ; contra in dissentione nullam se salutem perspicere. Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. Tandem dat Cotta permotus manus5; superat sententia Sabini. Pronun- tiatur6 se prima luce ituros. Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex instrumento7 hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. Prima luce ex castris proficiscuntur.
1 they rise : impersonal use of passive. 2by disagreement, 'obstinacy. *cause a most perilous situation. 5dare manus, yield. 6word is given out. 'equipment.
254 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XXV
The massacre (B. V, 37).
Sabinus quos1 in praesentia2 tribunes militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi jubet ; et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, jussus arma abjicere, imperatum facit, suisque ut idem faciant imperat. Interim dum de condicionibus3 inter se agunt longiorqne ab Ambiorige instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. Turn vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum4 tollunt, impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. Ibi Lucius Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi. Ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer cum magna multitudine hostium pre- meretur, aquilam intra vallum projecit, ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre5 ad noctem oppugna- tionem sustinent ; noctu ad unum oinnes, desperata salute, se ipsi interficiunt.
Jquos tribunes militum = eos tribunes militum quos. 2at that
time, "terms, i.e. of surrender. 4yell. 5with difficulty.
XXVI
The rival centurions (B. V, 44).
Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri centuriones qui primis ordiiiibus1 appropinquareiit Titus Pulio et Lucius Yorenus. Hi perpetuas inter se controversias2 habebant uter ante- ferretur3 omnibusque annis4 de locis5 summis simultatibus6 contend ebant. Ex his Pulio, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, Quid dubitas, in.quit, Vorene? Aut quern locum7 tuae probandae virtutis exspectas? Hie dies de nostris contro- versiis judicabit. Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa, in earn irrumpit8. Ke Vorenus quidem se vallo continet sed omnium veritus
SIGHT TRANSLATION 255
existimationem9 subsequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto, Pulio pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine pro- currentem trajicitj quo percusso10 et exanimato, hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi conjichmt neque dant regrediendi facultatem11.
arank. 2 disputes. 3 should have the preference. 4all their life. 5position. 6 rivalry. 7 opportunity. 8irrumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum, rush, 'opinion. 10percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, strike. n opportunity.
XXVII
The rival centurions (continued).
Transfigitur1 scutum Pulioni et verutum2 in balteo3 defigitur4. Avertit5 hie casus6 vaginam7et gladiumeducereconanti8dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt9. Suc- currit10 inimicus illi Yorenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad hunc se confestim11 a Pulione omnis multitude convertit12; ilium veruto arbitrantur occisum. Gladio comminus13 rem gerit14 Vorenus et uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum dejectus inferiorem, concidit15. Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pulio atque ambo incolumes, compluribus interfectis, summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit16 ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque dijudicari17 posset, uter utri virtu te anteferendus videretur.
Hransfigo, -flgere, -fixi, -fixum, pierce. 2dart. 3balteus, sword belt. Mefigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, fasten. 5averto, -ere, -verti, -versum, turn aside. 6accident. 'scabbard. 8literally, "to him attempting to draw his sword," " as he was attempting to draw his sword." 9circum- sisto, -ere, -stitl, no sup., surround. 10succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, runs to his aid (dat. ). ll immediately. 12convert6, -ere, -verti, -versum, turn. 13hand to hand. ucarries on the fight. 15stumbling into a hollow place, he falls. 16changed the positions of both. 17to be decided.
256 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XXVIII
News conveyed to Caesar's camp by a Gallic slave (B. V, 45).
Quanto erafc in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio,1 et maxime quod, magna parte militum confecta vulneribus2, res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat,3 tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur ; quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorurn militum cum cruciatu4 necabatur. Erat unus intus5 Nervius nomine Yertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque ei fidem praestiterat6. Hie servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat7. Has ille in jaculo illigatas8 effert et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur.
Hhe fiercer and more desperate the siege became from day to day. 2 worn out with wounds. sthe fighting (res) now devolved on few de- fenders. 4cruciatus, -us, M. torture. 5 inside the camp. 6praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum, show, 'defero, carry. 8illigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tie to.
XXIX
Prompt measures of relief (B. V, 46). Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter undecima diei statim nuntium ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cujus hiberna aberant ab eo millia passuum viginti quinque; jubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad Caium Fabium legatum mittit ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua sibi scit iter faciendum. Scribit Labieno1 si reipublicae commodo facere posset cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat expec- tandam ; equites circiter quadringentos ex proxirnis hibernis colligit2.
1 supply ut; join with veniat; scribit has an analogous construction to imperat. 2colligo, -ere, -legl, lectum, muster.
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XXX
An " armed council " of the Gauls is summoned (B. V, 56).
Indutiomarus, ubi intellexit Nervios bellum Romanis parare neque sibi volimtariorum copias defore1 arinatum concilium indicit2. Hoc more3 Gallorum est initium belli, quo4 lege communi omnes puberes5 armati convenire consueverunt ; qui ex iis novissimus convenit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus cruciatibus affectus necatur. In eo concilio Cingetorigem, alterius principem factionis, generum suum, quern supra demonstravimus Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, hostem judicat bonaque ejus publicat6. His rebus confectis in concilio pronuntiat7 arcessitum8 se compluribus Galliae civitatibus; se iturum per fines Remorum eorumque agros populaturum9 ; ac priusquam id faciat10 castra Labieni oppugnaturum. Quae fieri velit11 praecipit12.
1 = defuturas esse, fut. infin. of desum, -esse, defui, fail (with dative), proclaims. 3mos, moris, M., custom. 4adv. to which. 5pubes, puberis, M., adult. 6 confiscate. 7declares. 8arcesso, -ere, arcessivl, arcessitum, invite. 9populor, -ari, populatus sum, devastate. 10Subord. clause in O.O. ; H. L., 265, 2 (6). "Indirect Question ; H. L., 200, 4. 12praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, inform.
XXXI
Death of Indutiomarus (B. V, 58). Interim Indutiomarus ad castra Romana accedit atque ibi magnam partem diei consumit1 ; equites Gallorum tela con- jiciunt et magna cum contumelia2 nostros ad pugnam evocant3. Nullo ab nostris dato response, sub vesperum4 dispersi ac dissipati5 discedunt. Subito Labienus duabus portis6 omnem equitatum emittit; praecipit ut, territis hostibus atque in fugam conjectis, unum omnes peterent7 Indutiomarum.
1consum5, -ere, consumpsi, consumptum, spend. 2 insulting language, 'challenge. *towards evening; note use of sub in expression of time; sub noctem, towards night, just before nightfall ; sub primam lucem, just before daybreak. 6in scattered and straggling bands. 6abl. of Route by Which : H. L., 294, 3. ^attack, make for.
258 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XXXII
Death of Indutiomarus (continued, B. Y, 58).
Interdicit Caesar ne quis1 quern2 prius vulneret quam Indutiomarum interfectum viderit, quod spatium nactum3 ilium effugere nolebat; magna proponit iis qui occiderint praemia ; submittit4 cohortes equitibus subsidio. Probat con- silium hominis fortuna ; et, cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso fluminis vaclo deprehensus Indutiomarus interficitur caputque ejus refertur in castra; redeuntes equites quos possunt con- sectantur5 atque occidunt. Hac re cognita, omnes quae con- venerant copiae discedunt ; pauloque habuit post id factum Caesar quietiorem Galliam.
'that no one; H. L., 233, 5. 2anyone. 'nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, obtain. 4 sends. 6consector, -an, -atus sum, overtake.
BOOK VI (53 B.C.).
Early in the spring of 53 B.C. Caesar suddenly appears in the terri- tory of the Nervii and the Menapii, whom he subdues. Meanwhile Labienus, his trusty lieutenant, defeated the Treviri, and placed Cinge- torix, who had always been loyal to the Romans, in supreme power. After uniting his own forces with those of Labienus, Caesar led his army across the Rhine by a new bridge built near the modern city of Berne. The Suevi had mustered to oppose his advance, but subse- quently withdrew to the end of their territories without coming to an engagement. Caesar takes occasion to describe the habits and customs of the Galli, their religion, and priests. He then describes the Ger- mans, the Hercynian Wood, and the wild animals found in it. He returns to Gaul, cuts down part of the bridge, and scatters the forces of Ambiorix, chief of the Eburones. In the late summer, the Sigambri, a German tribe, cross the Rhine and attack Aduatuca (Tongres), where Cicero was stationed. Cicero nearly met with a severe defeat. After ravaging the country of the Eburones, Caesar holds an assembly of the Gauls at Durocortorum (Rheims), at which the rebellious chiefs were condemned. Acco, the leader of the rebellion among the Carnutes and Sennones, is put tc death ; the other condemned chieftains fled. Caesar then felt safe to go to Italy.
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XXXIII
The Treviri stir up war (B. VI, 2).
Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad ejus propinquos1 a Treviris imperium defertur. Illi finitimos Germanos sollici- tare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt2. Cum ab proximis impetrare3 non possent, ulteriores temptant.* Inventis nonnullis civitatibus, jurejurando inter se confirmant5; Ambi- origem sibi societate et foedere6 adjungunt. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, adjunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis, esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum finitimis civitatibus consilia communicare,7 a Treviris Germanos crebris legationi- bus sollicitari, maturius8 sibi de bello cogitandum9 putavit.
Jnear relatives. Mesisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, cease from. 3to obtain their wish. 4try those farther off. 5they bind themselves mutually by an oath, 'by alliance and treaty. 7 were forming common plans. 8 earlier than usual. 'Gerundival Infinitive ; H. L., 189.
XXXIV
Caesar quells the Nervii and summons a council at Paris (B. VI, 3).
Itaque, nondum hieine confecta1, proximis quattuor coactis legionibus, de improviso2 in fines Nerviorurn contendit, et priusquam illi aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa vastatisque agris, in deditionem venire atque obsides sibi dare coegit. Eo celeriter confecto negotio, rursus in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, ut instituerat3, indicto4, cum reliqui praeter Senones, Carnutes, Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defectionis5 hoc esse arbitratus, ut omnia postponere videretur6, concilium Lutetiam Parisiorum7 transfert. Confines8 erant hi Senonibus civitat- emque patrum memoria conjunxerant ; sed ab hoc consilio
260 SIGHT TRANSLATION
afuisse9 existimabantur. Hac re pro suggestu10 pronuntiata, eodem die cum le.gionibus in Senones proficiscitur magnisque itineribus eo pervenit.
1 before winter was quite over. Unexpectedly, 'arranged. *havin been proclaimed. 5 re volt. 6that he might make it appear that he waf postponing the whole matter. 7to Lutetia of the Parisii = to Paris The council before met at Samarobriva (Amiens). 8neighbors. Ho b averse. 10suggestus, -us, tribunal, or platform.
xxxy
Caesar crosses the Rhine a second time (B. VI, 9).
Caesar postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus d( causis Rhenura transire constituit : quarum una erat quod German! auxilia contra se1 Treviris miserant; altera, ne ac eos Ambiorix receptum haberet2. His constitutis rebus, paulo supra3 eum locum quo ante exercitum traduxerat facerf pontem instituit. Magno militum studio paucis diebus opu efficitur. Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne quis ab his subito motus oriretur4, reliquas copias equitatumque traducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui5 causa ad eum legates mittunt qui doceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa neque ab se fidem laesam 6 : petunt atque orant 7 ut sibi parcat, ne communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocentibus poenas pendant8; si amplius obsidum velit dari, pollicentur.
1se = ipsum, i.e., Caesar. 2that Ambiorix might not find refuge with them. 3the former bridge was built near Bonn, 55 B.C. (B. IV, 17) ; the present one was built farther up the stream, near Andernach. *orior, oriri, ortus sum, arise; "to prevent any sudden rising taking place among them." ^of clearing themselves ; H. L., 187, 8. 6laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, break ; with fidem, to break their word, 'they beg and pray, i.e., they earnestly beg. 8pay the penalty.
SIGHT TRANSLATION 261
XXXVI
Factions among the Gauls (B. VI, 11).
Quoniam ad hunc locum1 perventum est,2 non alienura3 esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese proponere4. In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omnibus pagis5 partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis domibus factiones6 sunt; earumque factionum principes sunt, quorum ad arbitrium summa omnium rerum redeat7. Ita ejus rei causa antiquitus8 insti- tutum esse videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii egeret9; suos enim quisque10 opprimi et circumveniri non patitur11, neque, aliter12 si faciat, ullam inter suos habeat auctoritatem.
lplace (in my narrative). 2 — perveni. 3amiss, out of place ; literally, foreign (to my subject). Ho lay before (my readers) = to explain. 5cantons. 6political parties. 7the final decision of all matters is referred. 8in former times. 9that no one from the common people should be at a loss for aid against any one more powerful than himself. 10 i.e. each party leader, "refuses to allow. 12 otherwise.
XXXVII
Rival factions in Gaul (B. VI, 12). Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis1 principes erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. Hi2, cum per se minus valerent,3 quod summa auctoritas antiquitus4 erat in Haeduis magnaeque eorum erant clientelae5, Germanos atque Ariovistum sibi adjunxerant eosque ad se magnis jacturis6 pollicitationi- busque7 perduxerant. Proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis atque omni nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta, tantum potentia antecesserant8 ut magnam partem clientium9 ab Haeduis ad se traducerent obsidesque ab iis principum filios acciperent et
262 SIGHT TRANSLATION
publice jurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consilii inituros10, et partem finitirai agri per vim occupatam possi- derent11, Galliaeque totius principatum obtinerent.
1factio, -onis, F. political party. 2the latter. 3were not sufficiently strong of themselves, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, be strong. 4in ancient times. 6clientela, -ae, F., the relation of patronus and cliens : depen- dant. 6jactura, -ae, F., sacrifice, "pollicitatio, -onis, F., promise. 8they (Sequani) so far excelled in power (the Haedui). 9cliens, -tis, M., dependant. 10consilium inire, to enter upon a plan, to undertake. "possideo, -ere, possedi, possessum, possess.
XXXVIII
Caesar supports the Aedui and Remi (B. VI, 12).
Necessitate adductus1 Haeduus Divitiacus auxilii petendi causa Roinam ad senatum profectus imperfecta re2 redierat. Adventu Caesaiis facta commutatione3 rerum, obsidibus Haeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, quod hi, qui se ad eorum4 amicitiam aggregaverant, meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se uti5 videbant, eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata, Sequani principatum dimiserant.6 In eorum locum Remi successerant7 ; quos quod adaequare8 apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Haeduis con- jungi poterant se Remis in clientelam dicabant9. Hos illi diligenter tuebantur; ita novam auctoritatem tenebant. Eo turn statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur Haedui, secundum locum dignitatis Remi obtinerent.
1 forced by necessity. 2 without accomplishing his purpose. 8com- mutatio, -onis,. F, change. 4ie., the Haedui. 5utor, uti, usus sum, enjoy. 6had been compelled to give up. 7succedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessum, succeed. 8supply Haeduos after adaequare, that they had rivalled the Haedui in Caesar's favor. 9placed themselves under the protection of the Remi ; died, I, assign.
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XXXIX
Classes of people among the Gauls. The Druids (B. VI, 13).
In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero1 atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorura habetur loco2, quae nihil audet per se, nulli adhibetur3 consilio. Plerique cum aub aere alieno4 aut magnitudine tribute rum5 aut injuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant6 nobilibus ; quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt jura quae dorninis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est druidum7, alterum equitum. UK rebus divinis intersunt8, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant9, religiones interpretantur10 ; ad eos magnus adolescentiae numerus dis- ciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus controversiis11 publicis privatisque constituunt ; et, si quod est adinissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de finibus controversia est, iidem decernunt, praemia poen- asque constituunt12.
1 estimation. 2the common people are regarded almost as slaves. 'adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum, admit. 4aes alienum, debt. Exces- sive taxes. 6devote themselves, 'druides, -um, M. pi. Druids. 8have charge. 9attend to. 10 expound everything connected with religion. 11 disputes. 12determine.
XL The Druids (continued}.
Si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit1, sacrifices interdicunt2. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima, Quibus ita est interdictum3, hi numero4 impiorum ac scelera- torum habentur5, his omnes decedunt6; aditum sermonemque defugiunt7, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant8, neque his petentibus jus redditur neque honos ullus communicatur9.
264 SIGHT TRANSLATION
His autem omnibus druidibus praeest10 unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, aut, si qui ex reliquis excellit11 dignitate, succedit12, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio13 druidum ; nonnunquam14 etiam armis de principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt15 in loco consecrate. Hue omnes undique qui controversias16 habent conveniunt eorumque decretis judiciisque parent. Disciplina17 in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam trans- lata18 esse existimatur ; et nunc qui diligentius earn rem19 cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.
Jabide by their decision (decreto is abl.). 2supply eos: literally, they exclude these from the sacrifices. 3 those who are so excluded. 4=in numero. 5are accounted. 6supply de via, all make way for these, 'they avoid meeting them and conversing with them. 8lest they receive any harm from coming in contact with these : incommodi Part. Gen. after quid. 9neither to their petition is justice rendered, nor is any public office shared with them. 10is over (with dat. H. L., 229, 4). 11excello, -ere, surpass. 12succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, succeed. 13suffragium, I-, N., vote. "sometimes. 15consido, -ere, sedi, -sessum, hold meeting. 16 disputes, "the system. 18from trans- fero, bring over. 19 = disciplinam.
XLI The Druids (continued, £. VI, 14).
Druides a bello abesse consuerunt1 neque tributa2 una3 cum reliquis pendunt4; militiae vacationem5 omniumque rerum habent immunitatem6. Tantis incitati praemiis et sua sponte7 multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum8 ediscere9 dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos10 in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare11, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris
SIGHT TRANSLATION 265
utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis' instituisse videntur; quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri12 velint neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos13 minus memoriae studere14, — quod fere plerisque accidit15 ut praesidio16 litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant17. In primis hoc volunt persuadere18, non interire animas19, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios ; atque hoc maxim e ad virtu tern excitari putant metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideribus'20 atque eorum motu21, de mundi22 ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura23, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant et juventuti tradunt.
1 = consueverunt, Hributum, -I, N., tax. s together. *pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, pay. 6exemption. 6freedom from public services. T of their own accord, 8 versus, -us, M., verse. 9edisc6, -ere, learn by heart. 10twenty each, "commit. 12spread abroad. 13confido, -ere, conflsus sum, trust. upay too little heed to memory. 15 happens. 16 with the assistance of letters. 17 relax. 18 inculcate. 19anima, ae, F. soul, ^sldus, -eris, N., star. 2lmotus, -us, M., motion. 22mundus, -I, universe. 23 rerum natura, the nature of things, science.
XLII
Religion of the Gauls (B. VI, 16).
Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus1 ; atque ob earn causam qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis2, quique in proeliis periculisque versantur3, aut pro victimis homines immolant4 aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque5 ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, quod pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur6, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur ; publiceque ejusdem generis habent insti- tuta sacrificia. Alii immani7 magnitudine simulacra8 habent, quorum contexta9 viminibus membra vivis hominibus com- plent10 ; quibus succensis11 circumventi12 flamma exanimantur13 homines. Supplicia14 eorum qui in furto15 aut in latrocinio16
266 SIGHT TRANSLATION
aut aliqua noxia17 sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum ejus generis copia deficit18, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt19.
1 wholly given up to religious observances. 2 those who are distressed with incurable diseases. 3are engaged, ^sacrifice. 5administer, -tri, M., assistant, attendant priest. 6reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, give in compensation, 'immense. 8simulacrum, -I, N., images of men, sc. hominum. "contexo, -ere, -texul, -textum, weave. 10comple6, -ere, -evl, -etum, fill, "succendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, burn. 12surrounded. "perish, "punishment. 15 furtum, -I, N. , thef t. 16latrocinium, -I, N., robbery, "guilty act. 18fails. 19 they resort to.
XLIII
The Gods of the Gauls (B. VI, 17).
Deum maxime Mercurium colunt ; hujus sunt plurima simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem1 artium2 ferunt3; hunc viarum atque itineium ducem ; hunc ad quaestus4 pecuniae mercaturasque5 habere vim maximam arbitrantur; post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Jovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem6; Apollinem morbos depellere", Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere8, Jovem imperium caelestium9 tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare10 constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque11 devovent12; cum superaverunt animalia capta immolant reliquasque res in unum locum con- ferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos13 tiimulos locis consecratis conspicari14 licet; neque saepe accidit tit neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita tollere auderet gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu15 constitutum est.
1 discoverer. 2handicraft. 'believe, regard. 4quaestus, -us, M., profit, gain. 5mercatura, :ae, F., traffic. 6belief. 'ward off. in- structs in the rudiments of works and arts, i.e., mechanical arts. 'caelestes, -ium, pi. heavenly gods, supply deorum. 10fight a pitched battle, "generally. 12devote. 13piled up. 14see. 15torture.
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XLIV
Marriages and funerals among the Gauls (B. VI, 19).
Viri in uxores sicuti1 in liberos vitae necisque2 habent potestatem ; et cum pater familiae illustriore loco3 natus decessit4, ejus propinqui conveniunt et de morte si res in suspicionem venit5 de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem6 habent et si compertum est7, igni et omnibus tormentis ex- cruciatas8 interficiunt. Funera9 sunt pro cultu10 Gallorum magnifica et sumptuosa11 ; omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse12 arbitrantur in ignem inferunt etiam animalia ac paulo supra hanc memoriam13 servi et clientes quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, justis14 funeribus confectis, una cremabantur.
*as also. 2nex, necis, F., death, 'somewhat distinguished family. Mecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessuir, die. 6if his death has been suspected, •investigation. 7comperi6, -Ire, comperi, compertum, find out. 8after being tortured. 9funerals. 10considering the civilization. ngrand and expensive. 12cordi esse, be dear. 13 a little before our time, "regular.
XLV
Laws against Gossiping (B. VI, 20). Quae civitates commodius1 suam rem publicam administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum2 si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore aut fama acceperit uti ad magrstrum deferat neve3 cum quo alio communicet quod4 saepe homines teme- rarios5 atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistratus quae visa sunt6 occultant quaeque esse ex usu judicaverunt multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur7.
1well ; literally, "better than ordinary." 2sanci6, -Ire, sanxl, sanc- tum, lay down bylaw. 3=etne. 4 because : join with cognitum est. 5 rash. 6seem good. 7concedo, -ere, concessi, concessum, allow.
268 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XLVI
The Germans (B. VI, 21).
German! multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam neque druides habent qui rebus divinis praesint1, neque sacrificiis student2. Deorum numero3 eos solos ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam ; reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt4. Vita omnis in venationibus5 atque in studiis rei militaris consistit6 ; ab parvulis7 laboii ac duritiae student8. Qui diutissime im- puberes9 permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt laudem ; hoc ali staturam, ali vires nervosque confirmari putant. In fluminibus perfluuntur10 et pellibus ac parvis renonum teg- men tis11 utuntur, magna corporis parte nuda.
1H. L., 237, 1. 2perform. 3 =in numero. 4not even by report have they heard of. 5 hunting. 6 consists, -ere, -stiti, is spent. 7from their earliest age : parvulus, diminutive of parvus. 8they accustom them- selves to toil and hardship. 9impubes, -eris, unmarried. 10perfluo, -ere, -fluxl, -fluxum, bathe themselves. n skins of reindeer.
XL VII
Land Tenure among the Germans (B. VI, 22).
Agriculturae non student1 majorque pars eorum victus2 in lacte, caseo3, carne consistit. Neque quisquam agri modum certum4 aut fines habet proprios5 sed magistratus ac principes6 in annos singulos gentibus7 cognationibusque8 hominum qui turn una coierunt9 quantum et quo loco visum est agri10 attri- buunt11 atque anno post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas afferunt12 causas ; ne assidua consuetudine capti13 studium belli gerendi agricultural4 commutent15 ; ne latos fines parare studeant16 potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant ; ne accuratius ad frigora- atque aestus vitandos aedificent ; ne
SIGHT TRANSLATION 269
qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas qua ex re factiones dissension- esque nascuntur ; ut animi aequitate17 plebem contineant cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari18 videat.
lThey pay no heed. 2victus, -us, M., food. 3caseus, -I, M., cheese. *fixed amount. 5of his own. 6join with attribuunt. T clans. 8families. 'of the people who have met on the occasion. 10 Partitive Genitive depending on quantum, "assign. 12give. " charmed by habitual custom. uabl. of Price : H.L., 293, 4. 15exchange: i.e., abandon the pursuit of war for agriculture. 16aim at acquiring. 17 contentment. 18 is on an equality with.
XLVIII
Warlike habits of the Germans (£. VI, 23). Civitatibus maxima laus est1 quam latissime2 circum se vastatis finibus sollitudines habere. Hoc proprium3 virtutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere4 neque quemquam prope audere consistere5 ; simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur repentinae incursionis timore sublato6. Cum bellum civitas aut illatum7 defendit aut infert, magistratus qui ei bello praesint7 et vitae necisque8 habeant potestatem deliguntur. In pace nullus est communis magistratus sed principes regionum atque pagorum9 inter suos jus dicunt10 controversiasque minuunt11. Latrocinia nullam habent12 infamiam13 quae extra fines cujus- que civitatis fiunt atque ea juventutis exercendae ac desidiae14 minuendae causa fieri praedicant15. Hospitem16 violare fas non putant et qui quacumque de causa17 ad eos venerunt ab injuria prohibent, sanctos18 habent, hisque omnium domus patent19 victusque communicatur20.
Hhe greatest reputation that a state can have is. 2as far and wide as possible. *a characteristic. 4that their neighbors being driven out of their lands should retire before them. 6 settle. 6from tollo : remove, 'bellum illatum, an aggressive war. 7Final Rel. and Subj. : H. L., 232, 2. 8nex, necis, F., death. 9pagus, -I, M., canton. 10administer justice. nminu5, -ere, minui, minutum, settle. 12regard. "disgrace. ufor the purpose of lessening indolence. 15praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, avow, 16hospes, -itis, M., guest. 17 for any reason whatever. 18sacred. 19pateo, -ere, -ul, be open, ^ig shared.
270 SIGHT TRANSLATION
XLIX
The Germans and the Gauls contrasted in bravery
(B. VI, 24).
Ac fuit antea tempus cum Germanos Galli virtute super- arent, ultro1 bella inferrent, propter hominum2 multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea3 quae fertilissima Gerinaniae sunt loca circum Hercyniam silvain quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, Volcae Tectosages4 occupaverunt atque ibi conse- derunt5 ; quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet summamque habet justitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem. Nunc quod in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia Germani per- manent6, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur ; Gallis autem provinciarum Romanarum propinquitas7 et transmarinarum rerum notitia8 multa ad usus largitur9, paulatim assuefacti superari multisque victi proeliis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute comparant.
1 voluntarily. 2population. 3 join with loca. 4a Gallic tribe. 5consld5, -ere, -sedl, -sessum, settle. 6as the Germans live in the same poverty, want and endurance of hardships, 'nearness. 8 knowledge of things beyond the sea. 9 brings in many things they regard as essentials.
L The Hercynian Forest (B. VI, 25).
Hujus Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitude novem dierum iter expedito patet1 ; non enim aliter finiri2 potest, neque mensuras3 itinerum noverunt. Oritur4 ab Helvetiorum finibus rectaque fluminis Danuvii regione5 pertinet ad fines Dacorum6; multarumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit; neque quisquam est hujus Germaniae qui se aut adisse ad initium ejus silvae dicat7, cum8 dierum iter sexaginta processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur
I SIGHT TRANSLATION 271
acceperit ; multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae reliquis in locis visa non sint7 ; ex quibus quae maxime differant7 ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur7 haec sunt.
1 extends over a journey of nine days, to a man lightly equipped. 2finio, -ire, Ivi, -itum, define. 3mensura, -ae, F. measurement. *orior, -in, ortus sum, starts, begins. 6in a direct line with (i.e., parallel to). 6DacI, orum, M. pi. the Dacians, a tribe on the Danube. 7subj. in a clause of Characteristic: H. L., 237, 1.
LI
One-horned cattle ; the Elk (B. VI, 26, 27).
Est bos cervi figura1 cujus a media fronte2 inter aures3 unum cornu exsistit4 excelsius5 magisque directum6 his quae nobis sunt nota, cornibus; ab ejus summo sicut palmae ramique7 late diffunduntur8. Eadem est feminae9 marisque10 natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. Sunt item quae appellantur alces11. Harum est consimilis capris12 figura et varietas pellium13 sed magnitudine paulo antecedunt, mutil- aeque sunt cornibus14 et crura15 sine nod is articulisque16 habent, neque quietis causa procumburit17 neque si quo afflictae18 casu19 conciderunt. erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro cubilibus ; ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animadversum a venatoribus quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se reclinavarunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque una ipsae concidunt.
