NEW FLORA
OF
NORTH AMERICA,
BY
PROF. RAFINESUUE.
FIRST PART.
Introduction, Lexicon, Monographs.
PHIL A DEL P HIJ1
^or elates of issue, see J.H.Barnhart, Torreya
7: 177-181. 1907. Pt.l (3B36, December)
2 (1037, second half) 5 (1858, first ouarter) 4 (1838, late in year).
PHOTOLITHOGRAPHED BY
THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
FOR THE
ARNOLD ARBORETUM 1946
T R O D. LEXICON, &c.
AND BOTANY
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,
To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttall, Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Ea- ton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Hiddell, Darling, ton, Schweinitz, Gibbs, &c.
Besides the general works of Linneus, Wildenow Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decandale, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures in AUTIKON BOTANIKOW.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.— PH. D.
Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — Member of many learned Societies in Paris, Vienna, Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, Lexington, &c.
The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed, Will be at last by learned care revealed.
PHILADELPHIA.
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.
1836.
DEDICATION.
To all my fellow BOTANISTS in the United States of North America, and chiefly to those who are endeavor- ing to complete and illustrate our Botany— I DEDICATE these pages, results of 24 years of observations and re- searches.
But above all, to my friends, colleagues, or contribu- tors now living, and to the memory of the worthy de- parted, Elliot, Collins, Schweinitz, Pursh, Conrad, Brad- bury ... in grateful remembrance of their worth and kind help D. D. D.
PHILADELPHIA, September, 1836.
THE AUTHOR.
INTRODUCTION.
After many years of active researches in the continent of North America, I was medi- tating to write a new Flora of it ; but was long dubious in what form to produce it. To enu- merate and describe all the plants of this vast region in a proper form and natural classifica- tion, would be a very acceptable labor, but a very arduous task, to which, altho' I felt quite competent, it was not possible to think of, ow- ing to the expense of it, particularly if many figures were given. All our Botanists have shrunk from this undertaking, except Hooker in his Flora of Canada and Boreal America, now publishing by the help of patronage. Zeal alone does not avail in this as in collecting, other pecuniary means are required.
It has been found more practicable and near- ly as useful by our Botanists to publish abridg- ed Floras on the Linnean plan, of which Mi- chaux and Pursh gave the example; while Nut- tall, Torrey, Eaton, Beck, &/c. have followed nearly the same path. Elliot alone has some- what enlarged his labor, and produced a most egregious work.
None but such condensed or compiled works on our Botany, have been found acceptable to all and saleable; while the elaborate and learn- ed works, full of discoveries and ample re- searches, can only be appreciated by a few, and even often excite the envy of the learned ri- vals.
4 INTRODUCTION.
Under such predicament, I was compelled to decide upon a middle course; and I therefore undertook this work as a Supplemental Flora of North America, a kind of mantissa and ap- pendix to all my predecessors, avoiding there- by much expense and trouble in accumulating all the scattered materials and fragments alrea- dy published: altho' I endeavored to collect them whenever I had to frame some peculiar careful monographs of neglected Genera or fa- milies. The illustration by figures of my New Genera and New Species will be kept apart in mpt. to be sold apart to any institution or indi- vidual that wish to possess them, as well as my botanical specimens, general Herbarium, and original typical sets collected together under the name of my AUTIKON BOTANIKON.
I have called this work, a New Flora of North America, and such it is in fact : a real FLORA, although not classed by the false sexual system, nor even my own improved natural method, but arranged differently. I do not even know yet exactly how it will be gone through ; but I propose to commence by a sample of a Lexi- con to be contrasted with the manual Lexicon of Eaton, and go on with monographs of inte- resting Genera or Families, with a SYLVA of my New Trees and Shrubs, a Neogenyton or ac- count of New Genera, and a Neobotanon or compendium of new species. I may, however, deviate from this plan if needful or desirable, and I hope to conclude the whole by a general Index, both alphabetical and classified natural- ly of all the Families and Genera.
While I was preparing this work, I found myself so often perplexed and involved into dif- ficulties, by the actual improper framing of Ge-
INTRODUCTION. 5
ncra, that I was compelled to take up the sub- ject of Generic reform simultaneously with this new flora. This has greatly increased my la- bors and delayed the publication ; but vastly enlarged my field of botanical researches, now based on generic accuracy.
In fact till lately most of the Botanists, both here and elsewhere, were perfectly satisfied with the Linnean Genera, and thought they had done their utmost when they referred the Lin- nean or new species, quite at random to those Linnean Genera; often avoiding or neglecting to notice their peculiar floral characters, not seldom at variance with the Genera referred to. The labors of Adanson, Jussieu, Necker, Mcench, Lamark, &c. upon generic reforms were often overlooked or neglected. At last a better feeling has been prevailing, and the mo- dern improvers Decandole, Agardh, Robert Brown, Lindley, &c. have restored many of the old Genera, or further corrected generic no menclature.
As I rank among these botanical reformers ever since 1808 when I first published new Ge- nera, and 1815 when I published the outlines of my reformed Natural Families, it was just and proper that I should resume these investi- gations, now that I mean to give the results of a whole life of botanical travels, discoveries and arduous researches. This shall then be done in a colateral work published at the same time, but kept apart, which I shall call Flora tellu- riana or synoptical mantissa of 2000 new fa- milies, Genera and species of plants of the whole earth. There most of my generic and other reforms will be elucidated, and I shali merely refer to them in this N. Amer. Flora.
6 INTRODUCTION.
Here, the new species of this continent shall be chiefly attended to. They are often in as great a disorder as the Genera; many are occa- sionally blended into one, or improperly deter- mined and settled. To give their synonymy is not always an easy task, nor are the varieties to be overlooked. Many botanists mistake real botanical species for varieties or viceversa. In fact all species might have been varieties once, and many varieties are gradually becoming spe- cies by assuming constant and peculiar charac- ters. This is an interesting feature of botanical philosophy, which I shall properly explain and prove hereafter.
This new Flora is very far, therefore, from being a compilation of former labors : it is quite an original work, chiefly based upon my indivi- dual researches and discoveries, during 36 years of botanical travels and exertions, whereof 24 were spent in North America, the main field of my scientific rambles and labors.
It may perhaps be useful to give here an out- line of my botanical travels in North America, whereby it will be perceived that I have survey- ed and examined more States and regions than any other Botanist perhaps except Nuttall. Thus I was enabled to detect a great number of New Species, and examine many plants alive in Full bloom in their native wilds. It would be well if botanical writers would thus detail us their actual excursions and explorations.
Some plants are quite local or have very nar- row limits of growth, others are only in bloom for a few hours or days. Many early vernal plants of the Genera Dodccatheon, Clintonia, VernasoltS) Viola, Peltandra, Cypripedium^ &c. can only be seen in narrow localities during
INTRODUCTION. 7
the month of May. Others of the Genera Gen- tiana, Kuhnia, Eclipta, Sjriranthes, Aster, Solidago, with many radiate Genera, are quite late and autumnal, found chiefly in October: therefore they had escaped the notice of our Botanists, who chiefly botanize or travel in summer.
Other plants are confined to Mountains, or Pinelands, or Western Glades, or deep Swamps, which must be visited by turns, if we wish to collect them. I have sometimes looked in vain for years for some particular plants, at the very places where they are known to grow, because I was not in the due season : this happens to all Botanists, and it is very im- portant for collectors to know the precise epoch of blooming and seeding. What escapes one of them may be met by another a little earlier or later. There are besides years when some plants bloom more abundantly, and others like the Miegia, Enslenia, &c. only bloom once in many years.
I came to North America in 1802, and tra* veiled chiefly on foot until 1804, over New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, from the Juniata to the Sea Shore, and from the Alleghany Mountains beyond Easton, to the Potomac beyond Washington and Alexandria. Some of the results of my discoveries in those three years of early travels were published in 1808.
In 1805 I left America for Europe, where I remained till 1815. On my return to this con- tinent in that year, I was shipwrecked on tho shores of Connecticut, and lost all my former Herbals and collections, both American and European.
8 INTRODUCTION.
Therefore being deprived of all my first la- bors in Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy in that memorable year 1815, I had to begin again my researches and collections, which I pursued ever since with renewed zeal, always at my own sole expense. I spent 1815 and 1816 in the States of New York, New Jersey* and Pennsylvania chiefly. In 1816 I went to explore as far as Lake Champlain, Vermont* and the Saranac Mountains, near the sources of the Hudson River. In 1817 I went to the Mattawan and Kiskanom, or Catskill Moun- tains, and explored Long Island, where 1 dwelt awhile.
But my great travels in the West began in 1818, I made a tour of 2000 miles as far as the Wabash River, crossing twice the Alleghany Mountains on foot, and exploring Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, Kentucky, &c. Some of the results of my former discoveries in that jour- ney were published in 1819, in the Physical Journal of Paris, in 80 new Gen. of Plants, and 70 New Gen. of Animals.
Having been appointed Professor of Natural Sciences in the University of Lexington, in Kentucky, I went there in 1819, crossing a third time the Alleghany Mountains, through the Cumberland road of Maryland, still on foot, as I never would cross these beautiful moun- tains in any other way, in order to botanize all the while, and I was rewarded by many new plants.
I spent seven years in Kentucky in 1826, exploring that State thoroughly, and making excursions to Ohio, &/c., my longest journeys were in 1823, when I went West as far as the Rivers Cumberland and Tennessee near their
INTRODUCTION. 9
mouths, and next East to the falls of the Cum- berland Kiver and the Wasioto or Cumberland mountains.
In 1825 I undertook a long journey through Ohio, and Virginia, crossing the AUeghany mountains of Virginia, and returning by the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, always on foot. Next year, 1826, I left Kentucky and settled in Philadelphia : but took a very long botanical journey in the way, going through Ohio to Sandusky on Lake Erie ; thence to Buffalo, Niagara, Canada, the New York Canal, &c.
My excursions in 1827, were to the Sea Shores of New Jersey, and thence to Troy, the Taconick mountain, and through Massachu- setts to Boston, returning by a different road In 1828, I went to the AUeghany mountains of the North on the Lehigh, the Schooley mountains of New Jersey, and Mattawan mountains of New York. In 1829, 1 went to the Pine-barrens of New Jersey, and as far as Connecticut. In 1830, I made a second jour- ney to the Kiskanom mountains of New York.
Several botanical excursions and journeys were undertaken in 1831, in Delaware, New Jersey, and the Taconick mountains. While in 1832 I visited Maryland twice, the second lime I explored the Cotocton mountains of Maryland, and Alleghany mountains as far as Sherman Valley and the Juniata, quite at leisure, residing some times at the top of the mountains.
In the year 1833 I proposed to visit the Apalachian mountains as far as Alabama : but was prevented by an accident and heavy rains; I only went as far as those of Virginia, and again in the Cotocton mountains. — In a second
JO INTRODUCTION.
journey I undertook to visit the sources of the riv^r Delaware, and Susquehannah, exploring first the Pine barrens and Sea shores of New Jersey, next going from Albany over the Hei- delberg mountains to the Lake Utsiantha source of the Delaware at the foot of the Kis- kanom mountains, and Lake Otsego source of the Susquehannah.
The year 1834 saw me twice in the Alle- ghany mountains of the north, once by follow- ing the course of the Delaware, the second time westward by the Welsh nlountains. Cone- wago mountains, Albany mountains, Locust mountains to the Pottsville mines and the source of the Schuylkill river, returning by Mauchchunk and Allentown.
My travels of 1835 were in the Central Al- leghanies up the River Juniata and Susque- hannah, exploring the mountains of Peters, Buffalo, Wiconisco, Mahantango, Tuscarora, Jack, Seven mountains, &-c. with their Val- leys. An account of all these travels and ex- cursions is given by me more at length in my Life of travels and researches, published ear- ly in 1836. Since then I have chiefly explor- ed South New Jersey and the pine barrens.
Although these journeys were often under- taken with the additional ulterior view to col- lect Fossils and Animals, my favorite science and pursuit of Botany was always my main ob- ject. I always travelled with my botanical col- lecting book and reams of paper to preserve my plants : and thus I have been enabled to collect in 20 years, since 1816, a most valuable Her- barium, rich in new species, rare plants, and complete Monographs; which have been in- creased by exchanges and purchases, chiefly of
INTRODUCTION. 1 1
Southern plants ; not having been able to ex- plore as yet the Southern States, deterred by the bad roads, unhealthy climate, scanty fare, heavy expenses and state of society. A pedes- trian Botanist is not always very welcome there.
During so many years of active and ardu- ous explorations, I have met of course all kinds of adventures, fares and treatment. I have bean welcomed under the hospitable roof of friends of knowledge or enterprise, else laugh- ed at as a mad Botanist by scornful ignorance. Often deemed a herbalist and wandering doc- tor by the vulgar, I have allowed or indulged this harmless belief, and thereby elicited from many quarters the local knowledge of medical facts, which I have published in my Medical Flora of the United States.
I have seldom met with liberal enlightened men, who could believe that I was actuated by the pure love of knowledge and science ; yet I have found such worthy men sometimes and their names are gratefully impressed on my me- mory. Such were J. D. Clifford, Alex. Walsh, Mess. Knevels, Adlum, Dr. Schultz, D. Jack- son, H. Clay, Clinton, Meade, Maclane, Wells, Thompson, Aldie, <fcc. who without being Bo tanists, or at most mere florists, could appre- ciate my pursuits and facilitate my researches. As to Botanists and Zooligists I made it a point to search for them and enjoy their society, mu- tually imparting our knowledge.
Such a life of travels and exertions has its pleasures and its pains, its sudden delights and deep joys mixt with dangers, trials, difficulties, and troubles. No one could better paint them than myself, who has experienced them all; but
12 INTRODUCTION.
I must be brief in conveying a slight idea of them.
Let the practical Botanist who wishes like myself to be a pioneer of science, and to in- crease the knowledge of plants, be fully prepar- ed to meet dangers of all sorts in the wild groves and mountains of America. The mere fatigue of a pedestrian journey is nothing com- pared to the gloom of solitary forests, when not a human being is met for many miles, and if met he may be mistrusted ; when the food and collections must be carried in your pocket or knapsack from day to day ; when the fare is not only scanty but sometimes worse; when you must live on corn bread and salt pork, be burnt and steamed by a hot sun at noon, or drenched by rain, even with an umbrella in hand, as I always had.
Musquitoes and flies will often annoy you or suck your blood if you stop or leave a hurried step. Gnats dance betore the eyes and often fall in unless you shut them ; insects creep on you and into your ears. Ants crawl on you whenever you rest on the ground, wasps will as- sail you like furies if you touch their nests. But ticks the worst of all are unavoidable whenever you go among bushes, and stick to you in crowds, filling your skin with pimples and sores. Spiders, gallineps, horse-flies and other obnoxious insects will often beset you, or sorely hurt you. Hateful snakes are met, and if poisonous are very dangerous, some do not warn you off like the Rattle-snakes.
You meet rough or muddy roads to vex you, and blind paths to perplex you, rocks, moun- tains, and steep ascents. You may often loose your way, and must always have a compass
INTRODUCTION. 13
with you as I had. You may be lamed in climbing rocks for plants or break your limbs by a fall. You must cross and wade through brooks, creeks, rivers, and swamps. In deep fords or in swift streams you may lose your footing and be drowned. You may be overta- ken by a. storm, the trees fall around you, the thunder roars and strikes before you. The winds may annoy you, the fire of heaven or of men sets fire to the grass or forest, and you may be surrounded by it, unless you fly for your life.
You may travel over a unhealthy region or in a sickly season, you may fall sick on the road and become helpless, unless you be very care- ful, abstenious and temperate.
Such are some of the dangers and troubles of a botanical excursion in the mountains and forests of North America. The sedentary bo- tanists or those who travel in carriages or by steamboats, know little of them; those who merely herborize near a city or town, do not appreciate the courage of those who brave such dangers to reap the botanical wealth of the land, nor sufficiently value the collections thus made.
Yet although I have felt all those miseries, I have escaped some to which others are liable. I have never been compelled to sleep at night on the ground, but have always found a shel- ter. I have never been actually starved, nor assailed by snakes or wild beasts, nor robbed, nor drowned, nor suddenly unwell. Tempe- rance and the disuse of tobacco have partly availed me, and always kept me in health.
In fact 1 never was healthier and happier than when I encountered those dangers, while a
14 INTRODUCTION.
sedentary life has often made me unhappy or unwell. I like the free range of the woods and glades, I hate the sight of fences like the In- dians ! The free constant exercise and pleasu- rable excitement is always conductive to health and pleasure.
The pleasures of a botanical exploration ful- ly compensate for these miseries and dangers, else no one would be a travelling Botanist, nor spend his time and money in vain. Many fair- days and fair-roads are met with, a clear sky or a bracing breeze inspires delight and ease, you breathe the pure air of the country, every rill and brook offers a draught of limpid fluid. What delight to meet with a spring after a thirsty walk, or a bowl of cool milk out of the dairy ! What sound sleep at night after a long day's walk, what soothing naps at noon under a shaded tree near a purling brook !
Every step taken into the fields, groves, and hills, appears to afford new enjoyments, Land- scapes and Plants jointly meet in your sight. Here is an old acquaintance seen again; there a novelty, a rare plant, perhaps a new one! greets your view : you hasten to pluck it, exa- mine it, admire, and put it in your book. Then you walk on thinking what it might be, or may DC made by you hereafter. You feel an exul- tation, you are a conqueror, you have made a conquest over Nature, you are going to add a new object, or a page to science. This peace- ful conquest has cost no tears, but fills your mind with a proud sensation of not being use- less on earth, of having detected another link of the creative power of GOD.
Such are the delightful feelings of a real bo- tanist, who travels not for lucre nor paltry pay.
INTRODUCTION. 15
Those who do, often think only of how much the root or the seed or the specimen will fetch at home or in their garden.
When you ramble by turns in the shady groves, grassy glades, rocky hills, or steep mountains, you meet new charms peculiar to each ; even the gloomy forest affords a shady walk. livery rock, nook, rill . . . has peculiar plants inviting your attention. When nothing new nor rare appears, you commune with your mind and your God in lofty thoughts or dreams of happiness. Every pure Botanist is a good man, a happy man, and a religious man ! He lives with God in his wide temple not made by hands ....
To these botanical pleasures may be added the anticipation of the future names, places, uses, history, &c. of the plants you discover. For the winter or season of rest, are reserved the sedentary pleasures of comparing, studying, naming, describing and publishing. A time may come, when if all plants are well known, little will be left to be done, except seeking rare plants or occasional deviations and varieties ; but a long while will elapse before this may take place, since so few of our plants are com- pletely known as yet. Then will begin the la- bors of the draftsman, the collector of rare plants and roots, or the seeking of special and generic deviations.
In this another wide field of researches will be open to the enquiring mind. My thoughts have often been led thereto when noticing singular deviations. I admit like Adanson, Necker and Linneus himself that plants do vary gradually and constantly, although often very slowly, both in the specific and generic
16 INTRODUCTION.
characters. I refer to these authors for exam- ples so often met in gardens ; but I have chief- ly attended to this in the woods and fields where quite spontaneous.
The process is by the seedlings being some- what different from the parents, and thus evinc- ing a deviation of typical mould, that may be, or may not be, propagated again. If it is, this soon assumes a permanence, becoming a per- manent variety if the deviation is slight, such as mere color of flowers, size of stem, leaves, &c.; but becoming a New Species! if at last several deviations are permanently combined. A tendency to such deviations is sometimes met even in the various annual shoots of the peren- nial plants, or shrubs and trees, that are not al- ways alike to those of the preceding years.
The specific deviations which I could men- tion are numberless, this work will be full of them, as all new species are in fact such per- manent deviations of growth, unless they are widely different from all former species. The oldest type of the species may probably be found in the most common with most numerous individuals, while those called rare or with few individuals as yet must be the newest in order of time.
Generic deviations are more rarely observed or noticed, because less evident and very slow- ly produced, or not so easily propagated ; but I shall mention here some very striking instances of them ; while many more are to be met with in all the Genera, where the characters are polymorphous, expressed by SO . . . OR . . . . SO, 3-5 fidis, 4-5 andris, 3-4 stylis, Capsule with 4 or 5 valves, one or many seeds, &c.
1. I have seen in a garden a Tulip with 5
INTRODUCTION. 17
petals only and 5 stamens. That was even a deviation from the family !
2. I have met with a Tecoma bearing a ca- psule with 3 valves, the generic character is bivalve.
3. Asters and Solidagos with the ligules mixt with the florets, forming a kind of peloric genus which I have called Mictanthes.
4. The Aster discoideus of Elliot or my genus Anactis, has no rays, it must have been a deviated genus like Kclipta from Verbesina. I have met some Asters with the rays so short- ened as to be almost invisible.
5. My G. GONONCUS has two sorts of flowers and seeds on the same plant, uniting the char- racters of Polygonun and Persicaria.
6. My G. Styrandra appears to have* origi- nated once from Convallaria or rather Majan- themum, just like Paris from Trillium.
7. Many monoical and dioical plants return to Polygamy and herrnaphroditism. This is the case with some of our Vines, Vitis, Morus, Ur- tica, Callitriche, &/c.
8. Nothing more common than monstruous deviations by addition or deficiency of parts, which are as many links of generic varia- tions.
Of all the European Floras, that in which generic and specific deviations are most expli- citly stated and best detailed, is the Florla Li- thtianica of Gilibert, where many similar ano- malies may be noticed.
Therefore the result will be that our specie^ and genera are not quite permanent as suppos- ed, but are gradually producing deviations of forms ; when these are floral they are of course
18 INTRODUCTION.
generic, and may after centuries form New Genera.
Hybridity also multiplies species : this pro- cess is much more common in plants than ani- mals ; but it is often difficult to detect in the wild plants the real parents. Unless they are both found growing near the hybrid, and it has the traces of both forms, we may as safely ascribe it to a natural deviation of frame, call- ed Peloric if floral and generic,
Some Botanists have different ideas of Ge- nera, species, and varieties : their errors and my corrections will be found in the principles of my FLORA TELLURIANA. I merely recapitu- late here my ideas of them, deduced from 40 years of botanical observations.
SPECIES include all the individuals perfectly alike in all their parts — Varieties are slight ca- sual deviations — Proles are permanent varie- ties, such as are called Breeds among ani- mals.
GENERA are the groups of species that have similar floral characters and sometimes a simi- lar habit. Whenever a species has different floral forms it must be a peculiar genus.
Such are the natural distinctions of those two groups, any others must be unnatural and improper ! All species may have been varie- ties once, except the original types or ancestors of the genus, and all actual varieties may be incipient species.
My views of the natural method will be gi- ven in my FLORA TELLURIANA, where I shall correct and improve my former classes, orders and families of 1815 in Analysis of Nature. I hare adopted and studied the natural method since 1800, 1 have always tried to improve it,
INTRODUCTION. 19
I have always been opposed to the Linnean system and its blunders ; but the natural me- thod has had so long, and has perhaps yet, so many anomalies, that unless they are rectified, the study of affinities will be impeded. Jus- sieu had a crowd of genera incerta sedis, or annexed to orders without belonging thereto, which were a Dedalus of ambiguity. The mo- dern Decandole, Richard, Lindley, Agardh have partly improved this Labyrinth ; but the clue to guide us is now in our hands ! Let every genus that does not agree in general frame and characters be removed, and placed elsewhere, as I have done. When this is done and generally adopted we may hope to reach a perfect classification : while that of Lindley for instance, is as yet quite loose and inaccurate, as bad as Adanson or Necker's; since one fourth of his genera do not agree to the com- mon characters ascribed, and some orders have none at all ...
This is the ambiguity and absurdity carried from Species and Genera to the National Or- ders ! unless restricted or exploded in all in- stances, we can have no correct nomenclature nor classification. What absurdity to have an order without definition, like the patched genera Gentiana and Convallaria for instance ! a false definition that does not apply to all the Genera or Species, is equal to no definition at all . .
Our North American Botanists were very late in noticing the natural method, and even now hardly admit of it, or else without restric- tion on its defects From 1802 to 1804 I was perhaps the only one that followed that new path, Barton, Muhlenberg, and others of that
20 INTRODUCTION.
period would not even listen to it. Correa alone began to give lectures on it towards 1816, I vainly tried to introduce it in 1817. Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Nuttall, Eaton, Bigelow, &c. all wrote their works on the sexual plan. Ea- ton alone added thereto the orders of Jussieu to his manual : yet he was amazed when Tor- rey published his edition of Lindley ! Since he and Hooker have begun to open the path in England, Beck and Torrey have begun to fol- low, while a few others begin to incline to- wards it : yet Adanson had disclosed it since 1763, and Robin Flora of Louisiana used it in 1807.
Its progress will be slow here, because it re- quires application and study, and my improve- ments require besides accuracy and perspicui- ty. It will be easier to follow the blunders of Jbindley as formerly those of Linneus without investigation. My own labors on families and genera will perhaps meet the fate of those of Adanson and Necker, and be denied belief or assent for half a century like theirs ; but the time will come at last to grant me justice, and admit me among the classical improvers of the science.
Jealousy of my great labors and discoveries may influence some ; but I hope that real Bo- tanists ought always to be impartial. Torrey is my friend, although we differ in our views of Genera and Species, Nuttall has done so much already and has so much yet to bring forth from Origon, that he need not be jealous of my labors. Many other Botanists profess to value them. I know of no one that is my avowed foe like Dr. Harlan is for Zoology— I have been liberal and friendly to all, if they do not reci-
INTRODUCTION. 2 1
procate, it must be out of bad and improper feelings.
I have had warm friends and patrons for awhile ; but I have been deprived of them all by death already, J. D. Clifford, Z. Collins, D. Clinton, Dr. Mitchill, Dr. Jackson, were such. May I meet similar new patrons in my old age!
Although this Flora will exhibit me as a learned Botanist, accurate observer, and zeal-* ous discoverer, it does not afford me the means of appearing as a Draftsman, Collector of spe- cimens, Medical Botanist, &c. for which I must refer to my other works, Medical Bota- ny with 100 figures, my Autikon Botanikon, &c.
I have written my Botanical Works in 4 languages, Latin, French, Italian and English ! I now write this entirely in English in order to make it available to all our Botanists ; but my Flora Telluriana will be partly in Latin, at least for generic and specific characters.
It is usual for accurate Botanists to state the kind of botanical evidence that they can give, which is usually expressed by v. v. meaning seen alive — v. s. seen dry, &c. but this may be very delusive since many plants seen alive are only seen in gardens and not in their natural state, or the floral characters have not been ex- amined. Greater accuracy should be required and I state at once that all the plants I describe have been met alive, and collected by me in their native soils, in bloom and seeds unless I otherwise state the facts; whether seen with- out seeds, or only in gardens.
As to dried or preserved plants, they may also have been with or without seeds ; always
22 INTRODUCTION.
with flowers however and carefully examined generically j although it is not always easy to see well the minute floral characters of dry specimens. As to the inside of the seeds, their fallacious anatomical structures never perplex me ', I leave them to Anatomists with the in- side of roots and fibres : microscopical observa- tions are always useless for practical descrip- tive Botany, as all genera and families have outward evident floral forms peculiar to each.
When plants have not been seen actually alive or dry, I quote as usual the books, au- thors or figures, that have imparted their knowledge; but few such plants will however be mentioned here, this being rather intended as a collection of my own observations : yet in complete monographs or revised Genera it will be needful to compare all the species and facts. It is to be regretted that our botanists too of- ten neglect the labors of their colleagues, by not comparing all previous or proposed spe- cies: whereby they can only give us imperfect monographs.
Severul authors have mistaken foreign plants of distant regions for our own. Many such are found in Thunberg, Gmelin, Loureiro, &c. that are different species from Japan, Sibiria or Anam. Decandole has recommend- ed to compare again every plant deemed native of several remote regions, and I shall often do it.
FLORA OF NOKTH AMERICA.
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY AND LOCALITIES.
Botanical Geography has lately been much attended to since Wildenow, Decandole and Huinboldt have written upon it. Dr. Picker- ing alone has specially written upon that of North America, and although I do not admit of all his conclusions, nor think his map quite correct, yet he has opened the way.
The Earth is divided into botanical regions, where a peculiar growth of trees and plants are found; these regions although sometimes well defined in Islands and Physical regions, must necessarily blend in large continents near their limits.
Wildenow supposed that groups of moun- tains were the nucleus of these regions, and that the floras expanded around; others think that mountains often divide the botanical as well as physical regions. In North America both seem to be partly the case.
Decandole had only three botanical regions in North America, north of Mexico, the Atlan- lic or Apalachian extending to Florida and Missouri, 2d the Origonic or the Origon moun- tains and plains of the West. 3. the Boreal common to boreal Asia and Europe. Picker- ing has proved that following the level of the land, the Boreal or Canadian extends South over the Alleghany mountains, while the Mexi- can region extends North into Texas and Ark- ansas.
24 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Eaton has supposed that our Atlantic region was divided in two by the Potomac, the Nor- thern, and the Southern that winds round the mountains to the far West including all the Western States.
These are of course exclusive of the three great regions of the Southern parts, Mexico, Central America and the Antilles.
I have rectified these views since 1832 by increasing our regions to seven ; to which I have given the names of Boreal, Canadian, Alleghanian, Floridian, Louisianian, Texan andOrigonian: each of these is perfectly distinct and distinguished both by physical features and peculiar Genera of plants.
1. Boreal Region, including the Polar re- gion, Greenland, Iceland, Labrador, Hudson Bay and New Sibiria. This wide region, is very similar to the Boreal parts of the Old Continent, Lapland and North Siberia, forming
Fsrhaps only one wide circle around the Arctic ole. It is the poorest of all the American Floras, with very few trees and shrubs, chiefly evergreen, and with the lower classes of plants preponderating, such as Mosses, Lichens, Al gas, &c. but few Fungi. The floral season is very short, hardly three months from June to August.
2. Canadian Region. This forms a broad belt across the Continent including Nova Sco- tia, New England, Canada, the countries around the Lakes, and the vast lacustral plains of the West. It has spurs in the northern Al- leghanies, the Saranac, Taconick, and Kiska- nom mountains. It is distinguished by the pre- vailing Firs, Willows, and Birches, the Gene- ra Linnea, Diervilla, Parnassia, Rubus*
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 25
Ribes, Coptis, Nemopqnthes, Comarum, Caltha, &c. and an abundance of Mosses, Li- chens and Fungi, not however exceeding one half of the whole number The floral season of five months, from May to September.
3. Alleghanian Region. This lias, for nu- cleus the Alleghany mountains of Pennsylva- nia, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, &/c. called Apalachian south of Potomac and Wasioto or Cumberland to the West : this region winds all around East and West into the hilly or broken country. It is distinguished by the abundance of trees, oaks, radiate plants, fungi, grasses, leguminose, hypericines, with the pre- vailing genera Hicoria, Kalmia, Trillium, Azalea, Vitis, Rhododendron, Hydrangea^ Heuchera, Lactuca, Solidago, Rosa, SfC. the Mosses and Lichens are yet abundant,but now form only a small proportion of the whole, while the Fungi are become about one third of the whole. It is remarkable that here the trees and shrubs although yet of the same Genera as in Europe are nearly all unlike in species. — Floral season from April to October.
4. Floridian Region. This begins in the North by a narrow belt in the marshy and san- dy Islands or Shores, pine woods and swamps of Long Island and New Jersey, widening gradually in the plains of Virginia, Carolina, Georgia, ascending the hills and south Apala- chian mountains which run west into Alaba- ma, occupying the whole of Florida, Alabama, &/c. It blends in South Florida with the An- tillian flora of Bahama and Cuba, in the moun- tains with the Alleghaniun flora, and west with the Louisianian. It is distinguished by Mag nolias and Pines, Palms and Yucas : the pecu-
26 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.
liar Genera Clethra, Fothergila, Passiflora, Chionanthus, Lantana, Marshallia, Xerophy- lum, Pinkneya, Halesia, Leiophylum, Hudso- nia, &LC. with many species of Ilex, Ludwigia, Rhexia, Viburnum, Lobelia, &c. Here the Mosses, Lichens and Fungi greatly decrease, while the grasses, rushes, ferns, aroides, lilies and akin greatly increase. It is the richest of our Botanical regions in Species, and Vegeta- tion is unceasing, there are flowers in every month, even in January.
5. Louisianian or Missourian Region. The actual state of Louisiana hardly belongs to this; but the ancient Louisiana is the nu- cleus of it, extending into the plains of Tennes- see, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri, and up into the vast plains of the Upper Mis- souri. The cradle of it appears to be the Ozark mountains. It is distinguished by the Paean- tree, the Bowtree, the Amorphas, the Planera, Cladrastis, peculiar Pavias and Poplars ; with abundance of Cacti and Ferns ; but scanty Mosses, Lichens and Fungi : with the peculiar Genera Wliegia, Collinsia, Bellis, Leucospora, &c. Floral season from March to November.
6. Texian Region. This extends over the wide plains between Louisiana and Mexico, and probably over New Mexico : the nucleus may be the Taos mountains; botanical spurs extend into Arkansas and the Colorado Valley. It is very little known as yet, but the produc- tions are intermediate between Mexican and Louisianian, with abundance of Cactides and Canebrakes. The floral season lasts nearly the whole year as in Florida.
7. Origon Region. This extends over the Origon mountains and the hilly country west
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 27
of it. We do not know it thoroughly as yet, but what we know of it, is very peculiar. We may hope that Nuttall will describe it botani- cally. It has perhaps several divisions, the mountains, sea shores, and new Albion or new California to the South. It bears the same botanical relation to Sibiria than the Allegha- nies do to Europe. It is distinguished by pecu- liar trees, Firs, Oaks, Maples, the singular Garrya tree, many species of Ribcs, Lupinus, Pentostemon, Cactus, Mimulus, &/c. with peculiar Genera CalocJiortus, Eutoca, Las- thenia, Collomia, Aegochloa, Lewisia, Clar- kia, &/c. — The Labiate, Hypericines, Grasses, Fungi and Mosses appear to be scanty. Lili- acea abound, but the Orchides are very few. The floral season extends from March to No- vember in New Albion, but is much shorter in the mountains and to the North.
Besides the above great Regions of this Con- tinent, there are several other Local Regions, more confined in limits, but well distinguished by peculiar vegetation or growth of trees. The principal of these are
1 . The swampy pine region, where grow the Schubertia and Cupressus thyoides, from New Jersey to Louisiana, with many peculiar water plants. These swamps are unlike marshes by being sandy and having- a clear yellow water. In the dry places prevail Pines, Hudsonia, &c.
2. The Sandy Shore Regions all along the margin of our Sea from Long Island to Flori- da; Ilex and Myricas prevail, also shrubs, plants, with palms in the South. The rocky shores of the North are very unlike this.
3. The Alpine Region or Summits of High mountains, where few trees are found, while
28 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.
many peculiar plants grow only there. In the Alleghanies they partake of the Canadian flo- ra, and in the White mountains of the Boreal flora.
4. The Prairie Regions of the West, with few trees, but a profusion of fine plants, Dode- catheons, Tradescantias, Helichroas, Gentians, Radiate flowers, &c., some peculiar shrubs and hardly any Acotyle plant. There the flo- ral season begins in March or sooner as you go South.
5. The Limestone Region of Florida, with a profusion of fine plants, Ludwigias, R hexias, &c. and many peculiar shrubs.
6. The Limestone Region of the Ohio, form- ing a bassin in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky .- it has a very scanty flora, few shrubs in the woods, no Kalmias nor Yacciniums, but among trees many Asiminas and Pavias, with abund- ance of social grasses or congregated plants.
7. The Apalachian and Wasioto Region, or of the hills and mountains from Kentucky to Georgia : this has a distinct flora from the Al- leghanies and Florida shores, many Rhodo- dendrons, Azaleas, Magnolias, and a crowd of fine plants; many yet new in the Unaka or Iron mountains, the northern nucleus of it, as well as in the peninsula of Florida, Alabama, &c.
Besides these great localities I will add se- veral smaller localities of great botanical inte- rest by the numerous new plants which they have afforded me. Every botanist knows some similar place ; but those which I may boast to have discovered or first well explored deserve to be commemorated. They are
1. The neighborhood of Quaker Bridge and Cedar Bridge in the centre of the Pinelands of New Jersey. — 2. The neighborhood of Mullica Hill in New Jersey — 3. The sea Islands of New Jersey.— 4. The source of the river
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 29
Delaware in New'York at Utsiantha Lake in Oquage mountains.— The Ki§- kanom or Catakill mountains of New York.— 6. The Dismal Swamp of De- laware— 7. Sherman Valley in the Alleghanies — 8. The Cotocton moun- tains of Maryland and Virginia cut through by the Potomac. — 9. Valley of Lovalhannan in west Pennsylvania. — 10. Falls of the river Potomac. — 11.
Falls of the river Cumberland in Wosioto hills of east Kentucky — 12. The serpentine rocks of Chester and Maryland! — 13. The Wiconisco, Tuscarora and Central mountains of the Alleghames. — 14. The summit of the Allegha- nies in Maryland. — 15. The Cacapon mountains of Virginia. — 16. The prai- ries of Bigbarren river in Kentucky. — 17. The Wasioto Hills and mountains of Kentucky, or Knob Hills, with their knoblicks. — 18. The banks of the Wabash, and glades near them. — 19. The neck of land between the mouths of Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, with the glades of South Kentucky •nd Tennessee.— The shores of Lake Erie near Sandusky.
I hardly need add the far famed fall of Nia- gara, the head and falls of the Hudson, the Ta- conick and Mattawan mountains, and in fact every ridge of the Alleghanies. They are all interesting botanical spots to visit j but in or- der to detect all their plants, you must visit them at least three times, in the Spring, Sum- mer and Fall, or every month from May to Oc- tober, and even some plants of short floral du- ration may then escape you. How can we then hope to know all our productions, except gra- dually and by repeated explorations. I have never been able to meet the Hamiltonia, nor Centunculus, nor Parnassia in full bloom, and many rare plants were only found once by me during 24 years of exploration.
It is a mistake to imagine that all our plants are e ivan or nemorose, because forests abound in our Continent, The plants growing under- neath the shade of trees are not even the major number, and we must look for many in mea- dows, glades, fields, swamps, sea shores, banks of rivers, brakes, (these are peculiar places in woods or glades where ferns, canes or grasses prevail,) salt licks, rocky hills and cliffs, moun- tains tops, near springs and brooks.
The distribution of the plants in these loca- lities, and the distribution of peculiar tribes
30 BOTANICAL GEOOUAPIIV.
over the whole continent, would form an inte- resting theme, which although partly conjec- tural and never quite exact, might lead to phi- losophical reflections and deductions. Some problems remain to be solved on the subject. Why are our North American trees chiefly of European and Siberian Genera, but unsimilar in species?
Why are our shrubs still more dissimilar both in genera and species?
Why are our grasses and cyperacea so often similar in species, while the other monocotyle plants are all different?
Why are the minute and simple Acotyle plants, such as Algas, Lichens and Fungi, near- ly identic in the two Continents ?
Why are Mosses and Hepatica so often si- milar, while the ferns are less so, and offer many new forms ?
Why are many similar forms offered by the tribes of Ranunculacca, Labiate, Juncides, Ro- sacea, Polygonides, Lysimachides, Veronicides, Borragines, Bicornes, Caryophyles, Amenta- cea ? &.c.
Why are so many dissimilar genera and spe- cies found among the Violacea, Irides, Aspho- delides, Orchides, Gentianides, Apocynea, Corymbifera, Hypericea, Malvacea, &c. of both continents ?
Why are some families quite lacking in N. America ? Such as Rutacea, Guttifera, Pro- tacea, Epacrides, &c.
Why do the tropical genera so seldom extend into Florida ?
Why is the vegetation of Boreal America to- tally unlike that of Austral America?
BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 31
Why have we so few Crucifera, Umbellifera and Narcissides, compared to Europe and Af- rica ?
Why are the two shores of North America, east and west, so unlike to each other in vege- tation ?
These queries and others of a similar nature may exercise the ingenuity of speculative Bo- tanists, or amuse their idle hours; but they are facts and as such deserve our notice.
Another interesting study is that of our na- turalized plants. We have so many that they appear to invade the fields and drive out the na- tive plants in some instances ; but it is by no means certain but that some deemed natura- lized, were not really native. Such at least must have been the case with Verbascum thap- sus, Hypericum perforatum, Daucus carota, Anthemis cotula, Origanum vulgare, &c. 1 gave a long list of the naturalized plants in my dissertation of 1808, some have since disappear- ed, while others have appeared instead out of gardens. But few American plants have be- come spontaneous in Europe, Phytolaca decan- dra and Cenotis canadensis are mentioned as such ; but we have received several hundreds, besides some few from the Antilles and inland Decandole has properly stated that naturalized plants even when not spontaneous, but exten- sively cultivated in the open air ought to be ad- ded to every general flora, and Eaton has fol- lowed that advice with us.
It appears that even previous to the discovery of America by Columbus, our Indian tribes had received or imported from abroad or the South, several trees and plants. I have at least evi- dently ascertained historically that this was
32 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.
the fact with the Maize, Mayzea cerealis (Zea mays of L) the Orange tree, the Chicasa plumb Prunus angustifolia, the Catalpa tree, the Peach tree, and the holy plant Nelumbium luteumf besides several kinds of Beans, Tobac- co, Potatoes, Squashes, Pumpkins and Melons that were cultivated by our native tribes before Columbus or at least the invasion of Soto be- tween 1540 and 1543, and subsequent French and English colonies.
The number of Genera and Species of each botanical region, and their proportion of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Herbs, Grasses, Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Fungi, &c. is not only variable in each, but difficult to fix, owing to the great number that are common to several blending on the limits. In general the Trees, Shrubs, Ferns and Grasses, increase in number from North to South, while the Acotyle plants diminish ; but Fungi are most numerous in the Alleghanian region, by Schweinitz account of them they nearly equal the Phenogamous plants.
However all the calculations heretofore made were erroneous, depending on the peculiar knowledge of the writer and his limited views of Genera. Forster said they were only 1200! in 1771, Eaton in 1833 said exactly 5267! Torrey about 8000 ! I say 15000 and am near- er the truth : at least 10,000 are Vascular plants in the whole of North America, north of Mexico, with about 5000 cellular plants, where- of nearly 300 are trees or palms. Our largest Flora, the Floridian contains 6000 species at least, while the smallest, the Boreal, has hard- ly 1000 species, and no more exist in the Lime- stone region of Kentucky. The number of Ge- nera will depend on the reformed view and cor- rection of them.
33
WITH NEW GENERA SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS CHIEFLY.
ABALON Adanson. Veratrun L. Heloni- as Alton and all our Botanists. Melanthium Walter, Diclinotrys Raf. meaning two beds racemes.
Dioical. Corolla Cpetals linear, Stamens 6 filiform longer, anthers bilobed adnate, Pistil- late flowers with 6 rudiments of stamens, pis til Sgrooved, 3stigmas sessile reflexed. Cap- sule ovate Sgrooved Scelled, cells with many seeds angled acute. Habit, Caulescent, leaves scattered, flowers in long racemes.
Adanson good name meaning not in a ball, was applied to the Helonias of L. as this Ge- nus must certainly be divided, this good old name ought to prevail, unless mine of Diclino- trys is prefered. Linneus made many blunders on this plant, uniting to Veratrum and calling it V. luteum altho' the flowers are white. We know only one Sp. as yet ; but it has many vari- eties or deviations. The divided stems are found so far apart, that no fecundation can take place. The sterile plants are more common than the others. This pistilate become fertile at a great distance from them.
ABALON (or DICLINOTRYS) ALBIFLORUM Raf. 1817. Melanthium dioicum Walter, Helonias lutea! Aiton &c. HeL dioica MX. Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton .... ;
Very smooth, stem angular, leaves cuneate lanceolate, subacute, enerve : raceme cylindri- cal, pedicels short, petals linear obtuse.
34 ABALON.
Varieties and deviations 1. Pumttum, 6 or 8 inches, leaves narrow, linear above. Mts Alle- ghany, rare.
2. Sylvaticum, large, bipedal, lower leaves broader and thick, cuneate nearly obtuse: crowded on the stem. In woods.
3. Serpentarium, raceme elongate flexuose like a Snake.
4. Spicatum, flowers nearly sessile forming a long spike, the pistillate flowers remote Kentucky ....
5. Obotatum, radical leaves petiolate obovate nervose, obtuse, stem leaves remote cuneate few obtuse. Alabama and Florida : perhaps a species, fertile flowers very remote.
Flowers white, the pistillate greenish not so crowded — found from Maine to Missouri and Floridas, in meadows, glades and woods. Root tuberose premorse, medical, see my med- ical flora.
Figures. Autikon Raf. 1 to 5.
ABAMA of Adanson. His good Genus was wrongly named Tofielda by Hudson ; but some American Sp. united to it, being distinct, I called them Conradia or Leptilix in Neog. 1825. Nuttal has named another Genus Con- radia in 1834. I therefore restore the Aba- ma for our Tofieldas and thus reform the characters.
ABAMA. Calix small 3dentate. Corolla 6- parted obtuse alternate longer. Stamens Gfili- form on the corolla and opposite. Pistil one conical 3angular. 3 Styles spreading short, stigmas capitate. One capsule Scelled, 3val- ved, valves bifid above, cells with 2 or more seeds — Habit leaves ensiform, flowers white racemose, peduncles commonly triflore. — Con-
1BAMA. 35
taining 2 Sub-genera I. LEPTILIX Raf. Caules- cent, petals broader, capsule Sangular, cells two seeded — 2 TRIANTHUM Nuttal, Stemless petals narrow, capsule globose, cells with many terete caudate seeds,
TOFIELDA Subgenus PALTRIMA Raf, Differs from Abama, by petals equal, stamens longer subulate, dilatated at the base. Styles none or very short, stigmas sessile or nearly so, flat, 3 distincts pistils and capsules, gibbose, opening inside, few seeds angular curved. Stemless Jlowers almost spiked. This applies to our 2 species : the European are, T palustris <J* bor- ealis. see Tofielda.
NARTHECIUM Smith. No calix, corolla or perigone Gparted spreading persistent. Stam. 6 hirsute, pistil one 3angular, one style stigma 3dentate. Capsul triangular 3celled many seeds caudate. Type N. ossifragum and one American Sp.
Therefore the Abama with the capsule of JSarthecium has the calix of Tofielda: the Narthecium of Jussieu which is the Tofielda has 6 pistils, stigmas and capsules. Decandole ascribes to Tofielda a capsule with 3 or 6 cells ! much confusion arose from the rarity of those plants and incomplete descriptions.
1. ABAMA (Leptilix) SCABRA Raf. Tofielda pu- bens Elliot, Melanthium racemosum Walter. Stem naked above glandular rough, leaves ensi- form acute smooth, upper small, peduncles as long as the flowers 2 to 4 fasciculate, capsule 3gone. In Carolina and Alabama wet pines. Root perennial tuberose.
Stem. 1 or 2 feet, flowers green tipt with pur- ple, estival, petals lanceolale and obovate.
2. ABAMA (Triantha) PUBENS Raf. Narthe*
36 ABBOTIA.
cium MX. Anthericum caliculatum Gronovius. Tofielda pubescens Nuttal &c. Scape pubes- cent raceme oblong interrupted, capsule globose, leaves ensiform — From Delaware to Carolina, rare; flowers greenish white, petals linear cu- neate. Found in Virginia by me. Figure of both Autikon 6 and 7. —
The other 2 species called Narthecium by MX. Tofielda by Fersoon, and all our botanists, are unknown to me ; but very distinct, and per- haps each the type of another subgenus, since they appear to differ more by the flowers than the leaves.
3. A. PTJSILLA Raf. smooth, leaves very short, scape filiform, flowers few nearly sessile, calix separate from the corolla, capsule globose. — Lake Mistassin. Subgenus DESMIPUS Raf.
4. A. GLTJTINOSA Raf. Glutinose, stemless, capsule ovoidal double of corolla. — Lake Mis- tassin. Perhaps a Leptilix.
ABBOTIA Raf. very distinct from Triglo- chin by 3 Stamens only, more akin to Triste- mon or the triandrons Sp of Juncus. See those Genera. Named after Abbot the Botanical and entomological painter.
Calix or perigone simple 3 or 4-leaved, mem- branous, deciduous. Anthers sessile, common- ly 3 seldom 1 or 2. Pistils 3 or 4 cohering. Stigmas sessile glandular cleft. Capsules 3 or 4 gibbose one seeded, united by spungy mem- branes like false cells (Elliot) — Stemless, leaves linear, flowers racemose.
1. A. FILIFORMIS Raf. Triglochin triandrum MX. Elliot and all our Botanists — Leaves fili- form, equal to scape, flowers clustered on the spike and on short pedicels, capsules gibbose half connected.^— In Carolina and Florida in
ABIES.
37
marshes. Scape terete 6 inches, flowers oft with a fourth part. — Figures. Autikon Raf. 8 — Ic. N. Sp. 1. Seen dry.
2. A. PALUSTRIS Raf. Triglochin palustre L &c. Leaves linear shorter than scape, race- me slender, flowers remote erect, capsules con- nected linear equal to pedicels — Found on Lake Erie, pedal, leaves very narrow obtuse, scape terete — Figure Autikon Raf. 9. Seen alive.
3. A. PUMILA Raf. Triglochin barrelieri Loesel flora gallica, not in Persoon nor Decan- dole — Leaves linear thick equal to scape, race- me 4 or 5 flore, capsules connected linear-oblong longer than pedicels — Found on Lake Cham- plain, annual, 2 or 3 inches high, leaves nearly convex beneath, obtuse. — Fig. Autikon Raf. 10. Ic. N. Sp. 2. seen alive.
ABIES. This good Genus of fine trees dis- tinguished by Tournefort, Adanson, Jussieu arid all the correct botanists, was wrongly uni- ted to Pinus by Linneus. The Firs are not Pines ! the habit is very different, and Jussieu has given a long description of the peculiar fructification. The region of Oregon has afford- ed many new Firs, well described by Lewis in 1812 and in Atlantic Journal.
1* A. TRIGONA Raf. 1832. Bark and branches scaly, leaves densely scattered, petiolate tri- gone acuminate and stiff. — In Oregon, gigantic, 200 to 300 feet high, trunk 40 feet around, leaves 3-fourths of an inch long, one tenth wide. Gigantic Fir.
2. A. HETEROPHYLA Raf. 1832, Bark ri- mose, leaves distichal petiolate, very unequal, sulcate above, glaucous beneath ; cones termi- nal ovate flexible. — In Oregon, reaching 180
38 ABIES.
feet, leaves one fourth to one inch long, but all one twentieth wide. — OddleaJ Fir.
3. A. AROMATIC A Raf. 1832. Branches bul- late balsamiferous, leaves densely scattered forming 3 rows, sessile lanceolate obtuse, flexi- ble sulcate and shining above, gibbose beneath. — In Oregon, reaching 100 feet, blisters on the branches filled with a fine aromatic balsam, leaves very small one eighth of an inch long, one sixteenth wide. Aromatic JFVr,
4. A. MICROPHYLA Raf. 1832. Bark rimose, branches not bullate, leaves densely scattered forming 3 rows, sessile acute sublanceolate. — In Oregon, reaching 150 feet high, like the last, but yielding no balsam, leaves still more min- ute, only one-twelfth of an inch long, one 24th wide, wood white and tough. Scaly Fir.
5. A. MUCRONATA Raf. 1832. Bark scaly, branches virgate, leaves scattered very narrow, rigid and oblique, sulcate above, pale beneath: cones ovate acute, scales rounded nervosemucro- nate. — In Oregon, reaching 150 feet, leaves sub- balsamic, one inch long, one 20th wide, cones very large two 1-2 inches long. Large cone Fir.
Var. palustris. Only 30 feet high, branch- es spreading. In swamps.
6. A. FALCATA Raf. 1832. Bark scaly, leaves in 3 rows, 2 rows upright, one row de- clinate falcate, all linear lanceolate with tri- gone petiols: cones fusiform obtuse at both ends. — On the sea shore of Oregon, rising only 35 feet, leaves three 4ths of an inch long, one 5th wide. Sickle Fir.
Of the Atlantic Firs we have 7 or 8 species, all called Pinus!
7. A. TAXIFOLIA Raf. Pinus, Lambert and Eaton. Yew leaf Fir.
ABRUS. 39
Var patula Raf. Autikon 11. Branches spreading, leaves obtuse, entire hardly glauce- ous. — Cum berland mts. Spreading Fir.
8. A. BALSAMIFERA Michaux. Joolsam Fir* 9. A. FRASERI Raf. Pinus Pursh. Double Spruce Fir.
10. A. CANADENSIS MX. Common Spruce fir.
11. A. NIGRA Raf. A. denticulata MX. Pinus nigra. Alton. Black SpruceFir.
12. A. RTJBRA Raf. Pinus Lambert. Red Spruce Fir.
13. A. ALBA MX. Pinus Lambert. White Spruce Fir. All these dwindle to dwarf vari- eties on the White mts. and in North Canada.
ABRUS. This tropical Genus extends to Florida ; but our Sp. has not been described : the A. precatorius is said to have 3 varieties with red, white and yellow seeds. They must be again compared, also, the Asiatic, Antillian and Floridan plants. Linneus once mixt those plants with the Glycine.
ABUTILON. Tournefort, Malmnda Dil- len, Sida Linneus &/c. This good old Genus hardly preserved except by Adanson, is per- fectly distinct from Sida by the many truncate and 3 seeded capsules around a hollow in a stellate and campanulate form, 10 to 20 with as many styles, the Sida having only 5. There are many species of it ; not yet well distin- guished, perhaps all the multicapular Sidas of Linneus belong to it, or to the Genus Dia- desma.
1. A. MOLLISSIMUM Raf. A cor datum Med. flora. Autikon. 12. Soft like velvet, leaves or- bicular cordate acuminate, erose crenulate, no long petiols ; peduncles axillary pauciflore
40 ABUTILON.
short, capsules 12-15 hairy bicorne 3 seeded. — Sida abutilon L. and all the Botanists, but with many varieties, perhaps species? all an- nual with small yellow flowers.
Var palustris. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves crenulate, peduncles triflore, 2 sterile. Swamps of Carolina. Vernal. Elliot.
Var. ruderale. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves nearly entire, peduncles 3-5flore. Common among rubbish, in woods and old dry fields from New England to Kentucky. Estival.
Var. uniflorum Raf. Stem pedal or less, simple, few leaves, nearly entire, peduncles nniflore, or only one flower. In waste grounds, rare.
Whether our American varieties are identic with those of Europe, Sibiria, India &c. is doubtful : the European has stem 5 feet high, large entire leaves, peduncles uniflore, calix canaliculate &c.
2. A. DECARPUM Raf. Sida dbutiloides Ja- quin. Lavatera ! Americana L — Tomentose, leaves cordate acuminate, crenate, peduncles uniflore as long as petiols, 10 capsules 3 seeded. — In South Florida, Stem 3-4 pedal. Hardly different from some of the varieties above, but capsules less on longer peduncle. Mistaken for a Lavatera and deemed fruticose by Lin- neus, a double blunder.
3. A.' CRISPUM Raf. Sida crispa L. &c, ap- pears to differ from the others by white flowers, a multilocular inflate cristate fruit: certainly no Sida : Michaux and Elliot did not s ee it, must be examined again. It probably belongs to Cristaria. Leaves oblong cordate, acu- minate and crenate. In Florida and Baha- ma.
ACAK1A. 41
The Sida rhombifolia, S. stellata, S. mr- gata, 8. cardanisea, must belong to Dia- desma, which see. The authors enumerate 120 species of this Genus, improperly blended. Anoda and Cristaria of Cavanilles have been properly separated ; while Napea of Linneus has been very improperly united to it. Other Genera are hidden in the jumbled Sidas. The true Abutilon has calix not 5angular, nor pe- tals obliquate as in Diadesma and Sida.
ACAKIA Adanson who spelt Akakia, but mispelt Acacia by Wildenow, which being pro- nounced Acasia becomes blended with Cassia ! One of the many genera blended with Mimo- sa by Lin; We know already 14 Sp. of Mi- mosas in N. America, which may as well be enumerated here at once. They are rare plants in herbals, because difficult to dry, the leaves falling in the process. Eaton has only 7 species.
1. ACAKIA FARNESIANA Wildenow &c. In Louisiana, native.
2. A. JULIBRISIN. W. native of Asia, but naturalized in Carolina, Virginia and as far north as Philadelphia in gardens. Beautiful tree 20 to 25 feet high, splendid when in bloom. Pods flat as in Darlingtonia, probably a partic- ular genus. Julibrisin arborea R.
3. A. LUTEA Leavenworth, (Eaton.) In Al- abama, pods ovate, differ from farnesiana by unarmed, folioles numerous and pod ovate.
4. A. COOLEYI Eaton. A. anomyma ! To- rey W. pi. 106. Leaves hi pinnate, very irrita- ble, flowers capitate white, legumes long li- near smooth. In Arkansas.
ACAKIA has the pods unil ocular and bivalve, Hrait. Amosa of Necker.
42 ACAKIA.
MIMOSA has pods multilocular by transverse partitions. 2. Sp.
DARLIKGTONIA Dec. pods unilocular bivalve, flat often falcate. 5 Sp.
SCHRAKKIA. Wild, pods unilocular qu _<lri- valve. 2 Sp.
5. MIMOSA PUDICA L. which is said by Bar- tram to grow spontaneous in Louisiana, deemed a weed; but perhaps it is another Sp. see fl Lud 445.
6. MIMOSA CHIONACANTHA Raf. fl. lud. 331. JMf. eburnea Robin. Perhaps not even a Mi- mosa, altho' the fruit is similar ; but the flowers are different.
M. pudica typical Sp, has cal. trifid, no co- rolla, 3 or 4 stamens; but this Sp. cal. and corolla irregular, many stamens : therefore type of another Genus EBURNAX, Raf. fruti- cose cespitose aculeate, spines gemimate diver- gent strait snowy lucid, heads of flowers glo- bose, pods strait terete glutinose. — Sandy fields of Florida and Louisiana.
7. DARLINGTONIA GLANDULOSA Dec. Mimosa MX. Acacia W &c. Pods strait.
8. D. ILLINOENSIS Dec. Mimosa MX. Acacia brachyloba W. Mg. &c. The Acacia mia- mensis of Don & Mg. Cat, is perhaps this Sp. also, and their A, divaricata of Carolina the glandulosa ; both undescribed, but made out distinctly by Mg. I found at the falls of the Cumberland R. in Kentucky, one of these, but without flower nor seed in September.
9. D. INTERMEDIA Torrey W. pi. 107, good description, copied by Eaton, on Arkansas R.
10, V. BREVIFOLIA Raf. Herbaceous, inerme, stem 4angular striated, leaves very short bipin- nate by 3 pairs of 10 to 12 folioles oblong
ACALYPHA. 43
acute pubescent ; pods unequal linear contor- ted, end hooked. — In West Louisiana and Texas, small plant, minute leaves and flowerc in peduncled head. Figure in Autikon rare. 14.
11. D. VIRGATA Raf. fl. lud. 444. Acacia. Mimosa Virgata Bartram. Stem erect, branches virgate, leaves bipinnate ; pods ob- long on long peduncles, and lunate broad flat contorted. — On the shores of Florida, Herba- ceous perennial, flower of a pale greenish yel- low. Omitted by all our botanists.
12. SCHRANKIA Wild. Nuttal wrongly says only one species known ! Eaton joins to it the M. sensitiva of the hot houses ! the type is the M. quadrwalms of Linneus, which includes se- veral Sp. of which I give two. —
13. S. UNCINATA W. M. intsia Walter. M horridula MX. Prickles hooked, branches an- gular, leaves bipinnate, peduncles geminate, pods oblong (Elliot) linear terete (Mx.) prick- ly— Virginia to Florida. Well described by Elliot, flowers purple, vernal.
14. S. MEXICANA Raf. M. 4-valvis L. Hous- ton fig. Prickles hooked, branches quadrangu- lar, leaves bipinnate, partial ternate, pedun- cles axillary, pods linear subulate 4 angular prickly. — In Mexico sea shores, and probably in Texas.
ACALYPHA of Linneus, Cupameni of Adanson. Genus well known and natural, well described by the authors, who have adopt- ed the good linnean name, rather than the ma- labaric name of Adanson. It is a tropical and Asiatic Genus extending to North America. Persoon has 38 Sp. (Linneus had only 5) and there are more, since only two are admitted of N. A. out of the whole. I have ascertained 9 at
44 ACALYPHA.
least. Being an unsightly Genus, it is neglected by the Botanists; but many other Sp. exist per- haps in Florida and the South: few of them know well their 2 species, and blend them con- tinually in herbals, having united 3 species in A. Virginica. All have alternate leaves.
1. A. VIRGINICA L. OF A. CRENULATA Raf.
Stem erect, nearly simple, pilose ; leaves longer than petiols, oblong-lanceolate, crenate obtuse pubescent punctate : flowers axillary few mon- oical, shorter than petiols, involucre crenate. — From New England to Carolina. Pedal and annual, leaves small uncial. Seen alive. Esti- val. Capsule hispid.
Figures. Autikon. Raf. 21.
2. A. BREVIPES Raf. Hardly pubescent, stem erect angular simple; leaves on very short petiols, narrow lanceolate, acute, nearly entire: flowers axillary, few monoical, involu- cre laciniate. — N. Jersey to Alabama and Ken- tucky. Annual 3 to 6 inches high. The A. virginica of many Botanists. Seen alive since 1801. Estival, capsule hispid.
Figures. Autikon. Raf 22.
Var. Linearis. Leaves nearly linear and en- tire.
Var. pubescens, stem and petiols hairy, leaves lanceolate, A. Virginica Michaux.
3. D. DIVARICATA Raf. Pubescent, branches opposite divaricate; leaves on short petiols, ovate obtuse crenate ; flowers axillary few mo- noical equal to petiols, involucres sessile, laci- niate. Virginia, Kentucky &,c. annual spread- ing 1 or 2 feet, Estival, seen alive.
A. Virginica of some Botanists. Capsule hispid.
Figures. Autikon Raf. 23
-..»!>» 1 11. A.
4. A. RHOiMBoiDEA Raf. nearly smooth, stem virgate nearly simple ; leaves on long petiols ovate rhomboidal, acute, serrate ; Involucre pe- dicellate, laciniate, shorter than petioles, flow- ers monoical caps, hispid. — Pennsylvania to Ohio, Alleghanies &>c. annual, estival, pedal.
A. caroliniana of Michaux and all our Bo- tanists except Walter and Elliot. Eaton says Darlington was the first to find it North ; but Muhlenberg and I found it in 1802, deemed then the same as the next.
Figures. Autikon Raf. 24. Lamark tab 780.
5. A. CAROLINIANA Walter, Elliot. Stem strait hairy, leaves on long petiols, oval lance- olate 3 or 5 nerved, pilose, acuminate, serrate, base subcordate, spikes axillary and extra, mo- noical, involucres sessile laciniate, capsules echinate. — Carolina and Florida. Annual, Es- tival. Leaves large 2 or 3 inches, involucre small, spikes elongate 2-4 inches : totally dif- ferent from last, this might be called A. echina- ta. Elliot was doubtful of the Genus.
6. A. URTICIFOLIA Raf. Stem erect angular grooved smooth; leaves ample ovate acute on long pubescent petiols, base acute, serrate, tri- nerve with a few hairs : flowers axillary mono- ical, 2-3 involucres laciniate or palmate, ciliolate, capsules scrobiculate or dotted, smooth. In West Kentucky and Tennessee, discovered in 1818. Sesquipedal, estival, annual. Near the Jast, but smooth, leaves with only a few ad- pressed hairs above, flowers not in spikes, few, and capsules with sunken dots. Seen alive.
Figure Autkon Raf. 25.
7. A. DIGYNEIA Raf. fl. Louis. 369. Stem herbaceous ramose tomentose, leaves petiolate, oblong lanceolate, dentate, villose: involucres
46 ACANTHUS.
flat ciliate, 2 pistillate flowers on the peduncle of the staminate flower. — In Louisiana, stem 2 feet, flowers axillary only 3, authers almost in a spike. No figure.
8. A. FRUTICULOSA Raf. fl. Louis. 368. Shrub- by, branches divaricate, rufous tomentose, leaves petiolate ovate dentate : involucres invo- lute unequally dentate, a single pistilate and staminate flowers. — In Louisiana, stem 2 feet, with many slender branches, flowers axillary geminate. No figure.
These two last species neglected by our Bo- tanists, are very distinct and approximate to the tropical species. Linneus states his ^4, mrginica to grow in Jamaica and Ceylon, quoting the figures of Brown and Plukenet ; they must apply to other kinds, which may be called
9. A. JAMAICENSIS Raf. Fruticose, leaves ovate-lanceolate longer than petiols, serrate, scabrous: Spikes axillary, involucre multifid (Lin.) but cordate crenate (Brown) — In Ja- maica and perhaps in Florida, shrub 4 to 5 feet high. See Brown, Lunan and Jamaica au- thors. Very different from all ours, perhaps 2 Sp.there.
10. A. ZEYLANICA Raf. In Ceylon, certainly more distinct yet, but I have no materials at hand on it.
ACANTHUS of Lin. Genus foreign to N. America, the following doubtful species may be a Pedicularis.
A. RUBENS, Raf. fl. Louis. 104. Leaves inerme soft, clasping, broadly sinuate. — In Louisiana near New Orleans ! A. mollis Ro- bin. Stem 3 to 4 feet, flowers pale red.
Var Minor smaller, leaves deeper sinuate, flowers remote
ACER. 47
ACER ; pronounce Alter not Aser. Of the useful maples, I hardly need give a Monograph, as they are so well known, and the G. Negun- dium is now separated, except by Eaton and such incorrect botanists. Yet some Sp. are not yet well settled, Nuttal unites the A. glabrum with A. circinatum Pursh : the A. coccineum Mg. is only a variety of A. rubrum; many Sp. are blended as A. sacharinum because they produce sugar.
A singular blunder has prevailed for this Genus. All trees are feminine in Latin, what- ever be the gender of the generic name : thus we say Quercus alba, Salix nigrcc, Idrioden- dron tulipifera &/c. but in some rteutral names like this we make the species neutral also ! I never could find a botanist or latin scholar to ex- plain the cause or propriety of this contradiction.
See Michaux, Elliot, Nuttal, Eaton &c. for the species j but I may present a better view of them divided into si* sub Genera.
I. EVOTRIUM Raf. Polygamous. Calix 5 fid, petals 5, stamens 8, fruits smooth flowers in racemes, leaves lobed, A. btriatum, 2. A, spica- tum.
II. SACHARODENDRON Raf. Polygamous. Cal. 5fid bearded, no petals? Stamens 6 to 10, fruits smooth, flowers fasciculate, leaves lobed. 3. A. sacharinum, 4 A. barbatum, 5 A. nigrnm, 6 A. circinatum Pursh glabrum Torey.
III. CLINOTROX (old name) Polygamous. Cal. petaloid smooth 8-12 parted, no petals, stamens 4 to 6, with a globular gland at the base of each, fruits smooth, flowers agregate with a scaly in- volucre, leaves lobed. 7. A. rubrum, and the Var. Coccineum Mg.
IV.ERiocARPUMRaf. Polygamous. Cal. mem-
48 ACER.
branous 5 toothed, no petals, stamens 4 to 6 without glands, fruit hairy, flowers glomerate, leaves palmate or angular. 8 A. dasycarpum, and a N. Sp. from Oregon.
9. A. VTRGATUM Raf. many stems and branch- es virgate, leaves on long petiols, rounded an- gular crenate acute. — Mentioned by Lewis and Clarke as a small white maple, bark white: perhaps another Var of A. circinatum, but our white maple is the dasycarpum. Seen dry, without flowers.
V. NEGUNDO or NEGTJNDIUM Raf 1808. Dec. Beck. Dioical, without complete flowers. Cal. minute 4-5 dentate, no petals, anthers 4 to 5 sessile, fruit smooth, flowers racemose pendu- lous, leaves pinnate or ternate. 10. A. or N. fraxinifolium^ leaves ternate and pinnate, fo- lioles unequally dentate, the last trilobed. — 11 A. or N. TRIFOLIATUM Raf. fl. Tex. 8. leaves ter- nate, folioles ovate oblong entire, smooth, acute, the last 3dentate. — In Texas and Arkansas, branches green, flowers 4androus. Seen dry. figure Autikon rare. Ic. N. Sp. — 12 A. or N. lobatum Raf. leaves nearly simple, triparted or trilobed, sublaciniate. Apalachian Mts. Seen alive, figure Autikon rare. Ic. N. Sp.
VI. SPHENDAMUS Raf. (old name) Dioical, Cal. 6 parted, no petals, stamens 9, long hairy, fruits hairy? flowers in erect racemes, leaves digitate. 13. A. macrophylum Pursh. leaves digitate hairy beneath, segments trilobed, re- pand dentate. In Oregon, and another N. Sp. or Var. 14. A. PALMATUM Raf. leaves wide palmate, 5parted, smooth, segments 3 or 5 fid, lobed and dentate. On the R. Oregon, leaves on long petiols ecus? to l:prt;r€S,t'w &rt biv?sdffr than to.no; 12 inches wi-dr.. BJo.if-.d ^fc 40 fleet hto-i-i.Seen ofvv. n<;<
ACER. 49
By Hooker account the Sphendamus or A. macrophylum has Cal. smooth oval, 5 petals obovate, 10 Stamens hairy at base, flowers yel- low fragrant. He ha^} properly described the A. circinatum and it must form a 7th Subgenus, as follow.
VII. ANTADENIUM Raf. flowers corymbose trioical polygamous. Cal. 5fid hirsute, 5 petals crisp linear, ^arnose disk, 5 glands opposite to petals and one pistil in fertile flowers, 8 Sta- mens and 2 pistils in sterile flowers.
Our Maples present then many anomalies in their flowers, and are only united by their two winged fruit. They form now a peculiar fa- mily, akin to the Frcurinus. These Sections will soon become as many Genera of it ; they must be compared with the European and Asia- tic Sp.
ACER-OTIS Rnf. 1817 meaning Ears without horns, bad because compound of 2 other genera, a tree and a bird : Same as ACER-ATES Elliot 1820 (no horns) quite as bad, derived from Acer, and there is another Aceras besides among Orchidea, 3 mistaken names! I have changed mine to Otan<*ma, which See
ACHANIA Aiton and correct botanists, Malva-viscus ! of Cavannilles, Niittal and other inc orrect botanists, as if a Sp. of Malva Differs from Hibiscus by berry Sseeded. Not in Eaton.
1. A. MALVAVISCUS Ait. Hibiscus do L. Louisiana and Texas.
2. A. MOLLIS Ait. In Florida. Both seen alive in gardens.
3. A. FLORIDANA Raf. Malva-viscus do Nnttal. Herbaceous, hirsute, leaves cordate ovate crenate in short petiols, peduncles nod-
50 ACHILEA,
ding. — In Florida, small leaves and flowers, near to A. pilosa. Seen dry.
ACHILLEA. Well known natural Genus, which has been increased to 7 N. American species.
1. A. MILLEFOLIIJM. L. the common yarrow or milfoil, see my medical flora : our American Sp. is not introduced, it has been deemed pecu- liar by some botanists, having stronger medical properties,and it has produced several varieties, that are becoming species ! All in Autikon.
Var. -rosea, with rose colored flowers.
Var. carnea, flowers of a pale flesh color.
Var. pumiln. Dwarf, 4 to 6 inches high.
Var tenni folia. Leaves nearly glabrous, with slender well divided segments, almost pecti- nated.
2. A. GRACTLIS Raf. fl. texensis 12, Stem slen- der stiated. leaves remote, narrow smooth, lower petiolated recurvate, pinnate, folioles narrow laciniate, corymb small glomerate. — In Arkan- sas and Texas, only 6 inches high, fl. white.
3. A. PTARIWJCA, doubtful, seen by few botan- ists, undescribed: perhaps same as 7.
4. A. SETACEA, near gracilis, differs by leaves mucronate pilose.
5. A. LANULOSA Nuttal. A. tomentosa Pursh not Wildenow nor Hooker. Silky, segments crowded, corymb composite. In Missouri and Oregon.
6. A. ASPLENIFOLIA. Pursh, known by ob- tuse segments.
8. A. MTJLTIFLORA Hooker. Ptarmica Rich- ardson. Stem erect, leaves long lanceolate ser- rate pinnatif, segments serrulate, nearly smooth, corymb composite, rays very short. In North Canada. Is it the ptarmica of Newyork ?
ACIILYS. 51
ACHLYS Dec. Hooker. Leontice triphy- la Smith, certainly a peculiar genus. Cal. o. Cor. o. Many naked stamens around a naked pistil, anthers bilabiate bilobe, stigma sessile oblique concave, fruit monosperm. Put by Hooker next to Leontice, by Dec. next to Jeff- ersonia, unlike either except in habit and anth- ers. Nearer to Diphylleia, differing by the many naked stamens. — A. tripkyln Dec. H. Radical leaves with long petiols, 3 sessile foli- oles flabellate, reticulate, repand sinuate : Scape with a spike ot white flowers. Perennial. N. W. America.
ACHRAS SAPOTA Li. said to grow in South Florida and Texas : see medical flora vol. 2
ACHYRANTHES, Our Sp. of this Genus appear to form a peculiar Genus indicated by Elliot, see Steiremis. The genera akin Gom- phrena, lllecebrum, Celosia are yet in great confusion like this; see Adoketon, P/iylepi- dum, Xerandra of mine, and Philoxerus.
The A. repens of Elliot was a Gomphrena of Linneus.
ACMELLA Richard. TIELEPTA Raf. Neog. 33. Differs from Heliopsis by Perianthe sim- ple, or nearly so. The seeds in both are ob- ovate, and truncate without teeth : leaves oppo- site, flowers peduncled, autumnal, yellow rays, disk blackish.
I. Subgenus. ERPOTA,Raf. Perianthe 12 seg- ments, rays 5 to 12 tridentate, seeds compres- sed, sub4gone, chaff obovate. Creeping plants annual ?
I. A. REPENS Persoon &c. Anthcmis do. Walt. Spilanthus do, MX. Well described by Elliot. Creeping, leaves oval-lanceolate too- thed, trinerve, peduncles long axillary terminal, ravs about 12.— Tn Carolina.
52 ACMELLA.
2. A. NTJTTALIANA Raf. A. occidcntalis Nut- al. Creeping, leaves ovate crenate petiolate hardly trinerve, rays 5 to 8. — Louisiana, peri- anthe minute. The occidentalis of South America has the seeds terete, 5 rays , leaves large trinervate serrate, stem erect, 5 entire rays : it was the Ant he mis trinervis of L.
II. Sub. G. HELEPTA. Perianthe equal seg- ments 10 to 12, rays 6 to 12, narrow, nearly en- tire, seeds 4 gone not compressed, chaff setac- eous— Plants erect often simple and uniflore, leaves petiolate trinervate, Perennial.
3. A. NUDICAULIS Raf. stem sulcate smooth, naked above uniflore, leaves ovate acuminate serrate, base acute, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — In Cumberland Mts. and East Kentucky with all the following. Stem bipedal, leaves roughish above, pale beneath, flower large. Seen alive.
4. A. FLAVICAULIS Raf. Stem smooth striate yellowish foliose, leaves ovate acute serrate, flower nearly sessile, perianthe segments ovate obtuse, rays 10 to 12 obliqualy retuse. — Bipedal, leaves not pale beneath, flower large. Seen alive.
5. A. PARVIFOLIA Raf. Stem smooth sulcate, leaves crowded at the base, small ovate acute serrate, flower peduncled, rays 6 to 8 retuse notched. — Pedal, small leaves and flower, seg- ments of perianthe lanceolate acute as in near- ly all. Seen alive.
6. A. LANCEOLATA Raf. Stem rough sulcate fo- liose, leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate, flow- er subsessile, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — Over one foot, leaves thin pale beneath, flower middle size with broader rays. Seen alive.
I have united these plants to Acmella, altho' the habit is very different from the others, near-
ACM IS PON. 53
er Heliopsis. These 4 figured in my Autikon 11 to 14.
ACMISPON Raf. Atl jour, meaning point hooked. Differing from Trigonella, Bucer- ates, Platycarpos and Lotus. Even Torrey said that it ought to be a genus, and Bentham unites it to Hosackia.
Calix deeply 5 cleft, vexillum and wings equal, pod stipitate smooth strait, compressed, swelled and hooked at the point. Leaves ter nate, Silky .
1. A. SERICEUM Raf. Lotus do. Pursh, Tri- gonella americana. Nut. T. E. well described by Nuttal, flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile. From Missouri to Carolina, rare, probably 2 sp. blended : both seen dry.
2, A. MULTIFLORUM Raf. peduncles axillary and terminal, multiflore nearly in a spike or um- bel. Missouri. Is not the Carolina plant this? or a peculiar sp ! Which is the Hosackia pur- shiana of Bentham ? The true Hosackia have pinnate leaves, pods cylindrical, keel rostratev instead of the pods.
ACNIDA of Linneus. Genus better known since Michaux corrected account, copied by all our botanists except Elliot, But the original A., canabina L. is not known to our botanists; they all mean that of Michaux. Linneus de- scribed his species as follow. — A. canabina. Root flexuose, stem white, petiols purplish smooth, leaves pinnate velutine, folioles 5 to 7 narrow acute, spikes axillary foliose, fl. fern, cal. 2phyl. 5 styles. In Virginia salt marshes. Such a plant with pinnate leaves cannot be of this Genus. Could Linneus have described the leaves of another plant mixt with Acnida flow- ers ? Could this be over again his Datisca hir- ta found by no one since? Sir James Smith
54 ACAIIDA.
the possessor of the Linnean herbarium has not mentioned this curious fact.
1. A. OBTUSIFOLIA Raf A. cannnbina MX. and all hi& copists. Stem angular solid, leaves on long petiols, lanceolate, base acute, end ob- tuse, panicle of spikes foliose, bracts subsessile capsules or fruits smooth with acute or obtuse angles, (leaves lanceolate, capsules smooth with acute angles MX.) — In Virginia. As found fur- ther North, it has broad lanceolate leaves, ob- tuse entire, stem solid from 3 to 5 feet high, py- ramidal, panicles foliose. Raf. Autikon. 4. Seen alive.
Var. retusa. leaves notched at the end.
Var. pumila. Stem pedal simple, leaves lan- ceolate.
Var. procera. Stem much branched, 5 feet high.
2. A. SALICIFOLIA Raf. 1817. Stem solid, an- gular above, leaves on long petiols, narrow lan- ceolate mucronate, panicles foliose, capsules granular 5 unequal angles obtuse tuberculate. — From Long Island to Ohio near streams. Stem annual *2-4 feet high, leaves like willow. — Raf. Autikon 5. Seen alive.
3. A. RTTSOCARPA MX tab. 50. Stem fistular angular lofty, leaves on short petiols, acute, ov- al lanceolate, capsules rugose with obtuse an- gles. The place of growth not mentioned, stem thick, 6 to 8 feet high, leaves acute at both ends.
4. A. ELLTOTI Raf. A. cannabina Elliot. Stem subfistular, slightly angular, leaves on long petiols, ovate lanceolate, subcrenulate, acute ; panicle naked, capsules with 3 to 5 angles ob- tuse or acute, slightly rugose. — Banks of streams in Carolina and Florida. Stem 4 to 8
A< OMTl M. 55
feet high, leaves 2 to 5 inches long, petiols 1 to 3 inches. The only sp. found by Elliot who was doubtful about it.
ACONITUM. This singular natural genus of all the botanic il writers, is far from being well understood : we see by Decandolle and Smith that many doubtful species exist ! and that our A. untinatnm is a triple species! many kinds grow in Oregon as in Siberia, arid I am able to present some of them.
A. UNCINATUM L. Smith. Elliot. Stem near- ly twining downy, leaves smooth, base truncate, 3 to 6 lobes 3dentate, 3nerve acute, flowers clustered, pedicles ramoses lax downy, 2 oblong bracts, hood unguiculate convex rostrate, wings round hairy 3 to 5 capspules. — This is the origi- nal linnean sp. described by Smith in Sup. to Rees Cyclopedia, from the linnean herbarium, and the specimen sent by Bartram, collected in the Alleganies, not near Philadelphia as stated by L. Smith quotes the figure of Curtis Mag, 1119. The flowers are large violet color, known to few botanists. The description of El- liot appears to agree.
2. A. SCANDENS Raf. Stem climbing very lof- ty, leaves trifid, flowers small in axillary pani- cles— At the peaks of Otter in Virginia, merely indicated by Pursh as a variety, but quite dis- tinct : growing 9 feet high.
3. A. FLEXUOSUM Raf. Smooth, stem erect flexuose, leaves palmate 3 or 5fid, lobes rhom- boidal lanceolate acute, hood conical rostrate — High Mts. Unaka of Carolina, flowers blue. A. uncinatum of Michaux and Eaton.