1of the shape of a deer : since the genitive has an adjectival force : figura is abl. of description ; probably the reindeer is meant. 2frons, frontis, F., forehead. 3auris, -is, F., ear. 4exsisto, -ere, protrude. 5excelsus, -a, -um, high. 6straight. 7as it were branching hands (hendiadys). 8diffundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, spread. 9femina, -ae, F., female. 10mas, maris, adj., male. nalces, -ium, elks. 12caper, -prl, M., goat. 13 piebald appearance. 14literally : they are blunted in their horns, i. e. , their horns are blunted. 15crus, cruris, N., leg. 16without knotted joints (hendiadys]. 17procumb6, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, lie down. 18affllg5, -ere, flixi, flictum, throw down. 19casus, -us, M., accident.
272 SIGHT TRANSLATION
LII
The primitive Ox (B. VI, 28).
Tertium est genus eorum1 qui uri2 appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra3 elephantos, specie4 et colore et figura tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas. Neque homini neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose5 foveis6 captos interficiunt7 ; hoc se labore durant8 adolescentes atque hoc genere venationis9 exercent et qui plurimos ex his interfe- cerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus10, magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere11 ad homines et mansuefieri12 ne parvuli quidem13 possunt. Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum bourn cornibus differt13. Haec studiose conquisita14 ab labris15 argento circumcludunt1<? atque in amplissimis epulis17 pro poculis18 utuntur.
1literally, is of those; consists of those, 2urus, -I, M., wild ox or bison. 8a little less than. 4of the appearance. 6eagerly. 6fovea, -ae, F., pitfall, snare. 7they eagerly capture in pitfalls and kill these. 8make themselves hardy. 9venatio, -onis, F. , hunting. 10when the horns are brought into a public place: with publicum supply locum. nadsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum, become accustomed, "mansuefacio, -ere, -feel, -factum, tame. 18not even when caught young. 13differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatum, differ. uconquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitum, seek out. 15labrum, -I, N. lip : translate, at the rim. 16circumcludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, surround. 17epulum, -i, N. (sing.): epulae, -arum, F. (pi. ), banquet. 18poculum, -I, N. cup : translate, as drinking cups.
LIII
A force left on the Rhine (B. VI, 29).
Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores comperit1 Suebos sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus quod, ut supra demonstravimus, minime omnes Germani agriculturae student constituit non progredi longius ; sed ne omnino metum reditus
SIGHT TRANSLATION 273
sui barbaris2 tolleret atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret3, reducto exercitu, partem4 ultimam pontis quae ripas Ubiorum con- tingebat5 in longitudinem pedum ducentoruin rescindit6 atque in extreme ponte turrim constituit praesidiumque cohortium duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit magnisque eum locum munitionibus firmat. Ei loco praesidioque Caium Yolcatium Tullum adolescentem praefecit.
^omperio, 4, comperi, compertum, find out. Mat. H. L., 285, 5, (6) ; translate : but that he might not altogether relieve the barbarians of all fear of his return. 3tard5, 1, keep back. *object of rescindit. 6contingo, -ere, contigl, contactum, join. 6rescindo, -ere, rescidl, rescissum, cut down.
LIV A Roman Hero (£. VI, 38).
Erat aeger cum praesidio relictus Publius Sextus Baculus cujus mentionem superioribus proeliis fecimus ac diem jam quintum cibo1 caruerat2. Hie diffisus3 suae atque omnium saluti inermis4 ex tabernaculo5 prodit6 ; videt immiiiere7 hostes atque in summo esse rem discrimine; capit arma a proximis atque in porta consistit. Consequuntur hunc centuriones ejus cohortis quae in statione erat ; paulisper una proelium sustinent. Relinquit animus Sextium8 gravissimis acceptis vulneribus; aegre servatur. Hoc spatio interposito, reliqui sese confirmant tantum ut in munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque defensorum praebeant.
, -I, M. , food. 2careo, ere, carul, caritum, be without (gov. abl. ). 8diffid5, -ere, diffisus sum, distrust (semi -deponent : H. L., 135, 5) fido and its compounds usually govern dat. of person and abl. of thing : fear- ing for his own safety and that of his comrades. 4 inermis, -e, adj., unarmed. 6tabernaculum, -I, N., tent. 6prodeo, -Ire, -il, -itum advance, 'immineo, -ere, be near. 8Sextius faints, or becomes unconscious.
274 SIGHT TRANSLATION
LV
Ca6sar returns in safety (B. VI, 41).
German! desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros jam constitisse1 in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda quam in silvis deposuerant trans Rhenum sese receperunt ; ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum2 hostium terror ut ea nocte, cum Caius Volusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem non faceret3 adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu. Sic omnino4 animos timor praeoccupaverat5 ut paeiie alienata mente,6 deletis omnibus copiis, equitatum se ex fuga recepisse dicerent, neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppug- naturos fuisse contenderent. Quem timorem Caesaris adventus sustulit7.
1consist5, -ere, -stiti, stitum, take a position. 2discessus, -us, M., withdrawal, 'could not make them believe. 4completely. 6 taken possession of. 6almost beside themselves, 'tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum, remove.
VOCABULARY
275
ABBREVIATIONS
The references in the Vocabulary are to the pages and sections of THE NKW FIRST LATIN BOOK by Henderson and Little (marked by letters H. L.), and to the chapters of Caesar and lines of Vergil. In the references, "c." stands for Caesar; " Verg." for Vergil.
abL ablative.
ace accusative.
adj adjective.
adv adverb.
cf. compare.
comp comparative.
conj conjunction.
dat dative.
defec defective.
dem demonstrative.
dep deponent.
dim. diminutive.
distrib distributive.
F. feminine.
gen genitive.
impers impersonal.
indecl indeclinable.
indef indefinite.
interrog interrogative.
intr intransitive.
irreg irregular.
M masculine.
N neuter
num numeral.
ord ordinal.
p. ...... page.
part participle.
pass passive.
perf. : perfect.
pi plural.
prep preposition.
pro pronoun.
rel relative.
sc supply.
sing singular.
sup. superlative.
tr transitive.
v. . verb.
The quantity of vowels long or short by position and of diphthongs (which are all long) and of short vowels is not. given.
276
VOCABULAEY
CAESAR : Bellum Gallicum, Bk. IV, 20— Bk. V, 23. VERGIL: JEneid, Bk. II. SIGHT TRANSLATION.
a, ab, prep, with abl. (a only before consonants ; ab before vowels and con- sonants) ; ab millibus passuum octo, eight miles off (c. iv, 22); ab aperto latere, on the exposed flank (the right side) (c. iv, 26) : a Pirustis, on the side of the Pirustae (c. v, 1).
abdo, -ere, -didi, ditum, v. tr., hide.
abeo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum, v. intr., go away.
abhinc, adv., ago ; abhinc decem annos or abhinc decem annis, ten years ago, H. L., 116, 4.
abjicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., throw away.
abies, -ietis, F., a fir-tree, spruce.
abluo, -ere, -lui, -lutuna, wash off, purify (ab, luo, "wash ").
abnego, -are, -avi, -atum, refuse.
abscedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr. , go away, leave off.
absens, -tis (pres. part, of absum), adj., absent.
absisto, -ere, -stiti, v. intr., desist ; ab signis legionibusque non ab- sistere, not to stop short of the standards of the legions (c. v, 17).
abstineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, v. tr., hold away; refrain (abs=ab; teneo, "hold").
absum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be ab- sent, distant from ; abesse decem millia passuum, to be ten miles off ; neque multum abesse quin, to be not far from (c. v, 2).
ac (used before consonants) ; another form of atque (used before vowels), which see.
Acamas, -ntis, M., Acamas, a Greek hero (Verg. 262).
accede, -ere, -cessi, cessum, v. intr., go towards, reach ; accessum
est ad Britanniam omnibus navi- bus, all the ships reached Britain (c. v, 8); impers., accedit, -cedere, -cessit, it is added ; accessit etiam quod, there was also added the fact that (c. iv, 16) ; accedebat hue ut, to this was added the fact that (c. v, 16).
accido, -ere, -cidi, happen : usually impers. ; accidit, accidere, accidit, it happens; opportune accidisse arbitratus, thinking that this had hap- pened fortunately (c. iv, 22) ; accidit ut, it happened that(c. iv,29).
accingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum, gird on ; reflexive S§ omitted (Verg. 235).
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, ceptum, v. tr., receive; to hear (Verg. 65, 308); welcome (Verg. 265).
accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fit to (Verg. 393).
acer, acris, acre, adj., keen, sharp, severe (comp., acrior; sup., acerri- mus).
acernus, -a, -um, adj., made of maple, maple.
Achaicus, -a, -um, adj., Achaian, Grecian.
Achilles, -is (or -I, ei), M., Achilles, the chief Greek hero in the Trojan war ; son of Peleus.
Achivl, -drum, M. pi. : the Greeks : see note Verg. 45.
acies, -el, F., edge ; acies ferri, the edge of the sword (Verg. 333) : line of battle ; aciem instruere, to draw up a line of battle ; acie certare, to fight in line of battle (Verg. 30) ; legiones in acie constituere, to draw up the legions in line, (c. iv, 35).
acriter, adv., fiercely, keenly (comp., acrius; sup., acerrime); acriter pugnatum est, a keen battle was fought.
actuarius, -a, -um, adj., impelled by oars, furnished with oars.
277
278
VOCABULARY
acutus, -a, -urn, adj., sharp, keen.
ad, prep, (with ace.), to, against, to- wards, near to, at, alongside (c. iv, 25) often used with gerund or gerundive, for the purpose of (c. iv, 23, 29, 31) ; ad pristinam fortunam, to complete his former good fortune (c. iv, 26) ; ad diem, on the right day, punctually (c. v, l) ; ad Cantium, at Kent(c. v, 13) ; ad soils occasum, at sunset (c. v, 8) ; ad hunc modum, in this way.
adaequo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., equal.
addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., add, join to.
adduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., lead to, bring to (of persons) (c. iv, 22, 36) ; induce (c. iv, 37).
adeo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum, v. tr. and intr., approach, visit, reach.
adeo, adv., to this point, so, such, to that degree.
(adfor), -ari, -atus sum, speak to.
adfore, fut. infin. of adsum; see adsum.
adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, hibitum, v. tr., summon, call in, admit ; adhibi- tis principibus majoribusque natU, summoning the chiefs and elders (c. iv, 13).
adhortor, -hortari, -hortatus sum, v. dep., encourage.
adhuc, adv., to this place, thus far, as yet.
adjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -iectum, v. tr., throw to, throw up ; in litus telum adjici poterat, a dart could be thrown to the water's edge (c. iv, 23) ; agger- em ad munitiones adjicere, to throw up a mound against the fortifica- tions (c. v, 9).
adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, v. tr., take away, deprive of.
aditus, -US, M., approach, landing- place (c. iv, 20) ; mercatoribus est aditus, merchants have access (c. iv, 2).
adjungo, -ere, -junxT, -junc- tum, v. tr., join to, add.
adjuvo, -are, -juvi, -jutum, v. tr., aid, help, assist.
administro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., do, manage ; cum paulo tar- dius administratum esset, when this was done somewhat slowly (c. iv, 23); rempublicam administrare, to carry on the government.
admitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missum, v. tr., allow, permit ; facinus admit- tere, to commit a crime ; dedecus
admittere, to be guilty of a disgrace (c. iv, 25).
admodum, adv., very much, greatly ; with numbers, full}', at least.
adolescens, -centis, M., a youth.
adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v. tr. dep., rise up against, attack, assail.
adporto, -portare, -portavi, por- tatum, v. tr., convey to.
adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- sum, v. intr., assent, approve.
adservo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., guard closely, closely cling to.
adsplro, -splrare, -spiravi, -spir- atum (with dat.), breathe upon, am favorable to.
adsto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., stand by, stand erect.
adsum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be pre- sent, near.
adventus, --us, M., arrival.
adversus, -a, -um, adj., turned to, opposed to, unfavorable : nocte ad- versa, in the teeth of night, or in a foul night (c. iv, 28) ; adversi venti, war- ring winds (Verg. 416).
adversus, prep, (with ace.), opposed to, over against.
adverto. -ere, -verti, -versum, v. tr., turn to ; animum advertere, to notice.
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fly to, hasten to.
aedes, -is, F., a temple ; in plural, a house or temples.
aediflcium, -i, N., dwelling, house.
aediflco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., build.
Aedui, -orum, M. pi., the Aedui, a tribe of Gaul (France).
Aeduus, -a, -um, adj., Aeduan.
aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick (comp. aegrior; sup., aegerrimus).
aegre, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly.
Aeneas, -ae, M. ; Aeneas, son of An- chises and Venus, and hero of the Aeneid.
aeneus, -a, -um, adj., made of bronze or copper.
aequinoctium, -i, N., the equinox, either 21st March or 21st September ; in Caesar, the latter.
aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make equal.
aequor, -oris, N., sea.
aequus, -a,-um, adj., just.
aeratus,-a,-um,adj.,ofbrass,brazen.
VOCABULARY
279
aes, aeris, N., bronze, copper (c. iv, 31) money ; aes alienum, debt (literally, money belonging to another)
aestas, -atis, F., summer; media aestate, in the middle of summer; extrema aestate, at the end of summer ; prima aestate, at the be- ginning of summer; aestatem con- sumere, to spend the summer (c. v. 4).
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., value, think, reckon; litem aestimare, to assess the amount of damages (c. v, 1).
aestus, -us, M., tide.
aether, -eris, M., the bright upper air, sky (Verg. 123, 338).
aetas, -atis, F., period of life, age : per aetatem, onaccountof age(c.v. 3).
affero, -ferre, attull, allatum, v. tr., bring to, assign, report, announce.
afflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., assert, declare.
afflicto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., damage, wreck.
affligo, -ere, -flixl, -flictum, v. tr , damage ; navem affligere, to shatter a vessel (c. iv, 31) ; afflictus, downcast, (Verg. 92).
afflo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., breathe upon, blast.
affluo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxum, v. tr., flow to ; throng, flock to.
AfriCUS, -1, M. (properly an adj., with ventus understood); the south- west wind, still called Africo by the Italians.
Agamemnon, -onis, M., Agamem- non, king of Mycenae in Greece, and commander of the Greek forces at Troy.
ager, agri, M., a field, land ; pi., lands, territories.
agger, -eris, M., a mound.
agglomero, -are, -avi, -atum. v. intr. (with dat.), join themselves to (Verg. 341).
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. tr. dep., go against, assail, attack.
aggrego, -are, -avi, -atum, join to ; se aggregare (military term), fall in (c. iv, 26).
agito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., keep moving, pursue, ponder (freq. from ago).
agmen, -inis, N., an army on the march ; a column ; agmine certo : with unwavering course (Verg. 212).
agnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitum, v. tr., recognize.
ago, agere, egl, actum, v. tr., move, go, do, drive ; clamoribus
actus, influenced by the shouts (Verg. 128).
aio, v. tr., defective, 3rd sing., ait (Verg. 155, 289).
Ajax, -acis ; N. m. ; Ajax, a Grecian hero, son of Oileus, king of the Locri in Greece. Sometimes called the lesser Ajax to distinguish him from the greater Ajax, son of Telamon, who, being defeated by Ulysses in the contest for the Arms of Achilles, went mad and slew himself.
alacritas, -atis, F., dash, haste; alacritate uti, to show dash (c. iv. 24).
albus, -a, -um, adj., white ; album plumbum, tin (c. v, 12).
alienus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to another ; another's ; strange, foreign, hostile ; aes alienum, debt (another's money) ; alieno loco, on unfavorable ground; alienum tempus, an un- favorable time (c. iv, 34).
alio, adv., elsewhere.
aliquamdiu, adv., for some time; for a while.
aliquantus, -a, -um, adj., con- siderable, some ; aliquantum itin- eris, some distance (c. v, 10).
aliqui, -quae, -quod, indef. pro., some one, any one.
aliquis, -qua, -quid, indep. pro., some one, any one ; aliquid temporis, some time.
aliter, adv., otherwise.
alius, -a, -ud (for declension see H. L., p. 48, 2), pro., another, other, different; alius . . . alius, one . . .another ; alii... alii, some... others; alias alia ex navi, one from one ship, another from another (c. iv, 26).
allatus : see affero.
almus, -a, -um, adj. nurturing; kindly (alo, "nourish").
alo, alere, alui, alitum or altum, v. tr., rear, nourish.
altaria, -ium, n, pi., altar (altus, "high").
alter, -era, -erum, adj:, one of two; alter . . . alter, the one ... the other ; alteri . . .alteri, the one party . . .the other party (H. L., p. 48, 2).
altitudo, -inis, F., height, depth.
altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep; in alto, on the deep ; also in pi. tran- quilla per alta (Verg. 203).
alvus, -I, F., belly,
ambiguus, -a, -um, adj., of doubt- ful meaning, dark.
ambo, -ae, -o, adj., both.
280
VOCABULARY
amens, -tis, adj., out of one's mind, mad.
amentia, -ae, F., madness, folly.
amice, adv., friendly.
amicitia, -ae, F., friendship ; ab amicitia deflcere, cast off an alliance.
amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly.
amiCUS, -i, M., a friend.
amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., lose.
amnis, -is, M., river, amor, -oris, love, desire.
ample, adv., abundantly; comp. amplius, more.
amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum, v. dep., embrace, encircle (Verg. 214).
amplius, neut. comp. of adj., am- plus, more, further. Often used with numerals without any influence on the construction : amplius octingentae (naves), more than eight hundred ships.
amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, noble, distinguished ; amplissi" natus, born of a most illu
an, interrogative participl or
Ancalites, -um, pi. M. calites, a British tribe in Ber Oxfordshire.
Anchises, -ae, M., Anchises, father of Aeneas.
ancora, -ae, F., an anchor; nay em tenere in ancoris, to keep a ship at anchor ; ancoram tollere, to weigh anchor (c. iv, 23); in ancoris ex- spectare, to wait at anchor (c. iv, 23) : ancoram jacere, to cast«anchor (c. iv, 28); ad ancoras naves deligare, to ride at anchor (c. v, 9).
ancilla, -ae, F., a hand-maid, servant.
Androgeos, -i, M., Androgeos, a Greek hero (Verg. 371).
Andromache, -es, F., Andromache, wife of Hector (Verg. 457).
anguis, -is, M. and F., snake, serpent.
angulus, -i, M., a corner.
angUSte, adv., narrowly, closely; angustius milites collocare, to stow the soldiers in somewhat narrower space than usual.
angustiae, -arum, pi. F., defile, strait (of sea).
angUStus, -a, -um, adj., narrow, contracted; angusta viarum = an- gusta loca Viarum, the narrow places of the streets (Verg. 332).
anima, -ae, F., life, soul; animam deponere, to relinquish his life.
animadvert/6, -ere, -verti, -ver- sum, v. tr., notice.
animal, -alis, N., animal.
animus, -i, M., mind, soul, spirit, courage ; magni animi, of great cour- age (c. v, 6) ; animis impeditis, when the attention of all was engaged (c. v, 7) ; animi voluptatisque causa, for sentiment and amiisement (c. v, 12) ; fldens animi, confident in soul (Verg. 67) ; conversi (sunt) ani- mi, our feelings were altered (Verg. 113).
annon, interrog. particle, or not (in the second member of a direct question.
annotinus, -a, -um, adj., of the year before.
annus, i, a year ; primis ab an- nis, from my early years.
anser, -eris, M., a goose.
ante, (1) adv., previously, before ; paucis ante diebus, a few days be- fore; (H. L., p. 116, 5); (2) prep, with ace. only ; before, in front of, in advance of. For ante quam see antequam.
antea, adv., previously, before.
antepono, -ere,-posui,-positum,
. tr., prefer.
uam, conj., before. US, -a, -um, adj., old, ancient. , a Roman praenomen (see cognwaen).
aperio, -ire, -ui, -turn, v. tr., open (Verg. 60, 246).
apertus, -a, -um, adj., open, ex- posed; aperto litore, on an open shore (c. iv, 23) ; ad latus apertum (c. iv, 25) ; ab latere aperto, on the exposed flank (on the right side) (c. iv,26).
Apollo, -inis, M., Apollo
appareo, -ere, -parui, -paritum, v. intr., attend, appear (Verg. 422, 484).
apparo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., prepare, make preparations for, provide for.
appello, -are, -avi -atum, v. tr., call.
appello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, v. tr., bring to land (of ships); in passive, call at, touch at (c. v, 13).
Appius, -I, Appius, a Roman prae- nomen (see nomen).
apporto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bring, carry to (a place).
appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum (with dat.), v. intr., approach, come near (c. iv, 25, 28).
apto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fit, fit on.
VOCABULARY
281
aptus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable.
apud, prep, (with accusative); near, at, beside ; apud urbem, near the city ; apud eum, in his command (c. v, 11).
aqua, -ae, F., water.
aquatio, -onis, F., fetching water, watering ; aquationis causa, to ob- tain water (c. iv, 11).
aquila, -ae, F.. an eagle, standard of the legion as opposed to signa, stan- dards of the cohorts (c. iv, 25).
aquilifer, -feri, M., the eagle-bearer, the standard-bearer.
ara, -ae, F., an altar. ^^
Arar, -aris, M., the ArU(no\v the Saone), a tributary of the Rhodanus (Rhone).
aratrum, -i, N., a plough.
arbiter, -tri, M., judge; dare arbi- tros, to appoint arbitrators (c. v, 1).
arbitrium, -I, N., a judgment, deci- sion.
arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., think, suppose, consider.
arbor, -oris, F., a tree.
arceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., confine, restrain.
arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, v. tr., send for, summon (c. iv, 27).
ardens, -ntis, adj., on fire, eager; blazing (ardeo).
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, be on fire (Verg. 311) ; be eager (Verg. 172,105).
Arduenna, -ae, F., the Ardennes, a forest of north-eastern Gaul, which ex- tended through the territories of the Treveri to those of the Remi (c. v, 3).
arduus, -a, -um, adj., lofty, tower- ing.
argentum, -I, N., silver, money.
Argi, -orum, pi. M., Argos, a city of Argolis, in the eastern part of the Pelo- ponnesus.
Argivi, -drum, M. pi., the Argives, the Greeks.
Argivus, -a, -um, adj., Argive, Grecian.
Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., Argolic (belonging to Argos).
Argos (only used in nom. and ace. sing.), N., see Argi.
aridus, -a, -um, adj., dry. As a substantive, aridum, dry land ; ex arido, on the shore (c. iv, 24) ; in arido (c. iv, 26). aries, -etis, M., a battering ram.
arma, -orum, pi. N., arms; in armis esse, to bear arms (c. v. 3) ; ab armis discedere, to lay down arms.
armamentum, -i, N., tackle (of a vessel).
armatura, -ae, F., armor; levis armaturae milites, light-armed sol- diers.
armatus, -a, -um, adj., armed.
armentum, -i, N., herd (aro, to plough).
armiger, -gera, -gerum, adj., armor-bearer.
armipotens, -ntis, adj., powerful in arms.
armo, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., arm ; copiae armatae, forces in arms (c. iv, 23) ; armato milite, with armed sol- diery (Verg. 20); ad armandas naves, for the equipment of the vessels (c. v, 1).
aro, -are,-avi, -atum, v. tr., plough.
arrectus, -a, -um, adj., raised: luminibus arrectis, with eyes dis- tended (Verg. 173) ; pectora arrecta, uplifted breasts (Verg. 205); arrectis auribus, with eager ears (Verg. 303).
arrigo,-ere, -rexl, -rectum, v.tr., lift, raise.
ars, -tis, F., cunning (Verg. 106, 195).
artifex, -icis, M., contriver, plotter.
artus, -us, M., limb.
artus, -a, -um, adj., confining, tight.
arvum, -1, N., a field (Verg. 208).
arx, -cis, F., citadel; summa ab arce, from the top of the citadel (Verg. 41).
Ascanius, -i, M., Ascanius or lulus, son of Aeneas.
ascendo,-ere, scendi, -scensum, v. tr., ascend, mount ; navem ascen- dere, to embark; vestram ascen- dere in urbem, to go into your city (Verg. 192).
ascensus, -us, M., ascent.
Asia, -ae, F., Asia.
aspectus, -US, M., appearance.
asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough, (Verg. 379) ; aspris = asperis.
aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., behold.
ast = at, conj., but (Verg. 224).
astans (see asto), used as an adj., standing by.
asto, astare, astiti, astitum, v. intr., stand by.
astrum, -i, N., star (ao-Tpov).
Astyanax, -actis, M., Astyanax, son of Hector.
282
VOCABULARY
asylum, -i, N., place of refuge, sanc- tuary (ao-vAop). at, conj., but, yet.
ater, atra, atrum, adj., black, gloomy.
atque (contracted ac ; atque, before vowels, ac, before consonants), conj., and also, and even, and (stronger than et) ; par atque, the same as ; aliter at- que, different than ; contra atque, otherwise than.
Atrebas, -atis, adj., Atrebatian.
Atrebates, -um, M., the Atrebates, a people of Belgic Gaul in the modern Artois or Arras (Flemish Atreckt).
atrium, -i, N., court.
Atridae, -arum, M. pi., the sons of Atreus, i.e., Agamemmon and Menelaus.
Atrius, -i, M., Quintus Atrius, an officer in Caesar's army, who was left on the south coast of Britain to look after the fleet while Caesar marched inland on his second expedition, 54 B.C.
attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, v. tr.. touch, reach ; terrain attingere, reach land (c. v, i!3).
attollo, -tollere, v. tr., raise.
attrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, handle, (ad, tracto).
auctor, -oris, M. (Verg. 150) ; me auctore, at my suggestion.
auctoritas, -atis, F., authority, in- fluence, power, prestige.
auctumnus (or autumnus), -i, M., autumn.
audacia, -ae, F., boldness, daring.
audaciter, adv., boldly.
audacter, same as audaciter.
audax, -acis, adj., bold, daring.
audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi- dep. v. tr. and intr., dare, be bold ; audere in proelio, to be bold for battle (Verg. 416).
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., hear.
augurium, i, N., omen by the utter- ance of birds ; omen (avis ; root GAR, "to call").
aula, -ae, F., a hall, aura, -ae, F., air. auratus, -a, -um, adj., gilded, aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden, of gold, auriga, -ae, M., a charioteer, driver, auris, -is, F., an ear. aurum, -i, N., gold. Aurunculeius, -i, M., Lucius Aur- unculeius Cotta, one of the lieutenants
of Caesar in Gaul. He fell in an ambuscade planned by Ambiorix, 54 B.C.
Auster, -tri, M., south wind.
ausum, -i, N., daring deed (audeo).
aut, conj., or; aut...aut, either... or.
autem, conj., but, moreover, yet, also, now. (Never put first in a clause).
Automedon, -ontis, M., Auto- medon, charioteer of Achilles (Verg. 477).
autumnus, see auctumnus.
auxilior, -an, atus sum, v. intr. dep. (with dat.), give help.
auxilium, -i, N., aid, support; in plural, gjteilia, -orum, auxiliary troops. ^^
aveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, v. tr. carry away.
avello, -ere, -veil!, or -vulsi, -vulsum, v. tr., tear away.
aversus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of averto used as an) adj., turned away.
averto, -ere, -ti, -sum, turn away.
avidus, -a, -um, adj., eager, covetous.
avius, -a, -um, adj. (a, "away from," via), pathless; N. avium, as subst., by- path.
avus, -i,'M., a grandfather.
axis, -is, M., axle, axis; the axis of heaven, heaven.
barbari, -orum, M. pi., barbarians, a name first applied Tjy the Greeks, then by the Romans, to the people of other nations.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., savage, barbarous.
Belgae, -arum, pi. M., the Belgae, a general name applied to a warlike people of north-eastern Gaul, from the Mosa (Meuse) to the Sequana (Seine), partly Celtic, partly Teutonic. The chief tribes were the Remi, Morini, Nervii, Suessiones.
Belgium, -i, N., Belgium, the part of Gallia Belgiea inhabited by the Bellovaci, Atrebates and the Ambiani.
bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., warlike.
Belides, -dae, M., (patronymic), son of Belus; see Palamedes.
bellum, -i, N., war;bellumpopulo Romano facere, to make war against the Roman people (c. iv, 22).
bene, adv., well, prosperously ; comp., melius ; sup., optime.