4. A. TRUNCATUM Raf. Stem erect flexuose smooth multiflore, leaves glaucous beneath, broadly truncate at the base, trilobe, lobes ob-
56 ACOWITUM.
long acute, entire or bifid or 2-4 serrate pe- duncles divaricate ebracte 2-4 flore, hood convex lower petals ciliate outside — In West Kentucky and Illinois, pedal, upper leaves near- ly sessile, lobes nearly entire at right angle, flowers small on pedicels, violet purple. Seen alive. Autikon 3. Perhaps the real type of A.Jlexuosum and A. diver gens.
5. A. DIVERGENS Raf. Smooth, stem nearly twi- ning with divergent branches, leaves coriaceous deeply trilobed, flowers terminal 3 to 4, hood conical, spur inclined twisted, capsules 3 — In mountain swamps of the Alleghanies, flowers large purple, leaves with 3 equal lobes — A. un- cinatum Dec. Torrey, Beck. A. volubile Muhlenberg.
6. A. CORDATUM Raf. Smooth, stem erect flexuose, nearly simple ; leaves on long petiols cordate palmate, 5 lobed, clefts acute, lobes un- equal oblong broad and bifid or trifid acute mu- cronate : flowers terminal on long pedicels 2 to 5, hood convex conical, petals elliptic, capsules 3-— In Ohio and Kentucky in rich woods ; about one foot high, flowers large deep blue : very rare. Undescribed till now, sent to Europe by me as the A. uncinatum of my florula Kent. Seen alive 1818.
Var. Bijlorum, semipedal, 3 leaves, 2 flow- ers. Cumberland Mts. Figures, Autikon rar. 1 — Icones n. sp. 1.
7. A. NAPELLUS L. Said by Muhlenberg to grow in Virginia, and by Hooker to grow in O- regon. Bartram found it in his travels in Flo- rida, but he meant probably another sp. Ours undescribed as yet.
8. A. FISCHERI Reichenberg. ill. ac. 22. A. nasutum Fischer, Spr. Hooker, Eaton, Seringe
ACORUS. 57
Leaves broadly laciniate, raceme paniculate, hood conconical, spur bent, nectaries erect — In Oreg- on and Kamskatka, different from the A. nas- vtum of South Europe.
9. A. OREGOJVSENSE Iluf. Smooth erect, segments digitate, Sparted, segments pinnatifid, narrow acute; fls. racemose erect, hood conical very obtuse, spur strait-In Oregon, stem simple 1 or 2 feet, flowers large blue 5 to 10. Compare with A. kelleri of Siberia. Seen alive in gar- dens.
Figures, Autikon rar. 2. — Ic. N. Sp. 2.
10. A. DELPHINIFOLIUM Decandole. Stem erect downy above ; leaves with many pinnati- fid segments, raceme few flowered, hood con- vex acute. — On some Islands of the N. W. Coast. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Called var. A mericanam, and two other var. deemed vari- eties of A. napclluc, by Hooker.
ACORUS, well known Genus, which I have increased to 6 species. I. A. verus of Asia. — 2. A. gramineus of China. 3. A. Europeus in med. fl. page 2, with three American species.
1. A. AMERICANUS Raf. med. fl. fig. 1. Leaves and scapes broad gladiate, scape longer ; spa- dix submedial lateral, capsules oblona: acute. — From Canada to Missouri and Virginia. Esti- va), 2 or 3 feet high.
2. A. FLORIDANLS Raf. A. calamus Elliot &c. Leaves broad gladiate longer, scape shor- ter, triangular, one side concave, summit gladi- ate; spadix near the end, stamens exserted capsules oval obtuse. — Florida to Carolina. — Scape only one foot high, fl. vernal.
3. FLEXUOSUS Raf. fl. tex. 29. Leaves grami- niform narrow shorter, scape longer flexuose triangular, one side concave, end like leaf; spa-
58 AUHOANTIIES.
dix medial. — Texas to Tennessee, dwarfish, one foot high, vernal. Autikon rar. Ic. n. sp.
ACROANTHES Raf. 1818, Dexvaux 1810. Microstylis Nuttal 1818 ! Beck 1833 ! Lindley Gray . . . Malaxis sp. Michaux and authors. Ophrys Liri ... A very distinct Genus by habit and flowers, ascertained by me since 1802, na- med arid described ten years before Nuttal's subgenus, since made a Genus, by others who have neglected to restore my previous name, meaning uncolored flowers.
Orchidea with bulbose root, stem with a medial sheathing leaf, raceme with bracts and scattered minute green flowers. — Sepals nar- row connivent, the two inner narrower ; lip erect cuculate , dilatate : Column minute bear- ing 2 anthers terminal annexed. Gray says one anther with 2 cells and 4 pollens. Nuttal said 2 unequal anthers, one with a single pollen! which must be by abortion. Capsules globose, often abortive.
1. ACR. LAXIFLORA Raf. unifolia 1808. — • Malaxis unifolia MX. ophioslossoides Pers. Microstylis ophioglossoides N. Beck &LC. — Stem harly angular, leaf ovate subcordate acute raceme oblong and lax, peduncles filiform ; se- pals linear, inner filiform, lip emarginate tooth- ed in the middle. — From Newyork to Carolina, rare, Estival, in shady groves under trees. — Stem 6 to 10 inches high, flowers greenish. — Seen alive 1802. Figures in Pluk. aim. 435. f. 4 and my Autikon 41. Ic. rar. 60.
2. ACR. OBTUSI FOLIA Raf. Scape angular, leaf cordate elliptical obtuse, raceme lax elong- ate, peduncles filiform ; sepals oblong, inner lin- ear, lip furcate or hastate, toothed in the mid- dle.— In Alabama and Georgia, probably the
ACROSTICHC5T. S9
plant of Elliot. My specimen is 10 inches, the leaf large and broad, sheathing the stem, which has two other sheaths at the base, bracts small squamiform round. Autikon 42. Ic. 61.
3. ACR. ACUMINATA Raf. Microstylis bra- chypoda Gray. Stem triangular, two angles winged, leaf ovate (acute?), raceme elongate slender, pedicels short adpresssed ; sepals oblong inner linear, lip hastate, trilobe, *2 lobes rounded middle one acuminate. — Shady swamps of On- eida and Herkimer in New York. Estival, stem 2 to 6 inches. Deemed akin to the next European sp. by Gray ; which I add to show the distinction.
ACR. CILIFOLIA Raf. Ophrys cilifolia & O. monophylos L. Malaxis Persoon, Microstylis Lindley. Stem triangular, leaf ovate acute ciliolate, raceme slender as long as stem, pedi- cels short patent , sepals ovate, inner lanceolate lip entire concave acuminate. — Swamps of Prus- sia and the Alps. Perhaps two sp. are even blended here ; but I have no materials to dis- tinguish them properly : let the European bota- nists do so; but restore my genus Acroanthes 1808 adopted by Desvaux.
ACROSTICHUM, this linnean genus is now distributed into 14 Genera, since Smith and Wildenow reform of the ferns ! Woodsia^ Schi- zca and Woodwardiu belonged once to it ! the A. lanceolatum is become the Nephr odium ac- rostichoides of India, not ours, both of my ge- nus Synotelis. His A. platineuron is our As- plenium ebeneum. His A.polypodioides is our Polypodium incanum — A. license is Woodsia — A. oreolatum is Woodwardia — A. 1 1 neat um Mg. is Schizea Pusilla ?
60 ACTAEA.
Our only sp. left in it has even probably been mistaken for another.
1. A. MARITIMUM Raf. A. aureum MX. Pursh Pinnate, smooth, pinnules stipitate oblong entire obtuse or acute. — Sea shore of Florida, large fern, unfigured as yet, compare with next again.
2. A. AUREUM L. (Bogs of Antilles ,oflen fig- ured) gigantic fern 5 to JO feet high, pinnate, pinnules sessile cuneiform oblong oblique obtuse, veins reticulated. The Ongpi of Sumatra uni- ted to this, is a third sp.
ACTAEA Linneus united thereto sp. with capsule instead of berry, other botanists have united Cimicifuga with it, having many cap- sules ! a double blunder. The real Actaeas have a real berry, not opening. We have two sp. distinguished by me since 1802 ; but Muh- lenberg prevented me to publish them, because both deemed then var. of Ac-tea spicata : while Bigelow has published them since as peculiar. The blue berry species is the Caulophylum.
1. A. RUBRA Raf. Big. brachypetala & am- ericana of others. Petals acute shorter than stamens, last leaf trilobe, berries red. Deep woods from Canada to Kentucky, and Carolina.
2. A. ALBA Raf. Big. Beck, pachypoda Elli- ot. Petals truncate longer than stamens, last leaf ovate, berries white, 5 seeded on thick pe- duncles often white also. — Canada to Carolina. Leaves in both bi-triternate, flowers white ver- nal, see med. fl. Seen alive. Autikon.
Actca racemosa see Botrophis serpentaria.
ACTINE A Jussieu or Actinella of Persoon, adopted by our botanists, being identic with Ac- tinia a genus of animals, was changed by me to Ptilepida 1817, which see.
ACTIMERIS Raf. mispelt Actinomeris by Nuttal, who proposed it. Well distinct from aft
ACTIMERIS. Gl
the akin genera with winged stems, and my Cauloma that has naked seeds. It has even 2 subgenera, and Anomeris is quite distinct.
I. OLIGLOSIS Raf. Perianthe uniserial, rays 2 to 3, seeds marginate, alternate leaves.
1. A. SQUARROSA N. Coreopsis alternifolia L. Leaves scabrous, lanceolate serrate. — Can- pda to Florida : several varieties ; but the Alba without, rays, is a peculiar Genus ! Anomeris.
Var. procera, tall, 6 to 10 feet high, flowers paniculate. Coreopsis procera Aiton.
Var. pauciflora, stem simple, few flowered, leaves lanceolate serrate.
Var. serrulata. Stem simple few flowered, leaves oblong lanceolate serrulate. — the A. pau ciflora Nutal, hardly distinct from the last. — Kentucky and Florida. All seen alive. Autikon.
The A. alata N. of Mexico, with opposite leaves is probably congeneric with Verbesina siegesbeckia my G. Anomantha.
II. MEGACTELIS Perianthe biserial 10 to 12, seeds hardly marginate, leaves alternate sessile, Perhaps belonging to my G. Cauloma.
2. A. lielia<nthoides N. Leaves lanceolate acute serrate, hairy beneath, flowers coarctate, perianthe linear lanceolate rays 9. — Ohio to Louisiana. Seen alive.
3. A. ELLIOTI Raf. A. helianthoides, E. Stem and leaves scabrous, ovate lanceolate serrate acute, flowers corymbose, perianthe oval, rays 10 to 12. — Georgia and Alabama. Stem 2 to 4 feet, terete winged, Seen dry.
ACTISPERMUMRaf. misspelt Actinosper- mum by Elliot, from Actinea \ Balduina mul- tiflora N. differs from Balduina by perianthe biserial not imbricate, perianthe with Ggone Gtoothed cells, pappus simple starlike.
62 ADELIA.
A. MULTIFLORUM Raf. Smooth, multiflore, leaves alterne sessile linear, perianthe acumi- nate. Florida &c. Well described by Nuttal and Elliot.
ADELIA of Michaux and Brown, not of Linneus, is Borya of Wildenow 1805, and Persoon, not Labillardiere 1804, yet adopted by our botanists; but changed to Bigelowia, by Smith 1820, not of Raf. 1817. What a jum ble of blunders ! yet must be changed again or united to my Nudilus which see.
ADENARIUM Raf. 1816, Dec. Differs from Arenaria, by having large glands inter- posed between the Stamens and a different ha- bit. Honkenya of Erhart, not of Wildenow. Another genus Adenarca of Kunth since, must also be changed to Decadenium, Raf.
1. A. peploides, Raf. Arenaria, do. L. Suf- fruticose, leaves fleshy ovate acute subserrate.-- Europe, Seashore, seen dry.
2. A. Maritimum Raf. Holosteum succulen- tum L. Arenaria peploides of Amer. bota- nists. Herbaceous dichotome, leaves fleshy o- vate obtuse entire petals obovate— Atlantic shores of N. America from New England to New Jer- sey, in sand, flowers white, vernal, terminal and in forks. Seen alive. Nuttal refers to this, the American Holosteum of L. who must have mistaken the glands for trifid petals, but he says leaves elliptic. Figures Autikon. Ic. n. sp.
ADENOCAULON of Hooker, N. G. near Tussilago, differing by naked seeds without pappus. A. bicolor, stem glandular, leaves cor date subjtrilobe angulate dentate. From Oregon. Akin to Acmella, differing by want of chaff in the phoranthe.
ADENOGYNA Raf. 1825. Type the Saxi-
AD1ANTIIUM. G3
fraga sarmentosa of Japan, introduced into N. America, and spontaneous in Kentucky. — Genus very distinct by petals unequal, 2 lower longer, pistil glandular. See my monograph of Saxifraga genus and tribe, including N. Gen. Hemieca, Ditriclita, Steiranisia, blended with Saxifraga by Hooker, altho' as good genera as his Eriogyna and Leptarhena.
ADIANTHUM PEDATUM Raf. Med. fl. tab. 2., the only Sp. well known to all botanists.
ADIKE Raf. 1815, An. Nat. ancient name of some Nettles. A very peculiar Genus dis- tinct from Urtica, by perfect smoothness, and pellucid stem and leaves, bearing in N. Ameri- ca the peculiar names of Richwced, Coolweed, and Olearweed, never nettles. My name mis- spelt Adesia by Eaton ! I had spelt it Adicea, I now restore the original Greek name of Dios- corides.
Monoical, Calix similar in both, Spartite* sepals linear thick obtuse or cylindrical, erect. Stamens 3 elongate no nectary. Fertile fl. with persistent calix, a sessile capitate stigma. Seed ovate compressed — Habit annual, stem erect thick, leaves opposite petiolate serrate, very smooth, trinerve, flowers estival in axillary and dichotome corymbs, Sometimes a fourth part added ; but the Genus does not depend so much on number as the consimilar peculiar ca- lix.
1. AD. PUMILA Raf. Urtica pumila L. stem filiform dwarf, base naked, leaves ovate obtuse, lower entire, upper deeply crenate-serrate with an obtuse point, margin subciliolate, petiols shorter than leaves t corymbs pauciflore short. In the Alleghany M ts. and near Philadelphia at Manayunk. Stem 2 to 5 inches, pellucid round
64 AD1XM1A.
leaves small, flowers fe »v. Liuneus says in Ca- nada Aquosis, stem dfgital. I have found his real sp. unknown to many botanists who mistake the next for it.
Var. 1. Minima, biuncial, few leaves on short petiols. Figures, Autikon Raf.
3. A. o LAB KIU MA Raf. Med, fl. (Urtica pu- mila, MX and all our botanists except Elliot.)-- * Stem round fleshy pellucid ; leaves on long pe- tiols, oval acuminate, lucid, serrate : corymbs dichotomous multiflore. — The most common species all over the U. States, • stem one or two feet high, thick often diaphanous ! leaves large extremely smooth. — Var. ramosa, stem and corymbs branched. — Autikon Raf.
3. A. LANCEOLATA Raf. (Urtica pumila El- liot) stem obtusely quadrangular, fleshy and branched; leaves on long petiols, lanceolate acuminate, serrate, with some hairs above ; co- rymbs multiflore, some recurved. — Stem pedal branching from the base. In Carolina, Elliot's description is original ; but his diagnosis bor- rowed to make it agree with the last.
4. A. RHOMBOIDEA Raf. Stem round dwarf, branched at the base ; leaves on long petiols, ovate rhomboidal or subdeltoid, base entire, end with obtuse point, sides crenate serrate not cili- olate ; corymbs multiflore often foliolate and recurved.
In Kentucky, rare, stem 6 to 8 inches, near to A pumila, but larger stem and leaves, peti- ols equal to leaves except on branches. Seen alive. — Figure, Autik. Raf.
ADLUM1A Raf. 1808, Dec. Beck. Noticed as a genus as early as 1804 in the garden of the collector Adlum, and also in the Alleghanies at Peter's Mt. only indicated in 1808, since well
ADOKETON. 65
established by Decandole and begining to be adopted. Very distinct from Corydalis by Cor- olla bigibose by 2 spurs as in Dielytra^ but 4 petals spungy and coalescent, persistent over the pod.
A. CIRRHOSA R. D. B. Fumaria fungosa Ai- ton, F. recta Mich. Corydalis of many botan- ists. Scandent cirrhose, leaves decompound, racemes laxiflore axillary. — In the Alleghanies from Mattawan Mts. to Apalachian Mts. Per- rennial.
Var. rupestris. Trailing on rocks, leaves cespitosc.
Var. clatior. Trailing up trees 10 feet high, leaves remote.
Var. alba &/ rosea, with white or rose flow- ers instead of usual pale incarnate. All seen alive.
ADNARIA Raf. fl. lud. probably a subgenus of the Codorolla or Vacciniums with bell flow- ers, which see.
ADOKETON Raf. Mus. N. Sc. 1. Akin to Lahayca, distinguished as follows — petals en- tire, stigma trilobe, capsule few seeded.
Lahayea misspelt Hagea by Persoon (dedica- ted to Lahaye) has petals emarginate, stigma entire, capsule polysperme.
Both have Cal. 5ph. 5 petals, 1 style, cap- sule unilocular, trivalve, trigone, seeds central. Leaves opposite. — Nat. family of Dionidia.
1. A. UNIFLORUM Raf. Stem uniflore, leaves ovate minute, calix and petals acute equal, — On the summit of the Unaka Mts. of N. Car- olina, one inch high, flower white vernal. Seen dry, Ic. n. sp.
2. A. SAXATILE Raf. Mus. Nat. Sc. Eleceb- rum alsinefolium Scopoli. Stem multiflore, leaves oval acute, calix segments hooded, petals
66 ADONIS.
longer oblong obtuse, capsule 6 seeded — Rocks of Mt. Gallo near Palermo, and in Spain. Seen alive in 1812, described 1817. \ ADONIS. Decandole has reformed this ge- nus, the two linnean sp. being the type of two sections, the annual having 6 to 8 petals con- cave, style strait : the perennnial (Consiligo) 8 to 15 spreading flat petals, style hooked.
A. RIPARIA Raf. (A. autumnalis of N. A- merica, wrongly deemed exotic) stem ramose striate, leaves glaucous crowded tripinnate mul- tifid, pinnules crowded linear, end triiid acute flowers terminal, solitary sessile, petals 6 to 8 concave round. — Margins of streams. West Kentucky to Louisiana, pedal, annual, flower scarlet, base darker spotted. Real native. Au- tikon.
A. autumnalis of Europe has stem slender, leaves short, remote, flower pedicellate, petals obcordate, and grows in fields.
ADORIUM Raf. fl. Miss. Marathrum Raf. 1819, N. G. 22, this name was very good ; but Dec. having a Hipomarathrum which must ; become Maratkrum, I have changed it for greater accuracy. Both were Greek names of umbelliferous. Humboldt has also another Marathrum.
It differs from Seseli by involucres, involucels 5 leaves unilateral membranous, calix 5toothed, petals ovate acuminate involute, fruit oblong, angular striate. Leaves opposite, many sterile flowers.
1. A. crassifolium Raf. Seseli divaricatum Pursh, Nuttal. Branches divaricate, leaves thick pinnatifid, peduncles rigid. — On the R. Mis- souri. Well described by Nuttal, fl. yellow ver- - nal. Seen dry. Figure in my Autikon rar.
ADOXA. 67
ADOXA MOSCHATELINA L. said by Torrey and Hooker, to grow in boreal America and the Oregon mts. undescribed. My specimens from Europe. Genus near to Panax and Ar- alia.
ADVENTINA Raf. Radiate. Perianthe globular 5 phyle, Sepals connivent equal ovate acute. Phoranthe flat chaffy. Rays 5 fertile, equal small and opposed to sepals, ligules short trilobe white, ovary and seed shut between the sepals and internal palea or chaff, similar to se- pals oblong and thus bivalved, style very short bifid, pappus paleaceous multifid. Floscules of the disk minute yellow complete, chaff lanceo- late flat, corolla tubular Stoothed, stamens and style inclosed, pappus campanulate multifid. — Seeds black oblong compressed bivalved in rays, oblong terete in disk. Leaves opposite, flowers terminal.
1. PARVIFLORA Raf. Stem slender branched diffuse smooth, leaves petiolate ovate acute an- gular dentate, lower rounder, upper nearly ses- sile and entire ; flowers terminal lax — Growing spontaneous for several years in the orchard of Bartram's Garden, come with seeds from the South. Annual, Estival, pedal. Leaves thin smooth, flowers very small, white rays har- dly exserted. Very different from any known genus, nearest Achillca, but habit calix and seed unlike. Named after its adventitious produc- tion near Philadelphia. Probably a Florida plant. Seen alive.
Figure Autikon 5, and Ic. n. sp. 5.
2. A. CILIATA Raf. Stem thick pilose, tricho- tome and dichotome, leaves petiolate ovate ser- rate ciliate, flowers in forks or terminal subcor- ymbose — Found with the last, but in a different
68 ADVENTINA.
place and season : smaller, but flowers larger, Autumnal, annual, 6 to 10 inches high, hardly ramose or nearly simple. Messrs. Carr owners of Bartram's garden cannot account for the spontaneous production of these plants and sev- eral others in their garden.
Figure Autikon 6. Icon. n. sp. 6.
I must conclude here this beginning and mo- del of a proper LEXICON of our N. American Flora. To continue the whole Flora even in this concise form, would fill several large vol- umes. This specimen contains about 40 arti- cles and Genera, whereof many are new, and includes nearly 150 species, whereof many were undescribed.
North America, excluding the Mexican States contains probably 2000 Genera and 10,000 spe- cies of trees and plants, exclusive of the Cel- lular or Cryptogamic plants ; but including Palms, Grasses and Ferns, Shrubs and Vines . . Our Botanists know or admit of hardly more than one half. Botanical Works are filled with plants neglected by them, because rare and lit- tle known. Our Herbals or Botanical Collec- tions contain a crowd of plants as yet unnoticed and undescribed. Baldwin's Herbarium has been a Botanical mine for 20 years past, for Elli- ot, Nuttal, Torrey, &c. and will continue so a long while. Nuttal will soon increase the Ore- gon Western Botany by perhaps 1000 N. Sp. — Whoever applies to the proper study of a single Genus or family increases or doubles our know- ledge of it. Torrey has lately increased our CYPERACEA alone to 25 genera and 326 species and he has not exhausted this tribe ; but omit-
CONCLUSION. 69
ted many genera and synonyms.
Meantime my own Herbarium and AUTIKON contains about 1200 New Genera and New Spe- cies discovered and collected since 1802, but chiefly from 1815 to this time; and whereof but a small part has been published or indicated as yet. It is therefore to these that I must apply myself at first in order to make known my dis- coveries and labors with the hidden wealth of our Flora. I shall however at the same time give many discriminating monographs of Fam- ilies and Genera, to elucidate their critical and correct knowledge.
The New trees and Shrubs of North Ameri- ica which I have discovered and ascertained might form a separate volume ; but I may add them if practicable. As I have stated already, arrangement is of little consequence now in botanical works ; since every botanist changes the serial order, by misunderstanding the real steps of nature in organized vegetables. If I was to offer a very elaborate series of real cor- rected NATURAL ORDERS as I did in 1815, they would be deemed improper by those who now be- gin to dabble in them, and give us jumbled fam- ilies without peculiar essential characters, and without proper names, as they constantly go on to do the same with GENERA and SPECIES.
I seldom was able to publish a botanical work exactly as I wished in the proper style and plan. I can only collect and afford new materials, ob- servations and criticisms for better times or moods. Yet my actual labor, is as much a Flo- ra as that of Michaux or Pursh, since it includes more new discoveries, and may only pass over the wellknown and settled plants. But whene- ver doubts or disparities occur, they will deserve
70 CONCLUSION
my attention and critical investigation. The 40 articles of this Lexicon have already proved how many striking mistakes and palpable errors of Linneus, Michaux, Pursh, Hooker, Nuttal, Beck, Eaton, Torrey, Elliot, and others exist undetected and unnoticed by our writers and compilers. At this rate the 2000 Genera will afford 5000 similar blunders.
It is a weary and ungrateful task to revise er- rors ; but it must be done : Since every expo- sed error is equal to a discovery. I shall not even spare my own, as we are all liable to them, and we improve by age and experience. If all would be as careful and as liberal as I am, the science might soon cease to be involved in hidden groups of neglected genera and species, or in useless synonyms of mistaken plants, and improper names.
Meantime in order to name properly my new American plants, it has been needful to study over again and revise many Genera and Natu- ral families ; since several are yet in utter con- fusion, by the usual practice of Botanists to refer plants at random, and without attending to the actual characters, to force them into genera where they do not belong.
This arduous undertaking was indispensable, and has led me to revise, reform, divide and fix several natural families and a crowd of genera ; but such a labor altho' connected with our Amer- ican Botany, applies nevertheless to the whole Globe, and has become my SYNOPSIS FLORA TELLURIANA, or synoptical Mantissa of 2000 New Genera, Species, Orders, &c., which will be the companion to this North American Flora, and the complement of my Botanical researches.
Being in hope of obtaining the Herbarium of my late friend Z. Collins, which contains many
CONCLUSION. 71
new and rare plants collected by himself, besides Kin, Boyken, Baldwin, Nuttal, Elliot, Ware, Leconte, Schweinitz, &c., from Florida and Ar- kanzas to Labrador, I may find there additional materials for this Flora ; therefore, the delay that may occur in the publication of the num- bers, will be compensated by the additional new plants I may be able to describe.
I shall either continue to give monographs of some remarkable or rich genera, beginning with Kuhnia, Gentiana, Lechea, Hypericum, &c., or I may give series of new Species from inte- resting localities.
I may also pay particular attention to our New Genera, many of which are improperly referred as yet to akin Genera.
As to the Natural Orders of our Plants, my general views and examples have been given in my preface, and will be found in the Introduc- tion to the FLORA TELLURIANA.
It is again recommended to our Botanists to study well the natural affinities and disparities of Genera and Species, both of which they have often heretofore either neglected or overlooked.
NEW GENUS OLSYNIUM.
A very fine New Genus from Oregon, has been blended with Siryrinchium by the English Botanists, which I have called OLSYNIUM, mean- ing hardly united, It differs by the Corolla campanulate, the long free stamens only united at the base, 3 stigmas &c, and belongs to the same natural family of GALAXIDIA, distinguished from IRIDIA by stamens not quite free.
OLSYNIUM. Corolla of 6 petals campanu- late, each oblong, striate. Stamens 3, filaments free and subulate, base contracted above the united base. Style elongate, stigmas 3 acute. Ovary and fruit as in Siryrinchium. Roots fibrose, leaves sheathing, spatha bivalve, biflore.
OLSYNIUM GRANDIFLORUM Raf. Siryrinchi- um grandiftorum. Douglas in Bot. register 1634. Bot. magazine 3509. Stem compressed, leaves shorter, acute, spatha unequal margin membranose, flowers twin drooping deep purple.
A lovely and graceful plant, discovered at the falls of Oakanagan on the Oregon River. It is hardy, flowers vernal large, nearly two inches, but never spreading flat as in Siryrinchium.
73 NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS KUHNIA,
WITH REMARKS.
BY PROF. C. S. RAFINESQUE.
OCTOBER 1836-
This curious Genus has appeared to puzzle many Botanists, the species being rare and lo • cal, have been seen by few of them, and they have often copied each other, or mistaken those seen. Sir James Smith has given a good ac- count in Ree^ Cyclopedia, of some old blunders about it ; but many more remain to be detected : the original linnean species having again been found on the very spot where Dr, Kuhn proba- bly procured the specimen he took to Linneus, affords the opportunity to do so, and to notice at the same time the other kinds discovered by Elliot and myself.
Dr. Adam Kuhn was but a poor botanist and hardly deserved to have such a fine Genus named after him : he has written nothing ; but only gave the first linnean Lectures in North America. It appears that he did not even find himself the first Kuhnia, but it was brought to him, and he had the only merit to take it to Linneus, who flattered by having a Student coming to him from Pennsylvania, and struck by the anomaly of the Stamina, dedicated the same to him as a new Genus. Schoepf has written that having applied to Dr. Kuhn to know the locality of the plant, he could not tell, not
74 MONOGRAPH
having found it himself. Meantime Gaertnef having proved that the chief linnean distinction of separate stamina was wrong, since the plant he described as the same, bad syngenesious stamina : the Genus became fixed by the strik- ing character of plumose seeds, and well dis- tinguished by it from Eupatorium; but he wrong- ly called it Critonia, mistaking it for a Crito- nia of Brown, which Smith states to be the Eupatorium dalea, with scabrous pappus. All the sp. of Eupatorium have more or less such a scabrous or dentate pappus. The alternate leaves are no character of the Kuhnia since I have found a species with opposite leaves, and the very Kuhnia of Linneus has sometimes such leaves below.
The plant of Gaertner tab. 174, who only figured the seeds, has been made since a second Sp. of the Genus, and called Kuhnia critonia ; but I shall show by Wildenow and others pres- ently, that it is by no means positive that he was mistaken, since the original Kuhnia of Linneus, offers sometimes on the same plant the characters of both species ; Ventenat and Persoon unite both again.
Sir James Smith regreted that these plants were not introduced as yet in the English Gar- dens. In Loudon Cyclopedia of plants they are not mentioned as introduced in 1829, being omitted. Yet in the second edition of Sweet Hortus Brittanicus, published in 1830, 1 find 3 species mentioned as introduced, the JRT. eupa- torioides in 1812, K. critonia in 1816, and K. rosmarinifolia in 1827. But they must be very scarce, and they had not been figured yet in the magazines, nor elucidated by English Botanists.
OF KUHNIA. 75
Ventenat united to this Genus the Eupatori- um canescens of Ortega, a plant of Cuba, and called it K. rosmarinifolia ; he was followed by Persoon in this.
Michaux perhaps never saw this plant since he does not mention their locality nor distinction and has only one Critonia Kuhnia which no one can prove to be Gaertner's, Muhlenberg never saw these plants alive and ascribes to both white flowers. Pursh meantime gives yel- low flowers to K. critonia, but quotes no local- ity, Wildenow's account appears to be made up of Linneus and Michaux account, making 2 Sp. of them, Lamark copied Linneus and his fig, tab. 26 is K. eupatorioides. Poiret has copied Michaux and Ventenat.
W, P. C. Barton in his flora philadelphica 1817, states to have found the linnean plant on the rocks of the Schuylkill R. above Lomonhill; but Nuttal in 1819 ascribes that very same lo- colity for the sp. K. critonia : and it is there also that in 1836 has been found by Mr. Du- rand and myself the Linnean plant, which I suspect to be identic with that of Gaertner.
It is said that the Eupatorium alternifolium of Sibiria, figured by Arduin, is also the same plant, and Sir James Smith could find no dif- ference in the specimen sent by Arduin to Lin- neus. Yet is very strange that the same plant should grow near Philadelphia and on the Al- taic mts. of Asia, and hardly any where else : since it is not in the Flora of Hooker and there- fore does not extend to Canada, nor the central and western parts of North America. Nor is it found in the floras of Louisiana and Missouri. Therefore the Sibirian plant must again be
76 MONOGRAPH
compared with ours, and will be found different, in fact Lamark has noticed some difference in it* Torrey in 1826, and Beck in 1833, in their floras of the Northern States have both the Lin- nean and Gaertnerian species, but have never found them growing wild, since they quote no locality, but merely copy the characters of oth- er authors, stating Pennsylv. and Virginia, as the native place of both. Beck besides ascribes pale yellow flowers to K. critonia,, as Pursh (but Torrey says white) and Torrey a pubes- cent stem. But all the species with whitish flowers, turn yellow in drying, and a pubescent or glandular Stem belongs to many: while Smith describes his as smooth ; but this varies on the same plant.
In 1818 I discovered in Kentucky a narrow leaved sp. which I mistook for the K. critonia; but have since found very different from the K. critonia of Elliot 1824, who is the only one that has described it properly ; but his plant is even probably different from Gaertner's : while my plant is perfectly distinct by the fulvous pappus, stated to be white in all the others j I called it K. media in 1833 but K. fulva would be a bet- ter name. I found it in 3 localities of Ken- tucky and even on the banks of the Ohio.
In September 1823 in my visit to the falls of the R. Cumberland, in the Wasioto hills of East Kentucky, a beautiful botanical spot visited by no Botanist but myself, I again detected another sp. of KwAm'a, quite distinct by oppo- site elliptic short leaves. I named it K. ellip- tica, and it is described in 1833 in my Herb, Rafinesquianum.
Elliot has 3 Species of Southern Kuhnia in the 2d volume of his flora of Southern States
OF KUHNIA. 77
1824, and all appear to be new, his K. critonia is that of MX. probably and nearer to K. ros- marinifolia, yet distinct, and I named it K. tu- ber osa in 1833. His K. eupatorioides ? deem- ed doubtful by himself, altho' very near the Lin- nean Sp. is somewhat peculiar, and perhaps distinct, it is my K. dasypia. It is from the prairies of Alabama. There also grow his 3d Sp. K. glutinosa, a new sp. which I possess and is quite distinct. It has been adopted by the com- piler Eaton, with the other usual 2 sp. in 1833 in his manual of Botany, 6th edition, who never saw any of the plants; he ascribes with Pursh to K. critonia) pubescent and petiolate leaves !
Few of these botanists appear to have taken the trouble to consult the original description of Linneus, Arduin and others, and thus they as- cribe the characters at random, The original Eupatorium alternifolium had Stem terete pubescent, leaves lanceolate, petiolate, decur- rent, triuncial, rough: corymbs multiflore compact, calix striate. This is the Siberian plant of Arduin tab. 20. But Linneus in his last edition decribes the K. eupatorioides with Stem rigid and branches in the middle smooth, leaves alterne subpctiolate broad lanceolate serrate rugose, uncial, upper ones linear lan- ceolate entire ; corymbs small ; which agrees perfectly with the plants found near Philadel- phia in 1836. Yet he refers to it the above disparate plant of Arduin, and also the figure of Plukenet 87. 2 ! best figured in his son's de- cads tab. 11. Meantime the plant of Gaertner is described by Smith with entire leaves, linear lanceolate and corymb paniculate pauciflore.
Yet Michaux's plant (with Gaertner 's name)
78 MONOGRAPH
is pubescent, leaves linear lanceolate, commonly entire, punctate beneath, flowers paniculate.
All these disparities evince that this fine ano- malous and rare Genus has been misunderstood and improperly described by nearly all the bot- anists. Now at last in 1836, the original Lin- nean and Kuhn's plant having been found wild on the very identical spot, whence carried to Linneus, many specimens collected, of several varieties growing together, and roots, seeds and specimens sent to England by Dr. James Mease : the original species will become better known. Meantime I presume that the follow- ing comparative view of the Species actually known will be acceptable to the Botanists and Horticulturalists.
These plants altho' not very conspicuous, are not destitute of beauty, by their elegant shape and plumose seeds. They are all hardy peren- nials with thick roots j they blossom in Sep- tember, and assume their feathery appearance in October.
1. K. eupatorioides L. (Critonia of many authors), exactly as described by Linneus : only add, root brown perpendicular with lateral fi- bres, lower leaves trinerve, subpetiolate or base attenuated, 1 or 2 inches long, a few are oppo- site sometimes, stem terete striate, whole plant covered with minute glands mistaken for pubes- cence by some ; perianthe striate glandular, flowers pale yellowish white, pappus white. Rocky banks of the R. Schuylkill near Phila- delphia, in a single spot near the rail road bridge : 3 varieties 1 Pyramidalis tripedal, low- er leaves lanceolate, entire at both ends, branch- es and corymbs pyramidal with entire narrow leaves. 2 var. corymbosa. Stem simple, leaves
or KUIINIA. 79
narrow lanceolate, some what serrate in the mid- dle, flowers in a multiflore compound corymb. 3 Var. angustifolia, stem simple pedal leaves linear lanceolate entire, flowers in a simple pauciflore corymb. These 2 last are probably the Critonia of Gacrtner and others, yet they are perhaps nothing else but various ages of the plant ? but since they have been mistaken for species, they must be properly noticed.
2. K. altaica Raf. If the Sibirian plant is distinct as probable, it may be distinguished by Stem really pubescent, leaves triuncial alterne rough decurrerit, lanceolate base not attenuated. This is Eup. alternifolium Arduin tab. 20, and Linneus in first editions.
3. K. dasypia Raf. eupatorioides Elliot. Stem branched pubescent, leaves alternate, lan- ceolate unequally serrate, glandular punctate, triuncial, rough above, pubescent beneath ; flowers paniculate white, pappus white. Mea- dows of Alabama and Georgia.
4. K. glutinosa Elliot, glutinose pubescent, leaves lanceolate alterne sess. serrate laciniatc, upper entire; flowers corymbose panicled. Mea- dows of Alabama, well described by Elliot, who sent me a specimen. Stem bipedal, branched, viscose glands rnixt with hairs all over.
5. K. elliptica Raf. discovered 1823 descri- bed 1833. Stem striate pubescent, branches and leaves opposite, leaves sessile smooth,elliptic uncial, serrate in the middle, glandular beneath, flowers whitish in lax multiflore corymbs, pap- pus cinereous — Falls of the R. Cumberland, 3 feet high; very handsome species. The K.g7«- bra of my monograph 1833 which I mistook for the linnean sp. is only a variety of this with stem smooth, leaves subpetiolate, flowers less lax. I found it in the AHeghany mts. on the
80 KUI1N1A.
Monongahela in 1825. Var. montana*
6. K. tuberosa Raf. 1833. K. critonia MX. and Elliot exclus. Syn. Root tuberose, stem virgate striate pubescent; leaves alternate sessile linear entire, pubescent, margin revolute, flow- ers paniculate white, exterior sepals of the peri- anthe reflexed, pappus white. — In Carolina, dry soils, well described by Elliot but under a wrong name.
7. K. fufoa Raf. disc. 1818 descr. 1833 as K. media : entirely smooth, stem striate vir- gate, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, all sessile linear lanceolate entire, long pale be- neath and not glandular; flowers paniculate yel- lowish, pappus fulvous — On the banks of the Ohio and hills of East Kentucky, about 2 feet high, leaves 3 inches, down or pappus very pe- culiar by its color. I sent my 2 N. Sp. to Decan- dole; but have not yet seen the 5th volume of his Synopsis. I possess yet several specimens of 1, 5 and 7 to furnish to botanists, and they are figured in my Autikon. and Ic. rar.
8. K. pubescens Raf. mon. Entirely pubes- cent, stem virgate striate, leaves subpetiol. lan- ceol. nearly entire, punctate, fl. paniculate, pap- pus fulvescent — Seen dry, said to grow in the mts. Alleghany, perhaps only a variety of the K. tuberosa, or fulva or K. eupatorioides ; but the down was not white in the specimen: probably mistaken by many for the 2 usual spe- cies, whence the difference of descriptions. I deem the color of the down truly essential.
9. K. rosmarinifolia, Vent. Pers, &c. Leaves canescent linear lanceolate semiamplexic. very entire, margin revolute, peduncles terminal uni- flore, fl. purple, pappus white ? In Cuba, com- pare it with K. tuberosa ; but the flowers sep- arate them. Eup. canescens Ortega dec. 34.
81
MONOGRAPH OF AMPHICARPA AND AKIN GENERA. OF THE GROUP TETRODES.
G. AMPHICARPA Elliot. The Genus Glycine of Linneus, a strange medley of species without common characters, is now divided in many Genera requiring yet discrimination and revision. As early as 1804 I had proposed to Muhlenberg the Genus Tetrodea for Gl. mo- noica, comosa,, subterranqa, having a tubular 4toothed calix, and I indicated this G. in 1808. But in 1818 Elliot established with them his G. Ampkicarpa, which has heen generaly received. Decandole wrongly spells it amphicarpea. but as each of these 3 sp. may be the type of a pe- culiar Genus, I shall now revise it and add sev- eral sp.
AMPHICARPA Calix tubular sub campanulate, base obtuse or gibbose* 4 teeth acute subequal. Petals equal oblong keel obtuse, wings Itoothed vexillum adpressed or incumbent. Stam 9-1. Stigma capitate. Pod stipitate, oblong, com- pressed acuminate by the style, 3-4 seeds sub- reniform. Sometimes the lower flowers soli- tary without petals nor stamens, perfect fl. racemose and bracteolate, Perennials.
LOBOMON Raf. calix campanulate, base acute, unequaly 4toothed. Petals and stamens as ?bove, but commonly apetalous flowers dioical or monoical, with 5 minute sessile united an- thers. Pod flat semi ovate acute, without style, one side strait, 2 seeds lenticular. Annuals flowers axillary, not racemose, no bracts. (Name ancient.)
GEOLOBUS Raf. calix campanulate, 4fid, up- per segment notched. Petals unequal, keel and wings oblong, vexillum obovate striate notched.
82 G. AMPIIICARPA.
Pod compressed round acute, one seed lenticu- lar, Peduncles bifl,ore bibractate, flowers yel* low, pods hiding in the ground, which the name implies. Annuals.
The 3 Genera have twining or flexuose stems, and stipulate trifoliate leaves, roots creeping flowers estival.
1. AIHPHICARPA VILLOSA Raf. Gl. comosa ? L, &/c . - . Twining, stem and leaves hairy, fo- lioles subequal ovate oblong acute soft, the lat- eral obliqual : racemes short 5-9flowered, bracts ovate acute striate, calix hairy — In Alabama and Mississipi. Folioles uncial equal to petiols, flowers white tiptwith purple. Linneus having only said of his Gl. comosa, leaves hirsute, ra- cemes small lateral, flowers blue, seeds with purple spots : it is impossible to identify it. Torrey, Beck and Elliot omit it ; while Nuttal deems it the real type of Gl. monoica. My des- criptions and specimens will fix my sp. to which 1 give new names to avoid ambiguity.
2. AMPH. CILIATA Raf. stem twining filiform round with reflexed hairs, leaves on long peti- ols, smooth but ciliate, folioles unequal, lateral sessile obliqual trapezoidal, medial petiolate rhomboidal rounded acute : raceme elongate equal to petiols, peduncled and multiflore, bracts obovate obtuse biflore, calix smooth — Apalachian Mts of Virginia and Carolina, disc. 1825, flowers white, very distinct species.
3. AMPH. HETEROPHYLA Raf. monoica Nut- tal. Stem twining filiform angular with reflex- ed hairs,, leaves on short petiols variable but shining scabrous and ciliate, subequal but either ovate lanceolate acute or else ovate elliptical obtuse: raceme elongate, multiflore, bracts rounded striate, calix smooth — In the Allegha- ny mts. of Pennsylv. flowers white.
G. AMPHICARPA. 83
4. AMPH. ELLIOTI Raf. monoica Elliot. Gl. monoica ? L. stem twining angular with reflex- ed hairs, folioles ovate lanceolate subequal,thin, acute, scabrous above, petiols long: racemes pendulous commonly sterile, calix hairy gib- bose. Pods of imperfect flowers ovate one seed- ed— In Carolina, Virginia <fcc. Flowers white and violet. Doubtful sp. yet, since Elliot says in diagnosis leaves glabrous, and in description hairy ! He confirms the existence of imperfect flowers in racemes, cultivated for these pods like Arachis, but Linneus says these subterra- nean flowers are solitary ! It would be hard to say what Michaux, Pursh, Torrey, Hooker, Beck, Eaton &c mean by their monoica, which they do not describe, blending 4 or 5 sp. under that false name j most of them have all the flowers perfect and fertile.
5. AMPH. DELTIFOLIA Raf. stem twining with reflexed hairs, petiols short, folioles scabrous eiliate ovate deltoid, lateral obliqual, medial rhomboidal : racemes short equal to petiols, erect pauciflore, bracks ovate acute striate — From Canada and Missouri to New Jersey, the most common kind and probably the monoica of many botanists, but without imperfect flow- ers ; all with whitish petals, although many are abortive several Var. 1, Incarnata^procera 8 feet high &c.
6. AMPH. CUSPID AT A Raf. stem twining an- gular hairy, hairs patent fulvous, petiols very long, folioles ample ovate cuspidate nearly smooth, lateral obliqual '. racemes elongate ra- mose, racemules 3-4flore, bracts ovate obtuse striate, equal to pedicels, Calix smooth — Mts. Cumberland of East Kentucky, disc. 1823. Leaves large 3-4 inches, petiols 6-8 inches : flowers small, white.
84 G, AHPH1CARPA.
All these plants are called Pea-Vines or Binders, and are much relished by cattle. They entwine over plants and shrubs, in woods and among rocks. All in my Autikon. Their blossoms are estival.
7. LOBOMON ACUTIFOLIUM Raf. Twining quite hispid, hairs adpressed, folioles equal ovate a- cute, glaucous and retieulate beneath : pedun- cles filiform I-3flore, bracts ovate lanceolate, calyx smooth, pods pubescent — Ohio, Illinois &.c : flowers minute monoical or dioical, com- monly apetalous, sterile sessile, but fertile and pods with pedicels.
8. LOBO SARMENTOSUM Raf. Glycine do W. Amphic. do Elliot .... Twining glabrous, fo- lioles ovate acute, peduncles filiform triflore, calix villose, pods smooth — Carolina, flowers all apetalous and seeds grey, spotted with black.
9. LOB. OBTUSIFOLIUM Raf. Pilose, hairs spreading, twining stem, folioles elliptical ob- tuse or retuse, cuspidate glaucous, some ovate or rounded : flowers sessile, calix hirsute, pods
sessie geminate pubescent — In Kentucky &c, monoical, flowers apetalous, upper ones sterile, 2-3axiIiary sessile.
10. LOB. MONTANUM Raf. Glycine montana Raf. atl. Journ. Dioical, smooth, stem erect flexuose, folioles ovate acute ; peduncles uni- flore, pods and calix smooth — On the rocks of high hills in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, Juniata and Sherman Valleys. Only semipe- dal and root annual.
The fecondation- of these plants is a problem, and their apetalous structure a great anomaly. All in Autikon except 8. They form a pecu- liar group TETRODES Raf. by their curious ano- malies, with Amphicarpa and the 2 next fore- ign plants.
O, AMPHICARPA. 85
11. GEOLOBUS FLAVUS Raf. Glyc. sub terr ti- nea L. Stem procumbent flexuose, petiols erect trigone, folioles oblong obtuse smooth : pedun- cles axillary drooping biflorc, two bracts ovate incumbent over the 2 flowers — In South Ame- rica and perhaps Florida ?
I must add here for further discrimination another fine N. G. united as usual to Glycine, and akin to the above.
TRIBNDILIX Raf. calix 4fid closed, only 3 petals concealed within it. Pods linear terete polysperm. Perennial, twining, peduncles axillary, flowers minute.
12. 't'mENDiLix CLANDESTINA Raf. Glycine do W. Pers . . . stem twining, villose silky, fo- lioles lanceolate, silky beneath, peduncles ter- nate uniflore — In Australia. Leaves with 3 folioles as in all the true Glycine tribe. Tri- endilix means three within the calix, abrevia- tion from Triendokilix,Geolobus means Earth- pod. Lobomon is an ancient Greek name for some kind of peas er beans.
MONOGRAPH OF PELTANDRA.
I noticed this Genus as early as 1804, I as- certained it in 1816, and published it in 1819 in my Essay on 50 N. G. in Journal de Phy- sique Paris. It has been adopted by many Bo- tanists j Torrey doubted it in 1817, yet in 1821 he has admitted but misnamed it Lecontea, a double blunder, since there was another Lecon- tea! and my previous name was better. Beck in 1833 changed it again through ignorance of my previous claim to Renselaria. Each knew only of one type, while I have ascertained many:
86 MONOGRAPH OF
they had been blended in Arum and Caladi- um. The whole tribe of Aroides was in utter confusion ; but is rectified in my Flora Tellu- riana.
PELTANDRA Raf. meaning shield sta- mens, 1819. Arum L. &c Calla MX. Caladium Elliot, Lecontea Torrey 1824, Renselaria Beck 1833.
Spatha narrow involute tubulose, side split spadix inclosed quite geniferous, terete obtuse, pistils inferior, stigmas sessile capitate. An- thers confluent (sterile at the end of the spadix) peltate crenate multilocular on the sides. Ber- ries globose unequal 1 to 5 ovate seeds. Sea- pose leaves simple commonly cuspidate, root tuberose.
Remarks. This Genus includes several aqua- tic plants or growing in damp soils and mea- dows, while the other Aroides commonly avoid the Waters. They may be known by this pe- culiarity even out of bloom, as also by the cus- pidate leaves. The berries are green and con- taia a jelly with commonly several seeds, but often one only by abortion. Those seeds were eaten by the Indians, even the leaves are edible when boiled; the roots are thick, and tuberose, but not properly turnip like as in other Aroides. The flowers are vernal, and last only a few days in May or June, they do not bloom every year. Michaux reduced them to Calla that has mixt flowers and a style, because one sp. has a flat spatha as Calla j this may form a Sub Genus.
LEUCOSPATHA, Spathe cuculate, end dilatate, 4 to 5 seeds — PELTANDRA, spathe involute, end narrow, 3 to 5 seeds.
RENSELARIA, Ditto, Ditto, 1 or 2 seeds.
PELTANDKA. 87
1. PELTANDRA UNDULATA Raf. 1819. Petiols equal to leaves striate dimidiate, leaves sa- gittate nndulate oblong cuspidate lobes oblong obtuse, scape striate terete punctate of black, spatba subequal, base inflate, split in the mid- dle, margin undulate, end narrow involute. In the Alleghanv and Mattawan mts, also in New Jersey &c, it flowers in June, spathe lucid blackish green, margin yellow, spadix white, young petiols glandular, leaves 5 to 10 inches long. This was the type of my Peltandra having 3 to 5 seeds. It is hard to say which Authors have seen that species but blended it with the next. It was probably the real Arum Virginicum of Clayton and Linneus.
2. PELTANDRA CANADENSIS Raf. Arum sa- gittatum foliis elongatis, Charlevoix pi. cariad. fig. 81. Arum Virginicum of many botanists, Lecontea virg. Torrey. Renselaria virg. Beck.
Petiols elongate terete not punctate, leaves oblong flat hastate cordate, cuspidate, lobes ob- tuse : scapes several subcarinate, spatha lan- ceolate involute, margin undulate — In Canada, New York, New England and Pennsylvania. This is the type of Renselaria having only 1 or 2 ripe seeds, easily known by flat leaves se- mipedal, long petiols not dimidiate <fec.
3. PELTANDRA LATIFOLIA Raf. Petiols short dimidiate flat above, leaves broad triangular sagittate, undulate cuspidate, lobes divaricate obtuse ; scapes several terete incurved, berries often one seeded — In the waters of marshes, ponds, creeks, in south New Jersey and Dela- ware, leaves often one foot long and broad : not rare there, but seldom found in flowers. It be- long to subgenus Renselaria, but is quite dis-
88 MONOGRAPH OF
tinct from the last. The P. Walteri is very akin, but has acute lobes.
4. Peltandra heteropkyla Raf. Petiols une- qual terete, leaves variable oblong cuspidate, or ovatoblong hardly sagittate or nearly auriculate or base often entire obliqual, lobes unequal rounded short or ovate obtuse — With the last in the same places, even near Philadelphia in the Schuylkill, but rare, seldom seen in flowers, berries 1-3 seeded, different leaves out of the same root.
5. PELTANDRA HASTATA Raf. Arum Virgin- icum Elliot. Petiols vaginated at base, leaves equal in length oblong, hastate cordate acumi- nate, lobes subacute ; spatha oblong acute re- pand, spadix equal. — In Carolina and Florida, it blossoms in April there says Elliot, the ber- ries have several seeds, and thus it is a Leu- cospatha like the next.
6. PELTANDRA ALBA Raf. Calla sagittifolia mx. Caladius glaucum Elliot. Leaves glaucous hastate cordate acuminate, lobes oblong obtuse divaricate, petiols elongate ; scape short, spatha cuculate oval lanceolate, white, end dilatate — In Carolina and probably all over the southern States? Elliot says the berries are red and with several seeds. The white flowers and red berries will distinguish this ; they are both green in the others. This will be the type of Leucos- patha and may have some other peculiar char- acters in the flowers to make it a Genus — Thus
1 have fully ascertained 4 sp. in the North and
2 jn the South ; but there are 2 other doubtful sp. there.
7. PELTANDRA WALTERI Raf. Arum sagitti- folium Walter, Arum Walteri Elliot. Leaves triangular sagittate, angles divaricate acute.
P HI/TAX nit A. 80
In Carolina, not well described, but very near P. latifolia, said to be larger than P. hastata with similar flowers.
8. PELTANDRA ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. Calla Vir- ginica Var. Michaux. Leaves hastate cordate narrow oblong, lobes obtuse, spatha elongate incurved — Virginia &c, in this sp. Michaux has blended probably the sp. 1, 2 aud 4, but the narrow leaves and incurved spatha indicate a peculiar species.
MONOGRAPH OF LECHEA.
THE SUBGENERA MENANDRA, EUDIEXA
Linneus had only two sp. of Lechea, having reduced to that Genus the Menandra of Gro- vonius. His L. minor and major figured in Amer. Acad, 3. tab. 1. have been applied at random by nearly all the botanists to any other Species, till Michaux who added 3 sp. and Wildenow L. verticillata of India, which I doubt to be of this Genus, as it appears to be strictly North American. I shall now increase it to 21 sp. and divide it into 3 subgenera that might perhaps become as many Genera.
The essential characters of this Genus were also widely mistaken. Linneus put it into tri- andria trigynia, altho' the stamens vary from 3 to 12, and there are not 3 styles, but a single trilobe sessile plumose stigma ! The Capsule is not one seeded as stated by most of Authors, unless sometimes by abortion ; but it has 3 or 6 seeds : nor is that capsule Slocular nor with double valves as stated by others, it is strictly unilocular, with 3 free placentas mistaken for valves, or partitions. The calix is not single
90 MONOGRAPH OF
as stated, but commonly double, the outward of 2 sepals, being mistaken for bracts, altho' they persist in the fruit, and are quite similar to the extra sepals of the CISTIDIAN tribe to which this Genus evidently belongs, notwithstanding the reduced stamens and seeds. This Genus is in fact so ne«r to Anthelis (Helianthemum T.) that the main distinction consists only in 3 petals instead of 5, and it is supposed that the original L. major of Lin. was also his Cistus canadensis ! or 9. variety of it !
Characters of LECHEA if kept as a single Genus. Calix double and persistent, external bipartite seldom lacking,sepals narrower, inter- nal tripartite. Petals 3 small narrow, equal obtuse and fugacious. Stam 3 to 12, filiform, anthers bilobe. Stigma large sessile capitate trilobe floccose or plumose or papillose. Cap- sule unilocular trivalve, 3 to 9 seeds inserted on 3 small free placentas, sometimes only one by abortion. Small annuals or perennials with terete stiff branching stem, leaves ternate or opposite scattered simple entire and sub- sessile, flowers estival evanescent paniculate or racemose, not yellow — Vulgar name Pin- weed,
1. MENANDRA, Fl. Virg. of Gronovius. Ex- ternal calix with 2 short sepals or almost lack- ing. Stamens 6 to 9, seeds 1 to 3. Leaves often ternate, and flowers racemose. Peren- nials.
2. LECHEA, Ext. calix equal in length to the internal. Stamens 6 to 12, seeds 1 to 3. flow- ers spicate paniculate, some stems sterile.
3. EUDIEXA Raf, (well 2 external) Ext. ca- lix longer than the internal. Stamens 3 to (k Seeds 3 to 9. Chiefly annuals.
LECIIEA. 91
The mistakes about these plants have arisen from few Botanists seeing their anthesis or full bloom, which like many Cistides, only last a few hours towards noon: the petals soon after wither, and the stamens collapse or are glued to the stigma. But the characters now assum- ed on the persistent respective length of the ca- lix, will always be perspicuous. I have speci- mens of all the described species.
MENANDRA.
1. L. PULCHELLA Raf. quite smooth, stem stiff virgate, leaves scattered long linear acute ; flowers paniculate and lax in naked racemes, bracts none, ext. sepals subulate, internal ovate obtuse, petals elliptic obtuse incarnate, capsule obovate. — In the Pine barrens of New Jersey, probably extending South; probably the L. racemulosa of many Botanists, but not MX. which is pubescent with ciliate leaves. It is a very pretty sp. when in full bloom in August, the calix being red inside, the petals incarnate the large stigma white. The erect stiff stem produces hundreds of flowers at once, it is about one foot high, and only branched above. Several varieties 1. Minor, only 2 to 4 inches high, panicle leafy. 2. Elegans, over a foot high, panicle fastigiate. 3. Pyramidalis. Branches pyramidal.
2. L. CINEREA Raf. (L. thymifolia MX. &c) adpressed pubescent,cinereous fastigiate, leaves scattered narrow linear adpressed ; racemes paniculate pauciflore subnaked, flowers canes- cent outside, sepals lanceolate acute, capsule oblong longer. — In Florida and Georgia : deem- ed L. racemulosa by Collins, easily known by its color, perhaps the real thymifolia 1
3. L. TERNIFOLIA Raf. (Menandra ramis ter-
92 MONOGRAPH OF
nis, Gronov.) Stem paniculate above, ad pressed pubescent, leaves and branches mostly ternate cuneate acute ciliate nearly smooth ; racemes paniculate lax nearly naked, peduncles elon- gate, capsules oblong — In Virginia, New Jer- sey and probably elsewhere. This must be the real L. racemulosa of MX. who quotes Grono- vius. Pedal, calix colored of red as in Z». pulchella.
4. L. FURFURACEA Raf. Pubescent pulveru- lent, stem erect, branches fastigiate above, leaves narrow linear scattered nearly obtuse ; racemules terminal naked,pedicels unequal,ext. cal. subulate very short, internal rounded, cap- sules globose — In Kentucky and Illinois, 6 to 10 inches high, flowery greenish oatside, with a yellow furfle. Nearest to L. cinerea, easily known by the mealy pubescence and globose capsules.
5. L. LAXIFLORA Raf. smooth, stem erect paniculate, branches lax, leaves scattered li- near cuneate acuminate ciliate ; racemes scat- tered lax, flowers remote naked, pedicels elon- gate, calix and capsules ovate — In New Jersey Pine Woods with L. pulchella, to which akin, difference in leaves chiefly, flowers green not red outside. Var bremfolia semipedal, fl. red- ish, leaves shorter more cuneate hardly ciliate.
6. L. TENUIFOLIA MX. Elliot or L. verna Raf. L. juncifolia Walter) humble dumose pilose, stems assurgent, branches spreading, leaves scattered subulate linear, racemes paniculate divaricate ; flowers remote axillary solitary, capsules globose large — said to grow on the R. Santi of Carolina, and to blossom earlier than any other in April and May, no external calix according to Elliot, yet very near to some E t»- diexa with long ext. calix.
LECHEA. 93
7. L. RECURVATA Raf. Hispid assurgent, branches opposite and ternate, leaves broad oblong acute at both ends ciliate ; racemes spi- cate recur vate unilateral, pedicels very short, sepals oval, capsules globose — In Carolina and Virginia, akin to L. tvrnifolia (perhaps the true Menandra of Gr.) leaves and fruit differ- ent, calix redish, seeds convex and concave.
LECHEA OR LEKEA.
8. L. MUCRONATA Raf, precis 1814. villosa Elliot 1820, major of Walter and MX not Lin. — Villose, stem erect, sterile stems prostrate, leaves opposite and ternate below, chiefly lan- ceolate, mucronate, on short petiols j flowers in compound spikes axillary to foliaceous bracts, ext. sepals acute reflexed in anthesis, internal sepals obtuse, capsules ovate villose. — From New England to Carolina, the most common sp. but not the lirmean L. major with leaves rough above, tomentose beneath and scattered flowers j which is the real Cistus Canadensisl Flowers subsessile,ext. sepals linear, adpressed in the fruit, internal sepals lanceolate, petals lanceolate obtuse, commonly 3 seeds oblong acute with an angle inside. Several varieties 1. Simplex my original sp. stem nearly simple, leaves oblong cuneate, bracts oblong. 2. Ra- mosa, branches spreading above, leaves ovate lanceolate, bracts lanceolate. Original speci- men sent me by Elliot from Carolina. 3 Ses- siliflora^ leaves lanceolate, petiols very hairy, branches fastigiate, spikes axillary and short, flowers sessile. From Missouri. All peren- nials.
9. L. HETEROPHYLA Raf. L. minor Smith, stem paniculate above, adpressed pubescent,
94 MONOGRAPH OF
leaves commonly ternate, lower obovate, sub- sessile, upper cuneate and linear petiolate acute smooth ; racemes panicul. lax subnaked, pedi- cels equal to fl. Internal sepals lanceol. acute carinate, capsules ovate — Kentucky and Illi- nois in woods and glades, trigone, ext. sepals subequal linear. Several varieties, 1 major, 2 minor, 3 parmjlora, lower leaves caducous, flowers small fuscate. It has no sterile stems. Perennial,
10. L. GLOMERATA Raf. smooth, branches short adpressed, leaves variable oblong, lanceo- late or cuneate, petiolate mucronate ; flowers axillary and terminal on short pedicels, glome- rate, sepals ovate acute carinate, capsules sub- globose — Apalachian mts. pedal, no sterile stems, calix trigone over the fruit, external se- pals linear — Perennial.
11. L. CORYMBOSA Raf. stem erect rough, above pilose corymbose, leaves petiolate broad oblong nearly obtuse, pubescent, ciliate ; flow- ers corymbose, pedicels equal to flowers, sepals round concave, ext. linear, capsules globose — Mts. Alleghany, 6 to 12 inches high, leaves small, capsules large with 3 to 6 seeds, disco- vered 1818,
12. L. SURCULOSA Raf. stem with spreading branches, sterile stems prostrate pilose, with leaves ternate ovatoblong acute ciliate petiolate branches smooth with leaves opposite and al- ternate smooth linear ; flowers paniculate, pe- dicels equal, bracts subulate, ext. sepals linear, internal ovate acute, capsules ovate — In Penn- sylvania on dry hills, the L. minor of some Au- thors, stem 3 to 6 inches, leaves and flowers small.
13. L, REVOLUTA Raf. minor of Lin. not of
LECHEA. 95
Smith nor other Authors. Stem erect, bran- ches opposite and ternate, leaves 3-4nate or op- posite, lower ovate, upper linear lanceol. scat- tered petiolate, smooth above, pubescent be- neath, margin revolute, .flowers paniculate — Found by Kalm in Canada woody glades. This description is taken from Linneus alto- gether, and agrees very well with some speci- mens I have from the Alleghanies of Pennsylv. the flowers are small, the capsules ovate &c, Smith says L. blended others with this.
14. L. VIRGATA Raf. stem simple virgate pu- bescent, leaves scattered or 2-3-4 nate mixt, petiolate linear cuneate ciliate acuminate ; ra- cemes axillary short pauciflore* pedicels equal to fl. sepals ovate acute carinate, external lin- ear, capsules ovate. — In the Allegh. Mts. pe- dal, var. 1. Breviftora^ semipedal, lower leaves oblong, short, racemes very short 2-3flore. 2 Bracteata pedal, lower leaves oblong, racemes longer than leaves, base foliose ; end 5-7flore. The sp. 9, 10 and 14 with carinate trigone ca- lix deserve perhaps to form another subgenus TROPENDRIA Raf.
15. L. FLORIDANA Raf. smooth, diffuse ra- mose, branches filiform, leaves scattered, mi- nute linear, racemes paniculate pauciflore na- ked, pedicels long unequal, sepals and capsules ovate — Found by Mr. Ware in Florida, small subdichotome, few leaves and flowers ; habit of Eudiexa, but the ext. calix equal in length, tho' narrower "as usual : probably annual.
EUDIEXA.
16. L. SECUNDIFLORA Raf. smooth, stems diffuse paniculate, leaves scattered lax narrow linear, racemes subspicate, flowers remote se-
96 MONOGRAPH OF
cund, pedicels short, ext. cal. double of the in- ternal linear, internal silky lanceolate, capsules oblong — Discovered 1823 in the glades of West Kentucky, rare, 0 inches high, small flowers, petals white oblong obtuse, stigma red, 3 oblong seeds in the capsules. It blossoms in June and July. Annual. Is it L. thymifolia Smith? which is an Eudiexa ! certainly not that of MX. neither have the leaves like thyme.
17. L. PAUCIFLORA Raf. adpressed pubescent stem humble diffuse ramose, leaves scattered, slender,linear cuneate, imbricate rather obtuse, flowers few scattered extraxillary, pedicels short, sepals smooth, external a little longer, capsules globose — Near the Sea Shore in Long Island and New Jersey, small plant only 3 inches high, it blossoms in July. Annual.
18. L. BUEVIFOLIA Raf. adpressed pilose, branches fastigiate, leaves scattered petiolate short, lanceolate or oblong ciliolate mucronu- late ; racemes erect, bracteoles linear lanceol. flowers secund, pedicels equal, ext. sepals not much longer, capsules ovate — Mts. Apalaches, semipedal, very distinct sp. by petiolate short leaves. Annual.
19. L. UNIFLORA Raf. Smooth, stem slender angular with few leaves, above naked, subuni- flore, leaves scattered adpressed narrow linear cuneate ; sepals membranaceous, ext. sepals oblong obtuse not much longer, internal ovate obtuse, capsule globose about 6 seeded — Sum- mit of the Alleghany Mts. of Maryland, disc. 1825, only 3 or 4 inches high, only 5 or 6 leaves and 1 or *2 flowers. Capsule commonly with 6 oval seeds.
20. L. STELLATA Raf. Pilose, stem erect nearly simple, leaves 3-4nate petiolate elliptic
LECUEA. 97
mucronate, upper leaves alternate lanceolate : racemes foliose, pedicels shorter, ext. sepals very long, capsules ovatoblong — New York and Ohio, often mistaken for L. villosa, pedal, es- tival, sepals linear and ovate.
21. L. SESSILIFLORA Raf. adprcssed pilose, branches diffuse virgate, leaves scattered, spreading, petiolate, linear ciliate acute ; flow- ers axillary subspicate or glomerate sessile,ext. sepals linear not much longer, internal lanceo- late. In Florida and Alabama, near to L. pauciflora, main difference leaves petiolate ci- liate acute. Near also to L. floridana^ but flowers sessile,
It would have been difficult to designate which of these plants may have been seen and blended with those of Michaux by our Botanists since Torrey, Beck, Nuttal, Pursh, Eaton, El- liot &c seldom describe those they have seen, and never noticed the peculiar characters of the calix, capsules and seeds, on which I have chiefly based my subgenera and species ; most of which are very distinct, and not likely to be overlooked again, if my characters are duly at- tended to, and even more sp. may be detected.
As to L. verticittata of the East Indies, it is probably a peculiar Genus, being stated to have the habit of Spermacoce, with opposite leaves elliptic serrulate, smooth above, rough beneath, and the flowers verticillate. Is it a Rubiacea with adherent ovary ?
The L. chinensis of Loureiro is still more widely different, being a Commelineal (of what Genus?) according to Smith and Dunal. The monograph of Smith in Rees cyclop, may be consulted, he has exposed the blunders of L. and expressed a wish for a better labor like
13
98 MONOGRAPH OF LF.CIIEA.
mine on this Genus, having only 0 sp. of it, and Dunal in Decandole 1824 has no more, he chie- fly copies Elliot. We lack good figures of these plants, that with our Hudsonias chiefly represent the Cistian tribe in N. America.
If ever this G. must be again illustrated, let the monographer copy the original descriptions of all the Authors, and compare them. Mine are all original and chiefly out of living speci- mens.
The L. minor of Smith had sub corymbose flowers and carinate calix, being probably my L. heterophyla. That of Pursh and Dunal can hardly be identified by me : that erroneous name must be omitted. The L. major of Bigelow is Anthelis rosmarinffolia, in Decan- dole who makes a Subgemts Lcckeoides of nil our Americaau Atttkelis, see my monographs of Hndsonia and Anthelis. (Helianthemum.)
LecJiea was dedicated to Prof. Leche of Abo by Linneus, it must be pronounced Ltekea and perhaps spelt so. Menandra of Gronovius might have been adopted instead, although the meaning moon stamens does not properly apply.
END OF FIRST PART.
INDEX OF GENERA.
3UBGENKRA AND SYNONYMS OF THE LEXICON.
Synonyms are in Italics — References to the Pages.
Abalon page 33. Abama 34. Abbottia 36. Abies 37. Abrus 39. Abutilon 39. Acakia 41. Acalypha 43. Acanthus 46. Acer 47.
Acerotis Acerates 49. Achania 49. Achillea 50. Achlys 51. Achras 51. Achyranthes 51. A cm ell a 51. Acmispon 53. Acnida 53. Aconitum 55 Acorus 57. Acroanthes 58. Acrostichum 59. Actaea 60. Actinea, actinella 60. Actimeris 60. Actispcrmum 61. Adelia 62. Adenarium 62. Adenocaulon 62, Adenogyna 62. Adianthum 63.
Adike 63. Adicea 63. Adlumia 63. Adnaria 66. Adoketon 65. Adonis 66. Adorium 66. Adoxa 67. Adventina 67. Anomantha 61. Anomeris 61. Arenaria 62. Amphicarpa 81. Amosa 41. Anthericum 36. Antadenium 49. Anthemis 51. Balduina 61. Bigelowia 62. Borya 62. Caladium 86. Calla 88. Caul oni a 61.
linotrox 47. Coridalis 63.
oreopsis 61. ^onradia 34. ^ritonia 73.
upameni 43. )arlingtonia 42. Datisca 53, )iadesma 41.
100
INDEX.
Diclinotrys 33. Eburnax 42. Eriocarpum 47. Eudiexa 90. Evotrium 47. Eupatorium 73. Fumaria 63. Geolobus 81, 85. Glycine 81. Helepta 52. Helonias 33. Holosteum 62. Honlcenya 62. Julibrisin 41. Juncus 36. Kuhnia 73. Lavatera 40. Lech e a 89. Leptilix 34. Leontice 51. Itecontea 85. Leucospatha 86. Lobomon 81. Lotus 53. Malaxis 58. Malvaviscus 49. Malmnda 39. Marathrum 66. Melanthium 33. Megactelis 61. Menandra 90. Microstylis 58. Mimosa 42.
\urthecium 35. Negundium 48. Nudilus 62. Oliglossis 61. Olsynium 72. Ophrys 59. Otancma 49. Paltrima 36. Pedicularis 46. Peltandra 85. Pinus 37. Ptilepida 60. Rensclaria 86. Saccharodendrun 47, Saxifraga 63. Schrankia 42. Seseli 66. Sida 39. Sisyrinchium 72. Sphendamus 48. Spi Ian thus 51. Synotelis 59. Tetrodea 81. Tofielda 34. Triantha 35. Triendilix 85. Tristemon 36. Triglochin 36. Trigonella 53. Urtica 63. Vaccinium 65. Veratrum 33. Verbesina. 61.
NEW FLORA
OF
NORTH AMERICA, BY
PROF. RAFINESQUE.
SECOND PART.
Neophyten.
PHILADELPHIA
1836.
I\I:OBOTA*O\
NEW FLORA
BOTANY
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
BE1XG A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,
To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Rid dell, Darlington, Schweinitz Gibbs, &,c.
Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahlj Vitman, Persoon, Larnark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures
in AUTIKOJN BOTANIKON.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.— PH. D.
Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences- Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna. Bonn, Brtm lies, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, d&c.
The Floral wealth in this wide land ameeitied. Will be at la*t by lean.ed cure retealtd
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.
1836.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
A complete history and biography of our Botanists and botanical writers, would form a very interesting preamble to a general Flora, but might be misplaced in this mantissa, he- aides occupying too much space. The history of orders, Genera and Species, or the account of their names, forms, qualities, cultivation &c. might be a work of itself, but shall be partly attended to in the descriptive parts : the me- dical and economical uses of 600 medical gene- ra, have been already detailed in my medical Flora, to which I shall add at some future period a Supplement upon 200 additional me- dical Genera, since ascertained or elucidated. It was my intention to insert here an alpha- betical Catalogue of all our Botanists and their works or labors ; I had collected ample materials for this; but as I hope to obtain additions thereto, I will delay it for another number of this work: meantime I shall be happy to receive any such information of all the Botanists who may yet be unknown to me. In the last Century our Botanists were few and mostly foreign travellers. From 1800 to 1816 they had gradualy increased, but from 1816 to 1836 for 20 years past, I have had the pleasure to see the lovely Science of Botany gradualy spreading, and the number of Bota- nists greatly increased, chiefly in the North ; while now this Science begins to be taught in schools, and thus acquires many votaries.
The Floras published last Century were chiefly Gronovius or Clayton's Flora Virginica, and Walker's Flora Caroliniana, both very
4 HISTORICAL SKETCH.
superficial; but Kalm, Bartram, Castiglione, Schoepf, Barton, Mason, Muhlenberg, Mi- chaux, Cutler, Bosc, Kin, Denke, &c. had then begun their researches. The first general Catalogue of the North American plants then known was published in 1771 by Forster ; the second by Muhlenberg in 1812 : our first Flora by Michaux (editor Richard) came out in 1803, the second by Pursh in 1814 ; no other has since been attempted, except Nuttal's on Gene- ra and the periodical compilations of Eaton, owing to the vast increase of materials, as Bo- tanists began to settle themselves over the States, making the new attempt no easy task. But several local or Sectional Floras have been published that have greatly added to our general knowledge of particularly regions.
Among these must be particularly mentioned with praise.
Elliot — flora of the Southern States, under the modest title of sketch of Botany. 18 16 to 1820.
Robin — flora of Lousiana, revised and im- proved by myself in 1817.
Torrey — flora and Compendium of the North- ern States, 1826.
Beck — Botany of the Northern and Mid- dle States, 1333.
Bigelow — Flora Bostoniensis.
W. P. C. Barton— Flora Philadelphia.
Hooker — Flora of the British possessions, or Canada and Boreal America, including New Sibiria yet in progress.
Darlmgton, Florula Cestrica 2 editions.
Torrey — Florula or plants of upper Missouri collected by James.
Nuttal — Florula of Origon Mts. collected by
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 5
Wyeth, Florida by Ware and his florula Ar- kanzica — Besides my own florulas Mandanen- sis, Texensis, Oregonensis, Arkanzica, Ohien- sis, Missourica, &c. But the number of mere Catalogues has been much more numerous ; they are of course superficial and full of mis- taken plants or names yet they have been use- ful in enlarging our views of the range of plants, and the localities of the rare ones. They be- gan last Century by Muhlenberg flora Lan- castriensis, and Cutler of Massachusets full of mistakes — The principal in this Century have been.
Drayton — plants of South Carolina.
Rafinesque — Florulas Delawarica and Co- lumbica, 1804.
Barton — Florula Philadelphia.
Torrey — Flora of New York.
Green — Catalogue of plants of the State of New York.
Brereton — Flora of District Columbia.
Mrs Gambold — Florula Cherokensis, first female Botanical writer.
Riddell — Flora of the Western States, with some new Sp.
S Florula of Natchitoches.
Rafinesque — Florula Kentukensis, 1824.
Short and Eaton — Catalogue of Kentucky plants.
Gibbs— Florula of plants near Colombia.
Williams — Plants of Florida.
Schweinitz — Plants of North Pennsylvania.
Bradbury — Florula Missurica.
Hooker — Florula Islandica.
Tully — Plants of New Haven, Connecticut.
Muhlenberg — General Catalogue of North American Plants. 1812 and 1818.
$ HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Eddy — Flora plandomensis in Long Island.
Groom and Loomis — Plants of Florida.
Monographs of Families or Genera are far more useful than Catalogues, because they en- large our knowledge of Species, and make us acquainted with them. Among these I must chiefly mention Schweinitz — Fungi and He- patica — Carex and Viola.
Torrey — On Cyperacea.
Grey — On Rhynchospora.
Leconte — On Utricularia, Ruellia.
Dewey — On Carexides nearly 200Sp. deem* ed still a Genus.
Rafinesque — On Vitis. Trillium, Gentiana, Heuchera, Houstonia, Rosa, Lysimachia.
Michaux — On Oaks or Quercus.
Muhlenberg — On Willows or Salix.
Bosc — On Fraxinus. Nuttal, on Sarrazinia.
Muhlenberg, on Grasses.
Halsey, on Lichens.
Sylvas or Dendrologies are also monographs of our Trees and Shrubs ; they have been given by Marshall, Philadelphia 1784.
Castiglione, in Italian 1790.
Vangenheim. in Germany with figures.
Michaux, in France with figures, and a late compiled translation has lately appeared in New England with wood cuts.
My New Sylva or Supplement to our Trees and Shrubs, will be additional in this work.
Iconographical Works like those of Catesby, Abbot, Lamark illustrations, the English Bota- nical magazines <£c. are too costly to succeed with us— Dr. W. P. C. Barton, flora of North America on this plan, could only extend to a couple of volumes and about 120 Species ! His Medical Flora and that of Bigelow extended
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 7
Only to a few selected medical plants — mine has 100 wood cuts — Brereton botanical Journal, a Horticult. Journal in Baltimore, another in Philadelphia by Landreth, have only reached one or a few numbers. Audubon in his splen- did work on Birds, has given many inaccurate figures of Trees and Shrubs, similar to those of Catesby — The best figures were those of Mi- chaux and Pursh, but those of Hooker now ex* ceed them still, I have published few of my own ; many engraved in 1807 for me, were mostly lost before publication. I have reserved my labors in that way for my Icones rariorum yet mpt. and my AUTIKON BOTANIKON or plan of Self figures by specimens : of which Grey's Grasses is as yet the only imitation with us. A splended flora of Newfoundland was be- gan in France, but has not been completed.
The miscellaneous or partial labors on our Botany are very numerous, including tracts, essays, descriptions of single plants &c,. scat- tered in the transactions of our learned societies, Journals and periodicals &c, to seek for them is often a task or difficult matter. Several mo- nographs of New Genera and Species are thus scattered Jeffersonia, Heterandra, TuUya, Lopkactis, Polanisia, Nemopanthes, Col' linsia, Clintonia. Many may be found in Silliman's physical Journal.
NuttaPs Genera of N. America and Eaton's manual of Botany are two of the most striking and useful as general miscellanies. Eaton's has had the luck to go through several editions as a school book ; but each Edition is different, enlarged or revised ; yet very defective in goneral, and lacking nearly all my new plants.
8 HISTORICAL SKETCH,
Several elements of Botany by Locke, Rich, Comstock, Sumner, Nuttal, Grey, and others have been published for the use of Schools chiefly. None have yet made us familiar with the improvements of Decandole, Richard, Agardh &c. Lindley has been reprinted. My improvements in philosophical Botany will be recapitulated in the Introduction to my FLORA TELLUKIANA.
My own miscellaneous works are notfewr New Genera and Species, 1808 in Mitchell's Med. and Phil, repository. Elements of Somi- ology — Analysis of Nature — Reviews of Pursh, Nuttal, Eaton, Elliot, Bigelow &c. Decads of new plants 1818 — 50 New Genera of plants 1819 — Neogenyton or 66 New Genera 1825 Annals of Nature 1820.— medical flora 1828 to 1830— Atlantic Journal 1832 with 150 N. G. or Sp. — Herbarium Rafinesquianum 1833.
Botanical remarks and novelties in the Brux- cells Annals of Science 1820 — New plants in Mirror of Sciences 1814 — Precis des Decouver- tes 1814 &c,. <fec.
In fact I have been accused of having scattered too much my botanical discoveries and labors f but I mean now to concentrate them in this work. NuttaPs rare plants of Florida and 83 new of various parts, with Asa Grey 4 rare plants of New York are miscellaneous labors, like mine.
Our Botanists besides writers may be divided into Collectors, Travellers, Amateurs and Hor- ticulturalists.
Those who have written but little, or merely some sketch, are Baldwin, Groom, Thomas* Aikin, Conrad, Oakes, Peck, Houghton, School- craft, Waterhouse, Locke, James, Halsey,
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 9
Emmons, Cooper, Torrey, Leavenworth, Mitch- ell, Pickering, Boykin, Short, Peters, H. H. Eaton, Loomis,Cooley, Clinton, Booth, Leitner, the two brothers Green and Leconte with some others. Several are yet living and may do more hereafter.
Those who have never published any thing, altho' they collected Herbals, and were practi- cal Botanists, are chiefly Collins, Miller, Wray, Pitcher, Hall, Vanvleck, Lyons, Herbemont, Habersham, Squib, Enslen, Boykin, Williams, Hitchcock, Hingston, Ingalls, Simmons, Gri- swold,Gates,Whitlow,Knevels,Steinhauer,Gais- senhauer, Durand, Griffith, Fisher, Mac Wil- liams, with many others mentioned by Elliot, Hooker and Eaton as having helped their labors. These collectors are often very useful to the others by imparting specimens, localities and facts : their number is increasing, and several may yet become writers or improvers.