VOCABULARY
283
Bibroci, -orum, M. pi., the Bibroci, a tribe of Britain which occupied Berks, Sussex, Surrey and adjoining district.
biduum, -l, N., a space of two days.
bigae, -arum (=bi-jugae; bis, jugum, a yoke), F. (pi.), a car or chariot drawn by two horses.
bipatens, -entis, adj., opening in two ways, swinging.
bipennis, -is, F., double axe.
bis, num. adv., twice.
bonus, -a, -urn, adj., good; comp., melior; sup., optimus.
bos, bo vis, M. or F., an ox, cow ; pi., boves, cattle.
brachium, -I, N., arm.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief ; brevi (tempore), in a short time, soon (c. iv, 33).
breviter, adv., shortly, briefly.
BritannT, -drum, pi. M., Britons.
Britannia, -ae, F., Britain.
Britannicus, -a, -um, adj., British.
bruma, -ae, F. (=brevima=brev- issima (dies) the shortest day), the winter solstice ; Dec. 21st.
C
C., an abbreviation for Caius, a Roman praenomem (see cognomen) as in Caius Julius Caesar, Caius Volusenus, Caius Trebonius.
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, v. intr., fall (Verg. 434): set; cadentia sidera, setting stars (Verg. 9).
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind (Verg. 244); caeco Marte resistunt, they resist in aimless war (Verg. 335).
caedes, -is, F., slaughter, murder.
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, v. tr., cut, slay.
caelicola, -ae, M. and F., one who dwells in heaven ; heavenly being ; (cae- lum, colo).
caelum, -i, N., sky, heavens.
caerimonia, -ae, F., rite, reverence, veneration, awe.
caeruleus, -a, -um, adj., deep blue, sky-blue.
Caesar, -aris, M., Caius Julius Caesar, born 100 B.C., died 44 B.C. (see INTRODUCTION).
Galenas, -ntis, M., Calchas, a Greek soothsayer.
calig-6, -inis, F., thick darkness.
campus, -i, M., plain, field.
cano, canere, cecini, cantum, v. tr. and intr., sing, prophesy (because oracles were expressed in verse).
Cantium, -i, N., Kent, a county in south-eastern England.
capillus, -i, M., hair; esse pro- misso capillo, to wear long hair (c. v. 14).
capio, capere, cepi, cap turn, v. tr., take ; portum capere, to make the harbor (c. iv, 30) ; so insulam capere (c. iv, 26, v. 8) ; capere con- silium, to form a plan (c. v, 8).
captivus, -i. M., a captive, prisoner.
captus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of capio), taken, captured, charmed, influ- enced.
capulus, -I, M., the handle, hilt (capio ; hence, "the thing grasped").
caput, -itis, N., head.
Capys, -yos, M., Capys, a Trojan (Verg. 35).
cardo, -inis, M., hinge.
careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, or cas- sum, be without (with abl.) (Verg. 44). carina, -ae, F., hull of a vessel, keel, carmen, -inis, N., song.
card, -nis, F., flesh ; carne vivere, to live on flesh (c. v, 14).
cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, beloved, agreeable to.
Carvilius, -I, M., Carvilius, a petty king of Kent (c. v, 22).
Cassandra, -ae, F., Cassandra, daughter of Priam, inspired by Apollo with the gift of prophecy, but doomed by him never to be believed.
Cassi, -drum, pi. M., the Cassi, a British tribe that inhabited Hereford- shire.
Cassius, -i, M. , Caius Cassius Longus, one of the assassins of Caesar. He died 42B.c.,atPhilippi.
Cassivellaunus, -i, M., Cassivel- launus, or Casivallon, the able com- mander-in-chief of the British army opposed to Caesar. His chief town was Verulamium, (now St. Albans).
cassus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of careo, deprived of (with abl.); (see careo).
castellum, -i, N , a fortress.
Casticus, -i, M., Casticus, a chief of the Sequani, whom Orgetorix induced to seize the supreme power in his state.
castrum, -i. N., a hut, fort ; in pi., castra, -orum, a camp ; castra
284
VOCABULARY
ponere, to pitch a camp; castra munire ; to fortify a camp, to pitch a camp ; castra movere, to advance ; castra navalia, an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing; sometimes con- nected with the ships drawn up on land (c. v, 22).
casu, (abl. of casus, used as an) adv. , by chance.
casus, -US, M., chance, misfortune, emergency.
caterva, -ae, F., band.
catulus, -i, M., whelp, cub.
causa, -ae, F., cause ; sine causa, without reason (c. iv, 27 ; c. v, 6).
causa, adv. (really abl. of causa, with the noun depending on it in the gen.), for the sake of, on account of; mea causa, for my sake ; often with gerundives, frigoris depellendi causa, for the purpose of warding off the cold (c. iv, 22).
cavo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make hollow, pierce.
cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow.
cedo, cedere, cessl, cessum, v. intr., go, yield ; fall back, retire ; insequi cedentes, to overtake the retreating foe (c. v, 16).
celeritas, -atis, F., swiftness, speed.
celeriter, adv., quickly ; comp., cele- rius ; sup., celerrime.
celsus, -a, -um, adj., high, lofty.
Cenimagnl, -drum, M., pi., the Cenimagni. The word Ceninuigni is said to be a corruption for Icenimagrri. They inhabited Norfolk and Suffolk, north of the Trinobantes.
centum, num. adj., indecl., hundred.
Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess of agriculture.
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, v. tr., see perceive.
certamen, -inis, N., conflict, battle, struggle.
certe, adv., at least, certainly.
certatim, adv. with emulation, earnestly (certo).
certo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., strive, contend.
certus, -a, -um, adj., certain, fixed, true; aliquem certiorem facere, inform ; certior fieri, to be informed ; certus locus, a definite place ; certa dies, a fixed day (c. v, 1).
cervix, -icis, F., neck.
cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., cease.
(ceterus), -a, -um (nom. sing, not found ; usually in plural), the rest, others.
C6U, adv., as, just as, as if.
cio, -ere, -civi, -citum, v. tr., stir up.
Cingetorix, -igis, M., Cingetorix-, (1) a Gaul attached to Caesar, and rival of Indutiomarus for the chieftainship of the Treveri (c. v, 3). (2) a British chief of Kent (c. v. 22).
cing-6, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, v. tr., surround.
cinis, -eris, M., ashes.
circa, adv. and prep, (with ace.); about, around, in the neighborhood of (see circum).
circiter, adv. (with numeral adjec- tives) ; about, nearly.
circueo, see circumeo.
Circuitus, -US, M., circumference.
Circum, prep, (with ace.), around.
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, v. tr., place around, surround ; urbem muro (abl.) circumdare, or urbi (dat.) murum circumdare, to sur- round the city with a wall.
circumeo, ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum or Circuitum, v. tr., go around, visit ; hiberna circumire, to inspect the winter quarters (c. v, 2).
circumerro, -are, -avi, -atum. wander round.
circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, v. tr., pour around ; in passive, surround, crowd around.
circumsisto, sistere, -stetT, no sup., v. tr. and intr., surround (p. 277, 7).
circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., see around (Verg. 68).
circumsto, -stare, -steti, no sup., v. tr. and intr., stand around, surround.
circum volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., surround (Very. 360).
citerior, -oris, adj. (p. 59, 2), on this side, hither ; Gallia citerior, Gaul on this (i.e., the Roman) side of the Alps (Northern Italy), opposed to Gallia ul- terior, Gaul beyond the Alps (France).
cito, adv., rapidly, swiftly; comp., citius ; sup. citissime.
civis, -is, M. or F., citizen.
Civitas, -atis, F., state, common- wealth ; civitati consulere, to take measures for the benefit of the state (c. v, 3).
clades, -is, F., slaughter, disaster.
clam, adv., secretly.
clamor, -oris, M., shout.
VOCABULARY
285
clangor, -oris, M., braying (of trum- pets).
claresco, -ere, clarui, no sup., grow clear.
clarus, -a, -um, adj., bright, clear, distinguished.
classis, -is, F., fleet.
Claudius, -I, M., Claudius. Appius Claudius, consul with Lucius Domitius, B.C. 54. He was brother of the infamous Clodius whom Milo murdered, and was a well known lawyer and politician of Rome.
claustrum, -i, N., bar.
Clipeus, -I, M., a shield.
Cn. =Cneius, see Pompeius, Servilius.
Cneius, -i, M., see Cn.
COactus, -a, -urn, (pert. part. pass, of cogo used as an) adj., forced ; coac- tis lacrimis, by his forced tears (Verg. 196).
COepl, -isse, v. defec., begin, began.
coeptus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of coepi, begun.
coerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitum, v. tr., check, restrain.
cognomen, -inis, N., a family name, a name. Each Roman had regularly three names, the praenomen, indicating the in- dividual like pur Christian name ; the nomen indicating the gens, or clan, or tribe to which he belonged ; the cognomen or family name. Caius (praenomen), Julius (nomen), Caesar (cognomen) ; an agnomen was often added for honor or character, as Africanus to Scipio.
cognosce, cognoscere, cognovi, COgnitum, v. tr., know, learn, ascer- tain (c. v, 11).
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, v. tr., collect, compel, oblige; equita- tum COgere, to collect cavalry (c. v, 3: iv, 22, 34).
COhors, -tis, F., a cohort, the tenth part of a legion (see legio).
cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., exhort, encourage, animate, urge ; cohortati inter se, urging each other (c. iv, 25).
cpllaudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., praise, extol.
colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, v. tr., collect, assemble.
collis, -is, M., a hill.
cplloco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., station ; curru collocare, station themselves with their chariots ; in sta- tione COllOCati, stationed on guard (c. v, 15).
colloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, v. dep., talk together, confer ; inter SO COllocuti, holding a conference among themselves (c. iv, 30).
collum, -i, N., neck.
colo, colere, colui, cultum, v. tr., till, cultivate.
color, -oris, M., color.
coluber, -bri, M., serpent.
columba, -ae, F., dove.
coma, -ae, F., hair.
comans, -tis, adj., crested, hairy.
comes, -itis, M., companion.
comitor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., attend, be a companion to.
commeatus, -us, M. , a coming and a going ; supplies ; duobus comme- atibus, by two relays (c. v, 23).
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., commit to protection, entrust.
commilito, -onis, M., fellow-soldier, comrade.
committo, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., engage ; committere proe- lium cum hostibus, to engage in battle with the enemy ; nihil his COm- mittere, to trust nothing to these (c. iv, 5).
Commius, -i, M., Commius, a Gaul, chief of the Atrebates.
commode, adv., conveniently, profit- ably.
commodum, -i, N., convenience, profit ; quas sui quisque corn- modi fecerat, which each had made for his own convenience (c. v, 8).
commodus, -a, -um, adj., con- venient, favorable, fit, easy.
commoror, -morari, -moratus Sum, v. dep. intr., delay, stay, remain.
commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, v. tr., disturb, agitate, alarm.
communio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., fortify strongly.
communis, -e, adj., common, gen- eral, affable, courteous; communi COnsilio, after joint deliberation (c. v, 11 ; communes, in common (c. v, 14).
commutatio, -onis, F. , change.
COmpages, -is, F. , joint, fastening.
compare, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make ready, prepare ; copias com- parare, to collect forces ; re frumen- taria comparata, after collecting a supply of corn (c. iv, 7).
compellp, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, v. tr., drive in a body.
286
VOCABULARY
compello, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., address.
comperio, -perire, -peri, -per- tum, v. tr., find out, discover.
complector, -plecti, -plexus Sum, v. dep., embrace.
compleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr., fill completely ; naves militibus complere, to man ships with soldiers (c. iv, 26).
complures, -plura, adj. pi., very many, several.
comporto, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., bring together, collect.
composite, adv., by agreement.
comprehendo, -ere, -prehendl, -prehensum, v. tr., seize, arrest.
compressus, -a -urn, perf. part, pass, of comprimo.
comprimo, -ere, -press!, -pres- sum, v. tr., suppress.
comprendo, -ere, -di, -sum, grasp ; grasp (with the mind), comprehend.
concede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, y. tr., leave ; superis concessit ab oris, he left the realms above (Verg. 91).
concido, -ere, -di, no sup., fall down (cado).
concilio, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., win over, reconcile.
Concilium, -l, N., a meeting, as- sembly ; habere concilium, to hold a meeting (c. iv, 19).
conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., shout, or cry out together.
concresco, -crevi, -cretum, v. intr., grow together.
concretus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass. of concresco, used as an adj., matted.
concurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- sum, v. intr., run together, rush.
concursus, -us, M., attack ; ex eo concursu, from that collision (c. v, 10).
concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, shake vigorously (cum quatio).
condensus, a,um, adj., very thick.
condicio, -onis, F., terms.
condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., found, establish, build.
condpno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., forgive, pardon.
Cqndrusi, -oruin, pi., M., the Con- drusi, a people of north-eastern Gaul, on the right bank of the Mosa (Meuse) in the district of the modern Namur and
conduce, -ere,- duxi,- ductum, v. tr., bring together, hire.
confercio, -ire -fersi -fertum, v. tr., pack together; to cause to take close order ; legione conferta, owing to the legion being in close order (c. iv, 32).
confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatum, v. tr., bring together, gather, collect ; se COnferre, to betake oneself.
confertus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of confercio, used as an adj. in close array.
confestim, adv., immediately after the battle.
conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, T. tr., do thoroughly ; belk) confecto, when the war was over (c. iv, 16) ; rem COnficere, to complete a matter (c. iv, 11) ; itinere confecto, after the march was made (c. iv, 14).
cpnfido, -fidere, -fisus sum, semi-dep., v. intr., trust thoroughly.
configo, figere, -fix!, -fixum, v. tr., pierce.
confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., establish: pace conflrmata, when peace was made (c. iv, 28).
conflteor, -eri, -fessus sum, con- fess, acknowledge (fateor).
conflig-6, -ere, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., strike ; proelio confligere, to engage in battle (c. v, 15).
confundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, pour together, confuse.
congemo, -ere, -ui, no sup., groan, deeply (con, intensive).
congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, heap together.
congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. tr., meet, charge ; inter se congredi, to charge each other.
conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, Jectum, v. tr., throw together (at a point); in fu- gam conjicere, to put to flight ; se in fugam conjicere, to betake one- self to flight (c. iv, 12) ; culpam in ali- quem conjicere, to cast the blame on some one (c. v, 27) ; in vincula conji- Cere, to throw into prison (c. iv, 27).
conjugium, -i, N., wedlock ; husband (jungo, root.iuo).
conjungo, -ere,-junxi,junctum, v. tr., unite, join.
ponjunx, -Ugis, M. and F.. one joined ; husband, wife, spouse (cum, jungo).
conjuratio, -onis, F., league ; fa- cere conj urationem, to form a league (c. iv, 30).
VOCABULARY
287
conor, -ari, -atus sum, endeavor, attempt.
consanguinitas, -atis, F., blood- relationship, kin.
conscendo, -ere, -scendl, -scen- sum, v. tr., embark in, mount ; in navem conscendere, to embark on a vessel (c. iv, 23 ; v. 7) ; in equum con- scendere, to mount a horse.
conscius, -a, -um, adj., conscious, knowing my purpose ( Verg. 99), agmina conscia, confederate bands (Verg. 267).
consequor, -sequi, -secutus (or sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow, follow up.
consero, -ere, serui, -sertum, v. tr., join together, unite, bring to- gether; proelium or pugnam or manum conserere, to engage in battle (Verg. 397).
consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, v. intr., settle, halt ; copiae considunt, the forces encamp (c. v, 9).
consilium, -I, N., plan, design; wisdom, prudence ; capere consili- um, to form a plan (c. v, 8) inire con- silium, to adopt a plan (c. iv, 32) ; communi consilio, after joint deli- beration (c. v, 6) ; publico consilio, by a public plan (c. v, 1) ; consilio in- Stituto, from carrying out his appointed plan (c. v, 4).
consimilis, -e, adj., very like, like in every particular.
consisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, y. intr., stand, halt ; consist of ; consistit in carne, it consists of flesh ; in fluc- tibus est consistendum, they had to keep their footing among the waves (c. iv, 24), stand still (Verg. 67).
consoler, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., console, comfort, cheer (c. v, 4).
conspectus, -US, M., sight appear- ance ; conspectu in medio, amid the gazing throng (Verg. 67).
conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., observe, see.
conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., see, get a sight of, espy.
constat, -stare, -stitit, impers. v., it is agreed, well known.
constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- tum, v. tr., draw up; aciem con- Stituere. to draw up a line of battle (c. iv, 35) ; hiberna constituere, to ap- point the winter quarters (c. iv, 38) ; classem, navem constituere, to moor a fleet, a ship : die constitute,, on a set day ; his rebus constitutis, when this was arranged (c. v, 5).
consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum, v. intr., be formed ; impers. constat, it is admitted, it is certain.
consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -suetum, v. intr., become accustomed (c. r, 7, 21).
cpnsuetudo, -inis, F., custom, habit; ex consuetudine, according to custom (c. iv, 32).
consul, -ulis, M., a consul, one of the two chief magistrates chosen annually at Rome.
consulo, -ere, -ui, ultum, v. tr., deliberate, plan ; alicui COnsulere, to consult for one's benefit ; aliquem COnsulere, to ask one's advice; in aliquem consulere, to take measures against one ; consulere sibi, to look after himself ; civitati consulere, to take measures for the interest of the state (c. v, 3).
consul to, adv., on purpose, design- edly ; often de consulto ; consulto cedere, to purposely retreat (c. v, 16).
consultum, -i, N., decree, resolu- tion, decision.
consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- turn, v. tr., spend, waste ; tempus consumere, to waste time; aesta- tem consumere, to spend the summer (c. v, 4) ; magna parte diei con- sumpta, after a great part of the day had been spent (c. v, 9).
contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp- turn, v. tr., despise, hold in contempt.
contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, v. intr., hasten to, push forward; in fines Sugambrorum contendit, he marches into the territories of the Sugambri (c. iv, 18 ; iv, 37 ; v, 9) ; remis contendere, to strive at the oars (c. v, 8); dispari proelio contendere, to fight an unequal battle (c. v, 16).
contentio, -onis, F., struggling; gaining a battle.
contentus, -a, -um, adj. (with abl.), content with.
contestor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., invoke.
contexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, v. tr., weave, bind together.
contextus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of contexo, used as an adj., interwoven.
conticesco, ere, -ticui, no sup., r. intr., be silent.
continens, -ntis (properly pres. part, of contineo, used as an) adj., with terra understood ; literally, the unin- terrupted land, the continent, i.e., Gaul, bella continentia, uninterrupted wars (c. v, 11).
288
VOCABULARY
contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr., hold together, bound, restrain, hem in ; se continere, to keep themselves together (c. iv, 3*) ; civitatem in officio continere, to keep the state loyal (c. v, 3) ; in officio continere, to keep him loyal (c. v, 7).
contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, v. tr., touch, extend to, reach.
continuus, -a, -urn, adj., con- tinuous.
contorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tor- tum, v. tr. , hurl vigorously (Verg. 52).
contra, prep, (with ace. only), against, opposite to; contra Gallias, facing the divisions of Gaul (c. iv, 20) ; contra Galliam, facing Gaul, i.e., France (c. v, 13).
contra, adv., contrary to ; contra atque esset dictum, contrary to what had been said (c. iv, 13).
contraho, -ere, -traxi, tractum, v. tr., draw together, collect.
contrarius, -a, -urn, adj., opposite, contrary.
- convello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, v. tr., rend, tear away.
convenio, ire, -veni, -ventum, v. tr. and intr., come together, assemble ; with ace., interview, meet.
conventus, -US, M., an assembly, assize; conventum peragere, to hold an assize (c. v, 1).
converto, -ere, -verti, -versum, v. tr., turn, turn about; in fugam convertere, to turn in flight ; animi conversi, our feelings were changed (Verg. 73).
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., summon, assemble.
convolve, -ere, volvi, -volutum, v. tr., roll together.
coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v. intr. dep., of a storm ; arise, spring up.
copia, -ae, F., abundance, plenty, pi., copiae, forces, supplies ; summis copiis, with all his forces (c. v, 17); copias instruere, to draw up troops (c. v, 18).
cor, cordis, N., heart.
coram, prep, (with abl.), face to face with, in presence of ; coram populo, in presence of the people ; coram per- spicit, he sees in person (c. v, 11).
Coroebus, -i, M., Coroebus, son of Mygdon, a suitor of Cassandra (Verg. 341).
corpus -oris, N., body.
corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep- tum, v. tr., seize violently, carry off.
corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, v. tr. , break in pieces, destroy, ruin, bribe.
Corus (or Caurus), i, M., the N.-W. wind.
coruscus, -a, -urn, adj., gleaming.
COtidianus -a, -um, adj., daily.
COtidie, adj., daily.
costa, -ae, F.,rib.
Cotta, -ae, M., see Arunculeius.
Crassus, -i, M., Marcus Licinins Crassus, surnamed Dives (the Rich), was a member of the First Triumvirate along with Caesar and Pompey (60 B.C.). He fell at Carrhae, 53 B.C. in a war against the Parthians.
crater, -eris, M. , mixing-bowl
creber, -bra, -brum.adj., numerous, frequent.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr. and intr., trust, believe (see note Verg. 371).
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, v. intr., increase, grow, grow up.
cretus, -a -um, pref. part. pass, of cresco, sprung from (Verg. 74).
Creusa, -ae, E., Creiisa, wife of ^Eneas.
crimen, -inis, N., charge (Verg. 65).
crinis, -is, F., hair; passis crini- bus, with hair all loose (Verg. 404).
cruciatus, -us, M., torture.
crudelis, -6, adj., cruel, hard- hearted.
cruentus, -a, -.um, adj., bloody.
culmen, -inis, N., roof.
culpa, -ae, F., blame; culpam conjicere, to throw the blame (c. iv, 27).
culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame, hold guilty (culpa).
cum, prep, (with abl.), with, along with ; enclitic with me, te, se, nobis, vobis. quibus, as mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, qui- buscum.
cum (also written quum), conj., when, after, since, although; cum... turn, both... and, cum (or quum) primum, as soon as.
cumulus, -i, M., heap.
cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., delay, hesitate, doubt.
CUnctUS,-a, -um, adj., all together, in a body (Verg. 409).
cupide, adv., eagerly.
cupido, -inis, F., desire.
VOCABULARY
289
Cupidus, -a, -urn, adj., desirous of (with genitive) ; cupidus rerum no- varum, anxious for a change of govern- ment (c. v, 6).
cupio, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, v. tr., long for, wish, desire.
CUpreSSUS, -I, F., cypress (Kvira- pio-aos).
cur, adv., why? for what purpose?
cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., care for ; in Caesar always with ace. of ob- ject and gerundive part. ; exercitum transportandum curare, to cause the army to be transported (c. iv, 29) ; naves aediflcandas curare, to have ships built (c. v, 1).
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, v. intr., run ; curritur, they run.
CUrrus, -US, M., chariot.
CUrsus, -US, M., a running (c. iv, 35) ; voyage ; tenere cursum, to hold on the'ir course (c. iv, 28 ; Verg. v) ; passage (c. v, 13).
curvus, -a, -um, adj., bent, wind- ing.
CUSpis, -idis, F., spear.
custos, -odis, M., guard, watch.
Cybele, -es, F., Cybele, a Phrygian goddess.
Danai, -orum, M., pi., the Greeks.
Dardania, -ae, F., Troy.
Dardanidae, -arum, M., the des- cendants of Dardanus, i.e., the Trojans.
datus, perf. part, of do.
de, prep, (with abl.), of, from, con- cerning ; his de rebus certior fac- tus, being informed of these events; de tertia vigilia, after the third watch was set (c v, 9) ; multis de causis, for many reasons ; qua de causa, and for this reason ; de oppidis demi- grare, to remove from the towns ; de improvise, unexpectedly (c. v, 22).
dea, -ae, F., goddess.
debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, owe, ought, (de, habeo).
decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., retire, leave, depart from ; e vita decessit, he died.
decem, indecl. card, num., ten.
decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., decree.
decimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., tenth.
declivis, -e, adj., sloping.
decorus, -a, -um, adj., graceful.
decretum, -i, N., decree, decision ; Stare decreto, to abide by a decision.
decurro, -ere, -curri, or -cucurri, cursum, run down.
decus, -oris, N., ornament, honor.
dedecus, -oris, N., disgrace; de- decus admittere, to commit a dis- graceful act (c. iv, 25).
deditio, -onis, F., surrender; in deditionem accipere (or recipere), to receive on surrender; in deditionem venire, to surrender.
dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., give up, surrender.
deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- turn, v. tr., lead away, bring down, with- draw ; navem deducere, to launch a vessel ; suos deducere, to withdraw their men (c. iv, 30).
defatigatus, -a, -um, adj. .wearied, exhausted.
defectio, -onis, F., revolt, rebellion, defendo, -ere, -fendi, fen sum, v. tr., defend, repel, guard.
defensor, -oris, M., defender.
defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., carry down or away ; report, announce ; paulo infra deferri, to be carried a little farther down (c. iv, 36) ; Caesaris mandata deferre, to bear the orders of Caesar (c. iv, 27) ; offer (c. v, 0) ; report (c. v, 6).
defessus, -a, -um, adj., weary, exhausted.
deflcio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., fail, be insufficient, run short; si tempus anni deficeret, if the time of the year was insufficient (c. iv, 20) ; ab I amicitia populi Bomani deficere, to cast off the alliance of the Roman people (c. v, 3) ; deficit ignis, the fire fails (Verg. £05).
defigo, figere, -fixl, -fixum, v. tr., fix, fasten, drive down (c. v, 18).
defixus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of defigo (c. v, 18).
deflagro, -are, -avi, atum, v. intr., be burned down.
defugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi- tum, v. intr. and tr., flee from, avoid.
dejicio, -iicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., throw down, cast down; de spe dejectus, disappointed in hope: magno sui cum periculo dejici, to be driven down with great danger to themselves (c. iv. 28).
290
VOCABULARY
degener, -eris, adj., unworthy of the race, degenerate (de, " from" ; genus, " race ").
deinceps, adv., one after the other, in succession, in turn
deinde, adv., thereafter, afterwards, then, next.
Deiphobus, -i, M., Deiphobus, son of Priam.
delatus, see defero.
delabor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., slip.
delectus, -a, -urn, adj., chosen.
delecta corpora virum = de- lectos viros (Verg. 17).
deligo, -are, avi, atum, v. tr., fasten; navena ad ancoram deli- gB-re, to anchor.
deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, v. tr., choose, select, levy.
delitesco, -litescere, -litui, no sup., v. intr., lie hid, lie in ambush.
delubrum, -i, N., shrine.
demens, -ntis, M., foolish (Verg. 94).
demeto, -ere, -messui, -messum, v. tr., cut down, reap.
demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., move from, depart from, emigrate.
deminuo, -ere, -minui, -minu- tum, v. tr., lessen, impair.
demitto, -ere, -mlsi, missum, v. tr., send down ; se animo demit- tere, to lose heart ; demissum lapsi per funem, gliding down by a hanging rope (Verg. 261).
demo, -ere, dempsi, demptum, take away (de-emo).
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., point out, show, state, mention ; explain.
demoror, -ari, -atus sum, keep waiting, delay.
deni. ae, -a, di°trib. num. adj., companies of ten (c. v, 14).
denique, adv., at last, finally; in a word, in short.
densus, -a, -um, adj., thick, closely packed, crowded.
denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., announce, declare, threaten, order.
depascor, -pasci, -pastus sum, V. dep., feed upon (Verg. 215).
depereo, -perire, -peril (perivi), no sup., v. intr., be lost, perish.
depono, -ponere, -posui, -posit- lim, v. tr., lay aside, cast away; ani- mam deponere, to relinquish his life;
spem deponere, to give up hope (c. v, 19).
deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, v, tr. dep., beg for mercy; recusandi aut deprecandi causa, for the purpose of denying the fact or of begging him for mercy (c. v. 6).
descendo, -ere, -di, -sum, go down, descend (scando, "climb").
desero, -serere, -serui, -sertum, v. tr., desert, leave.
desertus, -a, -um, adj., deserted.
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wish for, long for, want ; neque ulla omnino navis desideratur, not a single ship is lost at all (c. v, 23).
desilio, -ire, -silul, -sultum, v. intr.. leap down, dismount.
desino, -sinere, -sivi, -(-sii), -si- turn, v. intr., leave off, cease, stop.
desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, v. intr., leave off, give over, cease from ; proelio desistere, to give up the battle ; sententia desistere, to give up the notion.
destine, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., appoint.
desuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum, render unaccustomed ; desuetus, un- accustomed.
desum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be wanting, fail, be lacking.
desuper, adv., from above.
deterreo, -ere, -terrui, -terri- tum, v. tr., frighten, frighten off.
detineo, -ere, -ul, -tentum, hold or keep back ; detain (de, teneo).
detrimentum, -d, N.,loss, damage.
deus, -i, M., a god.
devolve, volvere, -volvi, -volu- tum, v. tr., roll down.
dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, on the right hand.
dextera or dextra (with manus understood), adj., the right hand.
dlco, dicere, dixi, dictum, v. tr., say, speak, tell, appoint ; causam dicere, to plead a cause ; de quo ante ab nobis dictum est, of whom we have made mention before (c. v, 6) ; mirabile dictu, wonderful to relate (Verg. 174).
dictum, -i, N., word, order, com- mand.
dies, -ei, M. or F. (in sing.), M. (in pi.), day.
differo, differre, distuli, dila- tum, v. tr., spread, scatter; put off,
VOCABULARY
291
delay ; inter se differre, to differ from each other ; multum differunt, they differ greatly (c. v, 14).
difficultas, -atis, F., difficulty, trouble.
diffugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi- tum, v. intr., flee in different directions.
digero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, v. tr., expound.
dignitas, -atis, F., splendor; tri- buere dignitatem, to treat with re- specfe-fc- v. 7).
dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy of deserving.
digredior, -i, -gressus sum, de- part (dis, gradior).
dijudico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.. decide, determine.
dilectus, -us, M., levy.
dilectus, -a, -um, adj., chosen.
dlligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum. v. tr., value, esteem, love.
dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fight ; cum dimicaretur, since the battle was fought (c. v, 16).
dimidium, -i, N., middle, half; di- midio minor, half the size (c. v, 13).
dimitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum, v. tr., send in different directions.
Diomedes, -is, M., Diomede, a famous Greek hero, son of Tydeus.
diripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum, tear asunder ; plunder (rapio).
dirus, -a, -um, adj., fearful, terrible, dread.
dis, (abbreviated) di-), inseparable prefix, apart, asunder, in pieces.
dis, ditis, adj., rich ; comp., ditior ; sup., ditissimus.
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., depart, withdraw ; ab armis discedere, lay down arms ; ab signis discedere, to desert their standards (c. v, 16).
discessus, -US, M., departure.
disco, discere, didici, no sup., v. tr. and intr., learn.
discors, -cordis, adj., different.
disjicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, dash apart, destroy ( jacio, throw).
dispar, -paris, adj., unequal, unlike ; dispari proelio, in an unequal con- test (c. v, 16).
dispergo, -ere,-spersi, -spersum, v. tr., scatter, disperse.
dispersus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of dispergo, used as an) adj., scattered.
dispono, -ere, -posui, -positum, v. tr., set in order, draw up (of forces).
dispositus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass., arranged.
distribuo, -ere, -tribui, -tribu- tum, v. tr., assign, distribute.
districtus, -a, -um, (perf. part, pass, of distringo, used as an) adj., occupied with, busy.
diu, adv., long, for a long time ; comp.,
diutius ; sup., diutissime.
diurnus, -a, -um, adj., by day.
diva, -ae, F., goddess.
divello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, v. tr., separate.
diversus, a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of diyerto used as an) adj., in different directions ; some one way, some another way.
dives, -itis, adj., rich; comp., divi- tior ; sup., divitissimus.
Divico, -onis, M., Divico, chief of the Helvetii, who led an army against Cassius, B.C. 107, and headed an embassy to Caesar, B.C. 58.
diyido, -ere, divisi, divisum, v. tr., divide, separate.
divfnus, -a, -um, adj., divine.
divus, -i, M., =deus, god.
do, dare, dedi, datum, v. tr., give ; in fugam dare, to put to flight (c. iv, 26) ; dare operam, to take pains (c. v, 7) ; dare arbitros, to ap- point judges (c. v, i) ; vela dare, set sail (Verg. 135) ; vitam dare, to grant him his life (Verg. 145) ; ruinam dare, to fall in ruins (Verg. 310); dare poenas, to be punished (Verg. 3b5).
doceo, d9cere, dpcui, doctum, v. tr., teach, inform, point out.
doctor, -oris, M., a teacher.
doctrina, -Inae, F., teaching, learn- ing, knowledge.
doctus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of doceo used as an) adj., learned, experi- enced.
doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum, v. intr. and tr., grieve, be grieved.
Dolopes, -um, M., pi., Dolopes, a tribe of southern Thessaly.
dolor, -oris, M., grief, pain; hoc dolore exardescere, to be aroused through grief of this (c. v, 4).
dolus, -i, M., craft, fraud ; per dolum, by deceit (c. iv, 13).
domesticus, -a, -um, adj., domes- tic ; bellum domesticum, civil war (c. v, 9).
292
VOCABULARY.
dominatus, -US, M., tyranny.
dominor, -ari, -atus sura, hold sway.
Domitius, -I, M., Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul with Appius Claudi- us, B.C. 54. He was a staunch aristocrat, and brother-in-law of Marcus Cato. He fell at Pharsalia, B.C. 48, by the hand of Antony.
domo, -are, -ui, -itum, v. tr., tame, subdue.
domus, -US, F., a house, home ; domi, at home (H. L., 119, 4); do- mum, home ; domo, from home.
donee, conj., till, until.
dono, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., give, present.
donum, -I, N., gift, present. Doricus, -a, -um, adj., Doric = Grecian.
dormio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, v. intr., sleep, rest.
draco, onis, M., serpent, dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, un- certain.
ducentl, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., two hundred.
duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., lead, draw; ductUS, chosen (Verg. 201); gemitus ducere, utter groans (Verg. 288).
ductor, -oris, M., leader.
dudum, adv., a while ago, lately.
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet.
dum, conj., until (Verg. 88, 134).
Dumnorix, -igis, M., Dumnorix, chief of the Aedui, and brother of Divi- tiacus. He was always hostile to the Romans, and was killed while trying to escape from Caesar (c. v, 7).
duo, -ae, -O, num. adj. pi., two.
duodecim, indecl. num. adj., twelve.
duodeni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., twelve at a time, companies of twelve (c. v, 14).
duplico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., double ; numerum obsidum dupli- cavit ; he demanded double the number of hostages (c. iv, 36).
duro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., harden, make hard.
Durus, see Laberius.
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, severe, difficult.
dux, duels, M., leader, general, guide. Dymas, -antis, M., Dyrnas, a Trojan.
e (e before consonants ; ex, generally before vowels, sometimes before conso- nants); prep, (with abl.); from, out of, in accordance with, in consequence of, on ; una ex parte, on one side , ex equo, on horseback, ex itinere, on the march; ex litteris, in accordance with the despatch (c. iv, 38); ex usu, of advantage (c. v, 6); ex hac fuga protinus, immediately after this defeat (c. v, 17); duabus ex partibus, on two sides (c. v, 21).
Eburones, -um, pi. M., the Eburones, a Belgic tribe, living between the Meuse and the Rhine, dependents of the Treveri.'
edax, -acis, adj., consuming, devour- ing (edo). ecce, interj., lo! behold!
edissero, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. trans., tell. w - ' V
educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., lead out, lead forth ; raise aloft (Verg. 286, 461).
efiero, efferre, extuli, elatum, v. tr., bring forth (Verg. 297).
efficio, -flcere, -feel, -fectum, v. tr., effect, make; opus efflcere, to complete a work ; with ut and subjunc- tive, cause that; reliquis ut nayi- gari commode posset, effecit, he caused that it might be suitably sailed with the rest, i.e., he had the rest put in sailing trim (c. iv, 31).
effor, -ari, -atus sum, speak out, utter.
effigies, -ei, P., image.
effugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum, v. tr. and intr., escape.
effugium, -i, N., escape.
effulgeo, -ere, -fulsl, no sup., shine forth.
effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, v. tr., pour out ; se effundere, to spread out, scatter.
egens, -tis, adj., needy.
eg-enus, -a, -um, adj., needy, in want, destitute.
egeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., am needy, with abl., am in need of.
ego, mei, pers. pron. I ; pi. nos, we.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. intr. dep., go out ; disembark ; navi egredi, to disembark (c. iv, 21 ; 23).
egregie, adv., admirably, splendidly.
VOCABULARY
293
egregius, -a, -um, adj., eminent, marked, remarkable.
egressus, -US, M., landing (c. v, 8).
ejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., cast out, throw out ; in litore ejicere, to cast up on shore (c. v, 10) ; ex silvis ejicere, to rush out of the woods (<;. v, 15); se in agros ejicere, to spread themselves over the territory (c. v, 19).
ejusmodi (=ejus modi), of such a kind, of such a sort.
elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, v. dep., escape from.
emico, -are, -ui, -atum, v. intr., leap (Verg. 174).
emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr. , send out, hurl.
emoveo, -ere, emovi, emotum, v. intr., move out.
enim (placed after the first emphatic word in its clause), conj., for, in fact.
ensis, -is, M., sword.
eo, adv., thither, to that place, to such a degree ; correlative of quo before comparatives; eo magis, so much the more (c. v, 1).
eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr., go, march.
eodem, adv., to the same place, in the same direction, to the same purpose.
Eous, -a, -um, adj., Eastern.
Epeos, -i, M., Epeos, a Greek who built the wooden horse.
Epytus, -i, M., Epytus, a Trojan.
eques, -itis, M., a horseman, cavalry soldier ; pi. equites, cavalry.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., belong- ing to horsemen, cavalry.
equidem, adv., truly, indeed.
equitatus, -us, M. cavalry.
equus, -i, M., horse.
ereptus, -a, -urn, pert. part, pass., snatched.
Erinys, -OS, F., Erinys, one of the Furies.
ergo, conj., therefore, accordingly.
eripio, ripere, ripui, -reptum, v. trans., snatch.
erro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., wander, err, be wrong.
error, -oris, M., mistake.
erubesco, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. incept, (ex, rubesco, "become red at"), feel shame about.
eruo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tear or dig out; overthrow.
eruptio, -onis, F., attack, sortie, esseda, -ae, F., a war chariot of the Britons.
essedarius, -i, M., a charioteer, essedum, -i, N., same as esseda. et, conj., and; et...et, both... and: -etiam (Verg. 49).
etiam, adv., even, etsi, conj., even if, although. Eurus, -i, M., Eunis, the east wind. Eurypylus, -i, M., Eurypylus, a Trojan.
evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, v. intr., go forth, ascend.
evenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, v. intr., come to pass, happen.
evanit, it happens.
eventus, -us, M., result; ex eventu, frem the mishap (c. iv, 31).
everto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, v. tr., overthrow, drive out, destroy.
evinco, -ere -vici, -victum, con- quer utterly.
evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v, tr., call out, summon.
ex : see e.
examine, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., test; ad certum pondus ex- aminatUS, of a fixed standard weight, literally, weighed to a fixed weight (c. v, 12).
exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, v. intr. , be kindled, burst forth ; hoc dolore exarsit, he was roused through grief at this (c. v, 4).
excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., leave, depart.
excello, -ere, -cellui, -celsum, v. intr., excel, surpass.
excelsus, -a, -um, adj., high.
excidium, -i, N., destruction.
excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr., cut away (Verg. 481).
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr., take the place of (c. v, 17).
excito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., arouse.
exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., cry out, shout.
excludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sum, v. tr., shut out, prevent ; a navi- gatione excludere, to prevent from sailing (c. v, 23).
excutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- sum, v. tr., shake off (Verg. 223) ; arouse (Verg. 302).
294
VOCABULARY
excuse, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., justify (of a charge).
exemplum, -i, N., an example, sample, pattern.
exeo, -Ire, -il (ivl), -itum, v. intr., go out.
exerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitum, v. tr., exercise, train.
exercitatip, -onis, F., training, practise, exercise.
exercitus, -US, M., a trained band ; an army ; exponere exercitum, to land an army (c. v, 9).
exhalo, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., breathe out.
exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, v. tr., drive out, pass the time ; exacta hieme, when winter had passed, at the end of winter.
exiguitas, -atis, F., shortness.
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small, scanty-
exilium, -1, N., exile.
existimatio, -onis, F., reputation.
existimp, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., suppose, think, consider.
exitium, -I, N., destruction.
exitialis, -e, adj., ruinous.
exitus, -us, M., issue, end.
exoptatus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass, of exopto, used as an adj., longed for (Verg. 138).
exopto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wish, desire.
exorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v. dep., arise.
expedio, -ire, -Ivi(ii), -Itum, v. tr., extricate.
expeditus, -a, -um, adj., lightly equipped, free, unencumbered, without baggage ; ad usum expeditior, more efficient for service (c. iv, 25) ; expedi- tus receptus, a quick retreat (c. iv, 33); legiones expeditae, legions without baggage (c. v, 2).
expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., drive out, expel.
expendo, -ere, -pendl, -pensum, v. tr., pay.
experior, -irl, -pertus sum, v. dep., try, test.
expleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr., fill up.
explico, -are, -avi, ( plicui), -pli- catum (-plicitum), v. tr., set forth, tell (Verg. 362).
explorator, -oris, M., scout, spy. exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., investigate, reconnoitre.
expono, -ere, -posui, -positum, v. tr. , place out, deploy ; disembark ; expositae hostium copiae, the forces of the enemy deployed (c. iv, 23) ; cum essent expositi milites, when the forces had landed (c. iv, 37) ; expo- Sito exercitu, when the army had landed (c. v, 9).
expromo, -ere, -prompsl, -promptum, v. tr., utter (Verg. 280).
expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., take by storm, capture.
exsanguis, -sangue, adj., pale.
exscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum, v. tr., destroy (Verg. 177).
exspecto, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., wait for, await; in ancoris exspec- tare, to wait at anchor (c. iv, 23) : wait for (Verg. 358) ; long expected (Verg. 283).
exstinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, v. tr., extinguish, kill.
exsto, stare, no perf., no sup., v. intr., be out; capite solo ex aqua exstare, to have their heads alone out of the water (c. v, 18).
exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr., tower above, conquer.
exsultans, -tis, adj., rejoicing.
exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., leap forth.
exterus, -a, -um, adj. (rarely used in positive), outside, foreign, strange ; comp., exterior; sup., extremus.
extemplo, adv., immediately.
extra, prep, (with ace.), outside of, beyond.
extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tract- urn, v. tr. , draw out, withdraw ; id facile extrahere, to waste this easily (c. v, 22). .
extremus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of exterus) of place or time, last ; hieme extrema, at the end of winter; ex- tremi, rear-guard (c. v, 10); flamma extrema, expiring flame (Verg. 431) ; audere extrema, to dare the greatest dangers (Verg. 349) ; extrema in morte, in death's extremity.
exuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v. tr., strip off, deprive ; exutas vinclis palmas, her hands freed from chains (Verg. 153).
exuviae, -arum, F. pi., spoils.
evinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum, v. tr., overcome (Verg. 497).
faber, -bri, M., a workman, wright. fabricator, -oris, M., contriver (Verg. 264).
VOCABULARY
295
fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make contrive.
facies, -el, F., appearance.
facile, adv., easily, readily; comp., facilius ; sup., facillime.
facilis, -e, adj., easy.
facio, facere, fed, factum, v. tr., do, make ; magni facere, to value highly ; pluris facere, to value more highly; castra facere, to pitch a camp ; iter facere, to make a march ; vim facere, to do violence ; imper- ata facere, to obey commands ; facere periculum, to make an attempt (c. iv, '21); iter facere, to make a march (c. iv, 32); bellum populo Romano facere, to make war against the Roman people (c. iv, 22) ; proelio facto, after the battle was fought (c. iv, 27) ; rebel- lionem facere, to renew the war (c. iv, 30) ; vim facere, offer violence (c. v, 7) ; pro sano facere, to act as a sane man (c. v, 7). (For passive see flo.
factum, -l, N., action, deed.
facultas, -atis, F. . opportunity.
fag-US, -I, F., beech tree.
fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, v. tr., deceive.
falsus, -a, -urn, adj., false.
fama, -ae, F., renown (Verg. 82).
famulus, -I, M., attendant.
fando, abl. of gerund of for, speak.
fas (indecl. noun). N., right ; lawful (Verg. 157, 402).
fastigium, -1, N., roof.
fatalis, -e, adj., deadly.
fateor, fateri, fassus sum, v. dep., confess.
fatum, l, N., destiny, fate.
fatur, 3rd sing. pres. indie, of (for) fari, fatus sum, speak.
fauces, -ium, F. pi., jaws. S
fax, facis, F., torch.
feliciter, adv., luckily, prosperously.
femineus, -a, -um, adj., pertaining to a woman.
fenestra, -ae, F., window.
fere, adv., almost, nearly.
ferio, -ire, no perf., no sup., v. tr., strike.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., bring, bear, carry, endure ; fertur, it is said ; auxilium ferre, to bring aid ; injurias ferre, to inflict wrongs; legem ferre, to propose a law ; con- suetudo fert, the custom admits of
(c. iv, 32) ; impetum ferre, to make an attack (c. iv, 35) ; graviter ferre, to he annoyed (c. v, 6) ; ut fert illorum opinio. according to their ideas (c. v. 13).
ferreus, -a, -um, adj., of iron, iron.
ferrum, -1, N., iron ; acies ferri, the edge of the sword (Verg. 333).
ferus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, bold.
fessus, -a, -um, adj., weary.
festino, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., hasten.
festus, -a, -um, adj., festal, fetus, -a, um, adj., pregnant, filled with.
flctus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of fingo used as an) adj., idle, feigned, false.
fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, trusty.
fidens, -ntis, adj., confident (Verg. 61).
fides, -ei, F., faith, loyalty ; in fldem recipere, to receive under one's pro- tection (c. iv. 22) ; fldem sequi, to be loyal to (c. v, 20) ; eos in fldem re- cipere, to admit them to his protection (c. iv, 22) ; fldem interponere, to pledge his word (c. v, 6) ; promise (Verg. 142).
f ido, f idere, f isus sum, v. semi- dep., trust, confide.
fiducia, -ae, F., trust, confidence, fldus, -a, -um, adj., trustworthy. fig-6, -ere, flxl, flxum, v. tr., fasten : impress (Verg. 490).
flgnira, -ae, F., form, shape, filia, -ae, F., daughter, filius, -I, M., son.
flng-6, fingere, flnxi, flctum, v. tr., form, shape, make.
finis, -is, M. and F., end, limit; pi., fines, M., boundaries, territories.
finitimus, -a, -um, adj., bordering upon, adjoining ; in pi., finitimi, -orum, neighbors.
fio, fieri, factus sum (pass, of facio), become, take place ; fit, it hap- pens; certior fieri, to be informed; non sine causa fieri, to be not with- out a reason (c. v, 6).
flrmiter, adv., firmly ; flrmiter in- sistere, to stand firmly, to get a good footing (c. iv, 26).
flrmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, flxus, -a, -um, adj., fixed, resolute, flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. ir., demand, ask earnestly.
296
VOCABULARY
flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., blaze.
flamma,-ae,F., flame.
flecto, -ere, flexui, flexum, v. tr., bend, turn.
fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, v. intr. weep.
fl§tus, -us, M., tears, weeping.
flo, flare, flavi, flatum, v.intr.,blow.
fluctus, -US, M., flood, wave.
flumen, -inis, N., river.
fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, v. intr., flow, ebb.
fluvius, -1, M., river.
fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, v. tr., dig.
foedo, -are, -avi, -atum.v. tr., mar, defile.
fons, fontis, M., fountain.
for, far!, fatus sum, v. tr. dep., speak, say.
fore=futurum esse (fut. inf. of sum).
forem=essem.
foris, -is, F., door, gate.
forma, -ae, F., form, shape.
formido, -inis, F., dread ; formi- dine capti, overcome with fear (Verg. 384).
formo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., shape.
fors, -tis, F., chance, luck (Verg. 94); used ad verbially = forte (Verg. 138).
fortasse, adv., perhaps, by chance.
forte, adv., perhaps, by chance (Verg. 81 ; 342).
fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave.
fortiter, adv., courageously, bravely.
fortuna, -ae, F., success, good for- tune (Verg. 385).
Fortuna, -ae, F., Fortune, goddess of Fortune (Verg. 79).
fossa, -ae, F., ditch, trench.
fractus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of frango, broken.
frag-or, -oris, M., breaking, crash.
frango, frangere, fregi, frac- tum, v. tr., break.
frater, -tris, M., a brother, fraus, fraudis, F., deceit, deception, fremitus, -us, M., noise, din (of battle, Verg. 336).
fretum, -i, N., strait, sea. frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold.
frigus, -oris, N., cold.
frons, frondis, F., bough.
fruges, -um, pi. F. , meal ; salsae fruges, salted cake, used in sacrifice (Verg. 33).
frumentarius, -a, um, adj., per- taining to corn ; res frumentaria, a supply of corn ; inopia frumentaria, want of corn.
frumentor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., fetch corn, forage.
frumentum, -i, N., corn.
frustra, adv., without effect, in vain.
fuga, -ae, F., flight; in fugam dare, to put to flight (c. iv, 26) ; ex fuga recipere, to recover from panic (c. iv, 27).
fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, v. tr. and intr., flee, flee from, run away.
fugitivus, -a, -um, adj., fleeing ; as a noun, fugitivus, -i, M. , a runaway slave.
fulgeo, ere or ere, fulsi, no sup., v. intr., gleam, shine.
fulmen, -inis, N., thunderbolt.
fulvus, -a, -um, adj., tawny.
fumo, -are, no perf., no sup., v. intr., smoke.
fumus, -i, M., smoke.
funda, -ae, F., a sling.
fundamentum, -i, N., foundation.
funditor, -oris, M., aslinger.
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusurn, v. tr., pour forth (Verg. 329) ; exercitum fundere, to rout an army.
fundus, -J, M., bottom.
funis, -is, M. , rope, cable.
funus, -eris, N., death.
furens, -tis, adj., raving ; furenti- bus Austris, when the south winds rage (Verg. 304); sponsa furens, his prophetic betrothed (Verg. 345).
furiatus, -a, -um, adj., frenzied (Verg. 407).
furo, -ere, -ui, no sup., rave.
furor, -oris, M., rage, madness, fury.
furtim, adv., by stealth.
futurus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum ; res futurae or futura (neut. pi.), the future.
Galba, -ae, M., Galba ; ServiusGalba, great-grandfather of the Emperor Galba. He served under Caesar in Gaul, and was praetor 54 B.C. After Caesar's death he served against Antony in the war of Mutina, 43 B.C.
VOCABULARY
297
galea, -ae, F., helmet.
Galli, -orum, pi. M., the Gauls ; the people who inhabited Gallia Trans- alpina (or Ulterior), Further Gaul (France), and Gall: a Cisalpina (or Citerior), Hither Gaul (Northern Italy).
Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul ;in pi. Galliae, divisions of Gaul.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic.
gallina, -ae, F., hen.
Gallus, -l, M., a Gaul, an inhabitant of Gallia.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, v. intr., semi-dep., rejoice.
gaudium, -i, N., joy, gladness, de- light.
gaza, -ae, F., treasure.
gelidus, -a, -urn, adj., cold, icy.
geminus, -1, adj. twin-born ; pi. gemini = duo (Verg. 203, 225, 415, 500).
gemitus, -us, M., a groan, sigh.
gener, -eri, M., a son-in-law.
genitor, -oris, M., father.
gens, gentis, F., nation, race, tribe, clan.
genus, -eris, N., birth, kind; am- plissimo genere natus, descended from a most illustrious family ; tpto hoc in genere pugnae, in all this kind of battle (c. v, 16).
German!, -orum, M. pi., the Germans.
Germania, -ae, F., Germany.
Germanicus, -a, -um,adj.,(?mMan.
Germanus, -a, -um, adj., German.
gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, v. tr., carry, bear, carry on ; bellum gerere, to wage war.
gladius, -i, M., sword.
glomero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., gather together.
gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame.
Gorgo, or on, -onis, F., a Gorgon.
gradus, -us, M., step.
Grail, -orum, M. pi., Greeks (Verg. 149).
Graius, -a, -um, adj., Grecian (Verg. 412).
gramen, -inis, N., grass.
grat3S, only in nom. and ace. pi., F., thanks (gratus).
gratia, -ae, F., favor, influence (c. v, 4) ; pi. gratiae, thanks ; agere gratias, to give thanks ; gratiam facere, to pardon ; gratiam habere, to feel thankful; gratiam referre,
to return thanks; gratia (abl. with genitive), for the sake of.
gratus, -a, um, adj., pleasing.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy.
gra vitas, -atis, F., weight, import- ance.
graviter, adv., heavily; graviter ferre, feel pained at (c. v, 4).
gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make heavy, burden.
gressus, -us, M., step.
giibernator, -oris, M., pilot, steers- man.
gurges, -itis, M., whirlpool.
gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., have, hold, possess ; regard, consider ; magni habere, to value highly (c. iv, 21).
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum, v. intr., hold fast, stick to (with abl. or dat.).
hasta, -ae, F., spear.
haud, adv., not at all (negativing single words, especially adjectives and adverbs) ; with verbs chiefly in the phrase haud SCio an, I don't know whether.
haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, v. tr., drink up.
hebeto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make dull (hebes, hebetis, "blunt").
Hector, -oris, M. : Hector, son of Priam and bravest of the Trojans, slain by Achilles after the latter had pursued him thrice round Troy. His body was dragged to the Grecian fleet at the wheels of Achilles' chariot, and was atterwards ransomed by the aged Priam, who, se- curing a twelve days' truce, performed the funeral obsequies. The story is to be found in Horn. Iliad, xxii and xxiv. See vv. 270 and 540-543.
hei, inter j. with dat., alas !
Hecuba, -ae, F., Hecuba, wife of Priam and mother of Hector.
Helena, -ae, F., Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Eloped with Paris to Troy in fulfilment of Venus' promise to give Paris the most beautiful woman in the world for wife, in return for his awarding to her (Venus) the apple of Discord. Upon this fateful event hinged the Trojan war. At the close of the war she returned home with Menelaus, and in the Odyssey, Bk. iv, we find her discharging the duties of hostess-wife as peacefully as if nothing had happened. See, however, note on v. 567. In v. 669
VOCABULARY
she is called Tyndaris, i.e., daughter of Tyndarus.
hereditas, -atis, F., heirship, in- heritance.
heri. adv., yesterday.
heu, interj., alas !
Hesperius, -a, -um, adj., Western.
hiberna, -orum, pi. N. (properly neut. pi. of the adj., hibernus agreeing with castra understood), winter quar- ters ; hiberna const! tuere, to appoint the position of the winter quarters (c. iv, 38; hiberna circumire, to inspect the winter quarters (c. v, 2).
Hibernia, -ae, F., Ireland.
hie, haec, hoc ; dem. pron. this, he, she, it ; hie . . . ille, the latter ... the former.
hie, adv., here ; then, hereupon (Verg. 199, 386).
hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., winter, pass the winter.
hiems, -is, F., winter, storm.
hinc, adv., hence, from this time (Verg. 99 ; 148).
Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.
hodie, adv., to-day ( = hoc die).
homo, -inis, M. or F., a human being; man ; pi. homines, inhabitants.
hora, -ae, F., hour. The Romans divided the period between sunrise and sunset into twelve equal parts, each of which was called hora ; so also with the night. The length of each hora would depend on the season of the year.
horrendus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful.
horreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. tr. and intr., dread, shudder at.
horresco, -ere, horrui, no sup., begin to shudder.
horribilis, -e, adj., dreadful,frightful
horridus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful.
horror, -oris, M., dread.
hortor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr., dep., urge, cheer, encourage, incite.
hospes, -pitis, M., visitor, guest, friend, host.
hostia, -ae, F., a victim offered in sacrifice (see note, Verg. 156).
hostis, -is, M., an enemy.
hlic, adv., hither, here, to this place.
hujusmodi, of this kind, of this sort.
humanus, -a, -um, adj., civilized.
humerus, -i, M., shoulder.
humi (locative), on the ground.
humilis, -e, adj., low, poor, humble.
humilitas, -atis, F., lowness, low- ness in the water (c. v, 1).
humus, -i, F., ground.
Hypanis, -is, M., Hypanis, a Trojan.
ibi, adv., in that place, there.
ictus, -US, M., stroke.
Ida, -ae, F., ML Ida, near Troy.
Idaeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Mt. Ida, Idaean.
idcirco, adv., on this account, for this reason, therefore.
idem, eadem, idem, dem. pro., the same.
idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable, convenient.
igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly, then.
ig-narus, -a, um, adj., ignorant, ignis, -is, M., fire, ignore, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., to be ignorant of.
ignosco, -ere, ig-novi, ignotum, v. intr. (with dat.), pardon. •
Iliacus, -a, -um, adj., of or belong- ing to Ilium, i.e., Troy.
ilicet, adv., straightway.
Ilium, -i ; N. n.: Ilium, another name for Troja, i.e., Troy, though Troja aiid Ilium seem to have been names applied to different districts of the same city. In recent years wonderful discoveries have been made through the excavations of Dr. Schliemann in the Troad. Remains of a prehistoric city of great wealth and grandeur have been unearthed beneath the nrii s of the historical city, Ilium, on the site of the present town of Hissarlik. The destruction of the Homeric Ilium is usually assigned to 1184 B.C. The historic Ilium was founded about 700 B.C.
ig-notus, -a, -um, adj., not known, unknown.
illabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, v. dep., glide into.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pro., that, that well known ; he, she, it ; ille . . . hie, the former ... the latter.
1116, adv., to that place, thither; eo- dem illo, to that same place.
illudo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum, v. tr, mock, jeer at (Verg. 64).
Illyricum, -i, N., Illyricum, a dis- trict comprising the modern Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
imago, -inis, F., form.
VOCABULARY
299
imbellis, -6, adj., unwarlike, useless.
imber, -bris, M., a shower.
immanis, -e, adj., vast, huge, enor- mous, immense.
Immanuentius, -i, M., Immanu- entius, father of Mandubracius (c. v, 20).
immisceo, -ere, -miscui, mix- turn, v. intr., mingle with.
immensus, -a, -um, adj., immense.
immemor, -oris, adj., unmindful.
immitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., send or drive into (the enemy's line) ; se immittere, rush into.
immixtus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of immisceo, mingled with.
immo, adv., on the contrary, no in- deed, yes indeed ; used in answers to cor- rect or modify either by contradicting or by strengthening.
immolo, -aro, -avi, -atum, v. tr., sacrifice.
impedimentum, -i, N., hindrance ; pi. baggage (of an army) ; sarcinae, the kit of the individual soldiers.
impedio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., hamper, hinder ; religionibus inipe- diri, to be hampered by religious scruples (c. v, 6) ; navigationem im- pedire, to prevent sailing (c. v, 7); animis impeditis, when their atten- tion was distracted (c. v, 7).
impeditus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass, of impedio used as an) adj., hampered, impassable; loca impe- dita, inaccessible places (c. v, 19).
impello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., hurl forward.
imperator, -oris, M., commander- in-chief, general.
imperatum, -1, N., command, order.
imperitus, -a, -um, adj., unskilled in, inexperienced in (with genitive, c. iv. 22).
imperium, -i, N., command, author- ity, government ; authority (c. iv, 21); power (c. v, 6) ; empire (Verg. 191).
impero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr. (with dat.), command, order; magnum eis numerum obsidum imperat, he levies a large number of hostages from them (c. iv, 22 ; iv, 27).
impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., obtain by request, obtain.
impetus, -xiS, M., attack, assault ; impetum sustinere, to withstand an attack (c. iv, 37); facere impetum, to make an attack (c. v, 15).
impius, -a, -um, adj., wicked.
impleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr., fill up, till.
implico, are, -plicavi (or -plicui), -plicatum (or plicitum), v. tr., en- twine around (Verg. 215).
importo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bring or carry to ; import.
improbus, -a, -um, adj., bad, fierce (Verg. 356).
improvisus, -a, -um, adj., unfore- seen ; de improvise, unexpectedly, suddenly.
improvidus, -a, -um, adj., unsus- pecting.
imprudens, -tis, adj., not foresee- ing, unwise ; imprudentibus nos- tris, while our men were off their guard (c. v, 15).
imprudentia, -ae, F., indiscretion, thoughtlessness.
imus, -a, um, sup. of inferus (H. L., 93, l).
in, prep, with (1) ace. (after words sig- nifying motion), to, into, upon, against ; (2) abl. (after words signifying rest), in, at, during, among ; in niemem, for the winter (c. iv, 29) ; in primis, especially (c. v, 6) ; in itinere, while on the march (c. iv, 11) ; in ancoris, at anchor.
inanis, -e, adj., empty, vain, useless.
incendium, -i, N., fire.
incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, v. ir., set on fire, burn, inflame.
inceptum, -i, N., beginning ; design (incipio).
incensus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of incendo, used as an adj., burning, (Verg. 327).
incertus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain; incertis ordinibus, when their ranks were broken (c. iv, 32) ; erring (Verg. 224).
incido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., fall upon.
incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr., begin, commence.
incite, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., urge, arouse, encourage ; equis inci- tatis, with their horses at full gallop (c. iv, 26, 33) ; remis incitare, to row hard (c. iv, 25).
inclementia, -ae, F., lack of pity, cruelty (clemens).
includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, v. tr. , shut in.
inclutus, -a, um, adj., renowned, incog-nitus, -a, -um, adj., unknown, incola, -ae, M., an inhabitant.
incolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum, v. tr., live in, inhabit.
300
VOCABULARY
incolumis, -e, adj. safe, in safety.
incomitatus, -a, -um, adj., un- accompanied.
incommodum, -i, N., loss, disaster.
incredibilis, -e, adj., incredible.
incumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum (dat.), lean upon, press down (Verg. 205).
incursio, -6nis, F., inroad, invasion.
incurro, -ere, curri (or cucurri). Cursum, run into or against.
incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.» accuse, blame.
inde, adv., from that place, thence ; after that, then.
indicium, -1, N., sign, information.
indignor, ari, -atus sum, v. dep., to be wrathful (Verg. 93).
indignus, -a, -um, adj., unworthy.
indomitus, -a, -um, adj., stubborn.
indulged, -ere, -si, -turn, with dat., yield to.
indutiae, -arum, F. pi., a truce, armistice.
induo, -ere, -dui, -dutum, v. tr., put on.
Indutiomarus, -i, M., Indutioma- rus, a leading man among the Treveri, and rival of Cingetorix, who sided with the Romans (c. v, 2).
ineluctabilis, -e, adj., inevitable.
ineo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. tr. and intr., enter, enter upon ; inire COn- Silium, to form a plan (c. iv, 32 ; v, 23) ; secunda inita vigilia, at the be- ginning of the second watch (c. v, 23).
inennis, -e, adj., unarmed, defence- less.
iners, -ertis, adj., lifeless.
infamia, -ae, F., ill report, infamy.
infandus, -a, -um, adj., unspeak- able.
infelix, -felicis, adj., unhappy, un- fortunate.
infensus, -a, -um, adj., hostile.
infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, v. tr., carry in, bring in; bellum hosti- bus inferre, to make war on the enemy ; signa inferre, to advance ; bello illato, when the war was over (c. v, 12); periculum inferebat, bring danger (c. v, 16).
inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, lower ; comp., inferior; sup., infimus or imus.
infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile.
inflcio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum, v. tr., stain.
inflmus : see inferus. infinitus, -a, um, adj., boundless, immense.
inflrmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, feeble.
infra, (l)adv., below ; (2) prep, (with ace.), below, beneath.
infula, -ae, F., fillet, a white and red band of woolen stuff worn upon the fore- head as a sign of consecration.
ingemino, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., redouble.
ingens, -tis, adj., huge, great, vast.
ingratus, -a, -um, adj., unthankful, thankless, ungrateful.
ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. tr., dep., enter upon.
ingruo, -ere, ingrui, no sup. ; rush on.
inhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibit- um, v. tr., check, restrain.
injicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., throw or cast into.
inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly, hostile ; as a noun, a private enemy.
iniquus, -a, -um, adj., uneven; disadvantageous, unjust.
initiurn, -i, N., beginning, commence- ment ; in initio, in the beginning.
injuria, -ae, F., wrong, outrage, in- justice.
innoxius, -a, -um, adj., harmless.
innuptus, -a, -um, adj., unwed.
inopia, -ae, F., want, scarcity, poverty.
inquit, (verb defective), says he.
insanus, -a, -um, adj., mad.
insania, -ae, F., madness.
insciens, -tis, adj., not knowing, unaware, ignorant ; Caesare in- SCiente, without th'e knowledge of Caesar (c. v, 7).
inscius, -a, -um, adj., not knowing, ignorant of a thing.
insequor, -sequi, -secutus (or sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., overtake, attack; insequi cedentes, to over- take the retreating enemy (c. v, 16).
inserto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., put into.
insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, v. tr., am eeated in, occupy.
insidiae, -arum, F. pi., ambush ; hence, wiles (Verg. 195, 310).
insigne, -signis, N., badge, decora- tion.
insignis, -e, adj., noted, remarkable.
VOCABULARY
301
insinuo, -are, -avf, -atum, v. tr., make a way into; se insinuare, to make their way among (c. iv, 33).
insisto, -sistere, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., stand, take one's position ; flrm- iter insistere, to get a firm foothold (c. iv, 26, 33).
insolenter, adv., haughtily, arro. gantly.
insono, -are, -sonul, -sonitum. v. intr., re-echo.
insons, -sontis, adj., guiltless.
inspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, v. tr., look into.
instabilis, -e, adj., unsteady.
instar, N., indecl., image; instar mentis, as high as a mountain (Verg. 15).
instauro, -are, avi, -atum, v. tr., renew.
insterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratum, v. tr., lay upon, cover over.
instituo, -ere, -stitul, -stitutum, v. tr., draw up troops ; decide upon ; bellum parare instituit, he decided to prepare for war (c. v, 3) ; ab insti- tute consilio, from his appointed plan (c. v, 4) ; naves instituere, build ships (Verg. 11).
institutum, -1, N., custom, usage, law.
institutus, -a, -urn, perf. part. pass. of instituo.
insto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., press on (Verg. 491).
instruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- tum, v. tr., build, draw up ; navem instruere, to build a ship (c. v, 2) ; omnibus rebus instrui, to be fully equipped (c. v, 5) ; copias instruere, to draw up forces (c. v, 18).
insuefactus, -a, -urn, adj., un- accustomed.
insuetus, -a, -um, adj., unused, unaccustomed ; navigandi insuetus, unused to sailing (c, v, 6).
insula, -ae, F., island.
insultans, -tis, adj., insulting, scoffing.
insuper, adv., moreover, besides, above.
integer, -gra, -grum, adj., unim- paired, fresh.
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr., understand, know; intellectum est, it was observed (c. v. 10).
intemeratus, -a, -um, adj., un- sullied.
intendo, -ere, -di, intensum or intentum, v. tr., stretch (Verg, 237).
intentus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, used as an adj., eager.
inter, prep, (with ace.), between, among.
intercede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. tr. , intervene, come to pass.
intercludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, v. tr., hem in (Verg. 111).
interdico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, v. tr., forbid.
interea, adv., in the meantime, meanwhile.
interest, interesse, interfuit, intr., impersonal; it is of importance; mea interest, it is of importance to me ; viri interest, it is of import- ance to the man ; magni interesse, it is of great importance (c. v, 4).
interficio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., kill, destroy, slay.
interim, adv., meanwhile, in the meantime.
interior, comparative adj., from obso- lete interus), inner; interiores, those of the inland parts (c. v, 14); pars interior, the inland part (c. v, 12).
intermitto, -ere., -misi, -missum, v. tr., discontinue; brevi tempore intermisso, after the lapse of a short interval (c. iv, 34) ; intermissa pro- fectione, postponing his departure (c. v, 7); non intermisso remi- gandi labore, without relaxing the exertion of rowing (c. v, 8) ; vento in- termisso, after the wind had died down (c. v, 8); ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis, not even the night time interrupting the exertions of the soldiers (c. v, ii) , intermisso s] time (c. v, 15).
spatio, after a
interpono, -ere, -posui, -posi- tum, v. tr., allege ; fldem interpon- ere, to pledge his word (c. v, 6)-.
interpreter, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., expound.
interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ask, inquire.
interrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup- tum, v. tr., break down, break up.
intersum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be present, take part in (with dative).
intervallum, -I, N., an interval of space or time.
intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, v. int., come between, come upon.
302
VOCABULARY
intexo, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. tr., in- weave, interlace.
intono, -are, -ui, -itum, v. intr., thunder.
intorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortum, v. tr., hurl against (see note, Verg. 56).
intra .prep, (with ace.), between, within.
introitus, -us, M., an entrance.
intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, v. tr. dep., behold, consider, regard.
intus, adv., within.
inultUS, -a, -um, adj., unavenged.
inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., unusual; inusitatior, somewhat novel (c. iv, 25).
inutilis, -e, adj., useless, unservice- able; inutilis ad navigandum, un- seaworthy (c. iv, 29).
invado, -ere, -si, -sum, v. tr., go against, attack.
invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, v. tr., come upon, find out, discover.
inventor, -oris, m., discoverer.
invicem, adv., by turns, alternately.
invidia, -ae, F., envy, ill-will.
invisus, -a, -um, adj., hateful.
invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling; 86 invito, against his will.
involve, -ere, -vi, -utum, enroll, enwrap.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pro. ; self, himself, herself, itself, themselves ; ipso terrore equorum, by mere terror caused by the horses (c. iv, 33).
ira, -ae, F., anger.
irritus, -a, -um, adj., useless, un- availing.
irruo, 3, -rui, -rutum, v. intr., rush against.
is, ea, id, dem. pro. this, that, he, she, it, they; before ut, is = talis, such ; with comparatives eo (abl.) the : eo mag-is, all the more.
iste, ista, istud, dem. pro., that, that of yours.
ita, adv., in this way, so, thus : in the following manner, therefore ; non ita magnus, not very large (c. iv, 37).
Italia, -ae, F., Italy.
itaque, conj., and so, therefore, ac- cordingly.
item, adv., just, so, also, in like manner.
iter, itineris, N., journey, march ; iter magnum, a forced march ; ex itinere oppugnare, to storm by direct assault ; ex itinere, on the march ;
iter facere, to make a march (c. iv, 32); iter conflcere, to complete a march.
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
Ithacus, -a, -um, adj., Ithacan in Verg. 104.
Itius, -i, M., Itius, a port on the northern coast of Gaul, opposite Britain. From it Caesar sailed to Britain. It is said to be Boulogne, or Wissant.
lulus, -i, M., lulus, son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius
jaceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., lie, lie dead.
jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, v. tr., throw, cast ; • ancoram jacere, cast anchor (c. iv, 28).
jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. (freq. from jacio), keep throwing, utter wildly.
jaculor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., fling, hurl.
jam, adv., now (Verg. 132); already, jamdudum, adv., at once, janua, -ae, F., door.
jampridem, adv., now for a long time.
juba, -ae, F., crest.
jubeo,- ere, -jussi, -jussum, v. tr., order.
judico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., decide.
jugum, -i, N.,yoke. Julius, -i, M., see Caesar, jumentum, -i, N., baggage animal, junctura, -ae, F., joint.
jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, v. tr., join.
Juno, -onis, F.,Juno, wife of Jupiter and queen of heaven.
Jupiter, Jovis, Jovi, Jovem, Jove, M. , Jupiter. jus, juris, N., right.
jusjurandum, juris jurandi, N., an oath.
jussum, -i, N., command, jussus, -us, M., command. Justus, a, -um, adj., just.
juvenilis, -e (also juvenalis), adj., youthful.
juvenis, -is, M., a young man. juventa, -ae, F., youth (period of).
juventus, -utis, F., youth (collective noun).
VOCABULARY
303
juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, v. tr., delight; nos juvat, it delights us (Verg. 27).
juxta, adv. and prep., next, close to.
Kalendae, -arum, F., pi., the Kalends, the first day of each month.
Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a city of Northern Africa.
Karthaginiensis, -is, adj., a Car- thaginian.
L. = Lucius, a Roman praenomen.
Laberius, -1, M., Laberius ; Quintus Laberius Durus, a tribune in Caesar's army in Gaul.
labes, -is, F., slipping, downfall.
Labienus, -I, M., Titus Labienus, one of Caesar's lieutenants in the Gallic wars. On the outbreak of the civil war he went over to Pompey and fell at Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.
labo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., totter.
labor, -oris, M., toil, suffering, exer- tion.
labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. intr. dep., slip, go~ astray ; propter im- prudentiam labi, to fall away from allegiance on account of thoughtlessness (c. v, 3).
laboro, are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., toil, labor, be in trouble.
labrum, -i, N., lip.
lac, lactis, N., milk; lacte et carne vivere, to live on milk and flesh (c. v, 14).
Lacaena, -ae, F., Spartan woman.
lacesso, -essere, -essivi, -essi- tum, v. tr., provoke, assail, assault.
lacrima, -ae, F., a tear.
lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., weep.
lacus, -us, M., lake.
laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, v. tr., harm, hurt, offend, injure; pro nutnine laeso, for the offended deity (Verg. 183).
laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, glad, pleasant.
laeva, sc. manus, left hand.
laevus, -a, -urn, adj., left, left hand : hence (1) unpropitious.
lambo, -ere, Iambi, no sup., v. tr., lick.
lamentabilis, -e, adj., to be lam- ented.
Laocoon, -ontis, M., Laocoon, priest of Apollo, though we find him (Verg. 301) sacrificing to Neptune. (For the story of his death i-ee Verg. 41, 199 seq. ; note Verg. 199.)
lapso, -are, no perf., no sup. (labor), slip.
lapsus, perf. part, of dep. v., labor.
lapSUS, -US, M., gliding.
Larissaeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Larissa, a town of Thessaly : an epithet of Achilles, who came from Larissa.
largus, -a, -um, adj., bounteous.
lassus, -a, -um, adj., faint, weary.
late, adv., widely, broadly; longe lateque, far and wide (c. iv, 35); quam latissime, as widely as possible (c. iv, 3).
latebra, -ae (rare in sing.), F., lurk- ing place.
lateo, latere, latui, no supine, v. tr., lie hid, be concealed.
latus, -eris, N., side, flank; ab latere aperto, on the exposed flank, i.e., the right (c. iv, 25, 26).
latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., praise.
laurus, -us, F., laurel, bay-tree.
laus, -dis, F., praise.
laxo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., loose.
legatio, -onis, F., an embassy.
legatus, -i, M., (1) an ambassador; (2)lieutenant-general in the army, an officer of senatorial rank in command of different divisions in the field, under the impera- tor. They were appointed by the Senate and were usually three in number, but Caesar had ten in Gaul.
legio, -onis, F., a legion; a division of the Roman army consisting, when com- plete, of 6,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The infantry was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three maniples, and each maniple into two centuries. The cavalry consisted of ten squadrons (turmae). — legion e conferta, owing to the legion being in close order (c. iv, 32) ; legioni aliquem praeflcere, to appoint one over a legion (c. v, 1); legiones ex- peditae, legions without baggage, or in light marching order (c. v, 2).
legionarius, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to a legion ; milites leglo- narii, common soldiers.
legitimus, -a, -um, adj., lawful poena legitima, the legal penalty.
304
VOCABULARY
lego, legere, legi, lectum, v. tr., choose, select ; read ; skim over (Verg. 206).
lenis, -e, mild, gentle.
leo, -onis, M., lion.
lepus, -oris, M., a hare.
letum, -i, N., death.
levis, -e, adj., light ; milites levis armaturae, light-armed soldiers.
levis, e, adj., smooth.
levo, -are; -avi, -atum, v. tr., relieve, lighten.
lex, legis, F., law, terms, conditions.
llberaliter, adv., courteously, gener- ously.
llbere, adv., freely, without restraint.
liberi, -orum, pi. M., children (the singular is not found except in late writers); unus ex liberis, one child.
libero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., free, acquit; poena liberare, to re- lieve from punishment.
lignum, -i, N., wood.
ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., hind.
limbus, -1, M., border, belt, band, girdle.
limen, -inis, N., threshold.
limosus, -a, -um, adj., muddy, miry.
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
linquo, -ere, liqui, no sup., v. tr., leave.
liS, litis, F., a dispute, law suit; litem aestimare, to estimate the amount of damages (c. v, 1).
lito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., propitiate.
littera (or litera), -ae, F., a letter of the alphabet; pi. litterae, -arum, literature, or a despatch, letter; ex litteris, in accordance with the despatch (c. iv, 38).
litus, -oris, N., water's edge, coast.
loco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., place, station ; castra locare, to pitch a camp.
locus, -i, M., a place; pi., loca or loci ; obsidum loco, as hostages (c. v, 5); in loca superiora, up the country (c. v, 8 ; loca temperatiora, more temperate climate (c. v, 12).
locutus, -a, -um, perf. part, of loquor : which see.
longaevus, -a, -um, adj., of great age, aged (longus, aevum).
longe, adv., far; with comparatives and superlatives, far, by far; longe melior, far better ; longe optimus,
by far the best ; longius, too far (c. v, 7) ; longe lateque, far and wide (c. iv, 35).
longinquus, -a, -um, adj., remote^ distant.
longitude, -inis, F., length, Bxtent.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
loquor, loqui, locutus (or loquu- tus) sum, v. tr. dep. , speak.
lorum, -i, N., thong.
lubricus, -a, -um, adj., slippery.
Lucifer, -i, M., Lucifer, the morning star (lux, fero).
Lucius, -i, M., Lucius.
lucrum, -i, N., profit, gain, advantage.
luctus, -US, M. grief.
lugeo, ere, luxT, no sup., v. tr. and intr., lament, mourn for.
Lugotorix, -igis, M., I/ugotorix, a British chief who was captured in an attack on Caesar's camp.
lumen, -inis, N., light ; eyes (Verg. 173, 405)
luna, -ae, F., moon ; moonlight (Verg. 340).
lupus, -i, M., a wolf.
lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., traverse ; survey, scan.
lusus, -US, M., sport play.
lux, lucis, F., Jight ; prima luce, at daybreak ; orta luce, at daybreak (c. v, 8).
Lydius, -a, -urn, adj., belonging to Lydia.
M. = Marcus, a Roman praenomen.
Machaon, -onis, M., Machaon, a Greek surgeon, son of Aesculapius.
machina, -ae, F., engine of war (Verg. 151).
macto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., sacrifice.
maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad.
magis (comp. of adv., magnopere), more, rather (sup. maxime).
magnitude, -inis, F., size.
magnopere, adv. (often written magno opere), greatly; comp., magis; sup., maxime, especially.
magnus, -a, -um, adj., large, great (comp. major; sup. maximus) ; magni, at a high price ; pluris, at a greater price ; maximi, at a very high price; majores natu, elders; ma- jores, ancestors; res major, matter
VOCABULARY
305
of more than usual importance ; maxi- mam partem, for the most part ; magni habere, to value highly ; magni interesse, to be of great finportance (c. v, 4).
major : see magnus. majores, -urn, M., ancestors.
male, adv., badly (comp., pejus ; sup., pessime).
malus, -a, -um, adj-> bad, evil, wicked (comp., pejor; sup., pessi- mus).
mandatum, -1, N., order, command, charge.
mando, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr. (with dative), entrust, bid ; se fugae mandare, to consign themselves to flight (c. v, 18).
Mandubracius, I-, M., Mandubra- cius, a chief of the Trinobantes, a British tribe.
mane, adv., in the morning, early.
maneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansum, v. tr. and intr., remain, await, stay; in Offlcio manere, to remain in alle- giance, to remain loyal (c. v, 4); await (Verg. 194) ; be steadfast (Verg. 159).
nianica, -ae, F., handcuff, fetter.
manifestus, -a, -um, adj., clear, plain, evident.
manus, -US, F., hand ; band of men ; man vim conserere, to engage in battle ; delecta manus, a picked band.
Marcus, -I, M., Marcus; a Roman praenomen.
mare, -is, N., the sea ; et mari et terra, both by sea and land.
maritimus, -a, -um, adj., of or be- longing to the Sea; maritime; ora maritima, the sea coast (c. iv, 20) ; aestus maritimi, tides (c. iv, 29), regiones maritimae, the districts lying on the sea; res maritimae, naval movements.
Mars, -tis, M., Mars, the Roman god of war.
mater, -tris, F., mother.
materia, -ae, F., timber.
maturus, -a, um, adj., early.
maxime, adv., superlative of mag- nopere, which see.
maximus, -a, -um, adj., superlative of magnus, which see.
mecum ; with me.
mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj., in- land, central.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle ; medius mons, the middle of the
mountain ; media de nocte, after midnight; ad mediam noctem, about midnight.
Meldi, -orum, or Meldae, -arum, pi. M., the Meldi or Meldae, a people of Gallia Belgica, on the coast east of the Parisii, near the modern town of Meaux, which still preserves the name.
melior, melius, adj., comp. of bonus, better.
membrum, -i, N., limb.
memini, -isse, v. defec., remember.
memor, -oris, adj., mindful.
memorabilis, -e, adj., memorable, deserving to be related.
memoria, -ae, F., memory, recol- lection; memoria tenere, to recol- lect ; nostra memoria, in our day ; memoria proditum, handed down by tradition (c. v, 12) ; post hominum memoriam, within the memory of man.
memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
relate.
Menapii, -drum, pi. M., the Mena- pii, a people of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosa (Meuse), and the Scaldis (Schelat) ; their chief town was Menapi- orum Castellum (now Kessel).
mendacium, -i, N., falsehood.
mendax, -acis, adj., lying, false.
Menelaus, -i, M., Menelaus, son of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon, husband of Helen and king of Sparta.
mens, mentis, F., mind.
mensa, -ae, F., table.
mensura, ae, F., measure; cer- tae ex aqua mensurae, accurate measurements by the water clock (c. v, 13).
mentior, -iri, mentitus sum, v. dep., tr., lie, speak falsely.
mercator, -toris, M., trader.
merces, -cedis, F., price.
mercor, -ari, atus sum, v. tr., dep., buy.
mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., gain, deserve.
meridianus, -a, -um, adj., mid- day; meridiano fere tempore at about noon (c. v, 8).
meridies, -ei, M., mid-day ; ad meridiem spectat, it faces the South (i.e., the sun at noon) (c. v, 13).
meritum, -i, N., service, kindness, benefit ; pro meritis, for his kindness; merito eius a se fieri, to be done by him according to the deserts of the latter (c. v, 4).
306
VOCABULARY
metior, -iri, mensus sum, v. tr., dep., measure, measure out.
meto, metere, xnessui, messum, v. tr., reap.
metuo, -ere -i, metutum, v. tr., fear, metus, -US, M., fear.
meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. pro. ; my, mine.
xnico, -are, -ui, no sup ; flash, miles, -itis, M., a soldier.
militaris, -e, adj., of or belonging to a soldier, military ; res militaris, mili- tary science.
militia, -ae, F., military service.
mille, adj. or noun, indecl., a thou- sand (H L., 106, 6); pi. millia or milia.
millia passuum, miles; mille passus, a Roman mile, or 1,616 yards (see passus ; also H. L., 106, 7).
Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, a Roman goddess who presided over wisdom and war.
minister, -tri, M., servant.
minor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr., threaten; aliquem morte or alicui mortem minari, to threaten anyone with death.
minor, -us, adj. (comp. of parvus ; sup., minimus, less ; as a noun, minores (with or without natu), de- scendants; dimidio minor, half the size (c. v, 13).
minuo, -ere, -ui, -minutum, v. tr:, lesson, diminish.
minus, comp. adv. of parum (which see), less ; sup., minime.
mirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful.
miror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., admire, wonder at.
mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, strange, marvellous.
misceo, -ere, -ui, mistum or mixtum, v. tr., mingle, filled with confusion (Verg. 298).
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched, unfortunate.
miserabilis, -e, adj., wretched.
misereor, -eri, -itus sum, v. intr., dep. (with genitive), feel pity for.
miseresco, -escere, no perf., no sup., v. intr. (with genitive), feel pity for.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, v. tr., send.
mobilitas, -atis, F., activity, speed, mobilis, -e, adj., easily moved.
moderor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. and intr., manage, check.
modo, adv., only, merely, at all; modo . . .modo, now . . .now, at one mo- ment...at another; non modo...sed etiam, not only... but also; paulum modo, only a little.
modo ; see modus.
modus, -i, M., a measure, amount, manner, method ; modo fluminis, like a river ; nullo modo, by no means ; modo oratoris, in the capacity of an ambassador (c. iv, 27).
moenia, -ium, pi., N., walls of a city, fortifications.
moles, -is, F., mass (Verg. 150, 185).
moleste, adv., with trouble, with annoyance ; res multas moleste ferre, to be annoyed at many things.
molior, -iri, -itus sum, v. dep., perform with toil, undertake.
mollis, -e, adj., smooth, soft.