It is from such that I have received much help by gifts or exchanges of specimens, new facts and observations. I have reckoned par- ticularly among my friends and assistants, Col- lins, Durand, Miller, Short (2 brothers and a sister) Walton, Hall, Carr, Hingston. Mac Wil- liams, Vanvleck, Gaissenhauer, Ward, Mease, Bradbury, Kin, Ridgely, Mrs. Holley born Austin, Hart, Crocket, Limner, Duval, Law- rence, Knevel, &c.
But I have received also many specimens from professed Botanists, Muhlenberg, Torrey, Beck, Schweinitz, Elliot, Cutler, Eaton, Brad- bury, Brickell, Halley. Short, Eddy &c. all American Botanists, chiefly by exchanges of my own or purchases; besides some Ameri- can plants received form foreign Botanists
2
10 HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Decandole, Sheperd, Haworth, Tratenick, Sei- ber, Moricand, Bory, Swainson, Romer, &c.
Botanical travelers who merely come to ex- plore our Plants in order to send them to Eu- ropean Gardens or Herbals,are also numerous : the fruits of their exertions are chiefly made known to us by European Writers. Such were Kalm, Mason. Michaux, Vanderschot, Casti- glione, Bosc, Palissot, Turpin, Acosta, Rich- ardson, Goldie, Drummond. Douglass, Macnab, Enslen, Lyons, Kin, Bradbury, Rustan, Berich.
Among our native traveling collectors, I must mention Bartram, Lewis and Clark, James, Schoolcraft, Baldwin, Peters, Cozen, Ware, Wyeth, Gates, Houghton, Pitcher, Walton, &c. who have often explored far regions, and dis- covered many new plauts.
The distant regions of Origon have chiefly been visited by Makenzie. Langsdorf, Scooler, Douglass, Wyeth, Nuttal, Walton #c. While the Regions of Florida, have been explored by Bartram, Roberts, Williams, Cozen, Kin, Bald- win, Ware, Croom, Gates, Leitner, &,c. But both as well as Texas will afford novelties for many years to come, and I have myself many of them to describe in this Work, received from various quarters.
Amateurs as Horticulturalists, or friends of Science, or Patrons of explorers, rank also among the promoters of Botany ; I may men- tion among those known to me or who have helped my researches, Clinton, Forrest, Mease, Adlum, Marshall, Clifford, Shultz, Carr, Walsh, Betton, Haines, Sitgraves, Mrs. Wal- lace, Mrs. Betton #e : many more exist all over the United States ; Stephen Van Rensa- laer has been a great patron of Eaton : Ma- clure and Collins of various Botanists.
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 11
Lastly general Works on Botany are indis- pensable to all those who wish to know well the plants of these and other consimilar regions. The works of Linneus, Wildenow,Persoon,Vit- man, Homer and Shultze, Sprengel, Decandole, I, an Kirk, Marty n, and Smith in Rees Cyclope- dia, profess to describe all the known plants of the earth ; and altho' they all lack many yet, they give us the gradual knowledge of the im- proving Science.
In Loudun Cyclopedia of plants we find only the plants cultivated in England, in Dumont Botaniste Cultivateur those in France. In Aiton Hortus Kewensis many American plants were first described, and others are now yearly in the Botanical Register of Lindley, Bot. ma- gaz. of Hooker.
But as many of our plants have been mistaken elsewhere, or blended with akin foreign plants, it is even often necessary for the exact Botan- ist to consult the original works on the plants of the Antilles, Europe, Sibiria and Japan. The floras Jamaicensis of Brown, Swartz, Lunan hortus Jamaicensis, Gmelin flora Sibirica, Thunberg flora Japonica, and the floras of England and France, must occasionally be stu- died to verify our plants. Many new sp. have been mistaken by them for ours.
In all these writings there is something to glean or to learn. Thus the correct Botanist has an ample field even in comparing Books, ascertaining Synonyms, similarities and diver- tities He must have a rich Herbarium besides or else many to study and consult. How few of our Botanists take this trouble ? they prefer compiling, copying errors and misnomers. How few visit the great Herbalsof Muhlenberg, Nut-
12 HISTORICAL SKETCH.
tal, Torrey, Elliot, Schweinitz, and my own . . . now either deposited in public institutions, or accessible to all. Torrey and myself at any rate, are ever ready to communicate with Bo- tanists, answer enquiries, or solve difficulties. Botanical compilations are most useful when they include all the previous plants ; but our American Compilers are always deficient, be- cause tney neglect through various motives to collect all the published information ; thus the plants of Bartram, Lewis, Robin, Castiglione, Brickell, Bosc <£c with my own, have often been omitted.
The best Herbals or Collections of our floras, are besides mine,those of Torrey in New York, Elliot in Charleston, Beck in Albany, Bigelow in Boston, Short in Lexington .... Those of Nuttal, Schweinitz, Baldwin, and Muhlenberg are preserved in Philadelphia, chiefly at the Academy of Natural Sciences. My friend Du- rand is now collecting here an extensive Amer- ican Herbal. That of Collins was very val- uable, and is now added to mine. Others less rich in species are scattered chiefly in Boston, New Haven, New York, Baltimore, Charleston, Columbia, Washington, New Orleans, Cincin- nati &e. But some families of Plants are very rare in these Herbals, not being easily preserv- ed, such as Palms, Yucas, Cactides, Fungides.
Few are aware how difficult it is to collect an extensive American Herbal with many rare plants ; those made in limited localities or gar- dens are easy enough to acquire ; and they are useful to students ; but Herbals of all the States and Regions for the learned, with notes, re- marks, compared foreign specimens . . , are ac- quired only by many years of travels and re-
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13
searches, exchanges and purchases. I calculate that mine containing over 10,000 species and 50,000 specimens, has cost me nearly $ 2000 in actual expenses of time, money, travels, pa- per, boxes,correspondence,transportation, books of reference &c.
Other Botanists acquire fine Herbals at the risk of their health and life, Botany having also its martyrs ; among whom I will mention Lyons, Pursh, Berrich, Baldwin, Conrad, H. H. Eaton, Walton, Ward, Hart, Drummond, Douglass <$-c who have fallen victims to their zeal in arduous travels, or from diseases contracted by their labors : although some did perhaps fall victims to alcohol rather than Botany, like Pursh . . . and others (Schweinitz and Berrich) were rather Victims of Tobacco ! both foul poisons and destroyers of human life. Botanists are however generaly sober and healthy, the pur- suit of this Science is calculated to improve their habits and health. Baldwin,Waterhouse, and Conrad were victims of Phthisis and im- proper food ; Botany probably lengthened their lives, as it has mine after finding out how to overcome this disease by my medical knowl- edge of our plants.
In voyages by Sea or Steamboats, some Bo- tanists nave been wrecked like myself, losing their collections, and not always so happy as to escape even with life like myself in 1815. I have had also some narrow escapes on the Ohio. Lhenninier lost all his collections like myself in Carolina.
The rewards for all these dangers and ex- penses are scanty as yet with us. We have few professorships of Botany, and this useful science is too much neglected in our Schools.
14 HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Botanical works must even be printed at pri- vate expense, as have been most of mine (except my medical flora) and the sales do not pay the expences. We often meet besides with envy or detractors, scorn or neglect. We must there- fore find our own reward in the self-satisfaction of having done well, and deserved if not obtain- ed due credit, also in the pleasures inherent in collecting, studying and describing the gifts of Flora, besides the grateful kindness of some con- genial friends or well wishers.
Nothing is more unkind, and yet how com- mon, than to hear myself assailed with the questions, why do you not give us your new plants'! why are they not found by every body ? . . . ! This perversity of ideas and feel- ings, would be best answered by saying in iro- nical style, why do you not give me your mo- ney ? and value my rare plants ? or why are you lazy or blind /*.... I am tired to repeat — Go to the mountains and glades, every month of the year, go where I found them at the same season and you will find them. Spend $ 500 in the pursuit, if you will not buy my specimens — However one half of my new plants are already in the hands of Botanists, having sent them or exchanged or sold to 20 of them. Short, Rid- dell, Hart <£c have found again several of my Western plants, those of Robin will be found in Atakapas and Texas, those of Kin in the peninsula of Florida tyc.
A crowd of rare plants of Michaux, Pursh, Nuttal &c are unknown to most of our Botan- ists. Many plants described by European Bo- tanists Linneus, Aiton, Lamark, Decandole, Hooker, Lindley, Wildenow &c, are equaly rare with mine, and unknown to many of our
HISTORICAL tt&KTCH. 15
Botanist*. They were chiefly found by foreign travellers, collectors or gardeners and sent to Europe. Kalm, Kin, Noisette, Kingston, Drum- mond, Lyons, Bradbury <fcc found many such in their remote explorations, and so have I. Whoever therefore neglects my discoveries is either jealous of them, or unable to distinguish plants. But careless Botanists are often blind to disparities and overlook those rare species, I did so myself once and deemed with Muhlen- berg that 15 species of our Lactucas were all L. elongata ! thus blending and overlooking distinct sp. So they do to this day,and then they say they cant see them !
NORTH AMERICAN NEOPHYTON.
I shall dedicate the second part of this flora to describe some of my most remarkable New Herbaceous Plants either new Genera or new Species, reserving the new Trees and Shrubs for the NEW SYLVA of the third part. They shall be enumerated at random rather than by monographs, as I shall refer to them in my fu- ture Monographs and natural arrangement. I possess specimens of the whole, and they are all figured in my AUTIKON and Icones rariorum by those numbers here employed.
201. ODOGLOSSA Raf. meaning toothed ligule. A new Genus near to Coreopsis and Vernasolis, but differing by the neutral rays, and male floscules mixt in the disk.
Perianthe double, both octophylous, the in- ternal colored. Phoranthe convex, chaffs seta- ceous and few. Rays 8 neutral, rudiment of Ovary linear bidentate, tube flat imperforate,
16 NORTH AMERICAN
ligule or lamina elongate venose, end bifid, sides unidentatc. Disk with many florets, male and perfect mixt, Ovary obovate hardly bidentate, florets tubulose 5dentate, stamens free at the end, style hardly bifid. In male florets ovary entire, anthers often quite free. Seeds obo- vate black hardly bidentate. Perennial, habit of Vernasolis, but root not creeping*
202. ODOGLOSSA HETEROPHYLLA Raf. stem virgate, naked above, pauciflore sulcate smooth, branches very long uniflore, naked polygonal ; leaves rugose beneath, radical petiolate cune- ate obtuse entire, inferior petiolate pinnatifid, lobes oblong obtuse 3 to 7, the last larger, me- dial leaves sessile oblong entire. External pe- rianthe ovatoblong obtuse nervose, the internal elliptic — In Alabama, Georgia and West Ten- nessee, rare, stem pedal or more, root fibrose, flowers vernal ? rays yellow nearly one inch long, perianthe yellowish. I have not yet found any synonym to this curious plant.
203. LAXANON Raf. Name of Dioskori- des for a Lapsana, to which Genus it is akin, in family of GLOSSANTHIA or CICHORACEA, but differs by naked seeds and simple perianthe.
Perianthe simple 5 to 7 parted, without cal- icule. Ligules 10 to 15, seeds ovatoblong stri- ate naked, pappus none, phoranthe naked. Habit of Krigia. One type.
204. LAXANON PARVIFLORUM Raf. smooth, stem ramose terete, branches incurved, leaves graminiform linear lanceolate, entire obtuse,up- per ones nearly opposite ; flowers terminal, pe- dicels elongate unequal filiform pubescent, 3 to 5 subumbellate, perianthe smooth, sepals ovate acuminate — Sent me from Alabama, pedal dif- fuse, flowers yellow very small. This is evi- dently a very distinct plant.
NKOP1IVTON. 1?
205. EPATIT IS Raf. a name of Diosko- rides for Eupatorium. A Genus akin to it and Mikania, but without caliculo and the florets reduced to the minimum number of 2 or 3.
Perianthe simple 2 or 3 sepals, no calicule, floscules 2 or 3 longer tubular 5fid, seeds com- pressed linear, pappus simple pilose, phoranthe naked. Habit of Mikania and Cacalia.
206. EPATITIS OBLIQUA Raf. smooth, stem angular erect, leaves petiolate obliqual cordate or subsagittate, (one side rounded, another sa- gitate) acute dentate, flowers corymbose fasci- culate, peduncles pubescent, bracts linear, se- pals of perianthe cuneate oblong obtuse flat — sent me from Oregon, pedal and higher, flow- ers white and small. It is akin to the Qacal- ia alpina of Sibiria, but the leaves are not properly cordate, nor flowers with 5 florets.
207. ROPALONRaf.nameofTeophrastus for a Nympkea, to which it is akin, but lacks the petals.
Calix 6phyle, no petals, anthers many sub- sessile, stigma with 12 or more rays truncate. Remainder and habit as in Nuphar.
208. ROPALON SAGITTATUM Raf. Nymphea sagittifolia Wild. Elliot, N. longifolia Mich. &/c — leaves oblong obtuse sagittate, fruit ovate. — In Carolina and Florida in waters, leaves 6 to 8 inches, elongate, flowers estival yellow.
209. LOBELIA CLADLOMESA Raf. smooth, stem erect angular, with short branches in the mid- dle, leaves all linear acute adpresaed entire : flowers racemose adpressed, capsules subin- flate equal to pedicels — sent me from Alaba- ma, 1 or 2 feet high, flowers blue estival size of L. ittjlata^ leaves one inch or more, bracts
3
18 NORTH AMERICAN
subulate oil equal to pedicels, segments of ca- lix lanceolate acute unequal.
210. LOBELIA PARVIFOLIA, R. smooth, stem procumbent ramose diffuse flexuose, leaves few small, lower spatulate obtuse subentire, medial oblong subserrate, upper linear entire acute, flowers subracemose lax, pedicels longer than leaves, segment.? of calix linear — Apalachian mts. flowers small bluish. Seen alive in gar- dens spontaneous. Annual.
211. LOBELIA PANICULATA R. stem striate naked above, leaves pubescent obovate spatu- late obtuse repand, mostly radical, only 1 or 2 on stem ; raceme ramose subpaniculate, flow- ers scattered lax, bracts subulate equal to pe- dicels— mts. Alleghany, rare, annual, stem bi- pedal, flowers white small. Probably a devia- ted sp. from L. claytoniana, disc. 1818.
212. LOBELIA INCUR v A R. glaucous pubes- cent, stem erect branched, leaves linear cune- ate obtuse ; flowers axillary racemose, pedicels incurved subequal to leaves, segments of calix lanceolate acute — Florida, annual, pedal, flow- ers small and blue, akin to L. Kalmi and con- similar blended sp.
213. LOBELIA FALCATA R. glaucous smooth, stem simple, leaves long linear falcate acute en- tire, lower subcuneate ; raceme lax leafy, flow- ers equal to leaves, calix linear acute — found on Lakes Erie and Ontario, very near to the true L. Kalmi of Canada, but with longer fal- cate leaves, flowers larger pale blue, probably a deviation, collected 1825.
214. LOBELIA FISTULOSA R. stem round smooth flstulose slender, leaves scattered re- mote linear acute revolute adpressed; fl. ra-
NEOPHYTON.
cemose, bracts subulate glandular longer than pedicels, segments of calix linear very long equal to corolla — sent me from Alabama, pe- dal, flowers blue middle size, corollas elongate, capsules turbinate.
I have several other N. sp. and Var. of this pretty Genus ; see my monograph ; my L. ni- vea dcscr. 1820 will also be there again.
215. DIPSACUS CUNEIFOLIUS Raf. stem an- gular aculeate, lower leaves petiolate, cuneate obtuse, crenate, upper leaves sessile cuneate or lanceolate acute entire : head spherical, invo- lucre unequal falcate subulate aculeate, chaff spinose not hooked — In some valleys of the Alleghany mts. and in some glades of Ken- tucky, disc. 1818, pedal, annual, very different from D. sylvestris and fullonum.
216. TROPITOMA Raf. anomalous or pe* loric Genus, sprung from Desmodium leucan- tkum / calix urceolate bilabiate, upper lip bi- dentate, lower tridentate, corolla not papiliona- ceous, petals 5uneq. patent, one superior larger or vexillum round emarginate, 4 inferior smal- ler equal oblong obtuse. Stamens 10 mona- delphous, filaments free above divaricate sub- equal, anthers small round. Ovary stipitate oblong compressed, style lateral subulate, stig- ma simple acute. Pod with 1 or 2 articula- tions obliqual ovate, one seed oblong compres- sed in each. Habit of Desmodium. One type, the name means cut keel.
217. TROPITOMA pARADOXARaf. erect, leaves few, folioles 3 on long petiols ovate rounded acute scarcely pubescent, pale beneath, flowers terminal 1 to 3 — Discovered 1821 in the hills of central Kentucky, semipedal, annual, flowers white. Rare.
80 NORTH AMERICAN
218. MENYANTHES LATIFOLIA R. folioles sul>- petiolate ample ovate or obovate entire suba- cute, scape subequal to leaves with a lanceo- late sessile leaf, raceme lax, bracts short ovate obtuse — Found in Origon by Walton with the next : both akin to M. verna of my med. flora. Robust plant, perennial, ultrapedal.
219. MENYANTHES THIDEJSTATA R. folioles sessile small obovate tridentate, scape much longer than leaves and naked, bracts ovate — Origon, pedal, perennial ?
220. CHLONANTHES (Chelone) TOMENTOSA Raf. leaves subsessile broad lanceolate acumi- nate serrate, base entire, tomentose and grey beneath; fl. axillary and terminal fasciculate nodding — In the mts. of Virginia, stem bipedal, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 1 or 2 broad, fl. white> perennial, rare. I have modified into Chlo- nanthes, the absurd name of Chelone that meant turtle ! as if a flower was a reptile 5
221. ASARUM PARVIFOLIUM R. stemless,leaves? twin radical on long petiols, pilose broad reni- form emarginate, peduncle erect, flower large tubular smooth tridentate — On the top of mts, in North Carolina, small plant only 2 inches high, leaves half uncial perennial, flower dark purple, as large as in others.
222. ASARUM FURCATUM R. caulescent fur- cate pubescent, leaves twin reniform subacute, peduncle erect, flower campanulate trifid pu- bescent— Apalachian mts? leaves four times as large as the last, yet flowers equal in size and same color, but deeper divided. Peren- nial.
22£ ASARUN MEDIUM R* stcmless pubescent, leaves opposite on long villose petiols, cordate reniform acute, peduncle short flexuose villose
NEOPJIYTON. 21
caJix base villose, end smooth, tripartite, seg- ments lanceolate — From Missouri and upper Lakes, perennial, semipedal, flowers cinereous or fuscate ; the A. canadense differs from all these by smooth reniform leaves, calix reflex- ed &c.
224. ASARUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM R. caulescent erect villose, leaves 4 opposite rounded cor- date, flower terminal subsessile nodding smooth- ish campanulate trifid. — Brought by Walton from Origon mts. near A. eitropeum, which differs by 2 broad reniform leaves, fl. ped un- cled trilobe <£c, perennial, flower dark purple.
225. HEDYOTIS GENICULATA R. smooth, stem geniculate 4gone, leaves fasciculate lanceolate acute, margin scabrous, pale beneath ; fl. axilL solitary, segments of calix linear equal, tube of corolla filiform twice longer than calix — Was ioto hills of Kentucky, semipedal, animal, leaves uncial, flowers purple, their limb cam- panulate 4fid, apparently a true Hedyotis, al- though I did not see the ripe fruit ; not a Stel- motis the calix being equal.
226. GALEOPSIS MONTANA R. dwarf glau- cous, leaves few remote petiolate ovatoblong acute serrate pilose, flowers terminal only 1 to 3 calix not pungent — Summit of Oquago mts. near Utsiantha Lake in New York, small an- nual, only 3 to 4 inches high, flowers incarnate, Probably a deviation from G. tctrahit, but as- pect very unlike.
227. EUSTACUYA vel LEPTANDRA OPPOSITI- FOLIA Raf; leaves opposite sessile ovate acute (not acuminate) serrulate smoothish, equal to internodes, spike simple — mts. Apalaches of Virginia, perennial, sesquipedal, flowers white small, very distinct from the narrow Jeaved, whorled sp. of this Genus.
22 NORTH AMERICAN
228. MYCTANTHES (mixed flowers) Raf. anomalous or peloric Genus occasionally form- ed by some Asters and Solidagos — Difference, flowers often concrete or coalescent, with ligu- les and floscules intermixt, perianthe imbri- cate unequal foliaceous. I have noticed seve- ral types. Is it a diseased state ? but the plants were healthy.
225. MYCTANTHES PUNICEA R. like Aster puniceus, but stem simple, 2-3flore, leaves lan- ceolate— observed near Philadelphia, flowers terminal purplish.
230. MYCTANTHES LATIFOLIA R. stem sim- ple uniflore, leaves sessile elliptic acuminate subserrate, flower terminal sessile purplish — collected in the Alleghany mts. bipedal.
231. MVCTANTHES AX ILL AR is R. similar to Solidago nemorosa, but flowers axillary and solitary, yellow — mts. Alleghany, pedal.
233." ALISETA (Plantain) Raf. Radiate Genus near to Arnica — Perianthe in double series, each of ten spreading folioles. Phoran- the flat alveolate, chaffs carinate long acute. Floscules tubulose 5fid sterile. Ligules or rays about 20 fertile tridentate narrow. Seeds li- near, pappus simple deciduons. Habit of Ar- nica, scapose, uniflore — But very different Genus by calix, chaffs, sterile florets &c. It is nearer to the next Genus Peritris in some re- spects. Single type.
233. ALISETA PLANTAGINEA R. radical leaves lanceolate or cuneate entire hirsute acute, scape terete smooth, with a single subulate scale, uniflore. folioles of perianthe ovate lan- ceolate smooth — Sent me from Florida, prob- ably biennial, root short with many fibres, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, scape 6 inches, flower large 2 inches, rays yellow, disk fuscate.
NEOPHYTON. 23
334. PERITRIS (around triple) Raf. A- nother Genus akin to Arnica distinct by habit and triple perianthe — Perianthe in triple se- ries, outer shorter with few lax folioles, the 2 inner equal and adpressed. Phoranthe flat naked. Rays few tridentate. Seeds oblong compressed pubescent, pappus simple. Habit of Jacobea, caulescent corymbose. — Perian- the nearly like Aliseta with the addition of a calicule, but chaffs lacking and habit unlike.
235. PERITRIS OVATIFOLIA R. puberulent, stem erect subangular lower leaves petiolate ovate serrate acute, petiols winged, upper leaves sessile ovate lanceol. serrulate or entire ; co- rymb ramose racemose, peduncles erect, bracts subulate, folioles of perianthe lanceolate — Flo- rida and Alabama, pedal, perennial, fl. yellow, perianthe smooth, calicule or outer pubescent.
236. ARNICA BREVICAULIS Raf. smooth, sea- pose, leaves obovate and cuneate, obtuse, un- equally crenate and laciniate, scape shorter than leaves and with flowers umbellate, bracts lanceol. wooly in the axiles. peduncles unequal, some very long, striate uniflore with 1 or 2 su- bulate bracteoles, perianthe lanceolate, wooly at the base. — Sent me from Alabama, stem only 4 inches, leaves 6, flowers large yellow, few rays, pappus white, seeds oblong angular smooth. This appears a real Arnica near A. nudicaulis. the perianthe being simple.
237. BELLIS PARVIFLORA Raf. stem branched diffuse, leaves sessile oblong acute entire sca- brose, peduncles terminal long naked, rays linear — In Kentucky on rocks, rare, annual, semipedal, leaves small, flowers white estival very small half size of B. integrifolia.
238. BELLIS NUTAWS Raf. stem simple uni-
24 XORTIl AMERICAN
flore 'striate, leaves remote sessile cuneatc acute entire pilose ciliate, flower nodding — In the glades of West Kentucky, annual, flowers vernal white same size as /?. integrifolia, which grows by millions in those glades, where I found them all in 1823. These plants really belong to the G. Bellis and not Eclipta as deemed by Sprengel, nor Brachycome of Cas- sini, genus based on Bellis aculcata and cilia- rls of Australia, to which Lessing has wrongly united B. integrifolia. In order to contrast my species I must add this and also the Texan species.
239. BELLIS INTEGRIFOLIA MX. and Amer. Authors. Eclipta do Spr. Brachycome xan- thocomoides Lessing — smoothish,stem branch- ed multiflore erect, branches 1 or 2 flore, low- er leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse, upper ses- sile cuneate acute not ciliate, flowers erect rays oblong — All over the Western States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee f£c in glades, vernal white flowers, stem 6 to 15 inches high erect, 3 to 12 flowers, not seen by Pursh, nor Nuttal till he went to Arkanzas, a proof that a very common plant may escape notice if you do not visit the loca- lities in due season. Several varieties 1 pum- ila 3 inches high, 3 flowers only, 2 data, ses- quipedal, multiflore, 3 carnea flowers of a blushing color. <J*c, all annuals.
240. BELLIS CILIATA Raf. B. integrif. Hook- er bot. mag. 3455. Pubescent, stem erect mul- flore, lower leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse base ciliate, upper sessile oblong acute ciliate, peduncles naked erect, rays cuneate — annual, found by Drummond in Texas, and probably extending to Louisiana and Arkanzas, blended
NEOPIIYTON. 25
with the last by Hooker, his description in- cluding both, his figure appears the texan plant Which has been sent me by Torrey, and I des- cribe original specimens of Drummond ; it has also a var. triflora, with leaves all acutish and only 3 flowers. The folioles of the perianthe are lanceolate acuminate in all the sp. not linear as Hooker says, the seeds are obovate pubescent.
241. PARTHENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Raf. stem virgate angulate smooth, above rough, lower leaves petiolate narrow cuneate or oblong cre- nate obtuse rough, upper leaves sessile ovato- blong ; flowers corymbose globose, fol. of pe- rianthe ovate rounded acute — In the barrens or glades of West Kentucky, 2 or 3 feet high, petiols long, leaves 6 to 8 inches long, 1 or 2 broad. Very distinct from the 3 next sp. all arc estival and perennial.
242. PARTHENIUM PUMILUM Raf. stem dwarf, striate, smooth, lower leaves petiolate obovate crenate obtuse rough, upper cuneate sessile nearly entire acute ; corymb glomerate, fol. of perianthe ovate acute rough — In the mts. Wa- rioto or Cumberland, stem smooth striate semi- pedal, leaves rough small, flowers white.
243. PARTHENIUM SINUATUM Raf. stem sul- cate elate smooth, leaves nearly glabrous ru- gose, radical ample petiolate ovate deltoid sin- uate laciniate, obtuse, stem leaves sessile am- plexicaule ovate repand sinuolate; corymb sessile glomerate, fol. of perianthe rounded — Mts, of Virginia, probably blended with the next by Authors, but by no means intcgrifoli- um ! large leaves, lower often 10 inches long decurrent on the petiols, flowers few globular whitish. Stem commonly 3 feet high.
4
26 NORTH AMERICAN
244. PARTHENIUM AMPLECTENS Raf. P. in- tegrifolium L. and Authors? Stem angular rough elate, leaves all rough ovate oblong am- plexicaule serrate acute, corymb lax, fol. of pe- rianthe ovate rounded acute carinate. — Glades of Kentucky, 2 to 4 feet high, leaves 3 to 6 inches long, lower hardly attenuate at base, flowers whitish. P. integrif. is a name illu- sive and to be abolished, it was given by Lin. in contrast with P. hysterophorus with multi- fid leaves, that now is a peculiar Genus. The Linnean sp. figured in Dillen and Plukenet had leaves ovate crenate hirsute, lower with cari- nate petiols, upper sessile, flowers snowy white, tip of perianthe black, and may still be differ- ent from all mine, found in Virginia, might be called P. dillenianum ? — The sp. of Elliot is still somewhat different, it may be called P. elliotanum? stem 1 or 2 feet striate roughish, leaves rough toothed ovate lanceolate ; lower sessile, upper amplexicaule — as near to P. an- gustifoUum as to this. See 280.
245. URTICA VERNA Raf. nearly smooth, stem simple slender, leaves remote opposite pe- tiola/e acuminate laciniate serrate, the lower cordate, medial ovate, upper lanceolate ; male spikes inferior shorter than petiols, female fl. glomerate above, glornerules nodding geminate peduncled. — Kentucky and other Western States, in woods, flowers vernal in may, pedal, leaves small, a true Urtica with male fl. 4 part- ed 4andre. Var. gracilis very slender virgate, leaves small none cordate.
246. OXALIS RUPESTRIS Raf. stem erect an- gular rufous pilose, leaves glaucous smooth, folioles obcordate, sinus obtuse, peduncles lon- ger than leaves 3-5flore, sepals lanceolate, pe-
NEOPHYTON. 27
tals retuse obovate. — On the cliffs of the River Kentucky, 8 to 12 inches high, flowers large pale yellow, estival.
247. OXALIS CESPITOSA Raf. creeping, ces- pitose pilose, stems assurgent, petiols filiform, folioles obcordate ciliate, sinus acute, pedun- cles filiform longer than ieaves 2-3flore, pedi- cels equal to flowers, bracks linear, petals obo- vate double of calix, capsules pilose—Glades of West Kentucky and West Tennessee, abund- ant, vernal, found in May and June 1823: near to O. lyoni, 3 to 5 inches, forming small tufts, leaves small, flowers large one inch broad pale or lemon color.
248. CAPSELLA ACUTIFOLIA Raf. stem simple smooth, radical leaves short pinnatiiid, pinnules ovatoblong dentate acute, stem leaves sagittate lanceolate very acute subentire amplexicaule, raceme naked, silicules short deltoid hardly emarginate, pedicels long filiform spreading. — In the Alleghany mts. pedal annual with white flowers and estival, as all the sp. of this Genus of Mench, Ventenat and Decandole, who ad- mits of only one sp. C. bursa, with 4 varieties minor, integrif. coronopif. apetala ; but I have 8 or 10 sp. in my herbal, whereof 6 from N. America, and many more exist perhaps in Africa and Asia.
249. CAPSELLA INTEGRIFOLIA Raf. Var. do Dec ? stem slender simple radical leaves cun- eate acute, attenuate in petiol at the base, quite entire, stem leaves oblong acute sessile not sa- gittate entire, silicules deltoid emarginate — Hills of Pennsylv. and Kentucky, semipedal, certainly as distinct a sp. as can be ! leaves not even toothed as in the next, nor sagittate above.
28 NORTH AMERICAN
250. CAPSELLA DEN TATA Raf. dwarfish stem simple nearly naked radical leaves petiolate cuneate or obovate toothed, stem leaves 1 or 2 sagittate linear, raceme lax elongate, silicules deltoid truncate shorter than pedicels* — In mts. Alleghanies, 3 or 4 inches high only, akin to last, but leaves toothed and upper sagittate. Is it the Var. minor of some botanists ?
251. CAPSELLA BIFIDA Raf. several stems, radical leaves oblong toothed, stem leaves sa- gittate entire glaucous roughish, racemes elon- gate, silicules oblong base acute end bifid, pe- dicels subequal. — In Pennsylvania glades, pe- dal, annual, very distinct by silicules longer than broad and almost bifid, no runcinate leaves &c.
252. CAPSELLA FURCATA Raf. all leaves spa- tulate oblong obtuse entire or hardly toothed, silicules broad furcate, pedicels equal — In Can- ada and Europe, semi pedal, distinct by the pe- culiar silicules broadly obdeltoid, wider than long, and uniform leaves, quite obtuse.
253. CAPSELLA AMBLODES Raf. all leaves pin- natifid, acute, pinnules often angular, silicules, shorter than pedicels, oblong cuneate obtuse, emarginate — sent me from Europe as a varie- ty of C. bursa, probably also in N. America, annual dwarfish 3 to 4 inches high only, qnite peculiar silicules, and uniform leaves.
254. CAPSELLA BURSA Raf. non Auet. Thlaspi bursa pastoris L. and most of our botanists. Radical leaves pinnatifid runcinate, pinnules entire,stem leaves oblong sagittate den- tate, silieules shorter than pedicels deltoid tri- angular base and corners acute, hardly emar- ginate— In Europe, introduced in fields and the roads in N, America, pedal and sesquipe-
NEOPHYTON. 29
dal, nearest to C. acutifolia, chief difference in pinnules entire less acute broader, siliccrles quite triangular with acute angles. — It is pro- bable that these plants are deviations sprung from each other, but some are really native of wild localities and not introduced : to deem them mere varieties would be preposterous, since they differ as widely in leaves and fruits as any acknowledged species of Sinapis or Lepidium, which ought on such fulse princi- ples be made but single species. I have not yet met in America the C. coronopifolia of Eu- rope having leaves with narrow remote seg- ments. The monstruous deviation called ape- tola by Opiz and Decandole, is evidently an in- cipient New Genus formed in Europe, not even of this family, having no petals, 10 stamens, in- stead of 4 petals and 6 stamens ! I call it OPI-
ZlA BURSOIDES Raf.
255, CALYSTEGIA RIPARIA Raf. sepium of Amer. bot. not L. nor Europe. Procumbent, twining, leaves cordate oblong, lobes rounded seldom acute, peduncles uniflore terete very long, calicule longer than calix ovate concave obtuse — annual, on the margins of rivers, streams and marshes in New Jersey and New York, flowers estival white incarnate. Mista- ken by our botanists for the Convolvulus sepi- um of Europe, Calystegia sepium of R. Brown and Pursh ; a smaller plant not climbing, leaves and flowers smaller.
255. BRUNJELLA MICROPHYI,LA Raf. stem pi- lose geniculate dwarf, leaves very small smooth subentire obtuse, lower ovate on long petiols, upper oblong subsessile, heads subsessile glo- bose or ovate, bracts scariose reniform venose ciliate acuminate — summits of mts. in Allegha-
30 NORTH AMERICAN
fries and Kiskanom nits, only 2 or 3 inches high, leaves not half an inch, flowers small pur- ple vernal. Annual like all the species ?
257. BRTJNELLA SESSILIFOLIA Raf. stem te- rete branched rough above, branches brachi- ate, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute en- tire smooth, margin rough, heads oblong, bracts cordate acuminate ciliate, calix ciliate colorate — Florida sesquipedal, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, heads elongate 3 inches long, calix red, flowers purple, handsome sp. near Br. inter- media of Europe, but leaves entire and smooth.
258. BRUNELLA PETIOLARIS Raf. smooth, stem simple subterete, leaves on long petiols, lower obovate or cuneate entire obtuse, upper lanceolate acute subdentate, heads ovatoblong short, bracts ciliate reticulate cuspidate cor- date, calix smooth cuspidate — In Kentucky pedal, radical leaves smaller, upper leaves long narrow triuncial, flowers estival as in nearly all.
259. BRUNELLA HIRSUTA Raf. Hirsute rough, stem simple 4gone, leaves remote petiolate cre- nate, lower ovate obtuse, upper elliptic oblong subacute, heads short truncate, bracts hirsute ciliate acuminate, calix ciliate acute — Illinois and Missouri, pedal, flowers bluish purple.
260. BRUNELLA CINEREA Raf. creeping vil- lose cinereous, radical leaves petiolate round and ovate, obtuse crenate, upper leaves oblong or linear nearly entire margin involute, heads oblong sessile,bracts reniform acum. ciliate, ca- lix hirsute at the base — Florida, Alabama, Wasioto mts. and hills of Kentucky, biennial, vernal very distinct, although akin to last and next. Stem semipedal, leaves small uncial, heads 2 inches long, calix as in most sp. upper lip 3dentate, lower bifid ciliate.
NEOPHYTON. 31
261. BRUNELLA HETEROPHYLA Raf, smooth erect, leaves petiolate subcrenate repand, radi- cal ovate rounded obtuse, on stem ovate or oblong, heads sessile ovate short — on mts. Alle- ghany, akin to the last, but annual estival erect smooth, green not ash color.
262. BRUNELLA CORDATA Raf. stem erect simple red, pilose above, petiols ciliate, leaves smooth ovate acute subentire pale beneath, lower cordate serrate, heads oblong sessile with 2 oblong leaves, bracts reniform reticulate cili- ate— Alleghany mts. pedal, fine species, calix red, corol purplish blue, estival.
263. BRUNELLA RETICULATA Raf. stem erect smooth, leaves petiolate elongate ovatoblong entire, acute at both ends, heads on a hairy pe- duncle, oval short, bracts reticulate acuminate ciliate, calix smooth — in Ohio, Kentucky <£c, fine species, sesquipedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches long, spike short hardly over one inch, calix with lips 3dentate and bifid as usual, but quite smooth. Akin to the last but differs by entire leaves and short heads not sessile.
264. BRUNELLA ROSEA Raf. dwarf, stem de- cumbent hairy above, leaves petiolate smooth oblong and lanceolate acute subentire, lower crenate, heads oval subsessile, bracts scariose reticulate cordate ciliate acuminate — in the Turkey mts. of Alleghanies, only 2 to 4 inches high, stem 4gone, angles with a few hairs, leaves uncial, heads uncial or less, flowers es- tival of a fine rose color different from all the others. Very distinct sp. only slightly akin to Br. microphyla in habit, but nothing else, calix ciliate. A variety has shorter heads and more crenate leaves, stem nearly erect. Van brevi- ftora.
32 NORTH AMERICAN
265. BRUNELLA OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. stem erect hairy above, leaves petiolate ovate obtuse en- tire or subrepand, heads oblong subsessile bracts scariose colored ciliate reniform acuminate ; calix colorate ciliate — in Pennsylvania <£c, more similar to Br. vulgaris of Europe than any other, pedal, cstival, perennial, bracts and flowers red. These 10 sp. of Brunella (mis- called Prunella by error of the press) are us- ually blended (when seen by our botanists) with the Br. pennsylvanica of Muhlenberg : to unite such diversities is preposterous. The real pennsylvanica which is the vulgaris of others differs from this my obtusifolia by creeping roots, ascending stems, leaves ovatoblong acute toothed at the base, &,c. I have even yet some other American and European blended sp. in my herbal, or at least striking varieties, some with white flowers.
266. BUCHNERA MISSURICA Raf. rough pu- bescent, stem adscendent base hirsute, leaves opposite and alternate crowded imbricate lan- ceolate subentire, radical ovate, upper ones small subulate squamulose remote, flowers in short spike, alternate at base, bracts subulate short — -Glades of Missouri and Illinois, pedal, perennial, calix ureeolate, tube of corolla slen- der strait.
267. BUCHNERA ANGDSTIFOLIA Raf. stem vir- gate terete nearly smooth, naked above, leaves remote linear obtuse entire roughened by white hairs, flowers scattered sessile in the spike — in Alabama, sesquipedal, capsules globose in ca- lix ovate 51obed. These two sp. are quite dis- tinct from B. americana, see 298.
268. CUPHBA ALBIDA Raf. stem simple hum- ble pauciflore, leaves petiolate ovate lanceolate
NEOPHYTON. 33
hardly viscose pubescent entire obtuse, flowers axillary subsessile, calix hispid striate, petals white cuneate small — in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, only found once in 1833, north of Carlile, annual, semipedal,quite distinct from C. viscosissima having many purple flowers, stem much branched and clammy, leaves nar- rower lanceolate 4^»
269. COMANDRA OBOVATA Raf. stem ramose angular striate, leaves oboval subobtuse, urn- bellules 3-5flovvered,, pedicels equal to flowers, bracts obovate equal to pedicels — mts. Allegha- nies pedal. The Thesium umbellatum of L. has been well described as a N. G. Comandra by Nuttal, but he neglected the species thereof, and so have done all our botanists, there are now 7 or 8 sp. of this G. and I will distinguish 5 sp. of it, all blended by our careless Authors. All have white estival flowers.
270. COMANDRA ELLIPTJCA Raf. stem angu- lar hardly branched, leaves broad oblong ellip- tic acute, umbellules sub 5flowered, pedicels shorter, bracts lanceolate equal to pedicels — common, pedal, estival, probably the C. urn- bellulata of Nuttal and most of our Botanists.
271. COMANDRA OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. stem an- gular branched above, leaves imbricate narrow oblong obtuse, umbellules 3-5fl. pedicels very short or wanting, bracts subulate — Ohio to Illinois, semipedal.
272. COMANDRA MEDIA Raf. stem terete stri- ate ramose, leaves broad oblong acute, umbell- ules l-3flore, pedicels equal, no bracts — in New Jersey and Virginiaj pedal.
273. COMANDRA CUNEIFOLIA Raf. stem slen- der subangular, leaves lax cuneate nearly acute umbellules 3-5flore, pedicels very short, bracts
5
34 NORTH AMERICAN
ovate short — West Kentucky, discovered 1823, pedal. I possess all these sp. which are such wide deviations as to be sp. rather than va- rieties.
274. HYDRASTIS TRIFOLIA Raf. stem flexu- ose three leaved, Iflore, leaves ample, lower pe- tiolate, 2 upper sessile, reniform 3-5Iobed, un- equally serrate ciliolate, lobes ovate acute, glau- cous beneath, flower sessile at the third leaf — West Kentu6ky, over one foot high, lower leaf 6 inches wide. This Genus was thought mon- otype, if this is not a N. sp. it is a very singular deviation of form, as H. canadensis has always 2 leaves not ciliate &c. Flower white early vernal.
275. GERANIUM LENTICULUM Raf. Pilose, stem erect slender sulcate branched, leaves op- posite and alternate on long petiols 5-7parted segments linear lanceolate entire acute, pedun- cles biflore shorter than petiols, calix sepals lan- ceolate nervose aristate, seeds lenticular pu- bescent— West Tennessee and Kentucky, pe- dal, flowers small, petals purple, estival, annual, in glades.
276. GERANIUM PEDATUM Raf. smooth, stem diffuse filiform striate, leaves alternate on long petiols small pedate 7-9fide, segments linear, medial cuneate trifid, peduncles very long, fili- form l-2flore, calix sepals ovate enerve acumi- nate, seeds oblong smooth. — Glades and Prai- ries of West Kentucky and Illinois, semipedal, annual, flowers small purple vernal.
277. ISANTHUS PUMILUS Raf. smooth, stem dwarf hardly ramose, leaves subpetiolate lan- ceolate acute hardly trinerve, pedicels uniflore short, equal to calix, shorter than leaves, calix ciliate— -Glades of West Kentucky and Tenn-
NEOPHYTON. 35
essee, annual estival, only 3 to 4 inches high- leaves not ciliate, but the calix instead.
278. ISANTHUS PUBESCENS Raf. quite pubes- cent, stem branched, leaves sessile trinerve lan- ceolate acute, peduncles biflore curved sub- equal to leaves longer than calix — Mts. Wasi- oto or Cumberland of East Kentucky, annual, pedal. This is nearer to /. ceruleus of MX. my Is. ciliatus which has however leaves ovate lanceolate ciliate, short peduncles and is nearly viscid.
279. ISANTHUS MULTIFLORUS Raf. smooth, very branched, leaves sessile linear lanceolate uninerve, peduncles multiflore, pedicels shorter than calix — with the last in the Wasioto hills, semipedal, annual. Thus this monotype Amer- ican Genus is now increased by me to 4 spe- cies ; they are all estival and commonly grow in Limestone soils, I have perhaps another doubtful from Texas, with obovate leaves.
280. PARTHENIUM HISFIDUM Raf. stem flex- uose sulcate hispid, hairs white, lower leaves obovate base acute, the lowest on a long hispid petiol, upper leaves sessile oblong and ovate, base truncate, all acute with large unequal teeth ciliolate, slightly hispid on both sides, flowers corymbose glomerate sessile toment6se pale fulvous — another sp. of this American Genus, from the Glades of Arkanzas and Texas humble, hardly over a foot high, with stiff white hairs, only one radical petiolate leaf, few leaves all different in size and shape, flowers fulvous white, perianthe with ovate obtuse sepals.
281. TRIOSTEUM CONNATUM Raf. perfoliatum and majus of some hot — stem sulcate pubes- cent, leaves connate ovate rhomboidal acumi- nate undulate, rough above, tomentose beneath
36 NORTH AMERICAN
axils 1 or 2flore, flowers sessile calix unequal linear pubescent — in the Alleghany mts. bipe- dal, corol rufous red subequal 51obcd, berries purple. Of tbis Genus our botanists admit only two species perfoliatum and angustifolium, but the first also called majus by some con- tains many blended species, and it is hard to say which is meant by each, as few give origi- nal descriptions: this is the sp. of Elliot. I shall increase this Genus to 8 sp. quite distinct, they are all perennial estival plants, with stem simple and axillary flowers, commonly found in limestone or sandy soils. The roots of all are medical and febrifuge, see my medical flora.
282. TRIOSTEUM MOLLE Raf. entirely villose soft, leaves subconnate broadly oblong acumi- nate undulate repand, villose above, tomentose beneath, axils triflore, flowers subpedunculate — Received from Missouri, bipedal.
283. TRIOSTEUM VILLOSUM Raf. stem striated villose, leaves sessile ovate acute base attenu- ate, smooth above, villose beneath, axils inulti- flore upper sterile, flowers sessile, calix lanceo* late — in the sandy soils from Maryland to New Jersey, bipedal, or tripedal corol short dark purple, berries purple.
284. TRIOSTEUM PUMILUM Raf. stem dwar- fish sulcate villose, leaves sessile oblong elliptic acute, villose beneath, axils uniflore, flowers sessile calix villose long linear — on the Apala- chian mts. of Virginia, only one foot high or even less, quite distinct from Tr. angustifolium, probably the minus of some botanists.
285. TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. Elliot &c, stem hairy, leaves subconnate lanceolate spatulate acuminate slightly scabrous, axils
NEOPHYTOW. 37
uniflorc, flowers ped uncled — in Kentucky, Ten- nessee and Apalachian nits, of Carolina, 2 or 3 feet high, corol yellow, berries red. I collect- ed this in the glades of West Kentucky,
286. TRIOSTEUM HISPIDUM Raf, stem flexu- ose striate hispid, leaves sessile ovate spatulate acuminate smooth ciliolate, axils uniflorc, flow- ers sessile, ovary hispid, calix smooth linear lanceolate — in the glades of West Kentucky with the last, but quite distinct by broader smooth leaves quite sessile, corol orange color.
287. TRIOSTEUM LEVIGATUM Raf, entirely smooth, stem fistular, leaves sessile ovate rhom- boidal acute at both ends, axils 2-3flore, flowers sessile, berries safron color — on the Apalachian mts. of Georgia and Alabama, seen alive in gardens, quite distinct by perfect smoothness of stem and leaves, flowers small orange color, berries also or nearly safron color.
288. TRIOSTEUM OBOVATUM Raf, stem fistu- lar tomentose, leaves sessile obovate broad am- ple acuminate tomentose beneath, axils 2-3flore fl. sessile, berries red — from New York to Illi- nois, the most common sp. in the Western States, often mistaken for the Tr. majus, quite different from my connatum by sessile obovate leaves, larger than in any other, stem 3 to 4 feet high.
289. PHRYMA MEDIA Raf. subpubescent, leaves petiolate equally serrate, lower cordate, upper ovate acute, last pair sessile, bracts su- bulate shorter than calix — in Kentucky, annual and estival like all the species. Our botanists admit of only one, but it offers so many devia- tions that I have collected 3 incipient sp. which I add with the real type of Phr. lepto- stachya.
38 NORTH AMERICAN
290. PHUYMA PUBESCENS Raf. pubescent, leaves subsessile ovate or elliptic, subcordate acuminate ciliate unequally crenate, last pair entire, bracts subulate equal to calix — Allegha- ny mts. pedal, flowers purplish.
291. PHRYMA PARVIFOLIA Raf. smooth, leaves all petiolate ovate oblong equally serrate bracts shorter than calix — Alleghany mts. pe- dal, leaves small uncial, flowers white.
292. PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA L. <J-c, smooth, leaves difforme lower petiolate ovate base acute deeply serrate, upper sessile ovate often en- tire, bracts equal to calix — the most common kind, from New York to Carolina, 1 or 2 feet high. If all the above are mere varieties of this, they afford a fine illustration of incipient species forming under our eyes in our woods.
293. THECANISIA Raf. a N. G. of Spi- rea tribe, near to Filipendula — cal, 5fid. per- sistent reflexed, petals 5, stamens few 12 to 15, pistils 3-5 stipitate with a style, stigma capitate. Fruit 1 to 5 thecas unequal stipitate oblong 1- 3seeded. Herbaceous perennial plants with lobed or palmate leaves subpinnate, stipulate,
flowers paniculate. — The essential character besides habit is found in the stipitate unequal pistils and fruits, the types are Spirea lobata and discolor, but others probably belong here, and I add two. The name means unequal thecas.
294. THECANISIA LOBATA Raf. Spir. do Au- thors leaves subpinnate smooth, folioles Slobed, the last 71obed, lobes lanceolate doubly serrate, panicle cymose compound — from Carolina to Alabama in hills, large plant 3 to 4 feet high, flowers rose colored.
295. THECANISIA PONPUREA Raf. stem stri-
NEOFHYTON. 311
ate, leaves smooth, pinnate palmate triparted, medial lobe large petiolate 3-51obed, lobes oblong acute, laciniate dentate, stipules oblong serrate, panicle lax naked — in Tennessee and West Kentucky, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers pur- ple, probably blended with the last, chiefly dis- tinct by lobes and panicle,
296. THEC. ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. stem striate flexuose, leaves palmate rugose, reticulate be- neath, 5 to 7lobes lanceolate acuminate une- qually serrate, stipules foiiose laciniate, panicle lax. — Mts. of North Carolina and Georgia, very distinct by narrow lobes, flowers purplish.
297. THEC. DISCOLOR Raf. Spirea do P. &c, stem angular sulcate, leaves subtrifoliate, lobes ovate acuminate unequally serrate, white to- mentose beneath, middle foliole cordate triiid, some small pinnules interjected ovate sessile, stipules small, panicle interrupted coarctate — Apalachian mts. a beautiful sp. 1 or 2 feet high, flowers white.
298. BUCHNERA LEVICAULIS Raf. stem vir- gate fistular quite smooth, above naked angular, leaves remote narrow lanceolate entire acute rough, spike short flowers alternate — Florida, a very distinct sp. stem 2 feet high very slender and smooth, leaves small uncial opposite sessile, spike uncial, flowers few small sessile alternate, bracts ovate acute half length of corolla. This with 266 and 267, increase to 4 our N. Amer. sp. they have probably all been blended in JS. americana which is quite distinct by roughness and opposite flowers &c. They are all estival, growing in glades out of woods, and dry black in herbarium.
299. ECLIPTA of L. a good Monograph of this Genus is much wanted, I shall attempt
40 NORTH AMERICAN
it for our N. Am. sp increased to 6, while our botanists know only 2 or 3, and blend half a dozen with E. erect a of South America, quite different from ours. These plants are estival or autumnal, all annual, with a similar habit of opposite sessile leaves, flowers often axillary and geminate. All have the perianthe biserial, many narrow rays and the seeds naked ; with a bristly phoranthe, whereby they differ from Bellis, and the habit is totally unlike ; but some sp. are stated to have besides a small bristly pappus, such are E. procumbens of Elliot and my E. ciliata fl. Lud. which therefore approx- imate to Verbesina and Galinsoga, and are perhaps two peculiar Genera Paleista and Ca- cotanis. As to E. brachypoda MX. which was Amellus carolinianus Walter, with pen- tandrous florets, no one else has seen it since, not even Elliot, and it will perhaps be found also a peculiar Genus or a Paleista.
300. ECLIPTA LONGIFOLIA Raf. stem erect slender weak trichotome nearly smooth, leaves sessile long lanceolate, acute at both ends, uni- nerve remotely serrate, nearly smooth, flowers erect axillary and terminal 2 or 3 together, pe- duncles unequal hispid, sepals of perianthe un- equal oval or lanceolate acute ciliolate — a very distinct sp. from E. erecta mistaken for it by nearly all the botanists, growing from Florida to New Jersey near streams, lately found by me near Philadelphia at the mouth of the Schuylkill. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, leaves re- mote 4 to 8 inches long, hardly one broad, flowers whitish autumnal, seeds brown 4gone, obovate. I add for contrast the others jB. erecta !
301. ECLIPTA DUBIA Raf. E. erecta Pursh,
NEOPllYTOJf. 41
Elliot &c erect dichotomy strigose, leaves sess- ile lanceolate base attenuate, remote serrate, triplinerve, flowers geminate, peduncles long, sepals of perianthe ovate acuminate — Virginia to Florida in gravelly soils, flowers estival: thus very different from last, but I have not seen it, it may have been badly described, there- fore is dubious.
302. ECLIPTA FLEXUOSA Raf. E. erecta L. 4*c« Stem erect nearly simple hirsute subflex- uose, leaves sessile lanceolate undulate une- qually serrate triplinerve, flowers 2 or 3, pedun- cles wooly, sepals of perianthe ovate — in Guy- ana and South America, biennial 2 or 3 feet high, thus totally unlike the two above.
803. ECLIPTA TINCTORIA Raf. E. erecta Wild. Pers. «J»c. stem erect strigose, leaves ses- aile oblong lanceolate remote serrate — in Asia and Egypt, used to die black, certainly differ- ent again from all the American sp. but requir- ing a better description.
304. ECLIPTA SIMPLEX Raf. stem erect sim- ple strigose above, lower leaves ovatoblong ob- tuse petiolate, upper oblong or lanceolate ses- sile acute uninerve, subentire, hardly strigose nearly smooth, flowers solitary axillary or ter- minal, sepals of perianthe ovatoblong acute — sent me from Alabama and Tennessee as JB. proeumbens although quite erect. A small sp semipedal, with few leaves and flowers, leaves 1 or 2 inches long.
305. ECLIPTA SULCATA Raf. stem erect tri- chotome sulcate nearly smooth, leaves narrow lanceolate sessile acute, subserrate in the mid- dle, nearly smooth, peduncles geminate une- qual hispid, sepals of perianthe ovate lanceo- late acute — Louisiana, sent me by Riddell as
6 •
42 NORTH AMERICAN
the E. procumbens ? nearer my longifolia, but leaves only 2 or 3 inches long, stem sulcate, sepals broader but not acuminate as in E. dubia.
306. ECLIPTA DICHOTOMA Raf. E. erecta Nuttal in Collins herb, stem erect dichotome smooth, leaves small sessile lanceolate and oblong acute entire or subserrulate substrigose, flowers 2 or 3 axillary and terminal, peduncles short subhispid, sepals ovate acute. Arkanzas, found by Nuttal, mistaken also for E. erecta, quite distinct, stem slender 3 or 4 feet high, leaves remote uncial, sometimes small leaves on the lower peduncles, imitating short branches, flowers small smooth, seeds brown oblong sub 4gone.
307. ECLIPTA PUMILA Raf. dwarf hispid rough, stem simple erect l-3flore, leaves sessile lanceolate acute or obtuse subentire, flowers axillary solitary, peduncle short, sepals oblong — Mts. Cumberland of East Kentucky, 1 or 2 inches high only, perhaps a deviation of E. simplex.
308. ECLIPTA NUTANS Raf. stem decumbent or assurgent flexuose trichotome rough above, leaves sessile strigose, oblong lanceolate or cun- eate hardly serrate acute uninerve, on the branches linear lanceol. entire, flowers axillary and terminal geminate nodding, peduncles very short, sepals ovate lanceolate acute — in Ken- tucky also the banks of the Ohio and Potow- mak, pedal or less, leaves small uncial, flowers very small. This has probably been the E. procumbens of MX and many botanists, but not of Elliot and others. It has some varieties 1 pauciflora, assurgent nearly simple few flow- ers, 2 diffusa leaves often cuneate below, most-
NEOPHYTON. 43
ly oblong. This is the only prostrate sp. I have seen, and it is often assurgent.
309. PALEISTA Raf. Perianthe uniserial 8-10sepals unequal serrate fimbriate, rays nu- merous 24-30 short linear 2dentate, floscules 4fid 4androus, phoranthe with fringed bristles, seeds 4gone tuberculate, crown with a thick margin and a pencil of short bristles. Pro- cumbent^ radicant branched, leaves opposite, floioers commonly geminate. — Thus this G. differs from Eclipta in perianthe, chaff and seeds,
310. PALEISTA PROCUMBENS Raf. Eclipta do Elliot not others. Procumbent strigose tricho- tome, leaves sessile triplinerve long lanceolate remotely serrate, peduncles elongate, 1 or 2, sepals of perianthe lanceolate acute serrate fimbriate — in Carolina and Florida in damp soils, flowers small white estival and autumnal : certainly quite distinct from my Eclipta nu- tans, nearer to JE. longifolia in some things. I add to this the doubtful E. brachypoda not seen by me, but to contrast them.
311. PALEISTA? BRACHYPODA Raf. Eel. do. MX &c Amellus Carolin. Walt, prostrate di- varicate, leaves lanceolate nearly entire, pe- duncles 1-2 very short, sepals oval lanceol. floscules Sandre — in Carolina &c perhaps a peculiar G. or subgenus to be called Brachy- poda prostrata !
312. CACOTANIS Raf. Perianthe conical imbricate, with many rows of sepals, many rays, chaff bristly, seeds compressed notched crowned by a few small bristles. Leaves al- ternate, flowers terminal. — I united this plant to Eclipta in 1817 by a mistake, the habit is totally unlike our Ecliptas. It differs from all
44 NORTH AMERICAN
the genera blended in Verbesina by many rays and bristly seeds, from Galinsoga by the pap- pus not paleaceous &c. The generic name means bad herb.
313. CACOTANIS CILIATA Raf. Eclipta do fl. lud 214. Stem erect terete smooth, leaves al- terne sessile remote linear smooth ciliate thick — in West Louisiana, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers few terminal one inch broad, rays white, disk yellow. Autumnal. Smell like Ctctifa, taste acrid, deleterious.
314. CLIPTERIA Raf. Perianthe nearly uniserial 8-10 unequal sepals, phoranthe con- vex bristly, rays none, florets crowded, seeds naked. Dichotome, leaves alternate, flowers terminal geminate — very distinct Genus known at first sight from Eclipta by alterne leaves, and flosculose flowers. The name means defi- cient around.
315. CLIPTERIA DICHOTOMA Raf. stem erect smooth dichotome, branches biflore, leaves sess- ile oval oblong acute nearly entire uninerve smooth, peduncles geminate elongate, sepals of perianthe ovate long acuminate — Sent me anonymously from West Tennessee and the Chacta Country, stem bipedal, leaves and pe- duncles uncial, flowers green and small. I had first called it Eclipta levigata, but it appears a peculiar genus by habit, even if there should be short rays, my specimens have none, but the dry Ecliptas seldom show them. Could this be the Galinsoga parviflora of Mg. Catal. men- tioned by no one else? it is certainly not the pe- ruvian plant.
316. DIPLOSTELMA Raf, Radiate, pe- rianthe oblong turbinate imbricate sepals une- qual, margin scariose external short. Rays
NEOPHYTON. 45
few oboval, floscules few tubular, phoranthe naked, seeds oblong smooth crowned by a dou- ble pappus, external short paleaceous scariose, internal bristly longer. Annual ramose, leaves alternate, flowers terminal — a pretty little Genus near Bellis in habit, quite distinct by few rays and seeds. I find it under the name of Acticarnopus (in Collins herb) Genus un- known to me and the name cant apply, the seeds and not the fruit being stellate. My name means a double crown. I have 3 sp. of it.
317. DIPLOSTELMA PUMiLA Raf. dwarf erect ramose strigose, branches angular uniflore, leaves sessile entire, lower cuneate or spatulate obtuse, lower linear cuneate acute, sepals of perianthe lanceolate acute rays about 5. — Texas and Arkanzas a small annual plant 2 to 4 inches high, with many slender branches and leaves, flowers estival, rays apparently white obtuse subentire, floscules 5 to 8 only, seeds and pappus fulvous. Found by Nuttal in Arkanzas.
318. DIPLOSTELMA RADIANS Raf. strigose erect, branches filiform pauciflore, lower leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse entire, upper few li- near acute, sepals lanceolate cuspidate rays obt. 8 — collected by Drummond in Texas, 6 to 8 inches high, flowers smooth, white, rays cun- eate 8 to 10, floscules fewer 4 to 7.
319. DIPLOSTELMA FILIFORMIS Raf. erect, branches filiform rough, much divided, branch- lets naked uniflore, leaves entire sessile, lower cuneate obtuse, upper subulate linear short, se- pals lanceolate fringed at the end, rays about 4 • — collected in Texas by Drummond, sent me by Torrey without name, 6 to 8 inches high, leaves small, reduced to scales above, sepals more
4C NORTH AMERICAN
scariose fewer, rays 3 to 5, floscules 4 to 5.
320. LAXANON DIVERSIFOLIUM Raf, quite smooth, stem and branches flexuose, radical and lower leaves narrow pinnatifid segments oblong unequal remote falcate, upper leaves graminiform obtuse entire, umbels 2-3flore, pe- duncles unequal smooth, filiform, sepals of pe- rianthe ovatoblong obtuse — in Arkansas, col- lected by Nuttal, found in Collins herb, among the Krigias as a N. G. not named : it is a se- cond sp. of my G. Laxanon see 204. Habit of a Krigia, lower leaves similar 4 or 5 inches long, stem pedal, leaves narrow 2 or 3 inches long, the 2 last subopposite forming a kind of involucre to the small umbellule, seeds ovate oblong striate.
321. BAPTISIA Vent. &c. This fine Ge- nus of N. Amer. plants had been blended with the African Sophoras and Podalyrias till lately. Even now it includes 3 or 4 distinct Genera ! Our compilers had only 8 sp. Nuttal had added 3 hardly congeneric, I shall add some others, and thus we shall have 15 sp. but now distribt- ed in 4 Genera of which I will give short mo- nographs. They are Baptisia, Ripasia, La- sinia and Pericaulon ..... which differ more in habit and characters, than from the akin Genera Podalyria, Thermopsis, Raf ma. Tern- pletonia, Pitcfieria SLC.
BAPTISIA Raf. calix urceolate unequally 4fid one tooth often emarginate, petals subequal pa- pilionaceous, vexillum emarginate revolute wings callose or toothed inside, keel subequal obtuse, stamens 10 free unequal, style curved simple, stigma obtuse. Pod stipitate ovate or globose ventricose smooth polysperm. — Peren- nial plants, leaves trifoliate subscssile, not
NEOl'IIYTON. 47
reticulate, stipules obsolete, Jlowers yellow racemose or solitary terminal, bracts obso- lete.
322. BAPTISIA TINCTORIA of Authors. Raf. med. fl. tab. 14. Smooth, much ramose, terete folioles sessile obovate rhomboidal subobtusc, racemes nodding pauciflore pod turgid ovate — common plant from Canada to Louisana in woods, but it has several varieties or deviations, some of which are assuming the rank of sp. Var. 1. procumbens, 2. thamnoides, 3. parvifolia &c, estival,
323. BAPTISIA RETUSA Raf. smooth folioles obovate emarginate or retuse ample, branches uniflore — this appears entitled to be deemed a sp. the leaves are 4 times as large, the flowers twice as large, stem less ramose erect 4 feet high. Found in West Virginia and East Ken- tucky,
324. BAPTISIA SPHEROCARPA Nut, pi, rar. 52. smooth, branches angular canaliculate, folioles sessile obovate oblong obtuse retuse, racemes erect multiflore, pods subglobose — in Arkanzas near streams, folioles uncial, flowers large deep yellow on short pedicels. In my specimens the raceme is not terminal as stated by Nuttal who first described this plant in 1834 Journ. Ac. N. Sc.
325. BAPTISIA ALBIFLORA Raf. Alba Authors. Smooth, branches terete, leaves on short peti- ols, folioles elliptic base acute end obtuse, ra- ceme erect elongate multiftore, flowers white pods obovate — from Carolina to Alabama and Louisiana, vernal. Some Var. 1. latifolia, 2. glatica, 3. mucronata, 4. retusa tyc, perhaps incipient sp. but all easily known by the fine white flowers. Perhaps a peculiar subgenus JEleucia Raf. bv nods, petiolate leaves &c.
48 NORTH AMERICAN
326. RIPASIA Raf. diff. Baptisia calix campanulate base acute, petals unequal on long claws, vexillum shorter reflexed, wings longer, keel equal to vexillum, stamens sube- qual, stigma acute, pod oblong terete acumi- nate. Leaves with stipules, flowers blue ra- cemose.— This Genus or subgenus is known at first sight by the flowers, calix, longer wings and pod, stipules &c. The name implies its constant locality near streams.
327. RIPASIA CERULEA Raf. Bapt. Podalyria Sophora australis or cerulea of Authors. Smooth, branches terete, stipules lanceolate, leaves on short petiols, folioles sessile cuneate subacute, raceme erect elongate multiflore. — On the margin of rivers from the Potomak and Ohio to Louisiana and Florida, estival. Some Var. 1. obtusifolia, 2. rhombifolia, 3. ma- crostachya &c.
328. LASINIA Raf. difF. Baptisia, calix often hairy vexillum obcordate short, base auri- culate, wings not callose, pistil quite hairy, style also at the base, pod subsessile, hairy oblong acuminate: Perennial plants more or less hairy, leaves reticulate with stipules and flow- ers with bracts or else axillary, yellowish or greyish — This group will be easily known by the hairy habit most intense in the pistil and pod, bracts, deeply cleft vexillum &c Michaux had 3 such hairy kinds, Elliot suspected there were more, and I shall increase them to 7 species.
329. LASINIA RETICULATA R. Bapt. lanceo- lata and uniflora of Authors. Stem smooth di- chotome angular sulcate, stipules minute, leaves subsessile, folioles petiolate oblong obtuse base cuneate, minutely nervose reticulate on both
NEOFHYTO*. 49
sides, flowers axillary and subracemose bracts lanceolate — in Carolina, Florida and Alabama, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers vernal dark yellow.
330. LASINIA FULVA Raf. branches terete and pubescent, stipules obsolete, leaves and fo- lioles sessile, smooth oblong elliptic base acute, end obtuse retuse, minutely nervose reticulate on both sides, flowers chiefly axillary, some racemose, bracts oblong hairy calix pubescent pistil and pod fulvous very hairy. — Tennessee and Arkanzas. leaves uncial, flowers small of a dull fulvous yellow. A very distinct sp. proba- bly blended among B. vittosa which includes several sp. according to Elliott.
331. LASINIA BICOLOR Raf. (or grandifolia) stem dichotome pubescent, leaves petiolate, sti- pules linear, folioles sessile obovate or elliptical base acute, end obtuse or emarginate, margin ciliate, pubescent beneath, reticulate above, ra- cemes short ovate pauciflore — in Arkanzas and Texas, beautiful striking sp. leaves larger than in any other about 3 inches long, stipules petiols and calix pubescent, racemes with 8 or 10 flowers crowded large of a dull yellow with a large purplish spot at the base of the vexillum nearest to B. mollis of MX. but very different from the next.
332. LASINIA FALLENS Raf. stem sulcate nearly smooth, pubescent above, stipules lan- ceolate, leaves sessile, folioles sessile oblong cuneate obtuse emarginate pubescent beneath, racemes oblong pauciflore, calix acute — Alaba- ma and Apalachian mts. leaves bi uncial, ra- ceme triuncial of 10 or 12 large flowers of a dull yellow. Still nearer L. mollis, teeth of ca- lix acute as in it, but very little hairy and not
7
SO NORTH AMERICAN
at all soft. The above 4 sp. are quite distinct, and may be the B. vittosa or mollis of some Authors, which I add here for contrast and comparison, although 1 have not seen them.
333. LASINIA CINEREA Raf. B. villosa of Au- thors, stem and leaves beneath pubescent, sti- pules linear, leaves subsessile, folioles elliptic obtuse — in Carolina, Michaux says the flowers are pale, Elliot calls them grey.
334. LASINIA MOLLIS R. Bapt. do MX. 4*c Quite pubescent soft decumbent, stipules lan- ceolate folioles, leaves petiolate, folioles rhom- boidal lanceolate, calix acute — in North Caro- lina, flowers dark yellow, omitted by Elliot, dis- covered by MX. found by Nuttal on the Cataw- ba ridge, leaves 2 inches long one wide, pod small oblong acuminate.
335. LASINIA BRACTEATA Raf. Bapt. do Mg. Elliot, &c leucophea Nuttal &c — quite pubes- cent hispid, branches angular divaricate, leaves and folioles sessile, stipules large ovate acute, folioles cuneate obtuse, racemes multiflore se- cund, bracts large lanceolate — from Carolina to Louisiana and Missouri, fine striking sp. fo- lioles 3 inches long narrow, young leaves yel- low beneath, flowers large on long peduncles, called ochroleucous by Nuttal, grey by Elliot, they are become brown in my Specimen. Vernal.
Decandole appears to have misunderstood some of these sp. he divides the bracteata and leucophea, while he deems the first the mollis of MX. but has another mottis of Nuttal ....
336. PERICAULON Raf. calix campanu- late unequaly 4fid, upper bidentate, petals e- qual papil. not spreading, vexillum carinate e- marginate amplectens not reflexed, stamens 10
NEOPHYTON. 51
free equal, pistil stipitate, style curved, stigma acute, pod stipitate smooth subglobose acumi- nate swelled, seeds reniform. Leaves simple amplexicaule reticulate, flowers axillary soli- tary peduncled yellow — -Genus quite distinct bj habit, petals, stamens, pod &c which has been shuffled by turns into (Jrotalaria, Sophora, Podalyria, Rafnia, Baptisia ! 5 Genera . . ! my name means around stem. Perennial and vernal.
337. PERICAULON PERFOLIATUM Raf. (5 Gen- era do of Authors !) stem terete, subramose, leaves perfoliate rounded elliptic both ends ob- tuse reticulate smooth glaucous — Carolina to Florida, sandy hills, aspect of Buplevrum per- foliatum, flowers pale yellow. My specimens are from Kin, in Collins herb. Dillen and L. describe it with cordate ovate leaves, do they mean another sp ? P. cordatum Raf . . .
338. PERICAULON MICROPHYLUM Raf. Bapti- sia do Nut. rar. 53. stem ramose, leaves sessile obovate rounded, upper amplexicaule coales- cent with rounded stipules — West Florida and Alabama, lately described by Nuttal, flowers and pod as in the last.
339. EAPLOSIA Raf. (to be simple) diff. Pericaulon, cal. camp. 4fid subequal, petals un- equal on long claws, keel large much longer ob- tuse, wings oblong, vexillum obovate revolute, ovary conical desinent into a strait subulate style, stigma acute smooth. Pod substipitate conical smooth. Leaves simple sessile smooth reticu- late, stipules none, flowers racemose bracte- ate yellow. — A fine distinct Genus by habit, pe- tals, pod &c : Nuttal did not see the flowers, the leaves become fuscate in drying, lucid above, dull beneath.
52 WORTH AMERICAN
340. EAPLOSIA OVATA Raf. Baptisia simpli* cifolia Groom and Torrey, and Nuttal ? pi. rar. 51. stem flexuose striate, leaves broad ovate quite sessile, base rounded, end obtuse or re- tuse, raceme spiked, bracts ovate acute longer than the short pedicels — in West Florida, dis- covered by Crocwi, specimen sent me by Tor- rey, sesquipedal, subramose above, leaves large
3 inches long 2 wide, raceme subterminal 3 or
4 inches long, flowers forming a spike by short peduncles, calix canescent inside, teeth large ovate, petals dull yellow. Nuttal states his specimen to have had oval rhomboidal leaves, thus nearer the next and perhaps a variety, rhombmdea.
34L EAPLOSIA LONGIFOLIA Raf. stem flex* uose sulcate, leaves oblong, elliptic subrhom- boidal, base attenuate semiamplexicaule, end obtuse rounded — sent me from Alabama with- out flowers, but evidently akin to the last, leaves of same color and texture, minutely nervose re- ticulate above lucid blackish, beneath dull fus- cate L but shape quite different larger 5 or 6 inches long, only 2 wide in the middle where swelled, both ends attenuated, and base a little decurrent.
342. DREPILIA Raf. calix campanulate subequal 5fid. petals pupilionaceous subequal, vexillum revolute, stamens 10 free, style filiform stigma minute smooth, pod substipitate falcate compressed acuminate moniliform polysperm. Perennial, leaves petiolate trifoliate stipulate, Jlowers racemose subverticittate yellow — this Genus has been improperly united to Ther- mopsis of R. Bruon which has calix bilabiate, pod linear strait &c, a Siberian G. based on So- phora fabacea. Drepilia derives from little scythe. It is very akin to
NEOPHYTON. 53
343. DREPILIA RHOMBIFOLIA Raf. Cytisus do Pursh. Thermia Nut. Thermopsis rhombif. Hooker fl. bor. t. 47. Th. oregonensis Dec — - leaves petiolate rhomboidal silky beneath, sti- pules rounded foliaceous, raceme subsessile in- terrupted— Missouri and Origon, my specimens are from Bradburry, roots creeping, stems pe- dal angular.
This will conclude our Leguminose plants of Sophora tribe, the Virgilia is a tree and my N, G. CLADRASTIS, the Soph, sericea is subdia- delphous forming my N. G. VEXIBIA. I shall now give another interesting monograph of our Crotalarias.
244. CROTALARIA. Linneus had only 23 sp. we have now about 150 ! but many hetero- genous sp. are blended even by Decandole, see my flora telluriana for N. G. meantime most of our N. American sp. form a very natural group; our Authors have only 5 mostly deemed var. of C. sagittalis by MX. some ascertained by Pursh and Elliott, but misnamed, since sagittalis, le- vigata and parviflora are exotic plants. I shall revise them and increase to 10 sp. having all simple leaves and long peduncles opposite to leaves^ bracteate commonly multiflore, stem often winged by decurrent stipules, like a re- versed arrow, mostly annuals, flowers bibrac- teate yellow estival. They must form a sub- genus locaulon (arrow stem) with the similar kinds of South America &c.
345. Subg. IOCAULON Raf. calix campanul. deeply 5fid subequal subbilabiate, equal to pe- tals papil. Vexillum obcordate reflexed, keel acuminate longer than wings, stamens 10 mo- nadelphous at base, split behind, filaments al- ternate longer bearing 5 round anthers com-
54 NORTH AMERICAN
monly sterile, 5 shorter with oblong anthers bi- locular. Pistil subsessile, style lateral longer than stamens, stigma obtuse hairy, pod snhses- sile oblong turgid obtuse mucronate on one gk$e black and smooth polysperm, seeds small reni* form shining rattling. Habit as above stated.
346. GROT, or loc, LINEARIS Raf. C. eagit. var. linearis MX. smooth virgate erect, teaves linear elongate sessile ucute stipules linear erect hardly decurrent ; peduncles elongate tri- flore, bracts and c.alyx linear lanceolate cilio- late, pods subterete — from Carolina to Louisi- ana, received from Alabama, annual, estival, stem erect slender pedal, leaves long narrow, 2 or 3 inches long, stipules weH marked, pe- duncles very long 4 or 5 inches, with 1 or 2 bracts in the middle, flowers small near togeth- er. Pods longer and narrower than in the others, nearly terete oblong quite black.
347. CROT. or loc. LONGIPES Raf. sagittalis ? Dec. smooth assurgent, stem well winged, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute, stipules lanceo- late erect foliose decurrent, peduncles very long incurved biflore, bracts and calix linear lanceolate hispid — sent me from Alabama, large bipedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches long, half inch broad, stipules large uncial, peduncles 6 to 8 inches long, with a bract in the middle, flowers small, pods not seen.
348. CROT. or loc. PILOSA Raf. parviflora Roth Dec. P. El. &c, excl. syn. MX. non par- vifl. Thunberg, W. Sm — erect ramose, pilose hirsute, leaves subsessile oblong lanceol. ciliate mucronate. stipules short irregular subdecur- rent, peduncles short subracemose 3-5flore, bracts and calix ciliate linear lanceol. pods tur- gid oblong — from Pensylv. and New Jersey to
NEOPHYTON. 55
Carolina and Missouri, small semipedal, leaves short uncial, peduncles biuncial flowers small, petals shorter than caljx, pods brown. The Cr. parviflora Thunberg, miscalled parvifolia by Persoon is African and has ovate tomentose leaves. Annual estival, some Var. 1 Simplex leaves mostly oblong, in Pine Woods, 2 flexu- osa lower leaves oblong obtuse, upper narrow lanceolate, Missouri. Formerly this was called C. sagttalis, and Beck, Torrey, Eaton . . . make 2 sp. of it, without any distinction !
349. CROT. or loc. CUNEIFOLIA Raf. Purshi Dec. levigata ? Pursh. sagittalis Elliot. Smooth erect, leaves cuneate oblong mucronate glau- cous beneath, upper leaves ciliolate, stipules lanceolate divaricate decurrent, peduncles short 2-3fl. pubescent, bracts and calix lanceolate — Carolina to Florida, sent me as Cr. sagittalis, probably blended with the next by Elliot, leaves biuncial quite cuneate at base, stipules broad, flowers small.
350. CROT. or loc. LUNULATA Raf. sagittalis var. oblonga MX. stem assurgent pilose ramose, leaves subpetiolate nearly smooth elliptic or .ovatoblong obtuse cuspidate glaucous beneath ciliolate, stipules lunulate lanceol. decurrent ciliate, peduncles short l-2flore, bracts and ca- lix lanceolate pilose, pod uncinate. — Carolina to Florida, my specimen from W. Florida, large plant sesquipedal, branches erect, leaves uncial, flowers small, peduncles biuncial, pods brown uncial oblong, with a hooked acumen. Stipules quite crescent shaped, very distinct sp. probably perennial like the next.
351. CROT. or loc. ovalis. P. El. &c stem pilose prostrate, branches angular erect not winged, leaves ovate or obovate or elliptic
56 NORTH AMERICAN
smooth ciliate subpetiolate obtuse or retuse glaucous beneath, stipules minute not decur- rent, peduncles elongate racemose 3-6flore, bracts linear calix hirsute lanceolate, pod obo- vate — from Carolina to Florida and Alabama, stem sesquipedal, leaves uncial or less, pedun- cles 4 to 8 inches long, petals exceeding a lit- tle the calix, pods uncial. Perennial, some Var. 1 Oboeata many leaves obovate, 2 par- vifolia &/c.
352. CROT. or loc. PUMILA Raf. Dwarf pros- trate branches flexuose hispid diffuse angular, leaves elliptic rounded subsessile obtuse or re- tuse rugose, stipnles obsolete, peduncles very short uniflore, bracts linear, calix lanceolate hirsute — Florida and Georgia, perennial, only 2 or 3 inches high or long, leaves and flowers very small. Habit of Polygonum aviculare. Probably a deviation of the last.
353. CROT. or loc. SAGITTALIS L. &c stem erect hirsute winged above, leaves lanceolate petiolate hairy beneath, stipules bifid decurrent peduncles racemose — in Guyana and Brazil, quite different from all ours. Decandole ap- pears to omit it, and applies the name to ours, perhaps to 347.
354. CROT. (loc?) FLEXUOSA (Eaton.) Suf- fruticose, branches flexuose, leaves obovate den- tate hairy, flowers corymbose downy — Caro- lina, quite distinct since shrubby with toothed leaves: not seen, I find it only in Eaton, who forgets to quote the Author.
355. CROT. (loc ?) SCARIOSA Raf. suffruticosc branches erect simple slender terete silky, leaves adpressed sessile lanceolate acute entire, silky white beneath, peduncles subradical with scariose scales, flowers subcapitate, involucre
57
scariose, bracts and call* broadly lanceol. sil- ky— Texas and Arkanzas, submulticaule 5 or 6 Inches high, only woody at the base, no sti- pules, floriferous stems or peduncles 3 or 4 inches long, scales fulvous vaginate, flowers 5 or 6, yellow, vexillum large round longer than calix.
356. CROT. (loc?) ASARIFOLIA Raf. Pros- trate puberulent, stem simple slender angular not winged, leaves on long petiols broadly cor- date obtuse entire, stipules obsolete, peduncles axillary short 1-2 (lore, bracts and calix lanceo- late— Texas, collected by Drurnmond, a very distinct sp. by petiolate leaves, probably not a locaulon, yet flowers similar small, petals equal to calix, annual ? leaves remote petiols uncial, leaves one inch broad but shorter, pods not seen.
357. CROT. (loc?) ALATIPES Raf. smooth, stem angular flexuose, leaves on winged cune- ate petiols, oblong acnte base subcordate, reti- culate above, stipules lanceol. scariose striate, flowers racemose terminal, bracts similar to sti- pules equal to pedicels — South Florida, herb, of Collins, not named, evidently of this group, but not a locaulon ! probably a peculiar subge- nus (Alatipes Raf.) calix short with a subulate calicule beneath, petals subequal, keel quite curved acute, vexillum reflexed, pod not seen. It must be compared with the tropical sp. Quite smooth all over, perennial, leaves rigid 2 or 3 inches long, petiols uncial, some lower leaves smaller oboval retuse, spikes slender cur- ved 3uncial, flowers small saffron yellow.
Decandole has another from N. Amer. Crot. platycarpa of Link, which hardly differs from Cr. pttosa, and is probably var . simplex, by its
8
oblong leaves ; the name of platycarpa is an absurdity in a Genus having always turgid pods : if really with flat pods it is not of this Genus !
358. GERARDIA AND AKIN GENERA— Sir James Smith has stated in Rees Cycl. that this Genus of 1'lumier was based on the G. tu- berosa only, and that Linneus in adopting it had united thereto many plants that ought to be separated if with different characters : this is the fact with all our North American sp. which must even form 3 or 4 peculiar Genera. Nuttal deemed them confused, forming 2 sections with purple and yellow flowers as near Digitalis as Gerardia ! I have reformed this G. in flora Tellur. I now mean to revise all our species, which I mostly possess and amount to over 20. Some of these were once united to Rhinanthus Chelone and Erinus ! but Seymeria, Pagesia, Dasistema,aml others, have been already distin- guished. I shall add many others.
Character of real GERARDIA. Calix 5fid, co- rolla tubulose bilabiate, upper lip emarg. erect, lower 31obe, reflexed, middle lobe bifid, lateral lobes emarginate. Stamens 4 didynamous smooth, anthers smooth, a style, stigma obtuse. Capsule bilocular oligosperm, partitions con- trary to valves, dehiscent below. Roots tube- rose, leaves opposite entire, flowers axillary yellow. Several tropical sp. blended in G. tu- berosa.
359. LOPHANTHERA Raf. differs by corolla campan. Slobed, the anthers crested, leaves divided &c. Type G. delphinifolia of Asia 4*c. The African sp. form the G. MELASMA of Berg.
360. AUREOLARIA Raf. calix campanuK
WEOPHYTON. 59
semi 5fid subequal segments simple, corolla campanul. ventricose, Iimb51obed obliqual,lobes subequal entire. Stamens 4 didyn, filaments hairy as base, anthers hairy not crested, base bifid biaristate. Capsule dehiscent above. Roots perennial, leaves opposite, flowers terminal bracteate yellow — This will include nearly all our golden sp. except G. pedicularis &/c. The name implies the golden flowers.
361. AUREOLARIA viLLosA Raf. Ger. do Muhl. Ger. flava L. &/c. Easily known by its pubescence often all over, leaves oblong, the lower sinuate. Several var. 1. virgata, 2 sinuata, 3 mo n tana all leaves entire, 4 heter- ophyla Mg. leaves very different and sinuate.
362. AUREOLARIA LEVIGATA Raf. Gerardia do Raf. annals Nat. 99, G. lanceolata Muhl. Cat ? Quite smooth, leaves subsessile lanceo- late acute entire, pale beneath, bracts ovate lanceolate, flowers subsessile, teeth of calix ovate obtuse — in the Mts. Alleghanies and Cumberland from Pennsylv. to Kentucky, disc, by me 1818 descr. 1820 in my annals, stem 1 or 2 feet high mostly simple faintly 4gone pur- plish, bracts small, flowers large yellow estival. Var. 1. ramosa, 2 alternifolia some leaves and most of the flowers alternate.
363. AUREOLARIA RETICULATA Raf. stem as- surgent terete smooth simple, leaves sessile o- blong and cuneate entire acute, rough above and on margins, beneath smooth reticulate, flowers racemose peduncled, bracts linear cun- eate, teeth of calix ovate acute — Florida and Alabama, pedal, stem dark purple, leaves bi- uncial.
364. AUEUEOLARIA CUNEIFOLIA Raf. SHlOOth,
stem simple terete, leaves sessile cuneate acute
60 NORTH AMERICAN
•inuate dentate, flowers racemose, bracts linear entire, peduncles equal to calix. segments lan- ceolate— Mts. Alleghany rare, stem pedal dark purple, leaves 2 to 4 inches, upper narrow, ca,-» lix broadly camp, subbilabiate, corollas large. Very different from Gerardia cunei folia of Pursh, nearer to A. glauca.
365. AUREOLARIA RUPESTRis Raf. Ger. do. R. Atl. Journ. p. 154. quite smooth, stem fistu- lose purplish, leaves petiolate bipinnatitid seg- ments deep lanceolate acute remote, sinusses rounded, upper leaves oblong pectinate lacini- niate. racemes often ramose, bracts lanceol. en- tire, flowers secund peduncled, segments of ca- lix lanceol. acute — in the Alleghany Mts, on rocks, Tuscorora chain &c, probably blended with the next by Authors, 2 or 3 feet high, often ramose, leaves large below and twice cut, nar- rower above, flowers smaller than in the other kinds.
366. AUKEOIARIA GLAUCA Raf. Ger. do. Ed- dy, Eaton, Tor. Beck, G. quercifolia Pursh, Elliot. G. flava Walter, Rhinanthus Virgini- eus L.— Quite distinct from the last by larger size, stem solid glaucous, leaves subsessile the lower sinuate pinnatifid, attenuate at both ends, a little rough, upper entire, raceme paniculate, bracts linear, segments of calix linear elongate —from Long Island to Carolina and West in the prairies of Kentucky, where it attains 6 feet var. 1. Gigantea. 2 pur pur ca stem pur- plish.
367. PANCTENIS Raf. (quite combed) diff. Aureolaria, calix urceolate 5fid segments unequal foliaceous pectinate or crenate. Co- rolla hairy outside, stamens quite hairy, cap- sule polysperra. Flower* axillary, thin may
NEOPHYTOH. Gl
be deemed a subgenus of the last if liked, but is very distinct and may as well be a Genus.
368. PANCTENIS PEDICULARIS Raf. (or Au- reolariu) Gerardia do L. &c. Well known common species very branched and clammy villose, segments of calix crenate serrate or la- ciniate. Var. 1 ramosissima, 2 pumila, 3 simplex <£c, but 2 other varieties appears to be wide deviations and incipient sp. sprung from this.
369. PANCTENIS PECTINATA Raf. Ger. pedic. var pectinata Nut. leaves ovate pectinatly sub- bipinnatifid softly villose, peduncles short, seg- ments of calix pectinate — found by Nuttal in pine woods of Carolina, by myself in pine woods of Alleghanies, sesquipedal.
370. PANCTENIS PUMILA Raf. dwarf, leaves lanceolate, crenate or pectinate hardly pinnati- fid, petiols elongate, segments of calix only cre- nate— Alleghany Mts. found in bloom later than any other in Autumn, roots large thick branch- ed, stem only 3 inches high, leaves small not bipinnate, flowers as large as usual, whole plant quite hairy but not clammy. Could it be a late Autumnal shoot thus deviating to form a pecu- liar species ?
371. AGALINIS Raf. (remarkable flax.) Calix campanul. 5 dentate, often truncate, teeth subequal not obliqual. Corolla widely cam- panulate 5 lobes rounded equal obliqual often ciliate. Stamens didyn. villose, anthers bicus- pidate at base, dehiscent lateraly. A style, stigma obtuse compressed. Capsule globose bilocular, bivalve quite split, polysperm. Chie- fly annuals, slender stems and leaves, flow- ers axillary and terminal purplish — a very distinct natural Genus having the habit of flax,
62 NORTH AMERICA*
with toothed calix and purple flowers es*ival and Autumnal, leaves and flowers chiefly oppo- site, leaves always sessile.
372. AGALINIS PALUSTRIS Raf. Ger. purpu- rea L. &,c. that name applied to all. It will be known by its locality near marshes, stem branched rough 4gone, leaves broad linear rough, flowers subsessile and large, teeth of ca- lix elongate and broad. From New England to Carolina, sesquipedal. Var. Corymbosa branches crowded corymbose, 2. divaricata slender divergent, 3 ramosiissima, 4 virgata &c, but the next appears to be distinct.
373. AGALINIS LONGIFOLIA Raf. stem simple 4gone smooth, leaves long linear smooth thin margin rough, flowers subsessile, teeth of calix long subulate, — Near streams New Jersey to Virginia, stem 6 to 12 inches only, while leaves 2 or 3 inches long, often alternate above, flow- ers rather large.
374. AGALIMS MAKITIMA Raf. Ger. do Raf. med. rep. 1808. Nuttal 1818. G. purpurea var. cra*ssifolia Pursh. Quite smooth, stem branched, leaves linear thick convex beneath enerve, flowers on peduncles shorter than leaves, calix crenate, teeth^ short obtuse — on the Sea shores from New England to Chesapeak bay. Stem 2 to 8 inches high, flowers smaller. A very distinct sp. one of the few of my early dis- coveries in 1802 adopted by our botanists. Var. 1. pumila,) 2 or 3 inches high, 2 gracilis less branched slender leaves remote.
375. AGALINIS VIRGATA Raf. quite smooth, stem simple virgate angular, leaves ad pressed narrow linear, flowers racemose opposite on short peduncles, teeth of calix short acute — glades of Pine woods in South New Jersey near
NEOPHYTOJf. 63
Mullica Hill <£c, annual, estival, 6 to 15 inches high, leaves short semiuncial equal to intcrno- des, shorter or remote above, flowers size of A maritima, peduncles eqnal to calix. This is most likely the erecta of Walter.
376. AGALINIS CORYMBOSA Raf. stem smooth angular filiform branches terminal corymbose virgate leaves adpressed setaceous linear sca- brous with a thick nerve, flowers alternate sub- sessile, teeth of calix broad acute — -Carolina and Florida, stem 1 or 2 feet very slender, leaves small semiuncial, flowers rather large. It appear to differ from the G. plukeneti of El- liot by the leaves, rough and broader, less branches, shorter peduncles and alternate flowers.
377. AGALINIS PLUKENETI Raf. Ger. do El- liot. Pluk. phyt. t. 12. f. 4. not seen by me, ap- pears to differ from last by stem much branch- ed, setaceous smooth leaves, peduncles longer. Carolina.
378. AGALINIS PERENNIS Raf. Ger. linifolia Nut. El. &c Perennial creeping roots, stem te- rete virgate smooth,few virgate branches, leaves smooth long linear thick, flowers terminal race- mose smooth, peduncles subequal to the upper leaves, teeth of calix remote short acute — Ca- rolina to Florida, a very distinct sp. from my A. virgata, nearer A. maritima, ; distinct from all by the roots that are annual in others. My specimen is from Florida, and has leaves near- ly 2 inches long, rather divergent, flowers few remote, corolla smooth not pubescent and ci- liate as in most species, peduncles nearly uncial.
979. AGALINIS FASCICULATA Raf. Ger. do Elliot. I have not seen this sp. but it appears
64 HORTH AMERICAN
to differ from all mine by the tall rough rigid stem 3 to 5 feet high, leaves opposite and ter- mite with axillary fascicles, rough linear, flow- ers subsessile and teeth of calix linear longer than in any — Sea Islands of Carolina.
380. AGALIMS TENUIFOLIA Vahl. and all hot. but Elliot suspects some sp. are blended since Nuttal calls the leaves rough, but his own spe- cimens in Collins herb, are smooth. EasHy known by complete smoothness stem 4gone, leaves linear, corolla short small smooth, pe- duncles as long as leaves, teeth of calix small acute — from Canada to Florida and Missouri, autumnal, woods and glades var. 1 paniculata 2 ramosissima "2 feet high Elliot. 3 kumilis semipedal few branches, 4 saxatilis leaves lon- ger, branches divaricate.
381. AGALIMS SETACEA Raf. Ger. doPursh. smooth, stem subramose terete filiform, leaves setaceous, peduncles filiform longer than leaves corolla short, teeth of calix minute acute— New Jersey to Alabama and Kentucky, Illi- nois in glades,flowers as in the last. Var. humi- lis 6 to 10 inches, 2. major 1 or 2 feet more branched.
382. AGALINIS OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. quite smooth and glaucous, stem subramose angular filiform, leaves setaceous sulcate, end obtuse callose, flowers racemose, peduncles much longer th&n leaves, corolla short, teeth of calix minute re- mote callose — West Tennessee, Alabama and Florida, distinct from last by angular stem and leaves with a deep furrow, obtuse at the end, all other kinds have acute leaves. Stem with few slender branches, leaves and flowers often alternate ; corolla smooth shallow or broadly cmmpanohtte*
NKOH1YTOH. 05
383. AGALINIS FILTFOLIA Raf. Ger. do Nut. Ell. I have not seen this sp. of Florida, it ap- pears to differ by terete stem, leaves filiform, carnose, corolla large similar to A. palustris, calix likewise.
384. AGALINIS MICROPHVLLA Raf. smooth, stem virgate terete costate sulcate, leaves re- mote adpressed scattered minute linear obtuse, flowers spicate suhsessile, peduncles shorter than calix, teeth short acute, corolla smooth ciliate shallow — in Florida, collected by Le- conte (Collins herb) very slender, few alternate branches, few leaves 2 or 3 lines long, stem deeply grooved and ribbed not angular. Flow- ers small similar to those of A. glauca, Quite distinct from next by stem, leaves and pedun- cles.
385. AGALINIS APHYLLA Raf. Ger. do Nut. El. smooth, stem virgate nearly simple 4gone leaves opposite like scales ovate acute deci- duous, flowers racemose opposed, peduncles elongate triple of calix, teeth minute acute — Carolina to Florida. My specimen is only pe- dal,and in fruit, quite aphyllous, capsules ovate, there are 2 other doubtful sp. of this Genus, Ger. leucanthera fl. lud. 155, which is probably a var. of Ag. tenuifolia G. 2. Ger. jlammea of Bartram travels omitted by all later botanists, is perhaps a Russelia ! for G. auriculata see next Genus.
386. TOMANTHERA Raf. calix Sparted unequal, corolla smooth venose, rotate campan- ulate 51obed, lobes rounded 2 superior larger, stamens 4 didynamic very unequal, 2 of double length,h*laments smooth flexuose,anthers smooth bipartite, the 2 cells unequal,dehiscent lateraly, style flexuose, stigma obtuse. Capsule ovate
9
DO NORTH AMERICAN
acute bivalve as in Agalinis. Same habit an- nuals, leaves opposite sessile, flowers axillary purplish — A very distinct G. by calix, stamens and anthers, corolla as in Seymeria, but purple. The name applies to the split anthers.
387. TOMANTHERA LANCEOLATA Raf. Erinus I africanus Muhl. stem simple hirsute, leaves lan- ceolate acute entire pubescent, flowers subsess- ile, segments of calix ovate lanceolate pubes- cent— A very rare plant deemed doubtful be- cause never described. In Pensylv. and Ca- rolina, my specimen of Collins herb, was collec- ted by Dr. Cleaver in New Jersey, it is annual only 4 inches high, with a thick stem of a dark purple, leaves few small 4 to 8 lines long, flow- ers large, size of Agalinis tenuifolia, calix sub- foliose, corolla smooth. Never met by me in 25 years of researches!
388. TOMANTHERA? AURICTJLATA Raf, Ger-
ardia do MX. and all our copists, who have never seen it nor described it ! by Michaux short account it differs by stem nearly simple very rough, leaves ovate lanceolate auriculate, flowers quite sessile — -in Illinois and also Loui- siana : I have not seen it and it must be better described.
389. DASISTEMA Raf. J. Sc. phys. 1819. Calix urceolate ofid, segments unequal foliace- ous dentate. Corolla with a short thick tube wooly inside, limb rotate Slobed, lobes subequal concave wooly at the bottom. Stamens 4 didyn short wooly, anthers mutic smooth, a 5th sterile stamen, style short, stigma clavate. Capsule as in Aureolaria, seeds winged. Perennials, leaves divided opposite, flowers spicate brae- teate yellow. — This N. G. of mine disc. 1818 published 1819 with my 50 N. G. is quite pe-
NEOPHYTON. 67
culiar having the calix of Panctenis, but sta- mens unlike all.
300. DASISTEMA AURICITLATA Raf. quite vil- lose, stein 4gone ramose, leaves petiolate broad- Jy lanceolate, the lower auriculate at base, me- dial truncate at base, upper acute at base, all crenate serrate subobtuse, bracts sessile ova* loblong, flowers subsessile, calix crenate — on the banks of R. Ohio in West Kentucky and Illinois, estival, fine plant 3 or 4 feet high, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, flowers large golden yellow.
391. DASISTEMA MACKOPHYLLA Raf. Seyme- ria do Nuttal <$>c Erinus pinnatif ? Mg. stem ramose, leaves nearly smooth subsessile, lower elongate pinnatifid or sinuate, upper lanceolate entire, flowers subsessile, segments of calix en- tire ovate — found by Nuttal in Ohio, I have his specimen in Collins herb, whereby I have as- certained what I already surmised, that it is really a sp. of this Genus and not Seymeria, Nuttal says the stamens are smooth, but involv- ed in the wool of the base, he meant the an- thers, the filaments being also wooly. Tall plant, leaves 3 to 6 inches long, flowers yellow.
392. SEYMERIA Pursh. ArzELiAGm. not Smith. Calix camp, deeply 5fid. subequal. co- rolla rotate campanulate deeply Slobed, lobes subeqnal, stamens 4 very short subequal quite smooth, except at insertion subsessile deflexed anthers oblong smooth emarginate, incumbent, two equal cells opening by ovate terminal pores. Style filiform declined, stigma obtuse. Capsule bivalve ovate 21oc. polysperm, seeds minute. Annuals, leaves opp. and alt. small divided,
flowers axillary yellow — a very distinct Genus mistaken by Nuttal who gave the character out
69 NORTH AMERICAN
of his S. macrophyUa, the stamens and pores are quite different. Elliot has better under- stood the characters and the 3 sp. which I all possess.
393. SEYMERIA TENUIFOLIA Pursh. N. E. &c. Afzelia cassioides Gm. Gerardia afzelia MX. branches terete rough, leaves smooth setaceous lower pectinate pinnatifid, upper subcntire, flow- ers racemose, peduncles subequal to leaves, seg- ments of calix linear — Carolina to Alabama, stem 3 or 4 feet (Elliot) much branched, small slender leaves, calix quite cupular at base with rounded sinusses and linear segments, corolla with purple dots inside, segments oblong obtuse, capsule smooth.
304. SEYMERIA PECTIN ATA Pursh <£c, Vis- cose pubescent leaves pectinate pinnatifid, seg- ments of calix cuneate — Carolina to Florida, although Nuttal calls this common, Elliot did not see it, and I have fewer specimens than of the last. Branched, leaves short, calix with deeper and broader segments, sinusses obtuse, corolla and capsule pubescent.
395. SEYMERIA HETEROPHYLA Raf. S. jack- soni E. viscose pubescent, branches virgate, leaves oblong lanceolate, lower pinnatifid seg- ments oblong the last larger, upper leaves en- tire or auriculate, peduncles equal thereto, seg- ments of calix oblong deeply parted — a very distinct sp. which Elliot deemed doubtful. Ala- bama and Georgia, my specimen from Leconte C. H. 2 to 4 feet high, branches incurved sub- terete, leaves minute very short, calix almost 5parted, corolla small segments ovate obtuse, style short.
396. DASANTHERA Raf. 1817. Calix 5 parted unequal, corolla campanul. 51obed une*
NEOPIIYTON. tl9
qual, stamens 4 unequal, anthers villosc. Leaves opposite serrate, flowers purple — to complete the compared account of all the Gerardias I add this Genus, with some others not seen by mer and very little known, which must be des- cribed better hereafter. This appears medial between Aureolaria and Dasistema, but the calix and purple corollas differ from both.
397. DASANTHERA FRUTICOSA R.Gerard ia do Pursh &c shrubby, leaves lanceol. serrate sub- petiolate, flowers racemose bracteate. — Origon Mts. only seen dry by Pursh and Torrey.
398. DASANTHERA? CUNEIFOLIA Raf. Ger, do Pursh 4*c perennial, branches erect, leaves cuneate unequaly serrate, upper alternate, pe- duncles axillary longer than leaves or bracts—- Florida, disc, by Bartram but not liisflammea, of doubtful Gjeims not even seen by Elliot. Ca~ lix 5parted and purple flowers.
399. PAGESLA Raf. fl. lud. calix Sparted unequal, upper segment larger, corolla tube ventricose limb rotate bilabiate, upper lip re- flexed flat emarginate, lower trilobe. Stain 4 didyn. style and stigma simple, capsule as in Aureolaria. Leaves oppos. sessile, flowers ra- cemose white — This G. of mine 1817 is akin to all the above, but distinct by the calix bilabiate, white corolla 4*c.
400. PAGESIA LEUCANTHA Raf. fl. lud. 149. Stem weak decumbent 4gone ramose, leaves sessile ovatoblong serrulate smooth, axils biau- riculate, flowers racemose on long peduncles, segments of calix striate — in West Louisiana and Texas probably, disc, by Robin, many weak stems pedal, white smooth flowers, cap- sule oval polysperm. This may be the white flowered Ger. auriculata of Louisiana hinted at by some botanists.
70 NORTH AMERICAN
401. OVOSTIMA Raf. Cal. cainpanul. 5 fid, segments unequal leafy entire. Corolla tubular ventricose smooth limb large spread- ing with 5 lobes subequal rounded. Stamens 4 didyn. included, filaments subequal smooth ; anthers obtuse base sagittate bifid bicuspidate 21ocul. opening latera!y,suture&> pubescent. Style elongate strait, stigma capitate ovatoblong acute nodding. Capsule small inclosed, pe- rennial ? leaves opposite peliolate, flowers axillary while — a singular Genus partaking of the characters of many akin, but distinct by calix, stigma and white flowers as in Pagesia. The name means ovate stigma.
402. OVOSTIMA PETIOLATA Raf. quite smooth stem simple terete purplish, leaves opp. petio- late oblong lanceolate both ends acute, lower repand or with remote unequal obtuse teeth, up- per subentire, flowers subsessile, segments of ca- lix ovatoblong — Florida or Alabama, received without name with many other rare plants. I first called it Aureolaria pallida, but have been able to ascertain it since as a N. G. near Pa- gesia ; I have not the ripe fruit however. Stem sesquipedal, leaves thin pale beneath 2 or 3 inches long, flowers large nearly 2 inches long, segments of calix longer than camp, base, co- rolla thin apparently white or very pale ochro- Jeucous.
403. RUSSELIA Jaq. Jus. W. not of Lin. junior which is Vahlia. Calix Sparted, corolla tubulose limb spreading bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, lower longer trilobe stamens 4 didyn. inclosed. Capsule acum. subuniloc? valves indexed. Leaves oppos. peduncles ax- illary flowers red or scarlet — this fine tropi- cal Genus must be added to our Flora. Gal*
NEOPHYTON. 71
vezia of Dombey in Jussieu united thereto by \V. P. differs by calix 5fid, tube ventricose be- low and capsule globose.
404. RTTSSELIA JUNCEA. Zuc. in bot. reg. 1773. Brandies 4gone erect virgate, leaves minute petiolate ovate subentire, peduncles fili- form subbiilorc — Texas and Mexico, flowers scarlet.
405. RUSSELIA FLAMMEA Raf. Gerardia do Bartr. trav p. 412. stem ramose pyramidal, leaves lanceolate '! flowers in a pyramidal foli- ose panicle— Alabama, indicated 60 years ago by Bartram, and still not in any work nor gar- den as yet : although a splendid plant 4 feet high, crowded with large scarlet flowers, tubu- lar and bilabiate ; therefore referable to this Genus, unless it is a new one to be called FLA-
MARIA COCCINEA Raf.
406. MACR ANTHERA Torrey 1835. Con- radia Nuttal 1834 but not of Martius. Calix deeply 5fid, corolla tubular border 5fid sube- qual. Stamens 4 subequal exserted, filaments hairy, anthers linear sagittate. Style long fili- form, stigma simple or bifid. Capsule ovate acum. polysperm, as in Aureolaria. Peren- nials, leaves opposite divided, flowers axilla- ry racemose yellow on long reflexed incurved peduncles. — I adopt the name of Torrey in- stead of Oonradia already twice employed, by myself in 18*25 for my Leptilix Neog. 25 for the American Tofieldas, sec Abama 1st part, and also by Martius, Macranthera is not however a very good name as the anthers are not very long, the name of TOXOPTJS (Raf.) meaning in- curved peduncles would have been better, but the 2 sp. known (and there may be more) ap-
'•* NORTH AMERICAN
pear types of two subgenera differing tenis and Aureolaria.
407. M AC R ANTHER A LEcoNTi Torrey (or Toxopus gymnanthes Raf.) leaves smooth pe- tiolate ovate lanceol. sinuate pinnatifid, bracts and segments of calix linear lanceolate entire in Florida and on the R. Alatamaka, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers autumnal deep yellow. Tor- rey states the stigma to be simple and yet his figure shows it quite bifid and bilamellar.
408. MACK ANTHER A FUSCHIOIDES T. Benth (or Toxopus calycinus or Tomilix bracteata Rat) Conradia Nut. rar. 41. fig. Smooth leaves petiolate lanceolate sublyrate pinnatifid, bracts ovate sinuate, segments of calix lanceo- late unequal foliose serrate — in" Alabama, fine large plant with golden flowers, the calix is nearly as in Panctenis, and the stigma certain- ly simple, these two characters indicate a sub- genus if not a Genus ! my Tomilix meaning cut calyx.
409. APENTOSTERA Raf. (no fifth ste- rile) Calix Sparted subequal, corolla ventricose campanul. bilabiate, upper lip erect bilobe, low- er trilobe. Stamens 4 didyn. anthers villose, no fifth sterile filament. Capsule ovate acute, seeds angular not winged. Leaves opposite,
flowers axillary, racemose purplish — this N. *Gr. of Origon is probably fecond in sp. It links the Gerardia group with the Pentostemon. Totaly unlike our real Chlonanthus (chelone) having the corolla convex short and winged seeds. Pentostemon which now includes a crowd of sp. that must be divided into 5 Gen- era, differ by the fifth filament and various co- rollas. Also near to Pagesia.
410. APENTOSTERA SECUNDIFLORA Raf. Pen-
N EOF II Y TON. 73
tost, scouleri Lind. bot. reg. 1277. Suftruti- cose, leaves cuneate serrate, upper linear ob- tuse entire, flowers subracemose secund — Ori- gon, large purple flowers. Akin to Dasanthe- ra fruticosa 397.
411. APENTOSTERA TRIFLORA Raf. Chelone! nemorosa Lind. bot. reg. 1211. Herbaceous, leaves ovate acum. serrate, upper amplex. cor- date, peduncles axiHary triflore — Origon, quite similar to the last in the structure of flowers, yet put into a different Genus by Lindley !
412. LEPTEIR1S Raf. (minute sterile) calix 5parted, corolla tubulose incurved beard- ed inside, limb 51obed subcqual. A minute ru- diment of a fifth sterile stamen. Leaves oppos. narrow, flowers glomerate verticillate whitish — another and nearer link to Pentostemon, dis- tinct from it by corolla and habit quite pecu- liar : akin to Russelia and Pagesia.
413. LEPTEIRIS PARVIFLORA Raf. Pentoste- mon micranthum Nut. cat. 83. Smooth, leaves linear lanceol. acute entire subamplex. flowers spicate paniculate glomerate in whorls, seg- ments of calix lanceolate — Origon, stem slen- der pedal, seen dry, collected by Wyeth.
I must end here this long survey of the Gen- era akin to Gerardia, without attempting yet all those akin to Pentostemon. They are fur- ther removed from Digitalis to which Nuttal compared them. Thus we have already 12 Gen- era and 40 sp. of plants akin to Gerardia or once added thereto, many of which are quite rare plants seldom seen by our botanists ; some are beautiful and yet hardly known in Gardens, There must be others in the Missouri and Ori- gon regions. It is a fact that in this tribe the colors of flowers indicate Genera ! I have not
10
74 NEOPHYTOlf
yet seen the labor of Hooker on the Gerardia.
414. SCHWALBEA AMERICANA L. &C. I
have several specimens of this fine and rare plant, collected from New Jersey to Carolina ; yet I never could meet it myself in 25 years of botanical herborizations ! I mention this to show again how easy it is for careless botanists to overlook my new and rare plants or blend them with others, if such plants escape my keen re- searches. Well described by Elliot. The al- ternate leaves and capsule with partition form- ed by the valves, remove thisG. from the group of Gerardias.
MONOCOTYLES.
Although 1 wish to be concise I have been compelled to dwell upon some Genera impro- perly known, and thus give again monographs instead of mere insulated new species ; this plan will be preferred by those who like to compare the whole at once. Having till now described Dicotyles only, I now mean to give some new or rare Monocotyles in the remain- der of this second part of my Fora ; the third part whereof will be chiefly upon trees and shrubs.
415. UNISEMA Raf. 180S. Med. fl, 1830. Fl. tell. 6. Beautiful distinct Genus of mine bas- ed on the various species blended in Pontede- ria cordata \ with a fruit quite peculiar simi- lar to Grasses ! which our botanists have hesi- tated to adopt, altho' they knew it was good, having verified the fruit ! — Perigone corolli- form bilabiate 6fid, stamens 6 unequal filiform
MONOCOTYLES. 75
incurved. Style filiform, stigma simple. Fruit a single oblong seed covered by the marcescent 6 ribbed perigone, perisperm farinaceous, em- bryo fleshy central terete. Aquatic plants, roots fleshy creeping, leaves radical petiolate, stem unifoliate articulate, spadix terminal spicate with a vaginal spatha below the base, flowers blue. — Thus quite a natural Genus, widely different from Pontederia and the akin Genera Kadakia, Carigola, Gomphima, Piaro- pus, Lunania or Endolimna see rny flora tell. This forms the type of a peculiar family UNIS- EMIDES 1815 near to Aroides and Typhacea, the spike is a real spadix. I have given a long history of this G. in my Medical flora.
416. UNISEMA DELTIFOLIA Raf. m. fl. fig. 93. Radical leaves oblong deltoid obtuse, base acute or truncate, stem leaf subsessile similar undu- late base subreniform ; spike terete, peduncle subequal to spatha, segments of flowers oval obtuse — in West Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- bama and Florida. Stem 3 feet, leaves 5 to 8 inches long, spke 3 inches.
417. UNISEMA PEDUNCULARIS Raf. purshiana? Raf. m. fl. (angustifolia ? Pursh) This differs from last by leaves truncate or subcordate the stem leaf on a long petiol, the peduncle of the spike twice or thrice as long as the spatha, seg- ments of flower linear lanceolate — Carolina to Florida. Spike shorter hardly 2 inches. Var. parvifolia, leaves 3 or 4 inches long only, spike only one inch, peduncle and petiols not quite so long. My specimens of both have all obtuse leaves, none are acute.
418. UNISEMA MEDIA Raf. m. fl. 3. Leaves oblong cordate obtuse consimilar, spike terete peduncle longer than spatha, segments oblong
> NEOPHYTON
obtuse — New York to Carolina, called P. au- gustif. by many, not at all deltoid, lobes deep rounded, breadth of leaves about one third of length, spikes 2 or 3 inches long. Var. angus- tifolia leaves still narrower, Var. ulbiflora with white flowers.
419. UNISEMA ACUTIFOLIA Raf. 6 P. cordata Lainark. Leaves cordate acute, spike terete, segments oval oblong — Carolina found by K osc, I have not seen it yet, is it a Var. of U. lati- folia?
420. UJVISEMA HETEROPHYLLA Raf. 8. Leaves oblong lanceolate obtuse, base subcordate or truncate, stem leaf cordate on long petiol, spike oblong, peduncle equal to spatha, segments li- near oblong — New York to Louisiana, found at Trenton falls of Delaware and on the R. Ohio, a small plant, 12 to 18 inches high, leaves 1 to 3 inches long very narrow, therefore the P. an- gustif. of some botanists. Var. lanceolate^ 2 stenocardia.
421. UNIS. LANCIFOLIA Raf. fl. tex. 27. Pont, lanceolata Mg. Elliot. Leaves linear lanceol. base rounded or acute, end acute — Florida to Texas. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long broader than in last, sometimes ovatoblong, but really acute.
422. UNIS. OBLIQUATA Raf. m. fl. 4. Leaves more or less obliqual with unequal sides, obtuse oblong cordate or subhastate, spikes ovatoblong peduncles equal to spatha, segments linear ob- tuse— from New Jersey to Virginia, about 2 feet high, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, spikes one inch.
423. UNIS. LATIFOLIA Raf. 5. Pont, cordata of most botanists. Leaves ovate broadly and deeply cordate very obtuse, spike oblong terete
1VIONOCOTYLES. 77
peduncle equal to spatha, segments oval — the most common kind from New Jersey to Flori- da, in marshes and streams, 3 to 5 feet high, leaves nearly as broad as long. Var. 1 . Elatior, 2 undulata, 3 pallida, 4 albi flora Jpc.
424. UNIS. MUCRONATA Raf. 1808 m. fl. 7. Leaves narrow oblong, base broader cordate j end with a long obtuse point, spike terete, seg- ments oblong — found by Mr. Kingston in Vir- ginia 1800, seen in his herbal.
425. UMIS. ROTUNDIFOLIA Raf. m. fl. 9. Leaves rounded obtuse hardly cordate at base, spike oblong, segments oval — Kentucky and Illinois. Stem weak, one foot high, leaves small about 2 inches. Not the Ponted, rotundif. of Linneus and South America,which appears the real type of Pontederia having a trilocular capsule. — Thus I have increased this fine Genus to 10 sp. and they may be more : to deem them mere varieties would be preposterous ; but they may be specific deviations of a single original type. These plants were called Wampi by the Indi- ans and the seeds eaten by them. They are now called Pickerelweed in the Northern States. The articulated stem at the leaf ar,d spatha is similar to that of those Amaryllis lately divided on that score.
426. CLINTONIA Raf. 18t7,18l9.Anals 1820 Med. fl, 1830,atl, j. 1832,adopted by Beck 1833; not the Clintonia of Liridley 1829 which is my Gynampsis 1833 — Beautiful distinct G. of mine indicated since 1817 in my reviews, described in 1819 in Silliman's Journal and 50 M. G. of plants : it is formed by the plants blended in Dracena boreal is and since united to Conval- laria and Smilacina ! that have quite a pecu- liar habit and a bilocular berry, striking char- acter common with Styrandra, but this has only
78 NEOPHYTON
4 stamens. See my med. flora article Sigillaria, and my flora tellur. for the Genera blended in Convallaria and Dracena. The characters of CLINTONIA are perigone corolliform Gparted campan. deciduous, 6 stamens inserted at the base, filiform, anthers oblong, style compressed, stigma bilobe compressed. Berry bilocular, cells polysperm. Roots creeping perennial, stem scapose leafy at the base only, flowers terminal geminate or umbellate whitish, ber- ries blue — they are rare plants of the Canada region and the highest Mountains, flowers ver- nal, called Cuscam by the Linapian tribes. Dedicated to my friend the worthy D. Clinton a worthy Philosopher, Naturalist and Botanist as eminent as Jefferson. Beck reduces the sp. to C. borealis and multiflora which are each the type of a subgenus, but include several sp. and varieties, that I have carefuly studied.
427. Subgenus CUSCUMIA Raf. (or PODANI- SIA if too barbarous) flowers 2 to 5 no bracts, sepals oblong or lanceolate opening like a bell, style equal or longer than stamens, stigma bi- lobed. Only 2 or 3 leaves, flowers ochroleu- cous, peduncles unequal.
428. Subgenus ONYXULA Raf. flowers um- bellate 7 to 15 with one or more minute bracts, sepals unguiculate or base attenuated, claws erect, limb oboval spreadihg or rotate, style shorter than stamens, stigma notched. Several leaves 4 to 7 subradical, flowers white, pe- duncles eqaal.
429. CLINTONIA (Cusc) BIFLORA Raf. Three similar leaves elliptic cuneate acuminate cili- ate, scape smooth elongate biflore, peduncles erect unequal, sepals lanceolate obtuse berries rounded — Apalachian Mts. or Southern Alle-
MONOCOTYLES. 79
ghanies, flowers medial whitish, style longer than stamens, stigma quite bilobe, leaves 5 or 6 inches long, scape 7 to 8.
430. Cl. biflora Var. hu mills differs by smaller leaves more cuneate, 3 to 4 inches long, scape 4 to 5.
431. CL, (Cuse) TKIFLORA Raf. Leaves 3 dissimilar unequal, 2 elliptical, 1 lanceol, smal- ler, all ciliate acute, scape pubescent elongate triflore, peduncles unequal pubescent erect, se- pals oblong obtuse berries globular — Mts. Alle- ghanies on rocks in summits of ridges, humble, leaves 4 to 5 inches long, scape 5 to 6, flowers pale, commonly 2 peduncles opposite shorter in- curved with nodding flowers, one erect longer. Var. lindens, the peduncles subequal like a tri- dent.
432. CL. (Cusc) ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. subcau- lescent, leaves 3 similar alternate elongate nar- row cuneate lanceol. acumin. ciliate, scape smooth subequal to leaves,commonly 5flore, peduncles unequal flexuose, sepals oblong ob- tuse, berries globular — summits of Central and Northern Alleghanies, larger plant nearly pe- dal, with narrow leaves 8 to 10 inches long and only one wide, flowers smaller than in the two last, but berries larger.
433. CL. (Cusc) TALCATA Raf. Leaves 3 dis- similar, 2 broad lanceol. acum. one narrow lan- ceol acute falcate, all smooth like scape elon- gate 3-4flore, peduncles subequal erect, berries oblong — found only once in fruit on the summit of the Oquago Mts. leaves equal in length about 6 inches, scape 9 inches, peduncles - elongate uncial fastigiate.
434. CL falcata Var.tridens. Raf, 2 leaves radical elliptical lanceol. one on the stem quite
80 NEOPHYTON
narrow falcate, scape triflore, peduncles pubes- cent shaped like a trident. Also on the Oqua- go nits.
435. CL. (Cusc) PODAXISIA Raf. annals 118. Leaves 3 similar elliptical acute ciliate, scape pubescent double of leaves, umbel 4-5flore pu- bescent, peduncles very unequal mostly incurv- ed, flowers ereet, sepals lanceolate acute, ber- ries globular. — summit of Backbone mts. of Al- leghanies, leaves 4 inches long, scape 8 inches, flowers large whitish.
436. CL. (Cusc) NUTANS Raf. 1819. borealis Beck 1833. Convallaria and Srnilacina bore- alis of some botanists P. N. E. not in M.X. nor Torrey. Subcaulescent, leaves 3 to 4 similar obovate or broadly elliptical acuminate ciliate, scape longer 5-6flore smooth, peduncles une- qual nodding, sepals oblong obtuse, style shor- ter, berries oblong — Kiskanom and Oquago mts. Alleghanies of Pennsylv. and the most common kind, yet not seen or overlooked by some botanists, quite distinct from the last by larger flowers not white but yellowish; and o- blong berries as in Cl. falcata, 8 to 10 inches high. A fine specimen has 3 leaves and 6 flowers.*
437. Cl. nutans Var. bi folia Raf. differs by 2 leaves, umbel 4flore, peduncles erect sube- qual. Mt. Pocono of Alleghanies.
438. Cl. nutans tar. flexipes Raf. differ leaves twin long elliptic acute, scape flexuolate elongate Sflore, peduncles pubescent unequal flexuose. berries ovate oblong. Mts. Tuscoro- ra and Mahantango of Alleghanies, scape pe- dal, flowers pale. Perhaps rather a var. of Cl. triflora.
439. CL. (Cusc) OPHIOGLOSSOIDES Raf. cau-
MONOCOTYLES. 81
lescent, only one radical leaf obovate acute ci- liate, a stem leaf smaller oblong lanceol. acute, scape pubescent 4flore, peduncles pubescent un- equal, 2 shorter incurved, 2 longer erect, ber- ries globular — Sent me from Michigan, semi- pedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches. Is it a var. or de- viation of Cl. podanisia ?
440. CL. (Cusc) LATIFOLIA Raf. Leaves 4 similar short broad subovate abruptly acum. ci- liate, scape elongate 4flore, smooth, peduncles erect subequal, sepals oblong, obtuse, style e- longate, berries oblong — Mts. Taconick and hills of New England, probably in Canada also, scape pedal, leaves 4 to 6 inches, flowers ochro- leucous larger even than in Cl. nutans, with style longer than flower, a large bilobe stigma, leaves really broadly oval.
441. CL. (Cusc) BIUMBELLA Raf. Leaves 3-4 similar elliptical ciliate, scape with 2 umbels the lateral 2-3flore, the terminal 4flore, pedun- cles smooth unequal, petals lanceolate obtuse, berries globular and oboval — Mts. Alleghany, pedal, fruits singular unequal in size and shape.
442. CL biumbella Var. aitoni Raf. Cl. ai- toni Raf. atl. J. p. 120. Dracena borealis Ait. Andr. repos. t. 206. Leaves undulate not cili- ate ? scape flexuose, 2 umbels 3-4flore nodding berries globular — from Canada and Hudson Bay, cultivated in England. Ts it a peculiar sp. to be called CL undulata or Aitoni ? the figure in Andrews represents the stigma as o- blique truncate dilatate emarginate.
443. CLINTONIA (Onyxula) PAKVIFLOSA Raf. annals 117. Leaves 5-6 elliptical or lanceo- late acuminate, margin and nerves ciliate, scape equal to leaves pubescent, umbel 5-6flore bract obsolete, peduncles erect equal* sepals ungui-
11
82 NEOPHYTOIf
culate spatulate obtuse, berries globular. — Sum- mit of the Central Alleghanies of Maryland, only found once in 1818 on a single rock, small plant 4 or 5 inches high, flowers snowy white not spotted very small, limb of sepals rotate obovate. Certainly distinct from all the next.
444. CLINTONIA (Onyx.) ODORATARaf. Dra- cena borealis Big. Conval. umbel. MX. Eat. Smilacina do. P. N. E. T. Leaves oblong elliptical with an obtuse point, ciliate, but nerves smooth, scape elongate pubescent above, umbel multiflore 9-l5flore, a short oblong bract, pedun- cles subequal, sepals unguiculate spatulate un- dulate ovatoblong obtuse, berries globular — Mountain bogs from Canada to Carolina says Beck, never met by me, my specimen is from Collins H. and has only 9 flowers, they are white and small but larger than the last, Mi- chaux says they are odorous and have some red dots ; no other kind is odorous. This is the only sp. known or acknowledged by Torrey and others, who have never travelled in the Mts. in the vernal season.
445. Cl. odorata var. decantha R. my CI. decantha of atl. J. only differ by 10 flowers pe- tals lanceolate (acute ?) 4 leaves oblong acute. — In the Mts. of Virginia, seen drv.
446. CL odorata var. multijiora Raf. my Cl. multifl. of atl. J, only differs by leaves large elliptical acute, scape pedal smooth, umbel of 12 to 1$ flowers, white sepals obovate acute ? — Seen in the herb, of Torrey as Conval. um- bellata, from Canada, is it odorous ? is it rath- er a var. of the next sp ?
447. CLINTONIA (Onyx) FULVA Raf. Leaves ample cuneate elliptical acumin. glaucous cili- ate, nerves smooth, soape subequal sulcate cos-
MONOCOTYLES. 83
tate, pubescent above, umbel multiflore (16) peduncles unequal some forked fulvous villose, bracts obsolete sepals unguiculate ovatoblong acute, berries globular — found in Collins herb, as Conv. umbel, certainly not the same as the last, distinct by leaves, scape sulcate, larger flowers nearly as large as in Cl. podanisia, ap- parently fulvous or nankin color, leaves 8 inches long.
448. CLINTONIA (Onyx) GLOMERATA Raf. Leaves 3-4 similar obovate elliptical obtuse ci- liate, scape equal villose above, umbel multi- flore, bract lanceolate elongate, flowers subses- sile glomerate pubescent — Apalachian and Wasioto Mts. my specimens have the flowers not quite unfolded with a longer bract. Only 3 to 4 inches high, quite distinct by obtuse leaves and sessile hairy flowers. — Thus I have noticed about 20 sp. or striking var. of this pretty G. I had only 7 in my remarks of 1832. None of our Botanists know them, because rare vernal and alpine ; or when seen mistaken for a single kind ! yet I venture to say they all ori- ginate from 4 or 5 original types.
449. ETHEOSANTHES Raf. Neog. 42. fl. tell. 27. Near Tradescantia, difference Ca- lix and Corolla unequal, one petal larger con- cave,stamens 6 unequal curved villose, 3 longer. Stem- ramose, flowers racemose without spa- thas — a fine Genus described by me as early as 1825, seen alive since 1820 in the gardens of Kentucky where received from Louisiana. I collected 50 specimens and have sent it to all my correspondents. I sometimes spelt the name Eothinanthcs, both mean evanescent flowers.
450. ETHEOSANTHES CILIATA Raf. stem erect
84 NEOPHYTON
dichotome, leaves ovate acute undulate ciliate, flowers racemose secund. — Texas and Louisi- ana, fine plant 3 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers large blue, the 3 petals are quite evanescent, lasting only one hour expanded to- wards noon, but the calix is persistent as in Tradescantia. See in fl. tellur. my reform of the Genera blended in Tradescantia j without attempting to give a complete Monograph of our real Tradescantias (which now amount to about 15 species:) I shall here chiefly enu- merate my new species and varieties.
451. TRADESCANTIA VIRGINICA L. this well known linnean sp. may be known by the lan- ceolate smooth leaves, long foliose involucre of multiflore umbels and villose calix ; but so many sp. and var. are blended with it in gar- dens and herbals that it is needful to attend to many other differences, as will be seen below in my New sp.
452. Trad. Virginica Var. alba. Hooker b. m. 3501. this white flower variety is not my Tr, ohiensis.
453. TRAD. OHIENSIS Raf. precis 146. Leaves flat linear acute smooth, umbel multiflore, in- volucre longer than flowers, calix smooth. — In Ohio, flowers white, described in 1814 from a specimen of Dencke given me by Vanvleck, but I have not met it in Ohio, and it may be a var. of my Tr. levi^rata.
454. Trad* rirginica Var. purpurea Raf. differ by leaves narrow lanceolate, 6 to 10 in- ches long, umbel pauciflore 5-6fl. petals purple — seen only in gardens, not met spontaneous, yet probably a peculiar sp. Tr. purpurea.
455. Trod, virgin var. barbata Raf. differ by umbel, pauciflore 5-6fl. calix smooth except
MONOCOTYLES. 85
a tuft of hairs at the tip — very different from my Tr. barbata, only seen in gardens, leaves broad, involucre* large long not bearded.
456. Trad, virgin, var. ramosa Raf. 3 to 4 feet high much branched, with large leaves and flowers. Another garden variety.
457. Trad, virgin, var. angustifolia, Raf. Probably the real type of Virginica, since the most frequently found wild by me on the R. Schuylkill, the hills of Maryland and Virginia. Stem simple pedal, leaves linear lanceolate very long, longer than stem, 6 to 9 inches, flat and margin ciliate at the base. Umbel multiflore 6-12flowers nodding, 2 foliose involucre flat subequal 3 to 4 inches long, peduncles and ca- lix pilose, flowers rather small, vernal in May. Roots perennial fasciculate. If a peculiar sp. it may be called Tr. ciliata.
458. TRAD. LEVIGATA Raf. Quite smooth ra- mose, leaves narrow lanceolate elongate flat glaucescent, base dilatate undulate and vagi- nate, umbels terminal and axillary multiflore glomerate, involucres foliose lanceol. unequal, calix smooth glaucous or incarnate — in the A- palachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, intro- duced in our gardens, 2 feet high, very pretty, flowers blue. A var. incarnata has flesh co- lored flowers.
459. TRAD. BARBATA Ruf. Smooth simple, leaves linear lanceol. canaliculate pale elongate erect ; umbel pauciflore involucre subunifoliate very short, peduncles unequal erect; calix bearded at the tip as well as the involucres — Illinois and West Kentucky, pedal, flowers blue 4 to 5. Several varieties.
460. Trad, barbata var. pamila Raf. diff. semipedal, in vol. bifoliate base swelled. Ken- tucky.
86 NEOPHYTOlf.
461. Trad, bar bat a var. trachiloma Raf. DifT. Leaves and invol. rough or subciliolate on the margins, two invol. very unequal. Ken- tucky.
462. TRAD. CANAMCULATA Raf. atl. J. p. 150. Quite smooth simple slender, leaves slender linear narrow canaliculate, falcate um- bel pauciflore, invol. short flat very unequal, flowers smooth nodding. — In Kentucky and Missouri ; estival blue flowers, stem pedal, dif- ferent from Tr. levigata by narrow hollow fal- cate leaves few flowers &/c. described since 1832 in Atlantic Journal.
463. TRAD. RUPESTRIS Raf. atl. J. 150. Simple smooth, leaves elongate narrow canali- culate, umbel multiflore, invol. foliose divari- cate very long, peduncles pilose — Cliffs of Ohio and Wabash R. it has the leaves like the last and flowers like 457. Estival pedal.
464. TRAD. BREVICATJLIS Raf. atl. J. 150. Stem simple very short flexuose, leaves much longer narrow nearly flat carinate, sheaths ta- bular ciliate, umbel pauciflore, invol. similar to leaves, peduncles and calix very pilose — Illi- nois and Kentucky, stem 5 to 6 inches high, flowers blue and small vernal.
465. TRAD. PUMILA Raf. Nearly stemless quite pilose, scape l-2inches strait, leaves few lanceolate ciliate, umbel multifl. 8-12fl. involu- cres foliose subequal larger and broader than leaves, pilose, peduncles filiform unequal pilose, calix pilose — a very fine singular sp. found near the Kentucky R. in abundance in a single spot in 1821. Quite dwarf and with long soft hairs, sometimes quite scapose, leaves longer than stem radical commonly 2 with membran. sheaths. Flowers quite large blue vernal.
MONOCOTYLES. 87
466. TRAD. PILOSA Lehman 1827. Hook. b. m. 3291. Stem flexuose nodose villose above, leaves broadly lanceol. undulate pilose, umbels terminal multiflore, involucres foliose, pedun- cles and calix villose. — Louisiana and Florida.
467. TRAD. AXILLA RIS Raf. subaspera? Lo- diges cab. flexuosa Raf. atl. J. 150. Stem ra- mose sulcate often flexuose, leaves broad lan- ceolate flat pubescent pale beneath, margin rough, umbels axillary subsessile, involucres lanceol. short peduncles and calix villose. — In Central and West Kentucky, estival, flowers dark blue handsome, stem 2 or 3 feet high, leaves one inch broad 4 to 6 long, rather rigid. Var. flexuosa, stem dichotome zigzag. 2 sub- aspera leaves roughly pubescent.
468. TRAD. DISCOLOR Raf. virginica var. pi- losa Lindl. hot. reg. 1055 ? Stem strait pilose simple, leaves lanceolate divaricate ciliate,glau- cous and pilose beneath, umbel terminal mul- tiflore lax, involucres foliose divergent, pedun- cles short nodding pilose like the calix — In Florida and Alabama, stem pedal and bipedal leaves like the last, but thin, smooth above, not rigid nor rough. Var. ramosa, branched, leaves narrow lanceolate.
469. TRAD. REFLEXA Raf. duite smooth, stem subramose slender purplish, leaves remote narrow lanceol. falcate flat, sheaths swelled, umbels multiflore glomerate, the rameal with unifoliate involucre, the terminal with 2 foliose falcate reflexed invol. peduncles often reflexed, calix ciliate at the end — Alabama, sent me as Tr. virginica ! near to levigata and barbata, distinct by few leaves far apart 6 to 8 inches long only half inch broad, pale beneath, stem 1 or 2
88 NEOPHYTOW
feet high, flowers small, umbels crowded 12 to 24 flowers.
470. Tfad. reflexa car. drepisia Raf. diff. umbels pauciflore 6-8fl. 2 invol, quite equal fal cate. Alabama.
471. TRAD. ROSEA MX. Carolina to Louisi- ana, very distinct sp. by many short involucres, smooth graminiform leaves and rosate flowers.
472. Trad, resea var. pauciftora Raf. Tr. graminifolia Raf. atl. J. 148. differs by few un- equal flowers in the umbel. Florida and Ala- bama.
473. TRAD. DIVARICATA Raf. atl. J. 148. Leaves remote divaricate oblong lanceolate, umbels multiflore, invol. 2 subequal lanceol. di- varicate, calix smooth. — In Florida, near the next, but quite smooth and umbels different. Seen in the herbal collected by Gates.
474. TRAD. RIP ARIA Raf. stem simple, leaves oblong lanceolate flat abreviate smooth, base and sheaths ciliate, single terminal umbel 3-5 flore, involucre 2-3foliose subequal, peduncles short erect calix bearded — a very distinct and rare sp. only found once in 1818, in the bed of Green R. in Kentucky near the mouth of it, and since received from Alabama ; it has the habit of a Commelina, the stem only 6 to 10 in- ches high, leaves shorter than in any other kind 1 to 3 inches long, thin and smooth, invol. sim- ilar, flowers pale blue as in Commelina, estival, blossoming in August.
475. DIOSCOREA MEGAPTERA Raf. scandent, leaves alternate smooth cordate acuminate 7 to 9 nerved, petiols elongate spikes axillary ra- mose lax, fruit large uncial fulvous rounded with 3 wide wings — in Kentucky, estival, near to D. villosa but smooth and fruit uncommonly
MONOCOTYLES. 89
large, cmarginate at base, leaves pale beneath. This tropical Genus extending to N. America has there many more sp. only two were known, I shall add 6, they have all perennial thick roots called yams.
476. DIOSCOREA HEXAPHYLLA Raf. erect, leaves whorled by 6 on very long petiols, sub- cordate shortly acuminate smooth glaucous be- neath with 1 1 fulvous nerves, spikes whorled ramose filiform, flowers often geminate — Apal- achian Mts. of Virginia, stem rigid brown tri- pedal. Near to D. quaternata, first leaves op- posite.
477. DIOSCOREA REPANDA Raf. stem flexuose scandent, leaves whorled by 4 below, alternate above, petiols equal to leaves filiform sulcate hairy above, leaves smooth ovate acuminate base reniform, margin repand, beneath glau- cous 11 nerved, spikes short, capsules small fus- cate — Virginia and Alabama in hills, leaves large truly repand hardly cordate, apex falcate acuminate.
478. DIOSCOREA LONGIFOLIA Raf. scandent, leaves ovatoblong base deeply cordate, lobes elongate proximate, apex acuminate, smooth concolor 5nerved, lateral forked — sent me from Alabama without flowers, leaves 6 inches long 3 broad.
479. DIOSCOREA SATIVA L. cult, in Florida, and perhaps wild also.
480. DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA L. The sp. was found at Mobile by Bartram (trav. p. 439) cul- tivated 60 years ago. It is remarkable by the large kidney bulbs 1 to 3 together axillary of leaves, tasting like the Yam root. My speci- mens have large cordate leaves 8 to 10 inches long, quite smooth a cum. with 7 nerves lateral forked. 12
90 NEOPIIYTON
481. PROVENZALIAAdanson 1763. Raf. fl. tel. 679. Calla L. and Authors which is root of Cala-dium. Cala-mus <£c .... Of this bo- real G. only one sp. is admitted said to be com- mon to both continents, but I shall now describe 4. C. ethiopica is a peculiar Genus, which I call OTOSMA ; C. oculta of Loureiro another that I call SPIROSPATIIA, see fl. tel. Calla ought to have been written Callaion ! see Smith.
482. PROVESZALIA (or Callaion) PALUSTRIS Raf. Leaves similar cordate subacuminate, scape equal to petiols, spatha ovate cuspidate — in boreal Europe and America, Canada, «£c. Var. 1. parvifolia leaves uncial.
483. PROVENZALIA (or Callaion) HETEROPHY- LA Raf. Leaves dissimilar reniform or cordate acute, or rounded cordate obtuse, scape equal to petiols, spatha elliptic cuspidate — Hudson bay and Sibiria. probably also Origon, rhizome or radicant stem articulated with fibres, leaves on long petiols unequal in size and shapes from 1 to 3 inches long or broad.
484. PROVENZ. (or Callaion) BREVIS Raf. Leaves ovate base subcordate subobliqual, apex acuminate, petiols very long, scape very short, spatha elliptic retuse cuspidate — Lakes and Swamps of the Alleghanies, Mt. Pocono and others. Roots fibrose matted very long, petiols thick 6 to 8 inches long, leaves 3 to 4 inches long, scape about 3 inches high.
485. PROVENZ. (or Callaion) BISPATHA Raf. Leaves ovate base cordate end obtuse or hard- ly acute, scape equal to petiols, spatha double large ovate acuminate not cuspidate, divari- cate— from Origon collected by Walton, pe- tiols and scapes thick : flowers very peculiar by the double divergent spathas (anomaly in the family of Aroides) foliaceous 2 or 3 inches long
MONOCOTYLES. 91
base amplexic. subalternate, spadix large ellip- tic, leaves 4 inches long, 3 broad. This shall form my subg. Callaion.
486. TYPHA CRASSA Raf. atl. J. p. 148. lati- folia of Arner. bot. not L. stem humble foliose, leaves equal to stem, flat above, convex be- neath at the base and not vaginate, end obtuse, spikes united and thick subequal, a bract be- tween them ovate lanceol. membranaceous — Canada to Maryland and Missouri. Stem only 3 to 4 feet high, spikes 4 to 6 inches long, one inch thick, lower brown very dense, leaves half inch bmad. In marshes as all the sp.
487. TYPHA ELATIOR Raf. atl. J. p. 148. la- tifolia Elliot and Southern botanists not L. stem gigantic, leaves shorter broad flat base vagi- nate, end acute, spikes confluent terete without spatha — Carolina to Kentucky, 6 to 10 feet high, stem round solid and smooth, leaves one inch broad. These 2 sp. are certainly differ- ent from the latifolia of Europe.
488. TYPHA SPIRALIS Raf. atl. J. p. 148, ia- tifolia Sw. Lunan <^c. Leaves spiraly contor- ted, ensiform and vaginate at the base, end flat thick obtuse, spikes annexed each with a spa- tha— Florida, Cuba and Jamaica, mistaken also there for the latifolia, different from T. do- mingensis.
489. TYPHA GRACILIS Raf. angustifolia of Amer. bot. not L. stein slender, leaves equal narrow flat glaucous acute, beneath hardly con- vex and striated, spikes subequtil slender wide- ly divided without spathas — New Jersey to Vir- ginia in marshes and near streams, 4 to 6 in- ches long, divided by a bare space of 2 or 3 inches.
490. TYPHA ANGTJSTIFOLIA L. <£c. My spe- cimens of this European sp. differ from the last
92 NEOFHYTON
by very long leaves 3 or ^ feet long, thus longer than stem less glaucous, same breadth but concave or canaliculate above, beneath quite convex and subangular, spikes unequal, lower or female 8 or 9 inches long, upper or male only 4 or 5 inches separated only by a space of one inch.
There is another undescribed sp. in Origon, and several in Asia, Australia, &c, besides the T. domingensis, media and minor, all different from ours.
491. IRIS FLORIDANA Raf. nearly stemless glaucous, leaves graminiform carinate trinerve not gladiate, scape uniflore shorter than leaves, petals spatulate obtuse smooth, 3 patent larger and 3 reflexed — Florida and Alabama, small 6 inches high, scape 4 inches, stigmas yellow pandurate obtuse. A striking species with small white flowers, ovary filiform stria/e, bract subulate.
492. IRIS BI FLORA (or virgata) Raf. stem slender virgate bisulcate biflore, leaves gladiate narrow graminiform nervose, striate, 2 spathas membran. lanceol. striate peduncles filiform, petals narrow beardless unguiculate below, tube very short. — Cheroki Mts. of Unaka, found by Mrs Gambold, Collins Herb, stem bipedal quite virgate few leaves, upper very short, spatha convolute acute subequal, ovary oblong, tricos- tate pinched above at the union with the co- rolla that is hardly tubular at base, flowers mid- dle size, petals pale blue cuneate obtuse, the 3 inner petals not much shorter, stigmas or rather styles deeply divided to the base similar to pe- tals but bifid at end. By this and corolla al- most a subgenus to be called STENILIS. If bi- flora is preocupied it will be my I. virgata.
493. IRIS CONVOLUTA Raf. stem slender, te-
MONOCOTYLES. 93
rete uniflore, leaves slender convolute striate mucronaie, spatli? twu've btriate, pcu-'s beard- less subequal oblong end ilabellate, stigmas lan- ceolate acute — Arkanzas and Texas, another very peculiar sp. of this fine genus, one or 2 feet high, leaves long but shorter than stem, spatha convolute elongate inclosing the long ovary, flower large versicolor, petals fulvous edged with white, large end rounded tinged with blue like the stigmas.
494. IRIS BK I:\ICAULIS Raf. ft. lud. 55. stem angular pauciflore very short flexuose, leaves gladiate very long, terminal flowers geminate, spathas bivalve lanceol. equal to flowers, petals and stigmas beardless narrow subequal — Louis- iana to West Kentucky, seen alive 1823, disc. by Robin long before, neglected as usual by our botanists. Stem only 6 to 10 inches 3-5 flore, leaves 12 to 18 inches, mostly radical, flowers very Isrge vernal, white with blue tin- ges and base yellow, capsules hexagone.
495. IRIS GLUMACEA Raf. stem angular fis- tular flexuose pauciflore, leaves shorter gladi- ate striate, flowers solitary and geminate, spa- thas 3-5valve glumaceous ovate, petals beard- less spatulate spreading yellowish white — Glades of Alleghany Mts. akin to last, yet veiy distinct by broad glumaceous spathas, 3 petals much smaller, tube of corolla slender elongate.
496. Iris glumacea var. angustifolia Raf. diff by stem not flexuose, leaves narrow gladi- ate, 2 or 3 flowers, spathas fulvous, petals pale yellow — in the glades of Illinois, if a peculiar sp. it may be called 1. pattens.
497. IRIS AUREA Raf. atl. J. p. 80, Stem strait biflore, leaves longer broadly gladiate, end a cum. falcate, flowers geminate beardless, 3 petals obovate entire, 3 lanceolate undulate,
94 NEOPHYTON.
stigmas dilatate notched — in the ponds of high Alleghanies, discovered by Mr. Carr on the Pocono Mt. and brought by him to Bartrams garden, where seen alive and compared with /. pseudacorus very akin, but with bifid toothed stigmas. 3 or 4 feet high, flowers small golden yellow, the 3 inner petals shorter than stigmas, equal to anthers,capsules oblong deeply sulcate.
498. IRIS FULVA Mg. cuprea P. N. E. ru- bescens Raf. fl. lud, 56. This sp. of Louisiana is easily known by its flowers of a coppery or brick red color. I have seen it alive in gar- dens since 1817 and ascertained that my I. ru- bescens was only a var. of it with leaves rather longer, and flowers darker brick red. Vernal.
499. IRIS LACUSTRIS Nut. Dwarfish creeping stemless uniflore, leaves longer glaucous narrow gladiate,spatha convolute lanceol. acum. shorter than tube, petals beardless obovate subequal 3 patent spotted, 3 erect, stigmas shorter bifid dentate — On Lake Erie <fcc, disc, by Nuttal, found by me again 1825 and seen also in gar- dens, vernal in May. Scape only one inch high, flower 3 to 4 inches long, tube rather lon- ger than sepals, flower with a faint iris smell, of a violaceous color with a large saffron spot on 3 petals and dark dots on the claws and base of sepals. Leaves strait erect 6 to 10 inches long, often marginated with white. My des- cription is original and made on the living plants.
500. IRIS TRIPETALA Walt. El. Hooker b. mag. 2886. tridentata Putsh. A fine rare sp. from Carolina and Florida, easily known by the narrow leaves and 3 inner sepals very short tridentate. Well described by Elliot and Hook- er, my specimen is from Elliot ; the flower ap- pears blueish, the 3 large sepals unguiculatc, end flabellate, the 3 smaller reflexed.
MONOCOTYLE:*.
95
Thus I have given here 10 sp. of Iris, either new or quite- rare ; this account doubles our knowledge of this Genus, of which we have now about 20 sp. I possess nearly all the others Iris cristala, verna, virginica (these 3 often blended like the 3 next) versicolor, prismatica, gracilis, hexagonar missurica, sibirica, tenax figured by Hooker 3343 and Lind- ley 1218. These two last are from Origon. I shall perhaps resume a monograph of this pretty genus.
APPENDIX.
My Genus DIPLOSTELMA 316 which Nuttal had wrongly reduced to Jictinocarpus in Collins herb, (there is no such genus, he meant probably Aclinospermum of Elliot) has been described by him under the name CHETANTHERA in his new plants 78, without any reference to former name! whence it escaped my notice ; but he has only one sp. C'h. asteroides (a bad name) which is my Dipl. pumila, the rays are violet and the blossoms are vernal. I have added 2 other sp. and my name is the best, although NuttaPs dates of 1834, Chetanthe- ra means bristly anthers, while this is not the case, he ought to have named it Chelopappus, but as the pappus is double and different mine is the best and must be retained.
INDEX OF GENERA.
SUBGENEHA and SYNONYMS of this 1VEOPHYTON.
Synonyms are in Italics — References to the numbers.
Afzelia 392. Agalinis 371 to 385. Alatipes 357. Aliseta 233. Apentostera 409 to 411 Arnica 236. Asarum 221 to 224. Aureolaria360to3f>6, Baptisia 321 to 341.** Bellis 237 to 240. Brunella 256 to 265. Buchnera 266,267,298. Cacotanis 312, Calla 481. Calystegia 255.
Capsella 248 to 254. Chetanthera, Apx. Chlonanthes ) 220. Chelone v Clintonia 426.' Clipteria 314. Comandra 269 to 273. Conradia 406. Crotalaria 344 to 357. Cuphea 268. Cuscumia 427. Cytisus 343. Dasanthera 396-8 Dasistema 389 to 391. Desmodium 216.
96
INDEX.
Dioscorea 475 to 480. Diplostelma 316 to 319,
Apx.
Drepilia 342. Dracena 426. Eaplosia 339 to 341. Eclipta 299 to 315. Epatitis 205. Erinus 387. 391. Etheosanthes 449. Eustachya 227. Galeopsis 226. Galinsoga 314. Geranium 275-6. Gerardia 358 to 388. Hedyotis 225. Hydrastis 274. locaulon 345 to 357. Iris 491 to 500. Isanthus 277-9. JLasinia 328 to 335. Laxanon 203 to 320. Leptandra 227. Lepteiris 412. Lobelia 209 to 214. Lophanthera 359. Macranthera 406. Menyanthes 218-19. Myctanthes 228-30. Nymphea 208. Odoglossa 201. Onyxula 427. Otosma 481. Ovostima 401. Oxalis 246-7. Pagesia 399, 400.
Paleista 309-11. Panctenis 367 to 370. Part heni um 241 to 244,
280. Pentostemon 409 to
412.
Pericaulon 336 to 338. Peritris 234. Phryma 289 to 292. Podalyria 321 to 341. Pontederia 415 to 425, Provenzalia 481 to 485, Rafnia 336. Ripasia 326. Ropalon 207. Russelia 403 to 405. Schwalbea 414. Seymeria 391 to 395. Smilacina 426 &c. Sophora 321 to 343. Spirea 293-7. Spirospatha 481. Stenilis 492. Thecanisia 293-7. T/iermopsis 343. Thlaspi 248 #c. Tomanthera 386-8. Tomilix 408. Toxopus 406. Tradescantia 451 to
474.
Triosteum 281 to 288. Tropitoma 216. Typha486to490. Unisema 415 to 425. Urtica 245,
END OF SECOND PART.
NEW FLORA
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
PROF. RAFINESQUE.
THIRD PART.
New Sylva.
PHILADELPHIA
NEW SYL.VA.
NEW FLORA
AND BOTANY
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL! FLORA,
To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz Gibbs, &,c.
Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures
inAuTIKON BOTANIKON.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.— PH. D.
Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna. Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c.
The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed, Will be at hut by learned care revealed.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.
1836.
NEW SYLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Or the New and revised Trees, Shrubs and Vines observed, collected, and ascertain- ed or corrected between 1802 and 1836, by C. S. Rafinesque «J«c : all figured in my Au- TIKON and ICONES unless otherwise stated.
The Trees and Shrubs .of North America have received very early attention, because they could usually be cultivated in Europe in the open grounds; several were introduced there long ago : Duhamel wrote chiefly upon them about one hundred years ago. Michaux and his son were sent to collect them for the public nurseries of France. Bartram and Mar- shall collected them here for English nurseries, and Marshall published in Philadelphia about 50 years ago, a general account of those known to him. He was followed and improved upon by Castiglione in Italy and Vangenheim in Germany, who both wrote on North American Trees and Shrubs, publishing figures of many. In England Miller, Trew, Catesby &c, publish- ed also many figures of them in their works ; but they were all exceeded by Michaux junior who after publishing the splendid Monograph of American Oaks of his father, printed both in French and English a very good special work on our Trees.
Watson, Jacquin and others have since pub- lished iconographical dendrologies, and several monographs have appeared ; among which de- serve peculiar notice, those of our Willows by Muhlenberg, Wildenow, Smith <£c, Pines and Firs by Lambert, our Ash trees by Bosc in- creased by him to 27 species, and my N. Am. Roses 1820 increased to 25 species, with my
4 NEW SYLVA
N. A. Grape Vines 1830, increased to 40 spe- cies, just as good and proper as the 40 willows and 36 oaks of our Authors.
All our botanical writers have of course at- tended more or less to our trees j but the only late special work upon them is an American Sylva with wood cuts published in 1832 by D. Browne in Boston, which however only contains 150 trees and shrubs, being a kind of abridg- ment of the larger work of Michaux junior, with all its faults and omissions, having forgot- ten like him, the Genera Sorbus, Aronia, and others, with many Cherry and Plumb trees, Ash trees, Willows and Poplars, <£c. Besides all the large Shrubs and Vines, Palms and other monocotyle woody plants.
A true Sylva ought to include besides Trees, all the Shrubs that form the undergrowth of forests or fringe the banks of Rivers, In fact there is no actual difference between them in size; since all young trees are shrubs, and many shrubs become trees when old or in warmer climates. It is commonly stated that Trees have only one stem, while shrubs have several shoots ; but many of our tress have several stems, while many shrubs assume the appearance of small trees by having only one. The distinction is therefore merely nominal, as between Rivers and Creeks, Lakes and Ponds, Mountains and Hills ....
Bushes or under shrubs unite likewise the shrubs to plants, the difference being the per- manent perennial stem.
Twining or trailing shrubs are called Vines and creepers and belong also to the sylvan Flora ; but there are Vines that are not woody, therefore perennial or annual Vines.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 5
Tne woody structure and permanence over ground during Winter under a state of hyber- nation, with evergreen leaves or sleeping buds, might most properly distinguish this series of Vegetation, and XYLOGY might be a better term to apply collectively to their knowledge than Dendrology and Thamnology.
Every one of the Botanical Regions of North America is distinguished by peculiar Trees, Shrubs and Vines ; in fact they form the most prominent feature of each by their size and per- manence. See my botanical regions.
Although so much attention appeared to be paid to these ornamental and useful produc- tions, it was only lately that the multitude of our Pines, Oaks, Willows, Poplars, Ash trees, Hicories, Vines, Roses &c have been ascer- tained : and it is a fact that many Genera are as yet little attended to or in utter confusion; many species and varieties being overlooked or blended as were formerly those of Oaks, Ash trees before Bosc &c: my own sp. of Rosa and Vitis, well distinguished by me, are neverthe- less invisible to some blind Botanists around me. I have been engaged for years in study- ing the fine Genus Prunus, now divided into Prunus, Cerasus, Padus, Orospodias &c, and instead of 20 I know 30 or 40 species of it. I have discovered and possess a crowd of N. sp. belonging to the Genera Prinos, Hex, Spi- rea, Ceanothus, Rhamnus, Celtis, Pavia, Hydrangea, Viburnum, Caprifolium, Evo- nymus, Clematis &c. I have even some new Genera of shrubs to describe in this Sylva.
The Genera Vaccinium and Andromeda, must be divided into many, and quite reformed, revised, corrected as to sections and species.
6 NEW SYLVA
Calycanthus, Ilamamdis, Cratcgus, Vibur- num &LC demand also a new revision. Abies and Aker have been partly corrected in the Lexicon of first part. Salix and Populus cer- tainly require to have subgenera or better sec- tions.
Much therefore remains to be done to de- tect, describe and name properly all our woody plants. I hope to do something towards it in this NEW SYLVA. My reward will probably be as usual a denial of justice and neglect of my species, until they shall be introduced at great cost into the European Nurseries. It is said that a gardener that introduces a new Tree or Shrub in England, often makes a great deal of money by it ; but the learned Botanist who by 20 years of travels and exertions detects the lo- cality, sends specimens or seeds, is unreward- ed : nay it is expected that he should give away his specimens and seeds ! If like myself he has discovered 100 or 200 new trees and shrubs, he is expected to give them all away for nothing ! and not believed unless lie does !
In the name of justice, pray why is a Botan- ist to be denied the privilege of Nurserymen; and Sellers of plants ? Michaux was paid for his collections and informations, Bosc has been rewarded. Vanderschot was sent from Ger- many on purpose to collect seeds of trees by the Prince of Lichtenstein who has planted for- ests of American trees there.
If I had been attended to and rewarded I could have introduced into our gardens, nurse- ries, and those of Europe, all my new Grape Vines and Roses, with 100 other fine trees and shrubs discovered by myself between 1802 and 1836. If they arc yet unknown there or are very
OP NORTH AMERICA. 7
rare, it is because after paying myself all my expenses of travelling, collecting, preserving &c I cannot afford to double them for others with- out reward.
Some of our trees have a wide geographical range, being found from Canada to Louisiana, such are Cornus florida^ Cercis canadensis^ many Oaks, Maples &c ; but others are con- fined to narrower limits, or even few localities. The Magnolia macrophyla, Virgilia or rather Cladrastis, Hamiltonia, Bigelowia, Frank- liniat Planera &c have each been met with only in 3 or 4 places as yet by botanists, altho' probably growing in others ; but when found they are commonly abundant in the station. There are however solitary trees and shrubs that are never or but seldom found in groves or social groups ; such are some Pavias, Caly- canthus, Crategiis, &c, with many that I shall enumerate in this Sylva.
The foliation, floration and semination of our woody plants, deserve to be better studied as . to periods and duration, in order to seek them at the proper times and places.
Their station is not always in Groves and - Forests ; many are only found on the Sea Shores, these are called maritime— others in sands, or among rocks, in high Mountains, or along the banks of streams, or in marshes and swamps : they must be called arenarian, rupes- tral, montaneous, riparian and palustral.
As to foliation they must be divided into evergreens and deciduous. These last vary much in the time they put on and drop off their leaves. I have made 4 series of them in "my dissertation on the foliation of our Trees, 1. Early leaves of long duration as Willows, Ma-
8 NEW SYLVA
pies, Larch &c, 2. Early leaves of short dura- tion as in Pavias, Prunus &c. 3. Late leaves of long duration, as in Ash trees, Oaks, Ches- nuts <J*c, 4. Late leaves of short duration, as in Catalpa, Liriodendron &c ; but the exact times vary by 2 months from Canada to Florida, and in Florida many deciduous trees become nearly evergreens
The floration is either early or late vernal as in most species, before the leaves or with them Early or Late estival ; but fe\v are serotine or autumnal as Hamamelis. /The few hyemal trees may be deemed very early vernal. The duration of these flowers is seldom larger than half a lunation, some only last a week or a few days; whence they must be watched. Se- mination is more lasting, as seeds succeed the flowers, and are often a long while ripening ; in some they even last on the trees and shrubs over the Winter.
The majority of our Northern trees and shrubs belong to the Amentaceous tribe, the Conifers, Rosacea and Senticose, Pomacea, Bicornes, Viburnides, Hederacea &,c. As we advance South j we meet a great variety of Rhamnides,Fraxinides, Magnolides, Ribesides, Akerides, Vitides, Uhnides, Cistides, Araliacea, Terebinthides, Lonicerides &c, while when we reach Florida and Texas, several other natural families appear, the Rubiacea, Cactides, Lau- rinia, Eleagnides. with the palms and yucas of the Endogenous series. There also gradually appear the fruticose Malvacea, Leguminose, Saxifragides, Labiate, Hypericina 4»c which are either unknown or rare towards the north or even the middle regions of North America.
Few kinds of trees and shrubs are found in
OF NORTH AMERICA. 0
the Missourian regions, with its vast central plains ; there they chiefly fringe the banks of streams, seldom forming groves and forests. This scanty dispersion prevails also more or less into the Origon Mts. and Shores, extending South to New Mexico, California, Texas and even Mexico ; where the thick extensive For- ests of the Alleghanian and Canadian regions are unknown. This straggling growth of Trees prevails also to a certain extent from Louisi- ana to Florida where groves are intermixt with meadows, glades, sand flats, cane brakes, swamps &cr and even in the Western States, on both sides of the River Ohio, the trees are not so thick set, being far apart and with fewer shrubs for undergrowth.
Of the extensive tribes of Composites, Cru- ciferous, Euphorbides, Alsinides, Dianthides, Geranides, &c hardly any are shrubby in North America, while so many are such elsewhere. Our shrubby Vines belong chiefly to Sarmen- tacea, Rhamnides, Bignonides, Woodbines, Smilacea <£c.
All the tribes of European and Siberian trees or shrubs are found also in North America,and nearly all their Genera likewise, except the Heaths, Daphnes, arid a few others. But the American Sylva can boast of a greater num- ber of species in all the Genera, with several peculiar tribes and many American Genera ; such as Liriodendron, Magnolia, Asimiria.Ara- lia, Catalpia, Hamamelis, Fothergilla, Gordo- nia, Dirca, Diervilla, Cornptonia, Hicoria, A- morpha, Gleditsia, Robinia, Cladrastis, Chi- onanthus, Cephalanthus &c.
It is very remarkable that nearly all the A- merican trees, and shrubs except some boreal
2
10 NLU SYLVA
Willows, Brambles, Currants, Vacciniums 4-0 are specifically distinct from their congeneric kinds in Europe. The same fact appears in N. W. America and Origon, where most are dis- tinct from the Asiatic Species. In that region the prevailing Genera are Salix, Populus, Abies, Pinus, Ribes, Rubus, Yaccinium, Crategus, Cactus, Primus, Qucrcus, Alter, Juniperus, Fraxinus &c with but few peculiar Genera ; but we lack as yet a proper account of all the sylvan productions of that region, and even many trees have not been described, much less the shrubs and vines, which are very abund- ant.
Trees and shrubs may be known by their fo- liage as well as flowers ; in fact they are thus distinguished by Gardeners and the ignorant: their blooming is generally very short, but the seeds or fruits last longer, and are good indica- tions of Genera. Even their bark and wood is of use to discriminate them. It is always im- portant to notice if the leaves are opposite or alternate, distichal or spiral, simple or com- pound, entire or jagged &c, since these pecu- liarities of frondose habit almost always indi- cate generic distinctions.
The North American Mountains cradles of our trees had been disguised by nicknames and mistaken heights, generally estimated too low. I shall restore and use throughout this work the original names. Thus I call the highest by the oldest name of OKIGON (which means hollow noisy ground or Mts. Oligonunk in Linapi) those misnamed rocky Mts. shining Mts. and Chipewyan Mts. the snowy peaks of which rise 20 to 25 thousand feet. — The Apalachian Mts. are the Southern AUeghnnics, the highest be-
OF NORTH AMKiUCA. 11
ing the Unaka or Iron Mts. of North Carolina, their Western ridges are the Wasioto Mts. vulgarly Cumberland Mts : the lofty Kiskanom and Oquago Mts are the N. E. end of the Al- leghanies nicknamed Catskill : the Mattawan Mts. are those highlands broken through by the Hudson, and East becoming the Taconic Mts. The Saranac Mts. are those at the head of the Hudson R. misnamed Peru Mts. The Wapanunk are the White Mts. highest of New England with naked or unwooded summits, a rarity in this continent.
NEW SYLVA,
501. XEROMALON Raf. calix adherent globular, disk hairy, crown Sparted, sepals une- qual foliaceous persistent serrate. Petals 5 oboval concave subequal. Stamens 15 perigyne subequal erect, subulate, base nearly monadel- phous, anthers bilocular elliptical. Ovary ad- herent, styles 5 filiform distinct, stigmas capi- tate truncate. Fruit umbilicate crowned a dry hard pomum, inside 51ocular 5seeded, seeds cartilaginous oblong compressed nearly winged around. Shrub with alternate leaves and terminal jlowers — This Genus has affini- ties with Pyrus, Aroma, Mespilus, Crategus «fce, being of same family : it differs from all by the unequal calix, 15 stamens, and dry fruit; the seeds are nearest Aroma, yet I apprehend it has been blended with Crategus, if already described elsewhere ; but I could not find any sp. to agree. Discovered 1818, the name means dry apple. Only one species; but all «n. of Crategus and Mespilus with serrate
12 JIEW SYLVA
or laciniate calyx must be compared, and per- haps are akin ,or form another Genus near this: Cr. parmfolia is nearest, but is thorny with va- riable leaves, solitary fleshy fruits, with 5 or 6 laciniate sepals, reflexed oblong neither ner- vose nor acuminate. Cr. tomentosa of the South is a different sp. Cr. pyrifolia has co- rymbs and 3 styles only. I shall return on these in my monograph of the Pomaceous tribe.