Mona, ae, F., Mona, the Isle of Man. Anglesey, was also called Mona, but its position does not answer Caesar's de- scription (c. v, 13).
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., ad- vise, warn, remind.
mons, mentis, M., mountain ; sum- mus mons, the top of the mountain.
monstro, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., point out, show.
monstrum, -i, N., prodigy, monster
montanus, -a, -um, adj., mountain.
mora, -ae, F., delay.
moratus, -a, -um, perf. part, dep., moror ; see moror.
Morini, -drum, pi. M., the Morini, a people of Gallia Belgica, on the north- eastern coast in the neighborhood of Calais. Their chief town was Gesoria- cum, afterwards Bononia (now Boulogne).
morior, mori, mortuus sum, v. dep., die.
moror, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr. and tr. dep., delay.
mors, -tis, F., death.
morsus, -us, M., bite.
mortalis, -e, adj., mortal, human.
motus, -us, M., motion, evolution; Galliae motus, an uprising in Gaul (c. v, 5).
moved, movere, movi, motum, v. tr., move, set in motion ; arma movere, to take up arms ; bellum movere, to undertake a war ; castra movere, to break up camp: odia movere, to stir up hatred (Verg. 96).
VOCABULARY
307
mox, adv., presentlj', soon ; then, afterwards.
mucro, -onis, M., edge, point.
mugitus, -us, M., bellowing.
multitude, -inis, F., crowd, multi- tude.
multo, adv. (used before compara- tives), adv., much, by much, greatly ; multo melior, much better (comp., plus ; sup., plurimum).
multum, adv. (not used before com- parative, otherwise same as multo).
multus, -a, -um, adj., much, many ; comp., plus ; sup., plurimus.
muniment urn, -i, N., defence, forti- fication.
munio, -ire, -ivi, itum, v. tr., pro- tect, fortify ; iter munire, to build a road.
munitio, -onis, F., defence.
murus, -i, M., wall.
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., change, exchange.
Mycenae, -arum, F. pi. , M ycenae, a city of Argolis, of which Agamemnon was king.
Mygdonides, -ae, M., patronymic, son of Mygdon, epithet of Coroebus.
Myrmidones, -um, M., pi., Myrmi- dons, a people of Thessaly, followers of Achilles.
N
nactus, -a, -um, perf. part. dep. nanciscor, having obtained.
nam, conj., for ; stands first in a sentence and explains some previous statement.
namque, conj., for indeed, for truly, a little more emphatic than nam.
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus (or nanctUS) sum, v. tr., dep., obtain, get.
narro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., tell.
nascor, -ci, natus sum, v. intr., dep., be born (c. v, 12) ; be born from.
natio, -tionis, F., tribe, people, nation.
natura, -ae, F., form ; natura, by nature, naturally ; natura triquetra, triangular in form (c. v, 13).
natus, -a, -urn (perf. part, dep., used as an) adj., descended from, born from ; child (Verg. 138, 214) ; nate dea, born from a goddess (Verg. 289).
natus, -US, M., used only in the abl., by birth; majores natu, ancestors; minores natu, descendants.
nauta, -tae, M., a sailor.
navalis, -e, adj., naval ; pugna navalis, a sea-fight, navigatio, -onis, F., sailing(c. iv, 36)' navigium, -i, N., a vessel, ship.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., sail.
navis, -is, F., a ship ; navis longa, a ship of war; navis oneraria, a ship of burden ; navem tenere in ancoris, to keep a ship at anchor; navem conscendere, to embark (c. iv, 23) (elsewhere in Caesar we find conscendere in navem) ; navem COnstituere, to moor a ship (c. iv, 24) ; naves solvere, set sail (c. v, 8) ; navem subducere, to draw a vessel on shore, to beach a vessel (c. v, 11).
ne, conj., (in final clauses) that not, lest ; (after verbs of fearing) that ; (after verbs of beseeching, ordering, com- manding) not to.
ne, adv., not ; ne. . . quidem, not. . . even (the emphatic word between ne and quidem, as ne unus quidem, not a single one) ; also used in negative imperative sentences, ne hoc feceris, don't do this.
-ne, interrog. enclitic particle. In single direct questions ; -ne is not to be translated except by laying stress on the word to which it is joined (H. L., 43, 3), in double questions, -ne...an, whether ...or(H. L., 44, 5).
nebula, -ae, F., mist.
nee : see neque.
necessario, adv., necessarily, un- avoidably.
necesse, indecl. adj. (used with est (+acc. and inf.), necessary, unavoidable, inevitable, needful.
necessitas, -atis.F., need, necessity.
necne, adv., used in alternative in- direct questions ; or not ; annon, is used in direct questions.
neco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., put to death, kill, destroy.
nefandus, -a, -um, adj., horrid (Verg. 155).
nefarius, -a, -um, adj., wicked, atrocious.
nefas, indecl. N., a crime (against divine law), impious deed ; nefas est dictu, it is wrong to say.
neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr., slight, neglect, be indifferent to, despise.
nego, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., say no or not; deny, refuse; often = dicit non : negat se esse aegrum, he
says that he is not sick.
308
VOCABULARY
negotium, -I, N., business matter.
nemo, -inis (only used in the sing. ; the dat. and abl. are supplied by nullus ; Caesar uses only nemo, neminem), indef. pro., no one ; non nemo, some- body ; nemo non, everybody.
Neoptolemus, -i, M., Neoptolemus, also called Pyrrhus, son of Achilles.
Neptunius, -a, -um, adj., founded by Neptune.
Neptunus, -I, M., Neptune, god of the sea.
nepos, -Otis, M., grandson; nephew; pi., nepotes, descendants.
nequaquam, adv., not at all, by no means.
neque, or nee (in Caesar nec is not found before vowels), conj., nor, and not; neque... neque or nec... nec, neither... nor ; nec quisquam, and no one; neque quidquam, and nothing (c. iv, 20).
nequidquam (nequlquam), adv., in vain,_to no purpose.
Nereus (dissyllable), Nerei, and
Nereos, M., Nereus, a sea deity.
nescio -scire, -sclvi (or scii), -scitum, v. tr., not to know.
neu ; see neve.
neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. I*BU- trius, dat. neutri, H. L., 48, 2), adj., neither (of two).
neve, or neu, conj., nor ; and. . .not; neve . . .neve, or neu. . .neu, neither . . . nor.
nex, necis, F., death; generally a violent death.
ni=nisi, conj., unless.
nihil, indecl. N., nothing.
nihilo (abl. of difference from nihi- lum) by nothing : nihilo tamen secius, nevertheless (c. v, 7).
nihilo minus, or nihilominus, adv., none the less, nevertheless.
nihilo secius, adv. (literally, other- wise by nothing ; secius, comp. of secus, differently, otherwise) ; same meaning as nihilominus.
nihilum, -i, N., nothing; nihili fiestimare, to value at nothing.
nimbus, -i, M., rain-cloud.
nimio, adv., too much, exceedingly.
nisi, conj., if not, unless.
nitidus, -a, -um, adj., shining, bright.
mtor, niti, nisus (or nixus) sum, v. intr., dep.
nobilis, -e, adj., noble, noted, famous.
nobilitas, -atis, F., nobility. noceo, -ere, nocui, nocitum, v. intr. (with dative, hurt, harm, injure.
noctu, (an old abl. of obsolete noct- US, -us ; used as an) adv., by night, at night.
nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to night, nocturnal.
nodus, -i, M., knot.
nolo, nolle, nolui, no sup.; v. irreg., be unwilling, not to wish.
nomen, -inis, N., name ; reputation (Verg. 89); see cognomen for prae- nomen, nomen).
nominatim, adv., by name ; nom- inatim evocare, to summon ex- pressly (c. v, 4).
non, adv., not; usually preceding the word with which it should be construed. Before a negative word an indefinite affirmative is produced as, non nemo, somebody ; nonnunquam, sometimes; non nihil, something ; after a negative, a general affirmative is formed, as nemo non, everybody ; nunquam non, every time ; nihil non, everything.
nonaginta, num., adj., ninety.
nondum, adv., not yet.
nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some; generally in pi., nonnulll, -ae, -a, several.
nonnunquam, adv. , sometimes.
nonus, -a, -um, num. ord. adj., ninth.
nos, pi. of ego.
nosco, noscere, novi, notum, v. tr., become acquainted with, learn ; pf. novi, I know.
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. pro., our, ours, our own ; pi., nostri, our troops, our men (milites understood).
nostrum or nostri, gen. pi. of ego.
Notus, -i, M., the South Wind = Auster (see Auster).
notus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of nosco used as an) adj., known, well known.
novem, num. adj., nine.
novi, -isse, v. defect., know.
no vitas, -atis, F., novelty, strange- ness.
novus, -a, um, adj., new, fresh, recent, strange (no comp. ; sup. novis- simus) ; agmen novissimum, the rear ; agmen prinium, the van ; res novae, a change in affairs, a revolution.
nox, noctis, F., night, darkness; prima nocte, at nightfall; media
VOCABULARY
309
nocte, at midnight ; multa de nocte, late at night ; adversa nocte, in the face of night (c. iv, 28). nubes, -is, F., a cloud.
nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, v. intr. (with dative), properly to veil one- self for a husband, hence said of a woman, to marry ; a man was said uxorem ducere or uxorem in matrimonium ducere.
nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked.
nullus, -a, -um, adj. (for declension H. L., p. 48, 2), none, no one.
num, interrog. particle (H. L., 43, 2).
numen, -inis, N., will, power, divinity.
numerus, -1, M., number.
nummus, -I, M., money; pro nummo uti, to use as money (c. v, 12).
nunc, adv., now.
numquam, adv., never.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., announce, tell, narrate ; nuntiatur, word is brought: nuntiatum est, word was brought.
nuntius, -l, M., messenger, tidings.
nuper, adv., lately, recently.
nurus, -us, F., daughter-in-law.
nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no place.
nuto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. int., nod, sway to and fro.
nut-US, -US, M., nod, command ; ad nutum, at a nod or signal (c. iv, 23).
6, inter j., o! oh!
ob, prep, (with ace.), on account of, for ; ob earn rem, for this reason ; quam ob rem, wherefore, accordingly.
obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., draw over, cloud.
objicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, y. tr., thrust or put in the way of, place in front of ; to present (Verg., 200).
objectus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of objicio used as an) adj., opposite (c. v, 13).
obliviscor, -livisci, -litus sum, v. dep. (with genitive) ; forget.
obruo, -ere, -nil, -rutum, v. tr., overwhelm.
obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark.
observe, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., watch, observe.
Obses, -Sidis, M. or F. a hostage; Obsidum loco, as hostages (c. v, 5).
obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, v. tr., besiege, blockade.
obsidio, -onis, F., siege, blockade. *
obstinate, adv., firmly, stubbornly.
obstupesco, -ere, -stupui, no sup., become amazed (Verg., 378).
obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, v. tr., hide, conceal.
obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr. (with dat.), comply with, obey, conform to.
obtestor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., implore, adjure.
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr., hold, posses (c. v, 20).
obtrunco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., cut to pieces.
occasus, -us, M., setting ; occasus SOlis, sunset, west (c. iv, 28; v, 8); fall, destruction (Verg., 432).
occido, -cidere, -cidi, -casum, v. intr., fall, be killed; occidens sol, sunset, west (c. v, 13).
occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr., kill.
occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., cover, hide, conceal.
OCCUltus, -a, -um, adj., hidden, concealed.
occumbo,-ere, -cubui,-cubitum, v. intr., yield to ; occumbere morti, to meet death (Verg. 62).
OCCUpatus, -a, -um(perf. part. pass, of occupo used as an) adj., busied with ; nostris omnibus occupatis, while all our men were busy (c. iv, 34) ; occu- patos in munitione castrorum, busied with the fortifying of the camp (c. v, 15).
OCCUpatio, -onis, F. , being busied with, business affairs ; OCCUpationes reipublicae, state affairs (c. iv, 16) ; has tantularum rerum occupa- tiones, business consisting of such trifles (c. iv, 22).
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., take, seize.
occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, v. tr. (with dat.), meet.
Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean.
OCtavus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., eighth.
octingenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., eight hundred.
OCto, card. num. adj., eight. OCtodecim, card. num. adj., eighteen. OCtOginta, card. num. adj., eighty.
310
VOCABULARY
OCUlus, -I, M., eye.
6dT, -isse, v. tr. defect., hate.
Odium, -1, N., hatred.
offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, v. tr., bring before, present, offer; se obtulit hostibus, he faced the enemy ; oblati per lunam, meeting us in the moonlight (Verg. 340); 86 . . . offert, presents himself (Verg. 370).
offlcium, -I, N., duty, allegiance; officium praestare, to do one's duty ; in offlcio esse, to be loyal (c. v, 3) ; in offlcio manere, to remain loyal (c.v,4); in offlcio continere, to keep him loyal, or in service (c. v, 7).
Olympus, -I, M., Olympus, a moun- tain in Thessaly, the fabled abode of the gods.
omen, -inis, N., omen, sign.
omnmo, adv., in all, altogether, in all; after negatives, at all; nihil om- nino, nothing at all ; with numerals, in all ; decem omnino, ten in all.
omnipotens, -tis, adj., almighty, omnipotent.
omnis, -e, adj., all, the whole ; omnes ad unum, all to a man ; maritima omnis, wholly maritime, or on the sea (c. v, 14).
onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of burden, navis oneraria, a transport (c. iv, 22, 25).
onero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., load.
onus, -eris, N., load, burden.
opacus, -a, -um, shady.
opera, -ae, F., toil, aid; dare operam, to take pains (c. v, 7) ; multae operae, of great trouble (c, v, 11).
opimus, -a, -um, adj., rich.
opinio, onis, F., belief, notion ; opinio timoris, the impression of fear, praeter opiniqnem, contrary to ex- pectation ; celerius omni opinione, sooner than anyone expected ; ut fert opinio illorum, according to their ideas (c. v, 13).
9portet, -ere, -uit, v. int., impers.; it is'necessary, it behoves (c. iv, 29).
oppono, -ere, -posui, -positum, v. tr., place against, oppose, withstand ; oppositi (perf. part. pass, and as an), adj., opposing.
opportune, adv., favorably, suitably.
opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable, advantageous.
opprimo, -ere, pressi, pressum, v. tr., burden, crush, destroy.
oppugnatio, -onis, F., assault,
oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., storm, attack.
(ops), nom. wanting : gen. opis F. might, power, help; pi., opes,' wealth, resources.
optime: see bene.
optimus : see bonus.
optq, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wish for, desire.
opus, -eris, N., work, labor, mag-- no opere or magnopere, greatly ; quanto opere, how greatly ; tanto opere or tantopere, so much, so greatly.
opus, indecl. neut, found only in the expression opus est, erat, etc., there is or was, etc., need, it is or was neces- sary.
ora, -ae, F., coast ; ora maritima, sea coast (c. iv, 20).
oraculum, -i, N., oracle.
oratio, -onis, F. , a speech ; ora- tionem percipere, to hear a speech (c. v. 1).
orator, -oris, M., speaker; modo oratoris, as an ambassador (c. iv, 27).
or bis, -is, M., a circle ; orbis terra- rum, the circle of lands, i.e., around the Mediterranean, the whole world to the early Romans ; orbe facto, forming a circle ; corresponding to our forming square to resist an attack (c. iv, 37) ; circuit, coil.
orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereft, deprived of.
Orcus, -i, M., Orciis, the lower world, the shades ; death (Verg. 398).
ordior, -iri, orsus sum, begin.
ordo, -inis, M., an arrangement; rank, line ; ordines servare, to keep the ranks (c. iv, 26).
Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix, a Helvetian nobleman.
oriens, -tis, (pres. part, of orior used as an) adj., rising ; sol oriens, the rising sun, hence, the east (c. v, 13).
orior, -iri, -tus sum, v. intr. dep., rise, spring from ; orta luce, at day- break (c. v, 8) ; quibus orti ex civi- tatibus, and sprung from these states (c. v, 12).
ornus, -i, F., mountain ash.
6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., pray for, beseech ; magnopere orant, they earnestly ask.
6s, oris, N., mouth, face.
VOCABULARY
311
OS, ossis, N., bone, osculum, -i, N., kiss.
ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tensum (or tuna), v. tr., tell, show, declare.
Othryades, -ae, M., son of Othrys= Panthus.
Palamedes, -is, M., Palamedes, king of Euboea, a Greek who lost his life through the wiles of Ulysses (Verg. 82).
Palladium, -i, N., 'the Palladium, an image of Pallas (Minerva), supposed to have fallen from Heaven. On its preser- vation depended the safety of Troy. It was carried off by Diomede and Ulysses.
Pallas, -adis, F., Pallas or Minerva, the goddess of wnr, wisdom, and art.
pabulatio, -onis, F., foraging, getting fodder.
pabulator, -oris, M., a forager.
pabulor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., forage, seek forage.
pabulum, -i, N., fodder, forage.
pacatus, -ta, -turn (perf. part. pass, of paco used as an) adj., peaceful, quiet.
paco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., sub- due, pacify.
pag-us, -i, M., district, canton; the word still exists in the French pays, as Pays de Calais.
pallidus, -a, -um, adj., pale.
palma, -ae, F., palm (of the hand), hand (Verg. 152, 406).
palus, -udis, F., marsh.
pando, -ere, pandi, pansum or passum, v. tr., stretch, spread out, open.
Panthus, -i (voc., Panthu), M., Panthus, priest of Apollo in the Trojan citadel.
par, paris, adj., equal; par est, it is fie, it is proper ; par proelium, a drawn battle ; pari spatio, of the same extent (c. v, 13).
paratus, -a, -um (perf. part, pass- of paro used as an) adj., prepared) ready.
pareo, -ere, -peperci (or parsi), parcitum (or parsum), v. intr. (with dat.), spare.
parens, -tis, M. or F., a parent.
parens, -tis, (pros. part, of pareo used as an) adj., obedient.
pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr. (with dat.), obey.
paries, -etis, M., a partition wall of a house.
pariter, adv., equally, evenly.
Paris, -idis ; N. m. : Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam and Hecuba. When born he was exposed on Mount Ida, because his mother dreamed that she was delivered of a blazing torch, which was interpreted by the seer to signify that the child would be the de- struction of Troy. Paris was brought up by shepherds, and so signalized himself in protecting the people that he obtained the name of "man defender" ('AAefai-6pos). He married the nymph Oenone. After- wards he was chosen a judge in the dis- pute about the golden apple. Having awarded the prize to Venus, against Juno and Minerva, he incurred the hatred of the two latter goddesses. He went to Sparta, carried off Helen, wife of Mene- leus, king of Sparta, and hence arose the Trojan war.
parma, -ae, F., small round shield.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., prepare, get ready, equip, procure ; bellum parare, prepare for war (c. v, 3).
pars, -tis, F., part, district, region; in ea parte, in that direction (c. iv, 32); per omnes partes, in every direction (c. iv, 33); omnibus partibus, in every quarter (c. v, 15 ; Verg. 21).
partim, adv., partly; partim... partim, partly . . .partly (c. v, 6).
parum, adv., too little, little ; (comp. minus ; sup., minime).
parvulus, -a, um, adj., very little, young ; ab parvulo, from boyhood.
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, trifling; (comp. minor ; sup., minimus.
pasco, -ere, pa vi, pastum, v. tr., feed upon (Verg. 471).
pascor, -ci, -pastus, v. dep., feed upon.
passim, adv., in every direction.
passus, -us, M. , a step, pace. As a measure of distance, two paces, reckoned from the heel to the same heel, like our two military steps, or=five Roman pedes (see pes), about 4 ft. 101 in- Eng- lish measure ; mille passus = 1616 yards, or 144 yards short of the English mile.
passus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of pando (see pando) ; passis crini- bus, with hair all loose (Verg. 4Q3).
pastor, -oris, M., shepherd.
patefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum, v. tr., open ; pass., patefio. fieri, factus sum.
patens, -tis, adj., open.
312
VOCABULARY
pateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., be open, stand open, extend.
pater, -tris, M., father.
patesco, -ere, patui, v. intr., begin to be open or obvious.
patior, pati, passus sum, v. tr. dep., allow, suffer, bear.
patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native land ; patria pellere, to banish, patrius, -a, -urn, adj., paternal.
paucitas, -atis, F., fewness, small number (c. iv, 30, 34).
paucus, -a, -um, adj., some, few (generally in pi.); panels diebus, within a few days (c. iv, 27 ; v, 2).
paulatim, adv., gradually.
paulisper, adv. , for a short time.
paulo, adv., (abl. of paulus), by a little, just a little • with comparative adjectives or adverbs, a little ; paulo longius, a little further (c. iv, 32); paulo tardius, a little too slowly (c. iv, 23).
paululum, adv., a little, gradually.
paulum, adv., a little.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor (comp. pauperior, sup. pauperrimus).
pavito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., be in dread ; pavitans, used as an adjective, trembling (Verg. 107).
pavor, -oris, M., fear.
pax, pads, F., peace.
pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., do wrong, sin.
pectus, -oris, N., breast.
pecus, -oris, N., cattle (collectively).
pedes, -itis, M., a foot-soldier; pi., pedites, infantry.
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot, on land ; copiae pedestres, land forces ; copiae navales, naval forces; in pedestribus proeliis, in battles on land (c. iv, 24).
peditatus, -us, M., infantry (collec- tivejy).
pejor, -us, adj. (comp. of malus ; sup., pessimus), worse.
pelagus, -I, N., sea.
Pelasgi, -drum, M. pi., Pelasgi or Greeks.
Pelasgus, -a, -um, adj., Pelasgic, Grecian.
Pelias, -ae, M., Pelias, a Trojan. Pelides, -ae, M., a descendant of . Peleus = Neoptolemus or Pyrrhus, son of Achilles (Verg. 263).
pellax, -acis, adj., deceitful, false.
pellis, -is, F., skin, hide; pellibus vestiri, to clothe themselves with skins (c. v, 14).
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, v. tr., expel, drive out; patria pellere, to exile (N. A. 1).
Pelopeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Pel ops, an ancient King of Elis, after whom all Southern Greece was called Peloponnesus, or "island of Pelops." Hence Grecian (Verg. 193).
Peloponnesus,-!, F., the Pelopon- nesus (now the Morea), the part of Greece south of the isthmus of Corinth.
penates, -ium, pi. M., the Penates, or household gods, presiding over the house and all that it contained (Verg. 293).
pendeo, -ere, pependi, no sup., v. intr., hang, be suspended.
pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, v. tr. , weigh out (in early times payments were made by weighing out metal, hence),
pay.
Peneleus, -I, M., Peneleus, a leader of the Boeotians in the Trojan war.
penetrale, -is, N., inner part, shrine (Verg. 297).
penitus, adv., within (Verg., 17, 486).
per, prep, (with ace.), through, by means of, by ; per omnes partes, in every direction (c. iv, 33).
perag-6, -ere, -egi, -actum, v. tr., accomplish, bring to an end ; conventus peragere, to hold assizes (c. v, 2).
percipio, cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr., take in, learn, perceive ; perci- pere orationem, to hear a speech (c. v, 1).
percontatio, -onis, F., enquiry.
percurro, -ere, -curri (or -cu- curri), -cursum, v. intr., run along.
perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., complete, bring to a destination ; naves perduxit, he brought the ships to their destination (c. v, 23).
pereo, -ire, -ii or (-ivi), -itum, v. intr., perish, die.
perequito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ride, ride through.
pererro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wander over.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., carry, bring, report; endure; con- silio perlato, after their plan was reported (c. iv, 21).
perfldia, -ae, F., faithlessness, treachery.
perfuga, -ae, M., a deserter, runaway.
VOCABULARY
313
perfundo, -ere, -fudl, -fusum, v. tr., sprinkle, steep.
perfugium, -I, N., refuge.
Pergama, -orum, N. pi., Pergama, the citadel of Troy : hence Troy.
periculum, -1, N., danger; facere periculum, to run the risk (c. iv, 21).
Periphras, -antis, M., Periphras, one of the companions of Pyrrhus at the sack of Troy.
perltus, -a, -um, adj., with gen., acquainted with ; rei militaris peri- tus, skilled in military affairs.
perjurus, -a, urn, adj., foresworn.
perlatus, -a, um, perf. part. pass, of perfero (see perfero).
permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -man- sum, v. intr., stay, remain, continue ; in ea sententia permanere, to adhere to that policy (c. iv, 21).
permitto, -ere, -xnisi, -missum, v. intr., entrust; fortunas ejus fldei permittere, to entrust their fortunes to his protection (c. v, 3).
permotus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass., influenced.
permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, v. tr., rouse, disturb, alarm, induce.
perpauci, -ae, -a, adj. pi., very few.
perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., constant, unbroken ; in perpetuum, for ever (c. iv, 34).
perrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, v. tr., break through.
persaepe, adv., very often.
persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, v. tr. dep., follow up, pursue, overtake (c. v, 10).
persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum, v. tr., pay to the full.
perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn, v. tr., see, observe, reconnoitre ; coram perspicit, he sees In person (c. v, 11).
perstq, are, -stiti, -statutn, v- intr., persist, continue.
rto, -ere, petivi, petitum, v.tr.,
perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., greatly alarm, frighten, terrify.
perterritus, -a, -um, perf. part- pass., used as an adj., frightened.
pertineo, -ere, -tinui, no sup., v. intr., tend, extend ; hoc pertinet, this side extends (c. v, 13).
perturbatio, -onis, F., confusion, consternation.
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., disturb greatly, agitate.
pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, v. intr., reach, arrive at.
pervius, -a, -um, adj., with a way through.
pes, pedis, M., foot; ped'em re- ferre, to retreat (c. iv, 25) ; pedibus proeliari, to fight on foot (c. iv, 33); pedibus, on foot (c. v, 18) : as a measure of length=11.64 in. ; 5 Roman pedes= passus. (See passus.)
phalanx, -gis, F., a band of soldiers in solid column, a host (Verg. 226).
Phoebus, -1, M., Phoebus, a poetical name of Apollo.
Phoenix, -icis, M., Phoenix, a friend of Achilles.
Phryges, -um, M., pi., inhabitants of Phrygia, a name given to the North- west part of Asia Minor in which Troy was situated, hence Phrygians, Trojans.
Phrygius, -a, -um, adj., Phrygian, Trojan.
Phthia, -ae, F., Phthia, a town in Thessaly and birthplace of Achilles.
pietas, -atis, F., duty to the gods, to one's country, or to one's parents ; hence, piety, patriotism or filial affection.
pineus, -a, -um, adj., of pine.
pio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ex- piate (Verg. 184).
Pirustae, -arum, M. pi., the Pirus- tae, a tribe of Macedonia, on the southern border of Illyricum, in what is now the modern Herzegovina.
PlSO, -6nis, M., Piso, an Aquitanian noble (c. v, 12).
piscis, -is, F., fish.
placed, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr. (with dat.), please ; placet, impers., it pleases.
placo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., appease.
plangor, -oris, M., beating of the breasts, mourning.
planus, -a, -um, adj, flat, level.
plebs, plebis, (plebei or plebi), F., the common people, the commons.
plene, adv. , fully, completely, plenus, -a, -um, adj., full (with genitive (H. L., 93, 4).
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, pi. adj., most, several ; interiores plerique, most of the inland people (c. v, 14).
plerumque, adv., mostly, generally, usually.
314
VOCABULARY
plerusque, pleraque, plerum- que, adj., most ; generally plerique.
plumbum, -i, N., lead : album plumbum, tin (c. v, 12).
plures : see multus.
plurimum, adv., superl. of mul- tum (H. L., 98, 7) ; long-e plurimum valet, is by far the most powerful (c. v, 3).
plurimus, -a, -um, adj. superl. of multusjH. L., 91, 3).
plus, adj?, comp. of multus.
poculum, -1, N., drinking cup.
poena, -ae, F., compensation, punish- ment, penalty ; poenas dare, to pay the penalty, to be punished (Verg. 366) ; poenas sumere, to exact a penalty, to punish.
poeta, -ae, M., poet.
polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, v. tr. dep., promise.
Polites, -ae, N. m., Polites, a son of Priam, slain by Pyrrhus before his father's eyes during the sacking of Troy (Verg. 526).