502. X. OBOVATUM Raf. Autikon. Branches round inerme pnbescent above, leaves subses- sile obovate unequally serrate, base entire, end acute, lucid above, puberulent beneath ; pedun- cles terminal pubescent commonly geminate, bracts sessile lanceolate dentate, sepals spread- ing ovate lanceolate acuminate nervose serrate puberulent, fruit globose semirugose — a small shrub hardly 2 feet high, flowers white blossom- ing in June, fruit redish rather large. Found on the summit of the Alleghany Mts. in Mary- land only twice in June and October 1818. Seen no where else, probably growing also fur- ther South in the Appalachian Mts. of Virginia.
503. NESTRONIA Raf. Dioical. male fl. calix campanulate quadrifid, segments ovate obtuse spreading. Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted at the summit of the tube, opposite to segments but shorter, filaments linear flat, an- thers oval biloculardehiscence pubescent. Ovary totaly lacking. Fern. fl. . . Fruit monosperm Drupe ? Shrub with opposite Uaves, and multiflore peduncles — singular new Genus, the name is derived from Knestron greek name of Daphne, since although the female plant is lacking, I have little doubt by the free calix that it belongs to the Daphnidia family and has
OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
a free one seeded berry. It will be with Dir- ca and Lagetta the third American Genus of it ; but by the 4 stamens and opposite leaves, it is nearest to Struthiola, that differs however by calix filiform, Sglands and is not dioical. Two types if both are congeneric.
504. N. UMBELLULA Raf. Autikon. Anony- mos Boyken in Collins herb. — Branches hardly 4gone, leaves on short petiols, ovate rhomboi- dal acute at both ends, very entire and very smooth, thin membranaceous ; peduncles ax- illary longer that petiols 3-5ftowered umbellate, partial equal to calix — discovered by Dr, Boy- ken in Georgia, but not named, probably found also in Florida : a small shrub, branches brown leaves unequal very thin, one or two inches long, flowers small, probably somewhat yellow- ish, brownish when dry.
505. NESTRONIA? UNDULATA Raf. Physic nut or Indian olive, Bartr. trav. p. 41. leaves broad lanceolate on short petiols : entire undulate smooth, drupes solitary pedunculate yellow olive like — I refer to this new Genus, a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high found 60 years ago by Bartram in the hills of Georgia, and omitted by all our Betanists. Bartram only saw the fruit, and if I am right in my conjectures we have thus the fruit of NESTRONIA. Before obtaining N. um- bellula I had considered that it was a new Olea or Aflelia of Michaux ; but it agrees with none while it agrees much better with my NESTRO- NIA, although still a peculiar species by nar- rower undulate leaves. The fruits are yellow like an olive on long slender erect peduncles, Bartram says it was used by the Indians as a charm to entice game. These two shrubs may be easily distinguished at first sight from Nyssa
14 NEW SYLVA
and Hamiltonia by the opposite leaves. I sus- pect that the Rhamnus f cuneatus of Hooker flora and Origon may be a third sp. having op- posite leaves it can be no Rhamnus ! Hooker did not even see the unfolded flowers. It might be called ^V. cunvata Raf. leaves petiolate cun- eate entire, smooth above, pubescent beneath, branches rusty pubescent, fl. capitate axillary peduncled bracteate.
206. CELASTRUS ACUMIXATUS Raf. Autikon, an C. myrtifolius ? L. ad Virg. not Jamaica ! erect? branches subangular, leaves petiolate ovate or oblong, serrulate, base acute obliquate, end long acuminate falcate ; flowers terminal racemose paniculate peduncles ramose — disco- vered in 1825 in the Apalachian Mts, of Vir- ginia, where also Linneus indicates the locality of the C. myrtifolius ; but this Jamaica plant of Sloane differs by ovate acute leaves not acu- minate nor oblique. Both C. myrtifolius and bullatus are omitted or denyed by our compi- lers, but the last is now cultivated in Europe, and has entire oval leaves. Because Nuttal and Elliot have not yet found them, they are doubted ; let them be sought where they grow, in the Unaka Mts. This is a tall weak shrub with thin smooth leaves larger than in C. scandens 3 to 5 inches long, the lower oval, the upper nearly lanceolate, flowers white size and form of C. scandens, raceme not simple but compound.
507. AMOBPHA PUNCTATA Raf. Autikon. Smooth, folioles elliptical obtuse, but cuspidate, punctate beneath, base petiolate with a subu- late stipule ; spikes terminal curved cylindri- cal— a fine shrub with purple flowers, folioles small, spikes 3 or 4 inches long. Discovered by Bradbury in the upper Missouri.
OF NORTH AMERICA. I - »
508. SORBUSRIPARIA Raf. Autikon. Branch- es rugose, folioles 9 to 15 oblong sessile, base oblique entire, end acute equaly rnucronate serrate, odd leaf petiolate broader acuminate ; corymb paniculate, berries pisiform globular. — A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, growing on the margins of Rivers, the Missouri, upper Mississippi, lower Ohio, Wabash, Illinois ; but rare. The fruit is very small commonly of a saffron color with 3 seeds oval compressed in- closed in a tough shell, and thus nearly a drupe sometimes only one seed by abortion. Near S. microcarpa, which however has folioles acum. unequally serrate, not obliquate, berries scarlet and larger. Here the folioles are 2 or 3 inches long, pale beneath, quite smooth, pe- tiols compressed at the base. The genus SOR- BUS must be preserved, although some writers wrongly unite it to PYKUS : it is known at first sight by the pinnate leaves, and the calix not persistent nor crowning the fruit. It would be better to unite to it all the tristyle sp. of Crategus than to abolish it.
509. TRILOPUS Mitchell, or HAMAME- LIS Linneus, name posterior? This G. has puzzled the Botanists, Jussieu wrongly united it to BERUERIDES. It has now'be made the sin- gle type of the HAMAMELIDES; but it is so near to my SCLERANTIIIDES, that it must probably be united thereto as a subfamily. Only 3 species were known; besides the doubtful varieties of Walter ; but I have observed 6 species, and therefore shall now give their Monograph. They may be called hycmal shrubs, since they blos- som late in the autumn, after the leaves have begun to fall.
510. TR. OR II. MRGINICA Raf. ined, ft. tab.
16 NEW SYLVA,
45. Leaves ovate and obovate obtuse repand, base obliquely cordate, smooth ; flowers sessile clustered by 3 to 5, calix and fruit pubescent — the names of Tr. or H. riparia or hy emails, would have been better, since it only grows on the margins of streams from New England to Carolina. It is in bloom in December and January, even when the snow is on the ground, and the fruit is ripe in the spring. Branches punctate.
511. Tr. or H. NIGRA Raf. Autikon. Leaves ovate and obovate, acute, repand subsinuate, base oblique obtuse not cordate, smooth and coriaceous, brown or blackish above, rusty and lucid beneath, flowers and fruits solitary. — On the Mountains Alleghany of Pensylv. and Vir- ginia, in dry hills, shrub 6 to 10 feet high, found in bloom in Obtober 1818. Var. Catesbiana figured by Catesby, leaves ovatoblong, quite acute, serrate repand, is it a sp ?
512. TR. OR H. ESTIVALIS Raf. Autikon. Leaves obovate acute, repand erose, base obli- qual obtuse not cordate, smooth thin and green on both sides, flowers geminate mostly axillary — small shrub 3 to 5 feet high growing in West Kentucky and probably further west also, near streams, but blossoming in July when in full leaf: these leaves are thin and not leathery as in 510. Discovered in 1818 and 1823.
513. Tr. or H. ROTUNDIFOLIA Raf. Autikon H. macrophyla P. E. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, base obliqual subcordate, repand sinuate obtuse, beneath reticulate roughly punctate, flowers subpedicellate 3-4 — A large shrub, leaves only 3 to 4 inches long, not larger than in 510, 511, thus macrophyla was a bad name. First found in Alabama by Lyon,deem-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
ed doubtful by Elliot, but 1 have received spe- cimens from Alabama and Georgia and des- cribe it anew. The branches are round and smooth, not punctate nor geniculate as in 509, the fruit is rounded and pubescent, not sessile as in 509.
514. Tr. or H. DENTATA Raf. Autikon. Leaves oboval acute with unequal acute teeth, base obliqual cordate, flowers sessile clustered — In Canada and New England, flowers poly- gamous and odorous as in most species, nearest to 509, but leaves smaller while shrub larger often 10 to 12 feet high. Mistaken for H. Fir- ginica by many or for a variety.
515. Tr. or H. PARVIFOLIA Nut. R. aut. Leaves oblong obovate obtuse, undulate cre- nate, pubescent beneath, flowers agregate, ca- lix oblong colored. — Mts. Alleghany of Penn- sylvania yet very different from 210, a small shrub 3 to 5 feet high with smaller leaves : yet deemed only a var. of 509 by Eaton, Beck, T. 4"C. They will probably deem all these 6 sp. as mere varieties also : yet they have good pe- culiar characters. As to those of Walter they must yet be described, since all the species are more or less polygamous and some even dioi- caly so. See FOTHERGILLA for other natural affinities.
LONICERA or CAPRIFOLIUM.
I shall begin now the account of my new or rare Loniceras or Honeysuckles by those of this Genus, their main type. They are all ver- nal, and blossom so early that the flowers are not easily seen in their native localities.
216. L. or C. RUPESTRIS Raf. Autikon. 3
18 NEW SYLVA
Smooth erect, leaves sessile obovate or round- ed, glaucous cartilaginous retuse, floral connate cycloidal ; flowers in whorls of 4 peduncles op- posite biflore, berries oblong black — on the lime rocks of Kentucky and Illinois, rare, seen only in. 3 localities, one at a Cave on the Elk- horn creek, 3 or 4 feet high, branches of a pale color. It blossoms in April, so early that I al- ways missed to see the full bloom : near to C. flacum but different.
517. L. ELLIPTICA Raf. Autikon. Climbing smooth, leaves all connate elliptic obtuse glau- cous beneath subundulate not reticulate, floral connate in a single ellipse ; flowers subjessile small purple, base gibbose — in the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, seen alive in gardens There are two varieties, 1 Macro- phyla with long leaves 6 inches by 3, the sec- ond Minor small leaves 2 inches by one. Does the doubtful undescribed C. rubrum of fl. Louis. 248 belong here ?
518. L. OVATA Raf. Autikon. Climbing smooth, leaves all sessile ovate acute ; flowers in axillary pedicelate corymbs, corols incarnate tube slender — on the same Mts. Apalaches rare, only met once, leaves small, flowers middle size.
219. L. RETICULATA Raf. Autikon. Erect smooth, branches angular, leaves all connate cycloidal neither acute nor retuse, beneath white and reticulate ; flowers axillary and ter- minal berries red — shady hills of Ohio and Mts. Wasioto of East Kentucky, very small shrub only 2 or 3 feet high, leaves ample, the lower nearly elliptical, flowers not seen, near C. gra- > but branches and leaves different.
520. L. ERIENSIS Raf. Autikon. Erect,
OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
branches brown, villose above, leaves all ses- sile smooth ovate mucronate, fuscate above, pale and reticulate beueath ; bracts ovate vil- lose, flowers villose outside — on the shores of Lake Erie, flowers large white and red : near to L. hirsuta but this is quite hairy with obo- vate acum. leaves, the floral connate.
521. L. ACUTIIOLIA Raf. Autikon. Climb- ing flexuose smooth, leaves all connate subo- vate acute, terminal cycloidal biacute, glau- cous beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal pe- dicelate corymbose, corol small gibbose incar- nate— in the Mts. Alleghany, leaves ample 3 to 4 inches long. Near to L. parviflora, and L. elliptica 516, distinct from both by acute leaves and corymbose flowers,
522. L. DENTATA Raf. Autikon. Erect smooth, leaves all connate oblong acute, re- motely toothed, glaucous beneath, terminal united like a bell biacute ; berries sessile ter- nate red at the bottom of the" bell — near the last by acute leaves, yet different from all by toothed leaves. Flowers not seen. In the up- per Alleghanies and Kiskatom Mts.
523. L. ANGUSTII OLIA Raf. or KANTEMON do Raf, Autikon. Erect evergreen, branches round, leaves elliptic or cuneate all sessile, base acute, end obtuse, lucid above, glaucous and reticulate beneath : flowers naked verticillate, 4-6sessile, berries oval with a marginal crown — in Florida, sent to me dry in fruit. Leaves 2 inches long, some very narrow, none connate, the entire marginal calix appears to persist on the berries. Near to L. or K. ciliosum, but leaves neither ciliated nor ovate nor any con- nate.
This pretty Genus will thus be more than
20 HEW SYLYA.
doubled by me ; we had 7 sp. L. hirsuta, flana, parviflora, ciliosa, grata, douglasi ; besides semportirensy which is hardly of this Genus, and I have added 8 sp. There are also peculiar sp. in Origon of which I will add one, thus 9 sp.
224. C. HISPIDULUM Lindl. hot. reg. 1761. Hispid all over, stem weak prostrate, leaves petiolate cordate ovate obtuse glaucous be- neath, upper sessile ; umbel pedunc. stamens exerted — found by Douglass in N. W. Amer- ica, fl. red small scentless, umbels tri fid, glo- merules with 2 bracts.
525. DISTEGIA Raf. Lonicera and Xylos- teon of Authors. Flowers geminate inclosed within 2 large bracts calix entire. Corolla ur- ceolate, base saccate swelled, limb unequaly 5 fid. stam. 5 subequal style filiform declinate, stigma 2-31obe, berry 2-31ocular, at maturity subunilocular 1 or 2seeded. Habit of Xylos- teum which differs by naked twin berries, corol not swelled, stigma entire &c. This must at any rate be a subgenus of it. Notwithstanding the restoration of Caprifolium, Xylosteum, Diervilla &c, these must again be revised. I think that LONICERA must have at last 4 sub- genera, and besides 3 N. G. out of Xylosteon.
1. Caprifolium. Calix entire corolla bilabi- ate 1-4, tube terete.
2. Cypheola Raf. diff. tube gibbose or swel- led below, as in C. parviflorum, ellipticum, acu- tifolium, hispidulum <£c.
3. Kantemon Raf. cal. Sdentate, cor. sub- equal 5fid tube fusiform or clavate. C. sem- pervirens, ciliosum, angustifolium &c, which deserve to be a Genus ! the stigma is capitate, berry 3 loc. cells 2 to 4 seeds.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 21
4. Eunemium Raf. cal. 5dent. cor. bilabi- ate 4-1, tube filiform very long, flowers gemi- nate as in Xylosteon. This also might be a Genus. The type is C. longiflorum of Nipal, Lindl. b. reg. 1232, with leaves petiolate oblong lanceolate acute smooth, fl. axill. pedunc ber- ries white. Lonicera glabrata belongs to it perhaps, although the tube is short.
Meantime my G. DISTEGIA has 2 types, Lo- nicera ledebouri? and involucrata, which is my.
526. DISTEGIA NUTANS Raf. Xylosteon invo- lucr. Richardson, Dec. Lonic. do Spreng. Lindl. b. reg. 1179. Leaves petiolate ovate oblong acute, pilose beneath, fl. axil, drooping — at Hudson bay and Boreal America, flowers small yellow.
527. XYLOSTEON PUNICEUM Raf. Symphorea do. Loudon,Lonicera do Hooker bot. mag. 2469. Leaves cordate ovate petiolate acute concolor smooth ; peduncles axillary biflore, berries dis- tinct.— Canada, flowers red. Loudon made this a Symphoria,) but it appears a Xylosteon.
528. SYMPIIORIA HETEROPHYLA Raf. leaves petiolate ovate and obovate, lobate or entire, obtuse and acute, upper elliptical, flowers glo- merate terminal naked, berries white — from Missouri, seen alive in gardens, probably -a sin- gular deviation of & alba our Snowberry. S. rubra is called Raccoon berry.
529. DIERVILLA LONGIFOLIA Raf. Autikon. Leaves with short petiols, oblong ovate 4 to 6 inches long, acuminate serrate, base subcor- date or obliqual, beneath glaucous reticulate peduncles 2-3flore — if this is only a variety of Diervilla canadensis, it is like the next, a wide deviation and incipient sp. A shrub 3 to 5
22 NEW SYLVA
feet high, with large leaves, and few small flow- ers, often axillary. On the Oquago Mts. of New York, north end of Alleghanies, it blos- soms late in August.
530. DIERVILLA PARVI FOLIA Raf. stem or branches decumbent, leaves with short petiols, uncial, ovate acuminate serrulate, lower round- ed, fl. terminal subsessile 1 to 3 — in the Mts. Alleghany, leaves seldom over one inch long. The real D. canndensis is a shrub of 5 to 10 feet high with ovate leaves, and trichotome co- rymbs of flowers. I noticed in this sp. or de- viation a very long style with a large stigma like the head of an Amanita, convex above, concave beneath.
531. SAPINDUS ACUMINATA Raf. S. saponaria Elliot and North Am. hot. not Lin. and Antil- les ! Leaves with 8 or 9 pairs of fblioles alter- nate lanceolate acuminate obliqual entire, pe- tiols simple striate, calix with 2 larger sepals, 4 to 6 petals lanceolate base hairy — in Florida, Carolina, Alabama <£c, seen alive in Bartram's garden : wrongly mistaken for the Antillian sp. which is very different by winged petiol. A tree 20 to 30 feet high, pistil trigone, 3 united styles, 3 obtuse stigmas, 3 united capsules ven- tricose monosperm. The S. marginata of Wild, and Dec. found also in Florida and Georgia and the S. saponaria of 3Ix. differs by 6 pairs of folioles not acuminate, and half wing- ed petiols as in real S. saponaria. I have both our compilers call them both by that old name.
Genus VISCUM.
532. VISCUM SEROTINUM Raf. purpur. and verticil, of some hot. stem thick terete ru- gose 2-3chotome geniculate, leaves oppo- site evergreen subpetiolate, obovate ob- tuse hardly nninerve thick ; flowers trifid
OF NORTH AMERICA. 23
monoical axillary spicate, male spikes terete verticillate triandrous shorter than leaves, fe- male spikes .eloinerate, berries snowy white. — Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, &c, parasitical shrub on trees, it blossoms late in the fall and till December, flowers yellowish, almost simi- lar to those of Cenus Osyris (see my disserta- tion,) discovered 1810, indicated 1820 as new. We have in N. Amer. at least 3 sp. of Viscum with white berries, blended with V. album of Europe by Walter, Muhlenberg &c, or with V. Jlarens and verticillatum of South Amer. and Antilles by Pursh, Elliot &c, but quite dif- ferent from all these. This is the Western sp. the berries are snowy white persistent in Win- ter, purplish when dry ; thus perhaps V. pur- pureum of some botanists.
533. VISCUM OCHROLEUCTJM Raf. V. verti- cillatum Elliot Nut. Tor. not L. album Walt, not L. flavescens Pursh, Beck, not Swartz — Branches terete opposite or quternate genicu.- late leaves subsessile obovate obtuse trinerve often quaternate, spikes nearly equal to leaves axillary often 4nate, flowers 3-4fid, 3-4andr. berries spiked yellowish white. — From New Jersey to Florida, parasitical, stem 1 or 2 feet, flowers very small vernal April and May.
534. VISCUM LEUCARPUM Raf. fl. lud. 251. exclus. syn? stem articulate very branched, leaves opposite sessile oblong obtuse, flower's sessile axillary glomerate, glomerules pauciflore 2-3flore and 2-3berries white — in West Louisi- ana and Texas probably, distinct by the few flowers, probably enervate also.
535. VISCUM OBLONGIFOLIUM Raf. V.rubrum? auct. Branches rugose, leaves petiolate oblong or narrow elliptic, base acute, end obtuse, se-
24 flEW SYLVA
mitrinerve, rugose, spikes very short, berries solitary oblong (red ?) — my specimen is from Florida, there also grow the V. rubrum of L. and Catesby, stated to have lanceolate leaves ; riot seen by Elliot nor any of our Authors. Mine is now better described.
536.. VISCUM RUGOSUM Raf. purpureum ? of some Authors ! Branches rugose, leaves petio- late oboval or broad elliptic obtuse trinerve ru- gose ; spikes very short, berries spicate ternate or geminate oboval white, but red when dry — in Delaware and Virginia, often on the Nyssa. The V. purpureum seen by few botanists is sta- ted to have retuse avenous leaves, my speci- mens have 3 nerves reaching beyond the mid- dle of the leaves.
Therefore it is evident that this Genus was quite obscure to our botanists, who had seen few species, and mistaken those seen. Neither Smith nor Elliot had seen the V. rubrum and purpureum, and only copied the errors of Lin- neus, who blends 2 or 3 species in V. purpu- reum, with purple and white berries, the sp of Plumier and the Antilles is probably the real species, yet Smith deems it the V. buxifolium. The 2 sp. of the Bahama Islands figured by Catesby appear different from all ours, and are thus. 1. V. vulram of Cat. 2. t. 81. leaves petio- late cuneate obtuse concave, berries red globu- lar spiked verticillate. 2. V. purpureum. Cat. 2. t. 95. leaves petiolate obovate obtuse enerve, berries purple turbinate racemose opposite, pe- duncles swelled.
The blunders of Linneus on this Genus are egregious, see the criticism of Smith in Rees. His V. terrestre ! is a Lysimachia ! He has blended 2 sp. in V. vertidllatum, the real sp.
OF N011TII AMERICA. 35
of Jamaica is aphyllous and perhaps not of this Genus ; the other is V. buxifolium ? of Smith with leaves ovate obtuse trinerve, and berries safron color. Yet our American Botanists per- sist to this day to call 2 or 3 of our species by that name ! others unite our sp. to the V. fla- tens of Schwartz and Jamaica with ovate ve- nose leaves and yellow berries! none of our sp. have ovate leaves, they are obovate ! Such are the blunders of our best Botanists, and yet they pretend that our Botany is well known and our shrubs &c properly named , . !
537. DIOSPYROS CILIATA Raf. Branches di- varicate pubescent, leaves ovate and obovate or elliptic shortly acuminate, smooth above, pu- bescent beneath when young, margin ciliated, flowers axillary, solitary or geminate subsessile — Florida, seen alive in gardens, only a shrub 5 to 6 feet high, much spreading, branches te- rete ash color, leaves very unequal and various on the same branch, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth beneath when old, but always ciliate, petioles short, peduncles still shorter, calyx flat 41obed corolla ovate urceolate end 4lobe, lobes broad short, stamens 8 to 12, anthers just protruding.
538. CEPHALANTHUS OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. bran- ches nearly hexagone, leaves ternate petiolate ovate elliptic obtuse not acuminate, base subo- bliquate, beneath smooth yellow glaucous,nerves subpubescent — sent me from Missouri, also seen in West Kentucky : differs from both C. pubescens and C. acuminatus or occidentalis. The peduncles of heads has verticillated scales the corolla is slender equal to stamens, but the style is twice as long ; flowers estival white and fragrant. It forms a shrub 5 to 6 feet high growing as the others near streams.
26 NEW SYLtA.
Genus CHRYSOBALANUS.
This tropical Genus near to PRUNUS extend^ to Florida and we have several sp. only one was known, I shall describe 4.
539. CHRYSOB. OBLONGIFOLIUS MX. Branch- lets redish rugose, leaves suhsessile oblong or subcuneate undulate, acute at both ends, lucid reticulate quite smooth, flowers terminal pani- culate, dichotome and trichotome, calix white tomentose — in Florida, leaves 3 inches long, yellowish minutely reticulate on both sides, flowers small white, ealix campannlate acute, stamens smooth. Not less than 3 sp. appear to have been blended by our Authors with this.
540. CHRYSOBALANUS RETUSA Raf. Branch- es dark purple leaves subsessile entire, oblong base acute, end obtuse retuse emarginate, re- ticulate and quite smooth on both sides, above coppery lucid, beneath pale yellowish less lucid — found by Nuttal in Georgia and Alabama, not named but Genus ascertained (Collins herb.) It differs from Chr. oblongifolius by the re- tuse leaves of a metalic color above, 3 to 4 inches long, over one broad, but 2 other sp. have evidently been blended by Michaux and Nuttal.
541. CHRYSOBALANUS INCANUS Raf. Var. of oblongif. MX. leaves oblong oboval, white and wooly beneath — Florida. This must certainly be distinct from the 2 above, having no speci- men I cannot describe it better.
542. CHRYSOBALANUS (Spondolobus) PRUNI- FOLIUS Raf. Branches smooth, leaves petio- late ovate serrulate acute at both ends, base bi- glandular, both sides smooth not reticulate; flowers racemose, raceme pauciflore, drupes oblong — from Florida, in the Herbarium of
OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
Collins, mistaken for Bumelia ! leaves small 1 inch long, quite similar to those of Prunus ! ra- cemes terminal 5-6flore, no bracts, pedicels long, calix broad flat campanulate Sdentate per- sistent, 5 petals obovate, stamens about 15 al- most monadelphous at the base, filaments sub- ulate, pistil on a thick thorus. oblong acute pro- minent, style lateral incurved or flexuose, stig- ma obtuse. I have not seen the ripe fruit, but the young fruit is unlike any Prunus being o- blong elongate acute like a pod one side strait. I have united this shrub with this Genus for the lateral style ; but it deserves to be a pecu- liar subgenus by the calix, thorus, stamens &c, a connecting link with Padus, I propose to call it Spondolobus Raf, meaning plumb-pod.
543. CnRysopHyLUM LUDOVICIANUM Raf. fl. lud. 165. C. glabrum Robin not L. Spinose, leaves oblong lanceolate acute, silky beneath, flowers fasciculate axillary — in West Louisiana and Texas, only seen by Robin, mistaken for C. glabrum of Antilles, but this has smooth leaves. Omitted by our compilers and added here to recall it to their dull memory. A shrub 8 to 10 feet high, flowers small greenish, calyx 5parted, stigma sessile, berry globular, seeds compressed.
544. CHRysopnyLUM CAINITO var. rotundifo- lium Raf. Leaves on short petiols rounded ovate acute at both ends, veins paralel, above shining lucid brown, beneath silky lucid rusty, flowers geminate, pedicels longer than flowers, fruit oboval rounded. — South Florida, and Flo- rida Keys, A small tree, branches smooth ashy brown, leaves alternate coriaceous thick beautiful almost round very entire 2 or 3 inch- es long, nearly as broad, with a single thick
28 NEW SYLVA,
nerve and many paralel veins. Flowers scat- tered, very small. My specimens labelled C. cainito appear to form another variety or de- viation, perhaps it is a peculiar sp. as many have beon blended in C. cainito with round and oval fruits.
Genus BUMEL1A,
545. BUMELIA UNDULATA Raf. Branches inermous subopposite striate brown, leaves ter- minal alternate on long petiols, broad elliptic smooth minutely reticulate on both sides, base acute, end obtuse, margin undulate entire ; flowers scattered fasciculate shorter than pedi- cels— a small tree from South Florida, labelled B. salidfolia in Collins Herbal, but quite distinct from the Bahama and Antillian sp. with narrow acuminate leaves. This has leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 1£ or 2 broad, quite obtuse and even somewhat retuse at the end, petiols 1 or 2 inches long : flowers not ax- illary scattered below the leaves 2 to 5 togeth- er, seldom solitary, calix smooth, sepals ovate acute, fruit oval style persistent.
546. BUMELIA ARACHNOIDEA Raf, Arbores- cent, inermous ? branchlets dark purple subru- gose, leaves petiolate fasciculate cuneate oblong entire obtuse, smooth and reticulate above, be- neath and petiols hairy arachnoidal, flowers on short pedicels fasciculate rufous hairy — in Ar- kanzas and Texas, large tree 40 to 50 feet high, leaves about 4 inches long and one broad, not lucid, dull on both sides, minutely netted nerves above, tomentose like spider webs be- neath, very acute at base and very obtuse at end. Flowers very small and short, sepals of calix ovate obtuse. The B. oblongifolia of Nuttal is akin but differs by being a small tree
OP NORTH AMERICA. 29
15 to 20 feet high, leaves smooth (so says Nut- tal although Eaton calls them hairy beneath) not so cuneate, branches thorny, flowers sub- sessile 4*c*
547. BUMELIA DENTICULATA Raf. shrubby inermous ? branchlets smooth rugose, leaves petiolate fhin, broad oval elliptic, base acute, end subacuminate, margin remotely denticulate smooth on both sides, flowers solitary on long erect filiform pedicels, calix smooth, sepals round — from Florida, leaves 2 or 3 inches long with a few remote obtuse teeth on the sides, texture very thin, with veins rather than nerves slightly reticulate, pedicels over one inch long, stiff although filiform, flowers pretty large smooth. A very distinct species.
548. BUMELIA? SERRULATA Raf. shrubby inermous, branchlets cinereous with white dots leaves subopposite petiolate smooth, obovate elliptical acute at both ends serrulate glauces- cent beneath minutely veined reticulate with some scattered hairs — from Apalachian Mts. of Alabama small shrub, leaves small pale green, nearly glaucous beneath. Collected by Lyons, my specimen of Collins herbal has no flowers, but is labelled a new Bumelia, We have thus at least 10 sp. of this Genus with the 6 already known, and I have nearly all in my Herbarium ; but one requires correction, 2 or 3 sp. being perhaps blended under B. lanugi- nosa. My specimens collected by Ware in Florida have leaves elliptic obtuse or acute, hairy rusty beneath like the branches, and flow- ers thickly glomerate rufous hairy, is it a pe- culiar sp. B. rufa ? Raf. while the B. lanugi- nosa of Elliot and Authors, has leaves ovate lanceolate tomentose beneath, a third var. is
30 NEW SYLVA
the var. sericea or B. chrysophyloides of fl. Louis, with similar leaves, but silky silvery and gilded beneath.
549. Genus ANTHELTS.
The Genus CISTUS of Linneus was a medley of 150 heterogenous species, the modern botan- ists in restoring HELIANTHEMUM of Tournefort overlooked the perfect identity win. HELIAN- THUS ! both meaning Sun flower. To avoid this equivocal name I changed it in 1812 in my Chloris Etnensis to ANTHELIS being a transpo- sition (flower of the sun) this correction is indis- pensable. Of this Genus 5 sp. have been des- cribed as North American, and with 5 others from Mexico and Brazil form a peculiar group or subgenus quite American ; Decandole calls this group Lecheoides owing to the similarity with Lechea, but if it is to become a Genus in future this derivation will not do. I am going to add several new sp. thereto and thus venture to call it HORANTHES flowers of an hour.
S. G. HORANTHES, sepals 5, external 2 narrow, internal 3 margin scariose, petals 5 yel- low, stamens few 12 to 20, stigma capitate large sessile or subsessile, capsule glabrous uni- loc, 3 valve — small suffruticose plants, leaves opposite below, no stipules, flowers evanescent or petals fugacious. The H. tripetala of Mex- ico is probably a Lechea ! all our sp. are es- tival.
550 ANTHELIS (HORANTHES) PODANISIA Raf. erect pulverulent pubescent, stem virgate sim- ple, leaves adpressed linear cuneate acute mar- gin reflexed; flowers in axillary fascicles, or racemes, pedicels unequal, one terminal much longer, calix with 3 oval sepals, 2 linear equal, capsule oval equal to calix — on the Red River
OF NORTH AMERICA. 3i
in Arkanzas Louisiana and Texas, stem pedal base suffruticose, leaves one inch long narrow, flowers small, calix cinereous pubescent.
551. ANTHELIS (Horanthes) ARENARIA Raf. many procumbent stems nearly smooth, leaves linear acute sometimes ciliate, pedicels axillary uniflore equal to leaves, 3 sepals membranace- ous rufous smooth trinerve ovate acute, 2 linear subciliate — in sands of Pine barrens in South New Jersey and Florida, first discovered by Kin in 1801. Root large deep, many short diffuse sterns, leaves small, flowers rather large.
MONOGRAPH of CELTIS. I mean to give a complete account of the N. American sp. of this Genus, increased to 15 kinds whereof 9 are trees and 6 are only shrubs. Linneus had only one, Lamark and others in- creased it to 3 or 4, our latest compilers have only 4 sp. although I had added 3 others as early as 1817 ; but this Genus was little attend- ed to, the species being very similar in habit have usualy been blended, even when seen, and often reduced by the leaves rather than flow- ers. They are known indiscriminetly by the vulgar names of Nettle tree, Beaver wood, Hackberry, Dogcherry, Cherry elm, Hoopash, &/c ; they bear vernal blossoms, and edible ber- ries, leaves distichal alternate, the wood is hard and valuable ; but they are rather uncommon in our forests except two kinds.
552. CELTIS CANINA Raf. Am. M. M. 1817 Decads 6. Tree with smooth bark, branch- lets smooth angular dotted, leaves ovate acu- minate, unequaly uncinate serrate trinervate, base acute entire obliqual unequal, smooth on both sides, but wrinkled above, and axils of nerves pubescent beneath, fruit red globular
32 NEW SYLVA
solitary axillary, pedicels longer than petiols — a small tree 15 to 25 feet high, discovered 1816 in the State of New York, near the Mattawan Mts. it blossoms in April and May, the branch- es are spreading, covered with glandular dots. Torrey insisted that this was the C. occidenta- lis of Linrieus, and yet believes it perhaps, therefore I will give the contrasted account of that sp. from my specimens, confirmed by the ample descriptions of Lamark, Smith and El- Hot.
553. CELTIS OCCIDENTALS L. and Authors. C. UIITICI FOLIA Raf. a better name — tree, bark rimose, branchlets pubescent angular not dot- ted, leaves ovate acuminate subcqualy uncinate serrate trinervate, base acute entire obliqual unequal, young leaves villose,old leaves smooth even above, beneath quite pubescent, petiols pubescent, fruit purple globular solitary axilla- ry, on pedicels subequal or shorter than petiols. — A large tree 30 to 70 feet high, spread thin- ly from New England to Carolina, flowering in March and April. — Thus it differs from the last by the bark branches, being larger, quite pubescent, leaves also larger 3 to 5 inches long, fruit sweeter dark purple, Elliot says the sterile flowers are frequently ternate. The C. aus- tralis of Europe hardly differs except by rougher leaves and black fruit. The C. tenu- ifolia, pumila, alba &c had all been deemed varieties of this .by turns, and even Nuttal deems the C.cordata as such! they might as well unite all the sp. of Asia and the Antilles into one!
554. CELTIS ALBA Raf. fl. lud. 68. Var. in- tegrifolia of Amer Authors, not the C. integrif. of Lamark, african sp. — Tree with smooth bark
OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
branchlets tomentose, smooth when older sub- angular dotted, leaves broadly lanceolate entire gradualy acute, base acute obliqual unequal trinervate, quite smooth on both sides, glaucous above, nerves reticulate beneath, fruits red small globular solitary or ternate, axillary on pedicels equal to petiols — a very distinct spe- cies, well described and named by me as early as 1817, neglected by our compilers ; I have specimens collected in Arkanzas by Nuttal as a N. sp. or mistaken for the C. integrifolia of Senegal, which is totaly unlike having round and rough leaves &c. It grows in Missouri, Arkanzas, Louisiana and Texas. Fine shady tree 40 feet high, bark whitish and scaly, cool- ing and anodyne. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, one wide, of a whitish color, being glaucous above, while beneath less so, flowers small green; anthers opening as in Laurus says Robin, 2 hairy stigmas. Berries small red sweet. Blossoms in March.
555. CELTIS FUSCATA. Raf. C. longifolia Raf. fl. tex. 9. Tree, branchlets smooth suban- gular verrucose, leaves smooth oblong lanceo- late acuminate trinervate, fuscate base acute obliqual unequal, margin equaly serrate, be- neath reticulate, pedicels equal to petiols — a small tree from Florida, Texas and also the Island of Cuba, where collected by Jalambic : quite distinct from the rough leaved sp. of the Antilles with broad or cordate leaves. Some of the leaves are broadly lanceolate,others quite narrow, commonly 2 inches long, their color is peculiar brownish, dark above, yellowish be- neath. My specimens have no fruit. Found anonymous in Collins Herbarium. Var. tex- ensis was my C. longifolia of 1833 only differ-
34 NEW S\ LVA.
ence leaves base truncate, roughish above,
556. CELTIS SALICIFOLIA Raf. Tree, branch- lets terete pilose with white dots, leaves oblong elongate narrow subacuminate sharply serrate, base obliqual acute trinervate, potiols and nerves pubescent — in Arkanzas and Louisiana, a small tree 20 feet high, leaves 2 to 4,inches long simi- lar to some Willows but quite obliqual, very different from all the narrow leaved kinds, nearer to C. occidentalis, but very different leaves. Is it a deviation of C. fuscata ? chief difference in terete pilose branches, nerves pu- bescent 4«c.
557. CELTIS LEVIGATA W. Loud. Leaves unequaly cordate obliqual acuminate nearly en- tire, smooth on both sides — in Louisiana, small tre£->20 feet high. I have not seen it, it was described in Wildenow Enumeration, I copy the notice from Loudun Cyclop, of plants. It appears different from all the cordate leaved kinds by the smooth leaves, and from my mori- folia and patula by obliqual acuminate leaves.
558. CELTIS MORIFOLIA Raf. C. cordata of some botanists ? — Tree, branchlets redish hir- sute angular or striate, leaves ovate oblong ser- rate acute or acuminate, base subcordate or truncate, slightly obliqual, scabrose above, be- neath smooth pate reticulate,nerves yellow hir- sute, petiols pubescent, pedicels longer than pe- tiols — this is one of the 3sp. blended and call- ed Hackberry in the Western States. This is a tree 20 to 40 feet high, the branches have neither warts nor dots. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 1 or 2 wide, becoming quite smooth be- neath when old, but always rough above hardly trinervate, but nerves regular and reticulate. Found in Illinois, Kentucky cf-c, if I remember
OF NORTH AMERICA. 35
right the herries are blackish and ovate ; but my specimens have no fruit. It has evidently been often mistaken for the next, which has shorter thicker leaves more acuminate, more cordate and more obliqual, quite pubescent be- neath ; it is nearer to C. micranthes of Antil- les differing chiefly by larger serratures, pubes- cent branches, petiols <J«c.
549. CELTIS CRASSIFOLIA Lamark and many Authors, C. cordata Persoon and others — tree, branches terete rough, leaves broadly ovate acuminate, unequaly serrate, base cordate obli- qual, thick or subcoriaceous, rough on both sides, peduncles mostly biflore — a small tree 15 to 40 feet high, with large dark thick leaves quite rough, common from West Pennsylvania to Missouri and Kentucky, blossoms in May. Berries black large sweet, called Hackberries or by corruption Hagberries, Hogberries.
560. CELTIS RETICULATA Torrey, Eaton. Leaves broad cordate pubescent subcoriaceous, subentire, subobtuse, base unequal obliqual, pa- pillose scabrose above, reticulate prominent nerves beneath, peduncles uniflore — in the Western parts of Missouri and Arkanzas ex- tending probably to the Origon Mts. found by James described by Torrey ; I have not seen it and only copy his account to show that it differs no more from C. crassifolia than my C. morifolia, all 3 have cordate leaves and re- ticulate nerves, whence the name is not very proper. Is it a tree or a shrub ? compare C. patula.
561. CELTIS MARITIMA Raf. 1817, Decads 7. Shrubby, branchlets terete tortuose pubes- cent, leaves ovate acuminate trinerve rough on both sides with large equal serratures, base
36 ITEW 8YLYA
broad nearly cordate obliqual, petiols and nerves pubescent, pedicels subequal to petiols, a small crooked shrub 3 or 4 feet high growing on the downs of the sea shores from Long Is- land to Chesapeak. It blossoms in May, the branches are cinereous and slightly dotted, leaves small uncial. Very near to the next, but distinct by locality and acuminate rough leaves.
562. CELTIS PUMILA Raf. C. occid var. pu- mila Mg. and some others, but not Pursh nor his copists. — Shrubby, procumbent, branchlets slender terete subtomentose, leaves thin ovate acute with large equal serratures, base trun- cate hardly obliqual trinervate both sides near- ly smooth, petiols and nerves hardly pubescent — in the Alleghany Mts. from Pennsylvania to Virginia. A small low shrub only 2 feet high or long. Leaves hardly over one inch, hardly acuminate rather acute, very thin and green, with very large teeth. This is marked in Col- lins Herb, as the real pumila var of Muhlen- berg, but it appears that all our 6 shrubby sp. must have been blended under this name ; I shall now distinguish them properly although the synonyms are difficult to fix, owing to all copying Pursh rather than describe what they saw. The large teeth and truncate base will distinguish this from all others besides the pro- cumbent stem.
563. CELTIS TENUIFOLIA Raf. (or parvifolia) C. pumila Pursh, T. B. &c. C. occid. var. tenuif. Lam. Pers. Nuttal ? &c — shrubby erect branches divaricate, branchlets angular smooth leaves uniform ovate acuminate, serrulate in the middle, base acute obliquat unequal entire trinervate, both sides smooth, pedicels axillary
OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
uniflore longer than petiols, fruits round oboval brown — a shrub 3 to 5 feet high, erect with spreading branches, found by myself in the hills of Maryland, blossoming in May, said to grow also in the Mts. of Virginia and in Louisiana, easily known by the few small teeth, leaves 1 or 2 inches long rather thin.
564. CELTIS HETEROPHYLA Raf. shrubby, branchlets smooth terete rugose, leaves multi- form, ovate or cordate, oblong or lanceolate, base hardly obliqual rounded or cordate, end acute or acuminate, margin entire or with a few teeth, but all smooth thin with nerves reti- culate beneath, pedicels axillary uniflore longer than petiols, young fruits ovate — sent me from Alabama, a very singular species offering all kinds of leaves on the same small branches (1 or 2 inches long) yet unlike any of the other shrub- by kinds. Is it the C. pumila found by short and Riddell in Kentucky ?
565. CELTIS PATULA Raf. shrubby diffuse, branches divaricate, branchlets angular smooth leaves uniform cordate acute, entire or serru- late in the middle, rough above, beneath smooth reticulate, base not obliqual, petiols and pedi- cels very short — from Florida, humble shrub, branches quite divergent, sometimes reflexed, leaves over one inch long and broad, pale above as in C. alba. Near to C. reticulata, which differs chiefly by leaves pubescent obliqual obtuse.
566. CELTIS FLORIDANA Raf. shrubby, branch- lets angular pubescent above, petiols pubescent very short, leaves broad ovate obliqual acute serrulate in the middle above rough rugose, be- neath reticulate by grey pubescent nerves, pedi- cels short but longer than petiols, fruit depres-
38 NEW SYLYA
sed ? — Florida and Alabama in the hills, leaves uncial, base and end quite entire, middle teeth small but close subequal.
Genus ULMUS.
Without giving a complete monograph of all our Elms, I will try to rectify and improve this Genus by adding 5 to those already known or admitted. There are several overlooked sp. of it, since Thomas has quite lately described the V. racemosa from New York : the others known are V. americana, nemoralis, fulva and alata, to which I shall add U. longifolia. obovata, alba, dentata and dimidiata ; thus we know already 10 N. Amer. Sp. and there are more perhaps, those of Origon are not yet described.
567. ULMUS LONGIFOLIA Raf. shrubby, branchlets slender smooth striated, leaves on short petiols, smooth on both sides, thin, oblong elongate, base subcordate hardly obliqual, end acuminate, margin duplicate serrate — Alaba- ma and Tennessee, near to U. alata, but branch- es not winged and leaves longer subcordate. A shrub 8 to 10 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long about one wide.
568. ULMUS OBOVATA Raf. Tree, branches patent, branchlets terete smooth rugose, leaves ample on short petiols obovate acuminate, base obtuse obliqual. margin duplicate serrate, near- ly smooth above, villose beneath — in Kentucky and Illinois, a tree 30 to 40 feet high, with large leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 4 wide, near to the two next which differ by oblong leaves and white hanging branches, or ovate rough leaves &c.
569. ULMUS ALBA Raf. fl. lud. 387. U. Amer. Var, pendula of Authors — Tree with hanging
OF NORTH A1UKR1CA. 39
branches, bark whitish, leaves oblong, base acute obliqual, duplicate dentate, roughish and lucid above, villose beneath — in Louisiana and other States, 50 to 60 feet high, long flexible branches. As this with the last and next are often blended under the vulgar name of White Elm, I must add what I consider as the real U. Americana.
570. ULMUS AMEHICANA L. Authors: (sessi- lis Raf. better name.) Tree, branches divar- gent, branchlets terete smooth rugose, leaves subsessile ovate acuminate, duplicate serrate, base very obliqual subcordate, above rough, be- neath soft hardly pubescent — chiefly in the Al- leghany mts. large tree 60 to 80 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long 2 or 3 broad. Thus quite distinct from both the preceding.
571. ULMUS DENTATA Raf. Tree, branchlets terete smooth, leaves ample and thin, on long petiols, obovate, base acute entire, not obli- qual, large sharp teeth above, end subacumi- nate, smooth on both sides, fruits fasciculate pe- duncled oblong bifid fimbriate on the sides — a fine new Elm, sent me from Alabama as U.
fulva, but totaly unlike, much nearer to U. ne- moralis ? which differs by oblong leaves and sessile flowers. Leaves very large 6 to 7 in- ches long, 3 to 4 broad, petiols over one inch longer than in any other sp. the large subequal teeth are only in the upper half, fascicles of flowers multiflore, pedicels filiform, calix cam- panulate,stamens exserted, pistil cuneate oblong bifid by the 2 styles. It is called the yellow Elm.
572. ULMUS PIMIDIATA Raf. shrubby, branch- lets smooth angular, leaves on very short peti- ols, quite smooth biforme, some smaller ovate
40 NEW SYLYA.
acute, some larger oblong acuminate dimidiate, all equaly serrate, base very obliqual, often one side decurrent the other reduced in size or di- midiate.— In Florida and Georgia, shrub 8 to 12 feet high, leaves pale subcoriaceous, 1 or 2 inches long, in the narrow leaves the base of one side is removed upwards of the petiol and that side is much reduced in size whence the name : unlike any other sp. very singular and curious, fruit not seen. The fine U. alata is alone somewhat akin in size of shrub and leaves I have found that fine sp. in Kentucky and have it also from Tennessee and Arkanzas. The 17. pinguis or fat Elm of Louisiana must be compared and distinguished if different from both. The V. pumila of Walter is said to be the U. alata.
This fine and useful Genus was thus like Celtis in great disorder, Linneus united six European sp. in his U. campestris ! and we have nearly as many in our White Elms ! It is now supposed that U. nemoralis is the Plane- ra aquatica and also Rhamnus carpinifolia ! being put into 3 Genera! and although Sir James Smith doubts the fact, he acknowledges having seen only one kind. I have not yet obtained the Planera and cannot clear the subject; but all our botanists distinguish it from U. nemoralis<ho1 they cannot show distinct specimens of both, if two they are both called Water Elm. Elliot omits the U. nemoralis, but describes twice the Planera in pentandria and polygamia ! I hope my remarks -and new sp. will make this Genus better known. Abelicea or Planera will only be perhaps a subgenus of Ulmus, merely distinguished by polygamy and capsule
OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
swelled obliqual reticulate or squamose. 3 sp. Abelicea cretica, sibirica, and aquatica our own,
573. PLEUROSTENA Raf. fl, tel. 413. Calix rhomboidal 5fid unequal. Stamens 5 subequal, stigmas 3 sessile. Seed conical lon- ger than calix, unequal trigone, one side nar- rower. Flowers axillary polygamous. One of the 20 Genera blended in Polygonum, re- vised by me in fl. tel. The type of this is a small western shrub. The name means nar- row side.
574. PLEUROSTENA SEROTINA Raf. Polyg. do Raf. An nut. 93. Suffruticose, stem striate much branched, branches angular virgate, leaves nearly sessile ovatoblong acute smooth, sheaths split lacerated, flowers axillary fasci- culate— discovered and published in 1820, a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high woody only at the base, quite autumnal blossoming late in Octo- ber, growing in fields and glades in Kentucky. Leaves quite small, flowers green 2 to 5 to- gether on short peduncles, often polygamous by the abortion of stamens. Different from Stopinaca fl. tel. 405 or Polygonella of MX. which I have also.
575. SPERMAULAXEN Raf. fl. tel. 416. Monoical, male fl. campan. 4-5fid, segments subequal obtuse colorate. Stam 4-5 very short, female fl. similar larger more unequal, seg- ments erect obovate, stigmas 2-3sessile. Seed pyramidal double of calix trigone, base con- crete, one side concave canaliculate. Shrub' by fl. spiked — another very distinct G. of same tribe akin to the last, to which perhaps belong also the exotic sp. blended as Polyg. ochreatum
6
42 NEW SYLVA
and grandiflorum. The name applies to the sulcate seed.
576. SPERMATTLAXEN DICHOTOMUS Raf. stem shrubby dichotome sulcate, leaves petiolate oblong lanceol. acute smooth, margins rough, sheaths obsolete, spikes filiform, flowers remote some are peduncled — Florida, found without name in Col. herb, flowers small purplish male and female on same spike, no tubular sheaths but instead a small subulate deciduous stipule in some leaves and flowers.
577. TOXYLON Raf. 1817 in Mus. Nat. Sc. misprinted loxylon (an I for a T) correct- ed inMed. flora Vol. 2 page 268. MACLURA of Nuttal 1818 posterior name, and a Genus of shells was since called after Maclure who was no botanist ! MORUS or BRUSSONETIA TINCTO- RIA ! of Sprengel Kunth and Torrey ! not of Linneus, quite a different tree ... I was the FIRST to describe this Genus of trees and give it a better name than Nuttal. His name how- ever was adopted by some botanists, while others blundered so far as to blend it with the tropical Morns tinctoria of Linneus, I cor- rected this mistake in 1830 in my medical flora, Nuttal has also corrected it in 1834 in his plants of Wyeth ; but without mentioning my previous name ! — I gave a long account and history of it in 1817 to which I refer Amer. Monthly Mag. Vol. 2 p. 118, and will only recapitulate the main characters here : adding the real M. tinctoria (to evince the difference) which forms the Genus fusticus.
Characters of TOXYLUS Raf. flowers dioical in catkins, male fl. calix Sparted, 5 stamens, female fl. in globular fleshy catkins, calix im- mersed pentagonal concrete, Ovary oboval
OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
simple deciduous filiform villose stigma simple fruct a fleshy syncarpe or concrete berry by coalescent berries verrucose tesselated as in Artocarpus, forming many cells at the periphe- ry, each with one seed obovate. Spinose tree with alternate distichal leaves, fruits large axillary. — Thus intermediate between Arto- carpus and Fusticus. My name means Bow- wood (loxilon would have meant arrow-wood) one of its name.
578. TOXYLON MACLTJRA Raf. T. pomiferum Raf. 1817. Maclura aurantiaca Nuttal 1818, Eaton. Brouss.tinctoria Spr. K. Torrey! Leaves smooth lucid ovate acuminate petiolate entire, a recurved spine near their base, fruits orange like, axillary subsessile drooping — in Arkanzas, Texas and upper Missouri, a small tree 20 to 30 feet high, branches spreading, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, petiol about one inch, fruits size and shape of an orange, nearly same color, but structure like the bread fruit or pine apple, con- taining a sweet amylaceous milk. Wood yel- low tough and heavy, used to make excellent bows, bark affording a fine flax. Tree easily raised from cuttings and layers, forming excel- lent hedges. Called Ayac by the Indians, also Bow-wood, yellow wood, stinking wood, Osage apple, — I made two oversights in my first ac- count of this valuable tree in 1817, calling the leaves serrate and wood used for arrows. Seen alive in many gardens with flowers and fruits. Nuttal calls the nerves puberulent beneath, they are only so when young, the flowers and styles are yellow.
579. FUSTICUS Raf. Fustic tree differing from MORUS or Mulberry by female Catkins globular, flowers distinct, calix scariose 4par-
44 HEW SYLVA
tite, sepals unequal obovate obtuse, ovary obo- vate compressed, a single style terminal smooth filiform flexuose, a single stigma. Fruit a glo- bular compound berry or syncarpe by baccate calix as in Morus, concrete at the base but distinct at the end, seeds compressed. Trees distichal serrate leaves, fruits axillary pen- dulous— several blended species. If .the good name of Fusticus does not appear classical enough, I propose for substitute SUKAMINEA a name of Dioskorides for the Mulberry. This G. is nearer Broussonetia than Morus and Tox- ylon. The first only differs by fern, calix tubu- lar 3-4dcntate, style lateral, seed elavate : the Morus differs from all 3 by the double styles and stigmas, with the oblong fruits. My G. Calostima fl. tel. 589 which was the Urtica baccata of L. is akin to all these, a connecting link with Basella, it differs by the many radia- ted stigmas and racemose fruits not forming a syncarpe, All are deemed to belong to the tribe of Urticides or Nettles, forming a peculiar group MORIDES by baccate seeds. Sir J. Smith regreted that the blended Fustic trees had not been well distinguished, I shall try to distin- guish 4 of them.
580. FUSTICUS GLABRA Raf. Broussonetia tinctoria Jalambic in Collins herb. Branches terete inerme yellowish punctate of white, pe- tiols very short, leaves quite smooth ovatoblong repand or serrate in the middle only, baseobli- qual subcordate, end acuminate elongate, fe- male catkins on short peduncles — in South Florida and Cuba. It is on this sp. that I have framed the Generic character. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long without spines, catkins small not one fourth of Toxylon. It is probably this sp.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 45
that is meant by some writers, but I cannot as- certain the synonyms ; yet I can vouch that it is quite unlike my Toxylon, having seen both. The flowers are pale yellow, styles of same co- lor, fruits not seen.
581. FUSTICUS VERA (or TINCTORIA) Raf. Morus tinctoria Lin. syst. nat. Mant. not sp. pi. Miller, Brown, Sloan, Smith &c. Bark yellow leaves oblong acute entire rough, base obliqual cordate, no spines — in Central America, Yuca- tan, Jamaica &c the real Fustic of dyers, a large tree 60 feet high, fruits sweet eatable size of a nutmeg.
582. FUSTICUS XANTHOXYLON Raf. Morus do Lin. Syst. nat. et Mant. 495. Smith, Morus tinctoria Lin. sp. pi. Poiret, Jaq. t. 247. Pluk. phyt. t. 239. Bark grey, leaves ovatoblong acute serrate nearly smooth, base obliqual, spines axillary half uncial equal to petiols. — From Yucatan to Bahama, it is the Bastard Fustic a smaller tree 40 feet high, it was the original M. tinctoria of L. but he since descri- bed the real one above : Latnark again blends them ; but they are quite distinct botanicaly and economicaly as proved by Smith, the wood being less valuable as a dye. Perhaps found in Florida.
583. FUSTICUS TATAIBA Raf. M. tinctoria L. Sm. Poiret 4*c- Tatai-iba Marcgrave hist. braz. 119 fig ! Bark grey, leaves petiolate ovate lan- ceol. acumin. serrate or repand smooth, base acute not obliqual nor cordate, no spines, fruits subsessile — Brazil, a very distinct sp. figured 150 years ago. A very large tree, with leaves like the Beech tree. Fruit pretty large sweet- ly acid eaten with wine and sugar, the flowers are pale, the styles brown. I have verified the
40 NEW SYLVA.
figure — the Qiiechuc of Orinoco mentioned by Caulin p. 15. is probably another Fustic, the fruit is green and sweet falling as soon as ripe.
584. BROUSSONKTIA PAPYRIFEKA Duhamel, W. $c Papyria of Lamark,, Morus papyrifera L. Sin. &c. A well known useful tree native of Japan and Polynesia, now introduced in the open grounds of Europe and America, quite common in our gardens where it bears the winter pretty well, altho' injured sometimes by frost. We have only the male trees.
Genus MORUS.
585. MORUS ALBA L. &c. A well known tree, now widely spreading with us, almost wild in some localities. White Mulberry. This is said to be constantly monoical, but the other sp. are often dioical and polygamous.
586. MORUS NIGRA L. &c. Black Mulberry, also cultivated for the fruit. — The best Mono- graph of this Genus are those of Lamark and Smith, including the Fustic trees however; but Lamark has a new American sp. M. canaden- sis, and Wildenow another M. Scabra, I can add 4 others besides the M. multicaulis. Eaton has only 3 ! Nuttal admits the M. scabra. I have 9 whereof 7 seen alive and one dry.
587. Mouus RUBRA L. our well known Red Mulberry found from Canada to Louisiana. It has some Var. 1 pallida fruits pale, 2 hetero- phtflla with all the leaves unlike. Often dioi- cal like all our American kinds. It is even stated that the same trees often vary each year in their sexes ?
588. MORUS RIPARIA Raf. distinct from M. r uhra by long petiols, smooth leaves ovate deep- ly cordate, seldom lobed lateral, quite smooth and thin crcnate serrate, acute not acuminate.
OP NORTH AMERICA. 47
and not obliqual at base. Found in the Alle- gliany ints. on the banks of the Susquehanah, leaves 3 to 5 inches long nearly trincrve at base nerves yellow quite smooth, berries dark red, called the wild black Mulberry, or Water Mul- berry. A pretty tree growing even among rocks.
589. Moiius CANADENSIS Lamark. leaves ovate obliqual base rounded not cordate, ser- rate nearly smooth long acuminate — in Canada Maine and the Alleghanies, called the Rock Mulberry, fruits not seen.
590. MORUS PAR vi FOLIA Raf. Monoical, pe- tiols long and slender, leaves small and smooth, ovate acute or obtuse not lobate, equaly sub- crenate, base truncate often obliqual, fruits short on very short peduncles. — Mts. Alleghanies and Apalachian, called the Indian THulberry, said to have been cultivated by the Indians, often mistaken for the White .Mulberry, the fruits being very small ovatoblong of a flesh color and sweet. Leaves only 1 or 2 inches long, not so thin as in M. riparia, petiols over one inch, Male catkins on same branches, with longer peduncles, segments of calix rounded. Styles very short-
591. MORTIS SCABRA W. enum. Leaves am- ple thin trilobed, base cordate, rough on both sides, pale beneath, serrate, large teeth inter- jected in the sinusses, fruits terete black acid — in Louisiana called the black Indian Mulberry, communicated to me by Dr. Mease. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long and wide, lobes acute not acu- minate, lateral lobes oblong, terminal oval or narrowest at base.
592. MORUS TOMENTOSA Raf. fl. lud. 379. Leaves broadly cordate acuminate dentate,
48 NEW 8YLVA.
above lucid rough, beneath tomentose, spikes often monoical, fruits oblong white — in Louisi- ana, well noticed by me in 1817 in my flora of Louisiana where detected by Robin. It is the White Mulberry of the S. W. often mentioned by the old travellers. A large handsome tree, bark white and smooth, it blossoms in March, male catkins terete and loose, female shorter and thicker, but they are generaly united, the male flowers being then at the base.
593, MORUS MULTICAULIS Raf. and of Gar- deners, not introduced yet into our books, nor do I find any botanical account of it, even in Loudun Cycl. A small shrub with many stems and ample leaves, cordate rounded not obliqual, nor lobed, crenate, acute, somewhat rough, but thin. I have seen leaves one foot long and wide. Native of China and the Philipines, late- ly introduced and much esteemed as the most productive for the breeding of silk worms and easy gathering of leaves. But all our Mul- berries are eaten by the silk worm, and the M. rubra produces a fine strong silk. — As the sub- ject of silk culture now begins to attract much attention, I hope this account of all our Mul- berries will be acceptable.
N. O. EMPETRIDIA Raf. 1815. EMPE- TREAE Nut. 1818, Don 1826, Torrey 1835 !
I first noticed this order in my Analysis of Nature 1815, therefore Torrey is wrong to as- cribe the discrimination of it to Nuttal 3 years after, who had besides deemed it only a section of Conifera ! while I had perhaps properly unit- ed it to Phytolacca ! and if the berry is multi- locular they are quite akin notwithstanding the remote habit. I have since in my Flora tellur.
OJt' NORTH AMERICA. 49
633 revised it and separated by the unilocular berry, reducing to SARCOCIDIA the Genera Phy- tolaca, Raxamaris, Schefferia &c, and to Ri- VINIDIA the pretended Chenopodea with a ber- ry.— The EMPETRIDES are more akin to those than to Euphorbides and Celastrides, and are quite unlike to Conifera. The genera belong- ing thereto are Grubbia, Coilosperma, Batis, Ceratiola &c besides the types Empetrum and Colema- . . . but the Genera Skimmia, Nandi- na, Melicytus &c are very near also. The whole requires a careful revision.
594. COLEMA Don 1826. Emfcucum Raf. 1886 fl.'tel. Dioical, calix 5-6parted, stamens 3 to 4, style 3-4parted, berry 8-41ocular, 3-4 sperm. Evergreen shrubs, habit of heaths, Jlowers terminal and axillary glomerate — This had been based on the Empetrum album of L. but our sp. may be of quite a different Genus, the real Colema having the ternary part constant, no style but 3 stigma, a berry nearly monolocular when ripe. Therefore it must form the subgenus Euleuca, and our sp. with heterogonal parts and stamens, a style, and pro- bably a 41ocular berry must form a subgenus ENDAMMIA Raf. if not a Genus, meaning in sands.
595. COLEMA ARENARIA Raf. or Endammia ericoides Raf. Empetrum conradi, Torrey 1835. Cespitose procumbent smooth, leaves subverti- cillate and alternate, narrow linear acute glan- dular, margin re volute, flowers glomerate and capitate — in the sandy tracts among the Pine woods of New Jersey, first noticed by Kin in 1800, who gave it to me as an American heath in 1802, found by me in 1804 near Pemberton, long before Conrad, and twice again in 1833 at
7
50 NEW SYLVA.
Cedar bridge ; but always without flowers and seeds. It must blossom in winter or very sel- dom. Torrey only saw the flowers dry and in a garden and omits to state the time, his ac- count is however very good. It is a small ever- green shrub 5 to 10 inches high, much branch- ed and growing in patches like the Hudsonia.
596. CERATIOLA ERICOIDES MX. and all bo- tanists, Hooker hot. mag. '2758. From Caro- lina to Florida, well described by Michaux, El- liot, Hooker &c. I have many specimens, in which the leaves are mostly fallen as in the dry Heaths.
597. EMPETRUM PURPUREUM Raf. E; nigrum MX, and all our Amer. botanists, not of Lin. and European hot. E. rubrum Lapilaye fl. — Procumbent smooth, leaves scattered crowded, lower patent, upper imbricate, oblong linear sessile uninerve obtuse flat on both sides, thick- ish, berries purple, sessile equal to the leaves and costate — in Canada, Labrador, Newfound- land, White Mountains, Lake Superior, near the rocky shores. Michaux who first noticed this blended it with the boreal sp. of Europe, and has been followed by all our subservient botanists except Lapilaye who has blended it with E. rubrum of Austral America in his New- foundland Flora. My specimen is from La- brador and has red berries strikingly like those of Phytolaca ! Those of our Botanists who saw the berries are few, they mostly copy Michaux! is there a sp. in boreal America with black ber- ries ? My sp. is perfectly distinct, the branch- es are terete smooth but sulcate among the leaves, these are only 2 or 3 lines long, with a single nerve beneath not at all revolute and hardly any verticillate ; the flowers and berries
OF NORTH AMERICA, 51
are solitary near the end, calix scaly of about 6 unequal ovate and obovate scales persistent much shorter than the large berry which has about 9 oblong seeds and is crowned by as many thick stellate clavate stigmas.
598. EMPETRUM NIGRUM L. and all European bot. A boreal plant of which I have specimens from Sweden and the Alps. They answer to the Lirmean description of it by leaves quater- nate petiolate ovate lanceolate obtuse, berries black subsessile. Therefore quite different from our American species ; but I have also specimens from Sibiria and the Alps nearer to our sp. and therefore there may be two species in Europe as probably also with us. Wilde- now thus say E. nigrum has oblong revolute leaves.
599. EMPETRUM CRASSIFOLITTM Raf. smooth procumbent, leaves 3-4nate petiolate linear ob- tuse thick, flat above, convex enerve beneath, patent crowded. — Sibiria and perhaps other parts, my specimens have no berries, and but few flowers, leaves 3 lines long, quite thick, sometimes sulcate beneath, but not nerved,some appear to be fistular : flowers as in E. nigrum, sent me as such. Is it found in Origon ? berries probably black.
SHRUBBY LABIATE.
600. RAFINESQUIA or DIODEILIS R. fl. tel. 750. Cunila, Melissa and Gardoquia of Au- thors! . . Calix tubular strait striated subbilabi- ate upper lip bidentate, lower tridentate, mouth closed by hairs, corolla tubular erect bilabiate, upper lip concave notched, lower 31obe subequal stamen* 4 remote, anthers cordate bilobe, seeds smooth. Shrubby, flowers axillary red. — A very fine peculiar Genus forced info 3 alien
53 NEW 8YLTA
Genera, I have proved in flora tellur. how dif- ferent is Gardoquia. It is one of the Genera to which I give my own name, and if any one cavils at it I offer a second abridged from Diodontocheilis ! that 1 may riot lose the mer- it of my sagacity in ascertaining this Genus. I have already two sp. of it.
601. RAFINESQUIA COCCINEA fl. tell. 751. Cunila ! do Hooker, Melissa! do Spr. Gardo- quia ! hookeri Benth. Don. Lindl. b. reg. 1747. Shrubby smooth, leaves obovate sessile suba- cute, peduncles axillary l-3flore — A small shrub of Florida with handsome large scarlet flowers, branches terete sub 4 angular, leaves commonly remote small.
602. RAF. COCCINEA VAR. OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. differ, branches more 4angular, leaves equal to internodes obtuse one third inch long, flowers scarlet over one inch long.
603. RAFINESQUIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. suff- ruticose, branches filiform hardly angular,leaves sessile smooth oblong or cuneate obtuse crow- ded above, peduncles very short uniflore — in Alabama, smaller shrub still with narrow leaves and smaller flowers rather red than scar- let. Given me as a var. of R. coccinea by Du- rand ; it is very near Gardoquia chilensis in habit, but quite unlike in the calix and flowers.
604. PILOBLEPHIS Raf. Satureia and Cephalothymus Benth. Quite a peculiar G. discovered by Bartram 60 years ago, unnoticed by all our botanists, altho' in their herbals ! un- til Bentham found it in Banks Herbarium, but he left it with Satureia as a subg. with an im- proper name, mine means ciliated head. It differs as much from Satureia as Pycnanthes does, both by characters and habit. Shrub
OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
with habit of Ericas and Empetrum, flowers capitate without involucre, but many ciliate imbricate bracts, calix large membranaceous 5fid subequal campanulate, corolla nearly as in Satureia, 4 filaments and anthers, seeds 1 or 2 at the bottom of the large calix — this will pro- bably be like Pycnanthes an American Genus of many sp. but now I know of only one type. All the Satureias are foreign to America.
605. PILOBLEPHIS RIGIDA (or cricoidesj Raf. Satureia rigida Bartr. 1775, Bentham, ^ Anon- ymos N. G. Baldwin in Collins herb. Shrubby decumbent, branches terete rigid leaves imbri- cate linear obtuse smooth margin revolute, flow- ers in terminal globular heads, bracts linear lanceol. obt. hairy ciliate as long as flowers — Shores of Florida, in sands, small procumbent Shrub quite evergreen, flowers incarnate con- cealed among the bracts. If this shrub has been unnoticed for 60 years (after Bartram) in our book#, I may hope that in 60 years hence my new plants will also be properly noticed again ! . . . , Bartram did not describe it, I de- scribe my new plants ! Baldwin found it again in 1816 and deemed it a new genus as I do, altho' he neglected naming it like so many other rare plants of his.
606. AUDIBERTIA INCANA Benth. Lindl. b. reg. 1469. Suffruticose glaucous, leaves cune- ate and obovate, flowers verticillate, bracts or- bicular ciliate — Origon, a N. G. of Bentham with habit of Origanum, but very distinct by 2 stamens like Cunila, flowers blue, calix ovate bilabiate, upper lip entire, lower bifid, corolla tubular, subbilab. upper lip bifid, lower trifid, medial lobe notched, anthers dimidiate. Not
54 NEW SYLVA
in Eaton, nor any of the above shrubby Labiate.
MONOGRAPH OF CEANOTHUS.
This pretty and useful natural Genus de- serves a complete examination, being now great- ly increased in species: they are all small shrubs, or bushes, but some are perennials. Linneus had only one, Michaux, Bigelow, Nut- tal Hooker and myself have added many others, altho' Eaton enumerates only 6. All have es- tival white flowers in thyrsoid corymbs, but C. azureus has blue flowers. Leaves alternate with short petiols. Roots red and medical see my Med. flora. This G. commonly united to the Rhamnides, rather belongs to the Phylici- des with Phylica, Bumalda, Brunia, Hovenia, Colletia, &c, having all fruits coccular as in Euphorbides ; but the stamens are opposed to petals and often inserted thereon. The Asiatic and African sp. of this G. appear to form pecu- liar genera, the asiatic form the G. Carpode- tus, the polynesian the G. Pomaderis, and the African must form my G. Hi/pt,ma, see fl. tel.
607. CEANOTHUS OFFICINALIS Raf. Med. fl. 2 p. 205. Americana L. and Authors, now be- come an absurd name, the whole G. being American — Shrubby, branches terete smooth fuscate leaves ovatoblong acum. serrate trinerve pubescent and pale beneath, petiols pubescent, base rounded, panicles lax terminal or on long peduncles angular, pubescent, pedicels gemi- nate or fasciculate — from Canada to Alabama and Louisiana, 2 or 3 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, end often obtuse altho' acuminate, flowers very small, panicles often with one or two small leaves. Var. 1. Ovatus, leaves rather oval, 2 Acutus all the leaves acute, 3
OF NORTH AMERICA. 55
Paniculatus large compound ovate panicles. 4 Foliosus, with foliose panicles.
608. CEANOTHUS GLOMERATUS Raf. americ. Elliot. Shrubby branches pubescent angular fuscate, leaves ovatoblong acute at base and apex, serrulate trinerve, petiols and nerves pu- bescent fulvous, panicles glomerate axillary on long hairy peduncles, pedicels short crowded with lanceolate bracts — in Virginia, Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky &c commonly blended with the last, leaves smaller with fus- cate or rufous nerves pale beneath with few hairs except on the nerves, flowers on smaller panicles glomerate crowded larger, the small bracts often fall off in the anthesis. Var. fus- catus, with dark fuscate branches and nerves, even leaves fuscate above, flowers quite glome- rate. Both 2 or 3 feet high. Root more as- tringent and darker red.
609. CEANOTHUS LATIFOLIUS Raf. americ. var. tardiflora Eaton. Shrubby, terete pubes- cent fuscate, leaves broadly oval, base subcor- date, unequaly serrate acute trinerve, petiols hirsute, quite villose and glaucous beneath, pan- icles lax ovate compound axillary, peduncles villose cinereous bifoliate — Glades of West Kentucky and Tennessee, stem 2 or 3 feet, leaves large 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 wide, panicles with shorter peduncles, but long pedi- cels.
610. CEAN. HERBACEUS Raf. 1808 Tor. Beck Eaton (or C. levigatus) C. perennis Pursh, Nut. El. Perennial, quite smooth, stem simple annual terete fuscate, leaves ovate acum. base acute, trinerve serrulate, glaucous beneath nerves fuscate, panicles lax thyrsoidal — Virgin- ia and Carolina near streams, disc, by Hings-
56 NEW SYLVA.
ton in 1800 at the falls of the Potowmak, where found by me again, stems 1 or 2 feet high sel- dom branched, leaves as large as in C. glome- ratus, peduncles,and flowers similar to it, but not glomerate quite lax.
611. CEAN. ELLIPTICUS Raf. Shrubby, leaves remote elliptical hardly serrulate trinerve ob- tuse, beneath puberulent, raceme thyrsoidal small on short petiols and bracteated — Apala- chian Mts. of Georgia and Alabama, Cheroki -and Wasioto Mts. one or two feet high, leaves small on very short petiols, flowers small with bracts as in C. glomeratus.
612. CEAN. VIRGATUS Raf. intermedius Mg. El. P. N. Shrubby, branches elongate slender virgate subangular smooth rusty, leaves broadly lanceolate acute subserrate trinerve, nerves and petiols pubescent, racemes short corymbose lax — from Virginia to Florida, pedal or sesquipe- dal, with some long branches at the base, leaves small uncial narrow, panicles quite small on long peduncles, formed by two or 3 small um- bels.
613. CEANOTHUS ? ATROPTJRPUREUS Raf. Shrubby, quite smooth, branches terete spread- ing rigid dark purple, leaves subsessile oblong entire, lower acute, upper obtuse, not trinervate, tip of petiol and base of main nerve often bear- ded— I refer protem to this Genus, a doubtful shrub of Florida, found without flowers in Col- lins Herb, owing to the similarities of habit with the last and next sp. but it may turn out to be something very different, perhaps an HQX ? or Bumelia ? Leaves just like the last in size, but entire or slightly erose, and petiols exceed- ingly short.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 57
614. CEAN. SANGUINEUS P. N. Hook. Eat. Shrubby, branches purple, leaves subsessile cun- eate oblong serrate pubescent beneath, panicle axillary glomerate, flowers crowded — regions of Missouri and Origon, seen dry, shrub 3 feet high.
615. CEAN. GLANDULOSUS Raf. ovalis Big. Beck, Eat. ovatus Dec. intermedius Hook. fl. interm. var. corymbos. Mg. Perennial ? stem sulcate pubescent, leaves ovatoblong obtuse some obovate, glandular crenate trinerve, pe- tiols and nerves pubescent, panicle terminal corymbose formed by lax umbels — Canada and Lake Champlain, a very distinct sp. my speci- men is quite heterophylous, the name of Ova- lis does not apply, blended with my Southern C. mrgatus by Hooker, leaves 1 or 2 inches long, large flowers, peduncles calix and corols white. Apparently not shrubby. This was my Forrestia thyrsoides of 1808 but it is not even a subgenus, unless the glandular leaves of this and the 3 next appear to indicate one.
616. CEAN. VELUTINUS Hook. fl. tab. 45. Shrubby, leaves rounded elliptic coriaceous glandular dentate trinerve, white tomentose be- neath, panicles terminal thyrsoidal foliose at base — in the Origon Mts. not seen by me, adop- ted from the good figure of Hooker, and I add two others of his to complete this monograph.
617. CEAN. LEVIGATUS Hook. fl. differs from last by, quite smooth, panicle quite foliose, flow- ers glomerate — found at Nutka by Menzies.
618. CEAN. BICOLOR Raf. thyrsiflora Esholtfc and Hook, fl. shrubby, branches angular, leaves subsessile oblong trinerve, nerves pilose, glan- dular serrate, panicle thyrsoidal base foliose — New Sibiria in N. W. America, calix blue, pe-
58 NEW SYLVA
tals white, whence my name, since all the sp. are thyrsiflore.
619. CEAN. AZTJR^US Desf. ic. 232. Lod. cab. 110, Edw. b. reg. 291. Dec. Shrubby pubescent leaves ovatoblong acute rough serrate, beneath tomentose, panicle thyrsoidal, base foliose, flow- ers blue — in Mexico, New Mexico and Texas, an elegant species.
620. CEAN. MICROPHYLUS MX. E. &c. Shrub- by much branched, quite smooth, branches di- vergent, leaves fasciculate minute oboval or rounded obtuse trinerve, racemes terminal co- rymbose— Florida, Georgia, Alabama, a very peculiar sp. habit unlike the others, but like the next, flowers vernal as in the Southern species.
621. CEAN. SERPYLLIFOLIUS Nut. Eat. De- cumbent bushy, branches filiform, leaves mi- nute nearly smooth elliptic ovate obtuse serru- late, petiols and nerves strigose, panicles axill- ary peduncled pauciflore glomerate — Florida, very small, habit of thyme like the last, and probably both ought to form a subgenus. Is it only a var. of it ? Elliot has blended both ; disc by Dr. Baldwin near St. Mary.
Genus EVONYMUS.
Without giving a complete monograph of our sp. I can greatly increase them having 4 or 5 new ones to describe. They form 3 sub- genera with opposite leaves and axillary pedun- cles. This G. had been wrongly united to Rhamnides, since the stamens are alternate to petals, and the fruit is peculiar, it belongs to a peculiar family (with Tobira) near to the Ce- lastrides. Tobira differs by 6 stamens and caps 31oc. polysperm.
622. PLATOMESUS Raf. calix 41obed, 4petals,
OP NORTH AMERICA, .. 59
4 stamens, capsule commonly 4lobe 41oc. 4 sperme.
623. PENTINIUS Raf. cal. Sdentate, 5 petals,
5 stamens, capsule commonly 51obe 51oc. 5 sperme.
624. PHYSCONDRA Raf. calix inflate mem- branaceous entire or subcrenate, petals 4 or 5, anthers 4 or 5 sessile, capsule 4 or 5 sperme.
625. EVONYMUS (Platom) CUNEATUS Raf. Branches terete smooth, leaves cuneate acute serrulate smooth, peduncles triflore longer than petiols, petals 4 oblong obtuse — Origon region, shrub 4 or 5 feet high, branches naked below nearly articulate, petals white, fruit not seen, leaves uncial terminal.
626. EVON. (Platom) HETEROPHYLUS Raf. Branches subangular smooth subrugose, leaves dissimilar cuneate or obovate acute, or ellipti- cal acuminate, entire or serrulate, rugose be- neath, peduncles biflore elongate longer than petiols, pedicels divaricate, petals 4 obovate ob- tuse, fruits smooth — Apalachian Mts. shrub 4 feet high, petals white, fruits incarnate 2 to 4 lobed.
627. EVON. (Platom.) ACUMINATUS Raf. Branches terete smooth, elliptic acuminate, base acute, subcrenate, some lower ones obtuse or retuse, peduncles elongate l-2flore, petals 4 cuneate obtuse, fruits smooth deeply lobed.— — Origon and Sibiria, has been blended pro- bably with E. europeus, which I have also and differs by smaller narrower entire leaves and peduncles multiflore as long as leaves. This has large leaves on long petiols, the petals white fruits red with 2 or 4 lobes.
628. EVON. (Pentinius) MURICATUS Raf. a- mericanus L. <J5*c. Branches 4gone smooth,
60 NEW 8YLVA
leaves subsessile ovate or lanceolate acute or acum, serrate, peduncles l-3flore, petals 5 obo- vate, capsules muricate verrucose — from Cana- da to Carolina in Mts. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, branches rigid, leaves middle size, petals green- ish white with rose tinge. Several varieties 1 . Biflorus, leaves all lanceol. acum. subserrate, peduncles all biflore, petals rounded unguicu- late. 2. Obliquatus, leaves ovate lanceol. commonly obliqual, peduncles uniflore, Mts. Alleghanies.
629. EVON. (Pentinius) SARMENTOSUS Raf. amer. var. sarm. Nut. Eat, ^c. Stem sar- mentose 4gone radicant, leaves subsessile ovate lanceol. acute undulate crenate opaque lucid, peduncles 2-3flore, fruits scabrous — Rocky woods of the Alleghany Mts. and River Sus- quehanah, certainly a distinct sp. forming a Vine 10 to 20 feet high with many slender branches.
630. EVON. (Pentinius) ANGUSTIFOLIUS Lyon, Pursh, El. Eat. <£c. A rare species of the A- palachian Mts. of Georgia and Alabama, not at all doubtful, my specimen from Lyons in Collins Herb, has slender 4gone branches, leaves re- mote subsessile narrow lanceol. acute falcate entire, peduncles erect uniftore with 2 setace- ous bracts.
631. EVON. (Platom) ATROPURPUREUS Jaq. and all Authors. A fine shrub 6 to 15 feet high, assuming the appearance of a small tree, near streams chiefly from Carolina to Kentuc- ky, Missouri and Origon, flowers dark purple, 3 Var. 1. oblongifolius, 2 latifolius leaves ovate and obovate acum. 3, grandifolius large elliptic leaves 5 to 8 inches long.
632. EVONYMUS (Physcondra) OBOVATUS Nut.
OF NORTH AMERICA, 61
&c. A very small sp. well described by Nut- •tal, creeping pedal, found from New England to Ohio. Almost a peculiar Genus by the shape of calix, but petals as in E. muricatus — Thus I have nearly rectified this G. and 8 sp. of it, My N. sp. are distinct from E. -cerrucosus and latifolius of Europe which I have.