Pompeius, -I, M., Pompey, Cneius Pompeius Magnus, a Roman general, born 106 B.C., Consul 70 B.C., 55 and 52, defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia, 48 B.C., and afterwards assassinated in Egypt.
pomum, -I, N., an apple.
pondus, -eris, N., weight.
pone, adv., behind.
pono, ponere, posui, positum, v. tr., place, put, lay down ; ponere arma, to lay down arms (c. iv., 37); castra ponere, to pitch a camp : put aside (Verg. 473).
pontus, -I, M., sea.
populatio, -onis, F., devastation, ravaging.
pppulus, -1, M., people; populi, nations.
porta, -ae, F., gate, door.
portlCUS, -US, F., arcade, colonnade.
portus, -US, M., port, harbor.
posco, poscere, poposci, no sup., v. tr., beg, demand, ask.
possideo, -ere, possedi, posses- sum, v. tr., hold, own.
possido, -ere, possedi, posses- sum, v. tr., win, get possession of.
possum, posse, potui, no sup. ; v. irreg., be able, can ; multum posse, to have great power; plurimum posse, to have very great power.
post, adv. after, later ; (often with the abl. of measure) anno post, a year
afterwards; paucis diebus post, a few days afterwards.
post, prep, (with ace.), after; post tergum, in the rear; post paucos annos, after a few years ; post homi- num memoriam, within the memory of man.
postea, adv., afterwards.
posteaquam, con j., after that, after.
posterus, -a, -um, adj., the follow- ing, next; (comp., posterior; sup., postremus); pi., posteri, -orum, descendants.
postis, -is, M., post.
postpone, -ere, -posui, -positum, v. tr., put off : (c. v, 7).
postquam, adv., after that, after, when.
postridie, adv., the next day ; post- ridie ejus diei mane, early next day (c. v, 10).
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ask, demand, request (p. 276, foot note).
potens, -tis, adj., powerful.
potestas, -atis, F., power.
potissimum, adv., sup., chiefly, principally, especially.
potius, adv., rather, preferably ; sup. potissimum, no positive.
praeacutUS, -a, -um, adj., sharp- ened at the end, pointed.
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., offer, show, furnish.
praeceps, -cipitis, adj., head- long, teed, precipitious ; praecipites hostes agere, to drive the enemy headlong (c. v, 17).
praeceptum, -i, N., teaching, ad- vice, order, command.
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cept- um, v. intr. (with dative), order, direct.
praecipito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. and intr., rush headlong, throw head- long; mentem praecipitare, to hasten one's resolve (Verg. 316).
praecipue, adv., especially, particu- larly.
praeclarus, -a, -um, adj., distin- guished.
praecludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, • v. tr., close up (c. v, 9).
praecordia, -drum, N. pi., heart, breast (Verg. 367).
praeda, -ae, F., booty, plunder.
praedico, -are, -dicavi, dicat- um, v. tr., proclaim, boast.
praedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, v. tr., foretell.
VOCABULARY
315
praeditus, -a, -um, adj. (with abl.), endowed with.
praedor, -jiri, -atus sum, v. dep. tr., plunder, pillage, obtain booty.
praeflcio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., put over, put in command of (H. L., 229, 4).
praefigo, -ere, -fixi, -flxum, v. tr., fix or place in front of.
praeflxus, perf. part. pass, of prae- figo.
praemetuo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., fear for, be anxious for.
praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., send before, send forward.
praemium, -1, N., reward.
praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., prepare.
praepono, -ere, -posui,-positum, v. tr. , set over, place in command of.
praesens, -tis, adj., at hand, present.
praesertim, adv., especially.
praesidium, -i, N., guard, defence, garrison ; praesidio navibus esse, to guard the ships (c. v, 9).
praesto, -stare, -stitl, -stitum, stand before, show, perfonn ; officium praestare, to fulfil a duty (c. iv, 25).
praesum, -esse, -fui, v. intr. (with dative), be over, have command of; negotio praeesse, to have charge of the matter (c. v, 2).
praeter, prep, (with ace.), beyond, except, contrary to. praeterea, adv., besides.
praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, •missum, v. tr., let pass, let slip.
praetervehor, -vehi, -vectus sum, v. tr., be carried beyond, sail past, coast along.
preci, precem, prece (no nom. or gen. sing.) ; pi. preces, precum, etc. ; F., prayer, request.
premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, v. tr., press, harass, crush.
prehendo (or prendo), -ere, -di, -sum, v. tr., seize, lay hold of.
prenso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., grasp.
(prex, precis), F., supposed form ; see preci.
pridie, adv., the day before.
primo, adv., at first.
primum, adv., firstly, in the first place ; ubi primum, as soon as1; cum primum, as soon as possible; cum (quum) primum, as soon as.
Priameius, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Priam.
Priamus, -i, M., Priam, the last king of Troy.
primus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of the comp., prior, no positive ; prima luce, at daybreak ; prima nocte, at night- fall ; primum agmen, the vanguard ; in primis, especially.
princeps, -cipis, M., chief man, chief, prince.
principatus, -us, chief authority, leadership.
principium, -i, N., beginning.
prior, prius, adj., comp.( no positive ; sup. primus) ; former, previous.
pristinus, -a, -um, adj., old, former.
prius, adv., before, sooner, earlier; followed by quam, and often written with it as one word, priusquam, be- fore, before that.
priusquam, conj., before.
privatim, adv., privately, individu- ally.
privatus, -a, -um, adj., private.
pro, prep, (with abl.), in front of, before ; for, in proportion to ; pro merito ejUS, as he deserved (c. v, 4) ; pro tecnpore et pro re, suited to the time and the conditions (c. v, 8) ; pro sano, as a sane man (c. v, 7) ; pro nummo, as money (c. v, 12); pro sua Vlrtute, in consideration of his excellence.
procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., advance, succeed.
procul, adv., afar, at a distance.
procumbo, -ere, -cubui, cubi- tum, v. intr., fall, sink down.
proditio, -6niS, F., treachery, be- traying.
proditor, -oris, M., traitor, betrayer.
prodo, -ere, -didi, ditum, v. tr., betray, surrender ; memoria prodi- tum, handed down by tradition (c. v, 12).
produco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr., piolong.
proelior, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr., fight.
proelium, -i, N., battle ; proelium facere, to fight a battle.
profectio, -onis, F., a departure,
setting out.
profecto, adv., for a fact, indeed, proflciscor, -ci, -fectus sum, v. intr. dep., set out, depart.
progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. tr. dep., advance, go forward.
316
VOCABULARY
prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, hibi- turn, v. tr., hold, defend, protect (c. v, 21).
projicio, -jicere, -jeci, jectum, v. tr., throw, throw forward.
proinde, adv., henceforth, therefore.
prolabor, -I, -lapsus sum, v. dep., glide forward, sink down.
promissum, -I, N., promise.
promissus, -a, -um, adj., long, flowing; capillo sunt promisso, they have long hair (c. v, 14).
promittp, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., promise.
promo, -ere, prompsi, promp- tum, v. tr., put forth ; se promunt, issue from (Verg. 260).
promoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, v. tr., move forward.
prone, adv., headlong, leaning for- ward.
pronuntio, -are,-avi, -atum, v.tr., tell, announce, declare.
pronus, -a, -um, adj., steep.
prope, adv., near, nearly, almost; comp., propius ; sup., proximo.
propello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., drive away, put to flight.
propero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. and intr., hurry, hasten.
propinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr. (with dat.), approach.
propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near, with dative ; as a noun, propinquus, -I, M., relation.
propior, -us, adj., comparative of obsolete propis ; sup. proximus ; nocte proxima, last night.
propius : see prope and propior.
proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's own, particular, peculiar.
propter, prep, (with ace.), on account of, in consequence of.
propterea, adv., for this reason, therefore ; propterea quod, because.
propugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fight.
prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, v. tr., dep., follow after, follow, attend.
prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- turn, v. tr., look forward, take care.
prosum, -prod-esse, pro-fui, v. intr., be of benefit to, benefit (with dative).
protego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, v. tr., protect.
protinus, adv., at once, forthwith, immediately ; ex hac fuga protinus, immediately after this defeat (c. v, 17).
protraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr., drag forth.
proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, v. tr., carry forward ; in pass., sail along, coast.
provided, -ere, -vidi, -visum, v. tr., foresee, take care.
providus, -a, -um, adj., foreseeing.
proximo : see prope.
proximus : see propior.
pubes, -is, F., youth.
publicus, -a, -um, adj., public, common ; res publica, the common- wealth ; publiCO COnsilio, by a public plan.
Publius, -i, M., Publius, a. Roman praenomen.
puella, -ae, F., girl.
puer, pueri, M., boy, youth.
pugna, -ae, F., fight, combat.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., fight ; acriterpugnatum est, a fierce battle was fought (c. iv, 26).
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj.. beautiful.
pulvis, -eris, M., dust.
puppis, -is, F., stern of a vessel ; a ship.
purus, -a, -um, adj., pure, bright.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., think, fancy, consider.
Pyrrhus, -i, M., Pyrrhus, also called Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.
Q = Quintus (which see).
qua, nom. sing. fern, or neut. pi. nom. or ace. of quis or qui.
qua (abl. fem. of qui, supply via or parte) adv., where.
quadraginta, nom. card, adj., forty.
quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesi- tum, v. tr., seek, look for, ask, enquire.
quaestio, -6nis, F., enquiry, inves- tigation.
quaestor, -oris, M., quaestor; the quaestors were officers who acted as government treasurers, received tribute and paid the soldiers.
qualis, -6, adj., of what sort or kind ; tails. . .qualis, such . . .as ; tails omit- ted (Verg. 223) ; qualis erat ! what a sight was he ! (Verg. 272).
VOCABULARY
317
quam, conj., than (after compara- tives) ; with superlatives (with or without possum)=as possible : quam primum, as soon as possible ; quam plurimi, as many as possible ; quam maximi, as large as possible.
quamquam, conj. , though, although, however, and yet.
quando, interrog. adv., when? rel. adv., when, whenever ; si quando, if at any time.
quanto (abl. of difference from quantus), adv., by how much ; quan to . . .tanto, as. . .so ; the. . .the.
quantum (ace. of quantus), adv., how much, how far, as far as.
quantus, a, -um, adj., interrog. or rel., how great, how much, how large, as large as.
quare, interrog. and rel. adv., where- fore, why.
quartus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., fourth.
quasi, conj., as if. quater, adv., four times.
quatio, -ere, no perf., quassum, v. tr., shake.
quattuor, card. num. adj., four.
-que, conj., and ; always appended to the word, which in construction belongs to it ; generally to the first word of the clause or to the word it couples.
queror, queri, questus sum, v. tr. dep., complain, lament.
qul, quae, quod, rel. pro., who, which, what.
quicquam : see quisquam.
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, indef. pro., whoever, whatever.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam, indef. pro., a certain one ; pi., some, certain.
quldem, adv., indeed, at least ; ne. . . quidem, not... even: the emphatic word is always placed between ne and quidem.
quies, -etis, F., rest, repose.
quin (old abl. qul, how and ne, not), conj., that not, but that, without ; after words expressing doubt or suspicion, that ; after words of preventing, etc., translated by from with verbals in -ing.
quingenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., five hundred.
quini, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., five (Verg. 126).
quinquaginta, card, adj., fifty, quinque, card. num. adj., five.
quintus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., fifth.
Quintusr -I, M., Quintus, a Roman praenomen (see cognomen) ; see Atrius, Titurius, Laberius).
quis, quae or qua, quid or quod, indef. pro., anyone, any ; ne quid, that nothing (c. v, 7) ; interrog. , who ?
quisquam, quaequam, quic- quam or quidquam, indef. pro., any one ; neque quisquam, no one (c. iv, 20); neque quicquam, and nothing (c. iv, 20); always in connection with negatives or implied negatives.
quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. pro., each, every, every one; with superlatives in sing., all ; optimus quisque, all the best.
quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, indefinite relative pronoun, whoever, whatever.
quivis, quaevis, quidvis or quodvis, indef. pro., any one you please, any.
quo, adv., (1) rel. and interrog., whither, where (c. v, 21); (2), interrog., why (Verg. 150) ; rel., when (Verg. 26, 7).
quo (abl. of qui), final conj., used with comparatives and followed by sub- junctive ; in order that (c. v, 3).
quoad, adv. (with indie, in Caesar), as long as, until, till.
quod, conj., because, inasmuch as (with indicative or subjunctive (H. L. 252, 2) ; the fact that (Verg. 180) ; prop- terea quod, because; quod si, but if, if.
quominus, conj., that not; often best translated by from after verbs of hindering, preventing, etc., with an English verbal noun in -ing.
quonam, interr. adv., whither pray?
quondam, adv., once, formerly, at times (Verg., 367, 116).
quoniam, conj., since, seeing that, because.
quoque, adv. (following the emphatic word of a clause), also, too.
quot, indecl. adj., how many? often
3t ; many as.
correlative of tot; tot...quot,
quotannis, adv., yearly, every year.
quotidianus, -a, -um, adj., daily, every day. quotidie, adv., every day, daily.
318
VOCABULARY
rabies, no gen. or dat., rabiem, rabie, F., rage.
rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, v. tr., shave.
rapidus, -a, -um, adj., swift, quick.
rapid, rapere, rapui, raptum, v. tr., snatch, seize, hurry off.
rapto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., drag.
raptor, -oris, M., plunderer, lupi rap tores, prowling wolves (Verg. 356).
rarus, -a, -um, adj., few, scattered, in small parties.
ratio, -onis, F., reckoning, calcula- tion, account; rationem inire, to form a plan ; ratio atque usus belli, the theory and practice of war = the systematic practice of war; equestris proelii ratio, the style of the cavalry battle (c. v, 16); ratio pontis, the plan of the bridge; rei militaris ratio, military science (c. iv, 23); omnibus rationibus, in every way (c. v, 1) ; reason, nee sat rationis in armis; nor was there sufficient reason in (taking) arms (Verg. 310).
rauCUS, -a, -um, adj., hoarse.
rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war, uprising; rebellione facta, by a re- newal of the war (c. iv, 30, 38).
recede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., go back, withdraw.
recens, -tis, adj., fresh, late, recent.
receptus, -US, M., retreat; ex- peditus receptus, a convenient retreat (c. iv, 33).
recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr., take back, recover, win ; in fldem recipere, to take under one's protection or to receive as a pledge of faith (c. iv. 22); se recipere, to retreat (c. iv, 2); se a fuga recipere, to recover from the flight (c. iv, 27); in deditionem re- cipere, to admit to a surrender.
recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hide (far back).
recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., refuse, decline, deny ; often followed by quin or quominus.
recutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, v. tr., strike.
reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., give back, restore.
redeo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. intr., go back, return.
reditus, -US, M., return.
reduce, -ere, -duxi, ductum, v. tr., lead back.
refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., bring, carry back ; gratias referre, to return thanks; gratiam referre, to requite, to repay ; ad suos referre, •to report to their people ; pedem re- ferre, to retreat (c. iv, 25).
reflcio, flcere, -feci, -fectum, v. tr., repair, refit.
reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexum, v. tr., bend back.
refugip, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum, v. tr. and intr., flee back or away, retreat, escape : shrink back (Verg. 12).
refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, no sup., v. intr., shine out.
regina, -ae, F., queen.
regio, -onis, F., district, country.
regius, -a, -um, adj., kingly, royal.
regnator, -oris, M., ruler.
regnum, -i, N., kingdom (c. v. 20) • regnum civitatis, sovereignty of the Btate (c. v, 6).
rejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., hurl back, drive back, repulse ; tem- pestate rejici, to be driven back by the storm (c. v, 5).
religio, -onis, F., religion; reli- gionibus impediri, to be hampered by religious scruples (c. v, 6) ; quae re- ligio? what object of religious awe (Verg. 151).
religiosus, -a, -um, adj., holy, venerable.
relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum, v. tr., leave, abandon, leave behind ; relin- quebatur ut, the only course left was that (c. v, 19).
reliquus, -a, -um, adj., remaining; nihil reliqui est, there is nothing left; in reliquum tempus, for all time to come; reliquus exercitus, the re- mainder of the army (c. iv, 22).
reluceo, -ere, -luxi, no sup., v. intr., flash, gleam.
remaneo, -ere, -mansi, man- sum, v. intr., remain, await.
remeo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., return.
remetior, -iri, -mensus sum, v. dep., retrace.
remex, -igis, M., a rower.
remigo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr. row.
remigro, -are, no pert., no sup., v. intr., depart, return.
remissus, -a, -um, adj., relaxed ; remissioribus frigoribus, since the cold is less intense (c. v, 12).
VOCABULARY
319
remittd, -ere, -mlsl, -missum, v. tr., send back.
removed, -ere, -rndvi, -mdtum, v. tr., remove, dismiss, get rid of.
remus, -1, M., oar.
Remi, -drum, pi. M., the Remi, a powerful people of Gaul, whose capital was Durocortorum (now Rheims)
renovd, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., renew.
renuntid, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bring back word, report.
reor, rerl, ratus sum, v. dep., think.
repelld, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., drive back, repulse.
rependd, -ere, -di, -sum, v. tr., pay back.
repente, adv., suddenly.
repentind, adv., suddenly, unex- pectedly.
repentinus, -a, -urn, adj., sudden, unexpected, hasty.
reperid, -ire, repperi, repertum, v. tr., discover, fihd^ascertain.
repetd, -ere, -ivi ortl,^itum, v. tr., reseek, seek anew.
repled, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr., fill. ,
reportd, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., carry back.
reposed, -ere, noperf., no sup., v. tr., claim in return, exact.
reprimd, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, v. tr., check.
requiescd, -ere, -quievi, -quie- tum, v. intr., rest.
requird, -ere, -quisivi.-quisituin, v. tr., seek to know, ask.
res, rei, F., matter, affair, (the mean- ing will depend on the con text); resmili- taris, military science ; res novae, a .change in government, a revolution ; res publica, the state, commonwealth, politics ; res divina, a sacred rite ; res frumentaria, supply of corn ; his rebus, on these terms (c. iv, 28).
resided, -ere, -sedi, no sup., v. intr., sit down, stay behind.
resistd, -ere, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., resist, oppose.withstand (with dative).
resolvd, -ere, -vi, solutum, v. tr., unloose.
respicid, spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn, v. tr., look back for or at.
responded, -ere, -spondi, -spon- SUm, v. tr., reply, answer, responsum, -i, N., answer, rely.
respublica, reipublicae, (for de- clension, H. L., 102, 5), state, common- wealth.
restat, restare, no perf., no sup., impers., it remains (Verg. 142).
restingud, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, v. tr.,put out.
restd, -are, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., remain, am left.
retined, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr , restrain, detain, keep back.
retrahd, -ere, -traxi, -tractum v. tr., draw back, save, preserve.
revertd, -ere, -verti, -versum, v. tr., turn back, return.
revertor, reverti, reverti, re- Versum, v. intr., return.
revincid, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum, v. tr. , bind back.
revise, -ere, -visi, visum, v. tr., revisit.
revocd, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., call back, recall.
revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum, v. tr. , roll back.
rex, regis, M., king.
Rhenus, -i, M., the Rhine.
Rhipeus, -i, M., Rhipeus, a comrade of Aeneas.
ripa, -ae, F., a bank.
rivus, -i, M., brook.
rdbur, -oris, N., oak.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ask.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman.
Romani, -drum, M., pi., Romans.
roseus, -a, -um, adj., rosy.
rota, -ae, F., wheel.
Rufus, -1, M.,PubliusSulpiciusRufus, one of Caesar's lieutenants (c. iv, 22).
ruina, -ae, F., downfall.
rumpd, -ere, rupi, ruptum, v. tr., break.
rud, ruere, rui, rutum, v. intr., rush, fall.
rup§s, -is, F., rock, cliff.
rursum, adv., back again, anew, rursus : see rursum.
S
Sabinus, -i, M., Sabinus; Quintus Titurius Sabinus, one of Caesar's lieu- tenants in Gaul. He was slain by the treachery of Ambiorix, 54 B.C.
sacer, -era, -crum, adj., holy, sacred ; as a noun, sacra, -drum, sacred rites (Verg. 132).
320
VOCABULARY
Sacerd6s, -otis, M. or F., priest or priestess.
sacramentum, -I, N., the military oath taken by a Roman soldier. The chief obligations were obedience to the commander, loyalty to the country, etc.
sacratus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass., used as an adj.. hallowed (Verg. 157, 165, 245).
sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., make holy, hallow.
saepe, adv., often ; minime saepe, very seldom; comp., saepius ; sup., saepissime.
saevld, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, v. intr., be cruel, rage, be furious.
saevus, -a, -um, adj., cruel, fierce.
sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.
salsus, -a, -um, adj., salt.
saltus, -us, M., leap (salio\
salum, -I, N., surf (of the sea).
salus, -utiS, F., safety, health.
sanctus, -a, -um, adj., sacred, solemn.
sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., bloody.
sanguis, -inis, M., blood.
sanies, ei, F., gore.
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, healthy ; pro sano facere, to act as a sane man (c. v, 7).
sarmentum, -1, N., twig.
sat = satis (Verg. 103, 291).
sata, -orum, N. pi., perf. part. pass, of sero ; crqps.
satelles, -itis, M. or F., attendant, guard.
satio, -are, -avi, atum, satisfy.
satis, adv., enough ; used as an indecl. neut. noun. ; satis militum, enough of soldiers (c. v, 2) ; or as adv. limiting an adj. : satis magnus, very large (c. v, 21).
satisfacio, -facere, -feel, -fac- tum, v. intr. with dative, satisfy ; in pass., satisflo.
saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded,
Saxum, -i, N., a rock, stone.
Scaeus, -a, -um, adj., Scaean; us<jd in the phrase Scaeae portae, the famous Scaean or Western Gates of Troy.
scala, -ae, F. , ladder.
scando, ere, scandi, scansum, v. tr., climb, mount (Verg. 237).
scapha, -ae, F., boat, skiff, sceleratus, -a, -um, adj., wicked. SCelus, -eriS, N. . wickedness, sin.
scilicet, adv., doubtless, forsooth (scire licet).
scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, v. tr. cut, tear, destroy.
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, v. tr., know.
scitor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., seek to know, ask.
scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptum, v. tr., write.
Scyrius, -a, -um, adj., of or belong- ing to Scyros, an island east of Euboea.
SCUtum, -I, N., a shield (of oblong shape, while the clipeus was round), se : see sui,
secerno, -ere, -crevi, cretum, v. tr., separate.
seco, -are, -ui, -turn, v. tr., cut. secretus, -a, -um, adj., separate, secret, private.
secum, with him, with themselves.
secundus, -a, -um, adj., following, second, favorable.
securis, -is, F., axe (ace. securimt Verg. 224).
secius, adj. (comp of secus); nihilo secius, less by nothing, never- theless; baud sec as ac=just as (Verg. 382).
secus, adv., otherwise, differently, sed, conj., but, yet; sed enim, but indeed (Verg. 164).
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr., sit.
Sedes, -is, F., seat, abode (Verg. 282, 437).
seges, -etis, F., crop, harvest.
segnities, -ei, F., slowness.
Segontiaci, -prum, M., pi., the Segontiaci, a British tribe belonging to Hampshire.
Segovax, -acis, M., Segovax, one of the petty princes of Kent (c. v, 22).
semita, -ae, F., a path.
semper, adv., always.
senatus, -us, M., senate.
senectus, -utis, F., old age.
senex, senis, M., an old man.
senior, -oris (comp. of senex, older.
sententia, -ae, F., opinion, decision.
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, v. tr., think, know, observe.
sentis, -is, M., thorn, briar.
sepelio, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, bury.
VOCABULARY
321
sepes, -is, F., hedge.
septem, card. num. adj., seven.
septentriones, -um, the Seven Stars, the constellation of the Great Bear (Ursa Major) ; hence, the North.
septimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., seventh.
septingenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., seven hundred.
sepulchrum, -i, N., tomb(sepelio).
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, v. tr. dep. follow, pursue ; aestus commutationem secutus.following the turn of the tide (c. v, 8) ; Caesaris fidem sequi, to be loyal to Caesar (c. v, 20).
serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright.
sermo, -6nis, M., talk, language, speech, discourse ; sermo Latinus, the Latin language.
sero, -ere, sevi, satum, v. tr., sow, plant.
sero, adv., late, too late.
serpens, -ntis, F., snake, serpent.
serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, v. intr., creep.
serus, -a, -um, adj., late.
servio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum (with dat.), be a servant, serve.
servans, -tis, adj. (with gen.), observant of ; servantissimus aequi, most observant of right (Verg. 427).
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., keep, save, preserve; servare ordines to keep the ranks (c. iv, 26).
servus, -i, M. , slave.
sese, reduplicated form of se (see sui).
sevpco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., call aside.
seu : see sive.
sexaginta, card. num. adj., sixty.
sexcenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., six hundred.
Si, conj., if, whether.
Sibilus, -a -um, adj., hissing (Verg. 201).
Sic, adv., thus, in this manner. Siccitas, -atis, F., dryness, drought. SiCCUS, -a, -um, adj.., dry, thirsty (Verg. 357).
Sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation. Sigeus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Sigeum, a promontory of the Troad.
signified, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., show, mean.
signo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr.,mark.
Signum, -1, N., sign, signal.
silentium, -i, N., silence.
sileo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., be silent.
silva, -ae, F., wood, forest.
silvestris, -e, adj., wooded.
Similis, -e, adj., like, similar (with dat. (H. L. 93, 3) ; comp. similior ; sup., simillimus.
simul, adv., at the same time; simul atque (ac), as soon as.
simulacrum, -i, N., image.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., pretend (pretend that a thing is what it is not ; dissimulo, pretend that a thing is not what it is).
Sin, conj., but if.
Sine, prep, (with abl.), without.
singillatim, adv., one by one, singly.
Singularis, -e, adj., extraordinary, single ; aliquos singulares, some scattered soldiers (c. iv, 26) ; singulari Studio, with especial zeal (c. v, 2).
singuli, -ae, -a, num. distrib. adj., one by one, one each, one apiece ; in singulos annos, from year to year, i.e., yearly (c. v, 22).
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left ; sub sinistra relictus, behind him on the left (c. v, 8).
sinistra, -ae, F. (sc. manus), left hand.
sino, -ere, sivi, situm, v. tr., let be, permit, allow.
Sinon, -onis, M., Sinon, a Greek who induced the Trojans to admit the wooden horse into their city.
sinuo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bend, writhe (Verg. 208).
Sinus, -US, M., bay, gulf.
sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, v. intr., place.
sive (seu), conj., or if ; sive. . .sive or seu, whether... or.
socer, -eri, M., father-in-law.
socius, -i, M., companion, ally, associate.
SOCius, -a, -um, adj., confederate ; socia agmina, confederate bands (Verg. 371).
sol, solis, M., sun ; sole oriente, solis ortu, at sunrise ; sole OCCi- dente, solis occasu, at sunset ; ad solis occasum, to the West (c. v, 8).
soleo, solere, solitus sum, v. intr., semi-dep., to be accustomed, be wont.
322
VOCABULARY
solidus, -a, -urn, adj., solid, whole.
sollemnis, -e, adj., annual ; arae solleAines, customary altars (Verg. 202)_ \
sollicjitp, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., stir up, incite.
SOlum, -l, N., ground.
solum, adv., alone, only, merely.
-a, -um, adj., atone, only, sngra. f V *\
', -ere, solvi, solut\m, v. tr., unbind ; solvere navem, or naves, to set sail ; naves solverunt, sc. fanes, the ships set sail (c. iv, 28) ; solvit se Teucria luctu, the Trojan land releases itself from sorrow (Verg. 26).
somnus, -i,15T., sleep ; in somnis = in SOmniis, in my dreams (Verg. 270).
sonitus, -us, M., a sound.
sono, -are -ui, -itum, v. intr., sound.
BOror, -oris, F., a sister.
sors, sortis, F., lot, fate.
sopor, -oris, M., sleep.
sortior, -iri, sortltus sum, v. dep., draw lots, draw by lot.
sparg-6, -ere, -si -sum, v. tr., scatter.
Sparta, -ae ; N. f. : the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus, and home of Menelaus and Helen ; Sparta, some- times called Lacedaemon.
spatium, -I, N., space, time.
species, -el, F. (gen. and dat. pi. not found), appearance, form ; sight (Verg. 407).
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., look, observe ; ad orientem solem spectat, it faces the East (c. v, 13).
speculator, -oris, M., scout, spy.
speculatqrius, -a, -um, adj., scouting, spying; navigia specula- toria, despatch boats, rowed with a single bank of oars, generally ten in number on each side, and employed for reconnoitring purposes.
speculor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr., watch.
spero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr. and intr., hope, expect.
spes, -spei (gen. and dat. pi., rare), F., hope; in spem venire, to have hopes, to entertain hopes.
spira, -ae, F.,coil. spissus, -a, -um, adj., thick, spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., rob, plunder.
spolium, -i, N., spoil, booty, sponsa, -ae, F., betrothed, spumeus, -a,-um, adj., forming.
spumo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., foam.
squalens, -ntis, adj., rough. squaleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., be rough.
squameus, -a, -um, adj., scaly. Stabilities, -atis, F., firmness, steadi- ness (c. iv, 33).