Natural family of SPIRADIA. The Linnean Genus Spirea has been kept nearly entire by Decandole but divided into subgenera, that differ so much in habit and characters that they ought to become Genera. Filipendula of Tournefort,Aruncus of Adanson, Gillenia of Mench, now generaly adopted, and Purshia of Decand. are certainly peculiar Gen- era, as well as my G. Thecanisia, Epicostorus &c. As early as 1815 I formed a new family the SPIRADES in my Analysis of Nature page 173 with these Genera, adding Rhodalix, Ba silima, Drymopogon; the Genera Tigarea, Neil lia ? Tetracera, Suriana, 4-c probably belong to it. This natural family is quite distinct from the Poterides and Senticoses by the fruit cap- sular with lateral styles and opening valvular. Gillenia^ Aruncus, Thecanisia, Filipendula that are not frutescent will be illustrated else- where and in my fl. tellur. I now propose to re- vise the shrubby Genera chiefly, which are Spi- rea, Physocarpa, Basilima, Schizonotus and Epicostorus. The Monographs of Spirea by Smith in Rees, Poiret in Cycl. and Seringe in Decandole are by no means perfect even as tp species and synonyms and I shall rectify them. I have verified many kinds by the figures of Pallas in flora Rossica, which had not always been properly applied and quoted.
62 NEW SYLVA,
633. SPIREA Raf. calix 5fid persistent campanul. bearing on a glandular ring the 5 pe- tals and stamens 20 to 30, Pistils 5 free sessile, styles lateral, 5 free capsules sessile equal open- ing inside oligosperm. Shrubs with simple al- ternate leaves, Jlowers paniculate, thyrsoidal, branches racemose spicate or corymbose. The name ought to have been written Spiraia, it answers to the Subgenus Spirenia of Seringe. Chamedryon has umbellate or corymbose flowers.
634. SPIREA TOMENTOSA L. &c. Dec. Beck. Stem angular nearly simple, rusty tomentose, leaves petiolate ovate lanceolate, acute at both ends, unequaly serrate, beneath white tomen- tose, panicle ample compound racemose, calix and capsules fuscate villose — This is the origi- nal sp. of Kalm, Lin. fyc found near Philadel- phia and from New York to Carolina ; but so many sp. have been blended with it, that near- ly all the synonyms apply to others. A small shrub 2 to 4 feet high, flowers ptirple handsome estival. Eaton had many var. of this in his first editions as myself in Med. flora, that are my next distinct deviations or Sp. the real var. are 1. albiflora, 2 elatior. 3, rarnosa with a few branches, and the next.
635. Spirea tomentosa, var. virgata Raf. (Elliot) Branches virgate rusty tomentose leaves rugose above, petals small hairy outside often trilobe — Hills of Carolina and Apalachian Mts. large 4-6feet, often ramose.
636. SPIREA ROSEA Raf. din". 634, leaves lan- ceolate remotely serrate acute, fulvous tomen- tose beneath, panicle lax, peduncles as long as calix — West Kentucky to Alabama, disc, by Mrs. Holley, a beautiful shrub with fine rosate
OF NORTH AMERICA. 63
flowers, it deserves to be deemed a peculiar sp. by narrow leaves not white beneath, and lax rose flowers.
637. SPIREA FERUGINEA Raf. stems angular simple fuscate tomentose, leaves oblong cune- ate sessile, broadly serrate, beneath rusty to- mentose, panicle ample foliose at the base, branches spicate, flowers subsessile, calix and capsules rusty rugose scabrous — East Kentuc- ky, Mts. Wasioto and Apalachian, shrub 2 or 3 feet high, woody at base, flowers purple : easily known by the color, cuneate leaves, spikes and capsules. Var. angustifolia, leaves narrow cuneate, spikes slender. Pine barrens of New Jersey.
638. SPIREA GLOMERATA Raf. tomentosa Med. fl. tab. 88 stem simple terete sulcate fus- cate tomentose, leaves petiolate elliptic or ova- toblong jagged serrate, beneath fulvous tomen- tose, panicle slender spicate, flowers subsessile glomerate, calix fulvous tomentose — Alleghany Mts. very small suffruticose pedal without bran- ches, flowers small incarnate. Near to Sp. ro- sea, but different leaves, sessile flowers quite jagged or duplicate serrate, nankin color be- neath. Var. 1 major, bipedal, 2 pallida*
630. iSpirea glomerata var. clnerea RafI differ, virgate, stem subterete not striate, ashy tomentose, leaves also beneath, and calix like- wise— Pine barrens of New Jersey, pedal, flow- ers quite glomerate sessile redish.
640. SPIREA PARVIFOLIA Raf. Stem branch- ed angular purplish smooth, branches tomen- tose, leaves sessile small elliptic base entire, serrate above, beneath grey tomentose, panicle spicate glomerate, flowers sessile, crowded, ca-
64 NEW SYLVA.
lix and capsules grey tomentose — Canada, Lake Cham plain, Saranac and Oquago Mts. a small ramose shrub pedal, flowers incarnate, leaves only half inch long. — All the above sp. agree in nothing but the tomentose leaves beneath, to deem them all varieties would be preposterous, as no character including them all could be fram- ed ; but they afford like the 8 blended sp. of S. salicifolia, fine illustrations of real natural spe- cific deviations, similar to those of the Genus Azalea ! now admitted as species.
641. SPIREA SALICIFOLIA L. Dec. &c. Quite smooth, branches elongate terete yellowish, leaves subsessile broadly lanceolate equaly ser- rate, acute at both ends concolor, panicle ra- cemose compound base foliose, bracts oblong. — In North Europe, Sibiria and Origon, my specimen is simple 2 feet long, leaves 3 inches long one wide, flowers white peduncled crowd- ed. Five other American sp. have been blend- ed with this by all the botanists, which altho' deviations perhaps are totally distinct from this: I have compared them all carefully and ascer* tainfcd excellent peculiar characters in each, they only agree in having thin smooth leaves and the branches of the panicle nearly corym- bose. Var. Sibirica Pallas fl. Ross. t. 21. dif- fer branches yellowish, leaves unequaly serrate panicle lax not foliose, flowers large incarnate. Perhaps a peculiar species Sp. Sibirica Raf.
642. SPIREA FLEXUOSA Raf. salicif. of many Amer. hot. alba? Erhart. Mg. Quite smooth, branches flexuose angular redish, leaves petio- late oblong lanceol. deeply serrate, base entire cuneate pale beneath, panicle racemose base fo- liose, no bracts — Mts. Alleghanies and hills from Canada to Virginia, pretty shrub 2 to 4
OF NORTH AMERICA, 65
feet high, leaves only two inches long, flowers small white estival. If it is the sp. alba of Er- hart it is also found in Sibiria.
643. SPIREA AMENA Raf. 1808. Quite smooth branches fuscate terete below angular above, leaves imbricate sessile oblong or elliptical sharply serrate,some obovate below, panicle ra- cemose ovate naked. — From New Jersey to Kentucky, perhaps Origon and Sibiria, as I have received it also as Sibirian, similar to the last but distinct by stem flowers larger incarnate,no petiols and leaves smaller commonly uncial. Var. pauciflora, leaves oblong lanceolate or narrow elliptic serrulate, panicle capitate al- most simple with few large pink flowers. Sibi- ria, this is Sp. salicifolia var. b. Pallas fl. ross. tab, 22. branches flexuose.
644. SPIREA ov ATA Raf. Quite smooth, shoots simple virgate terete rugose purplish, leaves subsessile ovate acute imbricate deeply serrate or jagged, lower obovate, panicle racemose glomerate, base not foliose, some oblong bracts — Mts. Alleghanies, Wasioto and Apalachian, stems simple 1 or 2 feet high, only woody at base, leaves uncial or smaller, flowers white.
645. SPIREA CARPINIFOLIA W. enum. Wat- son dendr. 66, Loudun Cycl. Quite smooth, leaves ovate elliptic acute at both ends coarse- ly serrate, panicle racemose spreading — Said to be from North America, flowers white, not seen, nearest to my Sp. ovata, stated by Muh- lenbergto be the same as my Sp. corymbosa* but that is not paniculate ; therefore a doubtful species.
646. SPIREA HETEROPHYLA Raf. Quite smooth branches angular purplish, lower leaves round- ed or lobed, medial obovate, upper elliptical,
66 KEW SYLVA
all subpetiolate acute and sharply serrate, pan- icle racemose not foliose but with linear bracts — Alleghany Mts. and Alabama, 2 or 3 feet high ramose, leaves biuncial very broad, flowers white. A very distinct sp.
647. SPIREA CILIATA Raf. salicif. Elliot. Stem angular pubescent, leaves sessile imbricate con- similar cuneate acute, base entire, ciliate, sharp- ly serrate upwards, panicle racemose glomerate elongate, bracts linear — From the River Wa- bash to Carolina near Streams chiefly, a very peculiar sp. quite ciliolate, middle nerve often also, bipedal, leaves small uncial, flowers white Var. 1. petiolata,lea,ves subpetiol. broader, 2 multiftore panicle ramose.
648. SPIREA OBOVATA Raf. dec. 25. crena- ta Tor. Eat. Mg. hypericif. var Beck, chame- drif. Pursh. Quite smooth cespitose suffruti- cose creeping, branches flexuose angular red- ish, leaves similar obovate subsessile obtuse, base acute entire, upwards unequaly serrate, corymbs racemose terminal, bracteoles linear, petals obovate crenate undulate — Rocky sum- mits of Mattawan and Kiskanom Mts. of New York disc. 1817, descr. 1818 in my decads, mistaken or omitted by all our botanists, proba- bly a boreal plant. Shoots or branches assur- gent woody only 4 to 16 inches high, leaves un- cial concolor, panicle thyrsoidal ovate formed of small lateral corymbs, thus forming a pass- age to the subg. Chamedryon, flowers white blossoming in June. Having obtained speci- mens of the real Spir. crenata, ulmifolia and chamedrifolia I can vouch that this is quite dif- ferent and no Chamedryon. Var. Sibirica of Pallas nameless fig. t. ?6 f. 2, merely differ by narrow leaves nearly entire glaucous beneath.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 6?
649. SPIREA.BHACTEATA Raf. levigata? L. or of some botanists. Quite smooth, branches terete yellowish, leaves quite sessile oblong en- tire, base cuneate, apex obtuse cuspidate, some mixt ovate elliptic, panicle racemose, bracts ovate acute — Sibiria and New Sibiria, proba- bly a large shrub, branches thick, leaves 2 or 4 inches long, one broad, base almost semiam- plex. panicle compound, flowers white race- mose. In my specimen some elliptical smaller leaves intermixt. Not quite answering to Sp. levigata see below, yet sent me as such.
650. SPIREA CUNEIFOLIA Raf. Herb. Quite smooth branches terete dark purple, leaves ses- sile cuneate entire, apex very obtuse cuspidate, panicles axillary and terminal racemose, bracts subulate — Origon and New Albion, a fine hand- some shrub disc, by Walton, quite different from last by red flowers, small bracts and large leaves 3 to 6 inches long, quite cuneiform or ta- pering from end to base. The real Sp. levi- gata of Lin. is akin to both these sp. but it ap- pears to differ by lanceolate glaucous less ob- tuse leaves and white flowers, (some botanists call the cuneate leaves lanceolate ! which is the reverse tapering from base to end) while Smith blends .the Sp. altaica with it, which I add for contrast.
651. SPIREA ALTAICA Pallas fl. ross. t. 23. Stem terete redish, leaves fasciculate sessile cuneate acute repand glaucous, racemes pani- culate axillary and terminal, bracts lanceolate. — Altaic Mts. flowers white large, capsules large smooth 2sperme, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, not cuspidate nor obtuse ; thus quite dif- ferent from the two last. Is it the real levigata of Linneus as deemed by most of botanists?
fi6 NEW SYLVA.
652. SPIRE A. DOUGLASSI Hook, fl. Pubescent, leaves elliptic apex serrate, white hairy be- neath, panicle oblong, calix reflexed, capsules smooth — N. W. America, flowers small, near to Sp. tomentosa, no more different from it than my removed deviations.
653. SPIREA MENZIESI Hook. fl. differs from last only by leaves smooth beneath, yet made a species by Hooker.
Subgenus CHAMEDRYON Ser. Dec. only differ- ence flowers umbellate or corymbose, calix of* ten nervose or venose.
654. SPIREA (Ch.) CHAMEDRIFOLIA L. Jaq. and Europe. Smooth, branches cinereous su- bangular, leaves petiolate obovate entire obtuse base acute or unequaly repand lobed or jagged near the end, racemes terminal simple corym- bose, pedicels filiform lax — ^Carpathian and other European Mts. many short branchlets, leaves small thin uncial, flowers really in a co- rymbose racemes, the lower having long slen- der pedicels, petals white rounded. My des- cription is original from a specimen of Jacquin, introduced here to compare it with the blended kinds.
655. SPIREA (Ch.) VERSIFOLIA Raf. chame- drif. Pallas ft. t. 15. Sm. Hooker fl. bor. &c. Smooth, branches terete redish, leaves petio- late acute at both ends ovate serrate, base en- tire, the lower duplicate serrate ovate lanceol. flowers subumbellate — Sibiria and New Sibiria, flowers white, almost in umbels since pedicels fasciculate, thus distinct from the last, and leaves quite unlike ; but Pallas says the leaves are variable, probably many species are even blended here, one of which 1 can ascertain.
OF NORTH AMEB1CA. 69
656. SPIREA (Ch.) LAURICA Raf. chamedrif. Var. Pallas t. 15. differs by leaves elliptic pu- bescent nearly entire, crenate above, tomentose beneath — Daurian Mts. of Sibiria, nearer toSp, douglassi than the Sp. versifolia, but flowers not paniculate.
657. SPIREA (Ch.) ULMIFOLIA Scop. t. 22. W. P. Sm. chamedrif. Amman Lind. b* reg. 1222! Smooth, branches slender flexuose an- gular, leaves petiolate ovate laciniate serrate acute, base entire subacute, flowers terminal corymbose crowded, pedicels filiform often with a subulate bract — Mts. of Europe and Sibiria, my specimen is an original one of Scopoli from Carniolia, and agrees perfectly with the figure of Lindley with mistaken name : totaly differ- ent from Sp. chamedrif. leaves and flowers lar- ger.
658. SPIREA (Ch.) BETULIFOLTA Pallas fl. t 16. not Pursh. Smooth, shrubby branches te- rete redish, leaves subsessile ovate rounded la- ciniate serrate, yellow beneath, flowers termi- nal corymbose lax — Sibiria and New Sibiria ? flowers white.
659. SPIREA (Ch.] OSTRYFOLIA Raf. betuli- folia Pursh not Pallas. Suffruticose, quite smooth, shoots terete redish, leaves petiolate acute at both ends ovatoblong laciniate ser- rate except at the base, apex often obliqual, glaucous beneath, corymb, pauciflore simple fo- liose crowded — Alleghany Mts. of Virginia found there 1825, intermediate between the last and the next, semipedal, leaves 2 inches long quite thin, flowers white. Var. pumila, 4 inches high flexuose few leaves the lowest large duplicate serrate, corymb glomerate, Wasioto Mts.
70 NEW SYLYA
660. SPIREA (Ch.) CORYMBOSA Raf. 1804, precis 1814, Mg. 1812, 1818. Lod. cab. (or sp. glauca Raf.) carpinifolia ? W. Suffruticose quite smooth, stem angular redish, leaves peti- olate ovatoblong acute at both ends, unequaly serrate entire at the base, quite glaucous al- most white beneath, corymb terminal multiflore compound subfoliose each peduncled crowded — Alleghanies of Pennsylv. Maryland and Vir- ginia on dry ridges, stems pedal often annual leaves 1 or 2 inches long, nerves prominent be- neath, flowers white in large multiflore corymbs with 1 to 3 small ovate entire leaves, flowers nearly level large, stamens long. By a mis- print I stated this sp. to be trigynous in my pre- cis 1815, it is 5gynous. I discovered this plant in 1804 and communicated it to Muhlenberg. Sp. glauca would be a better name as there are so many corymbose kinds.
661. SPIREA (Ch.) REPENS Raf. corymbosa Torrey, Beck, Eaton &c. Stems suffruticose creeping, shoots terete redish erect, leaves ses- sile smooth variable obovate oblong and ovate, obtuse or acute, unequaly serrate, base entire, pale beneath, corymb terminal compound com- pact fastigiate subfoliose, stamens elon ate. — Lake Champlain, Mts. Saranac and Oquago, shoots 4 to 6 inches long, leaves uncial, flowers small pale incarnate. Var. piibescens^ leaves oblong obovate pubescent beneath, stem pedal and flowers pale rose color. Thi* is the Sp. corymbosa of the above Authors, said to be pu- bescent. My specimens are all glabrous. Do they mean the next species ?
66*2. SPIREA (Ch.) CRENATA L. Bar. t. 564. Smith hypericif. var. crenata Dec. not Beck.
OF WORTH AMERICA. 71
Puberulent or pulverulent, branches angular purplish, leaves petiolate glaucous cuneate en- tire or apex crenate dentate obtuse, base acute, smooth above, trinerve and puberulent beneath, corymbs terminal on branchlets pauciflore sub- umbellate, stamens very short — Europe from Spain to Hungary ; my specimen is from Hun- gary, with branches ramose not virgate, leaves small semiuncial, flowers white, corymbs 5-7 flore, pedicels puberulent sometimes with a su- bulate bract. This Linnean sp. is not Ameri- can, Hooker has it not, Smith has proved that several sp. were blended, the Sibirian is my next. Even Linneus in taking barrelier's plant as type, mistook others for it and called the leaves ovatoblong, he meant obovate oblong. The name being equivocal and liable to objec- tions, might be changed to Sp. pulverulenta Raf.
663. SPIREA (Ch.) DENTICULATA Raf. cre- nata Pallas, fl. 1. 19. Wild. Pers. &c. Smooth, branches yellowish, leaves sessile obovate or cuneate denticulate acute upwards, beneath glaucous, lower leaves petiolate ovate denticu- late, corymbs lateral pauciflore — Sibiria and probably New Sibiria, flowers white ; even Pal- las speaks of some varieties, one with laciniate trinerve leaves may be a distinct iSp. laciniatal Raf.
664. SPIREA (Ch.) JAPONICA Raf. crenata Thunb. fl. Smooth, branches virgate, leaves pe- tiolate lanceol. hardly serrate, flowers umbel- late, calix campan. deeply 5fid. petals emargi- nate — in Japan, called there Awaju, another mistaken reference to Sp. crenata, quite dis- tinct from all, nearer to the next by the um- bels.
72' titvr SYLVA.
665. SPIREA (Ch.) ITALICA or RBTICULAT! Raf, hypericifolia Sm. and many Authors, type in Bocc. mus. t. 96. Quite smooth, branches angular purplish, leaves sessile cuneate entire obtuse concolor, beneath nerves reticulate, flow- ers in small pauciflore umbels sessile at the end of branchlets, calix venose, each segments ovate With 3 veins— Native of the hills of Umbria in Italy where discovered by Bocconi, and again by Sir James Smith see Rees Cycl. it has be- come common in gardens, where it is blended with the next, and botanists have been perplex- ed for its locality : hypericifolia having become equivocal ought to be changed as I propose. Leaves small semiuncial not glaucons nor tri- nerve, but slightly trinervate sometimes, umbels of 3 to 7 flowers, petals white obovate.
666. SPIREA (Ch.) VIRGATA Raf. hypericifo- lia of Lin and many botanists, hyper, var. plu- kenetiana Dec. Hooker, Beck. Pluk. aim. 218. 5 — Branches fuscate angular rugose virgate, leaves sessile cuneate obtuse or retuse, entire smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath, nerves with paralel branches not reticulate, um- bels pauciflore lateral subsessile foliose at base, pedicels angular, calix decangular at base, seg- ments uninerve. — This is the real American Species, so long deemed doubtful, native of bo- real America and New Sibiria, common in our gardens ; flowers vernal in white umbels almost sessile at first, but peduncled and foliose as the leaves unfold, these are small semiuncial nearly similar to the last in shape and size, but thick- er and quite different beneath, the calix is very peculiar by its 10 angles or nerves. Var. hook' eriana Raf. Leaves sfnooth entire, umbels corymbose sessile, of N. W. America is proba-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 73
bly a peculiar species near to my Sp. crenata, as it cannot be Sp. italica ! It must be better described, and may be called Sp. kookeriana R. It is akin to Sp. jdponica. I hope to have thus ascertained many obscure or lost species, and elucidated the whole genus ; in order to remove the difficulties I have been compelled to introduce some species not strictly Ameri- can, but have greatly increased ours also. This will conclude the true G. Spirea, I shall now describe the akin blended Genera.
667. PHYSOCARPA Raf. subg. of Ser.
(or Physotheca.) Diff. Spirea, calix deeply 5fid,
pistils 3 united at base, capsules 3 coalescent
swelled smooth, apex free bivalve, leaves lobed,
flowers in short corymbose racemes bractea-
ted — Thus it differs as much as Gillenia but has not a tubular calix.
668. PHYSOC. RIPARIA Raf. Spirea opulifo- lia L. <J*c. Var. tomentella Dec. Beck. Branch- es angular pale, leaves petiolate ovate rounded or oblong unequaly serrate often lobed or trifid acute quite smooth, beneath pale trinervate, corymbs terminal, bracts oblong or laciniate, pedicles filiform pubescent, calix tomentose acute, capsules smooth much swelled — From Canada to Carolina, Louisiana and Missouri, on the banks of streams. Shrub 5 to 10 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers white with pink shades, capsules fulvous or fuscate, seeds rounded yellowish. This has always been deemed the Sp. opulifolia by our botanists, and it was really that of Linneus, since he gives A- merica as its only locality ; but now many others must be separated. Var. 1. parmfolia, 2. arborea.
669. PHYSOC. OPULIFOLIA or GLABRA Raf. Sp.
10
74 NEW SYLVA
opulif. Dec. and many botanists. Var. glabra Hooker. Quite smooth, branches angular ci- nereous, leaves ovate trilobe, petiolate, dentate or crenate, corymbs terminal, bracts ovatoblong pedicels smooth, calix smooth obtuse, capsules smooth compressed at the end — Mts. of East Europe, Sibiria and Qrigon. Very distinct from the la»t by many characters, entitled to be a species, seeds obovnte yellow.
670. PHVSOC. TOMENTOSA Raf. Sp. capitata Pursh, Eat. Sp. opulif. var. tomentosa Hook, fl. Leaves ovate sublobate, doubly dentate, re- ticulate and tomentose beneath, corymbs ter- minal crowded subcapitate on a long peduncle, calix tomentose — Origon, another distinct sp. blended by Hooker, altho' distinguished by Pursh and others. The Sp. monogyna of Tor- rey is also reduced to Sp. opulif. by Hooker, while it is even a peculiar Genus! Seethe next.
671. EPICOSTORUS Raf. atl. J. page 144. Sp. monogyna Tor. rocky mts. 119. Eaton ^*c, Sp. opul. var. monogyna ! Hook. fl. Calix cam- panul. Slobed, petals 5, stamens '20 inserted on a circular free torus or base monadelphous, pis- tils 1 or 2 stipitate, with a st) le,capitate stigma, capsules 1 or 2 compressed not swelled free villose bivalve trisperme. Habit of Physo- carpa, pedicels few, no bracts. — EPIC. MONTA- NUS Raf. as above. Leaves rounded ovate base subcordate, subtrilobe, incise, dentate pubes- cent beneath, corymbs on short peduncles pau- ciflore, pedicels filiform calix obtuse pubescent — in the Origon mts. disc, by Jantes, descr. by Torrey 1827, mistaken by Hooker since, ascer- tained by me in 1832, the generic name means 20 on a torus.
672. SCHIZONOTUS Raf. calix rotate
OF NORTH AMERICA. 75
deeply 5fid colorate villose, petals 5 equal ve- nose, stamens 20 inserted on a torus adnate to the base of calix, pistils 5 equal sessile, capsu- les 5 sessile tomentose monosper;n. Habit of the paniculate Spireas. I have adopted this Genus and name, on the suggestion of Lindley, who proposed to unite to it the next, but the habit is too different. Schizonotus appears to mean Split back and I do not know how it ap- plies unless the capsules open outside.
673. SCHIZONOTUS DISCOLOR Raf. Spirea do Pursh, Torrcy Dec. ariafolia Sin. Hook. Lind. b. reg. 1365. Leaves petiolate ovatoblong sub- lobate and laciniate serrate, white villose be- neath, flowers terminal paniculate racemose, pedicels and calix villose, petals oblong with 3 veins — Origon region and Mts. A very pecu- liar shrub, quite different from my Thecanisia discolor 297, to which I refered by mistake the Sp. discolor of Pursh, flowers white, leaves cal- led elliptic by Smith, ovate by Pursh and Torrey but they are realy ovate oblong.
674. BASILIMA Raf. 1815. Sorbaria subg. Ser. Schizonotus land. Cal. patent Sparted smooth not colorate, base acute, petals 5, sta- mens 15 to 20 inserted at the base of the calix, pistils 4 to 5 sessile, capsules 4 to 5 unequal ses- sile smooth monosperrn. Large shrubs with the foliage of Roses and Sorbus, leaves alter- nate stipulate oddly pinnate, folioles oppo- site sessile, jlowers bracteolate paniculate or corymbose — This fine natural Genus is certain- ly more different from Spirea than Lowea is from Rosa ! it may be known at first sight by its habit.
675. BASILIMA SORBIFOLIA Raf. Sp. do L. &c. Pallas fl. t. 24. Quite smooth, branches
76 NEW SYLVA.
terete flexuose, leaves with 11 to 21 folioles broad lanceol. acuminate duplicate serrate, sti- pules oblong entire, flowers paniculate crowded, panicle oblong, bracteoles lanceol. equal to the short clavate pedicels — Sibiria and New Sibiria in N. W. America, a large shrub, with fine in- carnate odorous flowers, folioles 1 or 2 inches long. My specimens have racemose panicles before anthesis, becoming glomerate in full bloom.
676. BASILIMA PYGMEA Raf. Sp. sorbif. var. pygmea Pallas fl. t. 25. Quite different from the last by folioles broader less a cum. ovate lanceol. laciniate and flowers corymbose — Mts. of Sibiria and probably in boreal America, a small dwarf shrub. Not seen but the figure of Pallas is strikingly different. It must not be blended with the Sorbus pumila ojf Origon, that has edible berries.
MONOGRAPH OF HYDRANGEA.
Linneus had only one species, our botanists have gradualy increased them to 4 ; but I shall still further increase them to 10. They are all shrubs growing in mountains and hills on rocks and near streams, blossoms estival. The Ge- nus had been united to the Saxifragides, but liindley dreamt that it was to be united to the Caprifoliacea ! with berries and monopetal co- rollas ! It really belongs to the Natural family of DICEKACEA in the Nat. Order ASCADIA, which includes all the Saxifragides with ovary and capsule coalescent or inferior. It includes two subgenera.
APLERIA. Flowers uniform consimilar.
MEG ASTEIRA. Flowers dissimilar, the exterior enlarged neutral radial, as in Opulus, 3-4fid un- equal.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 77
The habit is peculiar, leaves opposite petio- late, flowers terminal cymose or paniculate. It is therefore a natural Genus, having affinities with the Myrtoides, Hederacea and Viburnides. The Gr. Itea and Cunonia differ by free pistil.
677. HYDRANGEA (Apl.) VULGARIS MX. P. B. E, &c arborescens L. &c. Branches terete sulcate pale, leaves ovatoblong acuminate, equaly serrate smooth pale beneath, petiols and nerves pubescent, base rounded, cymes naked pubescent uniform, 2 oblong bracts — Alleghany Mts. and hills from Pennsylv. to Carolina and Kentucky, 6 to 5 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches Jong, flowers white and small. Var. carnea, flowers incarnate.
678. HYDR. (Apl.) PANICULATA Raf. Quite smooth, branches terete fuscate, leaves ovato- blong both ends acute, glaucous on both sides, nearly entire or remotely dentate, cyme panicu- late lax with oblong sessile bracts — A very dis- tinct Sp. found without locality in Collins herb, probably from Origon and Sibiria, leaves large 4 inches long 2 wide, petiols shorter uncial slightly ciliolate, flowers much larger than in the last, with large lanceolate petals, calix an- gular, stamens erect longer than petals.
679. HYDRANGEA (Meg.) ACUTA Raf. Bran- ches sub angular purplish, leaves ovatoblong un- equaly serrate, acuminate, base acute entire, pale beneath, nerves puberulent, cymes pubes- cent naked hardly radiate, bracts small ovate — Apalachian Mts. Leaves very thin, cymes small, commonly with 1 to 3 small neutral flow- ers unequaly trifid acute white. Thus a pas- gage to the subgenus Megasteira.
680. HYDR. (Meg.) GLAucARaf. radiata glau-
78 NEW SYLVA.
ca Mg. Branches terete biangular, leaves o- vate serrate acuin. base rounded, beneath glau- cous smooth, upper leaves subsessile, cymes ra- diate, neutral rays 3-4fid — Alabama and Alia- ghanies, leaves thin large, flowers white, rays with unequal rounded segments. Capsules ax in most species with 10 prominent nerves.
681. HYDR. (Meg.) ROTUNDIFOLIA Rat Branches angular rough, lower leaves petiolate rounded and orbicular acum. serrate, base not cordate, rough above, pale beneath, nervog rough pubescent, upper leaves sessile ovate base acute, cymes radiate, rays 3-4fid large rounded obtuse. — Wasioto Mts. of Kentucky and Virginia on rocks, 3 to 4 feet high, leave* small, flowers large white, rays very large un- equal.
682. HYDR. (Meg.) HETEROPHYLA Ra£ Branches subangular, 4eaves elliptic, base col* date or truncate or obliquate, apex acumia. falcate, unequaly serrate, beneath concolor ; nerves puberulent, upper leaves rounded base rounded, cymes hardly radiate pubescent, rays ovate acute.— Wasioto Mts. of Kentucky disc. 1823 with the last, akin but distinct by leaves and rays, these sometimes lacking.
G83. HYDR. (Meg.) C'ORDATA Pursh. E. &c. Branches angular ,leaves firm rounded base sub- cordate, dentate shortly acuminate, rough above beneath concolor veins reticulate smooth, cymes radiate, rays many ovate acute, 2 oblong bracts — ^-Virginia, Carolina, Kentucky &c on rocks, humble shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with larger thicker leaves, and ample cymes.
684. HYDR. (Meg.) AMPMFOMA Raf. Branch- es subangular leaves on very long petiols thin ample ovate, lower subcordate at base, smooth
or NORTH AMERICA. 79
acumin. laciniate serrate pale beneath, cymes hardly radiate, bracts oblong — Banks of the Delaware and Susquehannah in Mts. Allegha- nies, a large shrub G to 10 feet high, leaves very large 5 to 8 inches long, petiols 3 to 5 inches, cymes ample, only 1 or 2 neutral rays.
685. HYDR. (Meg.) DISCOLOR Raf. Branches angular, leaves elliptic acumin. base often acute serrulate, beneath whitish closely tomentose, cyme villose subradiate, bracts 2 lanceol. fal- cate sessile, rays small obovate acute — Apala- chian Mts. often blended with the next proba- bly, but distinct by leaves and rays, shrub 6 to 10 feet high, seen alive in gardens.
686. HYDR. (Meg.) NIVEA MX. P. E. #c. ra- diata Walter. Branches terete dark purple, leaves firm ovate acum. base subcordate, ser- rate, rugose above and pubescent along the nerves, beneath snowy white tomentose, cymes subradiate, rays lanceolate — Apalachian and Unaka Mts. on the R. Santi &c, elegant shrub, well described by Elliot, my specimens are but slightly cordate, flowers white late vernal.
687. HYDR. (Meg.) QUERCIFOLIA Bartr. trav. ic. Pursh, E. <£c. A well known shrub, now common in our gardens, found by Bartram in the Cheroki mts. 60 years ago, published and figured in his travels 45 years ago, yet omitted by Wild. Pers. and all till Pursh ! Easily known by the lobate leaves and large thyrsoid panicle of pink flowers many neutrals. Bartram says it grows on the R. Oconi and in North Alaba- ma near streams, has many divergent stems 5 to 6 feet high, the bark peals as in Physocarpa, the broad oboval neutral flowers are at first rosate, but gradualy change to red, purple, rus- ty and brown.
80 NEW SYLVA
FAGUS and CASTANEA.
The Beech and Chesnut trees so unlike and easily known by their fruits had been kept sep- arate by the old Botanists, but Linneus took the fancy to unite them under his Fagus. — This linnean blunder was never assented to by the French Botanists, and now after 100 years the two genera are again acknowledged. But as to our American Sp. they are yet miscalled and deemed the same as the European ; which is erroneous, none of our trees being quite identic! I must therefore revise them and add some new kinds.
688. FAGUS ALBA Raf. sylvatica of Amer. bot. not L. nor Europe. Bark smooth white, branchlets terete cinereous, leaves on short pe- tiols ovate lanceol. dentate ciliate, acute at both ends, green coricolor, arnents on short pe- duncles, nuts ovate mucronate obtusely trigone — Our white Beech tree, common all over N. America, 50 to 60 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 in- ches long. Dioical or polygamous.
689. FAGUS HETEROPHYLA Raf. Bark and branches grey, branchlets terete, leaves subpe- tiolate ovate obovate rhomboidal and elliptic, acute at both ends, remotely uncinate serrulate above,, sometimes jagged on one side, margin and nerves pilose, surface yellowish green con- color, aments on long filiform pilose peduncles, nuts ovate angles obtuse — Our Grey Beech is a rare tree, smaller than the last, occasionaly met in the dry hills of the Alleghanies, leaves thin about biuncial of a yellowish cast, quite en- tire till the middle then serrulate and subacu- minate.
690* FAGUS FERRUGINEA Ait. purpurea of
OF NORTH AMERICA. 81
some botanists. Bark redish, branchlets terete sulcate dark purple, leaves subpetiolate ovato- blong remotely serrate acuminate, base acute or obtuse often obliqual, margin ciliate, young nerves pilose, surface rusty, pale beneath, a- ments on thick peduncles, nuts ovate acute with sharp angles — our Red Beech is found from New England to Missouri, the wood has a red- ish tinge like the bark, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, monoical, female flowers with many linear smooth bracts. A large tree 50 to 100 feet high.
691. FAGUS NIGRA Raf. Bark fuscate, branch- lets blackish terete sulcate, leaves subsessile ample ovate rhomboidal, acumin. base acute, margin denticulate, surface dark green glossy on both sides, nuts acute angles sharp — This tree called Black or Brown Beech is sparingly found with the others, 40 to 70 feet high, branches so dark purple as to be almost black, leaves very large 4 to 5 inches long.
692. FAGUS ROTUNBI FOLIA Raf. fl. tex. 10 atL J. 177. Bark fuscate, branchlets terete fuscate, leaves petiolate rounded repand acute, petiols margins and nerves above and beneath silky pilose, aments commonly geminate on short and thick peduncles silky like the bracts — A very distinct Sp. first described by me in 1833, it appears to have an extensive range, it first appears in Arkanzas and Texas, extend- ing to Origon and Sibiria, perhaps even to Eu- rope, where several blended Sp. exist which I shall shortly notice for contrast with ours. This Beech tree is smaller than the others 20 to 30 feet high, leaves 1 or 2 inches long and broad. It may be called the Silky Beech.
693. FAGUS SYLVATICA L. &c. Branches
82 NEW SYLVA
diffuse fuscate, leaves petiolate ovate acute sub- serrate undulate, smooth glossy yellowish, mar- gin villose, peduncles filiform villose, nuts ovate angles obtuse — Europe and Sibiria. Var. san- guinea leaves red.
694. FAGUS ASPLENIFOLIA Raf. Leaves ovate serrate laciniate or lanceolate lobulate — Eu- rope and Sibiria, a small tree.
695. CASTANEA VESCA W. P. Dec. &c. Fa- gus castanea L. <£c. Leaves petiolate lanceo- late acuminate, serrate by mucronate uncinate teeth, smooth beneath, capsules echinate dis- perme, nuts large dimidiate smooth mealy in- side— South of Europe, very large tree, nuts 4 times as large as ours, darker, farinaceous not oily, one side flat, the other convex.
696. CASTANEA AMERICANA Raf. 1804. vesca var. amer. W. P. and the Amer. botanists. Branchlets fuscate rugose, leaves petiolate o- blong lanceol. acum. remotely mucronate ser- rate, beneath glaucous and smooth (pubescent in young leaves,) aments fasciculate spicate in- terrupted glomerate, capsules echinate 3-5seed- ed, nuts small ovate apex villose acute, coryla- ceous sweet inside — All over North America from Canada to Louisiana and Origon, quite a peculiar Sp. ascertained by me since 1804 in my fl. columbica. A smaller tree than the Eu- ropean only 40 to 60 feet high, growing in dry and rocky ridges and Mts. leaves 4 to 8 inches long, fruits quite unlike the European Chesnuts, small similar to filberds in size and taste, sweet oily, and edible raw, while the European must be boiled or roasted being acerb. Nuttal has well described the fructification. Var. 1. AN- GUSTI FOLIA Raf. Leaves very long and narrow
Or NORTH AMERICA, 33
lanceolate, on the Susquehanah. 2 Var, lati- folia. Leaves broader and shorter, rather acute than acum. High Mts. a small tree. Perhaps these are two incipient Sp. I regret that I did not see the fruits.
697. CASTANEA PUMILA of late Authors, Fa- gus do L. &,c, our well known Chincapin nut, edible sweet, from Delaware to Florida. Var.
fulva Raf. Leaves broader often nearly obo- vate, almost fulvous beneath, nerves quite so, aments compact. Alleghany Mts.
698. CASTANEA NANA Mg. El. Eat. alnifolia Nut. a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high with ovate lahceol. leaves, almost obtuse, subtomentose be- neath, capsules monosperm — Carolina to Flo- rida, in sandy tracts, creeping.
699. CLADRASTIS Raf. fl. Kent. 1824, Neog. 1825. Virgilia Sp. MX. and others. Ca- lix gibbose campan. unequaly Slobed, petals 5 unequal unguiculate, superior larger obovate notched, 4 oblong obtuse subcordate at base. Stamens 10 free unequal filiform, pistil stipitate oblong, style curved compressed, stigma acute. Pod stipitate linear flat membranaceous poly- sperm, seeds oblong. Trees with odly pinnate leaves and racemose white flowers, without bracts. As soon as I found this tree in Ken- tucky in 1821 I ascertained that it was not con- generic with the African Virgilias which have calix bilabiate, 2 of the petals cariniform, stig- ma obtuse, seeds lenticular &c. The name means brittle brandies.
700. CLADRASTIS TINCTORIA (or albiflora) Raf. Virgilia lutea MX. ic. Nut. Eat. Dec. Kentukensis Dumont. Smooth tree, Leaves 5-7folioles petiolate alternate ovate acumin. en- tire, glaucous beneath, the odd larger ovate
84 NEW SYLYA
rhomboidal, base acute, flowers in simple lax nodding racemes, white odorous, pods smooth. — From Kentucky to Alabama, but very local, a fine tree 30 to 50 feet high, branches brittle, wood branches petiols and nerves yellow, leaves ample, folioles 3 to 6 inches long very smooth. Flowers white fragrant like those of Robinia, not yellow as stated by Nuttal and after him by many, even Decandole ! Michaux does not say so, in his colored trees they are white, his im- proper name lutea applied to the wood not the flowers, Nuttal did not see the flowers and mis- took his meaning. 1 have seen them ! The wood is yellow and dies yellow like Fustic. The vulgar names are yellow wood and yellow Locust. The V. Kentukensis of Dumont Cour- set (Botaniste cultivateur) is only the young tree before blooming. It blossoms only in May for one week on the banks of the River Ken- tucky. I shall add two other new Genera rather akin but with yellow and blue flowers. They all belong to the Leguminose, suborder Lomentaria with free stamens, and natural family of Sophorides.
701. ZANTHYRSIS Raf. calix persistent campanul. equaly 5dentate, petals 5 subequal cuneate obtuse, 1 narrower, 10 stamens sube- qual, pistil stipitate, podogyne villose longer than calix, ovary smooth terete curved, style very short, stigma acute, pod stipitate podo- gyne tomentose, pod falcate subterete, seeds . . Tree with odly pinnate leaves, no bracts, thyrsoidal yellow flowers — This Genus is nearer Sophora than the last, but has some very peculiar characters, the name applies to the yellow thyrsus.
702. ZANTHYRSIS PANICULATA Raf. Virgilia
OF NORTH AMERICA, 85
aurea Collins herb, not of Authors. Branches t uscate subangular and puberulent, leaves with many folioles sessile oblong obtuse nearly smooth concolor, petiols pubescent, panicle ter- minal foliose lax, peduncles 2-3flore — South Florida and Cuba, a small tree, habit and leaves like Amorpha and Virgilia, folioles 21 to 25 half uncial. Flowers in a lax compound raceme forming a panicled thyrsus, small and yellow, half size of Cladrastis. The podogyne is very remarkable by its length and white hairs. I add for contrast the real Virgilia aurea of Africa.
703. VIRGILIA AUREA Lam. t. 326. f. 1. Wild. Pers. Poiret Sm. Dec. Shrub, leaves with many folioles petiolate elliptic obtuse smooth glaucous beneath, raceme simple with small lanceolate bracts, pods shortly stipitate oblong compressed reticulate, seeds lenticular — -In Abyssinia in East Africa ! thus totaly un- like our American plant and having the char- acters of the African Virgilias, calix bilabiate, petals unequal, 2 cariniform, a short smooth stipes to the pod. Flowers golden, called white by mistake in Poiret.
704. AGASTIAN1S Raf. Virgilia, Sophora, and Broussonetia ! of Authors. Calix bilabi- ate, lips 2 and 3 dentate, petals 5 unequal, vex- illum oval emarginate larger, 4 oblong biauri- culate at base, 2 connivent cariniform. Stam. 10 unequal free persistent, pistil terete shortly stipitate, a style, stigma obtuse. Pod oblong tomentose convex on both sides. iShrub with odly pinnate leaves, flowers blue in simple racemes with bracts — This fine shrub has been shuffled in several Genera, I deemed it myself
85 NEW SYLVA.
a Cladrastis in 1825, but am now convinced that it is realy a peculiar Genus as deemed by Ortega ; but his name of Broussonetia had been employed, mine means remarkable blue.
705. AGASTIANIS SECUWDI FLORA Raf. Brous- sonetia do. Ort. dec. 7. Virgilia do. Cav.t. 401. Pers. Sm. Sophora do. Dec. Branches angular, leaves with ll-15folioles subsessile oval smooth rigid, petiols swelled at base, racemes tomen- tose secundiflore, pedicels with 3 bracts, 1 at base, 2 beneath the calix — Mexico and Texas, a pretty shrub with handsome blue flowers, the vexillum or large petal pale blue. Decandole says the pods are moniliform as in Sophora, but he did not see them : even if they are the calix and petals are different from the real Sophoras, still more so from those with 4gone or monos- perm pods that must form the Genera Gonon- dra and Aplenda Raf. 1815, and fl. tel,
MONOGRAPH OF CHIONANTHUS. This Genus of the Fraxinides family is very near to the Ornanthes, differing only by a drupe for fruit and simple leaves. Linneus had only Ch. Virginica of N. Amer. some presumed va- rieties were since noticed, but I have been able to ascertain 6 species qnite distinct, although forming a very natural Genus ; called vulgary Fringe trees : they are all small trees, with handsome panicles of vernal white flowers, and opposite leaves quite entire. The Sp. of South America and Ceylon &c must be examined again and will probably form peculiar subgene- ra if not Genera. Mayepea, Linociera and Thouinia must be restored. All our Sp. have a small 4 fid calix, 4 linear petals and 2 stamens not 4 as Mayepea.
706. CHIONANTHUS MARITIMA Raf. Virg. L.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 87
&c. var. marit. Pursh Eat. Beck. Branches terete fuscate pubescent, leaves petiolato obo- vate elliptical membranaceous obtuse or acute pubescent beneath, panicles multiflore lax, bracts ovate and oblong, peduncles mostly tri- flore, calix unequal, fruits elliptical purple — A small tree 10 to 30 feet high, growing near the sea shores or near streams of the littoral region from New Jersey to Florida, leaves 3 to 4 in- ches long, commonly obovate, sometimes ellip- tical, panicles with many large flowers. Var. rhombifolia Raf. leaves elliptic rhomboidal, base acute, end obtuse, bracts lanceolate. In Delaware,
707. CHIOIT. OBOVATA Raf. dorningensis ? Lam. Quite smooth, branches terete whitish with round warts, leaves subsessile obovate rounded, base acuminate, apex very obtuse, panicles cymose pauciflore lax, peduncles bi- flore rigid divergent, bracts obovate sessile, ca- lix unequal, fruits ovate acute — Hills of Alaba- ma, large leaves 4 to 6 inches long, quite round at the end, firmer and broader than in the last, fewer flowers. Probably also found in the An- tilles and Florida.
708. CHION. HETEROPHYLA. Raf. virginica MX. Leaves petiolate obovate acute or elliptic acuminate or ovate lanceolate pubescent be- neath, nerves rufous, panicles lax pauciflore, bracts sessile ovate or oblong, peduncles 1-3 flore, calix subequal, fruits ovate subacute — A- palachian and Wasioto Mts. medial between Ch. maritima and montana.
709. CHION. MONTANA Raf. virg. I/, var. mont. P. B. E. Branches smooth pale 4an- gular rugose with oblong warts, leaves firm sub-
88 NEW SYLVA.
sessile ovate lanceol. acute at both ends, glau- cous beneath and smooth, nerves fuscate hardly puberulent, panicles multiflore compact, pedun- cles triflore, bracts ovate or oblong, calix equal, fruits oval. — Alleghany and Apalachian Mts. from Virginia to Georgia, a small tree 4 to 10 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long. The warts are singular oblong with a fissure.
710. CHION. LONGIFOLIA Raf. Branches su- bangular pubescent fuscate, leaves subpetiolate, oblong lanceol. undulate acum. at both ends, nerves fuscate pubescent, racemes simple elon- gate pauciflore lax pubescent bracts elliptic, peduncles filiform l-2flore, calix equal — Lou- isiana and Texas, leaves 6 to 8 inches long, about 2 wide, flowers rather smaller than in the others : fruits not seen.
711. CHION. ANGUSTIFOLIA Raf. virginica? Elliot, virg. angustif. Ait. Quite smooth, bran- ches pale subangular with flat ringed warts, leaves petiolate lanceolate acute or acuminate glaucous beneath, panicles lax pauciflore, bracts ovatoblong, peduncles mostly triflore, calix sub- equal elongate — Carolina and Florida, a very distinct Sp. by leaves very narrow, 3 to 4 inches long, but hardly one broad, flowers small, fruits globular. Very peculiar warts on the stem round flat with a circular concentric furrow. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high (Elliot.) Var. cylin- drica Elliot, with long cylindrical multiflore panicles.
712. FORESTIERA Poiret 1811, Bige- lowia Smith 1821 not of Raf. 1817. Adelia Brown and Michaux not of Lin. Borya of Wildenow and Persoon, not of Labilardiere and Poiret. See my article Adelia in first part;
OF AoHTH AMERICA. 89
1 have since ascertained that Forestiera was the first unemployed name given to this Genus by Poiret, and must be adopted by all correct Botanists ! This Genus thus made ambiguous in name is also somewhat doubtful in charac- ters, because the dioical flowers are difficult to examine: it contains probably many species as these shrubs are unnoticed unless met in bloom. They are very near to Fraxinus by the flowers, and Chionanthus by the fruit, and simple opposite leaves: Thus evidently of the same natural family. But like Fraxinus they include several subgenera, that ought perhaps to be Genera, and I will consider them as such in order to distinguish them better.
713. FORESTIERA Poir. Raf. Dioical, calix 4 parted persistent, 2 or 3 anthers on a single central filament, fern. fl. calix 2 or 4 parted unequal,no corolla, one pistil with style andbilobe stigma. Fruit a berry drupaceous one seeded, seed cartilaginous sulcate or rugose. Shrubs with commonly entire opposite leaves and la- teral sessile flowers. This includes most of the species; but they must all be examined again, in bloom.
714. CARPOXIS Raf. (sharp fruit) Poly- gamous ? Calix 4parted Stamens 4 inserted in the calix (Elliot,) calix with a 5th smaller seg- ment outside and more than 4 stamens, each on a filament. Fern. fl. ternate on fascicled peduncles, no calix, pistil oblong, no style, stig- ma sessile acute. Drupaceous berry oblong acuminate, seed sulcate. Shrubs often thorny, leaves tyc as in Forestiera. I have followed the figure of Michaux which shows almost a polyandrous flower ? and the whole quite dif- ferent from the others. Elliot justly doubts the
12
90 NEW SYLVA
genus of his Shrub ; it must be evidently a pe- culiar one near to Nudilus and some Ilexides to be compared, as well as my Genus Nestro- nia503.
715. NUDILUS Raf. ft. tex. 1. in Atl. J. 176 and Herb. Raf. Dioical, male fl . , . . fern. fl. no calix nor corolla, pistil ovate, a long style, stigma capitate. Drupaceous berry ovate one seeded. Shrubs with opposite or subalterne leaves, flowers lateral peduncled. This is the only Genus I have been able to examine alive, and I only met the female flowers, which have really no calix as in some Fraxinides, whence the name of Nudilus. I shall now enumerate 12 species belonging to those 3 Genera, altho' our botanists have only 3 or 4, Elliot and Eaton only two.
716. FORESTIERA LiGusTRiNA Poiret, Adelia, Borya, Bigelowia of Authors. Leaves thin sub- petiolate lanceolate oblong entire, fruits ovate — In Illinois and Tennessee, habit of Ligustrum, only found by Michaux, not in Elliot nor Ea- ton, not seen by me.
717. FORESTIERA DISTICHA (or heterophyla) Raf. Borya distichophyla of Nuttal. Quite smooth, branches divergent subterete levigate grey, leaves distichal subsessile thin entire, mar- gin scabrous, uninerve, the lower ovate, the up- per lanceolate or oblong acute, bud scales acu- minate pungent — found by Nuttall in East Tennessee on the banks of Frenchbroad River. My specimen is from him in Collins Herb. A tall shrub 12 to 16 feet high, leaves small un- cial or less. Flowers and fruits not seen.
718. FORESTIERA VERRUCOSA (or glauca) Raf. Branches terete verrucose, leaves petiolate co- riaceous glaucous entire obtuse elliptic or sub- oboval, base acute, fruits fasciculate peduncu-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 91
late oblong obtuse — found in Florida by Dr. Baldwin and mistaken for F. ligustrina by Col- lins altho' nearer F. porulosa. The warts are remarkable similar to those of some Chionan- thus, unequal oblong flat riniose, the leaves are uncial quite glaucous on both sides, slightly re- ticulate and with no pores beneath, but a few scattered white small warts or dots, probably an Aecidium or parasitical fungus ; the berries are similar to Barberries as long as the pedun- cles, and dark purple.
719. FORESTIERA PORULOSA Poiret. Adelia do MX. Borya do W. P. Elliot. Leaves cori- aceous sessile oval lanceol. obtuse, margin re- volute entire, beneath porulose punctate and rusty — Sea shore of Florida, flowers and fruits not seen, even by Elliot.
720. FORESTIERA CUNEIFOLIA Raf. Branch- es rugose subangular, leaves petiolate cuneate lanceol. acute entire smooth, a single rufous nerve, fruits lateral subternate naked ovate acute subsessile — Discovered in fruit by Dr. Ward on the banks of the Wabash, seen alive without flowers. It may be a Nudilus or some- thing else, altho' quite near F. ligustrina, but leaves quite cuneate and often alternate, uncial, neither jcoriaceous nor membranaceous.
721. FORESTIERA CASSINOIDES Poir. Adelia Br. t. 36. Borya W. P. &c. Leaves petiolate oblong obtuse coriaceous smooth, margin revo- lute, beneath reticulate — Antilles and South Florida.
722. FORESTIERA (or Carpoxis) NITIDA Raf. Borya do Loud. Cycl. Leaves opposite and alternate ovate acute serrulate shining — This and the two next, I only find noticed in Lou- dun Cyclop, of plants, who does not quote his Authorities, but given them as North American,
92 XEW^SYLVA.
They may be of a different Genus and • imate to Carpoxis by the leaves not quite entire^ 728. FOREST, (or Carp.) PRINOIDES Raf. Borya Loud. Leaves ovate lanceolate serrate — Is it Ilex prinoides ? flowers green, leaves 2£ inches long, one broad.
724. FOREST, (or Carp.) RETUSA Raf. Borya Loud. Leaves alternate tapering in short pe- tiols, retuse emarginate mucronulate very smooth glaucous. — Very near to my Ilex rttusa but that is a real Ilex with 4seeded berries.
725. CARPOXIS SPINOSA Raf. Adelia acumi- nata MX. ic. 48. Borya W. P. &c. Bigelowia Sm. Branches spinose, leaves petiolate, rhom- boidal, lanceolate, serrate (entire in the figure) acute smooth, fruits subternate drooping oblong rostrate acuminate — Carolina and Georgia, margin of streams, the description and figure of Michaux do not agree, and Elliot Sp. appears distinct. Leaves uncial, fruits long on filiform peduncles. Stamens over 4 ?
726. CARPOXIS INEUMIS Raf. Borya acumi- nata Pursh, Elliot &e. Branches not spinose, leaves oval lanceol. attenuate at both ends pe- tiolate membranaceous serrulate — Carolina, only seen dry by Elliot, who says that it has really 4 stamens.
727. NUDILUS PARADOXUS Raf. fl. tex. &c. Quite smooth, branches terete, leaves opposite and altern. lanceolate sessile acute entire fas- ciculate, fern. fl. peduncled racemose 2-4flore — from West Kentucky to Texas, very rare, a email shrub 3 to 5 feet high, flowers small ver- nal before the leaves, which are uncial rather thin and commonly alternate, berries ovate black ? but not seen ripe.
728. FRAXINUS Lin. and all Authors. This Genus ought to follow the last, and I could
OF NORTH AMERICA, 93
give a Monograph of 32 Species at least, while our Authors have only 7 or 8 ; hut Bosc and Loudun have noticed 27 North American Sp. while Wildenow and Pcrsoon had only 10. However I have hut a dozen Sp. in my Herba- riuin ollcn without flowers or fruits, and I must delay this lahor ; when I will easily prove that this extensive (Jenus must he divided into 5 Genera at least, and I am now going to estab- lish them.
721). FIIAXINUS Raf. all the Species with naked flowers, without calix as in Nudilus, 2 stamens, and fruit a winged samare. Leaves pinnate, flowers paniculate polygamous.
730. LEPTALIX Raf. Those differing by a small calix 4dcntatc &,c. Such as Fr. caro- iftjtlajta, aeuminata, pubcscens, juglandifolia and many other American Sp. but Bosc has not noticed this important character.
731. ORNAiNTHES Raf. 1815. Ornus P. Pursh, B. E. &c. Quite different by having not only a calix, hut also a corolla of 4 petals as in Chionanthus . . Ornus being the root of many names I changed it to OUNANTIIES mean- ing the flowering Ash : 3 Sp. at least O. rotun- difolia, mannifera and Americana.
732. APLILIA Raf. Flowers and fruits to be examined and described, leaves simple. Probably more than a subgenus. Two Sp. at least. A macrophyla and laciniata, the Fr. simplicifolia of late Authors.
733. SAMARPSES Raf. A minute triden- tate calix, stamens 3 ? Fruit a peculiar samare obovate with 3 wings like Halcsia, seed trian- gular. Leaves pinnate — This must constitute a very peculiar genus, the flowers must be bet- ter described.
734. SAMARFSES TRIPTERA Raf. Fraxinus do
94 NEW SYLVA.
Nuttal, Elliot. Policies about 7 obovate entire subsessille obliquate, villose and pale beneath, nerves smooth — In the Oak forests of Car- olina.
APPENDIX.
I must conclude here this third part of my( New Flora and first of my New Sylva, not be- ing able to include in k all our New Trees and Shrubs as I expected, owing to the need I had to enlarge my labors by illustrations and mono- graphs of compared or revised Genera and Spe- cies of Trees and Shrubs. Another part shall be required for this New Sylva ; since I have only revised one half of what I intended. In the prolific Genera Quercus, Salix, Populus, Betu- la, Hicoria, Kalmia, Mimosa, Magnolia, Illici- um, Azalea, Ribes, Rubus, Calycanthus, Tilia, <£c. I have few additions to make, and I have already illustrated elsewhere the G. Vitis, Rosa Abies, Aker &c. But there is nevertheless a number of Genera as yet untouched that require revision or additions — such are — Andromeda, Vaccinium, Rhamnus, Ilex, Viburnum, Loba- dium, Aesculus and Pavia, Prunus and akin Cerasus, Padus . . . The Coniferes, Pomiferes, Hypericines, Malvaceous . . . and also Myrica, Nyssa, Fraxinus, Artemisia, Lantana . . . be- sides all our Palms, Yucas, Smilax, Zamia, Cactus and Upuntia.
Several of our small Genera are pretty well settled, such as Olea, Catalpa, Callicarpa, Pte- lea, Pinkneya, Staphylea, Fothergilla, Dirca, Menziesia, Mylocarium, Bejaria, Illicium, Ho- pea, Halesia, Corylus, Carpinus, Platanus . .. . But others have great additions or improve- ments to receive, for instance Clethra, Aralia, Asimina, Chiococca, Cyrilla, Itea, Sambucus,
OF NORTH AMERICA. 95
Berberis, Arbutus, Myrtus, Ficus, Avicenhia . .
There is also a number of new or rare Trees and Shrubs discovered in Florida and described by Bartram 50 or 60 years ago, that are not yet received by our supine Botanists — others of Robin disc, in 1802, described 1807 and by me again in 1817 in Florula Ludoviciana, are yet quite neglected by them — Even those few noticed or well ascertained by Lewis and Clarke 30 years ago, in Oiigon, are hardly known. All these ought to have been long ago added at least as Sy- nonyms or in an Appendix to our Botanical Works, and 1 mean to do so, unless introduced by me in the proper mono- graphs ; I will now add here the names of the most remarka- ble among them.
Among Bertram's Trees or Shrubs of Florida were Nyssa coccinea, Lycium salsum, Corypha repens and obliqua, Areca floridana R. (Corypha pal ma B.) Erythrina coral lo- dendron, Magnolia fragrans and acuta Raf. and several Sp. of Michaux long before him,Quercus incana and many others, many Sp. of Azalea, Aesculus, Myrica, Lantana, Prinos, An- dromeda . . . also Cupressus purpurea Raf. Rhizophora con- jugata, Agave vivipara, Carica papaya or floridana Raf. . . . Besides several new Genera, my Xiphodendron, Nestronia, Sclerotris, Piloblephis &c.
Among those of Lewis and Clarke are my Sorbus pumila, Sambucus ceruleus, Juniperus radicans, Betula rupestris, Pi- nus humilis and macrocarpa, Pyrus fuscata . . . besides sev- eral Sp. of Cactus, Ribes, Vaccinium . . . and all my new Firs see Abies.
Among those of Robin and Louisiana to be admitted in our Sylva, are my Laurus ludovicir.na, •' uxinus discolor, undu- lata and lacera, Arbutus obtusifolius, Cornus polygauia, As- cyrum grandiflorum, Hypericum rostratum and fulgidum, Tilia stenopetala, Frangula fragilis, Prunus stenophyla, Gle- ditsia hetcrophyla, Ptelea tomentosa, Hicorius inLofrrifolia, Cassine ramulosa, 8cc . . . Besides My N. li. Chirnunthus, Adnaria, Diplonix, Pseudopetalon, Philostemon ... all des- cribed since 1817!
We should look in vain for these Trees and Shrubs in the Works of our Compilers and neglectful Botanists. They will all be noticed again in my New Sylva, or given as sy- nonyms when rectified.
END OF THE THIRD PART. AND NEW SYLVA FIRST PART
INDEX OF GENERA.
SUBGENERA AND SYNONYMS OF THIS NEW SYLVA.
Synonyms arc in Italics — References to the numbers.
Abelicea 572. Jidelia 712. Agastianis 704-5. Amorpha 507. Anthclis 549-51. Aplenda 705. Aplcria 676. Aplilia 732. Audibertia 606. B.tsilima 674-6. Bigehwia 7 1 2. Borya 712. Broussonetia 577 to 584, 704 Bumelia 515-8* Caprifolium516 to 525. Carpoxis 714, 725. Carpodctus 607. Castanca 695-98. Ceanotlwis 607 to 621. Celastrus 506. Celtis 552 to 566. Ccphalanthus 53s. Cephalothymus 604. Ceratiola 596. Chamedryon 653. Chionanthus 706 to 71 1. Chrysobalanus 539 to 542. Chrysophylum 543-4. Cialus 549-51. Cladrastis 699, 700. Colema 594. Crategua 501. Cunila 600. Cypheola 525. Diervilla 529-30. Liodeilia 600. Diospyros 537. Distegia 525-6. EMPETRIDIA page 48. Empetrum 594 to 599. Endammia 595. Epicostorus 671. Euleucum 594. Eunemium 525. Evonymus 622 to 632. Fagus 688 to 694. Forestiera 712 to 725. Fraxinus 721 to 734. Fusticus 579 to 583. Cardoquia 600.
Gonondra 705. Hamamclis 509 to 5*15. Horanthcs 549-51. Hydrangea 677 to 687. Hypoma 607. Kantcmon 523-5. Lcptalix 730. Linociera 706. Loniccra 516 to 530. Madura 57 '7. Maycpca 706. Mcgasteira 676 Melissa 600. Morus 577 to 593. Ncstronia 503-5. Nudilus 715, 727. Ornanthcs (Ornus) 781 Pentinius 623, 632. Physcondra 624. Physocarpa 667-70. Piloblephis 604-5. Planora 572. Platomesus 622. PIcurostcna 573-4. Polygonum 573-6. Pomaderis 60T. Pyrus 508. Rafmcsquia 600-3. Rhamnus 505, 572. Samarpses 733-4. Sapindus 531. Saiureia 604. Schizonotus 672-3. Sophora 701-4.
674. Sorbus 508. Spermalauxen 575-6. SPIRADIA page 61. Spirea 633 to 676. Spondolobus 542* Symphoria 528. Toxylon 577-8. Trilopus 509-15. Jim us 567 to 572. firgilia 699 to 705. /iscum 532-6. Xeromalon 501-2. Xylosteon 527. Xanthyrsis 701-2.
NEW FLORA
NORTH AMERICA,
PROF. RAFINESQUE.
FOVRTH PART.
Neobotanon.
PHILADELPHIA
NEW FLORA
AND BOTANY
OF
NORTH AMERICA
OR
A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,
ADDITIONAL TO ALL THE BOTANICAL WORKS ON NORTH AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES.
Containing 1000 new or revised Species.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE A. M. Ph. D.
Prof, of Botany, the Historical and Natural Sciences, member of many learned Societies*
IN FOUR PARTS.
I Lexicon and Monographs.
II Neophyton &c.
III New Sylva &c.
IV Neobotanon &c — -with Introductions, Sketches, Notes, Indexes, &c.
The floral wealth in this wide land concealed Will be at last by learned care revealed.
PHILADELPHIA.
1836.
Price Five Dollars— $20 for 5 Copies.
TVEOPHYTON
NEW FLORA
AND BOTANY
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,
To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El- liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz Gibbs, &c.
Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde- now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lamark, Decan- dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures
in AtJTIKON BOTANIKON.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.— PH. D.
Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences- Member of many learned Societies ef Paris, Vienna. Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c.
The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed. Will be at but by learned care revealed.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED TOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.
1836.
NOTICE.
Botanists and Naturalists are informed that this work and nearly all my other works, man- uscripts, figures, specimens <$>c now forming a long Catalogue in my Bulletins, may be had from me either sold and exchanged for their own works, if they are not too costly. — My pub- lished works extend besides Botany, to all the other branches of Natural History, American History, Monuments and Languages, Ethno- graphy and Geography, Astronomy with Celes- tial and Biblical Philosophy ; Travels, Journals and Miscellanies &c. — The Catalogues are given or sent gratis.
The other works to be produced by myself gradualy until 1840 and 1850, will also be nu- merous— my History of the American Nations before and after Columbus was suspended after two volumes were issued ; but shall now be re- sumed speedily, and the next volumes comprize the History of the Tsalagis or Cherokis. — Of the Tols, Chols, Chontals «fec, and other Atlan- tic Nations of Central America. — Of the Muyz- cas and other Nations of New Grenada. — Of the Nations of Austral America <J*C- These being some of the most obscure parts of Ameri- can History, may become very interesting, and my researches will throw some new lights on those Nations, their origines, events and civili- zation.
INTRODUCTION.
To the Fourth and last Part.
I have already explained that the delay in the completion of this work, was mainly owing to the contemporaneous publication of my FLORA TELLURIANA, where I inserted the natu- ral classification, main principles of natural Botany, and nearly 2000 new or revised Genera or Species (under 1225 articles) whereof many from North America likewise. I now conclude this work like the Ff. Telluriana in 4 parts, which will include over 1000 new Species with some new Genera, many revised Monographs &c ; but yet this is merely one half of what I have ready to publish on our Flora, in order to correct the glaring errors and omissions of our Botanists.
Whereas Prof. Torrey has been at last indu- ced to undertake a general Flora of North America, a task which 1 had suggested to him many years ago, I shall delay my future addi- tions and corrections until after his Flora is published. I call it his Flora, although he hopes that Nuttal and others will help him, because he means to insert in it only what he has seen and ascertained, according to his own notions of Species and Genera, overlooking varieties and deviations of specific or generic Types; an error into which he has fallen in common with several other Botanists, who have reluctantly adopted the natural methods of Botany. — But time will rectify these absurd and obsolete no- tions, and as we now restore, adopt and value the labors, genera and varieties noticed by the fathers of correct or natural Botany, \danson, Jussieu, Necker, Richard, Lamark &.c, those of
6 INTRODUCTION.
our modern IMPROVERS will be along with mine properly valued in due time — There is a ten- dency to resist improvements and neglect facts for awhile hy the old schools of science, which are afterwards taken hold of by more liberal and enlightened teachers or pupils.
Therefore my own Flora and that of Torrey will not interfere in the least, but be supplemen- tal to each other ; while his labor will proba- bly save me the trouble of writing many Mo- nographs, or verifying many synonyms and quo- tations. When his Flora will be concluded, I shall have merely to publish my additions to it, in order to complete our real GENERAL FLOHA, of all the plants actualy known to me or others.
It is well known that notwithstanding the greatest industry and exertions, it is not possi- ble for any botanist (or even a set of them) to collect or see all the plants of a vast region like our own: therefore there are many plants known only to myself or a few others ; and if besides they are short sighted, or lack the botanical sa- gacity of ascertaining generic and specific char- acters, it may happen that they will overlook many such, even whjn met with in the woods or in herbals.
As I think that I am gifted with a peculiar sharp sagacity in discriminating Genera and Species of Plants and Animals, it behoves me to use it in order to rectify these objects and the sciences relating thereto. — It is what I have often done, am now doing, and will continue to do as long as I live, not being prevented by the sneer or neglect or any one. whom I consider less sagacious than myself, who cannot discri- minate between the most conspicuous charac- ters blended by the Linneists or modern Blen- ders and Shufflers.
IWTROOTJCTIOW. 7
One of my main future works will be a com- plete Sylva of North America on our Trees and Shrubs reduced to natural orders. Another on our Ferns &c. There will be much to do yet in all the botanical classes, before they be pro- perly rectified and made permanent. There is an ample field of observations and researches in the vast regions extending from Florida to Texas, Origon and Boreal America, and con- taining more Gen. and Sp. than Europe; even excluding the Mexican and Tropical States till Panama, that afford a vegetation equaly fruitful. Some of my future Monographs of the Genera or groups Prunus, Planta'go, Gentiana, Eu- phorbia, Vaccinium, Andromeda &c will con- tain from 40 to 80 Species.
In this last part of my Supplemental Flora, I will chiefly describe some of the most select and rare plants or shrubs which I have in my Her- barium ; they are all figured in my AUTIKON like the others. — And I can vouch that they are all as good and genuine Species as any of our modern botanists, and much better than one ha f of the linnean Species of old, often blending half a dozen; as in the Genera Gera- nium^ Lichen, Conferva, Agaricus, Aster, Eu- phorbia, Veronica, Justicia, and 100 similar families rather than Genera, that included 10 to 50 Good natural Genera, comingled as men are comingled with the Monkeys, and Bats with Birds ! ! ! by many ignorant men or pseudo- philosophers lacking the sagacity of perceiv- ing distinctions of parts and forms.
NEOBOTANON
OR SELECTED NEW PLANTS
DICOTYLES.
735. OTAMPLIS Raf. Dioical, perigone Gphyle, Ssepals internal narrower, male fl. 6 sta- mens monadelphous at base. Female fl. ovary single ovate, stigma sessile large capitate sublo- bate. Fruit a single monosperm berry ? Volu- ble, leaves alternate, fl. axillary racemose — Akin in habit &;c to Menispermum, but not even of same family, lacking the multiple ber- ries; it must form with I'selium of Loureiro another small family of plants, the'PSELIDES distinct by single ovary and the stamens not op- posed to equal petals. Pselium of Lour. Mart. Bosc, Smith, JJecand. &c differs by Perigone with 4 sepals, 6 free stamens in male flowers, stigma 4fid. The Ps. heterophylum is a twin- ing shrub, with alternate entire leaves, growing in Anarn of Asia. Otamplis derives from Ear- ed Vine.
736. OTAMPLIS VITIFOLIA Raf. stem twining striate. leaves on long petiols palmate or lobed, Snerved, glaucous beneath, base reniform, lobes acuminate entire, ovate in lower leaves, sinusses obtuse ; racemes shorter than petiols subcom- pound. — A large herbaceous Vine, leaves quite smooth, lower ample 6 to 8 inches broad, petiols 8 to 10 inches long, upper smaller with 3 short lobes, racemes hardly over one inch long, flow- ers small geminate or ternate, whitish, sepals ovatoblong obtuse deciduous, the inner ones smaller and whiter. On Red River in Arkan- zas and Texas. My specimens are marked a N. G. akin to Menispermum in Collins Herba- rium.
MOUTH AiMERlCAN 9
737. DIDIPLIS Raf.1833. Calix persistent campanulate 4fid, segments unequal acute. Co- rolla none. Stamens 2, filaments exerted, an- thers rounded, stigmas 2 subsessile. Capsule globular bilocular polysperm. Leaves oppo- site, Jlowers axillary sessile. — A very distinct Genus blended with Peplis by Nuttal and De- candole, which has a calix 12fid and 6 stamens! the Peplis indica with spicate flowers, calix 8 dent. 4 stamens &c, is also a peculiar Genus NEXILIS Raf. meaning not with 6X while Didi- plis means two doubling.
738. DIDIPLIS LINEAR is Raf. atl. J. and flo- rula tex. 16 — Peplis diandra Nuttal in Dec. prodr. — Stem terete ramose, leaves sessile prox- imate decussate patent linear obtuse uninerve, flowers sessile solitary axillary. — An aquatic plant of Red River, Texas and Arkanzas,habit of Callitriche, leaves narrow elongate uncial, flowers small green. In Collins Herb, it was marked a N. G. near Lythrum.
739. DIPHYLEIA CYMOSA MX. This fine plant seen by few, is so rare that its existence was doubted by some of our skeptics, notwithstand- ing the two fine figures of Michaux. It is a vernal plant of the TJnaka and Cheroki Mts, where few botanists have dwelt or travelled. My specimen in Col. Herb, was collected by Lyons, and is in fruit, the angular stem has only one leaf 6 inches broad, very angular but hardly dentate, the cyme is trifid and ramose, berries subovate obliqual. If it is a deviation it may be called var. trifida.
740. D1SCOPLIS Raf. Dioical, male fl . . . female fl. calix persistent oval hirsute 4dentate, ovary sessile sub4gone warty, stigma sessile large sulcate. Fruit inclosed in calix, indehis-
2
10 NEOBQT,
cent Akena or nut bilocular disperme, outside compressed discoidal rugose, 2 sides compressed sulcate, edges echinate, integument thick and hard, 2 oblong seeds inside. Herbaceous, leaves opposite, flowers in slender spikes — a most singular N. G. with very peculiar fruit, proba- bly akin to the EUPHORBIDES, or rather TRAGI- DES, but the male flowers are required to ascer- tain positively the natural affinities, perhaps even a typical Genus if they have 4 stamens in- serted on a similar calix. The name means discus armed.
741. DISCOPLIS SERRATA Raf. stem weak 2-3chotome flexuose smooth, leaves remote pe- tiolate ovate serrate acute ; spikes terminal filiform, bracts oblong longer than short pedun- cles.— From South Florida and Cuba, my spe- cimens one foot high collected by Kin, stem fus- cate, leaves acute at both ends yet subdeltoid and even sometime subcordate, some white hairs scattered above, spikes subracemose naked slender 3 to 4 inches long, with minute bracts, flowers small subsessile, the lower ones com- monly abortive, remote and green, quite hairy.
742. PLANTAGO MULTINERVIS Raf. Sea pose, leaves petiolate subpilose broad lanceolate, at- tenuate at both ends, remotely dentate 9 nerved; scape longer sulcate hirsute, spike elongate, flowers scattered or interrupted, flowers smooth, calix carinate, bracts subequal ovate acute, style elongate persistent — found in Florida by Kin (Col. Herb.) near to PL interrupta which differs by entire leaves, with few nerves, shorter leaves and flowers, short bracts, calix not cari- nate &c . . . Here the leaves are 6 to 8 inches long, nearly 2 broad, spikes 6 to 10 inches long. Capsule disperme.
NORTH AMERICAN 11
743. PLANTAGO ALBIFLORA Raf. scapose, leaves petiolate ample ovate, acute at both ends base repand dentate, 7nerved, very smooth ; scape longer striate subpilose below, spike elon- gate imbricate, at base subverticillate, flowers smooth, calix and bracts scariose oblong acute, style elongate persistent pubescent. — In West Kentucky and Tennessee, leaves 6 to 8 inches iong 3 to 4 broad, subglaucescent, spike very long pedal, calix whitish scariose with a green nerve. .Akin to PI. cordata but not at all cordate.
744. PLANTAGO TEXENSIS Raf. Scapose, silky pilose, leaves elongate sessile linear obtuse hardly trinerve, scapes equal or longer terete, spike ovate and oblong dense imbricate, bracts and calix ovate obtuse villose. segments of co- rolla rounded concave, capsule disperme, seeds elliptic concave. — A very distinct sp. of Texas and Arkanzas, leaves semipedal, broader above, spikes from half inch to two inches long.
745. PLANTAGO LINEARIS Raf. Scapose, leaves sessile linear elongate entire quite smooth obtuse trinerve rugose j scape terete pubescent above, spike oblong dense, bracts linear triple of flowers, calix oblong obtuse. — In Florida found by Baldwin or Kin, nameless in Coll. Herb. Perennial as most sp. leaves 2-4 inches long, bracts remarkably long, spike short uncial.
746. PLANTAGO GLOBOSA Raf. Scapose,! eaves sessile lanceolate uncial, base wooly, entire un- cial, scapes longer filiform silicate, spike glo- bose minute dense, bracts and calix scariose fulvous ovate acute. — Small, akin to PL indica and my PL atrofasca, leaves seldom over one inch, scapes 2 or 3 inches long, spike quite ca- pitate very small as in PL indica. From South
2 NEOBOT.
New Jersey to Florida in sandy soil, near Sea Shores.
747. PLANTAGO AMBLODES Raf, Scapose, leaves subsessile uncial oblong cuneate ?rinerve large obtuse teeth, margin and nerves ciliate ; scapes hardly longer pubescent angular, spikes oblong densiflore pubescent, bracts equal ovate acute — Another small sp. from the banks of Arkanzas and Yazou Rivers. Some leaves are subpectinate by elongate teeth.
1 have described above 6 of rny most distinct sp. of this Genus, 2 others PL gonophyla and atrofusca of Illinois are in Atlantic Journal page 150 j but I have in my Herbarium a crowd of other N. Sp. and varieties, some of which are blended with PL cordata, media, lanceolata, major #c of our botanists ; when I shall pre- pare a Monograph of this G..they shall be dis- tinguished. I have called them PL elliptica, compressa, crassifolia, undulata, repanda, rolundifolia, riparia, longipes, pycnanthes, paitcitiora, pilosa, brevifolia, breviscapis, wiorkiza, serpentaria, peregrina, baldidni.
748. LITTORELLA FLExuosA Raf. This G. was not deemed American, and this sp. will form perhaps a N. G. when examined alive ; it is at least a subgenus, which I call XAMOTRIS (dwarf raceme) and it differs by calix unequal, imbricate segments of tuner perig. or corolla also unequal. Habit scapes racemose with- out bracts. Scapose, leaves cespitose linear
obtuse falcate smooth, base wooly, entire or with a few scattered gashes, uninerve ; scapes shorter flexuose racemose pauciflore — Sent me from Alabama and found in Arkanzas by Nut- tal. deemed by him a nameless Plantago in Coll. herb, annual, leaves 1 or 2 inches long narrow,
NORTH AMERICAN 13
scapes with 5 to 7 flowers on long pedicels, ca- lix lanceolate acute, segments of corolla linear acute, 3 or 4 as in Littorella, some flowers ge- minate.
749. RIVINA or PIEKCEA ACUMINATA Raf. RID. levis of Mg. and Nut. In Col. Herb, not of Antilles nearer to brasiliensis ! — Herbaceous smooth, stem branched sulcate, leaves ovate oblong acuminate base rounded, margin subre- pand ; racemes axillary erect longer than leaves — From Florida to Arkanzas, 2 or 3 feet high, leaves 3 inches long thin and petiolate, racemes 4 to 6 inches long, flowers white, sepals of peri- gone 4 ovatoblong obtuse persistent and green- ish after anthesis, stamens 4 or isopere as in the real Gr. Picrcea of Miller, see rny fl. tellur. 635, Riviria having 8 or 12 stamens. Habit like Phytolaca but berries globular one seeded, types of Nat. Family RIVINIDIA fl. tel. 634.
750. RIVINA or PIERCEA OBLIQTJATA Raf. Riv. humilis of some Am, bot. not of Antilles — Herbaceous nearly smooth stern simple sulcate, leaves ovatoblong subrepand, base commonly obliqual, end attenuate obtuse and mucronate, petiols somewhat pubescent, racemes erect equal to leaves. — everal sp. have been blend- ed in R. humilis, this is quite distinct, found in Florida by Baldwin; a small plant hardly pe- dal, leaves smaller 1 or 2 inches long, pubes- cence extending sometimes to nerves and race- mes, these short with fewer and smaller flow- ers, sepals of calix linear oblong obtuse whitish, style elongate, stig. capitate — as our botanists have mistaken these two plants (they are not in Elliot) it may be needful to state that the real R. or P. humilis is frutescent quite pubescent, not sulcate, with acuminate leaves and larger
14 ISEOBOT.
red berries. — While R. or P. levis has stem terete, leaves not repand marginate of red, and flowers redish also with obovate sepals.
751. PLUMBAGO FLORIDANA Raf. (Collins herb) stem slender virgate angular, smooth, leaves minute ovate acute, spike slender base squamose denudate, flowers terminal few,bracts ovate reflexed, calix with stipitate glands. — This G. was not known to be N. American, the specimen of Collins was collected by Ware in East Elorida, it is pedal, with small leaves and flowers less than one inch long.
752. MELOTHKIA NIGRA Raf. 1820, An. nat. 112. M. pendula E. and most of our Authors, stem, filiform angular trailing, leaves roughish subreniform Slobed remotely denticulate, petiols filiform elongate, flowers polygamous and mo- noical, peduncles uniflore, in the m'ale multifl. berries globular smooth, pisiform black, — From Carolina to Kentucky, trailing 3 to 10 feet, leaves and flowers small, these yellow. It has several var. see my Monographs ; but all are distinct from the M. pendula of Antilles, Lin- neus said that sp. grew from Canada to Jama- ica, but I never found it in the Northern States, others have and ascribe to it a red berry, is it another sp. or the next ? In this the berries are shining black scarcely larger than a pea.
753. MELOTHRIA RE-PANDA Raf. Stem sul- cate twining, leaves thick roughish cordate 5an- gular subtrilobe, repand sinuate, teeth obtuse mucronate, peduncles uniflore, berries oblong oliveform smooth. — This is most likely the sp. of Linneus and many botanists, although L. as- cribes an oliveform tuberculate berry to his, petiols shorter than leaves and peduncles, I can- not say if the berries are black or red, my spe-
NORTH AMERICAN 1
cimen is from Arkanzas.
754. MELOTIIRIA PUNCTATA Raf stem fili- form angular, leaves cordate 5angular smooth entire or subdentate, thin glaucous with minute black dots on both sides, petiols equal to leaves filiform ; peduncles uniflore, berries red elliptic oliveform smooth — sent me from New Orleans by Dr, Riddell as the M. pendula, the dots ap- pear black glands as in Hypericum, berries ap- parently red in the specimen, shape and size of a barberry.
755. MELOTHRIA PENDULA (or edulis) L. Brown, Lunan. Sw, and Antillian Authors. — Scandent. petiols auriculate or alato, leaves rough trilobe or triangular subcordate sinuate, obtuse, fl. polyg. dioical, peduncles uniflore, berries pendulous ovate black size of a nutmeg. In Jamaica and the Antilles, totally unlike the two others, fruit very large eaten when ripe and pickled unripe says Lunan, probably also in Florida and cultivated in Louisiana.
756. RIDDELIA Raf. family CJeomides— calix 5 sepals subequal, petals 5 unequal, sta- mens filiform short, commonly 5 subequal in- serted on a flat disk, ovary sessile oblong, stig- ma sessile obtuse. Pod sessile, linear compres- sed bivalve polysperrne bilocular, partition contrary to valves, edges thick flattened, tru- tescent, leaves simple stipulate, alternate flow- ers, extra-axillary solitary. — Another pretty G. of the family CLEOMIDIA, which now contains 25 at least, (see my reform of it ; ) this i§ re- markable by habit and fruit near to the G. Pe- ritoma, Warea, N. Podolobus R. or Stanley a N. &c but distinct from all these, yet they all belong to my family of CLEOMIDES, not a sec- tion of CAPPARIDES. Dedicated to Dr. John
16 NEOBOT.
Riddell who sent it to me from New Orleans as an unknown G. with several other rare plants, he is the author of a Western Flora and disco- verer of many new plants there. If his name has been employed already, we "may substitute
AWTII'IIYLA SERRATA Raf.
757. RIDDELIA ANTIPHYLA Raf. Leaves smooth lanceolate acute, equaly serrate, petiols short pubescent, stipules subulate ; peduncles extraxilary unifl. equal to petiols, sepals colored linear lanceolate acuminate pubescent, petals subequal cuneate obtuse, pod divergent strait equal to leaves — apparently a virgate shrub, branches fuscate terete rimose, leaves and pods uncial, almost opposite to each other, flowers yellow small, stamens 5 or 6, shorter than flow- ers. Pods fuscate smooth, seeds black com- pressed squared truncate.
758. SESUVIUM VERUUCOSUM Raf. prostrate roughened by warts, leaves thick petiolate obo- vate and cuneate obtuse entire, flowers axillary subsessile commonly solitary — a very distinct sp. with the habit of Portulaca oleracea, but en- entirely covered with rough tubercules and warts, when dry of a fulvous glaucous color all over, many branches, leaves small, flowers 1 to 3 in the axils, campanulate, white inside, sta- mens many, and thus totaly unlike the S. pen- tandrum of Elliot which is my G. Squibbia maritima. This sp. was sent me from Arkan- zas and the Chacta Conntry, where it grows near streams on the Yazou and Salt River.
759. SPERGULA *\ALCATA Raf. Diffuse de- cumbent smooth glaucous, leaves linear falcate acute, base connate, peduncles axillary equal to internodes and leaves, erect, segments of calix ovate obtuse equal to petals and capsule. — On
NORTH AMERICAN 17
the banks of the lower Ohio, and Missouri ri- vers, a small plant extending 3 to 6 inches with many short branches, leaves 3 lines long.
760. DIONEA SESSILIFLORA Raf. atl. J. 78. Petiols winged oblong or cuneate narrow, acute at both ends, leaves bilobe ; flowers sessile agre- gate 3 to 5, bracts lanceolate. — The beautiful G. Dionea is no longer monotype but has devia- ted sp. D. muscipula the type is quite distinct from this by petiols broadly obcordate, flowers corymbose. Seen alive in our gardens as well as a variety Uniflora, smaller uniflore, with broader shorter leaves, petiols oblong acute winged. Both native of Carolina, flowers white estival, leaves irritable in all. This G. is the type of a Nat. Family DIONIDIA different from ALSINIDIA by single style.
BORAGINES
761. PULMONARIA ELLiPTicA R. leaves ellip- tic acute at both ends, the radical on very long petiols, upper ovate ; flowers axillary peduncu- late nodding, calix with short segments lanceo- late acute. — In the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, stem smooth branched bipedal, flowers blue and small.
762. LITHOSPERIHUM CRACILE Raf. annual, silky villose, stem slender erect virgate naked below, leaves petiolate linear acute adpressed, flowers terminal subsessile, tube of corolla longer than calix, segments of corolla oblong obtuse. — A very striking sp. sent me from Ala- bama and found on Red River Arkanzas and Texas by Nuttal in Collins herb, where noted as perhaps a N. G. but I see no difference, un- less the fruit be different, the corolla is realy funnel .shape, but the lobes deeper or longer. Stem semipedal nearly simple, leaves uncial
3
18 NEOBOT.
sometimes revolute on the margin, flowers ter- minal axillary white and small.
763. LITHOSPERMUM STRicosuM Raf quite warty strigose, leaves sessile ovatoblong, fl. ax- ilary sessile, calix lanceolate rugose verrucose strigose, seeds fuscate obovate. — In Florida, found by Kin, my specimen is only in seed, pe- dal covered all over with white warts ending in a white rigid hair forming a great roughness, leaves uncial rigid, calix large unequal.
764. LITHOSPERMUM CUSPIDATUM Raf. stem erect ramose sulcate hirsute, hairs spreading, leaves linear lanceolate cuspidate rugose ciliolate hirsute rough ; flowers axillary solitary, subses- sile, seeds smooth lucid ovate fulvous not punc- tate.— In Alabama and Georgia, pedal, leaves uncial narrow, branches short erect angular. Very different from Z». angustifolium MX.
765. LITHOSPERMUM CILIATUM Raf. annual erect subdichotome above, hardly hispid, leaves sessile linear obtuse ciliate, flowers axillary sub- sessile, segments of calix linear ciliate as long as corolla. — Found by Hart on Red River and by Drumond in Texas, semi pedal slender few leaves, flowers subracemose.
766. LITHOSPERMUM FLORIDANUM Raf. an- nual erect ramose canescent, hairs adpressed, stem terete, leaves linear lanceolate acute, flow- ers subracemose, calix equal to tube of corolla, seeds pilose. — In Florida much branched, leaves rather lax patent, linear on the branches, flow- ers chiefly pedunculate, but some sessile, with or without bracts, segments of calix more une- qual than usual, lobes of corolla obovate, seeds yellow pilose globular.
I have thus added 5 sp. to this G. which had already 7 in Eaton, but some of these do not be-
NORTH AMERICAN 19
iong to the Genus, the L. latifolium forms my G. Cyphorima 1819 having 5 pits outside of the mouth of corolla, with 5 corresponding knobs inside.
767. BATSCHIA ALBIFLORA Raf. annual, glau- cous, hairs all over white adpressed, stem sim- ple, leaves petiolate ovate acute, flowers few terminal, tube of corolla equal to calix. limb campanulate large plicate hardly lobed. — On the River Arkanzas on sand bars found by Nuttal, deemed a N. G. but quite like Batschia although habit a little different and corolla less lobed, if a subgenus it may be called ONOKILES a Grecian name of Anchusa. Pedal, first leaves opposite, small hardly uncial, flowers few large.
768. L Ycorsis ? AXILLARIS Raf. stem flexu- ose angular, leaves sessile linear lanceolate slightly scabrous and pubescent, flowers axillary sessile, calix villose tomentose canescent — Found m Florida by Mr. Ware, marked a Ly- copsis in Coll, herb, but habit rather of Litho- spermum, small plant, leaves elongate, over one inch long. Very different from £, virginica,
OMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS.
769. MESODISCUS Raf. dioical involucre 1 or none,involucels 2, male fl. with a thick len- ticular disk convex central, no calix ! no style ! petals 5 obcordatc, stamens 5 equal to petals, anthers globose bilobe, female fl. and seeds un- known .... Leaves commonly ternate, flow- ers white. — Very singular Genus, perfectly di- oical, which appears a paradox in this family of plants: several Gr. however are polygamous. Although the fruit is lacking yet this Genus ap- pears perfectly distinct and unlike any other except the next I have 2 sp. of it, one of which is anomalous again by a triple componnd umbel.
20 NEOBOT.
770. MESODISCUS SIMPLEX Raf. stem terete solid base subangular few leaved, leaves remote, petiols angular, folioles 3 entire oblong or lan- ceol. acute, middle one acuminate; umbel single involucre none, involucels 2 setaceous, 7 umbel- lules 9-12flore, pedicels unequal, petals obcor- date concave. — Sent me from Alabama, stem slender pedal or more, folioles uncial, last leaf a single linear foliole remote from umbel, flow- ers quite white. — Var. major has stem bipedal, the lower leaf with 5 folioles.
771. MESODISCUS PROLIFERUS Raf. stem te- rete solid, leaves remote, petiols carinate, foli- oles 3 or 5 lanceolate entire very acute, some- times falcate : umbel thrice compound, first in- volucre with 5 linear folioles, second involucres none or one linear, commonly 5 umbellules, 7-15flore, involucels 21inear, petals flat obovate scarcely obcordate. — Also from Alabama,leaves sometimes with only 2 folioles, the lower have 5 subpinnate. Quite smooth and with white flowers like the last : the triple umbel is a great anomaly.
772. fc* AT ARIA R. ombelif. polygamous. Involucre none or 1 or 2 minute, involuces 3-6 subulate. Calix minute 5toothed petals equal round obcordate incurved, 5 short stamens, disk almost conical, 2 short styles divaricate. Seeds elliptic flat and thin, 5 striated, convexely in- curved, surrounded by a thick fungose white margin over both seeds. Leaves ternate^flow- ers ochroleucous — united to Peucedanon by Nuttal (who did not see the perfect flowers) which differs by petals oblong, seeds oval wing- ed around, flowers yellow <£c. Sataria was an ancient name of Peucedanon. A few male flowers are mixt in umbels.
NORTH AMERICAN 21
773. SATARIA LINEARIS R. Peucedanon ter- natum Nut. &,c. Stem virgate terete solid stri- ate, leaves few remote on long petiols, folioles 3 sessile linear, very long and narrow, acute at both ends ; umbels axillary and terminal, invol. linear or none, umbelules 5-7 and pauciflore — In Alabama and Georgia, perennial smooth, commonly 3 leaves and 3 umbels, folioles 2 or 3 inches long — Var. longipes 5 or 6 leaves, lower with petiols exceedingly long 10 to 18 inches, umbels l-2terminal. Flowers pale yellowish in both.
774. KERASKOMION R.ombelif. both invol. 2-3phyle, calix hardly Stoothed, petals obovate plicate, stam. filif. styles short divaricate. Fruit smooth globose as in Aethusa. Leaves decom- posed, umbels small, flowers white, axils but- base — united to Cicuta by the Authors, nearer to Aethusa by invol. and seeds, quite peculiar by the bulbose habit. The name was one of the Greek terms for Aethusa or Oenanthe.
775. KERASK. BULBIFEKUM R. Cicuta bulbif. of most of our botanists — stem ramose terete fistulose, lower leaves triternate, others biter- nate or ternate, folioles linear serrate pectinate, upper simple entire, bulbs gemmular squamu- lose; umbels terminal naked — a very singular plant growing on banks of streams from Canada to Virginia, described on the living plants, and found very different from Cicuta. Flowers es- tival, minute and white, sometimes hardly any but bulbs profuse, they appear to reproduce the plant, are real buds with oval acute scales (as in buds of trees.) Stem bipedal, leaves some- times subverticillate. It is doubtful whether the linnean plant is not different, Linneus says
22 NEOBOT.
stem angular and leaves capillary, Michaux says like Fennel. My plant is not such, but they may have seen bad specimens.
Genus DAUCUS and akin. Here is a striking instance of the blending propensity of our Botanists, who do not take care to look sharp, overlooking the most evi- dent characters. I can speak with confidence, since I did the same for 20 years concerning our wild Carrots, until at last having noticed some kinds with bipinnatifid involucres and others with entire involucres, I was led to no- tice observe and revise the genus and akin. It had even been supposed that our Carrots were naturalized, while they are found native in the wildest localities. My researches have already led me to ascertain 3 genera and a dozen spe- cies, all probably deemed />. carotta or pusil- his when seen by others. The nature of the involucres and seeds is essentialy generic here, else Daucus and Caucalis should be only one Genus. The G. Dasyspermam 295 of Necker which he says had a fruit hispid muricate all over, includes also several, since it was formed out of Tordylium,Conium, Ammi and Scandix ! having muricate seeds.
776. DAUCUS Raf. involucres pinnate or multifid, partial with entire or trifid folioles, calix Stoothed, petals obovate emarg. inflexed, outer often larger radical unequal. Seeds with 4 aculeate wings. leaves decomposed, flow- ers white or red. — This is the type to which be- long the real Carrots : I must now add here for contrast all the Genera blended thereto. For the sp.see 783 to 792.
777. TIRICTA Raf. involucres simple polyphyle, partial similar, flowers polygamous
NORTH AMERICAN 23
radiate. Calix entire, styles divaricate, stig- mas capitate, petals 5 unequal plicate involute. Seeds unequal oblong, with 1 or 3 ribs unequaly echinate cristate. Habit of Daucus. The name was an ancient one for Daucus.
778. TIRICTA DAUCOIDES Raf. stem virgate terete smooth ; leaves few, lower on long pe- tiols, upper sessile, bipinnate, folioles linear con- fluent cuspidate, margin rough ; 2 or 3 umbels on long peduncles, invol. 5-8phyle, linear entire, umbels multiflore longer. — In the Pine barrens of South New Jersey, root annual ? white per- pendicular not odorous as in Daucus, stem bi- pedal simple, leaves slender, flowers small white autumnal. Compare the Leptocaulis echinatus of Nuttal.
779. BABIRON Raf. involucre none, par- tial oligophyle simple. Flowers similar, none male nor radiate. Calix hardly Stoothed, pe- tals ovate obtuse flat equal. Fruit ovate round- ed smooth, seeds with several rows of small scaly tubercles. Habit of Ammi and Lepto- caulis.— How distinct from the last, the name was also an ancient one of Daucus in Egypt, 3 sp. at least, some of which are among the Lep- tocaulis of Nuttal in Decandole, but not of same Genus.
780. BABIRON PUSILLUM Raf. annual quite smooth, stem simple filiform striate, leaves short 2-3pinnate, segments linear acute, the upper se- taceous ; umbels trifid terminal filiform, invo- lucre none or 1 subulate, partial 3-4subulate, umbelules 3-5flore, pedicels unequal — sent me from Alabama, and by Dr. Torrey from Geor- gia as the Daucus pusillus \ see 788. Stem 4 to 6 inches high redish, leaves small finely cut,
24 NEOBOT.
flowers minute few white. Nearer to "Lepto- camis than to Daucus.
781. BABIRON DIVARICATUM Raf. Daucus do Walter, Lteptocaulis do N. Dec. Ammi do Pers. and again Ligusticum pusillum Persoon! (Elliot) Sison pusillum MX. Pursh, Elliot &c. — Annual slender smooth dichotome divaricate, leaves triternate multipartite segments linear or setaceous, umbel. 5-6fid, umbellules commonly triflore, pedicels equal, invol. 3 lanceolate mi- nute— in Carolina and Florida, bipedal not hum- ble, my specimens are in fruit, brown, realy warty, hardly squamose. Here is a sp. put in 5 Genera!
782. BABIRON DICHOTOMTJM R. Ammi divar- icat. Coll. herb. — Smooth dichotome, leaves short bipinnate, segments narrow linear, umbels 2-4 fid, umbelules 3-5flore, pedicels unequal, in- volucels 1 to 3 minute — annual like the others, with slender stems semipedal, branches diver- gent but not divaricate, more like B. pusillum than the last, but stem terete not striate nor sim- ple, the tubercles of the seeds more scaly. Florida.
783. DAUCUS SCADIOPHYLUS Raf. stem grow- ed retrose pilose, leaves few short tripinnate hirsute, segments linear acute ; involucres 5-6 foliose bipinnate \ partial simple as long as flowers, petals equal not radiate seeds hispid. — Florida, Alabama and Georgia, a Southern Daucus so unlike the others, as to be almost a N. G. I shall form a subgenus of it (with the next) GINGIDIUM with involucres bipinnate pe- tals not radiate. This is pedal and bipedal, the involucres nearly similar to the leaves, flowers small, seeds oblong hispid between the muricate ribs. D. Lucidus, being the same as D. gin-
OF NORTH AMERICA 35
gidium, belongs to the same subgenus.
784. DAUCUS SCARIOSUS Raf. stem grooved foliose retrose pilose, leaves 2-3pinnate, seg- ments lanceolate acuminate or cuspidate ; invo- lucres 6-8 foliose bipinnate, partial unequal lanceolate white scariose, longer than flowers, some trifid. — Annual or biennal root not odor- ous, leaves long and narrow, nerved. — Var. sim- plex simple stem pedal, a single umbel, hardly hispid — Var. ramosus branched hirsute, invo- lucres hardly bipinnate, very long segments sometimes trifid. Found by myself in the glades of Pennsylv. autumnal, petals apparently not radiate, thus a Gingidium also.
785. DAUCUS BREVICAULIS R. Scabrous, stem nearly naked, lower leaves nearly as long tri-< pinnate, segments confluent oblong bifid mucro- nate ; involucres mostly trifid base scariose on the margin, linear elongate, partial linear and trifid shorter than flowers, petals radiate. — A singular sp. found in hills of Pennsylvania and near Philadelphia, with ample leaves 6 to 8 inches long nearly as long as the stem, with broad segments, roots biennial hardly odorous branched.
786. DAUCUS NUDTCAULIS Raf. smooth, sub- scapose, scape naked grooved, leaves radical bipinnate segments linear laciniate cuspidate ; umbel lax, involucres 3-5fid setaceous, partial linear equal to flowers, margin scariose, petals radiate — found with the last, perhaps a devia- tion, but it has another deviation var. pumila only 3 inches high, leaves larger than umbel quite linear — while the nudicaulis is 6 to 8 inches high, with short leaves 3 inches long, root white tapering slender.
787. DAUCUS LEVIS R. Quite smooth, stem
26 NEOBOT.
striate slender, leaves bipinnate small, segments linear acuminate ; umbels small, involucres tri- fid shorter, partial simple, petals seldom radiate seeds ecbinate. — Not uncommon in fields and woods from New Jersey to Kentucky, pedal, leaves quite flat hardly nerved, stem not grooved terete.
788. DAUCUS PUSILLUS MX. E. &c. annual, stem simple scabrous slender angular, leaves re- mote short bipinnate, segments linear acute, umbel single pauciflore, involucres trifid, par- tial simple, umbelules l-3flore, seeds with wings deeply crested. — A sp. deemed doubtful by many or a var. of D. carotta like the others, but quite distinct ; my specimen collected by Bald- win in Florida has only a few retrorse hairs, 3 small leaves, a small umbel; the seeds are large, with white wings deeply cut into pectinate stiff bristly crests. Perhaps a subg. 'Lophioplis near Tiricta.
789. DAUCUS BREVIFOLIUS Raf, nearly smooth stem terete foliose not grooved, virgate, leaves short remote pinnate, folioles pinnatifid seg- ments oblong acuminate ; involucres trifid, par- tiaj simple, seeds oblong pubescent hardly echi- nate, — Alleghany Mts. &c, pedal, root branch- ed not odorous leaves 1 or 2 inches long only, umbels small, peduncles sometimes grooved and with a fewliairs, seeds fuse ate small, petals ra- diate— Var. fliformiSy stem filiform striate, in- Volucres setaceous.
790. DAUCUS HETEROPHYLUS Raf. scabrous or subhispid, stem grooved branched foliose, leaves petiolate decomposed variable, the lower 3-4pinnate,folioles confluent lanceol. acuminate, upper bipinnate, folioles remote linear cuspidate; involucre^ tripartite elongate setaceous, base
OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
marginate of white, partial subulate marginate, seeds echinate. — This is the most common sp. from Canada to Louisiana in fields and woods, nearest to D. carotta, but yet different. Root biennial odorous fulvous slender, stem 1 to 3 feet high, leaves 3 to 6 inches long, large umbel lax at first, contracted at last. Some varieties or deviations.
1. Var. Fumaroides. Lower leaves like Fumaria 4pinnate segments confluent, some in- volucres simple.
2. Var. Asper, stem very scabrous, leaves shorter 2-3pinnate.
3. Var. Laxifolius, nearly smooth, leaves with remote folioles.
It will be sufficient to compare carefully these American sp, with the European to perceive their distinctions. There are at least 6 sp. in Europe blended in !>. carotta \ or the garden kind native of the South, so easily known by large succulent root, stem hirsute deeply groo- ved, petiols carinate, broad decompound leaves, pinnate involucres &c — they are D. maritimus. polygamous, exiguus, see Pers. Wild. Lam. ^•c besides the 2 next, now before me,
791. DAUCUS STRIGOSUS R. strigose covered with white bristly hairs, stem grooved, leaves subsessile, pinnate and bipinnate, folioles oblong laciniate or pinnatiiid acute, involucres pinnate broad with a thick margin, partial simple lan- ceolate.— A very distinct sp. sent me from Eng- land as a wild carrot, the hairs are thickly sot stiff and flat, petals radiate.
792. DAUCUS AGRESTIS R. stem grooved sca- brous, leaves remote subsessile base winged pinnate or bipinnate, folioles pinnatifid, seg- ments oblong cuspidate ; involucres pinnate or
28 NEOBOT.
trifid base with a white marginal wing, partial lanceoh scariose. This is the wild Carrot of France and Germany different from the gar- den kind, root hard woody, stem 1 or 2 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, petals radiate. Also naturalized with us but scarce.
Thus the G. Daucus must be reformed in G. and Sp. the foreign kinds form several other G. or Subg. such as
793. VISNAGA Raf. invol. perianthiform mul- tipartite, segments trifid, partial poryphyle, um- bels phorantiform at base, petals inflexed bilobe, seeds oblong Compressed striate smooth — united to Ainrni as a subg. by modern botanists, but a peculiar G. seen alive. Types V. vera and meoides.
794. BALLIMON R. invol. o, 1 or 2 simple,par- tial 2-5simple, seeds with a thick integument and 3 rows of uncinate spines — Types B. mu- ricatum and marititnutn^ both Daucus do, auct.
795. PELTACTILA Raf. petals very unequal, seeds with spines bearing peltate Stars ! flow- ers commonly yellow. — Types P. grandiflora^ parciftora, aurea, hispida &c all Daucus of Desf. &c.
796. STAFLINUS R, seeds semi terete turgid ciliate crinite — St. setifolius and crinitus. Daucus do auct.
797. ENTAS1KON Raf. Polygamous. In- volucres 2-3phyl. setaceous, partial similar, cal. with 5 unequal persistent teeth, petals 5 equal, obcordate inflexed, stamens 5 equal, styles 2 thick ovate persistent, stigma obtuse. Fruit oblong smooth angular, lateraly divided by a lateral furrow. Leaves decomposed, flowers white. — A very striking G. differing from all others known to me by the unequal calix and
OF NORTH AMERICA. 29
ovate styles. If it is a Trepocarpus of Nuttal, how did he neglect these singular characters ! The name was a Grecian name of a Chero- phylum.
798. ENTASIKOM TENUI FOLIUM Raf. Atha- manta cherophyloides Nuttal in Coll. herb. Trepocarpus aethusa ? Nut. in Dec* — Quite smooth, stem angular, leaves pinnate and bi- plnnate, folioles linear setaceous acute thin; umbels trifid opposed to leaves, ombellules 3-7 flore, male fl. ped uncled, fertile nearly sessile. — Found in Arkanzas by Nuttal, foliage glau- cous minutely cut, stem yellowish, umbels pe- duncled lateral, flowers white, seeds 4 or 5 times as long as broad,
799. ENTASIKON? TUBEROSUM R. Phellan- drium do Nut. in Collins herb. Root tuberose, leaves bipinnate, folioles linear obtuse — another plant found in Arkanzas, by Nuttal and widely separated from the last, although hardly differ- ent, except by broader obtuse folioles. The specimens are imperfect, but the roots are oblong rugose twin ; in a note it is stated the stem rises 3 or 4 feet high, the upper leaves are near- ly simple, and the germination is acotyle !
800. UPOPION. Raf. Polygamous or even monoical. Involucres none. Calix Sdentate pe- tals ovate obtuse flat (dark purple) styles divar- icate. Seeds smooth elliptic each with 8 or 4 unequal large wings, commissure costate. leaves simple ternate and pinnate, flowers dark purple* — This G. has been shuffled into Thapsia, Cnidium, Thaspium, Smyrnium &c which like Zizia it must form a peculiar one, well distinguished from Thaspium having yeK low flowers, by its red flowers, petals not acu-* minate, large unequal wings &c. The name
30
NEOBOT.
was an accient one of Thapsia, and I have as- certained 5 species, probably all deviations.
801. UPOPION PINNATTTM R. stem subangular, leaves pinnate, 5 folioles ovatoblong sessile acute serrate, base truncate obliqual, terminal base acuminate; fertile flowers subsessile,seeds with very unequal wings. — Discovered 1823 in West Kentucky glades and since in several other places, Alleghanies <fec, pedal, or bipedal, perennial like all the sp. folioles 1 or 2 inches long, terminal often larger. Flowers estival as in all.
802. UPOPION LOBATTJM R. stem striate, leaves all trifoliate, lateral folioles subsessile obliqual ovate acute serrate more or less lobed outside, terminal foliole petiolate, cordate ovate often trilobed ; umbels multiflore, fertile and sterile flowers on short peduncles seeds elon- gate with narrow wings. — In Pennsylvania the Alleghanies, Virginia &c, 1-2 feet high, leaves sometimes very large, and curiously or various- ly lobed or cut, flowers copious sometimes all fertile, but seeds unequal in size.. — A var. Ri- ffida or perhaps peculiar sp. has stem and um- bels stiff angular canaliculate, folioles large all unequal obliqual ovate oblong unequaly serrate, lateral sessile, medial base truncate aurtculate on one side.
803. UPOPION TRIFOLIATUM R. stem angular striate, leaves all trifoliate, radical on very long petiols, folioles ovatoblong serrate, lateral obli- qual, terminal on a long petiol, base rounded or truncate ; none lobed ; umbels pauciflore, flow- ers shortly pefluncled. — The most common sp. from New Jersey to Kentucky, bipedal, petiols often pedal, folioles uncial, the middle one Rome- times deltoid.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 31
804. UPOPION HETEROPHYLUM R. Tkaspium atropurp. auct. Stem striate, radical leaves simple cordate, stem leaves trifoliate, terminal foliole cordate or ovate, lateral ovate obliqual, all serrate ; flowers peduncled, male on longer peduncles. — This is the original sp. known and called Srnyrnium atropurpureum by Lamark, leaves uncial, stem bipedal. So much like Zizia cordata in habits as to have often been mis- taken for a variety of it.
805. UPOPION CORDATUM Raf. stem simple angular, all the leaves simple cordate petiolate, acute unequaly serrate ; umbel single naked, flowers glomerate subsessile mostly fertile. — In the Alleghany Mts. evidently a very Distinct sp. pedal, 3 radical leaves uncial, one lobate on the sides, two stem leaves remote larger. — These 5 sp. offer a beautiful illustration of the forma- tion of species by gradual deviations of forms, from pinnate to single leaves. They have nothing left in common but smoothness and ser- rate leaves besides the flowers.
806. ZIZIA PARVIFOLIA R. stem virgate grooved pubescent like the petiols, radical leaves small cordate trilobe crenate, stem leaves sessile trifoliate, folioles unequal ovatoblong acute unequaly serrate, medial larger ; umbei- ules pauciflore with unequal slender peduncles. — Very distinct from Z* cordata by pubescence small leaves mostly half inch long only, stem pedal, flowers polygamous yellow, seeds oval with 3 prominent ribs. Found in the Allegha- ny Mts.
807. Si u MIS (Sium) HETEHOPHYLA Raf. stem simple fistulose costate, lower leaves on very long petiols trifoliate, folioles ovate serrulate, medial petiolate, middle leaves pinnate, 5 to 7
32 NEOBOT.
folioles lanceolate, upper leaf sessile trifoliate, lanceolate serrulate, involucres lanceolate re- flexed. — Found from New Jersey to Illinois, in waters, rare, pedal and bipedal, folioles about 3 inches long, all serrulate sessile except the odd one ; umbel with about a dozen of umbellules, 6 to 8 small folioles for involucres, the partial still fewer and smaller less reflexed, flowers while as in the Genus, quite distinct from 8. latifolia and akin species.
808. PHAIOSPERMA Raf. herb. 1833 page 77. Polygamous, Invol, one, partial few. Calix Sdentate, petals obcordate involute, styles elongate, stigmas capitate. Fruit smooth fun- gose ovate convex with a thick integument, no ribs nor angles nor wings nor thicker edge. Leaves sometimes opposite, pott/tome, flowers white small, seeds brown. — This G. which was pronounced new by Torrey and a Polytenia by Nuttal, differs from it, as will be seen below,and chiefly by the involucre and the seeds convex and not concave outside. The name alludes to the brown seeds. I have corrected the char- acters by withdrawing from it Ph. verticillata, but uniting a new species.
809. PHAIOSPERMA TRIFIDA Raf. herb, stem dichotome subcostate, leaves alterne and sub- opposite cuneate triparted, segments oblong subequal tridentate ; involucre unique, partial 2-4linear — discovered in 1823 in the Western glades of Kentucky, pedal, vernal, leaves short, flowers small, seeds of a bay brown.
810. PHAIOSPERMA PULVERULENTA Raf. glau- cous pulverulent, stem dichotome striate, leaves alternate triparted segments oblong pinnatifid ; involucre often lacking, partial 5-8 linear color- ed— In Florida, found by Kin or Baldwin,
or NORTH AMEUICA. 33
anonymous in Coll. herb, covered by a scurf, well branched, leaves short, flowers not so small nor so white, apparently ochroleucous in the specimen, umbels glomerate with many male flowers and very few fertile. The seeds not being ripe, I cannot be positive on the Genus, but the habit is quite near the last, the unripe seeds are ovate oblong smooth flat.
811. PACHILOMA Raf. (thick edge) Po- lytenia Dec. add to characters. Polygamous, invol. none, partial few. Fruit elliptic or obo- vate with a thick margin, middle concave stri- ate. Type P. NUTALI Raf. Pol. do Dec. Tor- dylium Americanum Nut. in Col. herb, stem dichotome grooved roughened, leaves alt. and opposite triparted, segments pinnatifid cuneate, last trifid ; involuccls 3-5 linear, seeds elliptic. — Such are my specimens from Nuttal himself, and Arkanzas.
812. PACHILOMA VERTICILLATA R. Phaio- sperma or Polytenia do Raf. herb, p, 77. Stem fistulose grooved, branches whorled rigid, leaves alterne and whorled bipinnatifid, pinnules cun- eate sublaciniate ; involuccls 1-3 linear, fruits obovate — found in 1823 in Glades of West Kentucky, vernal, sesquipedal, a very distinct and singular sp. by the whorled habit, fruit sim- ilar to the last by the edges &c, but not regu- larly elliptic broader above and thus obovate, hardly striate in the central hollow.
I have yet several doubtful and rare ombelli- ferous plants from Florida, Alabama, Kentuky, Illinois and Arkanzas, which require further examination. My N. G. Orimaria was des- cribed in Atlantic Journal, in my Herb. Raf. p. 78 are 3 new Ckerophylum and 2 new Arche- mora. My G. Ptittrmtium of 1818 has since 5
*Z KEOBOT.
been called Discopleura by Decandole, my Pt. junceum disc. 1823 in West Kentucky is perhaps a Leptocnulis. My Thaspium tenui- Jolium R. herb, p 78 is neither of that G. nor a Ziizia, but probably an Archetnera also. The Ferula villosa which has been united to 4 or 5 genera, must perhaps form a peculiar one which I have called Scadiasis. My G. Cyrtospermnm, Lomatium, Cymospermum, Osmorhiza, Ma- rathrum or Adorion, have been either adopted or illustrated by Decandole. I now pass to the EKYNGIDES that are a family distinct although akin to this.
813. STREBLANTHUS Raf. atl. j. 1833 p. 149. Flowers monoical in separate heads. Involucre 4-6phyle, folioles unequal entire, pho- ranthe cylindrical papillose, male fl. in ovate heads apetalous, calix 4fid,stamens 4 subsessile, female flowers in oblong heads, calix adherent 4 dentate persistent, pistil obovate punctate, pe- tals none or deciduous, styles 2 filiform persis- tent, stigmas capitate. Fruit crowned biparti- ble in 2 seeds convex scrobiculate. Annual herbs smooth prostrate, leaves opposite sim- ple^ heads axillary. — This character is taken from the first sp. but the G. probably contains many sp. and may be modified to comprize them : all the Eryngiums not perennial nor stiff, nor with alternate stiff leaves, must be examin- ed well, and may perhaps belong here although some sp. may be polygamous, others with 5 sta- mens occasionaly. It forms now a striking G. of ERYNGIDES by the monoical apetalous tetran- drous flowers. The Er. cervantesi of Mexico E. tenue or gracile^ balduini, prostratum of the Southern States may belong thereto. The name means deceitful flowers.
OF NORTH AMERICA 35
814. STREBLANTHUS AURICULATUS Raf. as
above. Stems filiform flexuose, leaves subsessile, lower petiolate ovate lanceolate acuminate gashed or with 1 or 2 auricles, heads axillary solitary pedunculate — In the Western glades of Kentucky, flowers estival bluish, stems a foot long quite weak, leaves commonly with some notches, auricles unequal when double, involu- cres linear, papillas of | horanthe very short.
815. STREBLANTHUS H STEROPHYLUS R. Eryn- gium prostratum Nut. stems filiform ftexuose, leaves petiolate ovate elliptic and rounded, ob- tuse retuse or subacute entire, the upper some- times auriculate, heads axillary solitary pedun- culate— found in Arkanzas by Nuttal, and a real Streblanthus very similar to the last, chief dif- ference the great diversity of the leaves, quite entire. The Eryngium gracile of Elliot ap- pears to answer to this species.
816. STREBLANTHUS HUMILIS R. Eryngium gracile Tor. not Bald. E. balduini Spr. Dec. smooth suberect dwarf, lower leaves petiolate ovate acute dentate, upper sessile lanceolate often triparted. heads axillary and terminal — from Tampa Bay in Florida, sent me byTorrey for the next, quite different, only 3 inches high, involucres linear as long as heads, flowers blu- ish quite similar to the two last.
817. Subgenus KL ONION Raf. differs by the phoranthe convex with stiff subulate chaffs like bracts longer than flowers, and no involu- cre but those outer bracts,4 or 5 concave petals. — Here there is an approximation to Eryngium, the plants are stiffer, the flowers spinescent, but there is no perianthe or involucre, the leaves are still opposite, the roots annual, there are some male flowers, and many have only 4 sta-
36 NEOBOT.
mens and petals. The name was an old Greek one for Eryngium.
818. STREBL. or KLONION GRACILE R. Eryn- gium gracile Baldw. in Coll. herb, stem slender costate, leaves all tripartite, segments lanceo- late or cuneate entire, hardly acute, heads spi- nescent pauciflore. — A very distinct sp. from Florida, detected by Baldwin ; but Elliot hav- ing mistaken it, another has been called by his name , see 816. I describe the original speci- mens labelled by Baldwin. Many stems semi- pedal simple probably prostrate, but stiffer than in others, axils of leaves often foliose, peduncles equal to leaves, heads flattened with few flow- ers, some stiff spinescent chaffs at the base in- stead of a perianthe, flowers white.
810. STREBL. or KLONION TENUIFOLIUM R. Eryngium polycephalum Baldw. in Coll. herb, stems erect dichotome filiform grooved, all the leaves tripartite, segments linear entire ; heads axilary and terminal minute ovate. — In Florida likewise, another very peculiar sp. more slender than the last, but diffusely branched, with re- mote slender leaves, only 3 to 6 inches high, with many small heads of white flowers.
820. ATIRSITA Raf. calix campanulate 5fld subequal, corolla campanulate Slobed sube- qual, stamens 2 short not exerted, anthers glo- bose, ovary depressed, style very short, stigma emarg. capsule 2locular ? oligosperme. Scapose flowers capitate. — By a most extraordinary blunder ofNuttal and Collins, this apparently N. G. was referred to Eryngium ! by them, altho' it has the habit of Plantago : the ripe fruit is required to settle accurately the family, and all the characters must be verified on the living plant, as I would not destroy my two specimens
•P NORTH AMERICA. 37
by examining many flowers ; but I venture to deem it a N. G. near Veronica and Amphian- t/ius of Torrey. The name was an ancient one of Plantago of which it has quite the habit.
821. ATIRSITA PUMILA Raf. Eryngium gra- cile ! Nuttal, Er ! plantagineum Collins, leaves petiolate and subsessile, ovate smooth, uninerve, unequaly dentate or gashed, scape shorter than l.eaves terete villose, head ovoid — collected in Arkanzas by IVuttal, leaves and scapes hardly over one inch long, leaves variously cut, some- times nearly entire, with few or several teeth, scape thick very short, head small, without any visible bracts, calix and corollas obtuse, corolla hardly longer white, annual, vernal. One of my specimen appears a variety serrata, leaves sub- sessile subserrate, scape not longer than the head.
822. VERONICA PERFOLIATA R. Leaves lan- ceolate smooth acute subserrate, base connate ; racemes axillary pedunculate pubescent, flow- ers fastigiate or geminate, bracts lanceolate as long as pedicels, calix segments equal ovate acute. — Florida, mistaken for a Justicia by Collins, near to V, anagallis, but a larger plant, leaves 3 or 4 inches long, not entire but remote- ly serrate, racemes not much longer, flowers only above rather crowded, corolla blue hardly exceeding the calix.
823. VERONICA CONNATA Raf. atl.j. 150. erect smooth, stem fistulose, leaves connate lanceo- late entire acute ; racemes axil, divaricate elon- gate lax, bracts linear half of pedicels. — West Kentucky near waters, annual, vernal, akin to V. scutettata, but broader and shorter leaves uncial, capsules bilobed compressed. In this
38
NEOBOT.
and the last sp, the opposite leaves are realy connate.
824. VERONICA DIFFUSA R. precox atl. j. 79. stem diffuse compressed pubescent, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, on short petiols, ovate and rounded, serrate laciniate trinerve; pedun- cles axil, solitary longer than leaves, capsule compressed emarginate, — Annual very early vernal blossoms blue and delicate in March and April, native of ... naturalized on the Schuyl- kill near Philadelphia, I had called it "V. pre- cox in 1832, but there is another sp. of that name. Stems often procumbent weak, one foot long, leaves small, flowers pretty large, pedun- cles long, capsules drooping, calix with ovate equal segments. Very different from V. c/ia- medrys and teucrium to which it is however related.
825. VERONICA SFARSIFLORA Raf. atl. j. 79. stem erect simple smooth terete solid, leaves opposite sessile cuneate entire obtuse smooth, upper oblong; raceme terminal elongate lax pubescent, flowers scattered, bracts linear ob- tuse, pedicels filiform longer, calix segments oblong obtuse, two shorter, capsules bilobed sub- compressed — a very distinct sp. from Arkanzas and Missouri, seen alive in gardens, annual, stem 1 or 2 feet high, leaves 1 or 2 inches, low- er almost petiolate, flowers vernal large hand- some purplish blue. By the calix quite une- qual it belongs to my subgenus Becdbunga.
826. VERONICA MOLLIS Raf. erect softly vill- ose, leaves opposite sessile ovatoblong serrate acute, lower and radical oblong and cuneate nearly entire ; raceme terminal bracteate den- siflore, bracts lanceolate equal to flowers, calix lanceolate unequal. — From Origon seen alive
OF NORTH AMERICA. 39
in gardens, entirely covered with a soft velvety pubescence, but not cinereous as in next, stem commonly pedal, radical leaves cespitose varia- ble larger some nearly obovate and obtuse, flow- ers vernal large handsome pale blue, style cla- vate, capsule not seen.
827. VERONICA CINER-EA Raf. erect cinereous villose, leaves alternate oblong cuneate acute, subcrenate in the middle, flowers terminal spi- cate very dense sessile, bracts lanceol. equal to calix, segments unequal ovate obtuse. — From Origon also, pedal, leaves uncial, spike terete, corollas dark blue or purple (almost brown in my specimen) contrasting with the canescent calix, stamens very long. Akin to V incana but distinct by leaves &c, and also to the two proceeding, all three yet very different, this not at all racemose. — I have many other doubtful Veronicas of North America, and this Genus yet requires revisal in sp. as I did in Genera in Flora Telluriana. As I have 50 or 60 sp. of various parts in my Herbarium, I may hereafter write their monograph.
828. ODACMIS Raf. calix 4parted decidu- ous, 4 small petals nearly similar and equal, stamens 4 hypogynous, filaments short, anthers bilobe. Ovary free globular umbilicate, styles 2 extremely short. Capsule membranaceous utricular globular bilocular, with 2 or few seeds, opening by the concave urnbilic above. Creep- ing annual herb, leaves and flowers fascicu- late.— A very singular N. G. of my nat. order ISOSTIMIA, and probably my family GALENIDIA, with Galenia, Florkea &c ; also akin to EMPE- TRIDES which only differ by a berry as in Em- petrum and Phytolaca, The habit is very pe-
40 KEOBOT.
culiai-, and the name is derived from the unci- nate teeth of leaves.
829. ODACMIS FASCICULARIS R. smooth, stem creeping angular, leaves petiolate fasciculate, subreniform with large hooked teeth, base sub- truncate without teeth, peduncles of flowers longer than petiols. — From Florida, collected by Kin or Ware, anonymous in Coll. herb, small plant prostrate, fascicles of leaves remote alternate, leaves with many nerves and only half inch wide. Flowers greenish, sepals 4 ovate acute, petals 4 elliptic obtuse yellowish not longer than calix.
830. BUINAL1S Raf. dioical. Calix deeply 5fid persistent, base turbinate with 5 tubercles at the clefts, segments flat edged and crowned by a thick colored membrane. Corolla none, male fl. with 5 stamens perigynous inserted on the calix short filiform fertile, and 5 alternate sterile without anthers, sometimes lacking. In female fl. ovary ovate, style filiform elongate, stigma simple. Fruit Akena ovate smooth mo- nosperm. Stem articulate, leaves opposite sessile entire stipulate, flowers fascicled — a new G. of family ACHYKANTHIDES differing from AMARANTHIDES by a single style and stigma. It differs from my G. Steiremis in fl. tellur. by dioical single calix, free stamens, <^*c. It has the habit of Herniaria and Anychia to which it is also related but differs by dioical flowers and single style, besides the calix not angular nor acute &c. The name was an old latin one of Herniafia.
831. BUINALIS FLORIDANA Raf. Herniaria Americana Coll.herb. Anychia floridana Baldw. do — prostrate diffuse subdichotome fu&cate, leaves sessile cuneate or obovate, obtuse or sub-
OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
acute, entire thickish ; flowers sessile terminal in leafy ramulose fascicles. — Iri the sands of Florida, found by Baldwin, perennial, almost suffruticose, stems 3 to 6 inches long very ra- mose, stipules scariose ovate acuminate, leaves small 2 or 3 lines long quite brown in the dry specimens ; flowers minute dark purple mar- gined of white,the ends of segments truncate al- most retuse forming a vault but not a hood,these flowers are at the ends of the small branches crowded with small leaves and stipules.
832. ANYCHIA. MX. The plants of this G. and others akin forming a small natural group, have been blended with the G. Queria, Paronychia, Achyranthus <J»c, their synonymy and sp, are in utter confusion. Having shown to Torrey 4 sp. widely different in habit, leaves and flowers ! he pronounced them all varieties of QrUeria canadensis! They require as yet a monograph, and must be divided into 2 or 3 Genera by the stamens, that must all be exam- ined again, since Michaux and Nuttal differ about them. I regret that I did not examine . all mine when met alive. Meantime I will di- vide them into 3 subgenera or Genera, and add some new species.
Subg. ANYCIIIA calix 5 parted persistent ur- ceolate or segments angular or nervose on the back, end hooded acute. Stamens 3 to 5 fer- tile, none sterile ? 2 short styles, capsule utricu- lar monosperm. Annual dichotomous plants, leaves opposite sessile with scariose stipules, flowers in dichotomies, uncolored.
833. ARGYKOCOMA Raf. Paronychia Nuttal not Tourn. Juss. difference, calix oblong, seg- ments cuspidate nervose on the back, Stamens 5 fertile, 5 sterile ? style bifid 2 stigmas capi-
42 NEOBOT.
tate. Perennial plants, stems simple, flowers terminal corymbose*
834. PLAGIDIA Raf. difference from Any- chia, calix conical pentagonal, segments une- qual acuminate not hooded, stamens 5 fertile. Style bifid, 2 stigmas acute. Annual plants 1 leaves obliqual broader, flowers in dichoto- mies. The name derives from the double obli- quity of opposite leaves. All these genera be- long to AMARANTHIDES.
835. ANYCHIA DIVARICATA R. stem decum- bent puberulent very branched and divaricate, leaves oblong acute smooth, stipules ovate acute, flowers crowded striate sessile segments of ca- lix nervose. — A very distinct sp. blended as usual with Queria or A. canadensis, branches so divaricate as to be sometimes almost reflexed, leaves 3 lines long one broad, flowers small quite crowded at the end of branchlets. Found from the Alleghany Mts. to Kentucky on hills, estival, stems spreading 6 to 10 inches.
836. ANYCHIA LATERALIS R. atl. j. 16. .stem . erect divaricate pubescent, branches unilateral,
leaves remote linear oblong acute, stipules lan- ceolate acuminate, flowers sessile striate often lax. — On the arid hills of Kentucky, possibly a var. of last, but smaller 1 to 2 inches high or long, leaves and stipules narrow, flowers similar ostival.
837. ANYCHIA FASTIGIATA R. atl. j. stem erect pubescent, branches fastigiate, leaves linear cuneate acute adpressed granular be- neath, stipules lanceolate, flowers few on short peduncles, calix pentagonal hardly acute. — On the knob hills of Kentucky, habit so different from 835 as to indicate a sp. a very small plan 1 to 3 inches high, leaves narrow, flowers w*'
OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
segments hardly acute, not nervose. A var. my A. conferta atl. j. has the same habit, but flowers crowded, leaves subserrulate. I have several other var. of this Genus, my A. polygo- noides is the 2d (A, canadensis or Nuttal and most of our botanists,) it is quite erect with nar- row longer leaves often uncial patent subciliate, flowers nervose acute. The A. capillaris N. is the real A. dichotoma of MX. quite distinct by broad leaves elliptic, stem filiform smooth, flowers as in 837.
338. ANYCHIA NUDIFLORA R. smooth, erect, branches unilateral, leaves linear acute ; flow- ers in terminal naked cymes with few leaves, pedunculated, caliculated by radiate oval stipu- les, calix nervose hardly acute — from Florida collected by Kin, a small plant forming a pas- sage to Argyrocoma, but flowers as in Anychia and leaves small.
839. ARGYROCOMA IMBRICATA Raf. Parony- chia argyrocoma N. Anychia do MX. has crow- ded leaves and flowers narrow linear elongate ad pressed imbricate, flowers with imbricate silvery bracts or stipules. — While the A. dicho- toma which is Achyranthes do Linn, lllece- brum do Wild «J»c, has flowers corymbose with lax and less silvery bracts ; both have the calix long with very thick dorsal nerves, end very acuminate. A third sp. is Par, sessiliflora N. but his P. herniarioides is probably of next Genus.
810. PLAGIDIA RUFA Raf. Anychia hernia- roides MX ? dichotome scabrous, much branch- ed fastigiate entirely rufbus, leaves obliqual crowded elliptic mucronate ciliolate, stipules lanceolate acuminate, flowers solitary. — Des- cribed from a specimen from Florida anony-
44 NEOBOT.
mous in Collins herb, apparently the plant of MX. but I cant be certain as he omitted the sin- gular obliquity of the leaves almost as in Cha- masyke, and the striking rufous color almost like snuff of the whole plant even the stipules,4 about 3 inches high, leaves 3 lines long, quite obliqual at the base altho' sessile, flowers few and small.
841. AMORGINE Raf. calix Sparted per- sistent caliculate, segments obtuse, convex out- side, canaliculate inside, 3 or 4 small scales at the base. Corolla none. Stamens 5 free short inserted on calix, anthers round, no sterile sta- mens. One style entire, stigma simple obtuse. Capsule utricular monosperm. Dichotome ar- ticulate, leaves opposite with stipules, flowers terminal corymbose. — Another new G. par- taking of habit of Anychia, but flowers as in Argyrocoma yet colored and different with sin- gle style as in Buinalis, Cadelaria &c, of family ACHYRANTIIIDES. The name was one of Dios- corides for Parietaria,
842. AMORGINE ALBESCENS Raf. smooth erect dichotome, leaves shorter than internodes linear cuneate acute, stipules lanceolate ; flowers co- rymbose crowded sessile naked albescent — Florida, anonymous in Collins herb, probably a larger plant than akin, stem rigid, leaves elon- gate almost like Argyrocoma unirierve drying black like them; flowers forming a compact corymb, sessile without bracts nor leaves except the short calicule, of a dirty white color or tin- ged of incarnate, A very distinct sp. and even G. overlooked or mingled in our Achyranthcs, which form many Genera, Steiremis, Caraxe- ron, Phylepidum &c for which see my flora
OF IfORTH AMERICA. 45
Telluriana, where they are described, and I add here another new Steiremis.
843. STEIREMIS CILIATA R. lllecebrum poly- gonoides MX. Coll. herb, not of others ? Stem prostrate pilose, leaves opposite unequal, petio- late obovate rounded obtuse, base ciliate ; flow- ers in small axillary glornerules, bracts and seg- ments of calix scariose nervose ovate acumi- nate— in Florida and Georgia on Sea Shores, also in Louisiana, stems pedal with long soft hairs, the pair of leaves constantly unequal in size about 1 inch long, glomerules of flowers not longer than petiols whitish or fulvous. This is not the Achyranthes repens of Elliot, which is the type of nay Steiremis, that has lanceolate leaves ; it is nearer my St . sessilifolia fl. tellur. 552, of Africa and £pain, but with sessile acute leaves. The leaves appear thickish and when dry have vermiculate spots almost transparent when held to the light.
844. BLUTAPARON Raf, calix double scariose persistent, external Sparted unequal, internal 5parted unequal, segments flat not ner- vose. Stamens 5 free, hypogynous. Ovary quite flat round, 2 styles, stigmas obtuse, cap- sule lenticular monosperm. Leaves opposite not stipulate, flowers terminal capitate. — A very peculiar G. of not family AMARANTHIDES with the habit of Gomphrena, but quite differ- ent from it, and from lllecebrum to which it had been united by Linneus and others. The name is abridged from Bulutulaparon old latin name.
845. BLUTAPARON BREVIFLORUM Raf. lllece- brum vermiculatum MX. and N. Amer, smooth erect, leaves sessile linear cuneate acute thick, heads of flowers globose or depressed, seg- ments of calix oblong or elliptic obtubu. On
46 NEOBOT.
the sea shore of Florida collected by Dr. Bald- win, the good specimen in Coll. herb, has ena- bled me to fix this Genus and sp. very different from that of S. America. Stem erect terete, leaves uncial commonly longer than inter nodes, heads of flowers quite small depressed pauci- flore, flowers white seariose, two segments of the inner calix larger elliptic making the flow- ers appear compressed, fruit discoidal flat len- ticular, perhaps bivalve when ripe. I must add the linnean sp. for contrast.
846. BLTJTAPARON REPENS Raf. Illec. vermic. JL. and of S. Amer. smooth creeping, leaves sessile linear carnose serniterete, heads of flow- ers oblong — Brazil, Guyana, Curazao, pedal, leaves like hyssop sometimes verticillate l>y 4.
Thus I was right when in the first volume article Achyranlhes, I stated that the plants akin thereto were in utter confusion: our botan- ists seldom verifying the Genera of their sp. We have yet the G. Oploteca, with my Xeran- dra, see fl. tel. 562, some real Celosias, and Gomphrena naturalized, and my Adoketon see first part, to which add that the Illecebrum al- sinefolium of Scopoli is another sp. different from my Ad. saxatile.
847. CORISPERMUM PILOSUM Raf. pilose, stem angular, leaves alternate linear elongate uni- nerve, flowers in axillary glomerules ovate, se- pals seariose pilose ovate acuminate trinerve. — Found by Kin in Florida, realy of this G. hitherto not known as American, whole plant fulvous in the specimen and with scattered hairs, leaves 1 or 2 inches long narrow, glome- rules subovate, crowded and capitate at the top flowers imbricate glumaceous squarrose? 2 se- pals equal large, enclosing' 1 single stamen fili-
OF NORTH AMERICA 47
form, anther round, seeds ovate lenticular. — Let it be remembered that these discoveries of Kin and Baldwin had been made 20 and 30 years ago, laying dormant like those of Bar- tram in herbals.
POLYGONUM and akin Genera. This Genus the shame of botanists as be- longing to 10 linnean classes ! was illustrated in my flora tellur. 401 to 434. I have described there many N. Amer. sp. and the new Genera Tracaulon, Spermaulaxen, Stopinaca, Ante- noron, Tovara, Pleurostena, Chulusium, Peutalis SLC. 1 shall merely add some other remarkable new species formerly included in Polygonum and Rumex divided also in 7 Gen- era 576' to 582 fl. Tellur. Having in my herbal about 100 sp. of these G. akin and reformed, I may yet revise the whole.
848. PEUTALIS or MITESIA LIGULARIS Raf. smooth filiform, leaves lanceolate acute, sessile sheaths simple obsolete, racemes axil, and ter- minal filiform pauciflore,flowers remote, sheaths tubular ligulate obtuse equal to pedicels. — A curious little species, half pedal, deemed Polyg. mite by Collins, very different, leaves few uncial quite smooth, racemes with 3 to 7 flowers, each out of a singular sheath, calix incarnate 5lobed seeds lenticular. Apalachian Mts. of Carolina, Iron Mts. found by Lyons ? Mitesia may be a subg. of Peutalis, this appears a Peutalis by seed, I cant count the stamens usualy 6 in Peu- talis and Mitesia, but with 3 styles and trigone seeds in Mitesia.
849. PEUTALIS or MITESIA FLORIDANA Raf. Polyg. N. sp. Baldw. smooth erect simple,leaves sessile narrow lanceolate nearly obtuse margin rough, sheaths tubular bristly, flowers in a sin-
48 NEOBOT.
gle terminal spike, slender pauciflore, adpressed subsessile in the bristly sheaths — Florida found by Dr. Baldwin and deemed new by him, stem pedal, leaves biuncial, spike uncial 7 flowers — I have also the M. hirsuta Raf. polyg. do of Walter, Elliot 4*c, collected by Baldwin in Florida, a singular sp. covered with long fulvous hairs, leaves broadly lanceolate, sheaths of flowers tubular obtuse nearly as in M. ligularis.
850. PEUTALIS or BMTESIA DIVERGENS R. smooth decumbent ramose, branches divergent or reflexed, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute margin smooth, sheaths scariose ciliate, racemes terminal filiform, sheaths valvular shorter than pedicels. — Dicovered 1818 in Ken- tucky, deemed Polyg. divaricatum then, but having obtained that plant it is quite different. Stem 2 feet long, branches diverging like a T not like a Y, even often reflexed, leaves equal to internodes 2 inches long very narrow, spikes as long, flowers white estival, seeds trigone and thus a true Mitesia,
851. PEUTALIS or HEPTARINIA LONGIFOLIA Raf. smooth erect ramose, leaves narrow lan- ceolate very long acuminate sessile, margin rough, sheaths scariose ciliate, racemes slender filiform spiked, sheaths tubular subciliate — Mts. Alleghanies and hills of Pensylv. bipedal, leaves 6 and 6 inches long, only half inch broad, flow- ers incarnate small autumnal, spikes uncial often geminate and interrupted at base. Flowers as in llcpt. orientalis with 7 stamens, 2 styles ex- erted, stigmas capitate, seed lenticular.
852. PEUTALIS (DISCOLENTA) SCABRA Raf. stem dichotome erect subangular, rough above chiefly in the peduncles of spikes, leaves petio- late lanceolate acuminate, margins and nerve
OF NORTH AMERICA. &
rough, sheaths scariose mutic ; racemes many peduncled ovate and oblong, flowers fasciculate crowded.— One of the sp. akin to P. D. lapa- thifol. bipedal, very branched* leaves 2 or 3 inches long, spikes uncial or less, with a rough pubescence, /lowers estiva I incarnate, seeds round flat with a hollow in each side and a thick obtuse edge. In Kentucky, Illinois &c. The Discvlenta. xcabra ft. tel. 430 is a very different plant, perhaps even a Dioctis, and being smooth, it was by a mistake I described it for this: it must be called P. or D. pwnctata being quite so aud probably P. punctatum of Elliot.
853. PEUTALIS HETEROPHYLA liaf. smooth erect, lower leaves p etiolate, oboval, or elliptic, ciliat c sometimes retuse, broadly Lanceolate, up- per suthsessile narrow, all glaucous beneath *nd with smooth margins, sheaJLhs pilose ciliate ; ra- cemes short pauciflore compact, sheaths scari- ose smooth. — Singular sp. disc. 1824 in Alie- ghany JVf ts. of Virginia, perennial, lower leaves small Uncial quite ciliate, medial large triuncial, ciliate only at base, upper not ciliate ? flowers of a dirty incarnate geminate in small racemes, seeds lenticular ovate obtuse.
854. PEUTALIB GLOMERATA Rat* smooth de- cumbent ramose diffuse, leaves sessile shortly lanceolate obtuse, margin smooth, sheaths mu- ttc, flowers in numerous terminal glornerules, like little heads, sessile or ped uncled pauciffore, flowers subsessile — in Pennsylvania and Virgin- ia, annual, branches and leaves crowded, stem spreading about one foot, leaves small uncial, heads of flowers axil, or terminal, often inter- rupted divided in glomerules, flowers autumnal greenish white, seeds lenticular ovate, edges ob- tuse.
50 NEOBOT.
855. PEUTALIS POLYSTACIIYA Raf. smooth erect ramose, leaves sessile lanceolate acute margin rough, sheaths scariose tubular aris- tate ; racemes paniculate branched, slender and lax, flowers commonly geminate, pedicels longer than sheaths — from Pennsylv. to Kentucky, stem bipedal with a profusion of spikes, leaves 1 or 2 inches long, racemes as long axilary and terminal, flowers autumnal white, seeds ovate oblong compressed lenticular edge thick,
856. PEUTALIS PAMTSTRIS Raf, stem simple smooth, leaves sessile lanceolate acute erect, with adpressed hairs on both sides glaucous be- neath, sheaths tubular ciliate ; spikes terminal pedunculate 1 to 3, filiform, flowers sessile, sheaths as long as flowers — a very pretty sp. growing in ditches and swamps from Vermont to New Jersey, deemed Polyg. punctatum by some botanists, but not at all punctate, and very different from the 2 punctate sp. of the North and South. Pedal, leaves biuncial, flow- ers rose color or incarnate, spikes slender un- cial, seeds lenticular, stamens 6, It must be recollected that Chulusium has 5 stamens, Peu- talis 6, Heptarinia 7, Dioctis 8, and Mitesia a trigone seed. As it is often difficult to count the stamens and some deem them variable, all those with lenticular seeds and 2 stigmas might be united as subgenera to Pdutalis that answers to Persicaria which is not the Peach Tree! Persica.
857. POLYGONUM SQuAMosuM Raf. smooth erect terete ramose, branches short divergent, leaves and sheaths imbricate, leaves linear o- blong obtuse short, sheaths scariose scaly lan- ceolate acuminate ; flowers axillary sessile — in West Kentucky disc. 1818, habit quite peculiar
OF NORTH AMERICA. 61
by the scaly sheaths, leaves minute 2 lines long, flowers almost hidden in the scales as long as them and the leaves, estival.
858. POLYGONUM RUBRICAULE R. SIHOOth,
stems erect cespitose red simple angular striate, leaves minute few remote sessile deciduous linear obtuse, sheaths scariose lacerate limbri- ate, flowers axillary sessile — hills of Pennsylva- nia,autumnal,very distinct by stems and sheaths, leaves sometimes only at end of branches and then imbricate, stems only 2 to 6 inches high, sheaths red, ciliate of white, flowers greenish and white.
859. POLYGONUM NUDIFLORUM Raf. smooth,
stem angular ramose diffuse ilexuose, base aphyllous, leaves terminal sessile oblong lanceo- late acute, sheaths scariose truncate mutic,fiow- ers axillary to the lower sheaths and not to the leaves — in Alabama, stems semi pedal, the low- er leaves fall very soon and thus leave the flow- ers naked, leaves half inch long, flowers com- monly geminate longer than sheaths, calix ur- ceolate green obtuse equal to seeds.
860. L APATHON SYLVATICUM Raf. Rumex do
An. nat. 01. Root tuberose, stem angular stri- ate simple, leaves petiolate ovatoblong flat en- tire acute at both ends: raceme elongate naked articulate, outer calix segments oblong obtuse small, inner segments ovate laciniate, one gra- nular— Western Kentucky and Illinois in woods discovered 1818 described 18*20 as a Rumex; but it belongs to the G. LAPATHON of Tourn. Ad. which I have rectified thus, calix double unequal, inner larger laciniate, one or wore valves granular, stamens 6, styles 3. Pedal, estival, root fusiform, radical leaves not larger than stem leaves.
62 NBOBOT.
861. RlTMEX OF ACBTOSA UETEROPnYLA Raf.
root tuberose, radical leaves ovate and rounded, hastate or entire, acute or obtuse, stem leaves remote petiolate ovate acute repand, racemose pauciflore — Apalachian Mts. of Virginia, root oblong rugose, stem simple subangular, leaves all petiolate, the radical smaller, not hastate nor sessile on the stem, flowers but few and not in interrupted spike*
862. RUM EX or ACETOSA INTEGRIFOLIA Raf. Root creeping, stem striate simple, leaves all petiolate orate or lanceolate entire acute, radi- cal small ovate, caulinar few lanceolate, raceme filiform almost simple pauciflore — in Kentucky, semipedal, root not tuberose but perennial with fibres, leaves thin radical very small, very few on stem, flowers few remote. Although akin to the hist, the root is quite different horizontal slender- as in next.
863. RUMEX or ACETOSA AGRESTIS Raf. R«^ mex acetosella of many hot. root creeping,stems grooved cespitese, all the leaves petiolate o- blong or lanceolate hastate ; spikes paniculate filiform interrupted. — This is our common Sor- rel, of Europe and America, 6 to 12 inches high ; but there are other blended sp. in Eu- rope, since I have at least 3 others and one of them hardly different from R. hastatulus of Baldwin which I have also, his own specimen from Red River Arkansas. I will describe them hereafter, I now merely give their strik- ing differences and also of 2 Rumex acetosa i
1, R. A. has tat u la R. upper leaves sessiJe linear entire elongate. Europe and Red River.
2. R. A. biflentata R. leaves bidentate or entire oblong and linear, from Greece and Italy.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
3. JR. A. angustata R. leaves linear lanceo- late sagittate. Sicily and Oreta.
4. R. A* olitvria R. Garden Sorrel, leaves oblong sagittate, upper sessile and narrow.
5. /?. A. amplcjcicaulis R. Leaves ovate sagittate sessile amplexicaule. Eastern Europe all in my herbal.
864. EKIOGONUM ANNUTJM Coll. berk annual, stem simple cinereous naked above, leaves al- ternate sessile oblong or cuneate acute white tomentose beneath; umbels trifid, perianthes pedunculate multifl. campanul. 5 dentate tomen- iose. — Salt R. of Arkansas probably found by Nuttal, pedal and bipedal, leaves uncial, umbel small branches pauciflore, with a flower in cen- ter. This beautiful N, .Amer. G. is now greatly increased although only one known to Michaux: I shall now add 4 sp. to it
865. ERIOGOKUM LATERIFLORUM Raf. stem simple white tomentose aphylous and flocose above, leaves alternate lanceolate acuto sessile, flocose above, tomentose beneath : umbel trifid, branches dichotome, flowers unilateral, perian- the subsessile campanul. subentire 2-3ttore. — Plains of Missouri and Arkanzaa found by Bradbury and Nuttal, anonymous in Coll. herb, stem bipedal without leaves above, the white wool partly flocase appearing like little warts or wrinkles, leaves 2 inches long, umbel multi- flore, flowers small.
860. ERIOGONUM DIOICUM Raf. suftrutieose, dioical, silky white, leaves petiolate verticillate cuneate lanceolate obtuse white beneath, um- bel with 6 involucres oblong sessile, perianthes glomerate sessile with obtuse teeth-— found by Bradbury on River Platte, leaves 2 inches long, flowers in a double umbel multifid. My speci-
54 NEOBOT.
men from Bradbury is apparently only male.
867. ERIOGONUM LONGIFOLIUM Nut. in Coll. herb. 8tem simple cinereous, radical leaves petiolate cuneate elongate smooth above, white tomentose beneath, stem leaves sessile linear, umbel dichotomy flowers lateral glomerate sessile, perianthe campanul. 5-ofid obtuse. — Ozage prairies (Nuttal) in Arkanzas, bipedal, lower leaves 6 to 8 inches long, becoming grad- ualy less and very small above, flowers rather dichotomous than umbellate in lateral clusters almost sessile, perianthe deeper cut than usual.
EVOLVULUS and akin I have several N. American sp. that would be reduced to Evolvulus by habit and calix equal ; but this Linnean Genus must form many see fl. tellur. 1046 to 1054 ; while my speci- mens are often deficient in the flowers so as not be reducible easily to those genera, based on the shapes of corolla, styles &c : probably however most belong to my Stylisma of 1817.
868. STYLISMA R. 1817. ft. tell, calix sim- ple subequal, corolla campanulate subentire or sub-tendentate, filaments 5 subequal villose at base, anthers sagittate, disk annular, style bi- parted, 2 stigmas globose, capsule 41ocular 4sperme. — Perennials, peduncles axillary — The true Evolvulus differs by corolla rotate 5fid, capsule 2locular ivalvc disperme, 2styles.
869. STYLISMA HETEROPIIYLA Raf. Convolv. tenellus Muhl. in Coll. herb. C. trichosanthes Lee. in do, not of others — stem erect terete pu- bescent, leaves subsessile nearly smooth, lower obovate obtuse, upper elliptical obliqual acute, peduncles patent uniflore double of leaves with '2 unequal oblong bracts, calix smooth, segments ovate acute — Florida and Georgia, a very dis*
OF NORTH AMERICA 55
tinct sp. stem pedal, leaves small semitmcial, peduncles uncial, corolla nearly entire, stamens subequal, styles deeper cut, stigmas really glo- bose. Evidently not the C. tenellus of Elliot.
870. STYLISMA ELLIPTICA Raf. stem twining terete pilose, leaves petiolate elliptical hardly pubescent, base subcordate, end obtuse mucro- nate, peduncles uniflore subequal to leaves with two minute bracts, calix smooth, segments ovate acuminate, capsule hirsute — sent me from Ala- bama and Georgia, trailing or twining for 2 or 3 feet, leaves uncial, style bifid, 2 globose stig- mas. My Styl. sherardi, Convolv. do Pursh. Elliot, a doubtful plant differs from this by leaves retuse and sessile flowers.
871. STYLISMA PEDUNCULARIS Raf. Convolr. tenellus Lin ? Elliot &c stem flexuose pilose, leaves subpetiolate elliptical obtuse mucronate ciliolatc, base subcordate, peduncles elongate 2 or 3 times the length of leaves 2 or Sflore, calix smooth, segments ovate acuminate bracts mi- nute, capsule bearded — Alabama and Florida, near the last but larger leaves, stiff long pedun- cles, style deeply divided, stigmas obtuse. The Conv. tenellus of Elliot only differs from my specimens by peduncles 3-5flore, calix ciliate ^•c. — But his C. trichosantkes my ^'tylisma do, differs much being quite tomentose &c.
Having obtained both the Erof ruins sericeus of Cuba collected by Jalambic and that of Flo- rida from Baldwin ; they appear alike, except that the stem is nearly smooth in the Cuban specimen, pilose in the Floridan.
872. DARLUCA Raf. calix Sparted equal persistent, corolla tubular hirsute outside irre- gular subbilabiatc, lips 2 and Slobed. Stamens
56 NEOBOT.
5 ? unequal, anthers bilobe. Ovary villose, style villose bifid, stigmas simple* Capsule villose 2locular 2sperme. Habit of Stylisma — a very singular Genus nearly alike Stylisma and Evol- vulus in habit, leaves, calix, style &c, but with irregular corolla, singular anomaly of the Con- volvulides, but already partly found in my G. Doxema 1020 fl. tcllur. perhaps however of another family. Dedicated to Darluc, author of the Natural history and botany of Provence, who I think has been overlooked by all dedica- tors of Genera, if otherwise I substitute the name of NEXEIXA mg. not smooth outside.
873. DARLUCA PROSTRATA Ra£ prostrate pu- bescent, leaves subsessile oblong obtuse or acute at both ends, peduncles uniilore incurved longer than leaves, with 2 alterne linear bracts, calix pilose, segments ovate lanceolate acute. — In Florida, found by Ware, anonymous in Coll. herb, with Evolvulus,but irregular corolla noti- ced. Stems terete elongate nearly simple,! eaves semi uncial narrow oblong, peduncles subuncial, corolla very hirsute outside, capsule ovate in* closed in calix.
874, EVOLVULUS { CUNEIFOLJUS R, fl. tel. 1046. erect smooth, leaves linear cuneate acute, pe- duncles uniflore pilose longer than leaves, calix pilose linear capsule pilose longer than calix — Pine barrens of New Jersey, pedal, my speci- men has no corolla and is in fruit which appear unilocular with one or two seeds, 2 styles per- sistent, stigmas obtuse. Probably a subgenus or G. PLESILI* Raf. but the corolla and sta- mens must be described, the calix as in Stylisma.
As to the Convolvulus and Ipomea of Au- thors, they are illustrated at length and revised in my fl. tellur. 1001 to 1054, being divided into
•F NORTH AMERICA 57
many striking Genera, with several Amer. sp. introduced, I will merely add here two from Collins herbarium chiefly.
875. IPOMEA HUM IMS Raf. Ip. heterophyla Col. herb, smooth, stem erect humble angular, leaves cordate palmate 51ohed, lobes ovate and lanceolate acute, peduncles as long as leaves l-2flore, 2 subulate bracts, segments of calix ovate acute ciliate, hairs curved — South Florida and Cuba, annual, root slender, stem semipedal, leaves small similar, flowers red, calix with sin- gular cilia on the margin and back, white long and incurved. Very different from Ip. hetero- phyla of Mexico, a large climbing plant, with different leaves: both belong to the subgenus Hemitasis fl. tcl. 1016 with very unequal calix.
976. QUAMOCTITA MULTIFIDA Raf. Twining, smooth, leaves multifid laciniate, base truncate sinusses obtuse, segments linear and lanceolate acute, peduncles 3-5flore equal to petiols, calix acute — a curious sp. deemed a garden hybrid, produced by Q. coccinea and Q. pinnalajenvcs variously cut, few alike, some reniform with shorter cuts, flowers handsome large purple, tube clavate, limb flat stellate pentagone, sta- mens exserted. Seen alive in gardens, where sometimes spontaneous.
877. PANAX LANCEOLA^M R. Root slender, stem humble, folioles 3 t > subequal lanceolate acute sharply.serrate sessile, the lateral obli- qual, umbel shorter than leaves — Mts. Allegha- nies, blended by some of our botanists with P. trifotium that has folioles ovate and obovate much smaller and umbel much longer than leaves. This rises 8 to 10 inches, folioles over one inch long narrow : root slender, annual ? 3 leaves as usual.
58 NEOBOT.
878. PA if AX AMERICANUM B. quinquefollutti var. do R. med. fl. t. 71. perennial, root fusi- form tuberose, stem streight, folioles 3 to 5 un- equal, petiolate, 3 large serrate cuneate acumi- nate, two small at base subovate, sometimes lacking, umbel equal to leaves. — This is the fa- mous American Ginseng found from Canada to Missouri, quite different from the Chinese or Tartarian sp. with 5 equal broad ovate leaves ! It has also some varieties, 1 oboTatum with broader leaves unequaly serrate, but still acute at base, 2 elatum, very tall, 3 feet high, perhaps only old age. For a long account of this plant see my med. fl. 2. page 52
ASCLEPIAS and akin
879. GONOLOBUS BIFXORUS Raf. Coll. belb. prostrate hirsute, leaves small cordate ciliate acute on short petiols sometimes obliqual ; flow- ers geminate, peduncles equal to petiols — on Red River in Arkanzas and Texas, remarka- ble by small leaves and flowers, one fourth in size of G. hirsutus. flowers dark purple, lobes oblong obtuse : whole plant except corolla co- vered with soft white hairs.
880. ANSONIA TENWFOLIA R. stem suffruti- cose ramose smooth, branches pubescent, leaves narrow linear uninerve quite smooth, margin re- volute, end obtuse — Florida found by Kin. One of the 3 sp. blended in A. angvstifolia^ which has leaves linear lanceolate, stem herbaceous pilose. The A. ciliata of Walter I have also and is quite distinct by flat leaves broader al- most lanceolate quite ciliate with several small lateral nerves. There are 3 similar deviations In A. latifolia with ovate acuminate leaves, 2d with elliptic acute leaves, A. ettiptica^ 3d with lanceolate leaves which is A. salici folia. I have
OF NORTH AMERICA. 69
all six. This 6. is usualy misprinted Amsonia by a mistake: see Smith.
881. ECHITES SALICIFOLIA H. suflVuticose erect, all the leaves subsessile lanceolate acute sometimes obliqual, glaucous beneath — in Flo- rida, stems red, leaves 1 or 2 inches long ; it differs from JE, difformis with unequal leaves mostly ovate acuminate, as Ansonia saiicifolia from A. latifolia.
882. CVNANCIIUM MICROPHYLUM Raf. climb- ing smooth, leaves opposite oblong acute base rounded* petiols very short, umbels axillary nearly sessile pauciflore — Florida, deemed an Asclepias in Coll. herb but very near Cyn. par- viflorum^ evidently of same Genus, stem fili- form, leaves 2 to 4 lines long only, flowers mi- nute shorter than leaves, calix 5dentate, corolla 5fid obtuse.
883. LYONSIA CTTSPIDATA Raf. trailing smooth, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, all linear flat remote, base acute sessile, end obtuse cus- pidate, .umbels axil, subtriflore subsessile, fruits subulate smooth — Florida, deemed Cynanchuui angustifol. by Collins, which is Lyonsia maritf- ma of Elliot, but that sp. differs by crowded opposite leaves acute canaliculate and thick, umbels- multiflore. This has stems filiform, leaves 1 or 2 inches long very narrow, follicles as long. Lyonia was a mispelling.
884. ANANTHERIX GRANDIKLORA Raf. smooth stem flexuose grooved angular, leaves scattered sessile upper opposite oblong elliptic obtuse mu- cronate reticulate ; umbels terminal corymbose — *A fine sp. collected by Kin in Arkanzas, pe- dal and ultra, stem thick with obtuse angles and deep grooves, leaves two inches long crowded, several terminal umbels 7-10flore pedunculate,
60 MEOBOT.
flowers very large glaucous, segments of corolla patent ovate obtuse ; deemed a Calotropis by Collins, but a real Anantherix and by no means a Stylandra N. or Podostima E. To the same Genus appears to belong A sclcpias connitens of Baldw. Elliot &c which is very akin to this in leaves and flowers, but has stem terete and leaves opposite narrower, white ringed warts on the stem, I'll call it Anantherix vcrrucosa : my specimens are from Alabama. A. riridis N. differs by leaves narrower thick pubescent, umbels lateral subsessile &c.
985. OLIGORON Raf. Acerates Elliot. See my article Acerotis in first part. I have since divided them. My name is found in Di- oskorides for an Apocynum. Acerates was bad derived from Acer and Aceras. This G. will be easily known by the sessile scattered leaves, the erect umbels and 5 small shining tips upon the staminal apparatus, auricles adpressed with- out appendages.
886. OLIGORON LONGIFOLITJM Raf. Asclepias do MX. Ascl. floridana Lam. Acerates long if. E. —Pubescent, leaves linear lanceolate elongate trinerve, umbels peduncled multiflore, auricles shorter than stamens — Carolina to Florida and Arkanzas, leaves 2 to 6 inches long, flowrers tri- color, centre yellow, corolla white, tip purple. The structure of the central apparatus is very peculiar, the little lucid tips almost concealed in the wings. — Var. Hirsutum, several umbels with great many flowers 50 to 60, pedicels long hirsute.
887. OLIGORON TENUIFOLITJM Raf. smooth, leaves narrow linear acute uninerve, margin revelute, rugose ; umbels sessile multiflore, au- ricles as long as stamens. — A very distinct sp.
OF NORTH AMERICA. 61
from Arkanzas, anonymous in Coll. herb, stem pedal slender, with obtuse angles above as in the last, leaves adpressed 2 to 4 inches long very narrow, umbels 1 or 2 terminal and lateral, flowers bicolor, corol green, centre pale red, the tips very conspicuous black purple.
888. OTANEMA Raf. meaning auricles without filaments,Acerotis 1818, Asclepias El- liot and authors. Differs from last by central body with membranes for appendages above and no shining hard tips', leaves opposite umbels ax- illary sessile nodding. I have 3 sp. of it, all have simple terete stems and pubescent leaves, um- bels multiflore globose, flowers greenish &c,
889. OTANEMA LATIFOLIA Raf. leaves ellipti- cal or rounded, obtuse or retuse, mucronate pe- tiolate, undulate reticulate roughly pubescent rigid— from the Alleghanies to Kentucky in glades, pedal and sesquipedal, leaves nearly 2 inches long, over one broad, sometimes almost round seldom obovate — Var. Retusa, all the leaves retuse.
890. OTANEMA OVATA Raf. leaves ovate or subovate, petiolate, acute flat, base often sub- cordate, roughly pubescent — from New Eng- land to Virginia, smaller plant <£ leaves chiefly uncial, flowers fewer, perhaps another var. of the last, petiols very short as in last.
891. OTANKMA LANCEOLATA Raf. Ascl. do Ives &,cf Ascl. nutans and viridiflora Raf. Mg. Pursh &c leaves lanceolate sessile flat, acute at both ends — from New England to Kentucky &c. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, narrow. These 3 plants as in Ansonia and Upopion show the gradual deviation of species in shapes of leaves.
892. ASCLEPIAS MEGALOTIS Raf. hardly pu- bescent, leaves opposite subsessile, elliptic base
NBOBOT.
cordate, end obtuse or retuse m tier on ate, mar- gin ciliolate, nerves reticulate, beneath almost glabrous ; umbels lateral subsessile, inultiflore, pedicels very short, auricles very large obovate truncate longer than stamens and appendages — Florida, sent me by Torrey as the A. obova- ta of Elliot, which is tomentose with obovate leaves and probably an Otanema perhaps even a var. of O. latifolia. This sp. is a real Ascle- pias, with curved subulate appendages in the auricles, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, one broad, flowers large white.
893. ASCLEPIAS ALBIFLORA Raf. Ascl.nivea/ and A. incarnata of some Amer. Bot. stem pu- bescent, leaves ample thin nearly smooth sub- sessile, elliptical lanceolate, base obliqual, end acuminate, nerves pubescent; umbels terminal corymbose, auricles equal to stamens and ap- pendages— fine sp. from the Unaka or Iron Mts. of i\. Carolina, seen alive in gardens, where deemed a white var. of A. incarnata, yet much nearer A. nivea a sp. known to few : with broader shorter leaves, lateral flowers with green petals and white centre says Linnetis. This has flowers perfectly white small but hand* some, stem bipedal, leaves very large 6 inches long, two broad,
I could add or rectify many other sp. of As- clepias, and give again my A. maritima quite different from the smooth A. incarnata ; and ray A. vanilla the deviation of A. quadrifolia with opposite leaves, but I must leave this for a monograph ; I have nearly all the numerous N. Amer. sp. A.cinerea, puLchra,aifnena^ pauper • cula, amplexicauliS) obtusifolia, curassavica, Jaurifolia, peroplicifolia, variegata, phytola- coides <£c. I deem this G. must be divided
OF NORTH AMERICA. 63
into 8 subgenera by habit, which may become G. when the strange floral structure will be as- certained in all.
1. ASCLEPIAS, leaves opposite, milky plants.
2. EPTIXIS leaves verticillate, not milky.
3. STETHORHIZA, not milky, leaves scattered, type A. tuberosa with all its varieties, decum- bens, splendenS) imbricata, obtusifolia, anjsnis- tifolia, undulata, oppositifolia ! &c. Here the sexual apparatus is borne on a pentagonai pillar as in Stylandra or Podostima, but this structure belongs also to AscL curassamca and others,
894. ONISTIS Raf. calix campanulate 5den- tate equal, corolla campanul. subentire border pentagone. Stamens 5, filaments unequal thick short smooth inserted at base of corolla, an- thers equal linear 21ocular opening lengthways. Ovary round compressed, style long thick sub- clavate, stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule ? dis- coidal compressed bil ocular disperme. Peren- nial, diffuse leaves alt. and oppos. flowers aX- tllary solitary. — A singular N. G. found anony- mous among the APOCYNES of Florida in ColL Herb, but quite different except by habit, and a N. G. of CONVOLVULIDES, different from all those established in my fl. tellur. 1001 to 1050 by the calix and pistil, corolla akin but not plaited, stamens quite as in that family. I have not the ripe fruit. The name was a grecian one for some Apocynum.