Stabulum, -i, N., stall, stable, statim, adv., instantly, at once, immediately.
static, -onis, F., outpost, picket, guard; in statione esse, to be on guard (c. iv, 32)= in stationibus esse (c. v, 15) ; in stationem succedere, to take their place on guard (c. iv, 32) ; anchorage (Verg. 23).
statuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v. tr., decide, resolve (c. v, 7, 11): build (Verg. 150, 184, 295).
statura, -ae, F., height, size. Stella, -ae, F., star.
sterno, -ere, stravi, stratum, v. tr., lay low.
Sthenelus, -i, M., Sthenelus, a leader of the Greeks.
stipendium, -i, N., pay, tax, tribute.
sto, stare, steti, statum, v. intr., stand, stand firm (Verg. 52); Palladis auxiliis semper stetit, ever rested on the aid of Pallas (Verg. 163).
strepitus, -us,, M., noise, din.
strictus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, from stringO, drawn.
stride, -ere, stridi, no sup., creak.
string-6, -ere, strinxi, strictum, v. tr., draw, unsheath.
struo, struere, struxi, struct- um, v. tr., build.
studeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr. (with dat.), be eager about, aim at ; novis rebus studere, to aim at a change in the government.
Studiose, adv., eagerly, zealously.
Studium, -i, N., zeal, devotion ; sum- mo Studio, with the greatest zeal, (c. v, 8).
Stulte, adv., foolishly.
Stultitia, -ae, F., foolishness.
Stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish.
stupeo, -ere, stupui, no sup., be amazed.
Stuppeus, -a, -um, adj., hempen.
VOCABULARY
323
suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- sum, v. intr., recommend, advise (with dat.
sub, prep, (with ace. and abl.), be- neath, under, near, just before, at the foot of ; sub sinistra, on the left (c. v, 8); sub bruma, at the time of the winter solstice (c. v, 13).
subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- turn, v. tr., draw up on shore ; navem subducere, to beach a ship (c. v, 11).
subductio, -orris, F., drawing up on shore, beaching a vessel.
subeo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. tr., come up, approach ; auxilio subeun- tem, coming up to aid (Verg. 216) ; ilia SUbit, it approaches (Verg. 240) ; ast alii subeunt, but others come up (Verg. 467).
subjicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., place near, expose ; hiemi navi- gationem subjicere, to expose his vo}rage to the winter, i.e., to run the risk of sailing in winter (c. iv, 36).
SUbjectUS, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of subjicio), adj., adjacent, near; in- sulae subjectae, islands lying near (c. v, 13); subjectis flammis, with flames placed beneath (Verg. 37).
subito, adv., suddenly, quickly.
subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, unexpected.
sublabor, -labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., slip down, sink.
sub-ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., supply (c. iv, 50).
submitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v. tr., send secretly.
submoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, tr. v., dislodge, draw off.
suboles, -is, F., posterity, race.
subsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, v. tr., dep., follow closely, follow.
subsidium, -i, N., auxiliary troops reserve, aid ; ad omnes casus sub- sidia componere, to make provision for all emergencies (c. iv, 31).
subsisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., halt, make a stand; neque ancorae funesque subsistunt, neither the anchors nor the cables hold out (c. v, 10) ; substitit, it halted (Verg. 243).
subsum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be near; aequinoctium subest, the equinox is at hand (c. v, 23).
succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr., approach, take the place of; ad stationem succedere, to take their place on guard (c. iv, 32).
successus, -us, M., success.
succido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr., cut down.
succTsus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of succido, cut down.
succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, v. intr. (with dat., H. L. 229, 4), help, aid ; succurritis urbi incensae, you are aiding a city in flames (Verg. 352) ; succurrit (Verg. 316) = succujrit menti=occurrit menti, the thought comes to my mind.
sudes, -is, F., stake ; acutis sudi- bus praeflxis, with sharp stakes fixed in front (of the bank) (c. v, 18).
sudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., sweat.
sudor, -oris, M., sweat.
suffectus, -a, um, perf. part. pass, of sufficio, suffused (Verg. 210).
suffero, -ferre, sustuli, subla- tum, v. tr., bear, endure.
sufflcio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum, v. tr. , to tinge.
sui, reflex, pro., of himself, herself, itself.
sulcus, -i, M., furrow.
sulfur, -uris, N., brimstone, sulphur.
Sulpicius, -i, M., Sulpicius : a Roman nomen (see cognomen) ; Publius Sul- picius Rufus, a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul (c. iv, 22).
sum, esse, fui, v. intr., be.
summa, -ae, F., total, whole; gen- eral administration, control ; summa imperii bellique administrandi permissa, the supreme command in con- ducting the war being entrusted (c. v, 11).
summoveo : see submoveo.
summus, -a, -um, adj., highest, greatest, very great, chief (superl. of superus); summus mons, the top of the mountain ; summa res, a most important matter; summis COpiis, with their entire forces (c. v, 17); summa ab arce, from the top of the citadel (Verg. 41) i ; summa dies, the last day ; summa = suprema (Verg. 324).
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- turn, v. tr., take, assume; poenas SUmere, to exact a penalty (Verg. 103).
super, prep, (with ace. and abl., above ; et super, and further (Verg. 71); super his (dictis), moreover with these (words), (Verg. 348).
superbus, -a, -um, adj., proud, haughty.
superior, -us, (comp. of superus), higher, previous; nocte superiore,
324
VOCABULARY
on the previous night (c. v, 10) ; superiors aestate, in the preceding summer (c. iv, 21 ; v. 8), superius tempus, former time (c. iv, 22 ; v. 11)* superiors anno, in the previous year (c. iv, 38) ; in loca superiora, up the country, c. v, 8) ; locus superior, a height (c. v, 9).
supero, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., conquer, defeat; superare undas, rise above the waves (Verg. 207) ; mount (Verg. 302).
supersum, -esse. -fui, v. intr., remain, survive; neque multum aestatis superest, and not much of the summer is left (c. v, 22).
superus, -a, -um, adj., high (comp., superior ; sup., supremus, or sum- mus); superi, -orum, those above, the gods (Verg. 141).
supplex, -icis, adj., suppliant.
SUpplicatio, 6nis, F., thanksgiving.
supra, prep, (with ace.) and adv., above, over.
surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum, v. intr., rise.
suscito, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., stir up.
SUSpectus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of suspicio, suspected.
suspensus, -a, -um, adj., in doubt.
suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion ; in suspicionem venire, to be suspected ; neque ulla belli suspicione inter - posita, and no suspicion of war having arisen (c. iv, 32).
suspicio, -ere, suspexi, suspec- tum, v. tr., suspect.
suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep., suspect, distrust.
sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr., withstand (c. iv, 37); check, rein in (c. iv, 33) ; hold one's ground (c. iv, 32).
SUUS, -a, -um, reflexive, adj. pro., his, her, its, their.
T. = Titus, a Roman praenomen : see cognomen.
tabulatum, -i, N., storey, floor.
taceo, -ere -ui, -itum, v. tr. and intr., be silent ; pass over in silence.
tacitus, -a, -um, adj., silent.
tactus, -us, M., touching, touch.
talea, -ae, F., bar; taleae ferreae, iron bars (c. v, 12).
talis, -e, adj., such.
tam, adv., so (before adverbs and ad- jectives); tarn . ^ . quam . . , as much ... as.
tamdiu, adv., so long.
tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, however, nevertheless.
Tamesis, -is (ace. Tamesim), M., the Thames.
tandem, adv., at length, finally ; in questions, pray? now? as quis tan- dem? who, pray?
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, v. tr., touch, border on.
tanto, adv. of comparison, by so much ; with comparatives, tanto brevior, so much the shorter.
tantulus, -a, -um, adj., so very small, so slight, so trifling ; has tan- tularum rerum occupationes, this business consisting of such trifles (c. iv, 22).
tantum, adv., only, so much, so far, merely.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, so large, such ; tanto spatio.so far (c. iv, 35).
tarde, adv., slowly.
tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow.
taurus, -I, M., bull.
Taximagulus, -i, M., Taximagulus, one of the petty kings of Kent (c. v, 22).
tectum, -i, N., house.
tectus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of tego, shut up ; tectus, shutting him- self up in his tent (Verg. 126).
tego, tegere, texi, tectum, v. tr., cover; si qua tegunt, if anything they conceal (Verg. 159); protect, nee Apollinis infula texit, nor did the fillet of Apollo protect thee (Verg. 430).
tellus, -uris, F., land.
telum, -I, N., weapon, dart.
temere, adv., at random, without a purpose (c. iv, 20).
temo, -onis, M., pole (of a chariot).
temperantia, -ae, F., self-control, moderation.
temperatus, -a, -um, adj., temper- ate, mild ; loca sunt temperatiora, the climate is milder (c. v, 12).
tempero, -are, -avl, atum, v. tr. and intr., with ace., rule, manage; with dat., restrain.
tempestas, -atis, F., weather; idonea ad navigandum tempes- tas, weather suitable for sailing (c. iv, 23 ;) so, iv, 36 ; v, 7 ; storm (c. iv, 28, 29, 34 ;) rejici tempestate, to be driven back by a storm (c. v, 5).
VOCABULARY
325
templum, -i, N., temple.
tempto (or tento), -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., try. attempt (Verg. 176, 334).
tempus, -oris, N., time, season, occasion ; in reliquum tempus, for the future ; omni tempore, always ; tempus ducere, to protract the time ; tempore dato, at an appointed time ; ad tempus, at a moment's notice (c. iv, 23); pro tempore et pro re, suited to the time and conditions (c. vi, 8) ; temples (of the head) ; circum tempora, around my temples (Verg.133).
tenebrae, -arum, F. pi., darkness.
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum (or tensum), v. tr., stretch; tendens lumina, raising her eyes (Verg. 405); tendit divellere, he strives to undo (Verg. 220); ad litora tendunt,
make for the shore (Verg. 205).
Tenedos, -i, F., Tenedos, an island near Troy.
tened, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. tr., hold, possess ; navem tenere in ancoris, to keep a ship at anchor ; cursum tenere, to hold on its course (c. iv, 26 ; iv, 28); vento teneri, to be kept back by the wind (c. iv, 22) ; teneor patriae nee legibus ullis, nor am I bound by any laws of my native land (Verg. 159).
tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender, tenuis, -e, adj., thin, weak, tenus, prep., with abl. (placed after the noun), as far as. ter, num. adv., thrice, terebro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bore through.
tergum, -i, N., back ; a tergo, in the rear ; post tergum, behind the back ; terga vertere, to flee (c. iv, 35 ; 37).
terni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., three esx:h, three apiece, terra, -ae, F., land, earth, country. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., frighten, terrify, alann.
terrestris, -e, adj., of or belonging to land ; exercitus terrestris, land army, opposed to exercitus navalis, sea forces.
territo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., terrify, frighten.
terror, -oris, M., fear, dread: ipso terrore, by the sheer terror (c. iv, 38).
tester, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep. , call to witness.
testudo, inis, F., a tortoise, a cover- ing formed by the shields of the soldiers held above their heads so as to ward off
the weapons hurled by the enemy; so called from the fancied resemblance to a tortoise shell. The term was also applied to the different kinds of sheds under which the soldiers worked when attack- ing a town.
Teucer, -cri, M., Teucer, king of Troy, ancestor of Priam. Teucri, -orum, M. pi., Trojans. Teucria, -ae, F., land of Teucer, i.e., Troy.
texd, -ere, -ul, textum, v. tr., weave.
thalamus, -1, M., bedchamber. Thessandrus, -i, M., Thessandrus, one of the Greek heroes in the wooden horse.
Thoas, -antis, M., Thoas, one of the Greeks in the wooden horse.
Thybris (Tybris), -is or idis ; M., old name for the Tiber, a river in Italy on which Rome is situated.
Thymoetes, -ae, M., Thymoetes, a Trojan who was the first to counsel that the wooden horse be brought within the city.
timed, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. tr. and intr., fear, be afraid, timor, -oris, M., fear, dread. Titurius, -1, M., Titurius; see Sabinus.
Titus, -1, M., Titus; see Labienus. tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., bear, support.
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, v. tr., lift, raise, carry away, destroy ; ancoram tollere, to weigh anchor (c. iv, 23).
tormentum, -i, N., military engine for throwing missiles against the enemy, torrens, -ntis, M., torrent, torus, -i, M., couch, tot, indecl. adj., so many; tot. . . QUOt, as many as.
totiens, adv., so many times, totus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all. trabs, trabis, F., beam, timber, trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hand over, give over, deliver, surrender ; hand down to posterity ; traditur, it is said ; traditum est, the tradition is.
traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr. , lead across, or over.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, v. tr., draw, drag; vitam trahere, to drag out one's life (Verg. 92, 403).
trajicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr., throw across, lead across, pierce.
326
VOCABULARY
trajectus, -US, M., passage, distance, across.
tranquilitas, -atis, F., calm weather; summa tranquillitas, a dead calm (c. v, 23).
tranquillus, -a, -urn, adj., calm.
trans, prep, (with ace.), across, over, on the other side, beyond.
transeo, -ire, il (Jvi), -itum, v. tr., cross over, cross.
transfer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., bear or carry across ; summam imperil transferee, to transfer the supreme power.
transgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, v. tr., pass over, cross.
transig-6, -ere, -egi,-actum, v. tr., pass through ; tempus transigere, to pass the time.
transitus, -us, M., a going or cross- ing over, passing, crossing.
transjectus, -US, M., passage, dis- tance across (c. v, 2).
transmissus, -us, M., passage (c. v, 13).
transport©, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., carry over, transport.
Transrhenani, -drum, pi. M., those living across the Rhine (c. v, 2).
Trebonius, -l, M., Trebonius ; Caius Trebonius, one of Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul.
trecenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj., three hundred.
tremefactus, -a, -urn, adj., dis- mayed.
tremens, -tis, adj., trembling.
tremendus, -a, -um, adj., terrible.
tremo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., tremble, quiver.
tremor, -oris, M., trembling, fear.
trepido, -are, -avi, -atum,v. intr., tremble much ; hasten.
trepidus, -a, -um, adj., alarmed.
tres, tria, card. num. adj., three.
Treviri, -orum.pl., M., the Treviri, a people of Gallica Belgica, who dwelt between the Meuse and the Rhine ; their capital was Augusta Trevirorum, now Treves.
tribunus, -i, M., a commander of a tribe ; hence, one of military officers, six in number, attached to each legion.
tribuo, -ere, -i, tributum, v. tr., give, show.
tributum, i, N., tribute, tax.
tridens, -tis, M., trident.
trlduum, -T, N., space of three days ; tridui via, a three days' march.
triginta, card. num. adj., thirty.
Trmobantes, -um, pi., M., the Triiiobantes, a people of Britain who occupied Essex and part of Suffolk.
tripertito, adv., in three divisions.
triplex, -plicis, adj., threefold, triple.
triquetrus, -a, -um, adj., three- cornered, triangular.
tris, num. adv., thrice.
tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, de- jected.
trisulcus, -a, -um, adj., three- forked.
tristitia, -ae, F., sadness.
Tritonia, -ae, F. , Tritonia or Minerva.
Tritonis, -idis, adj., Tritonian, an epithet of Minerva, who was also called Tritonia.
triumphus, -i, M., triumph.
Trees, -um, pi., The Trojans.
Trqja, -ae, F., Troy.
Trojanus, -a, -um, adj., Trojan.
tropaeum, -i, N., trophy, i.e., a memorial or monument of victory ; hence victory.
Tros, Trois, M., Tros, a king of Troy.
trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., butcher, slaughter.
truncus, -i, M., trunk, body without limbs.
tu, tui, pi. vos, thou, you.
tuba, -ae, F., trumpet (with a straight tube).
tueor, tueri, tuitussum.v. dep., preserve, defend, protect.
turn, adv., then.
tumens, -tis, adj., swelling.
tumeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., swell.
tumidus, -a, -um, adj., swelling.
tumultus, -US, M., disturbance, dis- order.
tumulus, -i, M. mound.
tune, adv., then, at that time.
turba, -ae, F., crowd, throng.
turbatus, -a, -um, adj., alarmed.
turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., disturb.
turbo, -inis, M., whirlwind.
turma, -ae, F., a troop of 30 cavalry; the cavalry (ala) of the legion was divided into 10 turmae.
VOCABULARY
327
turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful.
turris, -is, F., tower.
tute, adv., in safety, safely.
tutor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep., protect.
tutus, -a, -urn, adj., safe, secure.^ ^
tuus, -a, -um, pro. adj., thy(, your.
Tydides, -ae, M., son of Tj/W^an epithet of Diomede, one of the Greek warriors at the siege of Troy.
Tyndaris, -idis, F., daughter of Tyndarus, an epithet of Helen, wife of Menelaus : (see Helena).
U
ubi, adv., where, when; ubi prim- um, as soon as.
ubique, adv., everywhere.
Ucalegon, -ontis, M., Ucalegon, a Trojan (Verg. 312).
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, v. tr. dep., avenge, punish.
Ulixes, -is or -i, M., Ulysses, king of Ithaca, noted among the Greeks for his cleverness in strategy. His wanderings on his return home after the fall of Troy form the subject of Homer's Odyssey, upon which much of the Aeneid is modelled. He is always referred to by Vergil as a type of Greek cunning.
Ullus, -a, -um, adj., any.
ulterior, -ius, comp. adj., further, beyond, more remote ; sup., ultimus.
ultimus, -a, -um, adj., farthest, most distant.
ultor, -oris, M., an avenger.
ultra, adv., and prep, (with ace.), be- yond, on the other side ; ultra fldem, beyond belief.
ultro, adv., of one's own accord; without provocation ; bellum ultro inferre, to make war without provoca- tion (c. iv, 13) ; voluntarily (Verg. 59).
ultus,-a,-um,perf.part.of ulciscor, having avenged.
ululo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., howl.
umbo, onis, M., boss (of a shield).
umbra, -ae, F., shade.
umerus, -i, M., shoulder, arm.
umidus, -a, -urn, adj., moist, dewy.
una, adv., along with ; usually with cum ; una cum his legatis, along with these envoys (o. iv, 26) ; una cum ceteris, along with the others (c. v, 6).
unda, -ae, F., wave.
unde, adv., from which place, whence.
undique, adv., from all sides, on all sides, everywhere.
undo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., rise in waves, swell.
universus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all (in a body).
unquam, adv., ever, at any time ; non unquam = nunquam (Verg. 247).
unus, -a, -um, card, num. adj., one, alone ; uno tempore, at one and the same time ; omnes ad unum, all to a man ; hoc unurn, only this (c. iv, 26) ; justissimus unus, above all others the most just (Verg. 426).
urbis, F., city.
urg-eo, -ere, ursi, no sup., v. tr., ss hard.
uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr., burn.
usquam, adv., anywhere.
usque, adv., right on, ever.
USUS, -US, M., use, experience, prac- tice, advantage; ratio atque usus belli, theory and practice of war, i.e, the systematic practice of war ; magno usui sibi esse, to be of great advan- tage to him (c. iv, 20) ; USUS belli, skill in war (c. iv, 20) ; ex USU, of advantage (c. v, 6) ; pervius USUS, a connecting passage (Verg. 453).
ut (or uti), conj., that, in order that (Final ; H. L. 197, 2) ; that, so that (Con- secutive ; H. L. 203, 1) ; that (in Sub- stantive clauses ; H. L. 240, 2) ; that not (with verbs of fearing; H. L., 243, 2); when (H. L., 259, 4).
uter, utra, utrum, interrog. pro., which of two ?
uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj. pro., each (of two), both : ex utra- que parte, on both sides ; in utrum- que paratus, ready for either result (Verg. 61).
uterus, -i, M., belly, womb.
Utinam, adv., O that (H. L., 193, 3).
utor, uti, usus sum, v. intr. dep. (with abl., H. L., 136, 8), use, employ, enjoy ; alacritate uti, to show dash (c. iv., 24).
utrimque, adv., from or on both sides.
utrique, pi. of uterque.
utrum, conj., whether; utrum... an, whether. . .or ; often not translated in direct questions.
uxor, -oris, F., wife.
328
VOCABULARY
vacuus, -a, -urn, adj., empty.
vado, -ere, no pf., no sup., v. intr.', go, advance.
vadum, -i, N., ford.
vagor, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr., dep., wander; ea fama vagatur; that report spreads (Verg. 19).
valens, -tis (pres. part, of valeo used as an) adj., powerful.
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr., be powerful, strong ; have power or in- fluence; longe plurimum valet, is by far the most powerful (c. v, 3); quam plurimum valere, to be as powerful as possible (c. v, 4) ; avail (Verg. 492).
validus, -a, -um, adj., strong.
vallis, -is, F., valley.
vallum, -1, N., rampart, breastwork of a camp.
vanus, -a, -um, adj., empty, vain, varius, -a, -um, adj., different, changing.
vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., lay waste, devastate.
vastus, -a, -um, adj., vast, vates, -is, M. or F., a soothsayer, prophet.
-V6, enclitic conjunction, or ; giving a choice between two or more things.
vectTgal, -alis, N., tax, toll, revenue. ' vectorius, -a, -um, adj., adapted for carrying ; navigium vectorium, a transport ship.
vehiculum, -i, N., a carriage.
veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, v. tr., bear, carry, convey.
vel, conj., or; vel... vel, either... or; with sup., even, indeed; vel opti- mus, the very best.
vello, -ere, velli, vulsum, v. tr., pluck.
velo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., cover, veil.
velum, -i, N., sail ; dare vela ventis, to set sail.
velut, adv., just as ; velut si iust as if.
vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. cr., sell, offer for sale ; pass., veneo (which see).
venenum, -i, N., poison.
veneo, -ire, if (ivi), -itum, v. pass, (see vendo), be sold.
veneror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr., adore, worship.
Veneticus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to the Veneti, a tribe on the west coast of France, north of the Loire, in the vicinity of the bay of Quiberon. Caesar subdued them 54 B.C.
venia, -ae, F., favor, forgiveness.
venio, -venire, veni, ventum, v. intr., come; est ventum (=vene- runt), they came (c. iv, 28).
venter, -tris, M., belly; hunger (Verg. 356).
Ventura, -orum, neut. pi. fut. part, act., coming events.
ventus, i, M., wind; dare vela ventis, to set sail.
ver, veris, N., spring; primo vere, at the beginning of spring ; extreme vere, at the end of spring.
verbum, -i, N., word; in pi., con- versation.
vere, adv., truly, in truth (comp., verius ; sup., verissime).
vereor, -erl, -itussum, v. tr., dep., fear, dread ; navibus veritus, fearing for the safety of the ships (c. v, 9).
vergo, -ere, no perf., no sup., v. intr., incline, slope; ad septentri- ones vergit, it has a northerly slope (c. iv, 20).
vero, adv., in truth, in fact, truly, certainly ; but, indeed.
versatus, perf. part, dep., versor, skilled in (Verg. 62).
verso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., turn of ten, change.
versor, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr., dwell in, be occupied with, engaged in.
vertex, -icis, M.,top, head.
verto, vertere, verti, versum, v. tr., turn, change; terga vertere, to turn their backs, flee (c. iv, 35).
vertor, verti, verti, versum, v. semi-dep. , turn, change (Verg. 250).
verum, adv., see vero.
verus, -a, -um, adj., true.
vescpr, vesci, no perf. or sup., intr. dep. (with abl.), feed, live upon.
vesper, -eris (or -eri), M., even- ing; vespere, or vesperi, in the evening.
Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, the Roman god- dess of the hearth and home.
vester, -tra, -trum, adj. pro., your, yours.
vestibulum, -i, N., porch, entrance (Verg. 469).
vestigium, -i, N., footstep, track.
VOCABULARY.
329
vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., clothe, dress; pellibus vestiri, to clothe oneself in skins (c. v, 14).
vestis, -is, F., dress.
veteranus, -a, -um, adj., old; as a noun, veteran!, -orum, pi. M., veteran troops (scil. milites).
veto, -are, -ui, -itum, v. tr., forbid.
vetus, -eris, adj., old, ancient; no comp. ; sup., veterrimus.
vetustus, -a, -um, adj., ancient, old.
vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., harass, plunder, waste.
via, -ae, F., way, road, journey ; tridui via, a journey of three days.
Vlbrans, -tis, adj., quivering.
vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., shake.
vicies, num. adv. , twenty times.
vicinus, -i, M., neighbor.
vicis (genitive), vicim, vice, F. (no nom. sing.), change ; vices vitavisse Danaum, to have avoided the onsets of the Greeks (Verg. 433).
Victor, -oris, M., victor, conqueror; as an adj. , victorious.
victoria, -ae, F., victory.
Victus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass., of Vinco, conquered.
video, videre, vidi, visum, v. tr., see ; videor , videri, visus sum, intr. dep., seem, appear.
vigeo, vigere, no perf. , no sup. , be vigorous, thrive, flourish.
vigil, -is, M., watchman, guard.
vigilia, -ae, F., watch, guard. The Romans had four night watches : prima vigilia, from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. ; secunda vigilia, from 9 p.m. to 12 p.m.; tertia vigilia, from 12 p.m. to 3 a.m.; quarta Vigilia, from 3a.m. to 6 a.m.; secunda inita vigilia, at the beginning of the second watch (c. v, 23).
viginti, card. num. adj., twenty.
vimen, -inis, N., twig, osier.
vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, v. tr., bind.
vinco, vincere, vici, victum, v. tr., conquer.
vinculum, -i, N., chain; in vin- CUla COnjicere, throw into prison.
vinum, -i, N., wine.
Violabilis, -6, adj., that may be pro- faned ; non violabile, inviolable (Verg. 153, 189).
vir, viri, M., man, husband, virga, -ae, F., twig.
virgineus, -a, -um.adj., of a maiden, virgin (Verg. 168).
Virgo, -inis, F., maiden ; Pria- meia Virgo, virgin daughter of Priam ^Cassandra (Verg. 403).
Virtus, -utis, F., manliness, virtue, courage, bravery (c. iv, 21).
VIS, VIS, F., strength, power, vim facere, to offer violence; vi or per vim expugnare, to take by storm ; Vim SUStinere, to withstand an attack; Vim facere, to offer resistance (c. v, 7) ; endurance (c. v, 8) ; plural, strength (Verg. 50).
viso, visere, visi, visum, v. tr., go to see, visit, visus, -us, M., sight, vita, -ae, F., life.
vito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., avoid, shun.
vitrum, -l, N., woad; a plant known to botanists as Isatis tinctoria, which produced a blue dye. Till the introduc- tion of indigo in the 17th century it was largely cultivated, vitta, -ae, F., fillet, vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., abuse, revile.
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, v. intr., live; lacte et carne vivunt, they live on milk and flesh (c. v, 14). VIVUS, -a -um, adj., alive, living, vix, adv., hardly, scarcely. vociferor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., cry aloud, (VOX, fero).
voco, -are, -avi, atum, v. tr., call, summon.
volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fly, hasten.
VOlo, velle, VOlui, no sup., irregular verb, intr., be willing, wish, desire.
volito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr., flit about.
volucer, -cris, -ere, ad., swift. volumen, -inis, N., fold, voluntas, atis, F., good will ; in se VOluntas, his good will towards himself (Caesar), (c. v, 4).
VOluptas, -atis, F., pleasure; animi voluptatisque causa, for sentiment and pleasure (c. v, 12).
Volusenus, -i, M., Volusenus; Cains Volusenus Quadratus, a military tribune in Caesar's army.
votum, -i, N., vow; or=votum esse, that it had been vowed (Verg. 17). voveo, vovere, vovi, votum, v. tr., vow.
330
VOCABULARY.
volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum, v. tr., roll. VOS : see tu.
vox, vocis, F., voice; magna VOC6, in a loud voice (c. iv, 25) ; voces ambiguae, dark sayings (Verg. 98); rumpit vocem, he breaks silence (Verg. 129).
Vulcanus, -I, M., Vulcan, the Fire- god of the Romans, hence, fire.
vulgo, (ahl. of vulgrus used as an) adv., generally, commonly.
VlllgUS, -l, N. (rarely M.), common people, multitude. -
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wound, hurt.
vulnus, -eris, N., wound ; paucis vulneribus acceptis, with slight loss (c. v, 10).
VUltuS, -US, M., expression, coun- tenance.
Zephyrus, -1, M., Zephyrus, the west
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