895. ONISTIS LONGIFOLIA Raf. creeping and quite smooth, stem branched diftuse, leaves ses- sile alterne and oppos. linear graminiform very long obtuse rugose ; flowers on axillary pedun- cles nodding — root white creeping terete now and then swelled up, stems diffuse or prostrate
64 NEOBOT.
only a few inches high, leaves very long ribbon like, 3 or 4 inches in length, 2 lines broad ; fl. few of a dull yellowish purple, peduncles as long or longer, calix with 5 large equal teeth, nearly urceolate, corolla almost as in Physalis, subro- tate when full expanded. Thus habit of Cy- nanchum rather than Convolvulus.
896. HYDROLEA OVATIFOLIA Raf. pubescent inenne, leaves ovate acuminate, flowers termi- nal fasciculate subsessile — very distinct sp. found in Arkanzas by Nuttal, anonymous in Coll. herb, stem simple pedal terete, leaves scat- tered uncial, flowers glomerate calix lanceolate hirsute, corolla blue puberulent, styles long, stigmas capitate depressed.
897. HVDROLEA PANICULATA Raf, pubescent spinose, leaves linear lanceolate acute, flowers terminal paniculate, subcorymbose pedunculate — found by Kin in Arkanzas, pedal, a short stiff spine at the axil of each leaf, panicle bear- ing 3 to 7 flowers at the end of the spinose branches, capsules bivalve globose, nearer to JET. spinosa of S. Amer. than to II. caroliniana.
898. LINUM REFRACTUM R. stem erect hard- ly angular pauciflore, leaves linear acuminate reflexed quite smooth upper oblong, branches few erect uniflore, calix ovate acute uninerve — Origon or Canada, pedal, leaves nearly uncial elongate narrow, shorter almost oblong on the branches, flowers apparently incarnate in the dry specimen, collected by Walton. There are other var. or sp. of Flax in N. Amer. L. vir- ginicum has var. oppositifolium, folio sum, pauciflorum &,c.
899. NEZERA Raf. differs from Linum, calix with 5 segments unequal in size or shape, stamens equal to calix, anthers oblong, styles 5
OF MOUTH AMERICA. O->
f ery long, stigmas thick oblong capsule 5 locu- lar. — Another G. of the family LINIDIA besides those of my fl. tellur. Habit similar, but the inequality of calix is very striking and generic. The name means not true flax^ and several sp. of it are perhaps blended in I. mum.
900. NEZERA CAHNEA Raf. stem terete vir- gate branched, leaves linear acute patent crow- ded, margin smooth, upper subulate distant, flowers racemose few, peduncles equal to flow- ers, calix segments ovate acute, 2 larger round retuse, petals flabellate — in Florida, bipedal, leaves semi uncial acute at both ends, some- times imbricate on sterile branches; racemes terminal simple sub-5flore, flowers large of a real flesh color or nankin, not incarnate. The segments of calix are very singular, two are dif- ferent larger rounded enerve retuse marginate of white, the petals are truly flabellate shaped like a fan.
901. NEZERA ALBIFLORA Raf. Linum striatum Walter in Coll. herb, stem virgate simple, sub- angular, leaves linear acuminate adpressed, margin rough, upper subulate, flowers subco- ryrnbose few, peduncles equal to calix, seg- ments ovate acuminate uninerve, petals obo- vate — Hills of Georgia and Carolina, pedal slender, leaves smaller and not so crowded as in the last, flowers with 3 corymbose branches bearing 2 or 3 flowers, the lateral on short pe- duncles, calix with unequal segments but of uniform shape, petals white smaller than in last and narrower obtuse not flabellate. Stem not striate as it ought to be in L. striatum of Wal- ter omitted .by all our botanists. — I find in a col- lection of plants made in Texas by Drummond, (and sent me by Torrey without names, altho'
66 NEOBOT.
he says that Hooker has named them in his compendium) two new Flax apparently of this Genus which I have designed as follows.
1. Nezera (or Linurn) cuspidata R. stem erect humble striate, leaves linear lanceolate cuspidate ; flowers corymbose few, segments of calix acute nervose, 2 larger ovate, 3 smaller ovate lanceolate, petals obovate retuse — Texas, semipedal, leaves 6-91ines long, flowers large apparently ochroleucous or yellowish white. Annual.
2. Nezera (or Linum) imbricata R. stem erect rigid humble angular, leaves subulate im- bricate adpressed acuminate scabrous nervose, flowers dichotome erect, segments of calix sub- unequal, ovate acuminate nervose margin sca- riose — Texas, annual 3 to 6 inches high, leaves minute, flowers small incarnate? capsule 51o- cular, Svalve as in Nezera.
902. THEROFON Raf, 1828. Boykinia Nut. 1834 not of Raf. 1828. calix 5fid equal, semi-adherent, petals 5 elongate, stamens 5 in- closed inserted on calix, ovary 2-3fid base ad- herent, 2-3styles short, stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-31ocular polysperm, dehiscent inwardly above, partitions formed by double introflexions. perennial, caulescent, leaves alternate, flow- ers paniculate — a beautiful and rare G. of nat. order DICERACEA not Saxifragides, discovered by Kin, named by me in 1828, the name being one of old for Aconiturn, and I had a G. Boy- kinia out of Ammania long ago. For another Boykinia see 996.
903. THEROFON NAI'ELLOIDES Raf. Boykinia aconitifolia N. rar. 81. Heuchera palmata Collins herb. — stem grooved viscid pubescent, leaves petiolate palmate 5-7fid laciniate rnuUi-
OF NORTH AMERICA <(?
nerve reticulate, petiols and nerves hirsute, pan- icle formed by corymbs of short secund race- mes— handsome plant 1 or 2 feet high, not smooth as said Nuttal, but quite viscid by pedi- celate glands appearing rough when dry, leaves like Napellus, base truncate becoming acute in upper leaves less divided subsessile : flowers white on pedicels shorter than calix unilateral. It grows in the Unaka Mts. or Iron Mts. of North Carolina, a region full of new plants as yet. The habit when out of bloom is so like Aconilum napellus. that it may be the doubtful plant of that name said to grow there likewise. Probably early vernal.
904. TRIODANIS Raf, Campanulaceanew G. or subgenus diff. from Legousia by calix with 3 unequal teeth, capsule with 3 unequal cells.-^This is apparently a very material dis- tinction ; but in one or perhaps more sp. the corolla is besides lacking ! or very minute with 5 short sessile anthers, and some deem it a va- riation ! it is indeed a strange one amounting to a Generic character I and thus being perhaps a peloric Genus, a spontaneous late Generic for- mation ! the name means 3 unequal teeth,
905. TRIODANIS SCABRA Raf. erect rough humble, leaves sessile oblong acute subentire, upper linear ; capsules axillary solitary terete curved crowned by 3 subulate teeth — annual, 2 to 4 inches high, seldom with one or two branches, lower leaves broader subcrenate. Found by me 1823 in the glades near the mouth of the Tennessee R, and by Nuttal at Cedar prairies in Arkanzas ; but out of 7 specimens not one is in bloom, all are in seeds, probably very early vernal.
906. TRIODANIS RUPESTRIS R. procumbent
08 NEOBOT.
diffuse smooth, leaves sessile reniibrm suben- tire, capsules axillary solitary oblong, crowned by ovatoblong teeth. — Annoal also, discovered in 1818 on rocks near Baltimore out of bloom as early as May, and also in the Alleghany Mts. This was deemed by Torrey a peculiar state of Legousia amplexicaulis, although that plant is erect rough, with different leaves and flowers. I consider them as great anomalies and curious pelorian Genus, as my Lobomon, Myctanthes &c.
907. FEDIA HEMIODES Raf. dichotome, leaves obtuse, sessile ciliolate dentate at the base, lower spatulate, upper elliptic, flowers glome- rate sessile — in Arkanzas, anonymous in Coll. herb, semipedal, leaves I or 2 inches long, with 2 or 3 large teeth on both sides at the base, but sometimes lacking, flowers terminal in small glomerules.
908. FEDIA XJGULATA liaf. dichotome above, leaves obtuse smooth entire,, lower obovate or cuneate, upper ligulate, flowers glomerate, co- rollas with slender tube — another pretty sp. from Arkanzas and Louisiana, hardly pedal, leaves short uncial not ciliolate ; flowers white pretty, appearing pedicellated by the long tubes of corollas.
909. FEDIA CILIOLATA R. only once forked, leaves ciliolate, lower petiolate round or obo- vate, medial cuneate obtuse, upper oblong or lanceolate acute, base sometimes denticulate, flowers in bifid or twin glomerules, corolla short — in Kentucky and Illinois, 4 to 10 inches high, leaves small, longest uncial. It has several va- rieties or incipient Sp. 1 Tcrnifolia, semipedal leaves ternate, stem twice trifid, subtriflore — 2, Acuta, all the leaves acute entire, upper linear
OP NORTH AM LllTC 4. 9
flowers few — 3 Dentata. last leaves broad nnd denticulate at base.
CORYMBIFERES.
Of this extensive tribe of plants, I have yet a crowd of new and interesting N. G. and sp. some of which have been given in the first part, I mus,t here confine myself to some of the most striking, waiting to see what Decandole and Torrey will do; good monographs of the G. Aster, Solidago, Erigeron, Helianthus, Coreop- sis, Eupatorium, Liatris, Vernonia &c, or akin and blended are much wanted, and may be un- dertaken if not well settled by Decandole.
910. NEACTELIS Raf. Flosculose, peri- anthe in triple series adpressed not ciliate, inner colored, phoranthe convex with subulate chaffs, floscule$ with tube and limb terete tubular, Sdentate, stamens and styles inclosed. Seeds without crown, linear compressrd. leaves op- posite, stem uniftore nearly naked — A singu- lar Genus with habit of my G. Discomela (1825) and the Helianthea with naked stems, yet not radiate ; perhaps blended with them as did Col- lins, and as Elliot blended my G. Anactis with Aster, being his A. discoideus. Radiate and flosculose plants are always of different Genera even Senecio and Jacobea. My name means Sun without rays. By the seeds near to Es- peletia, Helippsis, Helepta, Acmella &c.
911. NEACTELIS STRIGOSA Raf. Helianthus apctalus Coll. herb, stem virgate grooved nearly smooth and naked uniflore, lower leaves oppo- site oblong acute entire, thick strigose on both sides by white tubercles ending in a bristle, a few short alterne leaves higher up.; perianthe with segments ovate lanceolate acute — in Florida collected by K inn? stem 15 inches,' 3
IT ROBOT.
pairs of leaves at base, one or two inches long, lowest larger subpetiolate, 2 or 3 alterne sessile lanceol. ad pressed remote further up ; hut none within 8 inches of the flower, the strigose tuber- cles very peculiar white unequal ending in a de- ciduous stiff white bristle. Flower black pur- ple as the disk of Discotmia, one inch wide, segments of perianthe in 3 rows of 6 to 8 in each, the inner colored like the flower nearly acuminate, tube of floscules not longer than the tubular limb.
912. AIMORRA Raf. radiate, perianthe simple 8-10partite, rays 8-10 subentire, phoran- the flat, chaffs obovate carinate, florets or flos- cules tubular without tube 5 dentate, stamens inclosed, stigmas exerted, seeds obovate 4gone with 4 minute teeth. Erect, leaves alternate, — Very near to my G, Helepta see first part arti- cle Acmella, main difference habit alternate, and toothed seeds : the name was applied by Dioskorides to a Chrysanthemum or Buphthal- in u in.
913. AIMORRA ACUMINATA R. Acrnella alter- nifolia Baldw. in Coll. herb. — smoerth 'erect.stem angular, leaves alt. petiolate ovate acuminate serrate in the middle, trinervate reticulate, branches short uniflore^segments of perianthe oblong obtuse — in Florida, stem pedal, leaves over one inch, flowers few yellow on short foliose peduncles or branches, rays apparently obtuse entire.
914. ZINNIA FLORIDANA Raf. stem solid fus- cate triflore, leaves lanceolate, base dilatate subamplexicale, peduncle central very long cla- vate, segments of perianthe rounded, rays obo- vate— an indigenous sp. of this pretty Mexican Genus, found in Florida by Kin, in Georgia by
•F NORTH AMERICA. 71
Leconte, anonymous in Coll. herb, stem pedal quite smooth, leaves levigate over one inch long, peduncle 5 or 6 inches long, calix adpressed turbinate, rays pale red very broad about 8, the flowers at the end of the two branches sessile and perhaps abortive.
915. BINDER A Raf. N. G. near Aster, Binder in Coll. herb. diff. Aster, perianthe in a double series, each of 10 to 1*2 adpressed equal scariose segments, rays about 15 entire acute, pappus simple capillary fulvous as long as flo- rets, seeds ovate pubescent. Leaves scattered sessile, flowers white, involucrate — apparently distinct from all the G. lately removed from Aster by perianthe, dedicated to the discoverer; if not approved as he is not much known as a botanist, I will substitute Xalkitis a grecian name of Leucanthemum.
016. BINDERA (or Xalkitis) CILIATA Raf. hirsute, leaves sessile cuneate acute, scabrose by adpressed hairs, margin stiffly ciliate ; flow- ers terminal few subsessile, involucrate by 2 or 3 leaves, segments of perianthe linear acute pu- bescent whitish, rays white, narrow linear acute — discovered by Binder in Louisiana or Florida, branched, leaves uncial crowded, the lower less ciliate, the upper strongly ciliate, flowers uncial, perianthe with equal segments in each row, the inner row longer, pappus smooth silky fulvous.
917. JALAMBICA Raf. Flosculose, peri- anthe 4fid base campanulate 4gone, limb spreading, phoranthe flat naked with 4 flowers, 2 larger fertile florets opposite, infundibuliform 4fid segments reflexed, 4 stamens exerted elon- gated, anthers dblong, style bifid elongate, seeds oblong 4gone crown entire or 4gone 41obed? 2 abortive florets or rays ? Annual creeping,
2 WEOBOT.
leaves opposite, flowers solitary — a singular little genus, of which I have 2 specimens and a figure of the minute flowers, made by Jalambic, and yet am doubtful of some of the characters, which must be verified upon the living plants. Dedicated to the discoverer, a botanist who gave many plants of Cuba and Florida to Col- lins : if already employed NEURELMIS meaning worm like nerves may be substituted.
918. JALAMBICA (or Neurelmis) PUMILA Raf. smooth, stems creeping prostrate filiform dicho- tome, leaves on long petiols opposite rounded deltoid obtuse entire with verrniculate nerves ; flowers few terminal peduncled. — A minute plant only one or two inches long, found in Cuba or Florida by Jalambic, deemed by him a N. G. of yngen. frustanea or necessaria, leaves only 2 lines long and broad, sometimes decurrent on the petiol, covered by very singular nerves in- terrupted and quite vermicular. Flowers very small yellowish, the 4 segments of perianthe ovate acute, almost all destroyed for examina- tion by Collins ; but this plant will be easily known when met again by the perianthe and leaves when the floral characters may be rec- tified.
919. LOMAXETA VERRUCOSA Raf. Ilymeno- pappus corymbosus Baldw. in Col. herb, Polyp- teris integrifolia Nut. El. — I introduce this rare plant to give the synonym of the real discoverer Dr. Baldwin, and rectify the thrice erroneous 'name of Nuttal, formed of Pteris ! 2 already employed by Lacepede for a fish, and 3 not well applying, mine means the marginate bristles of the pappus. In Florida and Georgia between the Rivers Alatamaha and Satilla B. — in a note he says the leaves resemble the back of
OF NORTH AMBKJCA. 78
an aMiga^r, and in fact they are covered abort with hard and rough warts whence my name.
9 0. BALDUINA BICOLOR Raf. nearly smooth, stem grooved n kcd above uniflore, leaves scat- tered sessile narrow cuneate ohtuse entire,scales •f perianthe adpressed broadly ovate acute, 12 white rays cunuate unequaly trifid — another sp, of the real G. Balduina, habit exactly similar, hot flowers larger with white rays and yellow disk. B. uniflora which I have must now be called B. lutea. This was found by Leconte in Florida or Georgia and deemed a N. G. in Coll. herb, stem pedal, leaves uncial becoming less upwards, rays larger than in 1?. lutea, which has a leafy stem, the peduncle incrassate leaves broader adpressed and not crowded.
921. STEVIA OVATA Raf. herbaceous pubes- cent, leaves opposite ovate acute serrate cri- nerre, corymb fastigiate, perianthe 4flore witb 4 segments linear oblong acute, pappus of 4 short obtuse scales. — Texas and Arkarizas, col- lected by Walton, stem pedal, leaves small hardly uncial opposite subsessile, flowers yellow, florets tubular 4fid obtuse, stamens inclosed, seeds linear smooth compressed, crown or pap- pus or 4 very short obtuse scariose scales. Probably a subgenus Etetra by the disposition IB 4 &c. All the N. Amer. sp. akin to Stevia appear to deviate as the 2 next Genera evince, even the Mexican sp. include 2 other G. the Must elia of Sprengel with double pappus, and my Tomista for St. pedata with perianthe camp, pappus truncate.
922. DTHAKE Raf. diff. Stevia, perianthe torhinate subSflore, segments about 8 nervose, florets with slender tube, limb as long 5parted, anthers subsessile exerted, style elongate hispid,
?4 HKOBOT.
•tigmas re volute, seeds elongate at long as pe- rianth obverse pyramidal 4gone, crowned bj S teeth or short scariose scales, annuals, leaves alternate, end callose, flowers paniculate in* carnate. This (r. is perfectly distinct by the perianthe, deep cut florets, scaly crown, leaves &c. The name means warty apex, the leaves ending in obtuse callosity.
923. OTHAKE TENVITOLIUM Raf. Stevia cal* iosa Nut. stem terete furlurascent, glandular above, leaves narrow linear thicktsh with ad? pressed hairs, panicle dichotome multiflore Jax divaricate — in Arkanzas, pedal, leaves uncial often with fascicles at the axils, flowers on long naked peduncles, the segments of florets narrow long linear acute, segments of perianthe cane* ate acuminate.
9'24. OTHAKE LONGIFOLIUM Raf. stem align* iar and glandular above, leaves broad Hneir elongate bi uncial thin nearly smooth, panicle pauciflore corymbose, peduncles erect— also from Arkanzas, blended by Nuttal with the last, much smaller with larger leaves, semi pedal, Jower leaves sometimes opposite.
925. XETOLIGUS Raf. diff. Stevia, p«r*- •anthe terete Spar ted 5flore, segments equal lan- ceolate enerve, florets exerted with tubular limb 6dentate, anthers inclosed, stigmas hardly ex- erted revolute ; seeds linear crowned by a pap- pus of 2 or 3 long rough bristles coalescent ai base into a membrane. Leaves opposite, Jlov «rt eorymbos9 incarnate*— Another very ch*- tinct G. having the bristles of Mnslrlia. without the scales, Stevia salicifdia with 2 bristles be- longs thereto, and will be my Xetoligns aalicir My name means few bristles. XETOLIGUS BREMFOLIUS Raf. smooth*
•F NORTH AMERICA. ?*
ajern terete corymbose, leaves sessile oblong linear acute, the upper alternate, corymbs fas- tigiate foliose multiflore, peduncles and perian- thes pubescent, segments lanceolate acute pap- pus of 3 bristles — from Texas or Louisana found by Binder, a tall plant probably perennial, leaves short uncial, flowers pale incarnate and hand- some profuse.
LUTRIS and VERNONIA.
These two Genera once blended in Serra* tula (as so many other G. are in all akin) in- clude a crowd of fine plants deserving a good monograph. Of Liatris our compilers have 18 ep. but I know many more, several being yet blended as varieties, and as they offer various inflorescence must be divided at least in 4 or 5 subgenera: of Vernonia only 10 are in Eaton* my V. albiflora and missurica described atl j. 1833 are omitted, and I have many more N. sp. Vern. longifolia^ Intifolia, bremfolia, crinita, hu mills Sfc. I shall merely add here the subg. of Liatris and a few N. sp.
927. LIATRIS Aiton.— 1 Subg. Scariola Raf. perianthe squarrose ovate or hemisphe- rical, multiflore, pappus hardly plumose, flowers chiefly racemose or spicate, root bulbose — 2d. Teretiola perianthe oblong or terete imbricate adpressed, multiftore, flowers terminal few, root bulbose — 3d. Osmilis R. per. hemisph. adpres- sed multifl. pappus scabrous not feathered,flow- ers corymbose or terminal, root not bulbose — 4th Rhodilis R. per. terete Sflore few scales colored, ligulate pappus rcaly feathery, fl. race- mosc, root bulbose — 5th Euthyrsis \{. per. o- blong 5flore, few scales adpressed, flowers thyr- soidal, root not bulbose — 6th Corymbilis R.
76 JfEODOT.
per. campanulate adpressed pauciflore, fl. co- rymbose, root not bulbose $c.
928. LIATRIS (Osmiiis) AMPLEXICAULTS R. stem grooved, leaves Snerved obtuse, radical sessile ovate elliptic, on stem ovate amplexi- caule j flowers corymbose, segments of perian- the cuneate obtuse — a fine odorous sp. blended with L. odoratissima, same exquisite smell like Tonga beans, but weaker bipedal, with broader shorter leaves 2 or 3 inches long,many smaller flowers. The true L. odoratissimum has radical leaves lanceolate acute uninerve 6 to 10 inches long, on stem sessile short cuneate or oblong, few branches uniflore, perianthe fo- liose segments obovate. In Florida & Georgia.
929. LIATRIS (Scariola) BOTRYS R. stem an- gular rough, leaves smooth scattered linear lan- ceolate acute, lower longer petiolate, upper sub- ulate ; flowers racemose, peduncles longer than flowers somewhat scaly, bracts subulate, perian- the hemispherical, segments obovate obtuse margin red — a very pretty sp. of Florida and Georgia, more distinctly racemose than in any other, pedal lower leaves 4 to 6 inches, upper uncial, raceme as long as stem multiflore, flow- ers lax rather small but elegant, styles very long.
930. LIATRIS (Scariola?) UNIILORA Raf. smooth, stem angular grooved uniflore, leaves rigid linear lanceolate acute sessile, the lower elongate, trinerve middle nerve very thick ; pe- rianthe ovate base foliose segments ovate acu- minate squarrose — from Kentucky to Alabnma pedal, leaves nearly imbricate the lower 5 or 6 inches loner. Deviating from Scarittlft by sin- gle flower, perhaps a subg. Rigidilis ; but very akin to my L. rigida differing only by 2 or 3 flowers, leaves scab, ous stem pilose.
Or NORTH AMERICA 77
931. VKRNONIA BREviroLrA Raf. stem groov- ed pubescent below smooth, above, leaves short oblong, margin subentire revolute, very sca- brous above, pubescent and glaucous beneath ; flowers subumbellate few, segments of perian- the lanceolate acuminate pquarrose — in Alaba- ma near to V. balduini, which has however leaves ovate serrate, here they are oblong, broader below, or subcuneate, narrow above nearly lanceoJate,only uncial ; flower in a irre- gular umbel of about 10 flowers, naked, stem bipedal or less.
932. VERNONIA CRINITA Raf. smooth, stem grooved, leaves narrow lanceolate elongate with remote obtuse teeth ; corymb foliose, perianihe crinite by long lax subulate filiform segments — in Louisiana and Arkanzas near streams a tall sp. leaves 5 to inches long, only half inch broad in the middle, acuminate at both ends and sometimes falcate : flowers large perianthe hemispherical multifl. segments nearly all equal slender and forming a fringed cup as long as florets.
933. M AKSHALMA SPIRALIS Raf. smooth sub- scapose, leaves radical linear lanceolate obtuse uninerve, scape elongate spiraly grooved, pu- bescent above, perianthe segments linear obtuse smooth — in Arkanzas and West Louisiana found by Binder, near to M, lanceolnta, but quite dis- tinct, leaves narrower 3 inches long, scape twist- ed as some Xurides (not so in M. lanceolata) pe- dal, flower large incarnate.
934. MARSHALLTA TENUiFOi-iARaf. stem sim- ple virgate grooved, naked and pubescent above, leaves scattered all narrow linear elongate acute perianthe segments linear acute pubescent — found by Baldwin on the sea shores of Florida
7S NEOBOT.
and Georgia, nearer to M. cyananthera thtn M. angustifolia, but leaves quite slender uni- nerve smooth, anthers also bluish — thus we have 6 sp. of this pretty G. a 7th might be my M. pumila now my G. Tnerolepta Neog. 1825. EUPATORIUM and akin
This extensive G. is now divided into many Celf-stina, Jtrickellia, Mikania, Kalinia £c, besides my Eutrochium with scanose terete perianthe, leaves verticillate &c,rny Caradesva with perianthe hemispherical multiflore: thus reduced to the sp. with a definite number of florets and segments of perianthe, it is still pro- lific. The American Cacalias are very near, but form 3 peculiar Genera, my Epatitis 205, Jliesadenia and Hasteola.
035. MESADENIA Raf. perianthe 5flore, terete with 5 equal segments, phoranthe with a thick gland in the centre and 5 flowers around it, (this gland is an abortive neutral floret some- times evolved) calicule obsolete or only a small scale, florets with tubular limb deeply 5d, an- thers inclosed, stigmas 2 or 4 hardly exerted* seeds smooth oblong or clavate, pappus downy capillary, Perennials, leaves Alternate large tkickish, flowers white corymbose or panicu- late.— A north American G. of many ep. quite distinct and natural by the singular structure of phoranthe, noticed by Elliot and Nuttul, the central gland is variable ovate acute, or angu- lar tridentate, or seldom changed into a neutral floret which has then the ovary dentate instead of downy. I have even noticed some flowers \vhere there was only this neutral floret in the perianthe, lacking anthers and sty te, another anomaly is the quadruple stigmas of some florets* This G. it nearer Kltinia than Cacelia, Akin
OF NORTH AMKR1CA. ?9
also to my Chondrophora (the Chrysocoma nudata of N.) with a scaly phoranthe &c. — I have prepared a monograph of 15 up. where- of 9 are my own, M. de.ntuta, rvtundifolia, oblongata, quinquefida, cuneala^pulttrulenta^ lobata, besides my Cacalia pier ant lies and pan- iculata of annals Nut. 1820, the old sp. are M. dtriplicifolia, rcniformis, omitn, lance o la t a, plantagiuea (the C. tuberosa of N.) — as to the Cacalia suaveolens L. which Elliot refers to ScneciOi it is my G. Hasteola distinguished by the anthers cristate. I will only add here a few of my N. sp.
936. MESADENIA ROTUNDIFOLIA R. leaves rounded 3-5nerved entire or repand glaucous beneath, lower on long petiols, obtuse or retuse, upper sessile acute, flowers corymbose, seg- ments of perianthe oblong obtuse enerve, mar- gin white — In the Musketong and Mahantango Alts, of Alleghanies, 2 or 3 feet high, lower leaves 3 or 4 inches long and broad with 5 nerves, reticulate, petiols 4 to 8 inches long, upper leaves uncial.
937. MESADENLA DENTATA R. leaves broadly ovate acute and acutely dentate 3-5nerved not glaucous, lower on short petiols, on stem sessile acuminate, flowers in compound corymb, seg- ments of perianth oblong acute suhtrinerve — in Alabama, very different from M. oeata with obtuse narrower leaves. Tripedal, leaves 4 to 5 inches long, 3 or 4 broad, petiols 2 or 3 long, stem leaves 1 or 2 inches long, coiymb with many branches and multiflore.
938. MESADENIA PULVERULKNTA R. leaves petiolate onerved glaucous pulverulent on both sides, lower on long petiols broadly cordate acute angular, upper ovate or rhomboid a 1 acute at
80 JTEOBOT.
both ends, angular sinuate ; corymbs fastigiate, segments of perianthe lanceolate uninerve mar- gined— in the state of Delaware, 3-4feet high, lower leaves 4 to 6 inches long and broad, pe- tiols as long, on the stem uncial &c with a ^hort petiol, variously cut in long sharp angles. The M. atriplicifolia has leaves deeper cut,the upper deltoid, the M. oblongata has radical leaves pblong cordate obtuse.
939. EUPATORIUM CINEREUM Raf. pubescent cinereous, stem striate corymbose above, leaves alternate sessile, on stem lanceolate obtuse, bi- dentate lateraly, on branches linear entire ob- tuse; corymbules many pauciflore, perianthe 5flore, cinereous, segments elliptic obtuse cali- cule ovate obtuse — in Alabama &c,tripedal,stem at base redish with cinereous pubescence, lower leaves greenish, upper ashy like the flowers, seeds black hispid, pappus cinereous.
940. EUPATORIUM FULVUM Raf. roughly pu- bescent, stem simple terete grooved, leaves op- posite sesssile oblong lanceolate serrate, acute at both ends, roughly punctate ; corymb fasti- giate, pedicels hairy white, bracts linear, peri- anthe oblong pauciflore, segments lanceolate acute glandular punctate, end fulvous mem- branaceous — in Alabama <fec, near to E. glan- dulosum of Mexico but leaves not ovate, habit of Kuhnia but pappus not plumose, stem 1-2 pedal, leaves 2-3unciaI, flowers fulvous before expansion.
941. EUPATORIUIW OrCARADKSIA PAUCTFLORA
Raf. Hispid ule humble, leaves thin on long pe- trols ovate crenate, both ends acute; flowers terminal few 5-6, perianthe campanulate mul- tiflore, segments lanceolate acute unequal— Louisiana and Mississipi found by Dr. Hart,
OF NORTH AMERICA. ftl
aemipedal, leaves small entire at base, corym bule foliose, flowers white incarnate.
I have many other doubtful or rare sp. of this G. 3 were described 183*2 in all. journal E. serratum.) pectination, rupestre^ some are in Florula Ludovicianaj as to Entrochium I have prepared a monograph of it with many new species.
HELENIUM of this G. I have 7sp. and 10 varieties while our botanists admit only 3.
942. HELENIUM DISCOVATUM R. smooth stem dichotome angular, leaves subdecurrent linear lanceolate acute entire uninerve, flowers on long naked peduncles, rays short flat, disk ovate concolor — this was labelled a Rudbeckia in Coll, herb, but is a real llelenium with tri- fid obtuse rays, bipedal, branches virgate, leaves uncial, flowers smaller than in others. In Florida.
943. HELENIUM ANCEPS R. stem compressed striate pubescent with 2 broad wings, leaves de- current oblong lanceolate acute entire smooth trinerve, flowers corymbose few, rays flat re- flexed, disk globular concolor. In Florida and Georgia found by Leconte, anonymous in Coll. herb, pedal, leaves uncial, flowers large.
944. HELENIUM FLEXUOSUM R. smooth, stem ramose angular winged, branches flexuose,leaves decurrent lanceolate acute entire uninerve,flow- ers paniculate, rays flat reflexed, disk globular discolor — can this be H. canaliculatum, but the leaves are not serrate, nor rays grooved. Found on R. Wahash, bipedal, leaves 1 or 2 inches, flowers middle size, discolor redish, not yellow as in other 5 in centre.
945- HELENIUM DJCIIOTOMUM R. pubescent rough, stem dichotome corymbose striate wing- 11
fr2 JTEOBOT.
ed, lower leaves sessile cuneate remotely obtuse serrate, not trinervate, upper leaves decurrent lanceolate acute subcrenate, rays grooved ? disk globose discolor — another sp. akin to H. canal' tculatum, but not smooth nor properly serrate, stem bipedal quite dichotomous above, lower leaves 3 inches long, upper uncial, disk redish as in last, found in West Kentucky,
946. HELENIUM TRAXILTTM H. nearly smooth, stem angular striate hardly winged, leaves stih- decurrent lanceolate elongate, both ends acu- minate, margin entire very rough ; flowers co- rymbose, rays flat reflexed, disk globose conco- for — found in Indiana and Illinois, pedal, leave* large 2 or 3 inches long pale beneath, flowers few small. — H. aulitmnale nearest to this has serrate smooth leaves, and several varieties, an- gustifolium, lattfoUnm, longifolium, datum, panfiflorum &c. ULOSSANtHES
This family also called flosculose, has been stated to be very deficient in North America ; but it is a mistake, 5 Genera alone Lactuca, Eunoxis, tiieracium^ JVIorp- balia and Krigia, include nearly 100 species; being as numerous as the Asters, they have been equaly involved in obscurity by blending or overlooking sp. which require careful mono- graphs, such as I have undertaken ; but must delay at present and only give a few striking novelties, 'as I wish to confine this flora to 1000 articles at present. This continent is tbe cen- tral seat of Lactuca as it is of Vhis and Quer- cus> possessing 30 or 40 species of each. The Lactuca elongata of our blind botanists con- tained 12 or 15 sp.with leaves smooth or rough, entire or pinnatifid, runcinate, sagittate, den-
OF .NORTH AMKUH \. 83
tate, sessile, amplexicaule,flowera spicate or ra- cemose or paniculate ! &c, &c.
947. LACTUCA ANGULATA R. smooth gigantic stem fistulose, leaves pinnatifid broad, sinusses wide and angular, pinnules ovate angulate den- tate acute, base of nerves roughish, lower sub- petiolate angular ; flowers paniculate, pedicels inequal, bracts subulate — Pennsylv. to Ken- tucky &c stem 5 to 8 feet high, very thick, leaves ample thin pedal below, flowers very numerous.
948. LACTUCA MARITIMA R. smooth, stem simple tistular, naked above, all leaves pinnati- fid sessile, pinnules remote unequal lanceolate angular ; flowers racemose lax few — on the Sea Shores and Sea Islands from Long Island 10 Virginia, stem bipedal purplish, leaves 3 or 4 inches long slender, radical and on base of stem only, how different from last.
949. LACTUCA AXILLARIS R. smooth, stem fistulose foliose, lower leaves ample sessile ovate Ijrate lobate, sinusses rounded entire, lobes rounded dentate, upper leaves lanceolate entire flowers in axillary spikes — Mts. Alleghanies, stem bipedal fuscate. leaves 2 or 4 inches long, dowers realy spicate sessile.
950. LACTUCA OVATIFOLIA R. nearly smooth, stem solid striate, leaves sessile ovatoblong equaly denticulate, middle nerve rough, lower attenuate at base, flowers paniculate, peduncles scaly—in New Jersey and Pennsyl. stem fus- cate 2 or 3 feet high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, veins reticulate.
951. LACTUCA PILOSA R. stem fistular, base pilose, naked above, leaves all sessile lanceolate denticulate, beneath glaucous and subpilose, lower elongate attenuate into a petiol, flowers
84 VEOBOT.
subracemose few and small — Apalachian Mt». of Virginia and Carolina, different from L. hirsuta by leaves entire, the lower 6 to 8 inches long, stem 2 or 3 feet high.
952. EUNOXIS (Agathyrsus; ANABILIS Raf. smooth, stem subsolid terete, leaves sessile am- ple ovate acute angular or denticulate, lower baste decurrent cuneiform, floral oblong suben- tire, branches racemose paniculate pyramidal, peduncles elongate naked, flowers blue, pappus white — Mts. Alleghany, 4 to 5 feet high, leaves 4 to 10 inches long, a profusion of pretty blue flowers. I have changed Agnthyrsus name already preoccupied for a G. of shells for JSw- noxis an ancient name of Lettuce, and I give this sp. as a specimen out of a dozen sp. that I possess, the color of flowers and pappus is spe- cific in this Genus.
953. NARBALIA LATIFOLTA Raf. smooth, stem terete flexuose, leaves broad thin petiolate glau- cous beneath subdentate, lower on long petiols deltoid hastate broader than long, trinerve, lobea divaricate deltoid acute, upper leaves ovate acu- minate, racemes axillary, perianthe 5flor« 5parted — in Mts. Alleghanies, stem 2-3pedal, whitish sometimes rubicund, radical leaves with petiols one foot long, leaf 10 inches broad 8 Jong, upper leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flower* white drooping, perianthe incarnate. The pre- vious good name Narbalia of Cassini adopted by Hooker must prevail over Harpnlyce of Don adopted by Beck later and formed from Harpa a shell. Even the (r. must be divided, I give this as an instance of the real Narbalia, of which I have 25 species, those with multiflore perianthe form my next Genus ; while the Pr&> nanthes tenuifolia and paucijtora of Tonray
OP NORTH AMERICA. !#&
with plumose seeds are my G. Ptiioria of 1833 Atlantic Journal.
954. OP1C1UNA Raf. diff. from Narbalia, pcrianthe 10-15 segments commonly hirsute, multiflore, with 20 to 30 flowers indefinite — these are taller plants, exuding a milk intensely bitter, producing a bitter opium which the name implies ; the types are Op. crcpidinea and the next.
955. OPICRINA LATIFOMA Raf. Prenantheg opicriria 1822. smooth, stem grooved ramose, lower leaves with winged petiols cordate or sagittate ovate, sinuate angular, upper ovate re- pand or denticulate ; flowers in racemose pan- icles fasciculate, perianthes nodding hirsute, pappus fulvous — in Central Kentucky rich woods, 5 to 6 feet high, leaves 4 to 10 inches long, flowers large ochroleucous, perianthes fuscate. Op. crepidinea differs by leaves ses- sile oblong lanceolate unequaly dentate, Op angvstifolia would be a better name.
956. SITILIAS Raf. perianthe terete dou- ble multiflore both multipartite, external shorter adpressed, phoranthe naked, seeds smooth lin- ear oblong grooved, pappus long stipitate sim- ple capillary silky iulvous. — Caulescent, flov>- ers few. — This G. differs from Leontodon by pappus not plumose, from Borkhausia by terete adpressed perianthe and costate seeds. It was shuffled into 4 Genera ! Leontodon, Jlorkhau- sia, Scorzonera, Chondrilla ! and now must form a 5th, the name was an ancient of Hiera- cium of which it has the habit — Type S. CARO* LINIANA Raf. Borkausia do Elliot, see his sy- nonymy and description, wherein he has probft? bly blended the next Genus also. My specimen
85 * ROBOT.
from Alabama, has oblong leaves u ith long teeth and only 2 flowers yellow.
957. CRENAMON Raf. diff. from Sitilias by outer periantbe unequal, pappus plumose, seeds curved compressed tesselated by longitu- dinal and transverse stria, scapose, corymbose —nearer to Picris than any other G. tbe name was that of Adanson for Picris, but different by perianthe realy double as in last and seeds not rugose transversaly alone but tesselate, besides habit scapose.
958. CRENAMON PECTINATUM Raf. smooth, leaves pectinate pinnatifid obtuse, very long and narrow, base attenuate entire, pinnules remote narrow obtuse, scape grooved corymbose 8-6flore, peduncles very long with subulate scales. — Apalachian Mts. Unaka, leaves 6 to 8 inches long, hardly half inch wide, pectinate like the horn of the Saw-Fish, scape pedal^flow- ers yeJlow, perianthe acute, outer rather une- qual.
959. KRIGIA PETIOLARIS R. stem flexuose fo- Hose striate pauciflore, leaves all petiolate o- blong or obovate minute dentate laciniate, pe- duncles filiform, perianthes linear — in Alabama, 3 to 6 inches high, leaves only half inch or less, petiol uncial or longer, flowers small few, not rigidly erect as in Kr. virgimca.
900. KRIGIA INTEGRIFOIIA R. stem erect fo- liose grooved uniflore, leaves glaucous entire ail dissimilar, radical petiolate elliptical obtuse or obovate acute, on stem ample.xicaule acute, ovate or lanceolate, perianthe lanceolate — Mts, AHeghanies, how different from last, nearer to Kr. amplexicaulis but smaller with entire leaves, one small flower pale yellow, not orange color. Semipedal, leaves 1 to 3 inches long,all
OF NORTH AMERICA
different in shape, yet all entire, — of this diffi- cult G. once blended in Hyoseris, we have 12 or 15 sp. and many varieties, difficult to distin- guish : the G. Acliyrastrum Necker and Cyn- thia Don, appear the same ; if different they must be better distinguished — as to Aposeris Necker with naked seeds, it differs but little from my Laxanon 203, of which it appears Apogon of Elliot is a 2d sp. his name was pre- occupied for a fish. Our Hieraciums must per- haps be divided, I had formed the G. Ophio- seris with many, but the 4 G, of Necker out of Hieracium must be verified and restored, they are Aracium, Pianola, Willemetia, and Miegia now occupied by a grass.
961. POLYGALA, this G. now forming a vast family must be divided by flowers and habit, as was suggested by many botanists. I did so long ago, proposing Triclisperma, Psychanthus, and Muraltia with many subgenera, that must soon become as in any Genera, I shall merely enumerate them here, reserving my labor on this family for a monograph.
1. POLYGALA stamens 8 diadelphous, corolla cristate.
2. MUUALTIA Necker 1790, differs by corolla not cristate, once Heisteriaof L. not of Jaquin, since adopted by L. type P. senega &c.
3. TRICLISPERMA Raf. 1814, type P. pau- cifolia &c.
4. PSYCHANTHUS Raf. 1814, type P, myrti- folia &c.
5. SEXILIA R. stamens 6 sessile, corolla bila- biate cristate, type P. verticillata and all whorl- ed species, chiefly annuals.
6. PLOSTAXIS R. stamens 4, cor. fimbriate, fl. capitate, type P. lutea &c.
98 MEOBOT.
8. ANTH ALOGEA R. stain. 7-8, cor. 31obe fim- briate, stigma subsessile bilabiate, plumose on upper lip, some flowers deficient, type JP. poly- gama.
9. COR YMBULA R. flowers corymbose. — Subg. or Genus ?
10. ZOROXUS R. Chamebuxus T. flowers soli* tary. Ditto ?
962. ASEMEIA Raf. diff. Polygala, calix 4-5phyle, 2 sepals internal larger wing like, co- rolla cariniforrn base hirsute, subtrilobe, tip tu- berculate. Stamens 8 monadelphous very short anthers unilocular. Style elongate bearded above, stigma obtuse, capsule oblong semi-alate, cells monosperm, seeds hispid. Habit of Poly" gala, perennials, racemose leaves fl. alterne. — I give one of my N. G. very distinct from P. senega and akin, altho' same habit, the name means without vexillum.
96*3, ASEMEIA ROSEAU. Polyg. ^ubescens Mg. E. viridescens Walt, pubescent, stem hardly angular, branched, leaves linear lanceolate acute, calix 4phyle, wings obovate — in Carolina and Florida, pedal, pretty sp. flowers rose color, leaves uncial, racemes terminal lax, bracts sub- ulate, short.
964. ASEMEIA CARNEA Raf. smooth, stem simple angular leaves linear cuneate acute, calix Sphyle, wings ovatoblong — in Alabama and West Tennessee, probably blended with the last, pedal, leaves shorter, the lower cuneate and even obtuse, flowers pale flesh color or white with a pink tinge.
965. ASEMEIA ALBA (or leptopsis) Raf. smooth, stem simple angular virgate naked above, leaves narrow linear, upper subulate, raceme spiked, flowers imbricate, calix 5phyle ? wings obovate
OF NORTH AMERICA 89
— in Arkanzas and Texas, perennial, pedal slender, leaves very narrow half uncial, raceme terete uncial, flowers, white small, on short pe- dicels almost imbricate, bracts lanceolate : this sp. may be a Muraltia, I cannot determine the stamens.
966. POLYGALA (Sexilia) MISSUIUCA Raf. stem branched diffuse 4gone, leaves quatcrnate and opposite broad lanceolate smooth, base acute, end mucronate ; spikes terminal oblong imbricate — in the prairies of Missouri and Illi- nois, 3 to 4 inches high, leaves larger and broader than in others, flowers white, not in fili- form spikes. Annual.
967. POLYGALA (Muraltia?) RUGOSA Raf. stems angular prostrate, leaves alternate rugose lower cuneate obtuse,upper linear cuneate acute, flowers in slender spikes — on Lake Michigan, humble, 3 to G inches long, leaves less than one inch* flowers red, sessile in short spikes ; but very imperfect in my specimen, probably a Mu- raltia.
968. POLYGALA or PILOSTAXIS HYEMALIS Raf. stemless, leaves all radical obovate obtuse capitule sessile squarrose oval, bracts lanceolate ineuibranaceous as long as flowers — this and the next are blended in P. lutea var. nana of MX. but quite unlike our P. lutea of New Jer- sey. Found by Baldwin and Nuttal in Florida and Georgia, blossoming in January, leaves un- equal uncial often spatulate, heads shorter than leaves, flowers greenish, root annual.
959. Poi.YOALAor PILOSTAXIS NANA Raf. sub- scapose, leaves cuneate and oblong, obtuse and acute, stem short with 1 or 2 leaves lanceolate, head oval squarrose, bracts subulate elongate, wings lanceolate acuminate — in Florida found
90 MBOBOT.
by Ware in 1821, Stem 2 or, 3 inches high, leaves half inch long, head large, flowers green- ish. I have a var of P. lutea near this same size and habit, but with few leaves narrower, heads depressed, flowers realy bright yellow, wings broader obovate acuminate : it will be my var paucifotia, and they all evince a ten- dency to deviate from P. lutea. GENTIANIDES.
This lovely family of plants wad in utter con- fusion, as I have proved in rectifying it, in fl. tellur. 435 to 500. where many N. G. and sp. are established. I have also restored the G, Anthopogon, Pneumonanthe, Dasistepha, Ci- minalis,Cicendia, Tretorhiza &/c of former bo- tanists, neglected by the linnean blenders. I there gave also some new N. Amer. sp. and I still mean to give hereafter their complete mo- nograph, our species have been increased late- ly by myself and Hooker tq 50 or 60, while Linneus had only half a dozen of this continent. I now must merely add some other interesting novelties.
970. ANTHOPOGON INCARNATUM Raf. Genti- ana purpurea Muhl. fl. lancastr. Coll. herb, stem humble branched, branches compressed sub4- gone uniflore, leaves lanceolate, acute, lower subcuneate, calix 4gone, segments ovate lanceol. acum, margin colored, 2 alt. narrower, corolla ciliate tvvfce as long — another beautiful sp. of this fine G. discovered by Muhlenberg since 1790, found by myself in the Alleghanies 1804, since omitted or mistaken for a variety by our botan- ists (myself included) but now restored and fix- ed, only 6 to 10 inches high, with several erect branches, leaves uncial, narrower than in A. rrintfiim, broader than in A. virgatitm fl. tel.
*>K NORTH AMERICA. 91
472, flowers size of the first, but of an incarnate color, instead of blue, the calix is margined of same color. Autumnal.
971. ANTIIOPOGON ALB ESC ENS Raf. stem te- rete trifid,leaves patent narrow lanceolate acute, peduncles terete, calix deeply 4fid, segments ovate lanceolate obtusely acuminate, 2 nar- rower lanceolate, corolla hardly longer than calix unequally denticulate — in Louisiana, col- lected by Riddel, sent me anonymous, very dis- tinct by smaller shorter flowers nearly white or blush color, leaves nearly as in A. virgatum but broader and spreading, 2 inches long, flow- er only uncial.
972. ANTIIOPOGON BREVIFOLIUM Raf. humble, unifiore ? foliose anceps, lower leaves cnneate or spatulate acute, upper ovatoblong short acute, calix with segments shorter ovate Ian- ceol. acutely acuminate, corolla double of calix fringed — in Mts. Alleghanies of Lycoming Cy. Pennsylv. blossoming in November, stem 4 to 6 inches high, leaves very short 4 to 6 lines long and reaching to near the flower, which is small though elongate uncial, apparently incarnate in the specimen, nearer to A. incarnatum than to A. crinitum, perhaps a variety of it. — A. crinitum differs from all my 4 sp. by leaves ovate lanceolate subdeltoid, flowers large with rounded segments deeply fringed, peduncles naked 4gone &c. All belong to the G. An- thopogon of Necker 1790, and have the calix unequal as in the whole family.
973. PLEIENTA QUINQUENERVIA Raf. stem terete trichotome, leaves broad oblong lanceo- late acute thin 5nerved; flowers corymbose, calix base membranose, 6-7parted, segments fo-
*. siih*»a"nl *« corolla segment*
NEOBOT.
obiong obtuse — in Louisiana, sent me by Rhi- del as Sabatia gracilis ? pedal, not slender, fb* liose, leaves large often 2 inches long, flowers few white terminal, peduncles thick erect un- cial. My 6r. Pleienta fl. tel. 497 includes all the Sabatias with unequal mnltrple calhc and corolla, 6-12 stamens, style erect.
074. PLKIENTA LETJCANTHA R. slender 2-9cho- tome branches anceps, leaves lanceolate acute hardly trinerve, flowers on long pedt»ncle»,ralix 8-10parted linear, corolla double of calix, seg- ments cune&te obtuse — this is the Sab.graeiMs of many botanists, but not of fill, fhe it He ofle not being a Pleiental on Sea Shore* from South New Jersey to Florida, pedal, learostm- cial, flowers large and fine, sometimes 2 inches wide
975. SABBATIA? NERVOSA Raf. ramose paw* ciflore, branches anceps, leaves ovaif> lanceo- late trinerve acute, peduncles axil, and termi- nal, calix base campanulate 5gtme, segments linear elongate nervose, corolla as long as cctHx, segments broad obovate, trinef ve at base— - anonymous sp. of Nuttal, which deserves /v«r- haps to be a genus Neurola Raf. by calix. 5gone corolla nerved, stamens rolled up but not twist- ed, style declinate and with linenr stigmas- as in Sabbatia. From Arkanzas, 8 inches hfgh, leaves small remote semi-uncial, flowers large over uncial incarnate? Neurola arkanvkxi will be a better name.
976. BILAMISTA Raf. calix deeply «part- ed subequal, corolla marcescent ttrbe campanu- late ICnerved, limb rotate 5parted, glandular appendages at the sinusses,stamens 5 free equal filaments subulate exerted, anthers oblong 2lo- culnr, ovary compressed, style flexuose persis-
OF NORTH AMEIUCA. ?J
tent, stigma hi lamellate broad, capsule elliptic 2valve unilocular, polysperme, seeds scrobicu- late inserted on 4 large placentas. Perennial, ramose, flowers axil, pedunculate— I now add another beautiful N. (T. to the Gentianides: it is next to Swertia and Narketis, but with the calix and corolla of Sabatia &,c. My Narkt- tis fl. tel. 477 based on various sp. of pentan- drous Swertias included even several G. this, another my Synallodia japonica, with 2 sta- mens united, formed by bwertia rolata of Thun- berg ; and Gentiana pratensis with very une- qual calix and no appendages ? perhaps another Leimanisa R. the name of this applies to the large bilamellate stigma, it shows beautifully the opposition of stamens essential to the Gen- tianides.
9 '7. BILAMISTA GRANDIFLORA Raf. Gentiana do Coll. herb, ramose 2-3dichotome, branches fastigiate terete rugose, leaves ovatoblong acute trinerve ; peduncles axilary and terminal rigid angular, calix segments subulate, corolla thrice as long, segments obovate obtuse — fine robust plant of Red river Louisiana and Arkanzas,ses- quipedal, leaves biuncial, flowers white ?• (fuU vous in dry specimen and leaves blackened) very large 2 or 3 inches wide, nearly marces- cent and persistent like the style ; capsule large very peculiar black rugose, seeds numerous minute dotted: the glandular appendages are minute somewhat crested and at sinusses in- stead of segments.
I have not yet exhausted the N. G. and sp. of this family, there are still others blended iii Swertia, Exacum, Chironia — and many un- noticed sp. of Sabatia, Plcienta. Xolemia . . .
94
NEOBOT.
see my medical flora and ft tellur for some oJ them.
LABIATES.
In this family much remains to be done even after the labors of Bentham and mine in fl. tel- lur. Our G. Pycnanthe.s, Teucrium, Brun- nella, Lye opus, Mentha, Salma^ Monarda^ Scutellaria &c are yet susceptible of revision and improvement. My G. Euhemus 1830 Med. fl. for Lycopus Virginicus and akin sp, must be admitted like my JUephitia, Vl<ckia, Blephiloma and others of fl. tellur. I shall only add now a few presumed new species, others are in 2d part of this work.
978. MENTHA CINEKEA R. cinereous pubes- cent, leaves subsessile ovatoblong acute sharply serrate, spikes terminal verticillate naked, bracts subulate equal to flowers, stamens included — in the Welsh Mts. of Vlleghanies in Pennsylv. dis- covered 1804 again 1834, habit of M. tennis less odorous, root creeping, many stems erect, pedal almost hirsute, leaves uncial quite cine- reous beneath, less above, spikes short, flowers small white, calix and bracts cinereous almost canescent. — I have several other sp. of Mint, M. capitata, M. dentata, prcthiata, ciliata, trachiloma &c, but some are doubtful, and the two last belong to Pulegium like M. canadcn- sis and borealis.
979. VLECKIA BRACTEATA R. leaves petiolate cordate acute grossly serrate, spike sessile bracts also and ovate acute foliose longer than flowers — in Florida, pedal, stem fuscate, leaves uncial not large, spike sessile, rather short, bracts large remarkable. This perhaps may form a subg. the habit and flowers are of Vleckia, but calix more campanulate striate with very une- qual teeth, Psalion Raf. see A. tel. 786.
• F NORTH AMERICA. 95
980. PYCNANTHES SAXATILIS R. stem ramose tomentose, angles obtuse, leaves glaucous sub- petiolate ovate acuminate remotely serrate, hardly pubescent punctate reticulate on both sides; heads terminal sessile, bracts and calix lanceolate mutic canescent tomentose — in the Alleghany Mts. near the R, Susquehannah among stones and rocks, 1 or 2 feet high, branches patent, leaves ultra uncial, capitules multitiore, stamens not exerted. — A var. cuni- loides has stem smaller, leaves subsessile smal- ler sometimes subentire. Subg. Brachystemon.
981. PYCNANTHES PARVIFOLIA R. smooth, stem branched acutely 4gone, leaves small sub- sessile ovatoblong entire, ending by an obtuse callose point ; heads terminal sessile lax dicho- tome, bracts lanceolate nervose, the nerve pro- truding in a long stiff fulvous bristle, calix brist- ly— a very distinct sp. found by Leconte in Flo- rida and Georgia, anonymous in Coll. herb, pe- dal, while leaves 4 to 6 lines long, bristles of bracts as long as them formed by the nerve ex- tending out. Very different from P.aristata, stamens not exerted. Perhaps a peculiar sub- genus Xetalix R. with all aristate sp. here the calix is equal else it would be a jfW//t/a, lower lip of corolla equaly trilobe, lobes short rounded upper entire ? as in Tullya.
98*2. PYCNANTHES CILIATA R. stem branched pilose 4gone, leaves subsessile glaucous lanceo- late elongate acute at both ends subentire, smooth, margin and nerves ciliate, heads termi- nal sessile canescent pilose lax, bracts and calix subulate aristate bristles ciliate — in N. Jersey pine barrens and Maryland, noticed since 1802, deemed P. aristata by some, nearer to P. pt- , having both they are very different from
96 JTBOBOT.
this, bipedal, leaves biuncial, inflorescence as in last, but bristles not rigid plumosely ciliate, co- rolla with upper lip emarginate, lower with 3 elliptic lobes unequal. Probably another subg. also Blephixtta Raf. — I have several other doubtful N. sp. of this G. Pycn. scabra, glan- dulosa, laxiftora &c.
983. BLEFHILIA BREVIPES R. stem fistulose hardly angular hirsute chiefly near the nodes, leaves on short petiols upper sessile, ovatoblong nearly obtuse subser rate, smooth, nerves pubes- cent ; whorls densiflore, bracts and calix hirsute lanceolate aristate — Alabama, leaves uncial,the floral are quite sessile, flowers white incarnate. One of the sp. blended in Monarda hirsuta, the real sp. is my BL nepetoides, a 3d is the next.
984. BLEPHILIA LANCEOLATA R. stem deeply 4grooved quite hirsute, leaves well petiolate lan- ceolate, base acute, end acuminate, margin re- motely serrulate ; flowers shorter than petiols, bracts and calix lanceolate ciliate with long fili- form bristles — in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, discov. 1818, well distinguished from Bl. nepe- toides with broad leaves and white flowers, by the narrow leaves and flowers pale incarnate, a large plant 3 to 4 feet high, much branched, lower leaves often ovate lanceolate, whorls 3 to 5, the last without leaves. — There are also 3 sp. blended in Monarda ciliata, my BL pratensis, brevifolia and heterophyla.
985. TEUCRIUM LEVIGATUM Raf. quite smooth, stem with 4 thick obtuse corners and 4 grooves, leaves subsessile broadly lanceolate acuminate subequaly serrate ; raceme sessile lax oblong, bracts lanceolote equal to calix smooth angular. --One of the sp. blended in T. virginicum, that
OF NORTH AWKIUCA. 97
few botanists can distinguish from canadense, and as both names neither apply nor convey any meaning, I propose to abolish them, and give 7 good names instead for the sp. therein blended: they all are realy of this G. and have similar racemose habit. This has a yellow ra- mose stem sesquipedal, leaves 2 or 3 inches long spikes 3 to 6 inches long, flowers incarnate as in nearly all. Chiefly in Western States.
986. TEUCRIUM PETIOLARIS R. puberulent, stem with 4 grooves and obtuse angles, leaves on long petiols ovate acute, equaly serrate, base acute entire ; raceme pedunculate terete dense tomentose, bracts acuminate equal to calix, the lower ovate, calix canescent not angular — how different from the last ! nearer to T. canadcnse, pedal; leaves biuncial not tomentose nor white beneath, raceme quite separated from the leaves and compact. In New Jersey, Long Id. and Virginia, often on the sea shore and with radi- cal surcnli as in Euhrmus, but this happens also in others. My T. riparium or Canadense has ovate leaves rounded at base, tomentose white beneath, shorter petiols &c.
987. TEUOKIUM BRACTEOSUM R. nearly smooth stem grooved, angles obtuse, leaves on short pe- tiols, lanceolate unequaly serrate, acuminate; raceme foliose, flowers axillary to leaves and long bracts laciniate, upper entire, calix smooth not angular — another very distinct sp. pedal, leaves 1 or 2 inches long, with flowers at the axils, pubescent beneath. In N. Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, the T. virginicum of some botanists.
988. TEUCRIUM LAPTCEOLATUM Raf. and Col- lins, stem simple pubescent grooved, angles acute at both ends, subequaly serrate, nearly smooth,
13
98 NEOBOT,
nerves pubescent, raceme sessile interrupted \vhorled, bracts subulate equal to ca ix canes- cent tomentose not angular — nearest to T. le- vigatum and T, mrginicum or rather my T. obliquattim with ovate obliqual leaves petiolate, unequaly serrate, pubescent beneath. This is found from New Jersey to Virginia, is pedal, leaves biuncial narrow, root nodose creeping as in most species. It was noticed by Collins as a N. sp. .
989. TEUCRITJM CINEREUM R. ramose pube- rulent, stem grooved angles acute, leaves sub- petiolate elliptic or broad oblong acute at both ends subequaly serrate, beneath tomentose but not white ; racemes elongate sessile slender, calix scattered cinereous pubescent angular sub- sessile, bracts subulate equal — in East Ken- tucky and Tennessee the Cumberland Mts. and Cheroki Mts. large sp. bipedal, leaves 3 to 5 inches long, half as broad, raceme 6 to 10 inches long. — Thus our 7 Teucriums differ in stems, leaves, petiols, racemes, bracts and calix, agree- ing in nothing but creeping root, erect stems, serrate leaves and incarnate racemose flowers.
EUPHORBIDES.
Although I had revised and corrected the Genera blended in Euphorbia, infl. tellur. 1168 1190, I have yet the pleasure to add now 2 N, G. of North America, that would have been re- fered thereto.
990. ZALITEA Raf. Dioical, perianthe male campanulate 5fid, segments ovate acute erect, each having upon their base a lunulate gland. Stamens few short, several castrate or sterile filaments. Female . . . Leaves opposite narrow petiolate, flowers axillary sessile. — A singular G. perfectly new, anonymous in Collins
OF NORTH AMERICA. 99
herb, with habit quite peculiar, next to Lcpa- dena by glands opposite, but habit totaly unlike and perianthe not Slid, Zalitea was an ancient name of this family or Polygonum.
991. ZALITEA LINEARIS R. stem grooved 2-3chotome, leaves remote oppos. petiolate, linear, base acute, end mucronate, flowers sub- sessile, solitary in dichotomies and axils — an- nual smooth plant, erect ? but weak, subpedal, leaves distant uncial, not obliqual, flowers small green with 5 ovate segments, acute which is unusual in this tribe, inner glands yellowish lun- ulate, ends obtuse concavity beneath. Seeds not seen but probably as in Lepadena. It grows on Red River of Louisiana,collected by Binder
992. APLAR1NA Raf. dioical and monoi- cal, perianthes uniflore, male perianthe tubular, minutely 41obe at top, lobes unequal ovate sub- serrate, a single stamen exerted borne upon a terete androphore, rudiments of some sterile. Female perianthe campanulate 81obe,lobes sub- entire 4 alterne shorter. Capsule villose, stig- mas 3 bilobe. Habit of Xamesylce. — Another G. remarkable by declinity and different peri- anthes, the male uniflore or monandrous. The name means simple stamen. There are many sp. of this G, blended in Euphorbia, I have late- ly noticed that E. hypericifolia probably be- long to it.
993. APLARINA PROSTRATA Raf. prostrate pi» - bescent, stems terete, dichotome, leaves petio- late obliqual ovatoblong acute, subserrate ; flow- ers in axils solitary subsessile — annual, laying flat on the sand where it grows in Pennsylvania, blended by myself with the akin G. until the flowers well examined, and perhaps other sp. belong also here. Several stems 3 to 6 inches
100 JTBOBOT.
long, leaves minute 2 or 3 lines long, flowers very small, green but lobes white,
994. APLARINA ? MICROPHYLA R. prostrate smooth, steins terete ramose, leaves on short petiols rounded subcordate obliqual entire ob- tuse or retuse; flowers solitary pedicelate — in Louisiana and Texas, same size, but leaves very minute only one line long, flowers few and so minute that I cannot avalyze them, they are ap- parently campanulate 41obe and male, no*' cap- sule being visible.
995. SYNEXEMFA CTJNEIFOLIA Raf. stems erect simple, leaves petiolate adpressed cuneate acute, stipules subulate ; flowers extra-axilary solitary or geminate pedunculate — Louisiana and Ar- kanzas, stems humble 2 to 4 inches high, leaves 3 lines long, flowers minute. For my G. Sy- nexemia 1825 (Mascalanthus Nut. 1834) exe my Neogenyton and fl. tellur. 1191,
990. ARKEZOSTIS Raf. Cucurbitacea near Melothria, , diff. fl. hermaphr. and male, minute campanulate 5fid, ovary oblong constric- ted above,style with single stigma trilobe almost coadunate with 3 stamens monadelphous and syngenese covering it. Male fl. still smaller, stamens subsessile. Berry oblong trilocular trisperme ! Habit of Melothria, but flowers and berries subsessile. — A distinct G. probably blended in our Melothria chiefly different by 3 seeded berries sessile. It was once sent me by Or. Short as the Boykinia trispora of Wray and Nuttal, but my Thcrofon (see 902T) is the only Boykinia published by Nuttal. My name was a classical one of Bryonia.
997. ARKEZOSTIS QtJT\aiJE*LOBA R. scandent roughish, stem striate, leaves petiolate cordate olobed, sinusses obtuse, lobes ovate acute re-
OF .NORTH AMERICA 101
pand, middle lobe often trilid ; flowers axillary, geminate or ternate subsessile — in Florida and Georgia, where first discovered by Dr. Boykin and called M.elothria sessilis, but never pub- lished. Stem slender 3 or 4 feet high, climbing with tendrils, leaves 2 or 3 inches broad and long, flowers green very minute, berries not seen probably oval and black as in Melothria. SAMOLIDES.
I collude by 3 new plants of this family of mine established 1815 . . , which is now greatly increased since all the Houstonias, some Hedy- otis and several presumed Rubiacea will belong thereto. Decandole has by mistake deemed the Houstonias of Gentianides tribe, because he found the stamens opposite to corolla ; but then Saraolus which is lately put with Primulacea, should also rank with Gentians ; yet the Samo- lides differ by adherent or inferior ovary as in Rubiacea, and these differ only by alternate sta- mens, essential character, little attended to till noticed by Jussieu in several families, but over- looked " in Houstonia and Gentians. Every Genus with stamens isoperial or equal in num- ber to segments of corolla^ must be verified and ascertained if opposite thereto. — The Oldenlan- dia or Hedyotis uniflora is a Samolides and a pe- culiar G. my Edrastima uniflora. The (X or H. glomerata is another G. with unequal calix, my SUlmotis glomerata.
998. HOUSTONIA BILOBA Raf. dwarf dicho- tome leaves linear oblong acute, lower petiolate; flowers axilary, peduncles equal to leaves, co- rolla tube campanulate, limb patent, capsule compressed obcordate bilobe — in Arkansas, small plant 1 or 2 inches high, leaves 2 or 3 lines long, flowers red, segments of calix linear;
102 NJDOBOT.
of corolla oblong obtuse, capsule almost like Ve- ronica, but semi adherent, 2locular, polysperme, seeds reniform. Probably a subgenus, ETORO- TIS Raf. meaning eared heart.
999. HOUSTONIA GENICULATA Raf. stem geni- culate 4gone assurgent, leaves subfasciculate lanceolate acute, margin rough ; flowers axilary solitary, corolla tube filiform, limb campanulate 4fid — on the Wasioto hills of Kentucky, annual semipedal, leaves uncial pale beneath, flowers purple, calix linear, tube of corolla double of ca- lix. Another subgenus by peculiar corolla, I will call it GONIOTIS, I have not seen the cap- sule.
1000. HOUSTONIA RETICULATA Raf. stem gen- iculate 4gone erect, radical leaves petiolate obovate, on stem larger ovate acute trinerve, veins reticulate, margin rough, flowers terminal few corymbose, peduncles l-3flore, capsule glo- bose— Alabama, annual 3 to 4 inches high, akin to H. purpurea, but radical leaves different and smaller, on stem often uncial, calix adherent with two thirds of ovary, segments linear. — A var. triflora has only 3 flowers, some leaves oblong mixt, either obtuse or acute.
For other sp. of Houstonias see my mono- graph of 1820, it must form several subg. or even Genera. I have all our sp. H. serpylifo- Zuz, patens, rupestris, tenuifolia, longifolia, august if. heterophyla, pubescens, purpurea, varians $c and I may give another monograph of all the Samolides,of Samolus itself I gave one in my herbarium Rafinesquianum.
I must now conclude this Flora, although I have left many families untouched in which I possess many novelties ; particularly in Gratio- lides, Acanthides, Personates, Scrophularia,
OF NORTII AMERICA. 103
Ludwigia, Oenothera, the Malvaccous, Cruci- feres, Hypericines, Leguminose, Verbenides, Caryophyles, &.c, besides all the Monocotyles, Asphodelides, Helonides, Xurides, Grasses and Cyperides, Ferns and Cryptogams .... which must be described in supplemental Monographs or peculiar additional works.
APPENDIX.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
In the course of such elaborate works, there are always some corrections to make, for names, synonyms or facts that have escaped attention : while additions might be lengthened ad libitum. Only a few will be stated here, being chiefly es- sential corrections.
IN FIRST PART LEXICON.
1. ABALON. Add in syn. Chamelirimn Wild. Ophiostachys Redoute : all names posterior to Abalon of Adanson 1763. — In 1837 Grey has made it a subg. Chamelirium ! in G. Helonias\ calling it Hel. dioica like Pursh, and he redu- ces Helonias to H. bullata ! although quite dif- ferent : he takes no notice of the synonym of Thunberg, Melanttrium luteum of Japan,which is a third Genus blended my Siraitos aquati- cus fl. tellur. 865.
2. ABAMA Adanson 1763 was perhaps pre- vious to Tofielda of Hudson (what date .?) com- pare my monograph, with that of Grey 1837. He has some additional sp. but his subg. Tri- antha Nuttal is the real Abama 60 years older! that must be a Genus as stated.
3. ACROANTHES Raf. 1808, not 1818 as mis- printed, well named ten years before Nuttal.
4. ACROSTICHUM AUREUMT, Kuiith describes
101 APPENDIX.
under that name another sp. quite unlike it or my Acr. maritimum I — I call it Acr. acumi- natum Raf. pinnulis lanceolate acuminate base rounded petiolate entire thin costate, smooth above like stipes, beneath quite fructiferous all over. In Venezuela, ten feet high — I have found in Collins Herb, a very curious fern of Florida collected by Kin or Baldwin again as a doubtful Acr. aureum ? which forms a most beautiful and wonderful N. G. of dorsiferous ferns without Sori, but with capsules uncon- nected punctiform scattered like minute dots. It shall be fully described and figured -in my PTERiKON,a work now preparing. I announce it meantime as a great discovery proving that the capsules of Ferns may be solitary, and I call it.
5, NESORIS BICOLOR Raf. smooth, bipin- nate, yellow beneath, pinnules sessile oblong crenate lobate, base acute, end obtuse, above nervose flabelate, behind enerve golden fur- furascent, capsules irregularly scattered. — Pe- dal, stipes brown shining convex behind, groov- ed before, pinnules alternate, 25 to 33 on each branch, gradualy smaller and nearly confluent. In Florida — I have several other N. G. of Ferns, but none so beautiful and anomalous ; probably type of a new family NESORIDES.
6. OLSYNIUM ; read Sisyrinchium throughout, misprinted Siryrinchium in the synonynii. See 878 flora tellur. where it is again described, another sp. added, and the akin blended Genera compared and settled.
Monograph of KUHNIA.
Although I thought this monograph nearly
complete, I have found other new sp. in Collins
Herb, and I am told that Decandole in his 5th
volume just published has many sp. under 3
APPENDIX, 105
Genera ! Kuhnia,Critonia and another? There- fore my labor shall have to be still further re- modeled hereafter, meantime I will give here the additional N. sp. making 14 altogether.
7. KUIINIA GLOMERATA Raf, K. critonia ? Nut. in Collins herb, smooth, stem grooved, branches terminal corymbose short 3-5flore, leaves scattered subsessile lanceolate short re- motely serrate,, flowers subsessile glomerate, pappus fulvous — Apalachian Mts. pedal, leaves uncial, flowers forming small round heads par- ticularly after anthesis when they spread out.
8. KUHNIA LATIFOLIA Raf. K. critonia ! Coll. — nearly smooth, stem corymbose striate, leaves alternate sessile ovate oblong, grossly serrate, acute at both ends, very thin, on branches nar- row oblong subentire, branches l-3ffore, flowers pedunculate, pappus fulvous — in Florida, leave* almost as in K. elliptica, but longer biuncial, on branches uncial quite different, never trinervate.
9. KUHNIA VIRGATA Raf. smooth, stem and branches virgate, striate whitish, leaves scatter- ed sessile linear entire acute, flowers corym- bose, pedunculate, pappus fulvescent — in Caro- lina and Florida, deemed K. eupatoroides by Collins, nearer the Critonias ; still nearer to K. tuberosa of Elliot. Tall plant, long slender branches, leaves uncial, perhaps K. albicaulis would be a better name.
Three other sp. were blended in Coll. herb, as K. eupatorioides,not a single one being that sp. since they had all fulvous pappus ; one was K.fulva, a 2d my K. pubescens from Cotocton Mts. on Potowmak, the 3d the next.
10. KUHNIA DIVAKICATA Raf. scabriuscule, stem grooved fuscatc, branches paniculate divan-
106 APPENDIX.
cate nearly naked, leaves scattered petiolate lanceolate grossly serrate, flowers corymbose pedunculate pappus fulvous — Apalachian Mts. tall plant, leaves uncial.
11. KTJIINIA CINEREA Raf. cinereous pubes- cent, stem grooved corymbose above, leaves scattered sessile adpressed linear lanceolate en- tire ; flowers fasciculate pedunculate cinereous, pappus fulvescent — a fine sp. found by myself in the Cumberland or Wasioto Mts. of East Kentucky and Tennessee, blended with K. pu- bescens, but now well distinguished and separa- ted. Bipedal, leaves biuncial often falcate, branches multiflore, perianthe of flowers quite cinereous, floscules also, but not the pappus.
II PART NEOPHYTOW.
12. LAXANON 203, although very near to Lap- sana, Aposeris and Aptilon, it is quite distinct from all ; Aposeris of Necker differs by calicu- late perianthe ; my Aptilon which is the Apo- gon of Elliot, this name being employed by La- cepede for a G. of fish, differs by perianthe in a double series and seeds striate as in Crenamon. These Genera will form a small group of the Glossanthes, with naked seeds APOSERIDES Raf. I have found in Coll. herb, a second sp. of Lax- anon from Arkanzas, deemed a doubtful plant near Krigia by Nuttal, I call it.
LAXANON HETEROPHYLUM Raf. stem flexuose ramose, radical leaves narrow remotely pinna- tifid, segments lanceolate acute, stem leaves am- plexicaule, linear lanceol. acute, involucre bifo- liate unequal, umbels 2-5flore — Arkanzas, an- nual, 6 to 8 inches high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers on filiform erect pedicels, perian- the commonly opartite, few florets or ligules, seeds ovate.
APPFNDIX. 107
13. Thecanisla ppnpurea 205 read Thee, purpurea. Compare this G. with Aegopogon which is Ulmaria of others.
14. DIPLOSTELMA 316, add Chetanthera Nut- tal, not of Ruiz and Pavan,norPersoon &,c, thus this name was even employed and not applying as stated in the note "at end of part — Acticar- nopus misprinted for Actinocarpus.
15. BAPTISIA 321, add B. versicolor another beautiful sp. of this Gr. has been added from the S. W. which is either akin to B. albiflora, or perhaps a Riparia.
Ill PART HEW SYLVA.
16. COLEMA 594, read COREMA.
17. CHIONANTHUS MAKITIYIA 706. compare with it and Ch. lieterophylus, the Ch. pubes- cens of Kunth and South America ; but it has red flowers, while all the North American sp. have white flowers.
IV PART — NEOBOTANON.
18. RlVINA Or PlERCEA OBLIQUATA 750;
another proof that this is not the JR. humilis (in- cluding many blended sp.) is found in Kunth, his plant of that name is described by him as smooth, with leaves ovate pubescent beneath shorter than racemes. From Mexico, perhaps another peculiar sp. JR. mollis Raf.
19. LYONSIA 883, this Lyonia of Elliot is pre- vious and very different from that of Nuttal, which is a section of Andromeda, that I have called HEMICLIS meaning half valves, as the fruit has 5 half valves alternate. Lyonia would be almost like Allionia, and the botanist name was realy Lyons.
108 APPENDIX.
20. TRIODANIS RUPESTIUS 906, this is very near to the Campanula flagellaris of Kunth, perhaps of this Genus. His Mexican C. perfo- liata appears somewhat different from ours by flowers geminate and ternate; yet Torrey would have all these to be varieties ! which is the type then and the primordial form?
21. HELENIUM DISCOVATUM 942, compare it with H. mexicanum of Kunth, too shortly noti- ced by him.
END OF THIS FLORA.
INDEX.
OF GENERA, SFBGENERA &C.
Synonyms initalics, families in small capitals.
Abalon, Apx 1 Abama, Apx 2 Acerates 885 Acetosa 861-3 Achyranthes 843
ACHYRAKTHIDES 830
Acmella 913
Acroanthes. Ap. 3
Acrostichum, Ap. 4
Agathyrsus 952
Aimorra 912
Ammi 781-2
Amorgine 839-41
Anactis 910
Anantherix 884
Ansonia 880
Anthalogea961.
Antiphyla 756
Anthopogon 970-2
Anychia 830 to 840
Aplarina 962 C Apogon 960 < Aposeris Ap. 12 ( Aptilon Ap. 12
Argyrocoma 833, S39
Arkezostis 996 Asclepias 979 to 893 Asemeia 962-5 Athamantha 798
Babiron 779 to 782 Balduina 920 Ballimon 794
Baptisia Ap. 15 Batschia 707 Bilamista 976 Bindera 915 Blephilia 983-4 Blephixeta 982 Blutaparon 844-6
BORAGINES 761
Borkausia 956 Boykinia 902 Buinalis 830
Cacalia 935 Campanula, Ap. 20 Caradesia 941
hionanthus, Ap. 17 Chondrophora 935 Cicuta 775 CLEOMIDES 756 Cnidium 800 Convolvulus 769 to 871 Corema Ap. 16 Corispermum 847
CORYMBIFERES 910
Corymbilis 927 Oorymbula 961 Crcnamon 957 Cynanchum 882 Cyphorima 766
Darluca 872 Dasyspermum 776 Daucus 776 to 796
no
INDEX.
Didiplis 736 Dionea 760 DIONIDIA 760 Diphyleia 736 Diplostelma, Ap, 14 Discolenta 853 Discoplis 740.
Echites 881 Edrastima 998 Entasikon 797-9 ERYNGIDES 813 Eryngium813to821 Eriogonum 864-7 Etetra 921 Etorotis 998 Euhemus 978 Eunoxis 952 Eupatorium 935 to 941
EUPHORBIDES 990
Euthyrsis 927 Evolvulus 808 to 874
Fedia 997-9
GALENIDES 828 Gcntiana 977 GENTIANIDES 970-7 Gingidium 783 GLOSSANTHES 947 Gonistis 999 Gonolobus 879
Harpalyce 953 Hasteola 935 Helenium 942-6, Ap. 21.
Helianthus 911 Hemiclis, Ap. 19 lieptarinia 851 Hcrniaria 831 Heuchera 903 Eiieracium 960 Houstonia 998 to 1000 Hydrolea 896-7 Hymenopapus 919
LABIATES 978 Lactuca 947 to 951 Lapathon 860 Laxanon, Ap. 12 Legouzia 904 Leirnanisa 776 Leontodon 956 Leptixis 893 Leptocaulis 778-81 Liatris 927-30 Ligusticum 781 Linum 898 Lithospermum 962-6 Littorella 748 Lomaxeta 919 Lycopsis 768 Lyonsia 883, Ap. 19
Marshall ia 933-4 Mascalanthus 995 Melothria 752-5 Mentha 978 Mesadenia 935-8 Mesodiscus 969-71 Mitesia 848-50 Muraltia961, 5,7 Mustelia 921
INDEX.
Ill
Nnrbalia 953 Neactelis 910 Neleixa 972 Nesoris Ap. 6 Neurelmis 917 Neurola 975 Nezera 899 to 901
Odacmis 828 Oligoron 885-7 Olsynium, Ap. 6 OMBBLLIFEROUS 769 Onistis 894 Ophioseris 960 Opicrina 954 Orimaria 812 Osmilis 927-8 Otamplis 735 Otanema 889-91 Othake 922-4
Pachiloma 811-12 Panax 877-8 Paronychia 833 Peltachila 795 Peplis 738 Psalion 979 Pcucedanum 773 Peutalis 848 to 856 Phaiosperma 808 to
812
P/iellandrium 799 Phyllanthus 995 Pierce a 749, 750,
Ap. 18
Pilostaxis 961, 8, 9 Plagidia 834
Plantago 742-7 Pleienta 973-4 Plesili 874 Plumbago 751 Polygala 761-9 Polygonum 848 to 859 Polypteris 919 Prenani/ies 953 Psalion 979
Ps ELIDES 735
Pselium 735 Psychanthus 761 Ptilimnium 812 Ptiloria 953 Pulmonaria 761 Pycnanthes 980-2
Quamoclita 876
Rhodilis 927 Riddellia 756 Rivina749,750,Ap.l8 Rumex 760-3
Sabbatia 975 SAMOLIDES 998 Sataria 772 Scadiasis 812 Scariola 927-30 Sesuvium 758 Sexilia 961 Sison 781 Sitilias956 Siumis (sium) 807 Smyrnium 800 Spergula 759 Squibbia 758
112
INDEX.
fttaplinus 796 Steiremis 843 Stelmotis 998 Stethorhiza 893 Stevia 921-6 Streblanthes 813-16 Stylisma 868-71 Swertia 977 Synexemia 995 Synallodia 976
Teretiola 927 Teucrium 985-9 Thaspium 800 Thecanisia, Ap. 13 Therofon 902 Tiricta 777-8 Tomista 921 Tordylium 811 Trepocarpus 928
Triclisperma 961 Triodanis 904-6, Ap. 20
Upopion 800-5
Veronica 822-7 Vernonia 931-2 Visnaga 793 Vleckia 979
Xalxitis 915 Xamotris 748 Xetalix 981 Xetoligus 925
Zalitea 990 Zinnia 914 Zizia 806 Zoroxus 961.
O
BINDING SE.T.AUG 18 1967
QK
110
R16
1836a
Botan
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
New flora and botany of America